README.md

---
base_model:
- Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B
datasets:
- MegaScience/MegaScience
language:
- en
license: apache-2.0
metrics:
- accuracy
pipeline_tag: text-generation
library_name: transformers
tags:
- qwen
- scientific-reasoning
---

# [MegaScience: Pushing the Frontiers of Post-Training Datasets for Science Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16812)

This repository hosts the **Qwen2.5-1.5B-MegaScience** model, a key component of the MegaScience project, which focuses on advancing scientific reasoning in AI.

**Project Code:** [https://github.com/GAIR-NLP/MegaScience](https://github.com/GAIR-NLP/MegaScience)

## Introduction

Scientific reasoning is critical for developing AI scientists and supporting human researchers in advancing the frontiers of natural science discovery. However, the open-source community has primarily focused on mathematics and coding while neglecting the scientific domain, largely due to the absence of open, large-scale, high-quality, verifiable scientific reasoning datasets. To bridge this gap, we first present TextbookReasoning, an open dataset featuring truthful reference answers extracted from 12k university-level scientific textbooks, comprising 650k reasoning questions spanning 7 scientific disciplines. We further introduce MegaScience, a large-scale mixture of high-quality open-source datasets totaling 1.25 million instances, developed through systematic ablation studies that evaluate various data selection methodologies to identify the optimal subset for each publicly available scientific dataset. Meanwhile, we build a comprehensive evaluation system covering diverse subjects and question types across 15 benchmarks, incorporating comprehensive answer extraction strategies to ensure accurate evaluation metrics. Our experiments demonstrate that our datasets achieve superior performance and training efficiency with more concise response lengths compared to existing open-source scientific datasets. Furthermore, we train Llama3.1, Qwen2.5, and Qwen3 series base models on MegaScience, which significantly outperform the corresponding official instruct models in average performance. In addition, MegaScience exhibits greater effectiveness for larger and stronger models, suggesting a scaling benefit for scientific tuning. We release our data curation pipeline, evaluation system, datasets, and seven trained models to the community to advance scientific reasoning research.

## Model Usage

You can use this model with the Hugging Face `transformers` library:

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

model_id = "MegaScience/Qwen2.5-1.5B-MegaScience"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto"
)

# Example: Simple text generation
prompt = "Explain the concept of quantum entanglement in simple terms."
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

outputs = model.generate(
    **inputs,
    max_new_tokens=256,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=0.7,
    top_p=0.9,
)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
```

### Training Recipe

- **LR**: 5e-6
- **LR Schedule**: Cosine
- **Batch Size**: 512
- **Max Length**: 4,096
- **Warm Up Ratio**: 0.05
- **Epochs**: 3

### Evaluation Results

<div style="display: flex; justify-content: left; gap: 20px;">
<img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/616bfc2b40e2f69baa1c7add/abIVZ2XB9D-o-TCyvOkDE.png" alt="Data Pipeline" style="width:80%;">
</div>

<div style="display: flex; justify-content: left; gap: 20px;">
<img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/616bfc2b40e2f69baa1c7add/xFTJ7nevc3S4UYJxUS7ue.png" alt="Data Pipeline" style="width:80%;">
</div>

### More about MegaScience

<div style="display: flex; justify-content: left; gap: 20px;">
<img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/616bfc2b40e2f69baa1c7add/VogIpBbjfNxXFP9DfVMms.png" alt="Data Pipeline" style="width:100%;">
</div>

## Citation

Check out our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16812) for more details. If you use our dataset or find our work useful, please cite

```
@article{fan2025megascience,
  title={MegaScience: Pushing the Frontiers of Post-Training Datasets for Science Reasoning},
  author={Fan, Run-Ze and Wang, Zengzhi and Liu, Pengfei},
  year={2025},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.16812},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16812}
}
```