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NIST conducted a year-long experiment to prove it could build a modern, spacious house that would create as much energy as it uses. This “net-zero” house was home to a virtual family that consumed as much energy as an average American family of four. Thanks to the house’s energy efficient construction and appliances, and solar panels for producing electricity and hot water, the house made more energy than the family used. The house will serve as a testbed for new energy efficient technologies for decades to come.
–National Institute of Standards and Technology on YouTube
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| 0.96507 | 117 | 2.75 | 3 |
(I) Discrimination Against Buffalo
(II) Buffalo as a Tool for Food Security and Rural Employment
(III) Price Parity with Cattle Beef
(IV) Organization of Meat Sector – Harmonization of Standards for Buffalo Meat
(V) Research and Development in Meat Sector
In India due to religious bias, cattle (cow and its progeny) are not slaughtered since the majority of Hindu community does not eat beef. Further, even the non-vegetarian population which consists of about 70% of meat eating population, and its products, eat meat only 2 or 3 times in a week. Therefore, Indians are considered to be vegetarian. Since buffalo meat is not consumed to the extent to which it has the potential, it is surplus for export unlike goat/sheep/poultry meat, which is consumed by all non-vegetarians. In order promote buffalo for meat production.
The following issues deserve serious consideration:
Buffalo is a great friend of man. It is not a draught animal only. It also gives milk and meat to the teeming millions at affordable prices. However, this animal has not been given its due place in the livestock sector. Paradoxically, it is discriminated against merely on account of its dark color. This is clear apartheid against buffalo in relation to its other cousins. On the other hand, it will not be an exaggeration if buffalo is recognized as black gold.
Buffalo if reared properly in hygienic environments, would provide food security and rural employment to the small and marginal farmer. This would be possible only if its byproducts are exploited ingenuously for benefit of mankind. Buffalo produces good quality of milk and meat. Its meat is lean, low in cholesterol and has excellent blending quality for production of corn beef, hot dogs and sausages.
The international prices of buffalo meat are low as compared to the cattle beef. On the contrary, the prices of buffalo meat should be higher as it is lean, has low cholesterol and there have been no incidence of BSE from any part of Asia in buffalo. When raised in feedlot on high protein/high energy diet, the buffalo meat is tender and juicy as that of beef.
There is need for harmonization of national standards for buffalo meat on the lines of beef.
Proper Organization of Cattle Markets
The meat animals are raised by the farmers, namely, sheep, goats, pigs etc. The farmers in small hold farming also raise the large animals. There are three stages through which the animal passes as has been shown in the figure below. At each stage, 15 – 25% cost is added till the animal reaches the slaughterhouse. This excludes the cost of transportation The surplus stock is sold to the primary trader in the village itself or it could be taken by the farmers to the weekly animal markets near the village where the secondary traders who are financially better off purchase the animals from the small collector. This trader also purchases the animals from the market to supply them to the main slaughterhouses for export. Usually, this should be the stage at which Municipal/State Government Veterinarian should carry out examination of each animal to ascertain that it is fit for slaughter and also fit for human consumption.
The Government ought to modernize the cattle markets where end users should have an access to the farmers’ animals rather than the involvement of the agents in between. There should be a weighbridge and purchase prices should be displayed. This will give proper price to the farmers.
In India, there are many research Institutions, namely, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, and National Dairy Development Board, Pradeshik Dairy Development Federation etc. However, in meat there is none so far. Recently, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has established a National Research Center on Meat in Hyderabad. A good beginning has been made. However, it needs a full-fledged Research Institute on the lines of Dairy Institute, namely, NDRI, Karnal.
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| 0.959185 | 806 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cougar Management Guidelines published in Spanish
Cover illustration, Dugald Stermer
In our last issue (Park Science 23(2):12–13) we reported the publication of Cougar Management Guidelines, a thorough work combining historical analysis of cougar management policies, decades of cougar research findings, and recommendations for the management of cougars in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Written by researchers, managers, and conservationists, the book was lauded as relevant and considered a much-needed information breakthrough. With its recent translation to Spanish (Puma, Guía de Manejo) this valuable resource is more relevant than ever for cougar managers in Latin America. Copies of the Spanish translation are available from John Laundre (firstname.lastname@example.org) and Lucina Hernandez (email@example.com) of the Instituto de Ecología in Durango, Mexico.
Return to top
This page updated:
7 February 2008
Suggested citation for this article:
National Park Service. 2006. Information Crossfile: Cougar Management Guidelines published in Spanish. Park Science 24(1):50.
Available at http://www.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/archive/PDF/Article_PDFs/ParkScience24(1)Summer2006_50_NPS_2523.pdf.
– Previous •
Page 6 of 6
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| 0.83947 | 291 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Here's the test text
Friday, 15 August 2008
This lesson (along with 31 more) is available free of charge from my site at: http://www.LearnMicrosoftExcel.com.
In Excel 2007 you may have just one custom toolbar: the Quick Access Toolbar. In this lesson we'll add some useful buttons to the Quick Access Toolbar to save a few clicks.
The Quick Access Toolbar is one of the keys to being really productive with Excel 2007. This lesson will introduce you to the main features.
1 If it isn't already open,
open the Wealth of Nations sample worksheet.
2 Preview how the Life Expectancy worksheet will look when printed.
Click the Life Expectancy tab at the bottom of the worksheet to open the Life Expectancy worksheet. Click OfficeàPrintàPreview:
A preview of the how the page will print is displayed.
Notice that the ribbon now displays a contextual menu because there are only a few options open to you when previewing.
You can click the Next Page and Previous Page buttons to move through the print preview and use the Zoom button to magnify the page for a clearer view.
When you've finished playing with the Print Preview click the Close Print Preview button to return to the workbook.
3 Add a Print Preview button to the Quick Access Toolbar.
Print Preview is a very useful feature and you'll probably use it a lot. Every time you use it, however, it is going to take three clicks of the mouse. Wouldn't it be better if you could show a print preview with just one click?
To do this click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button (see sidebar) and then click on the Print Preview item in the drop-down list. A new button now appears on the Quick Access Toolbar. You are now able to Print Preview your work with a single click of the mouse.
4 Add custom buttons to the Print Preview toolbar.
The More Commands... option is available when you click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button. This enables you to add any command in Excel to the toolbar. But there's an easier way!
5 Add a Font Color button to the Quick Access Toolbar.
Click the Home tab on the ribbon (if it isn't already selected) and then right-click on the Font Color button at the bottom right of the Font Group.
Choose the Add to Quick Access Toolbar item. A Font Color button is added to the Quick Access Toolbar.
6 Remove a button from the Quick Access Toolbar.
Right-click on the Font Color button on the Quick Access Toolbar. Choose Remove from Quick Access Toolbar from the shortcut menu.
7 Add separators to make heavily customized Quick Access toolbars more readable.
You probably noticed that one of the options in step 4 was <separator>. You can use this to split icons into logical groups. Here's a screen grab of my own Quick Access Toolbar:
There is supplementary information available via sidebars in the full PDF version of the free course. The limitations of HTML don't allow this page to be easily laid out with sidebars. You can download the free course as PDF files for printing from http://www.LearnMicrosoftExcel.com.
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| 0.829276 | 674 | 2.765625 | 3 |
India is a multifaceted country with huge regional span. India presents an excellent diversity of topography, natural features, cultures, traditions, people, languages, economic features and more. Sustaining this kind of diversities is not an easy task. Even, it would not be fair to present all the features under one region. To give every region and feature its due regard, India is divided into six zones based upon climatic, geographical and cultural features. To start your journey into Indian zones, a zonal map of India would be the best tool.
Looking at the zonal map of India, you can check that India is divided into six zones namely North Zone, South Zone, East Zone, West Zone, Central Zone and North East Zone. All these zones include 28 states and 7 union territories. Each zone is comprised of certain number of states and union territories.
North Zone: North zone of India houses the sates of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The zonal map shows the state boundaries, highways, railways and capitals. This zone of India is also the home to mighty Himalayas and other mountain ranges. Thousands of tourists travel this region for enjoying mountains.
East Zone: the east zone is comprised of states of Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. This region is rich in minerals, flora, and fauna in dense forests.
West Zone: This zone has the states of Rajasthan , Gujarat, Goa and Maharashtra. Goa and many places in Maharashtra are located in the western coasts and are known or their spectacular natural beauty. In addition, Rajasthan and Gujarat
South Zone: States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu occupy the South Zone on India. This zone is flanked by oceans on three sides and therefore, home to scenic beaches. In addition, culture and languages are strikingly different from rest of India.
Central Zone: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are the only occupants of this zone. Being a plateau region, it is rich in minerals and is also home to many famous wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and bioreserve.
North East Zone - Assam, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh are located in this zone. Though due to accessibility problems it is cut from rest of India, it attracts tourists for its captivating natural vistas.
Last Update on 4/13/2012
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| 0.929146 | 530 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Penetration of a salinity front into a rotating basin : laboratory experiments and a simple theory
Whitehead, John A.
MetadataShow full item record
Freshwater is released along a wall of a basin containing salt water and rotating anticlockwise. The freshwater source is located near the surface between the center of the cylindrical basin and a corner along the wall. Experiments are performed with different discharge rates and the same rotation rate. The freshwater initially forms a bulge near the source, and then a buoyant gravity current bends to the right and flows along the wall toward the periphery of the basin. Separation of the current at the corner is never observed. The salinity front along the wall moves persistently away from the wall with a time scale greatly exceeding the rotation period. Its movement is compared to numerical solutions of a two-layer theory, where friction in the Ekman layer straddling the layer interface is the sole ageostrophic effect. The theory shows that the depth of the interface (h) satisfies a nonlinear diffusion equation. The symmetric part of the diffusion tensor causes light fluid to move down the gradient of h and represents the effect of vertical friction. The associated diffusivity reaches a maximum at h/δ = π/2, where δ is the Ekman layer depth. The antisymmetric part of the diffusion tensor causes light fluid to move perpendicularly to ∇h and represents the effect of geostrophic motion. The associated diffusivity increases monotonically with h/δ and greatly exceeds the diffusivity of the symmetric part if h/δ is of order of one or more. Comparison of numerical solutions with experimental data supports the theory.
Author Posting. © Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of Sears Foundation for Marine Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Research 69 (2011): 603-645, doi:10.1357/002224011799849417.
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| 0.848608 | 423 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Working Paper 93-31, October 22, 1993(1)
By Donald Bossart
Iliff School of Theology
(1) This paper is an edited transcript of a talk given by Donald Bossart for the Intractable Conflict/Constructive Confrontation Project on April 10, 1993. Funding for this Project was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the University of Colorado. All ideas presented are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Consortium, the University, or Hewlett Foundation. For more information, contact the Conflict Resolution Consortium, Campus Box 327, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0327. Phone: (303) 492-1635, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org.
Copyright 1993. Conflict Resolution Consortium. Do not reprint without permission.
A synopsis of a case-study of Southern Rhodesia's move to become Zimbabwe can provide a knowledge of certain conflict resolution strategies. The British began settling Southern Rhodesia in 1890. The first movement to rename this area came in 1895 when that land was taken by the British colonists and renamed Rhodesia, after Rhodes, one of the British leaders in the early settlement who had died about that time. Between 1895, when Machonoland became Rhodesia, and 1934, very little conflict surfaced even with the escalating domination and oppression of the blacks by the white empire. In 1934 the first African National Council organized and began holding strikes protesting white power. The strikes were very poorly organized and the white control so massive the strikes quickly subsided, having gained nothing.
The conflict remained repressed--and stable--until 1946. Another power imbalance occurred when a new wave of settlers came from the British empire and Europe, after World War II, thereby increasing the number of white Europeans in Rhodesia. The result, from 1946 to 1955, was intensified white oppression.
In 1955 there was a new attempt to organize the blacks under the African National Youth League. This group, with Josh Nucomo as leader, staged some bus boycotts similar to the strikes held by the ANC in 1934. In 1957 Nucomo tried to merge the National Youth League with the ANC, but as soon as an opposition party was formed, the leadership was imprisoned and the whole movement outlawed. This temporarily halted resistance efforts. No one was able to continue the move against the oppression. This pattern was repeated in 1960 with the formation of the National Democratic Party (NDP). As soon as the NDP was formed, leadership emerged and power looked like it was developing, the NDP was banned and its leader imprisoned. Without leadership, again, the movement ended. This illustrates a typical problem in ethnic conflict--when one person leads a movement without the solid support and training of others, the removal of one person can halt the movement.
Repeatedly black resistance movements were formed and subsequently banned. In 1961, after banning the NDP, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) was formed and banned as was the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) 1963. Finally, the liberation movement decided that they were not going to be able to accomplish their goals through political action, so they turned to military action instead, forming the ZNLA, the Zimbabwe National Liberation Army, which was trained in China for guerilla warfare. In addition to using guerilla tactics, which are difficult, if not impossible to "ban," the ZNLA was also able to attain more unity between black groups than had the previous resistance efforts. During the training process, tribal differences were melded together to make revolution the unifying concept. This gave the ZNLA more strength than the past political efforts, which had been hindered by tribal divisiveness. However, the ZNLA greatly underestimated the difficulty of waging a successful revolution. They believed that after their training in guerilla warfare, they could return to Rhodesia, fire a few shots, scare the whites, and the revolution would be complete. Of course, it was not.
Ian Smith was elected President of Rhodesia in 1964; at which time he declared Rhodesia's independence from the British empire making this a very critical year for Rhodesia. He quickly moved to imprison all black leaders in an effort to control the violence of the ZNLA. But pressure for change began to come from the outside, as well as from the interior of Rhodesia.
In 1971, a coalition of external forces including Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola formed a Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (Rhodesia). These states felt threatened by the situation in Rhodesia and sought black unity in Rhodesia and in the region as a whole.
The formation of the Front was a very important development. A critical factor in all previous liberation movements had been the problem of competing tribal loyalties. Each group that formed had a different leader, who opposed other prior and contemporary leaders. While the ZNLA had reduced division to some extent, it continued to be problem.
The frontline states acted as mediators to help the blacks in Zimbabwe attain unity. The Lusaka Conference, held in Zambia, brought together many black leaders, particularly Nucomo, Stole, Tgroma, and Musarawa. Greater solidarity was attained at this conference, though it was not sufficient to resolve all the tribal and political conflicts among the blacks.
Beyond attaining black unity, the primary goal of the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe was to change the Rhodesia's constitution, established by Ian Smith in 1969 to control the blacks. The frontline states wanted to install a one person-one vote system, in which both blacks and whites could vote (therefore giving blacks an overwhelming majority).
In 1975, Brolimo won the revolution in Mozambique, which then became a front for the incursion of guerilla warfare into Rhodesia--at that time being called Zimbabwe by the blacks, and Rhodesia by the whites. So political efforts towards unity coincided with continued guerilla tactics against the whites. The question of whether or not the blacks should use guerilla violence proved to be especially divisive. Nucomo and Mugabe paired off against Musarawa to form the unified ZAPU/ZANU patriotic front. The unity, supported by the leaders of Zambia and Tanzania, brought together both the guerilla movement and the political movement. Musarawa was excluded from this coalition because he was against the use of violence and guerilla warfare and hence did not have the support of the military unit. The other leaders were in favor of violence however, because, they reasoned there would be no political settlement unless there was a military involvement. They felt that military action would be the pressure point that would bring about negotiations.
Threatened by the formation of the new patriotic front supported by the frontline states, Ian smith attempted to avoid military confrontation by initiating mediated talks with the more peacefully-inclined Musarawa. Richards Owens from England, and Andrew Young from the United States attempted negotiations, but did not get a settlement because of the political disunity within Zimbabwe.
In addition to the pressure coming from the frontline states, other international pressure was brought to bear as well. There was a great deal of economic pressure in the form of economic sanctions from around the world--that was the main UN approach. Though less important than the pressure coming from the frontline states, the sanctions did establish the conditions under which negotiation could occur.
Conda, the president of Zambia, was one of the major external mediators. For instance, he worked with Ian Smith to get the black leadership out of prison so they could negotiate with them. Another important mediator was Niyera of Tanzania who, along with Conda, enabled the black leadership in Zimbabwe to come together to negotiate as a unified team with the whites. Obtaining such a unified front was essential to successful negotiations as it allowed both sides equal power at the table, a critical element in all successful negotiations. Conda and Niyera had an agenda in the facilitation of the negotiations--self-interest plays a predominant role in every negotiation. They saw the need for Rhodesia to become Zimbabwe for their own futures. Not only did they identify with the black movement against colonialism, but they also realized the consequences of the economic forces involved in this situation.
The movement to develop an alliance between the soft black front of Musarawa and the harder one of Mugabe and Nucomo, attempted by Ian Smith, eventually brought about an internal kind of settlement to the issue. temporarily aborting the larger, more powerful negotiations. Smith made arrangements with Musarawa to have an integrated government. This government acknowledged Musarawa as Prime Minister but Smith remained President. But this move did not address the black call for a constitutional change implementing majority rule. International governments, somewhat shrewdly, did not recognize Musarawa's leadership, therefore created a need for continued negotiation.
The churches had a very interesting political influence during these negotiations. The Catholic Community for Justice and Peace distributed publications around the world telling about Smith's armies and their terrible attacks on innocent blacks. This singe event brought the international community strongly out against Smith.
Out of a summit called by Prime Minister Thatcher came the Lancaster House Agreement, which played the leadership of the hard front against the soft front. This created the need for Smith to find some kind of settlement because of the international forces putting pressure on him to resolve the conflict. The South African government was pushing for detente because they were so economically stressed that they could not continue to support Smith in this kind of long, extended conflict. Thus, all these pressures along with the frontline states helped to unify black pressure for majority rule. Finally, with Lord Carrington's shrewd negotiation, there was an agreement. An interim government was formed, new elections were set, and Mugabe was elected President, which united the military and political dimensions in one-to-one rule.
This case study is important because of the different perspectives involved and in perceiving how perspectives influence conflict--internationally as well as locally. In this particular case study, the perspective on one side was fraught with the paternalism of Christian colonialism. This perspective was articulated by Smith when he addressed a group in Salisbury: "I have been taken to task in certain quarters for describing our Africans as the happiest Africans in the world. But nobody has as yet been able to tell me where there are Africans who are happier or better off than Rhodesia." That perspective vitally represented the colonial attitude of Christian superiority and the benevolence of power.
The white army of Rhodesia represented another perspective. They perceived that their encounter with the guerrillas would merely be a pigeon shoot. They didn't consider the guerrillas presenting a serious military problem. Another perspective, equally as unrealistic, came from the black army. They thought that all they had to do was shoot a few guns to scare and subdue the whites.
Smith's perspective was also result of being isolated from the rest of the international community. The international community could have told him how out of sync he was, but colonialism prevented him from hearing, or understanding the message.
An additional interesting aspect of this case is the fact that mediation was done by non-neutral mediators. Usually mediation is perceived as a process in which a neutral party mediates the conflict, which in turn will bring trust to both sides. This particular case study shows that mediation can succeed, even if it is far from neutral. Ultimately, mediation was accomplished only after the black states surrounding Rhodesia helped bring national unity to the blacks. This unity enabled a white mediator to successfully negotiate between the whites and the then unified and powerful blacks. Black unity was a prerequisite for equality, which was a prerequisite for successful mediation of the political conflict.
The whites participated in the mediation mainly out of economic concern. They saw that they couldn't continue in their oppressive, hostile manner forever, and that they needed to preserve their capital concerns. So, in order to preserve economic stability, they consented to majority rule, therefore allowing blacks to rule governmentally, while keeping economic control. This agreement was accomplished, to the satisfaction of both sides, using a combination of black and white mediators working from different non-neutral positions with different non-neutral vested interests. Though this differs considerably from the standard approach to mediation, it did successfully bring about the transition from a white-ruled Rhodesia to a black-ruled Zimbabwe.
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In April, the FDA released proposed rules for listing calories on menu labels (see previous post). One surprising omission was an exemption for alcoholic beverages. The surprise was that FDA had included alcoholic beverages in earlier versions.
The FDA’s reason for omitting alcohol is that these drinks are regulated by the Treasury Department, which proposed rules for calories on the labels of such drinks. Yes it did, but that was at least four years ago and Treasury has done nothing since. And Treasury has never said a word about menu boards.
Jurisdiction cannot be the real reason. FDA does not regulate meat and poultry (USDA does) but its proposed regulations cover those foods.
If you think the FDA should require restaurants to display calories for alcoholic beverages, now is the time to say so.
I think consumers’ right to know is a sufficient reason for demanding calorie labeling on alcoholic beverages, but if you want more, the Marin Institute lists useful talking points.
- Alcoholic beverages contain calories and few nutrients.
- It is difficult for drinkers to calculate the number of calories contained in a specific alcoholic beverage on their own.
- Congress did not explicitly exclude alcoholic beverages from food labeling requirements.
- The FDA has jurisdiction over the regulation of alcoholic beverages for health purposes.
- The TTB [Treasury Department agency] continually fails to act regarding the labeling of alcoholic beverages.
- Exempting small alcohol producers can remove burden of obtaining nutritional information.
If you are convinced by these arguments, or have others of your own, be sure to share them with FDA. Do it right away. The deadline is July 5.
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| 0.952292 | 333 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How fast is your broadband? M-Lab, a partnership between the New America Foundation and Google meant to measure Internet connections, has given Google two years worth of actual broadband connection data, as measured by users. That's more than 300TB of data, which Google has imported into its Public Data Explorer for easy viewing and analysis. The results are remarkable.
Measuring Internet access has been tricky for years. Sascha Meinrath of the New America Foundation told Ars back in 2009, when M-Lab got underway, that detailed network data about speeds, latency, jitter, and more used to be in the public domain until the government-run NSFnet was privatized in the earlier 1990s. Today, though, it's hard to know what speeds ISPs are actually offering (knowing what speeds they advertise, by contrast, is simple).
M-Lab has distributed testing tools for two years now and its servers have recorded data on the results. One of the most basic measurements is pure speed, measured in megabits per second. When these real-world speeds are charted on a map, they make Internet speed differences obvious in a way often obscured by simple lists and numbers. For instance, the two images below compare Internet download speeds in US states to Internet download speeds in European countries (many of which are the same size as US states). Speeds are medians.
The data comes from the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT), which Google says was "developed by Internet2 and widely deployed. The platform, the tool, and the data are all open—which means the Internet community can vet the measurement methodology, perform independent analysis of the same data, and build their own visualizations."
The data can be drilled in on, going all the way down to the city level. In the UK, the government has already commissioned real-world speed testing and has the results; the same testing company, SamKnows, is currently running similar tests in the US on behalf of the Federal Communications Commission, though its results are not yet public.
M-Lab's results, while interesting, aren't based on random statistical sampling and so should be used with caution before drawing any policy implications. Still, at least among Internet users most likely to run a tool like NDT, European broadband doesn't look too shabby, especially in the north and center of the continent.
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| 0.961526 | 485 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Students Map A Future For Themselves And Their Neighborhood
Monday, May 27, 2013
Aired 5/28/13 on KPBS News.
Hoover High School students get hands-on experience reshaping their community.
SAN DIEGO One recent morning, Bryan Voeltner was leading his students through a few of the steps it will take to turn hundreds of student surveys into a single map. Students were trying to iron out the glitches they came across trying to pair up dozens of files.
Special Feature Speak City Heights
Speak City Heights is a media collaborative aimed at amplifying the voices of residents in one of San Diego’s most diverse neighborhoods. (Read more)
Every 10 minutes, Voeltner would call their attention back to the large screen at front of the room where he could give them a step-by-step demonstration on a projected image of his computer screen of where to save each file and where to find the folders they were looking for.
This is Voeltner’s fourth year teaching the Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, class. It is one of the electives that’s part of Hoover High School’s Information Technology Academy.
“We had been wanting to get a new career path opportunity for the students and we had been hearing that GIS was a growing field,” he said.
Joe Punsalan is already part of that growing field.
“Businesses can use it to find out where to fit their business, where to place their business. We look at demographic data, transportation modeling. It really takes large data sets and compiles it into something anyone can understand,” he said.
Punsalan was at Hoover helping students work through problems. But he isn’t a volunteer. The students maps are part of a project called City Heights Urban Greening that his firm, KTU+A, is working on for the City of San Diego.
“What we’re doing is improving the corridors in City Heights in terms of storm water treatment, bicycle and pedestrian facilities to essentially get more people walking and biking within City Heights,” he said.
All of the student surveys that Voeltner's class is turning into one large map will help KTU+A compare streets that students use to walk and bike to school with those that get the most car traffic.
Work like this is what brought Senior Emerelda Ibarra back to the GIS class for a second year.
“I like the projects we work on because we do not just do projects that the teacher makes up but they’re actual projects that help the community,” she said.
Voeltner started reaching out a couple of years ago to community groups that could use the help of students.
“I always wanted to get students out of class and doing something that’s authentic and getting them some real-world experience," he said. "But even more so than that, I wanted projects that would give them a sense of empowerment and help them begin developing their voice.”
Ibarra is one of the students who has taken seriously that opportunity to speak up.
“Last year I worked on two projects," she said. "One was for Casa Saludables and that was to advocate for people with housing issues. And then, I also worked on another one where I presented to City Council and that was to amend a law for housing chickens, goats and bees.”
The class treats the community groups they work on these projects with like clients.
“Along the way, we have check ins with the client and that’s a way of assessment to, first of all, make sure the students are meeting their needs but along the way, they’re also learning the content of the course,” Voeltner said.
Students couldn’t get better hands-on experience if they were working alongside GIS professionals in an office each day.
“This data entry is what we do almost everyday. So it’s the beginning steps of almost any project,” Punsalan said.
For Senior Jimmy Rodriguez, showing off the final product that can help improve his community is the best part of the class.
“I’m able to use my public speaking skills. I like to be a leader at times and through this class, I’ve learned when I can’t be a leader, I can lead from behind as well,” he said.
Rodriguez wants to be an interior designer, not a GIS professional. But preparing students to be successful in any future workplace is the real goal of courses like this.
“They have to learn how to set and meet deadlines, set and meet goals, organizational skills. So there’s a lot of that and working with adults, working in groups, in a team, working with a supervisor. All of those kinds of skills are going to help them no matter where they go,” Voeltner said.
And research shows that classes like this one, which show student how their academic work is tied to the real world, improve student achievement and graduation rates.
A week later, Rodriguez saw that connection close up and got to put his public speaking skills to work when the classes finished maps are on display at a community forum.
“University, Orange, El Cajon and Fairmount are the streets most traversed by students," he said, pointing to the color-coded map of streets around Hoover High School based on how many students walked or biked on each block to get to school.
"So, the next steps of this project are that we’ll be giving this information to KTU+A and they’ll have an online survey for the community," he said. "And from there, they’ll develop a report to the City that narrows down the 12 or 10 streets that will be fixed.”
Rodriguez said he may not be old enough to vote yet, but he knows he has the power to help shape his community.
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For most Christians, the primary symbol of God’s love and care for humanity is a cross—a reminder of the crucifixion. Yet for approximately the first five centuries of the Christian movement the crucifixion was not depicted visually because it was too closely associated with a shameful criminal death to be useful as a symbol of love and redemption. What complex theological and social circumstances brought crucifixion scenes to prominence as visual statements about God’s love for humanity?
The New Testament assumes that humans are estranged from God and unable to overcome that estrangement. Christ’s death on the cross was a sacrifice for the purpose of removing the barrier between God and humans. Christ is pictured as a sacrificial lamb whose death ransomed humanity. But the New Testament offers no precise explanation of the dynamics of that sacrifice.
Margaret R. Miles taught historical theology at Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. Her most recent book is Beyond the Centaur: Imagining the Intelligent Body (forthcoming from Wipf and Stock).
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« Older: NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity finds unusual football sized Rock to Examine Newer: G.I. Jobs Magazine names Austin Peay State University Military Friendly School for 2013 »
Concerning levels of known human carcinogen found in tests of more than 200 samples
Yonkers, NY – In Consumer Reports’ tests of more than 60 rice and rice products, inorganic arsenic, a known human carcinogen, was found in most of the name brand and other rice product samples. Levels varied, but were significant in some samples.
While there are federal limits for arsenic in drinking water, there aren’t many standards for arsenic in food. Earlier this year, Consumer Reports found worrisome levels of arsenic in apple and grape juices and called on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to set limits for arsenic in those juices.Based on its latest findings and analysis, Consumer Reports is asking the government to take additional steps, including urging the FDA to set limits for arsenic in rice and rice products.
“The goal of our report is to inform—not alarm—consumers about the importance of reducing arsenic exposure and offer actions they can take moving forward, such as limiting their rice consumption,” said Urvashi Rangan, Ph.D., Director of Safety and Sustainability at Consumer Reports. “Given what we now know about arsenic’s increasing role in contributing to multiple cancers and other serious health effects, the government needs to regulate arsenic in food. This includes setting standards and banning the practices that persistently deliver arsenic into our food and water supply.”
Consumer Reports Findings
Consumer Reports tested a range of rice products including infant cereals, hot cereals, ready-to-eat cereals, rice cakes, rice crackers, rice pasta, rice flour, and rice drinks and found varying, but measurable amounts of total arsenic─including inorganic and organic forms─in samples of almost every product tested. Inorganic arsenic is a known carcinogen that can cause bladder, lung, and skin cancer. Two organic forms measured−called DMA and MMA−are classified as possible carcinogens.
Consumer Reports’ study provides a snapshot of the market, with many products purchased in the New York metropolitan area and online this past spring. It is too limited to provide general conclusions about individual brands or categories of rice products but there were notable findings.
The article “Arsenic in your food,” also appears in the November 2012 issue of Consumer Reports.
What the Government Should Do
Because Consumer Reports found significant levels of inorganic arsenic it believes more must be done to reduce dietary exposure.
“Consumers may be surprised to learn that similar to antibiotics, arsenic-containing drugs can be fed daily to chickens, turkeys, and pigs to promote growth, lower the levels of feed required, prevent disease in healthy animals, and color the meat,” Dr. Rangan said. “The manure of treated animals ends up containing arsenic too. It can also be used to fertilize food crops, which effectively introduces arsenic back into the food supply. We are asking the government to stop the cycling of arsenic in our food and water.”
What Consumers Can Do
For infants, children and pregnant women, risks maybe heightened. Arsenic risk is based on cumulative exposure over a lifetime. The recommendations are based on a person eating just one product per day or per week over a lifetime. If limits are exceeded one week, cut back the next.
Consumer Reports’ has a table with advice on how to limit consumer’s exposure to arsenic in rice and rice products.
There are other ways consumers can reduce their overall exposure to arsenic:
Consumers can urge the government to take action, by visiting www.consumersunion.org/arsenic.
Why Arsenic is a Concern
Inorganic arsenic, the predominant form of arsenic in most of the 65 rice products Consumer Reports analyzed, is ranked by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a known human carcinogen. It is known to cause bladder, lung, and skin cancer in humans, with the liver, kidney, and prostate now considered potential targets of arsenic-induced cancers.
Two remaining forms of organic arsenic found−DMA and MMA−are considered to be possible carcinogens. It is important to note that these forms can chemically interchange, especially in the environment, so the continued use of organic arsenicals in animal feed and pesticides is still a major concern.
Long-term studies that track health effects of exposure to arsenic in rice have only recently begun. One small study, published in late 2011 by Dartmouth researchers, suggests that many people in the U.S. may be exposed to potentially harmful levels of arsenic through rice consumption.
The USDA has invested in research to breed types of rice that can grow in areas that have elevated levels of arsenic in their soil. That may help explain the relatively high levels of arsenic found in rice from the south-central U.S., though other factors such as climate or geology may also play a role.
About Consumer Reports
Consumer Reports is the world’s largest independent product-testing organization. Using its more than 50 labs, auto test center, and survey research center, the nonprofit rates thousands of products and services annually.
Founded in 1936, Consumer Reports has over 8 million subscribers to its magazine, website, and other publications. Its advocacy division, Consumers Union, works for health reform, food and product safety, financial reform, and other consumer issues in Washington, D.C., the states, and in the marketplace.
TopicsAntibiotics, Apple Juice, Arkansas, Arsenic, Bladder Cancer, California, Carcinogen, Children, Consumer Reports, Environmental Proteciton Agency, EPA, FDA, Federal Drug Administration, Fertilizer, Food, Grape Juice, IARC, India, Infant, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Louisiana, Lung Cancer, Missouri, Pregnant, Rice, Skin Cancer, Texas, Thailand, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United Kingdom, USDA, Yonkers NY
© 2006-2016 Clarksville, TN Online is owned and operated by residents of Clarksville Tennessee.
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As we continue seeing interest rate spreads increasing in the euro area, we keep asking the question of whether this is a crisis of solvency or liquidity. The fact that interest rates keep increasing makes it more difficult for governments to meet interest payments, and solvency becomes the more likely culprit. If default happens we might never find out what type of crisis we had. Were governments insolvent? Or did the high interest rates and lack of funding push them into default? And if we cannot tell ex-post, how can we tell ex-ante (now!)?
Let's look at some historical facts to understand the potential scenarios these countries are facing. After my previous post on Italy, let's look at Spain, one of the countries that is also seeing spreads rapidly increasing.
The way we normally look at the question of solvency is by asking what type of effort the government needs to make to keep the debt under control. The typical benchmark is to look at the current ratio of government debt to GDP and think of scenarios where this ratio remains constant. In the case of Spain, this ratio is 60-67% measured in gross terms and 48-56% in net terms. The range corresponds to the number for 2010 and the forecast by the end of 2011. Let's just use 65% as the relevant ratio.
To keep this ratio constant, the Spanish government has to deliver a primary balance which is equal to the difference between the interest rate it pays on the debt (r) and the growth rate of GDP (g) multiplied by the debt to GDP ratio [Note: the primary balance is the difference between revenues and spending excluding interest payment on the debt].
With a simple formula: to maintain a stable debt-to-GDP ratio you need a primary surplus of (r-g) Debt/GDP.
Interest rates and growth rates have to be measured in the same units so we either measure them in nominal or real terms. Let me choose nominal rates.
Some facts: In the period 2000-2011, average nominal growth in Spain has been equal to 5.23% (out of which 2.17% was real growth). If we exclude the crisis years (2008-2001), average nominal growth was as high as 7.46%.
I am focusing on the post-euro years as we want to avoid looking at a different monetary policy framework, but just for the sake of understanding history, in the previous decade (1988-99) Spain grew at a rate of 7.73 in nominal terms and 3.11 in real terms.
What about interest rates? Currently the Spanish government is paying about 4% on average (even if on the margin they are facing rates closer to 6%). If Spain managed to maintain rates at 4%, the required primary balance is: (4% - 5.23%) x 65% = -0.74%.
So a deficit of 0.74% will do it. This does not look that different from the actual numbers. Over the period 1999-2011, the government's primary balance in Spain was -0.57%. If we exclude the years of the crisis and focus on the expansion 1999-2007, the primary balance was +2.24%, a significant surplus.
In other words, if Spain faced an interest rate of 4%, and even if within the next decade they experienced another massive crisis with four really bad years (as bad as 2008-2011) in terms of low growth and large deficits, the debt to GDP ratio would still remain at 65% ten years from now. "Business as usual" would do it. This is a very conservative scenario where we are asking no change in policies to the Spanish government.
Is 4% a reasonable interest rate? No, if you look at markets today. But here is where the self-fulfilling nature of the crisis comes in. The relevant question to me is whether can we build a scenario for Spain that is conservative in terms of growth and fiscal efforts coupled with rates which are not too far to a risk-free rate, and where we feel that we can guarantee with almost 100% confidence that the debt will remain stable. If this scenario is possible, then the interest rate of 4% is justified because we are looking at a world of no default.
Of course, if we start with an interest rate of 15%, then all the calculations above will send you in the direction of default, which would justify the high interest rate we started with.
But if both scenarios seem plausible then we are facing multiple equilibria and we need to find a way to coordinate to the good one, the one without default. Looking at last week, it seems that we are going in the opposite direction. So it looks like the only way out is for all of us suddenly become optimistic, or that the ECB steps in and helps us coordinate to the good equilibrium.
Update: And Paul Krugman is also puzzled about interest rates in euro countries when you compare them with fiscal policy outcomes in those countries. He cannot understand how interest rates for Austrian government debt remain so high giving its low debt, low unemployment and a current account surplus.
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Although Africa’s serval population remains relatively widespread and abundant, habitat degradation and hunting are responsible for a decline in overall numbers. Of primary concern is the loss of wetland habitat which supports the high densities of rodents on which servals depend. Compounding wetland degradation is overgrazing and burning of grasslands, which similarly reduce the abundance of small mammals. Despite being listed on Appendix II of CITES, which prohibits international trade without a permit, hunting of the serval for its pelt still continues on a significant scale, particularly in West Africa. Furthermore, in rural parts of Africa, the serval is often persecuted by farmers who consider it a threat to livestock (1) (7).
Given, that these impacts are yet to seriously undermine the stability of the overall serval population, the species is currently classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. However, in North Africa the serval population is thought to comprise less than 250 individuals, isolated in vulnerable subpopulations of fewer than 50. Consequently, the population north of the Sahara is recognised to be Critically Endangered (1).
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narcissistic personality disorder - persons with this disorder present severely overly-inflated feelings of self-worth, grandiosity, and superiority over others. Persons with narcissistic personality disorder often exploit others who fail to admire them, and are overly sensitive to criticism, judgment, and defeat.
nasal - relating to the nose.
National Cancer Institute - The US Government agency for cancer research and information.
nausea - a feeling or sensation leading to the urge to vomit.
near point of accommodation - the closest point in front of the eyes that an object may be clearly focused.
near point of convergence - the maximum extent the two eyes can be turned inward.
necrosis - pertaining to the death of tissue.
needle aspiration (of the breast) - a procedure that uses a thin needle and syringe to collect tissue or drain a lump after using a local anesthetic.
needle biopsy - use of a needle to extract tissue, cells, or fluid for microscopic examination.
neoadjuvant therapy - treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy which is given before the primary treatment.
neoplasm - any abnormal growth of new tissue; a proliferation of cells no longer under normal physiologic control. These may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
nephrectomy - surgical removal of the kidney.
nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys.
nephrology - the medical specialty concerned with diseases of the kidneys.
nephropathy - diabetic kidney disease.
nephrotic syndrome - a condition characterized by high levels of protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, tissue swelling, and high cholesterol.
nerve conduction tests - procedure to determine nerve impulse generation.
nerve sparing technique - a surgical technique during a radial prostatectomy in which one or both of the neurovascular bundles controlling erections are spared.
neural plasticity - ability of the brain and/or certain parts of the nervous system to change in order to adapt to new conditions, such as an injury.
neural prostheses - devices that substitute for an injured or diseased part of the nervous system to enhance the function.
neural stimulation - to activate or energize a nerve through an external source.
neural tube defect - type of birth defect, such as spina bifida, that results from failure of the spinal cord or brain to develop normally in a fetus.
neuralgia - pain in distribution of nerve or nerves.
neuritis - inflammation of a nerve or nerves.
neurofibromatosis - a group of inherited disorders in which non-cancerous tumors grow along several nerves; can affect the development of other tissues, including bones and skin, possibly leading to developmental abnormalities.
neurogenic - of nerve origin.
neurogenic bladder (Also called neuropathic bladder.) - a bladder disorder that can be caused by a tumor or other condition of the nervous system.
neurogenic communication disorder - inability to exchange information with others because of hearing, speech, and/or language problems caused by impairment of the nervous system.
neurological - pertaining to the nervous system.
neuron - a cell specialized to conduct and generate electrical impulses and to carry information from one part of the brain to another.
neuropathology - the pathology of the nervous system.
neuropathy - diabetic nerve damage.
neurosonography - a procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves that enable the physician to analyze blood flow in cases of possible stroke.
neurotransmitters - chemical substances that carry impulses from one nerve cell to another; found in the space (synapse) that separates the transmitting neuron's terminal (axon) from the receiving neuron's terminal (dendrite).
nigral - of or referring to the substantia nigra.
nitroglycerin - a medication used to relax or dilate arteries.
nodule (Also called papule.) - a solid, raised bump.
noise-induced hearing loss - hearing loss that is caused either by a one-time or repeated exposure to very loud sound or sounds at various loudness levels over an extended period of time.
non-Hodgkin lymphoma - a type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system; causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually causing tumors to grow. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells can also spread to other organs.
noninvasive procedures - a diagnostic effort or treatment that does not require entering the body or puncturing the skin.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - medication that produces fever reducing, analgesic (pain relieving), and anti-inflammatory effects.
nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment - hearing loss or deafness that is inherited and is not associated with other inherited clinical characteristics.
nonulcer dyspepsia - constant pain or discomfort in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
norepinephrine - a neurotransmitter found mainly in areas of the brain that are involved in governing autonomic nervous system activity, especially blood pressure and heart rate.
nuclear medicine - a specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive substances to examine organ function and structure.
Nutcracker syndrome - Abnormal muscle tightening in the esophagus.
nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals provided by food and necessary for growth and the maintenance of life.
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| 0.894041 | 1,152 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Definitions of middlings
n. pl. - A combination of the coarser parts of ground wheat the finest bran, separated from the fine flour and coarse bran in bolting; -- formerly regarded as valuable only for feed; but now, after separation of the bran, used for making the best quality of flour. Middlings contain a large proportion of gluten. 2
n. pl. - In the southern and western parts of the United States, the portion of the hog between the ham and the shoulder; bacon; -- called also middles. 2
The word "middlings" uses 9 letters: D D G I I L M N S.
No direct anagrams for middlings found in this word list.
Adding one letter to middlings does not form any other word in this word list.Words within middlings not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from middlings by changing one letter
Browse words starting with middlings by next letter
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| 0.912445 | 213 | 2.9375 | 3 |
March 5, 2008
Image: Cross section through the aorta of a mouse expressing mutated PPAR
gamma. The cell nuclei are blue, elastic fibers bright green. The green "dots" are PPAR gamma mRNA.
Protein target for diabetes drug regulates blood pressure
University of Iowa researchers have identified a molecular pathway in blood vessels that controls blood pressure and vascular function and may help explain why certain drugs for type 2 diabetes also appear to lower patients' blood pressure. The study is published in the March 5 issue of Cell Metabolism.
A majority of patients with type 2 diabetes, which is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, also are at risk for serious cardiovascular problems, including atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke and hypertension. Understanding the biological pathways that link cardiovascular and metabolic function could lead to better treatments for the millions of Americans affected by these conditions.
The focus of the UI study is a protein called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), which plays a critical role in fat metabolism and insulin action, and appears to link metabolic disorders, like type 2 diabetes, with cardiovascular disease.
Drugs called thiazolidinediones (TDZs), which are used to treat type 2 diabetes, target and activate PPAR gamma. In addition to controlling blood sugar, these drugs also appear to lower blood pressure.
The UI team led by Curt Sigmund, Ph.D., professor of internal medicine and molecular physiology and biophysics in the UI Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, and Carmen Halabi, a student in the UI Medical Scientist Training Program and the study's lead author, tested the idea that these two beneficial effects of TZDs are produced through two separate PPAR gamma pathways.
Working with mice, the team knocked out the function of PPAR gamma in vascular smooth muscle, which surrounds blood vessels. The mice developed high blood pressure and very severe vascular dysfunction, which resembled the vascular disorders often seen in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes.
"It appears that when PPAR gamma is activated it initiates a cascade of events that protect the blood vessel," Sigmund explained. "When we interfere with the PPAR gamma pathway, those protective mechanisms are eliminated and the blood vessel becomes dysfunctional."
Although TZDs have been used for many years to treat type 2 diabetes, they do have several serious side effects, including weight gain and water retention. A recent study also suggested that one TZD (rosiglitazone, which is sold as Avandia) might increase the incidence of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks in diabetes patients. Avandia now carries an FDA warning.
"These side effects really highlight the need to figure out ways to dissociate beneficial effects from dangerous side effects," Sigmund said. "By understanding the mechanisms that lead to those effects, we may be able to enhance benefits and minimize dangers.
"When a drug is found to have serious side effects, people often think that the molecule the drug targets is no longer relevant," he added. "But that is not the case. We know from our study and from others that the molecule is still very relevant. We just need drugs with higher specificity."
Sigmund also noted that Halabi's combined training in medicine and bench science helped to focus the genetic study on an area with direct clinical relevance.
"This study is at the interface of her knowledge of clinical medicine and the basic science," he said.
PPAR gamma is a transcription factor and when it is activated, a cascade of signals is initiated, which controls gene expression -- some genes are turned on and others are turned off. In particular, inflammatory genes are turned off and antioxidant genes are turned on.
Having identified the PPAR gamma pathway, the researchers will next focus on which genes are being turned on or off to produce the antihypertensive effect. Identifying these genes may lead to more specific ways of treating hypertension and vascular disease in patients with diabetes.
In addition to Sigmund and Halabi, the UI researchers included Andreas Beyer, Ph.D.; Willem de Lange, Ph.D.; Henry Keen, Ph.D.; Gary Baumbach, M.D., professor of pathology; and Frank Faraci, Ph.D., professor of internal medicine and pharmacology.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the American Heart Association and the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust of Muscatine, Iowa.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: For a copy of the article, please contact Jennifer Brown, email@example.com
STORY SOURCE: University of Iowa Health Science Relations, 5135 Westlawn, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1178
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The course is taught by two instructors with extensive knowledge of underground power system design. Frank Frentzas, is responsible for the Engineering and Design as well as Technical Standards and Specifications pertaining to new or existing Transmission Underground Cable Systems for Exelon Corporation. George Matto is with Okonite.
In weeks one through three, students will gain an in introduction to cable systems, types of systems, manufacturing and manufacturing standards. They will learn the uses and design parameters of the equipment needed for an underground system design. In week four, Frank will lead students through basic underground cable design and in week five, students will study installation practices for both transmission and distribution projects.
In week six, the course will cover application considerations such as hydraulic pressures, commissioning and industry standards. In week seven, students will review an underground system case study from start to finish that will lead to the final project of replacing an outdated fluid-filled conductor. Students will have to submit design considerations such as type of conductor used, manhole spacing and pulling considerations.
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How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
After adjusting its orbit, the spacecraft will begin its two-year examination of the planet in low orbit in the fall. It is expected to monitor the Martian climate and atmosphere, search for signs of ancient water on the surface and locate possible future landing sites to send the next generation of robotic rovers and possibly human explorers.
After that, it should serve as a communication relay between Earth and Mars until its primary mission ends in 2010.
Project manager Jim Graf predicted that the scientific results of the mission will be extensive.
"It will rewrite the science textbooks on Mars," Graf said.
Launched from Florida last August, the Reconnaissance Orbiter traveled 310 million miles over seven months for the risky orbit rendezvous.
It successfully circled Mars on Friday after a white-knuckle encounter in which it fired its main engines and briefly lost contact with mission control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena after flying behind the planet. Engineers applauded when the orbiter came back into view and signaled that it was in position.
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The federal government is moving to drastically reduce air pollution from cement plants, and the biggest offender is here in Oregon.
On Tuesday the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released proposed rules for airborne mercury and other pollutants from cement kilns, which are few but release large amounts of toxins into the air.
Under the rules, mercury emissions would drop by between 81 and 93 percent of current levels by 2013. Mercury is a neurotoxin that builds up in fish, which when eaten by people can lead to birth defects and stunted brain development.
"We can save more than a thousand lives each year, sharply reduce mercury and other toxins in our air and water, and work with industry to encourage innovations and good ideas that are already out there," EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson said in a statement.
The agency estimates the rules would cost between $222 million and $684 million a year, but they should save 620 to 1,600 lives annually.
In addition, the rules are expected to cut emissions of hydrocarbon by 75 percent, particulate matter by 90 to 96 percent, hydrochloric acid by 92 to 94 percent, and sulfur dioxide by 77 to 90 percent.
They accomplish that by setting volume limits on the amount of pollutants that 163 of the nation's kilns can emit based on the volume of the cement, called Portland cement, they produce. Such kilns heat materials such as limestone and clay, which is ground and eventually mixed with gypsum to make concrete for construction.
Cement kilns are the nation's fourth-largest source of airborne mercury pollution, after coal-fired power plants, hazardous-waste incinerators and electric-arc furnaces.
Oregon has one such plant -- next to Interstate 84 southeast of Baker City -- that is the biggest source of airborne mercury in the United States. The Durkee plant pumped more than 2,000 pounds of mercury into the air in 2007, the most recent year for which figures are available.
But that same year the plant's owner, Kansas-based Ash Grove Cement Co., reached an agreement with Oregon regulators to reduce mercury emissions by 75 percent by 2012.
The deal required the company to install technology that captures the mercury released when limestone is heated by binding it to carbon particles, which can then be filtered off.
On Tuesday the company said it had not had adequate time to review the EPA's proposal to determine its effect on the plant.
"We continue to move forward with our mercury emissions reduction program in Durkee, and we will work with EPA and the federal government on the final version of the rule," the company said.
With the rules, companies nationwide may have to adopt technology similar to the Durkee plant's. They might also seek new sources of raw material that aren't as heavy with mercury. But that's impractical for most kilns, said Andy O'Hare, vice president of regulatory affairs for the Portland Cement Association, in Skokie, Ill.
"The problem that we have with mercury is that it emanates primarily from the principal raw material that you use to make cement. Limestone is a key ingredient, and every cement plant has a limestone quarry that is integral to the plant itself," he said.
The EPA first published mercury rules for kilns in 1999, but lawsuits and politics have altered their application since.
"We are both pleased and grateful that EPA's new administrator, Lisa Jackson, is taking this new step," said James Pew, staff attorney for Earthjustice, a nonprofit law firm that has been fighting the EPA.
The public has 60 days to comment on the proposal at www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3pfpr.html.
-- Matthew Preusch; email@example.com
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Tuesday, October 14, 2003
“And it goes on and on, watching the river run/
further and further from things that we’ve done/
Leaving them one by one.”
— “Watching the River Run”
Loggins and Messina
The history of Hood River’s waterfront is not something this community can totally leave behind; past uses and planning efforts affect what goes on today and will continue to do so. The history of the waterfront has never been more important to understand than it is now, with the public debate rising, at times, like a wind-blown February froth.
To bring the community up to date, Hood River News presents again a 1998 article written by Paige Rouse of Hood River, updated by news staff writer Esther Smith.
Here, then, is part one of a four-part retrospective on Hood River’s Columbia River front.
Waterfront development has been a topic with many viewpoints in the community for the last decade, as the port and city have undergone a comprehensive process of rezoning the remaining acres of developable land near the Columbia shoreline.
Throughout the sixties and seventies, however, “waterfront development” meant the creation of usable acres of landfill along the city’s waterfront.
This land, prior to the dam, had been submersible sandbars and marshland, with limited use due to its irregular flooding. Various enterprises like potato farming and cattle running took place amid saw mills and log ponds.
A sandbar in the river also was used as the area’s first airstrip. The river was generally mucky and unsanitary, particularly with sewage and refuse.
When the Bonneville Dam was built in Cascade Locks, the U.S. government purchased easements to flood the low lying lands along the Columbia River, reserving title to the various owners.
Though the Port of Hood River had been formed in 1933 to help create industry along the Columbia basin, it was not until after the purchase of the bridge in 1950 that the port had the necessary working capital to take up this task. In 1950, the electric power produced by the Bonneville system, which by then had expanded to a number of dams, was in great excess of the needs of the Northwest. The Bonneville Power Administration developed plans and means by which this power could be used, including bringing industries to the Northwest.
In the mid-fifties, the port made several significant property acquisitions along the waterfront, while securing the services of environmental planners and engineers to prepare plans for waterfront development. Financial assistance was forthcoming by the federal government, and the active cooperation of the State of Oregon, federal government, Corps of Engineers and the Bonneville Power Administration, which helped the port bring its plans to fruition. The filling of the river in phases commenced in 1959 and continued through 1971. Over this period, the port developed around 200 acres of waterfront, expending approximately $2.9 million over the twelve year period.
The first phase, where the present Hood River Inn exists, had been the location of the Oregon Lumber Company until the early 1920s, and later a camp for migrant fruit workers.
The land immediately west of the bridge continued to be used as a log pond for the Oregon Lumber Co., which had relocated to Dee. Both of these areas were subject to spring flooding. According to the port’s masterplan, recreational and commercial uses were recommended for these sites, since no rail access existed.
The property where the Hood River Inn is now located was filled and sat vacant for a period of approximately five years, while the port heard several proposals for its use, including a sawmill, trailer park, and truck stop. The port turned down the inital proposals but not without some criticism. When the Hood River Village was built in 1964, by Rogers Construction, which later leased its operation to Eddie Mays Inn, the port commission was accused of having provided public lands for a luxury motel that would never be used by the public.
The log dump continued to operate intermittently immediately west of the bridge approach, in the area intended to become a recreational boat marina. Immediately in front of Hood River, approximately 500 stumps were visible that were left by the government at the time of the Bonneville Dam erection. A handful of boat houses were moored in questionable sanitary conditions, by residents resisting local orders to move. Nichols Boat Works ran a small operation that made primarily log boom boats and assisted in the storage and movement of logs in the river.
This was the area designated as the Waterfront Industrial Park, and the only one in the Bonneville Pool with potential access to railroad, interstate highway, and river barge transportation. The first development in this area was the commercial boat basin used by barges and Nichols Boat Works. The Hood River Sewage Treatment Plant was also built.
During those times, the port commission had the mission of recruiting businesses to bring to its newly created industrial park. As the industrial park was created, the Jucho building, later known as the “Blue Building,” was developed. Then came Fibermold, the Jantzen knitting mills plant, Hood River Distillers, the United Telephone service building, and Diversified Plastics. In 1975, the Western Power Products building was constructed on port property north of the sewage treatment plant. In 1976, the port reached a lease agreement with local fishing lure manufacturer, Luhr Jensen, to expand on the northeast corner of the property.
When the waterfront land was developed, all utilities were placed underground. No on-street parking was permitted, and sign controls and landscaping requirements were more strict than those of the city. As a matter of policy, the port limited every industry to not more than 10 acres, and refrained from locating two industries of the same type at the industrial site. These policies were intended to protect the community from suffering industry-related economic recessions.
Port efforts, in many cases, were not enough to keep many of those earlier industrial park tenants located in Hood River. Even though the port was at times very lenient with their terms to help them stay in business and keep jobs here, many of the manufacturers succumbed to the competitive times.
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On Friday, German Ministers laid out plans to ban hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) for shale gas, although anti-fracking campaigners believe plans for the new law should go much further.
In a press briefing, the Economy Minister Sigmar Gabriel and Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks announced that the government will begin drawing up legislation on the issue and have it approved in the final half of this year, with a review taking place in 2021:
“There won’t be fracking of shale-gas and coal gas for economic reasons in the foreseeable future”
However, the proposed new law doesn’t go far enough for many opponents, due to a number of exceptions which allow fracking under specific circumstances. For example, the proposed ban applies to “unconventional” fracking taking place more than 3000m below the surface but will still allow “conventional” fracking below 3000m to take place.
A not-so-unlikely coalition of beer brewers and greens have been piling pressure on the German government to ban fracking. Whilst Germany’s beer-makers are worried about the potential for water contamination, there has been growing mainstream concern over the health, climate and environmental implications of using fracking to unlock the estimated shale gas reserves of between 1.7 and 2.7 trillion cubic tonnes.
“Fracking must be banned in Germany without any exceptions” Hubertus Zdebel, a Left party member of the German parliament’s committee for environment, conservation, construction and reactor safety.
According to estimates from the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources, the planned restrictions would still allow the exploitation of half of all unconventional gas deposits in Germany, the Left party politician Zdebel said.
So whilst a 7-year fracking ban sounds positive in principle, it seems there is still much room for improvement and developments will need to be monitored closely.
Want to tell the Economy and Environment Ministers to strengthen their proposed law to ban all fracking? Start a campaign online today.
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Hour of Code Volunteer: Kids See No Barriers to Open Source Coding
In December, the Linux Foundation joined many organizations in support of Hour of Code (HoC). This program, which is sponsored by Code.org, provides children with a one-hour introduction to computer science using tutorials designed to explain code in a simple way and show that anyone can be involved. The program offers tools that both teachers and volunteers can use to present basic coding ideas to children. This year’s tutorials aimed to engage young coders using examples from Minecraft and Star Wars, and also featured Anna and Elsa from Frozen.
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Because the manufacturing workforce has much higher rates of unionization
than the overall labor force, the RTW advantage should be even more amplified in
this sector. If compulsory unionism drives up labor compensation levels without
a commensurate rise in productivity, manufacturers will seek more attractive
regions for expansion, leaving non-RTW states with shrinking manufacturing
Chart 5 illustrates that this clearly has been the case. In a period (1970-2000) where total manufacturing employment dropped by 5 percent nationwide, RTW states augmented their employment base by 1.5 percent annually. Over the 1970-2000 period, RTW states enjoyed a 1.7 percent growth advantage over non-RTW states, a significantly larger margin than they posted for total payroll employment.
While non-RTW states were cutting manufacturing payrolls by 2.3 million from 1970-2000, RTW states were increasing their blue-collar payrolls by 1.4 million. The RTW states' share of total manufacturing jobs (see Chart 6) rose from 25.4 percent in 1970 to 34.3 percent by 2000. Despite the loss of 875,000 U.S. manufacturing jobs over this period, all of the 21 RTW states registered a net gain in manufacturing payrolls.
Once a manufacturing powerhouse, Michigan fared poorly even in relation to other non-RTW states, losing over 100,000 manufacturing jobs from 1970 to 2000. Unlike most non-RTW states, however, Michigan's manufacturing payrolls did managed to grow during the 1990s (see Table III, Appendix I), ranking it 23rd in growth among all states.
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| 0.939692 | 329 | 2.53125 | 3 |
PLANT STEROLS LOWER CHOLESTEROL, BUT INCREASE RISK FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Zo√ę Harcombe and Julien S. Baker
DOI : 10.3844/ojbsci.2014.167.169
OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences
Volume 14, Issue 3
It is widely accepted that cholesterol lowering is healthful per se. We challenge this view, with particular reference to plant sterols. Cholesterol lowering should not be an end in itself. The objective must be to reduce health outcomes, such as incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). We hypothesised that plant sterols may lower cholesterol, but not CHD. We found the outcome on CHD in fact to be detrimental.
Cholesterol lowering has become a national obsession for the developed world, from America to New Zealand. Statins are the preferred and most lucrative mechanism (Johnson and odds, 2011) for reducing serum cholesterol levels. Plant sterols offer another option. They were first added to margarine and launched in Europe in 1997 (Patch et al., 2006). The European market for substances with added plant sterols remains the most mature, with revenues of $400 million having been reached (Frost and Sullivan, 2006). Plant sterols is the collective term for free and esterified phytosterols and phytostanols, regardless of biological source. Phytosterols are cholesterol-like molecules found in all plant foods, with the highest concentrations occurring in vegetable oils. They are absorbed only in trace amounts, but inhibit the absorption of intestinal cholesterol (Ostlund, Jr., 2002). The most commonly occurring phytosterols in the human diet are β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, which account for approximately 65%, 30% and 3% of diet contents respectively (Weihrauch and Gardner, 1978). The ability of phytosterols to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol was first established in 1953 (Pollak, 1953).
Phytosterols effectively compete with the cholesterol made by the human body and replace it to an extent, thus lowering serum cholesterol levels. It is pertinent to question whether the replacement of human cholesterol with plant cholesterol is a positive health intervention.
The European Food Safety Authority responded to a request from Unilever PLC to be able to make cholesterol lowering claims on their plant sterol enriched products (Bresson, 2008). The review body concluded that "Plant sterols have been shown to lower/reduce blood cholesterol". They also stated "However, there are no human intervention studies demonstrating that plant sterols reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."
Rajaratnam et al. (2000) studied the association of phytosterols and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in postmenopausal women. They concluded that "women with elevated ratios of serum squalene, campesterol and sitosterol to cholesterol and low respective lathosterol values have enhanced risk for CAD. Thus, enhanced absorption and reduced synthesis of cholesterol may be related to coronary atherosclerosis."
Plant sterols were reviewed as a potential risk factor for CHD by Sudhop et al. (2002). They concluded: "These findings support the hypothesis that plant sterols might be an additional risk factor for CHD."
Assmann et al. (2006) article reported that: "Elevations in sitosterol concentrations and the sitosterol/cholesterol ratio appear to be associated with an increased occurrence of major coronary events in men at high global risk of coronary heart disease."
Most recently, Silbernagel et al. (2010) studied 1,257 individuals in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. They found that high absorption of phytosterols and concomitant low synthesis of cholesterol predicted increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in LURIC participants.
The best evidence to support plant sterols for heart disease is that they are: possibly protective; neutral; or don't appear to be adversely related. In a Dutch cohort of subjects older than 65 years, Fassbender et al. (2008) found that "plant sterols could have neutral or even protective effects on development of coronary heart disease, which have to be confirmed in interventional trials." The EPIC Norfolk cohort found that "higher levels of plant sterols, do not appear to be adversely related to CAD [coronary artery disease]" among 373 cases and 758 controls (Pinedo et al., 2007).
The majority of evidence for CHD is not favourable. The evidence for cancer is also of concern. There is one review of epidemiological evidence for phytochemicals and cancer risk. Phytosterols are one of the five main categories of phytochemicals included in the review; carotenoids, isothiocyanates, chlorophyll and phytoestrogens being the other four (Miller and Snyder, 2012). This review reported that there is only one study focused on phytosterols and cancer risk (Normen et al., 2001). This Netherlands cohort study involved 120,852 people over an average 6.3 year follow up. It concluded that there was no association between phytosterol intake and colon cancer risk in men. There were positive associations between risk of rectal cancer and campesterol and stigmasterol intakes in men. For women, there was no clear association between intake of any of the plant sterols and colorectal cancer risk.
Despite the evidence cited, it was a Dutch study of 30 people (Kelly et al., 2011) that elicited an amendment in the EU regulation for plant sterols (CR, 2013). Kelly et al. (2011) found a significant correlation between the campesterol concentration in the blood plasma and the thickness of veins in the retina after 85 weeks in people taking statin medication, while ingesting plant sterols. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment noted that an increase in the diameter of the retinal vessels is being discussed as an early risk marker for cardiovascular disease (BfR, 2011). Accordingly the EU mandated that, from February 2014, products with added plant sterols must state that the product is not intended for people who do not need to control their blood cholesterol level (CR, 2013).
We argue that this caution should be extended to all people and all products containing plant sterols. The majority of studies raising concerns involved participants who were deemed 'at risk' and thus targets for cholesterol lowering measures (Sudhop et al., 2002; Assmann et al., 2006; Silbernagel et al., 2010).
Plant sterols do lower cholesterol levels; replacing human cholesterol levels may be a better description of methodology. However there is no evidence that plant sterols reduce the risk of CHD and much evidence that they are detrimental.
It is time for us to remember that we are in the business of improving health outcomes and not surrogate endpoints. In losing sight of real targets, we can do more harm than good.
Assmann, G., P. Cullen, J. Erbey, D.R. Ramey and F. Kannenberg et al., 2006. Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: Results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis., 16: 13-21.
BfR, 2011. Addition of plant sterols and stanols to food: Assessment of a new study from the Netherlands. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR.
Bresson, J.L., 2008. Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products nutrition and allergies on a request from Unilever PLC/NV on Plant Sterols and lower/reduced blood cholesterol, reduced the risk of (coronary) heart disease. EFSA J., 781: 1-12.
CR, 2013. Amending Regulation (EC) No 608/2004 concerning the labelling of foods and food ingredients with added phytosterols, phytosterol esters, phytostanols and/or phytostanol esters. Commission Regulation, European Union. Fassbender, K., D. Lutjohann, M.G. Dik, M. Bremmer and J. Konig et al., 2008. Moderately elevated plant sterol levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk--the LASA study. Atherosclerosis, 196: 283-8. PMID: 17137582.
Frost and Sullivan, 2006. Strategic Analysis of the European Phytosterols Market Report.
Johnson, L.A. and A. odds, 2011. Lipitor became world's top seller. USA Today.
Kelly, E.R., J. Plat, R.P. Mensink and T.T.J.M. Berendschot, 2011. Effects of long term plant sterol and -stanol consumption on the retinal vasculature: A randomized controlled trial in statin users. Atherosclerosis, 214: 225-30.DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.038
Miller, P.E. and D.C. Snyder, 2012. Phytochemicals and cancer risk: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Clin Pract., 27: 599-612. PMID: 22878362.
Normen, A.L., H.A. Brants, L.E. Voorrips, H.A. Andersson and P.A. Van Den Brandt et al., 2001. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, 74: 141-8. PMID: 11451730.
Ostlund, R.E. Jr., 2002. Phytosterols in human nutrition. Ann. Rev. Nutr., 22: 533-49. PMID: 12055357.
Patch, C.S., L.C. Tapsell, P.G. Williams and M. Gordon, 2006. Plant sterols as dietary adjuvants in the reduction of cardiovascular risk: Theory and evidence. Vascular Health Risk Manag., 2: 157-162. PMID: 17319460.
Pinedo, S., M.N. Vissers, K.V. Bergmann, K. Elharchaoui and D. L√ľtjohann et al., 2007. Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: The prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study. J. Lipid Res., 48: 139-44.
Pollak, O.J., 1953. Reduction of Blood Cholesterol in Man. Circulation, 7: 702-706.
Rajaratnam, R.A., H. Gylling and T.A. Miettinen, 2000. Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. J. Am. College Cardiology, 35: 1185-91. PMID: 10758959.
Silbernagel, G., G. Fauler, M.M. Hoffmann, D. Lutjohann and B.R. Winkelmann et al., 2010. The associations of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. J Lipid Res., 51: 2384-93. PMID: 20228406.
Sudhop, T., B.M. Gottwald and K. Von Bergmann, 2002. Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism, 51: 1519-21.
Weihrauch, J.L. and J.M. Gardner, 1978. Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J. Am. Dietetic Association, 73: 39-47. PMID: 659760.
© 2014 Zo√ę Harcombe and Julien S. Baker. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Last week, a front-page story in The Daily Texan reported that the UT Tower, the grand monument at the center of our campus, is more than half vacant. Moreover, the University plans to empty and repurpose the remaining office space: Seventeen of the building’s 32 floors are formally categorized as “vacant” or “future storage space.” Though the upper floors of the Tower may never be used regularly by UT students and staff again, there is one working plan that may keep them of use to the University: The space may be used to store plant specimens from the plant resource center, which currently occupy six of the Tower’s lower floors. Plants, unlike people, won’t crowd the stairways in the event of a fire, and it is these safety concerns that have led to the emptying of UT’s most prominent building.
The remaining offices in the upper levels of the Tower will soon be vacant as well, as these concerns about evacuation safety — the upper levels of the Tower have only one staircase, and one exit is not nearly enough to allow office workers to safely evacuate in the case of a fire — have led UT to empty them once and for all.
According to UT Fire Marshal James Johnson, the chances that the higher levels of the Tower will ever be safe for occupants are slim.
“There’s no way we are ever going to be able to build another stairwell — it’s impossible,” Johnson told the Texan last week.
Fire code concerns aside, it’s worth asking how UT’s most monumental building became so monumentally empty. The answer, as a consequence of its own architecture, is a keen reminder of the importance of building spaces that are both beautiful and usable in a year in which the University will break ground on the new Dell Medical School.
The Tower is part of a group of buildings built from 1910 to 1942 which, as architecture professor Larry Speck wrote in “The Texas Book,” “demonstrated palpably to its public the ambitions of an emerging institution.”
In the original designs of Cass Gilbert, the nationally renowned architect employed by the UT-System Board of Regents who began crafting a master plan for the UT campus in 1910, the design of the Main Building was at first a grand dome, then a pillared temple, then, finally, a tall, thin tower situated on a broad base.
Twenty years later, construction began on UT’s new Main Building when French-American architect Paul Cret began his contract with the regents in March 1930. In 1931, the Texas Legislature had just authorized the creation of the Permanent University Fund, a pool of money funded by oil income that the regents were afraid the Legislature would quickly snatch away. Scared of this possibility, the regents ordered Cret to put the money toward building quickly, and he did, designing 10 buildings, among them the Main Building, which was built in two phases in 1933 and 1937. The Tower, both in its style and placement, was exactly the way Gilbert had envisioned it more than a decade before.
The Tower was meant to house both administrators and a grand library, the remains of which are still open to students in the form of the Life Science Library.
But despite the Tower’s striking profile, not everyone admired the building. Legendary folklorist and former UT professor J. Frank Dobie once referred to the top of the Tower, with its deeply recessed balconies and proud columns, as a “Greek outhouse.”
Now, trips to the top of the structure are rare, as even current students must buy tickets and reserve a date in advance. The University first closed the Tower after engineering student Charles Whitman took several rifles and a sawed-off shotgun to the top of the building and killed 16 people and wounded 16 others in 1966. The Tower briefly reopened after the shooting, but seven suicides later, it was closed to the public. In 1999, it reopened with precautionary rails and set tour times.
Now, enough years have passed that we can look at the Tower without — as John Schwartz, editor-in-chief of the Texan in the 1980s, put it in “The Texas Book” — seeing the top of the Tower as “a perch known mainly for its association with mass murder.” But we still can’t see it as Willie Morris, another former editor-in-chief of the Texan, saw it when he first came to UT in 1952. In his memoir, Morris wrote the following of his first day at UT: “That first morning I took the elevator to the top, and looked out on those majestic purple hills to the west, changing to lighter shades of blue or a deeper purple as wisps of autumn clouds drifted around the sun; this, they would tell me, was the Great Balcones Divide, where the South ended and the West began.”
The Tower may now be nearly empty, but the Texas we view from the top is hardly the one Morris saw that morning in 1952 — the country not nearly as mythic and the University not nearly so new. But even if the Tower stays empty, it will certainly always stay grand, and the University must now reflect on what the Tower truly stands for: a proud monument to the campus’ past or a daily, unavoidable reminder of the limitations of working off of a centuries-old University structure.
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Submitted by solidarity on Sun, 10/26/2014 - 08:04
The Teamsters Of The 21st Century: How Uber, Lyft, and Facebook Drivers Are Organizing
THEN AND NOW
THE TEAMSTERS OF THE 21ST CENTURY: HOW UBER, LYFT, AND FACEBOOK DRIVERS ARE ORGANIZING
THE FAMOUS LABOR UNION IS STEAMING INTO THE GIG ECONOMY IN A BIG WAY. TODAY THEY'RE HELPING ORGANIZE A WALKOUT BY UBER DRIVERS.
BY NEAL UNGERLEIDER
Submitted by solidarity on Thu, 04/26/2012 - 15:58
APRIL 26, 2012
New Promise for Port Drivers
Historic Union Victory in Los Angeles
by BRIAN TIERNEY
In an era of defeat and decline for the labor movement, path breaking organizing victories are rare. Union activity in these times is more likely to revolve around defensive battles than conquering new territory or reclaiming ground that was lost decades ago.
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| 0.784345 | 220 | 2.671875 | 3 |
San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site [TX]
The San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site holds a significant responsibility to preserve the history of the State of Texas and the United States. The famous Battle of San Jacinto that brought Texas its independence was fought on this site. Because of the great importance of the battle to the course of history, the battleground is of state, national, and international significance, a fact that is attested to by the site's National Historic Landmark status. The primary purpose of the 1,200-acre site is to commemorate the battle and to preserve the battleground on which Texan troops under General Sam Houston achieved the independence of Texas by defeating a Mexican army led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna on April 21, 1836.
A second website related to the battleground, maintained by the Friends of San Jacinto, can be found here.
The site offers a multimedia presentation and occasional recreational and educational events (including living history events).
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| 0.932397 | 197 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Residents of Malibu’s Broad Beach, concerned about the severe erosion of the beach in front of their houses, have banded together to try to solve the problem. They hope to bring sand from another coast location to replace the 200-foot-wide beach that has eroded to almost nothing.
The $20 million dollar cost will be paid for by a parcel tax that the homeowners have elected to assess on themselves. Likely spots for dredging the necessary 600,000 cubic yards of sand are within the Santa Monica Bay, Ventura Harbor, and beaches at Trancas, Zuma and Dockweiler.. The project is currently under review by the California Coastal Commission and the State Lands Commission, and open to public comment until December 21st.
Several groups, including Heal the Bay and the Surfrider Foundation, have questioned the plan, saying the environmental ramifications haven’t been fully studied. Concerns have been raised about the longevity and sustainability of a new dunes system in an area that will continue to be subject to storm activity.
What lengths are Californians prepared to go to to save their beaches? Does salvaging one area come at a cost to others? Is it environmentally feasible to restore parts of our coastline, or should we let nature take its course?
Ken Ehrlich, project counsel for the Broad Beach Geological Hazard Abatement District, the homeowners’ association formed to address the erosion of Broad Beach
Mark Rauscher, Coastal Preservation Manager for the Surfrider Foundation
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| 0.945903 | 305 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Night Terrors (cont.)
IN THIS ARTICLE
Night Terrors Prognosis (Outlook)
Night terror episodes are short-lived and usually occur over several weeks. Nearly all children outgrow night terrors by adolescence.
Support Groups and Counseling for Night Terrors
Parents should be advised to examine the adequacy of the child's sleep. Parents should be educated about the importance of establishing a consistent bedtime routine and maintaining a consistent wake-up time.
Additionally, parents should be instructed to make the child's room a safe environment and to provide barriers that prevent the child from impulsively leaving the room and going into environments that could lead to injury. Potential sources of sleep disturbance should also be eliminated.
For More Information on Night Terrors
American Academy of Pediatrics
Medically reviewed by Margaret Walsh, MD; American Board of Pediatrics
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 12/10/2015
Kevin P Connelly, DO
Anthony M Murro, MD
Mary L Windle, PharmD
Carmel Armon, MD, MHS, MSc
Must Read Articles Related to Night Terrors
Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Night Terrors:
Night Terrors - Experience
Please describe your experience with night terrors.
Night Terrors - Symptoms
If you or someone you know has night terrors, what are the symptoms?
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| 0.902356 | 290 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The dissolution of the marriage tie was regulated by the Mosaic law (Deut. 24:1-4). The Jews, after the Captivity, were reguired to dismiss the foreign women they had married contrary to the law (Ezra 10:11-19). Christ limited the permission of divorce to the single case of adultery. It seems that it was not uncommon for the Jews at that time to dissolve the union on very slight pretences (Matt. 5:31, 32; 19:1-9; Mark 10:2-12; Luke 16:18). These precepts given by Christ regulate the law of divorce in the Christian Church.
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http://legacy.biblegateway.com/resources/eastons-bible-dictionary/Divorce
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| 0.965217 | 136 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Surveys & Reports
Published: Jun 30, 1993
Study 2 - Elements of the Financial Statements of National Governments
This Study considers the elements (types or classes of financial information) to be reported in financial statements prepared under the different bases of accounting that may be employed by national governments and their major units and the way in which those elements may be defined. It also considers the implications of reporting particular elements, or subsets thereof, for the messages communicated by financial statements and the achievement of the objectives identified in Study 1.
The Study aims to assist in developing the full potential of the accounting models currently employed in individual jurisdictions to communicate financial information to users. That is useful for accountability and decision making purposes.
This Study focuses on reporting the elements in the financial statements prepared for national governments. However, it is acknowledged that aspects of the delivery of goods and services and the achievement of government objectives will in some cases, be best achieved through the display of financial or non-financial information in notes, schedules or statements other than the statement of financial position or statement of financial performance in the financial report.
Study 2 - Elements of the Financial Statements of National Governments (PDF | 2 MB)
Date: Jul 01, 1993
Copyright © 2016 The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). All rights reserved.
You must be signed in to the IFAC website in order to submit a comment. If you do not have an account, please register below. IFAC respects your privacy and will not send you unsolicited email or spam. You can subscribe to IFAC publications, change your subscription preferences, or manage your user profile at any time.
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| 0.903207 | 332 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What is Vitalized Water?
Vitalized Drinking Water is hexagonally-structured – composed of six individual molecules of water, held together by common hydrogen bonds. This unique water structure is capable of rapid penetration within the cells of your body. Hexagonal drinking water has been scientifically documented to improve hydration, nutrient delivery, waste removal, cellular communication and metabolic efficiency. (see the science)
Vitalized drinking Water contains more oxygen. The Vitalizer Plus creates a vortex of spinning water – incorporating oxygen just like it happens in nature. Vitalized drinking water contains up to 30% more oxygen than normal water!
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| 0.926774 | 126 | 3.09375 | 3 |
--In Genome-Wide Study, Researchers at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Uncover New Clues to a Childhood Cancer--
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 4, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Researchers have discovered two gene variants that raise the risk of the pediatric cancer neuroblastoma. Using automated technology to perform genome-wide association studies on DNA from thousands of subjects, the study broadens understanding of how gene changes may make a child susceptible to this early childhood cancer, as well as causing a tumor to progress.
"We discovered common variants in the HACE1 and LIN28B genes that increase the risk of developing neuroblastoma. For LIN28B, these variants also appear to contribute to the tumor's progression once it forms," said first author Sharon J. Diskin, Ph.D., a pediatric cancer researcher at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. "HACE1 and LIN28B are both known cancer-related genes, but this is the first study to link them to neuroblastoma."
Diskin and colleagues, including senior author John M. Maris, M.D., director of the Center for Childhood Cancer Research at Children's Hospital, published the study online Sept. 2 in Nature Genetics.
Striking the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen. It accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, and 10 to 15 percent of all childhood cancer deaths.
The study team performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS), comparing DNA from 2,800 neuroblastoma patients with that of nearly 7,500 healthy children. They found two common gene variants associated with neuroblastoma, both in the 6q16 region of chromosome 6. One variant is within the HACE1 gene, the other in the LIN28B gene. They exert opposite effects: HACE1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene, hindering cancer, while LIN28B is an oncogene, driving cancer development.
The current study showed that low expression of HACE1, a tumor suppressor gene, and high expression of LIN28B, an oncogene, correlated with worse patient survival. To further investigate the gene's role, the researchers used genetic tools to decrease LIN28B's activity, and showed that this inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in culture.
The new research builds on previous GWAS work by Children's Hospital investigators implicating other common gene variants as neuroblastoma oncogenes. As in the current study, these gene variants show a double-barreled effect, both initiating cancer and provoking its progression.
"In addition to broadening our understanding of the heritable component of neuroblastoma susceptibility, we think this research may suggest new therapies," Diskin added. "Our follow-up studies will focus on how we may intervene on these genes' biological pathways to develop more effective treatments."
Financial support for this study came from the National Institutes of Health (grants CA124709, CA151869, HD026979, and CA136979), the Giulio D'Angio Endowed Chair, the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Andrew's Army Foundation, the PressOn Foundation, the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Fondazione Italiana per la Lotta al Neuroblastoma and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, and the Center for Applied Genomics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Co-authors with Diskin and Maris included researchers from institutions in Naples, Rende and Rome, Italy.
In addition to their positions at Children's Hospital, both Diskin and Maris are on the faculty of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
"Common variation at 6q16 within HACE1 and LIN28B influence susceptibility to neuroblastoma," Nature Genetics, advance online publication, Sept. 2, 2012.
About The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was founded in 1855 as the nation's first pediatric hospital. Through its long-standing commitment to providing exceptional patient care, training new generations of pediatric healthcare professionals and pioneering major research initiatives, Children's Hospital has fostered many discoveries that have benefited children worldwide. Its pediatric research program is among the largest in the country, ranking third in National Institutes of Health funding. In addition, its unique family-centered care and public service programs have brought the 516-bed hospital recognition as a leading advocate for children and adolescents. For more information, visit http://www.chop.edu.
Contact: John Ascenzi
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Phone: (267) 426-6055
SOURCE The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-gene-variants-found-to-raise-risk-of-neuroblastoma-and-influence-tumor-progression-168460176.html
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Record U.S. warmth in March was not shared everywhere globally.
Even as global temperatures have been climbing throughout much of the past century, atypical warm and cool spells have seesawed regionally around the planet. March 2012 exemplified such exaggerated trends. Although the month set some 15,000 daily warming records in the United States, globally this past March was the coolest since 1999. The National Climatic Data Center reported these trend data April 16.
March’s planetary average of 13.2° Celsius still points to a steadily climbing planetary fever. That value was roughly 0.5 °C higher than the 20th century March average. And seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration notes. The top 10: all since 1995.
The combined land-and-sea-surface average temperature for January through March 2012 was 0.39 °C above the 20th century average. That matched 1991 as the 21st warmest such quarter on record — and the coolest since 1996.
Polar ice rallied somewhat this year. March’s Arctic sea ice cover was the largest for this month since 2008 (and only the ninth lowest since satellite records began in 1979). In Antarctica, sea ice during March was 16 percent higher than the average and fourth largest for the month since 1979.
All of that is small comfort for me today. Normally, this time of year the temperature peaks in Washington, D.C., at a balmy 19.4 °C (67 °F). But today’s forecast calls for a blistering 30° (or 86 °F) outdoors. Even with shades drawn, the morning temperature in my sun-facing fourth floor office was distinctly uncomfortable. And without supplemental cooling (my A/C is out of service), the temp at my desk can be expected to exceed the outdoor heat by some 3° to 5°.
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https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/march-american-heat-vs-global-temps?mode=blog&context=102
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| 0.963385 | 392 | 2.78125 | 3 |
difference between natural and synthetic fibers
Best Results From Wikipedia Yahoo Answers Encyclopedia Youtube
Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve upon naturally occurring animal and plantfibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by forcing, usually through extrusion, fiber forming materials through holes (called spinnerets) into the air, forming a thread. Before synthetic fibers were developed, artificially manufactured fibers were made from cellulose, which comes from plants. These fibers are called cellulose fibers.
Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fiber based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 per cent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 per cent.
The first artificial fiber, known as artificial silk, became known as viscose around 1894, and finally rayon in 1924. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood. Although these artificial fibers were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century, successful modern manufacture began much later (see the dates below).
Nylon, the first synthetic fiber, made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, just in time for World War II rationing. Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses.
Common synthetic fibers include:
- Rayon (1910) (artificial, not synthetic)
- Acetate (1924) (artificial, not synthetic)
- Nylon (1939)
- Modacrylic (1949)
- Olefin (1949)
- Acrylic (1950)
- Polyester (1953)
- Carbon fiber (1968)
Specialty synthetic fibers include:
- Vinyon (1939)
- Saran (1941)
- Spandex (1959)
- Vinalon (1939)
- Aramids (1961) - known as Nomex, Kevlar and Twaron
- Modal (1960's)
- Dyneema/Spectra (1979)
- PBI (Polybenzimidazole fiber) (1983)
- Sulfar (1983)
- Lyocell (1992)
- PLA (2002)
- M-5 (PIPD fiber)
- Zylon (PBO fiber)
- Vectran (TLCP fiber) made from Vectra LCP polymer
- Derclon used in manufacture of rugs
Other synthetic materials used in fibers include:
- Acrylonitrile rubber (1930)
Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include:
- Glass Fiber is used for:
- industrial, automotive, and home insulation (Fiberglass)
- reinforcement of composite and plastics
- specialty papers in battery separators and filtration
- Metallic fiber (1946) is used for:
In the horticulture industry synthetics are often used in soils to help the plants grow better. Examples are:
- expanded polystyrene flakes
- urea-formaldehyde foam resin
- polyurethane foam
- phenolic resin foam
During the last quarter of 20th century, Asian share of global output of synthetic fibers doubled to 65 per cent.
Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical (or material) property that it can undergo much more elasticdeformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation. Synthetic rubber serves as a substitute for natural rubber in many cases, especially when improved material properties are required. Nowadays synthetic rubber is used a great deal in printing textile. In this case it is called rubber paste. In most cases titanium dioxide is used with copolymerization and volatile matter in producing such synthetic rubber for textile use. Moreover this kind of preparation can be considered to be the pigment preparation based on titanium dioxide.
Comparison of natural and synthetic rubber
Natural rubber coming from latex is mostly polymerized isoprene with a small percentage of impurities in it. This limits the range of properties available to it. Also, there are limitations on the proportions of cis and transdouble bonds resulting from methods of polymerizing natural latex. This also limits the range of properties available to natural rubber, although addition of sulfur and vulcanization are used to improve the properties.
Synthetic rubber can be made from the polymerization of a variety of monomers including isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 1,3-butadiene, chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene), and isobutylene (methylpropene) with a small percentage of isoprene for cross-linking. These and other monomers can be mixed in various desirable proportions to be copolymerized for a wide range of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The monomers can be produced pure and the addition of impurities or additives can be controlled by design to give optimal properties. Polymerization of pure monomers can be better controlled to give a desired proportion of cis and transdouble bonds.
In 1879, Bouchardt created one form of synthetic rubber, producing a polymer of isoprene in a laboratory.
The expanded use of motor vehicles, and particularly motor vehicle tires, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber.
Scientists in England and Germany developed alternative methods for creating isoprene polymers from 1910–1912.
The Russian scientist Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev created the first rubber polymer synthesized from butadiene in 1910. This form of synthetic rubber provided the basis for the first large-scale commercial production, which occurred during World War I as a result of shortages of natural rubber. This early form of synthetic rubber was again replaced with natural rubber after the war ended, but investigations of synthetic rubber continued. Russian American Ivan Ostromislensky did significant early research on synthetic rubber and a couple of monomers in the earlier 1900s.
Political problems that resulted from great fluctuations in the cost of natural rubber led to the enactment of the Stevenson Act in 1921. This act essentially created a cartel which supported rubber prices by regulating production (see OPEC), but insufficient supply, especially due to wartime shortages, also led to a search for alternative forms of synthetic rubber.
By 1925 the price of natural rubber had increased to the point that many companies were exploring methods of producing synthetic rubber to compete with natural rubber. In the United States, the investigation focused on different materials than in Europe, building on the early laboratory work of Nieuwland.
Studies published in 1930 written independently by Lebedev, the American Wallace Carothers and the German scientist Hermann Staudinger led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as neoprene, which was developed at DuPont under the direction of E.K. Bolton. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as oil and gasoline, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery.
In 1935, German chemists synthesized the first of a series of synthetic rubbers known as Buna rubbers. These were copolymers, meaning the polymers were made up from two monomers in alternating sequence. The rubber designated GRS (Government Rubber Styrene), a copolymer of butadiene and
Synthetic resins are materials with a property of interest that is similar to natural plant resins: they are viscous liquids that are capable of hardening permanently. Otherwise, chemically they are very different from the various resinous compounds in secreted by plantss (see resin for discussion of the natural products).
The sythetics are of several classes. Some are manufactured by esterification or soaping of organic compounds. Some are thermosetting plastics in which the term "resin" is loosely applied the reactant or product, or both. "Resin" may be applied to one of two monomers in a copolymer (the other being called a "hardener", as in epoxy resins). For those thermosetting plastics which require only one monomer, the monomer compound is the "resin." For example, liquid methyl methacrylate is often called the "resin" or "casting resin" while it is in the liquid state, before it polymerizes and "sets." After setting, the resulting PMMA is often renamed acrylic glass, or "acrylic." (This is the same material called Plexiglas and Lucite).
Types of synthetic resins
The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerization-polyaddition or polycondensation reactions, used as a thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete, seamless and waterproof. Accordingly, it has been mainly in use for industrial flooring purposes since the 1960s. Since 2000, however, epoxy and polyurethane resins are used in interiors as well, mainly in Western Europe.
Synthetic casting "resin" for embedding display objects in Plexiglass/Lucite (PMMA) is simply methyl methacrylate liquid, into which a polymerization catalyst is added and mixed, causing it to "set" (polymerize). The polymerization creates a block of PMMA plastic ("acrylic glass") which holds the display object in a transparent block.
Another synthetic polymer sometimes called by the same general category, is acetal resin. By contrast with the other synthetics, however, it has a simple chain structure with the repeat unit of form -[CH2O]-.
Ion exchange resins are used in water purification and catalysis of organic reactions. See also AT-10 resin, melamine resin. Certain ion exchange resins are also used pharmaceutically as bile acid sequestrants, mainly as hypolipidemic agents, although they may be used for purposes other than lowering cholesterol.
A large category of resins, which constitutes 75% of resins used, is the unsaturated polyester resins.
An optical fiber or optical fibre is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those which can only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1050|sp=us|m|ft.
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced together either mechanically or by fusing them together with heat. Special optical fiber connectors are used to make removable connections.
Fiber optics, though used extensively in the modern world, is a fairly simple and old technology. Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London a dozen years later. Tyndall also wrote about the property of total internal reflection in an introductory book about the nature of light in 1870: "When the light passes from air into water, the refracted ray is bent towards the perpendicular... When the ray passes from water to air it is bent from the perpendicular... If the angle which the ray in water encloses with the perpendicular to the surface be greater than 48 degrees, the ray will not quit the water at all: it will be totally reflected at the surface.... The angle which marks the limit where total reflection begins is called the limiting angle of the medium. For water this angle is 48°27', for flint glass it is 38°41', while for diamond it is 23°42'."
Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry, appeared early in the twentieth century. Image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade. In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany conducted experiments that led to the invention of optical fiber. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade. Development then focused on fiber bundles for image transmission. The first fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope was patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, researchers at the University of Michigan, in 1956. In the process of developing the gastroscope, Curtiss produced the first glass-clad fibers; previous optical fibers had relied on air or impractical oils and waxes as the low-index cladding material. A variety of other image transmission applications soon followed.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, light was guided through bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities. Alexander Graham Bell invented a 'Photophone' to transmit voice signals over an optical beam.
Jun-ichi Nishizawa, a Japanese scientist at Tohoku University, also proposed the use of optical fibers for communications in 1963, as stated in his book published in 2004 in India. Nishizawa invented other technologies which contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers. Charles K. Kao and George A. Hockha
The word "polymer" means "many parts" (from the Greek poly, meaning "many," and meros, meaning "parts"). Polymers are giant molecules with molar masses ranging from thousands to millions. Approximately 80 percent of the organic chemical industry is devoted to the production of synthetic polymers, such as plastics, textiles fibers, and synthetic rubbers. A polymer is synthesized by chemically joining together many small molecules into one giant molecule. The small molecules used to synthesize polymers are called monomers. Synthetic polymers can be classified as addition polymers, formed from monomer units directly joined together, or condensation polymers, formed from monomer units combining such that a small molecule, usually water, is produced during each reaction. Polymers are widely found in nature. The human body contains many natural polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cellulose, another natural polymer, is the main structural component of plants. Most natural polymers are condensation polymers, and in their formation from monomers water is a by-product. Starch is a condensation polymer made up of hundreds of glucose monomers, which split out water molecules as they chemically combine. Starch is a member of the basic food group carbohydrates and is found in cereal grains and potatoes. It is also referred to as a polysaccharide, because it is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose. Starch molecules include two types of glucose polymers, amylose and amylopectin, the latter being the major starch component in most plants, making up about three-fourths of the total starch in wheat flour. Amylose is a straight chain polymer with an average of about 200 glucose units per molecule. A typical amylopectin molecule has about 1,000 glucose molecules arranged into branched chains with a branch occurring every 24 to 30 glucose units. Complete hydrolysis of amylopectin yields glucose; partial hydrolysis produces mixtures called dextrins, which are used as food additives and in mucilage, paste, and finishes for paper and fabrics. Glycogen is an energy reserve in animals, just as starch is in plants. Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin, but in a glycogen molecule a branch is found every 12 glucose units. Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, and its purest natural form is cotton. The woody parts of trees, the paper we make from them, and the supporting material in plants and leaves are also mainly cellulose. Like amylose, it is a polymer made from glucose monomers. The difference between cellulose and amylose lies in the bonding between the glucose units. The bonding angles around the oxygen atoms connecting the glucose rings are each 180° in cellulose, and 120° in amylose. This subtle structural difference is the reason we cannot digest cellulose. Human beings do not have the necessary enzymes to break down cellulose to glucose. On the other hand, termites, a few species of cockroaches, and ruminant mammals such as cows, sheep, goats, and camels, are able to digest cellulose. Chitin, a polysaccharide similar to cellulose, is Earth's second most abundant polysaccharide (after cellulose). It is present in the cell walls of fungi and is the fundamental substance in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and spiders. The structure of chitin is identical to that of cellulose, except for the replacement of the OH group on the C-2 carbon of each of the glucose units with an –NHCOCH3 group. The principal source of chitin is shellfish waste. Commercial uses of chitin waste include the making of edible plastic food wrap and cleaning up of industrial wastewater. All proteins are condensation polymers of amino acids. An immense number of proteins exists in nature. For example, the human body is estimated to have 100,000 different proteins. What is amazing is that all of these proteins are derived from only twenty amino acids. In the condensation reaction whereby two amino acids become linked, one molecule of water forming from the carboxylic acid of one amino acid and the amine group of the other is eliminated. The result is a peptide bond; hence, proteins are polypeptides containing from approximately fifty to thousands of amino acid residues. The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of the amino acid units in the protein. The secondary structure is the shape that the backbone of the molecule (the chain containing peptide bonds) assumes. The two most common secondary structures are the α -helix and the β -pleated sheet. An α -helix is held together by the intramolecular hydrogen bonds that form between the N-H group of one amino acid and the oxygen atom in the third amino acid down the chain from it. The α -helix is the basic structural unit of hair and wool, which are bundles of polypeptides called α -keratins. The helical structure imparts some elasticity to hair and wool. The polypeptides in silk, on the other hand, are β -keratins with the β -sheet structure, in which several protein chains are joined side-to-side by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The resulting structure is not elastic. Nucleic acids are condensation polymers. Each monomer unit in these polymers is composed of one of two simple sugars, one phosphoric acid group, and one of a group of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds that behave chemically as bases. Nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ), the storehouse of genetic information, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which transfers genetic information from cell DNA to cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. The monomers used to make DNA and RNA are called nucleotides. DNA nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of four different bases: adenine , cytosine , guanine , or thymine . The nucleotides that polymerize to produce RNA differ from DNA nucleotides in two ways: they contain ribose sugar in place of deoxyribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine. Natural rubber is an addition polymer made up of thousands of isoprene monomer repeating units. It is obtained from the Hevea brasiliensis tree in the form of latex. The difference between natural rubber and another natural polymer, gutta-percha (the material used to cover golf balls), is the geometric form of the polyisoprene molecules. The CH2 groups joined by double bonds in natural rubber are all on the same sides of the double bonds (the cis configuration), whereas those in gutta-percha are on opposite sides of the double bonds (the trans configuration). This single structural difference changes the elasticity of natural rubber to the brittle hardness of gutta-percha. see also Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Nucleic Acids; Polymers, Synthetic; Proteins. Melvin D. Joesten Atkins, Peter W. (1987). Molecules. New York: W. H. Freeman. Joesten, Melvin D., and Wood, James L. (1996). The World of Chemistry, 2nd edition. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College.
From Yahoo Answers
Answers:a natural polymer occurs in nature, like cellulose or starch a synthetic polymer is synthesized in a laboratory, like nylon or polyethylene
Answers:Natural synthetic are obtained from nature, they have less durabality, they are less strong, some times they have to be processed. Artificial synthetic are man and machine made, have have high durability, they are strong, they are already processed while manufacturing and are available in variety of colours...
Answers:natural fibers include cotton, wool, silk and linen. each has its own characteristics. Cotton absorbs well Wool is warm, even when wet Synthetic fibers include nylon, rayon, polyester, dacron and a few others Less ironing is needed to keep wrinkle-free Deeper colors are available stronger fibers do not rot in weather do not shrink
Answers:I will assume youre talking about clothing. natural fibers like wool and cotton are: -fire resistant. polymer based fibers will melt -environmentally sound. they do not require petroleum to produce. -more breathable, as they have an affinity for water. however, they are: -generally more expensive, since synthetics can easily be mass produced. -susceptible to pests such as moths and silverfish -can shrink in aggressive washing
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Wireless Security and Compliance
Wireless Intrusion Prevention
The explosive growth in wireless networks has been matched by an explosive growth in attempts to attack, hack and otherwise compromise these networks. While basic wireless network security standards have improved, there are many environments (including financial institutions, defence, healthcare and education) where a breach of security could be catastrophic to the organisation under attack.
The primary purpose of a wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS) is to prevent unauthorised network access by wireless devices. Some advanced wireless infrastructure have limited integrated WIPS capabilities.
Large organisations are particularly vulnerable to security breaches caused by rogue access points and unauthorised wireless devices attaching to the network. If an employee (trusted entity) in a location brings in an easily available wireless router, the entire network can be exposed to anyone within range of the signals.
PCI DSS Compliance
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is an information security standard for organisations that handle cardholder information for the major debit, credit, prepaid, e-purse, ATM, and POS cards. Defined by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, the standard was created to increase controls around cardholder data to reduce credit card fraud via its exposure
In July 2009, the PCI Security Standards Council published wireless guidelines for PCI DSS recommending the use of WIPS to automate wireless scanning for large organizations.
Leading security vendors, have developed cost effective, cloud-based solutions which manage large numbers of sites (eg retail or fast food chains) spread across large geographical areas from a central location.
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Translation of grouping in Spanish:
- 1 uncountable and countable (arrangement)colocación (feminine)
modo (masculine) de agruparExample sentences
- Although this traditional grouping is geographically convenient, it may obscure a far more complex picture of interrelationships.
- The value of disciplinary grouping is that, at least at its best, people with real and specific competence are in control.
- Cooperative learning techniques, including heterogeneous grouping, are a central component of this approach to developing literacy skills.
- 2 countable (association)Example sentences
- That there are factional groupings within the Liberals comes as no surprise.
- They were also the focal point of the community, bringing people together to form new social groupings.
- It can lead to extremists and it can lead to humans bonding together in extreme groupings and it can also lead to mistrust on a grand scale.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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In botany, apomixis (also called apogamy) is asexual reproduction, without fertilization. In plants with independent gametophytes (notably ferns), apomixis refers to the formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells. Apomixis also occurs in flowering plants, where it is also called agamospermy. Apomixis in flowering plants mainly occurs in two forms: In agamogenesis (also called gametophytic apomixis), the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg that was produced without meiosis. In adventitious embryony , a nucellar embryo is formed from the surrounding nucellus tissue. Apomictically produced seeds are genetically identical to the parent plant.
As apomictic plants are genetically identical from one generation to the next, each has the characters of a true species, maintaining distinctions from other congeneric apomicts, while having much smaller differences than is normal between species of most genera. They are therefore often called microspecies. In some genera, it is possible to identify and name hundreds or even thousands of microspecies, which may be grouped together as aggregate species, typically listed in Floras with the convention "Genus species agg." (e.g., the bramble, Rubus fruticosus agg.). Examples of apomixis can be found in the genera Crataegus (hawthorns), Amelanchier (shadbush), Sorbus (rowans and whitebeams), Rubus (brambles or blackberries), Hieracium (hawkweeds) and Taraxacum (dandelions). Although the evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction are lost, apomixis does pass along traits fortuitous for individual evolutionary fitness.
A unique example of male apomixis has recently been discovered in the Saharan Cypress, Cupressus dupreziana, where the seeds are derived entirely from the pollen with no genetic contribution from the female "parent" (Pichot, et al., 2000, 2001).
- Gvaladze G.E. (1976). Forms of Apomixis in the genus Allium L. In: S.S. Khokhlov (Ed.): Apomixis and Breeding, Amarind Pub., New Delhi-Bombay-Calcutta-New York pp. 160-165
- Pichot, C., Fady, B., & Hochu, I. (2000). Lack of mother tree alleles in zymograms of Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus embryos. Ann. For. Sci. 57: 17–22.cs:Apomixie
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Thank you for visiting Alexander NCGenWeb!
Please note we are not part of the Alexander County government system.
Alexander County was formed in 1847 from Iredell, Caldwell and Wilkes counties. It was named in honor of William J. Alexander of Mecklenburg County, who served several terms as a member of the Legislature and speaker of the House of Commons.
Alexander County is located in the foothills of the Brushy Mountains in western North Carolina. It is bordered on the south by the Catawba River and Catawba County, on the west by Caldwell County, on the north by Wilkes County, and on the east by Iredell County. Taylorsville, incorporated in 1851, is the county seat. Primary industries include agriculture, furniture, and textiles.
The county is divided into eight townships: Bethelehem, Ellendale, Gwaltney, Little River, Sugar Loaf, Taylorsville, Wittenburg, and Stony Point.
William E. White wrote a History of Alexander County in 1926. I have posted a Word copy of it here, since website visitors may want to download it and keep it for reference.
Our thanks go to those who have worked on and contributed to this website in the past.
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Health Risks of Carpet Mold
November 10th, 2009
- Consult with a Professional
- Assess the size of the mold problem
- Identify Sources
- Plan Remediation
- Use proper protective equipment
- Clean the affected areas
- Fix the source areas identified
- Clean and Dry Equipment used
- Check for Return of mold or moisture
Quite simply, mold is caused by moisture, and can grow anywhere—in the air or on a surface. In households it most commonly occurs in bathrooms, kitchens, around windows and doors, in your air ducts or anywhere humidity is high. One area of your households that is susceptible to mold is your carpet. Mold growth in carpet is most commonly due to wet foot traffic, especially in carpeted bathrooms; or a leaky window or door that’s allowing moisture to enter and flow downward to the floor.
In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, much was written and discussed about the health effects of household mold. Because homes were under water for weeks, these homes experienced heavy mold growth. By the time the water had receded, so much mold was present in many homes that the air inside wasn’t safe to breathe.
Those of us watching the recovery effort on television saw clean-up crews and reporters wearing respirators, and heard story after story of homes that were deemed uninhabitable thanks to large amounts of toxic mold. Although we may not have had much experience with residential mold before, we suddenly understood it to be a major threat to human health and safety.
What many of us may not understand, however, is that mold can be a problem in households that have never been affected by flooding. Even households that have never sustained water damage of any kind can have problems with mold. And household mold, even in small amounts, can present a very serious health hazard.
The Centers for Disease Control states that mold can cause various health problems, ranging in severity from nasal congestion to serious lung infections. For most people, exposure to mold causes irritation to the nasal passages, throat, eyes and skin. In individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying respiratory problems, mold exposure can lead to serious complications. In short, residential mold is not something you should ignore, especially if you have children.
If you or your family experience any of these symptoms or detect any mold in your household, you should immediately have it removed. As a general guideline, if the mold is less than 3ft by 3ft then you should be able to remove it yourself. The EPA website has a wonderful guide in mold remediation. They recommend that you:
If you decide to have a professional remove the mold, be sure the contractor has experience in cleaning up the mold. Because a routine steam-clean or shampoo won’t cut it – you’ll need to the big guns. While it may be tempting to take advantage of local carpet cleaning specials or coupons, ridding your carpet of mold requires a special skill set and equipment. Solid judgment and experience are important when it comes to successful carpet mold removal. It’s important to hire a carpet cleaning service that offers mold and mildew removal. Be sure to request for this type of service when you book your appointment.
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The following sections of this document provide guidance on developing, documenting and implementing recommendations for each student’s IEP.
- IEP Identifying Information
- Present Levels of Performance and Individual Needs
- Measurable Post-secondary Goals/Transition Needs
- Measurable Annual Goals, Short-Term Objectives and Benchmarks
- Reporting Progress to Parents
- Recommended Special Education Programs and Services
- Coordinated Set of Transition Activities
- Participation in State and District-wide Assessments
- Participation with Students Without Disabilities
- Placement Recommendation
- IEP Implementation
In general, each chapter presents regulatory requirements, followed by guidance on each of the required components and quality indicators for that section.
The New York State Education Department (NYSED) has developed model Student Information Summary and IEP forms recommended for use by all school districts. A copy of the State Model IEP form may be found at http://www.p12.nysed.gov/specialed/formsnotices/IEP/memo-Jan10.htm. Beginning in the 2011-12 school year and annually thereafter, IEPs developed for NYS students must be on the State developed IEP form.
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The Culdees in Scotland
Records tell of a form of Christianity in the location now known as Scotland from around 37AD. The Culdees, who date from 37AD, appear to have settled in, or close to, an existing holy/power site. Many Mediaeval chapel locations often coincide with older Culdee church sites which themselves were built on earlier Druidic/pagan sites.
The Culdees initially lived in caves or beehive cells. They were Gnostics, teachers and healers and practised meditation.
They are alleged to be Essenes, who escaped from threats to their way of life in the Middle East. They carried with them secret, sacred knowledge, which they passed on to their members. Like the Druids, they believed in reincarnation and an evolving soul. They moved through Europe (some settling in France), into Ireland and from there to Scotland. They established many religious sites throughout Scotland. These sites include one on the island of Iona. They founded one site in England at York, one in North Wales and some in Ireland. Their favourite symbol was the dove, which is said to represent the feminine symbol of the Holy Spirit. Like the Druids before them and the Knights Templar/Cistercian monks who followed them, the Culdees wore white robes.
The origin of their name is unknown and there has been much learnéd debate on this. One school of thought is that it comes from the Irish, ‘Ceile-De’ meaning companion of God. Another source states that the name comes from ‘Cele Dei’ or ‘Keledei’ meaning the children of God, or, yet another states it comes from ‘Culdich’ – strangers from afar. Whatever its origin, the term came to be applied generally to monks and hermits in Scotland. They represent the primitive Celtic Church prior to Romanisation.
These autonomous groups of hermit brothers had a role to play analogous to the role attributed to the eastern side of the Christian Church, the spiritual descendants of the Essenes. The Culdees are also included in the spiritual line of descent from the builders of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. It is believed by many today that the Culdees mission was to integrate the old Druidic beliefs with that of the eastern philosophy of the Essenes.
They were separate from the Columban monks who preached Christianity throughout Scotland and northern England from the late 6th century. Interestingly, when the Vikings raided Iona from the late 7th century onwards, whilst they looted the Columban Abbey and Nunnery, they left St Oran’s church unscathed. This small, ancient church that is still in use today, is thought to have been the home of an early Culdee monk.
From the latter part of the 6th century AD, there was mounting pressure from Rome for all monks to follow the Roman ecclesiastical style. This was a very gradual process working from the south of Britain and many in the north refused to accept the changes decreed by Rome. The Culdees are often referred to as the ‘hidden church’ in Scotland and they seemed to be overlooked by those in power when other monks were being forced to conform to Roman practices. The Culdees continued as before, until in the 8th and 9th centuries they came more to the fore in public life, converting some powerful people such as King Constantine of the Picts. He retired from office to become abbot of the Culdee settlement at St Andrews.
Their solitary life was ideally suited to the harsh, rugged land they lived in and they continued unobtrusively to teach, preach and heal. However, by the 11th century, under the influence of Queen Margaret, most of the Celtic churches had become part of the Church of Rome. The Culdees were still tolerated in some areas (St Andrews and Loch Leven being two notable sites) but eventually they faded from our history.
However, their philosophy continued to influence religion in Scotland until the Reformation in the mid-16th century. The reformers wanted a return to simplicity in their religious practices, which strangely seems to echo that of the Culdees.
As the public life of the Culdees faded, other groups took over their role as bearers of the sacred knowledge. For instance, the Knights Hospitallers who made their headquarters at Torphichen (a place of tremendous power) near Cairnpapple (an ancient ceremonial and burial site dating from around 2,800 BC) in west-Lothian. The Knights Hospitallers built their sanctuary on top of a major Culdee settlement.
Locally, it is thought that the many ruined beehive cells
found there were once inhabited by Irish monks (Culdees) who probably
trained under St Ninian at Candida Casa in Galloway. This would date
from sometime in the 4th century AD, long before Columba arrived on
Iona in 563AD.
The Knights Hospitallers were a knightly order of crusaders, dedicated to John the Baptist. They maintained herbal gardens and had healing water that was used in their work with the sick and needy, much in the same way as the Culdees.
Similarly, the Knights Templar also took on much of the role/philosophy of the Culdees in Scotland. There is a common spiritual root between the Druids, Culdees and Knights Templar, that of Gnosticism, and it would seem that the Culdees influenced and moulded Scottish minds over the centuries and prepared the ground for the fleeing Templars in the 14th century.
© 2005 Esoteric Rosslyn
All Rights Reserved
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Abdominal nerve entrapment
Abdominal nerve entrapment: Introduction
Abdominal nerve entrapment: A condition where and abdominal nerve becomes trapped and compressed which causes localized abdominal pain. The major causes are straining the abdominal muscles, coughing or occurs after surgery when the abdominal muscles are required to be pulled out of place.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Abdominal nerve entrapment is available below.
Symptoms of Abdominal nerve entrapment
- Localized abdominal pain - usually intermittent
- Stabbing abdominal pain progressing to abdominal ache
- Increased abdominal sensitivity to stimuli - wearing tight clothes is difficult
- more symptoms...»
Read more about symptoms of Abdominal nerve entrapment
Treatments for Abdominal nerve entrapment
Read more about treatments for Abdominal nerve entrapment
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Abdominal nerve entrapment:
- Food Allergies & Intolerances: Home Testing:
Wrongly Diagnosed with Abdominal nerve entrapment?
Causes of Abdominal nerve entrapment
Read more about causes of Abdominal nerve entrapment.
Abdominal nerve entrapment: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Abdominal nerve entrapment
Chronic digestive conditions often misdiagnosed: When diagnosing chronic symptoms
of the digestive tract, there are a variety of conditions that may be misdiagnosed.
The best known, irritable bowel...read more »
Intestinal bacteria disorder may be hidden cause: One of the lesser known causes of diarrhea
is an imbalance of bacterial in the gut, sometimes called intestinal imbalance.
The digestive system contains a variety of "good" bacteria...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely
to cause some level of diarrhea in patients.
The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria,
but can also kill the "good"...read more »
Food poisoning may actually be an infectious disease: Many people who come down
with "stomach symptoms" like diarrhea assume that it's "something I ate" (i.e. food poisoning).
In fact, it's more...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the
more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed
(it can, of course, also fail to be diagnosed with...read more »
Celiac disease often fails to be diagnosed cause of chronic digestive symptoms: One of the most common chronic digestive
conditions is celiac disease, a malabsorption disorder with a variety of symptoms (see symptoms of...read more »
Vitamin B12 deficiency under-diagnosed: The condition of Vitamin B12 deficiency
is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (see ...read more »
Chronic digestive diseases hard to diagnose: There is an inherent
difficulty in diagnosing the various types of chronic digestive diseases.
Some of the better known possibilities are peptic ulcer, colon cancer, ...read more »
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The memory began like a fairytale or Greek myth. A young soldier walked along a forest road in the Highlands in the summer of 1780, the fifth year of the war. Turning a corner, about forty yards off, he saw a young woman who had “divested herself of some of her outside garments” in the heat of the day. As the soldier later recalled, she quickly slipped on her clothes and continued towards him, at first “seemingly quite unconcerned.” She quickly changed her mind – clearly concluding “it would not be quite safe to encounter a solider in such a place” – and ran off through the underbrush. The soldier called after her – but she only ran faster. “She seemed,” he thought, “in a violent panic” (A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, 172).
The young woman’s fear was well-founded. In the War for Independence, King George’s Regulars and George Washington’s Continentals alike robbed houses and barns, drove off livestock, and smashed up fences for firewood. Rogue soldiers assaulted women – a crime that propagandists either played up or covered up, depending on the predator’s uniform. Despite deep-seated mistrust, under the right circumstances, soldiers and civilians could get on. But when? How?
One answer lay with the soldiers themselves. As soldiers, young Continentals were outsiders, strangers. If, however, civilians saw these soldiers as youths – as the overwhelming majority of soldiers were youths – they could fit them into a familiar place in their communities. Soldiers could win kindness from wary civilians and a warm spot by the fire when they reminded inhabitants of their own sons, when they hired themselves out as labor, and when they courted local girls.
The inhabitants’ existing relationship with soldiers mattered immensely: had they suffered at soldiers’ hands or did they miss their own lads who had gone for soldiers? Private Joseph Plumb Martin recalled the kindness of a “good old housewife” who “lamented that we had no mothers nor sisters to take care of us.” Because her own sons had suffered hunger, cold, and filth in the army, she fed the teenaged soldiers “with as much ease and familiarity as though we had belonged to the family” (A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, 217). Emotional connection helped some civilians see the familiar youth within the soldier on their doorstep.
For their part, young soldiers could ease their relationships with civilians by presenting themselves as helpful and subordinate. When his Pennsylvania regiment traveled south to Yorktown, Samuel Dewees – who was little more than a boy – was left behind with some fellow musicians, invalids, and raw recruits. Billeted at a public house run by the Zeiglers, he became an accepted member of the household. “I drew my rations and handed them to the family,” he recalled. “I lived here (I may state) at home, for I ate at the table with the family, and was treated as one of the family.” When he wasn’t practicing his fife, Dewees undertook “many little jobs of work for the family” (A History, 233). He lived with the Zeiglers for half a year. The boy soldier made himself no different from a hired hand or apprentice.
John Robert Shaw, a young British deserter who had joined the Continental army, showed how young soldiers could slip into civilian communities while still serving in the army. Garrisoned at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Shaw was doubly an outsider as a soldier and an Englishman. This proved to matter little in the ethnically diverse crossroads town. Indeed, after “a considerable time” in town, Shaw “began to grow weary of the single life” and “paid addresses to a certain young woman,” Mary O’Hara, an Irish immigrant who worked for an inn-keeper. After a short courtship, Shaw reported they “were married at the home of Mr. Robert Johnson, a respectable citizen, who gave us a good dinner, and in the evening, I was conducted to the barracks, with my new bride, by a number of soldiers of the first respectability.” Shaw had to bridge military and civilian spheres to support his wife, getting permission from his officers to work in the town and then scoring employment with a merchant in town “by the recommendation and interest of one Robert Gibson,” a prominent townsman (Autobiography, 57-58). Work and marriage brought Shaw into the community’s embrace.
Courtship proved fear and fascination could go hand in hand. As a song from 1778 put it, “Hark! the distant Drum, / Lasses all look frighted; / But, when Soldiers come, / Girls how you’re delighted.” Sally Wister, a Quaker teenager in Pennsylvania demonstrated exactly these feelings in October 1777. Her first encounters with Continental soldiers began with the terrifying appearance of dragoons at her father’s door seeking to buy horses. Though bristling with weapons, they proved polite. The Wisters were fortunate an American general chose their well-appointed house for his headquarters – “which,” Sally wrote to a friend, “secur’d us from straggling soldiers.” With no predators to fear, the girls of the household turned hunters: “our dress and lips were put in order for conquest and the hopes of adventures gave brightness to each.” With the girls stalking so many young officers, it was not surprising when one “fell violently in love with Liddy at first sight,” while Sally herself swooned over a major from Maryland. “How new is our situation,” she exclaimed, “I am going to my chamber to dream I suppose of bayonets and swords, sashes, guns, and epaulets” (Journal and Occasional Writings, 43-50). A surgeon at West Point wryly noted the military side of the battle of the sexes, describing how one young officer had been “mortally wounded – with one of Cupid’s arrows, I mean, shot from the small blue eyes of a minister’s daughter…” (Samuel Adams to Sally Preston Adams, 11 August 1779).
During the Revolution, civilians might see the familiar form of a young man under the threatening guise of a soldier if he presented himself as a potential member of their community. These positive encounters stand out as exceptions, however. Historically, civilians suffer at the hands of soldiers – whether they be eighteenth century foraging parties searching for food or twenty-first century sentries at dusty checkpoints searching for insurgents. And yet non-combatants tend to fade into the background of war stories. Similarly, in the United States today soldier-civilian tensions are usually beyond our view, either far over the horizon or deep in the past. For the revolutionary generation, however, the demands of armies on inhabitants – and the burdens of occupation – were fresh memories. Rather than rely on young soldiers’ interest in work or women, citizens of the new republic insisted on the Constitution’s now-unremarkable Third Amendment, in which their consent and the due process of law would protect them from their soldiers.
(Jake Ruddiman is an Assistant Professor of History at Wake Forest University. His teaching and writing explore Revolutionary America as a hinge between eras.)
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Umayyad Gold Dinar Minted Under Marwan II - LC.219, Origin: Minted in Damascus, Circa: 748 AD to 749 AD, Weight: 4.4 Grams, Collection: Islamic Art, Style: Umayyad, Medium: Gold, The early history of Islam following the death of the Prophet Muhammad can be characterized by glorious wars and victories on the one hand and by jealousy, intrigue, and deceit on the other. When the Umayyad Dynasty ruled in splendor from their capital at Damascus, a coin such as this would have been recognized and traded throughout their expanding empire. The rulers of the Umayyad Dynasty, beginning with the founder, Mu'awiyah, claimed a blood relationship with the Prophet via his sister, Umm Habibah, and his Abu-Sufyan, the leader of the Meccan Quraysh. As the Islam spread across North Africa and into Europe, political rivalry began to emerge between the Caliphs. These family feuds would culminate in 749 A.D. when the entire Umayyad clan was murdered, save for abd-al- Rahman, who fled to Spain and founded an independent Umayyad Caliphate there. In part, this division between opposing Muslim factions of Shi’ite and the Sunni continue to this day. Overall, the period of the Umayyad Dynasty can be characterized by a love of luxury. Great palaces were erected in the capital of Damascus. It is also noted that the Caliphs Yazi I and II were "passionate friends of sport, music and lady singers."
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http://www.antiques.com/classified/1062158/Antique-Umayyad-Gold-Dinar-Minted-Under-Marwan-II---LC-219
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Laika was the first animal to orbit the Earth. She was a stray, three-year-old Siberian husky mix sent up into orbit by the USSR in 1957 on the Sputnik 2. The space dog program of the USSR was a continuation of their project sending dogs into sub-orbit. Scientists believed that people could survive in space, but they wanted more evidence before they sent people up.
That was where Laika came in. The Soviets were desperate to win the arms race with the United States, so they decided to send a dog into orbit even though they knew she would not come back alive. The scientists knew that there was no way Laika could survive the trip and reentry in the capsule they had designed, so they only packed enough food and water for 10 days. This was the only dog the Soviets purposefully sent to death in their space program. The public did not know about the death sentence until after Laika had already gone into space.
Laika died, but the truth surrounding her death was not released until 2002, 45 years after her death. The official story had been that Laika had survived for four days until the cabin overheated due to a faulty battery. The truth is that Laika died only hours after takeoff from fright. After launch, scientists monitoring her noted that her pulse was three times normal. By five to seven hours into the trip, scientists detected no signs of life from Laika.
Since that flight, many scientists have regretted sending Laika into space to die. Years later, Oleg Gazenko, who was one of the head scientists on the project, said, “The more time passes, the more I’m sorry about it. We shouldn’t have done it…. We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.”
Laika’s real name was actually Kudryavka, which means “Little Curly.” Many people could not pronounce the Russian name, so they called her Laika, which is actually the Russian word for “husky”or “barker ” Laika was also given a number of nicknames by the scientists who worked with her including Zhuchka, which means “Little Bug,” and Limonchik, which translates as “Lemon.”
After Laika, a number of other dogs were sent into space, although the Soviets tried to make sure they survived. Some of the dogs died, but a number of them did in fact survive. Laika and the other dogs are still remembered today for the contribution they made to space technology.
For more information, check out Russian dogs lost in space and the true story of Laika the dog.
Astronomy Cast has an episode on space capsules.
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http://www.universetoday.com/44428/laika-dog/
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Library Open Repository
New ways to Network RTK: How do VRS and MAC measure up?
Janssen, V (2009) New ways to Network RTK: How do VRS and MAC measure up? Position (41). pp. 55-57. ISSN 1447-2635
Janssen_2009_Po...pdf | Download (368kB)
Available under University of Tasmania Standard License.
The concept of Network Real Time Kinematic observations was introduced in the mid-1990s. It has been progressively developed into the commercially viable systems available now. Conventional single-base RTK is limited to distances of 10-20 kilometres from the base station. Long-range RTK made it possible to observe baselines of up to about 50 kilometres. However, by using the information from a network of continuously operating reference stations, highly accurate positioning is now achievable over distances of several tens of kilometres. This article compares the two most prevalent methods, the Virtual Reference Station (VRS) approach and the Master- Auxiliary Concept (MAC).
|Keywords:||Network RTK, VRS, MAC, GNSS, CORS|
|Journal or Publication Title:||Position|
|Page Range:||pp. 55-57|
|Additional Information:||Originally published in Position magazine by South Pacific Science Press International.|
|Date Deposited:||11 Oct 2009 22:29|
|Last Modified:||18 Nov 2014 04:06|
|Item Statistics:||View statistics for this item|
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http://eprints.utas.edu.au/9327/
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| 0.806986 | 333 | 2.625 | 3 |
- Category: General Dentistry
Endodontic Root Canal Procedure
Pulp therapy, also referred to as a pulpectomy, is a fairly common non-surgical procedure in endodontics where the dental pulp is extracted from its chamber in order to treat oral pain that may be caused by teeth with narrow or blocked canals and whose positioning may be problematic
In some cases however, the removal of abnormal pathological tissues, the replacement of knocked out teeth and the repair of cracked teeth may require surgical endodontic treatment such as the following:
- An apicoectomy is the process in which the root tip is surgically removed along with any encompassing infected tissue of a tooth that is abscessed. This procedure is also referred to as a root-end resection.
- A hemisection is an endodontic surgical procedure that is used to cut a tooth with two roots in half. This procedure is done when periodontal disease has reached the roots of the gum and root canal treatment has failed. It is a procedure which is seldom done, but there are some circumstances which call for it.
- Bicuspidization is a surgical procedure in which a multi-rooted tooth is sectioned through the furcation (the forked end of the tooth) and both halves of the tooth are retained.
- Root end filling
- Oral implants extend throughout the root canal to the periapical bone structure located at the tip of the tooth root, whereas some implants are simply anchored directly into the jawbone or gum tissue.
- Bleaching the enamel or dentin
- Teeth that were previously treated via root canal and require re-treatment
- The posts and/or cores are placed to restore and strengthen each tooth. A core is composed of dental restorative and placed by a dentist in order to replace much of a tooth’s lost crown, which is the part of the tooth located above the gum line. Loss in the crown requiring a need for core placement can be caused by decay, fracture and previous root canal treatment. Cores are placed with dental filling material or other dental bonding restoratives. A post is a metal or carbon-fiber anchor used to stabilize the core of the tooth. A post is drilled by a dentist so that it follows the path of the filling material that was placed during root canal treatment. The post is only necessary and can only be placed if the patient has previously had root canal treatment. The post is drilled first, then the core is placed on top so that a crown can be placed, thereby fully restoring the tooth.
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http://www.auroraoralsurgery.ca/root-canal/endodontic-root-canal-procedure
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Developing a New Dynamic Measure of the Useful Field of View Using Gaze-contingent Displays
People are faced with numerous distractions every day in their lives, and multi-tasking has become the new way of getting things done. However, this may not be a good thing - complex environments require much of our attention and we only have limited resources for processing information. By attempting to focus on more than one task at a time, performance across all tasks often decreases. This is especially apparent when studying the useful field of view (UFOV). The UFOV contains everything that a person can see in their visual field in one eye fixation, without moving their eyes. However, the extent of the UFOV is not fixed, but can change - training can expand the UFOV (Ball et al., 1988), while adding a cognitive load can diminish it.
Introducing a cognitive load, usually in the form of a demanding secondary task that requires working memory resources, can make people overlook events or objects within their UFOV, or even glance directly at something but not remember seeing it. This can happen in a variety of situations; a conspicuous example is a person driving while distracted by a cell-phone, not noticing a bicyclist on the side of the road. After first finding a reliable way to measure the UFOV, training could then be implemented to teach people to function under the stress of a cognitive load and protect their UFOV against deterioration. This would be especially useful for drivers or pilots.
This research project, funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), is focused on developing a new measure of moment-to-moment changes to the UFOV due to stress, fatigue, and cognitive load, which can be used in dynamic viewing environments such as simulators and virtual reality. A key idea is to use gaze-contingent displays (GCDs), which use eyetracking to change a computerized display depending on where the viewer is looking at any given moment. We call this the gaze-contingent useful field of view (GC-UFOV) measure.
The initial studies used detection of gaze-contingent image blur in natural scenes as our dependent measure of the UFOV, allowing participants to freely gaze at images and indicate when they had seen blur appear. To test the breadth of the UFOV, blur would appear at one of four different retinal eccentricities (0°, 3°, 6°, and 9°), starting at the center of vision and moving farther into the visual periphery (picture shown above). Cognitive load was then manipulated by adding the N-back task (picture shown above) as a secondary task, with various levels of difficulty. The N-back task was tested in both an audio and visual format. It was hypothesized that blur detection sensitivity would decrease as the N-back task became more difficult, either causing general interference or tunnel vision.
This video illustrates our gaze-contingent blur detection experiment. The green dot moving around the image represents the subject's eye movements and was not present during the actual experiment. Gaze-contingent blur appeared every seventh fixation, with the exception of catch-trials.
This video illustrates our gaze-contingent blur detection experiment with an auditory N-back task. An N-back letter was presented every 2 seconds. Please make sure that the volume on your computer is turned up in order to hear the N-back letters.
This video illustrates our gaze-contingent blur detection experiment with a visual N-back task. An N-back letter appeared at the point of fixation every 3 seconds and remained in place if a subject moved their eyes.
The results of these studies showed a significant main effect of eccentricity on blur detection - that is, at the center of vision, image blur that was very subtle could be detected, but in order to detect blur in the visual periphery, it needed to be stronger. However, adding the N-back task had no effect on blur detection sensitivity, indicating that blur detection is unaffected by cognitive load. This was a surprising result, and suggests that blur detection is actually perceived pre-attentively (Loschky, Ringer, Johnson, Larson, Neider & Kramer, 2014). We are currently conducting follow-up research to test the effects of blur versus clarity on attentional selection in visual search.
Gabor Orientation Discrimination
Our more recent studies (e.g., Ringer, Throneburg, Johnson, Kramer & Loschky, 2016), conducted both in the KSU Visual Cognition Lab using our gaze-contingent displays on standard computer monitors and at the Beckman Institute using a driving simulator, have employed a different dependent variable to measure the field of view, namely Gabor patch orientation discrimination. Gabor patches are the four black and white, slightly off-vertical Gabor patches shown in the picture above. Click on the video below to see an example of the Gabor discrimination task used in the KSU Visual Cognition Lab, and click here for a video that shows the Gabor discrimination task in the driving simulator. We made this change because, while blur may be detected pre-attentively, Gabor orientation discrimination is known to be affected by attention and also because discrimination tasks tend to show stronger effects of attention than detection tasks. These studies have also used GCDs to ensure that the Gabor patches appeared at varying retinal eccentricities, depending on where the participant was looking, and scaled the difficulty of the Gabor discrimination task at each distance from the center of vision to make them equally difficult when people are fully attending to them. By doing that, we can separate the "hard-wired" effects of distance from the center of vision on visual resolution (based on, for example, the density of photoreceptors across the retina) versus the effects of attention on visual resolution. In several studies in the KSU Visual Cognition Lab, participants carried out a picture memory task while while carrying out two other tasks: 1) when the Gabor patches appeared, they decided whether the Gabors were vertical or not, and 2) at the same time, participants also performed an auditory N-back task. In several driving simulator studies, participants carried out a driving task in a driving simulator while carrying out the same two other tasks, namely 1) the Gabor patch orientation discrimination task, and 2) the auditory N-back task.
This video illustrates a gaze-contingent Gabor orientation discrimination task in a natural scene, which is being used in current studies. The yellow dot moving around the image represents the subject's eye movements and was not present during the actual experiment.
The results of all of these studies (e.g., Ringer et al., 2016) have shown that performance on the Gabor orientation discrimination task was affected by cognitive load from the N-back task and also the rotated L vs. T task. These results show that our gaze-contingent useful field of view (GC-UFOV) measure is sensitive to various manipulations of attention. We are currently developing various new studies to both refine and utilize our new dynamic measure of transient changes to the useful field of view, the GC-UFOV.
External collaborators for this project include Dr. Arthur Kramer, and Dr. Nate Medeiros Ward, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Dr. Aaron Johnson, Concordia University, Montreal; Dr. John Gaspar National Advanced Driving Simulator, University of Iowa; and Dr. Mark Neider, University of Central Florida. That work, using the GC-UFOV measure in a driving simulator has been described in a recent paper (Gaspar, et al., 2016).
Gaspar, J.G., Ward, N., Neider, M.B., Crowell, J., Carbonari, R., Kaczmarski, H., Ringer, R.V., Johnson, A.P., Kramer, A.F., & Loschky, L.C. (2016). Measuring the useful field of view during simulated driving with gaze-contingent displays. Human Factors, 58(4), 630-641. doi: 10.1177/0018720816642092.
Ringer, R.V., Throneburg, Z., Johnson, A.P., Kramer, A.F., & Loschky, L.C. (2016). Impairing the Useful Field of View in natural scenes: Tunnel vision versus general interference. Journal of Vision, 16(2):7, 1-25. doi: 10.1167/16.2.7.
Ringer, R. V., Johnson, A. P., Gaspar, J. G., Neider, M. B., Crowell, J., Kramer, A. F., & Loschky, L. C. (2014). Creating a new dynamic measure of the useful field of view using gaze-contingent displays. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (pp. 59-66): ACM.
Related Conference Presentations
Ringer, R.V., Johnson, A., Neider, M., Kramer, A., & Loschky, L.C. (2014, May). Blur detection is unaffected by cognitive load, but eye movements and scene recognition memory are. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, St. Pete Beach, FL.
Ringer, R.V., Dean, K.E., Larson, A.M., Coy, A., Walton, T., Sprat, J., Clark-Hargreaves, L., Johnson, A., Neider, M., Kramer, A., &Loschky, L.C. (2013, May). Blur detection in natural scenes is not affected by cognitive load. Poster session presented at the Vision Sciences Society Annual Meeting, Naples, FL.
Loschky, L. C., Ringer, R. V., Larson, A. M., Hughes, G. A., Dean, K., Weiser, J., Flippo, L., Johnson, A. P., Neider, M. B. & Kramer, A. F. (2012, June). Developing a Gaze-Contingent Measure of the Useful Field of View in Dynamic Scenes. Invited Talk presented at the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Science, Kaliningrad (former Königsberg), Russia.
Loschky, L. C., Ringer, R. V., Larson, A. M., Hughes, G. A., Dean, K., Weiser, J., Flippo, L., Johnson, A. P., Neider, M. B., & Kramer, A. F. (2012, May). Developing a New Measure of the Useful Field of View for Use in Dynamic Real-World Scene Viewing. Poster presented at the 12th annual meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Naples, FL.
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http://www.k-state.edu/psych/vcl/applied-research/ONR-studies.html
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| 0.906497 | 2,257 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Cows are ruminants, which means their stomach contains four compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Ruminants digest their food in two steps. First they eat the feed, than they regurgitate the partially digested food and chew it again in the form of cud.
The four stomach compartments work together;
- The rumen has the capacity to store and process up to 50 gallons of food at a time. The feed material remains here until it has been broken down. Good bacteria in the rumen help the cow digest her food and provide her with protein. This is where cud comes from.
- The reticulum works with the rumen to mix and circulate the undigested feed preventing the rumen from becoming clogged.
- The omasum is where the food goes after it has been broken down. The omasum serves as a pump to move the food from the rumen/reticulum area to the abomasum.
- The abomasum is like a human stomach and is where digestion occurs.
These stomach chambers allow cows to efficiently turn feed into milk. Ruminants chew their cud approximately 8 hours each day. Research shows that cud chewing is a sign of cow comfort and health. A comfortable, healthy, happy cow chews her cud. That’s why it pleases us to observe our cows chewing.
The rumen’s function is essential for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients from the feed. This results in healthy cows and good milk production.
Other ruminants include goats, sheep, alpacas, llamas, deer, bison, water buffalo and giraffes.
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http://www.farmerbloggers.com/blog/content-cows-chew-cud/
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| 0.945212 | 358 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Genetically Modified Organisms Threaten Indigenous Corn
November 2001, Ignacio Chapela and David Quist, scientists from
the University of California at Berkeley, published an article in
the scientific journal Nature
revealing that indigenous corn in Oaxaca, Mexico was contaminated
with DNA from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The biotech
industry has been working ferociously to discredit this research.
Many of the anti- Chapela/Quist editorials and articles have been
directly traced back to Monsantos public relations firm. Pressure
and criticism from a small group of influential biotech supporters
caused Nature to withdraw the article in April 2002. Since
this event, the biotech industry has reported that the genetic contamination
in Mexico never occurred. Unfortunately, most of the mainstream
media coverage in the recent months has focused on the controversy
over Chapela and Quists research and has disregarded the ramifications
this contamination will have. The introduction of DNA from genetically
altered material could cause the native corn to lose its ability
to produce and reproduce in its natural environment, destabilizing
the economic livelihood of campesinos (small-scale farmers).
of the pro-biotech editorials and articles conveniently ignore the
fact that two Mexican governmental agencies, the National Commission
on Biodiversity (Conabio) and the National Ecological Institute
(INE), sampled indigenous corn from 20 communities in Oaxaca and
2 in Puebla (states in southern Mexico). They found that 95 percent
of these communities had a 1 to 35 percent contamination rate. This
means that between 1 percent and 35 percent of the indigenous kernels
they sampled contained traces of DNA from genetically modified organisms
(GMOs). In total, 8 percent of the 1,876 of the seedlings they tested
were polluted by GMOs. At the Biosafety Conference in The Hague
at the end of April 2002, Jorge Soberon, director of Conabio, declared
this genetic pollution as the worst case of GMO contamination in
crops ever reported in the world.
campesino lifestyle depends on corn, which provides their nutrition,
economic livelihood, and the basis for many religious ceremonies.
In order to ensure the continued existence of the corn, campesinos
must disperse the seed. Without human intervention, the cob would
fall on the ground and all the kernels would compete with each other.
After a few generations the corn would no longer be able to reproduce.
Mexican campesinos maintain current varieties and facilitate the
evolution of new varieties. These new varieties will evolve only
if farmers remain the stewards of corn and the protectors of biodiversity.
There are over 20,000 varieties of corn in Mexico and Central America.
In southern and central Mexico, approximately 5,000 varieties have
been identified. In one village in Oaxaca, researchers found 17
different environments where 26 varieties of corn were growing.
Each variety has evolved to adapt to elevation levels, soil acidity,
sun exposure, soil type, and rainfall. When more varieties are grown
in close proximity to each other, the corn is less vulnerable to
insect and disease epidemics.
agricultural policy, NAFTA, and the lack of awareness of GMOs among
campesinos are the underlying causes of the genetic contamination
in the corn in Oaxaca, Mexico.
NAFTA was being negotiated, a comparative advantage analysis was
conducted between the three NAFTA countries to determine what each
country should produce for export. Ironically, the United States
was chosen to produce corn since its large-scale monocultural corn
farms yield approximately 75 percent more corn per acre than subsistence
farmers in Mexico do. Because of this comparative advantage it was
decided that Mexico should cultivate labor-intensive horticultural
crops, since it has a large cheap labor force.
comparative advantage analysis failed to take into consideration
the impacts it will have on the campesino way of life and the survival
of maize biodiversity. Also, the large subsidies that U.S. corn
farmers receive from the U.S. government were overlooked, which
skews the comparative advantage equation. Some U.S. corn farmers
receive 42 percent of their income from government subsidies.
Rosales, an engineer from the Mexican Secretariat for Agriculture,
Livestock, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), stated in an interview
that Mexican campesinos should produce higher yields of corn, cultivate
a more profitable crop, or leave the land. SAGARPA has taken measures
to implement this policy, resulting in the displacement of tens
of thousands of campesinos.
Agricultural Agreement eliminated all tariffs on agricultural goods
either immediately or in a 5-, 10-, or 15-year period. A duty-free
quota system was established for corn with a 15-year phase out period.
The first year of NAFTA 2.5 million metric tons of corn were permitted
to enter Mexico from the United States, tariff-free. This number
was to increase 3 percent annually for 14 years, completing the
15-year phase-out period. All corn imports from the United States
that surpassed the duty-free quota were supposed to be subjected
to a tariff, which would also be gradually eliminated over 15 years.
This phase-out period, however, did not last for the anticipated
time. In 1996, corn imports exceeded the quota by over three million
tons and tariffs were waved. Every year since the implementation
of NAFTA (with the exception of 1995) the quota was surpassed and
tariffs were not applied. According to Alejandro Nadal, from the
Mexico Colleges Science and Technology Program, over $2 billion
of fiscal revenue was foregone between 1994-1998 in Mexico because
tariffs were never collected from the corn that exceeded the quota
rate. Since the Mexican government did not impose the tariffs, U.S.
corn exporters were given the green light to send their crop to
1998 there has been a moratorium on the cultivation of GM corn in
Mexico. Before NAFTA was implemented, the U.S. exported approximately
two million metric tons of corn annually to Mexico. In 2001, Mexico
received 6.2 million tons of imported corn from the U.S., more than
tripling pre-NAFTA rates. It is estimated that 26 percent of the
corn grown in the U.S. last year was genetically modified. Both
the European Union and Japan have banned the importation of GM foods,
which disproportionately increases the amount of genetically engineered
foods that enter into other countries. Thirty to forty percent of
the corn exported from the United States to Mexico is from GM varieties.
Mexican agricultural policy and NAFTA (which is part of Mexicos
agricultural policy) have enabled corn polluted with DNA from GMOs
to enter rural Mexico. Both have encouraged campesinos to abandon
their land, demanding an increase in corn imports. These heavily
subsidized U.S. imports have flooded the Mexican corn market and
driven down the prices of corn by 45 percent, undermining the campesinos
ability to make an economic livelihood.
underlying cause of the contamination is the lack of understanding
campesinos have about GMOs. I interviewed 29 campe- sino families
in the Sierra Juárez and 59 percent of them had heard of GMOs
but only 14 percent actually understood that genetic engineering
involves the transfer of genes from one species to another. Neither
SAGARPA nor Diconsa are taking steps to educate the campesinos about
corn contamination. Aurelio Bautista, a technician from SAGARPA
in Calpulalpan (a village in the Sierra Juárez), stated that
he believes the contamination in the Sierra Juárez is only
a rumor. Even though government agencies have taken samples from
Calpulalpan and it is one of the most highly publicized communities
that has GM corn contamination, Bautista nervously insisted that
Calpulalpan did not have polluted corn. These types of blatant lies
have lead to further misunderstanding and misinformation about genetically
modified organisms in Oaxaca.
primary direct source of the genetic contamination came from the
imported corn from the United States. Diconsa, a Mexican state-run
grain distributor, facilitated the dispersion of this genetically
altered corn. Diconsa delivers grain and other supplies to stores
throughout rural areas of Mexico. According to Manuel Mérida
from Diconsa warehouse in Oaxaca City, 40 percent of the corn distributed
by Diconsa last year in Oaxaca originated from the United States.
Conabio and INE found a 37 percent GM contamination rate in the
corn in the Diconsa warehouse in Ixtlán (of the Sierra Juárez).
When I spoke with a worker at the Ixtlán store, she reported
that a representative from Diconsa informed her there were no GMOs
in the Diconsa corn in the store. Another worker at the Guelatoa
Diconsa store was told, GM corn is colored and Diconsa only
sells white corn, so there is nothing to worry about. There
are no signs in the stores warning campesinos not to cultivate the
Diconsa corn, even though it is tainted with DNA from GMOs. Six
workers at Diconsa stores throughout the Sierra Juárez with
whom I spoke stated that campesinos know not to plant Diconsa corn
and only cultivate their criollo
(indigenous) varieties. However, 2 of the 29 campesino families
interviewed admitted they had at one point experimented with Diconsa
corn has made its way into the ground through many avenues. For
centuries, farmers have conducted agricultural experiments. A few
campesinos in the Sierra Juárez have tried planting Diconsa
corn, since they had never been informed of its dangers. Diconsa
corn falls off trucks during delivery and grows on the side of roads.
Also, the Diconsa corn that is used as livestock feed often ends
up germinating when the animals do not consume it all. Mexican scholars
fear that if the corn can reach rural areas such as the Sierra Juárez
then other areas throughout Mexico must also have contamination.
Diconsa corn is now cross-pollinating with criollo varieties and
has become a direct source of the contamination. Even if imports
of genetically modified corn stop, cross-pollination will continue
to be a direct source of pollution. Other potential sources of contamination
that have been discussed include illegal planting by multinational
corporations, government distribution of GM seed, and international
food aid. None of these possibilities have been confirmed and need
to be researched further.
originated in southern Mexico where over 5,000 varieties exist today.
As genetically modified corn cross-pollinates with indigenous corn
varieties, the DNA from GMOs could dominate the physical characteristics
and genetic composition, making indigenous corn less suitable for
its unique environment. As indigenous corn varieties lose their
ability to produce in southern Mexico, yields will decrease and
the campesinos livelihood will be undermined. The natural
evolution of new corn varieties is also threatened due to this pollution.
The biotechnology industry has countered the negative publicity
and replied that the GM corn will only increase biodiversity because
it introduces new genes into the environment.
of the most popular types of genetically-engineered corn is an insecticide
producing corn called Bt corn. It contains a toxin derived from
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a naturally occurring soil bacterium.
Corporations have genetically inserted the gene for this toxin into
crops to function as an insecticide against harmful insects, such
as the European corn borer and the Colorado potato beetle. However,
Bt crops also kill and adversely effect beneficial insects, like
monarch butterflies, bumblebees, and lacewings. Swiss scientists
showed that lacewings die when they feed on larvae of the European
corn borer that have ingested Bt toxin. Iowa State University researchers
found that 19 percent of monarch caterpillars died within 48 hours
after feeding on milkweed plants that were growing in or on the
edge of Bt cornfields. In Venezuela and New York, scientists discovered
that the Bt toxin secreted from Bt corn remained bound to soil particles
in its active, lethal state for more than seven months.
must be conducted to ascertain what effects the Bt corn will have
on insects and soil microorganisms in Oaxaca. As Bt corn cross-pollinates
with indigenous varieties of corn, the pollution will replicate
itself, causing more damage to insects. Also, the genetically altered
corn could cross with teosinte, the wild ancestor of corn, which
grows in and around the edges of cornfields in southern Mexico.
The distinct genetic composition could be lost in teosinte and other
relatives of corn as they cross-pollinate with corn that contains
DNA from genetically engineered organisms.
engineered foods can transfer food allergies from one food to another
as genes from one species (a potential allergen) are placed into
another. When a gene from another plant/animal/bacteria is inserted
into our food, it is uncertain what kind of effect that will have
on the human body. New chemicals could be formed that are toxic
to humans. Starlink corn genetically engineered by Aventis, contained
a bacterial protein Cry9C that cannot break down in the human digestive
system and is therefore a potential allergen. The United States
FDA only approved Starlink for cattle feed. In September 2000, U.S.
activists publicized that Taco Bell tortillas were contaminated
with Starlink corn. The FDA and the Center for Disease Control in
the United States are investigating 40 cases of allergies induced
by Starlink corn. In March 2001, Aventis announced that 143 million
tons of corn were contaminated, forcing farmers, seed companies,
processors, and food makers to spend over $1 billion to get rid
of it. Hundreds of lawsuits have been filed against U.S. and Canadian
farmers by Monsanto, who claims that the farmers are using proprietary
seeds without Monsantos permission. Percy Schmeiser from Saskatchewan
had his fields of canola contaminated with his neighbors GM
canola when it cross-pollinated. Monsanto sued Schmeiser for illegally
planting their patented variety of GM canola without a license,
even though he never intended and never wanted to cultivate Monsanto
cultivating any crop that contains patented genes and have not signed
a contract with the corporation could risk legal repercussions from
transnational corporations whether the farmer knows her/his crops
contain GM material or not. The Mexican government does not currently
honor Monsantos patents but this could change under future
trade agreements or with free trade agreements that are already
in place. If this were to occur, the multinational corporations
who own the GM genes could sue farmers who have indigenous corn
varieties that have cross-pollinated with genetically altered corn.
Some industry scientists even state that Mexican corn farmers are
benefiting from the free DNA transfer and should have
to pay for it.
comprehensive plan to eradicate the contamination needs to be implemented
immediately. The campesinos, after being informed about the dangers
of genetic engineering, must make the ultimate decision of what
actions should occur. Many solutions have been discussed in Oaxaca
to stop and reverse this pollution. First, the direct source must
be eliminated by banning U.S. imports of genetically altered maize.
This will be difficult since Mexico is subordinate in the free trade
hierarchy and is not in an economic position to dictate to the U.S.
what imports they will or will not accept. However, with enough
pressure from around the world on both the Mexican and U.S. governments,
the imports could be halted.
needs to hang signs in their stores and warehouses to warn campesinos
not to plant the corn; explicitly stating the corn may contain genetic
material from GMOs. Also Diconsa must take responsibility and inform
their workers about GMOs. There need to be education campaigns throughout
Oaxaca to inform farmers what genetic engineering is and its impacts.
Education and ending U.S. imports are two solutions that address
only the direct sources of contamination.
they do not solve the problem of cross-pollination, which will be
difficult to eradicate. Testing corn is expensive and few labs exist
in Oaxaca to analyze the maize. Several NGOs and grassroots organizations
are trying to fund labs and criollo seed saving projects. Establishing
a seed bank in Oaxaca controlled by the campesinos could serve as
a secondary source of seed preservation. Cultivation in the fields
should be the primary source of conserving indigenous corn, since
storage in seed banks does not permit evolution to occur. However,
seed banks can provide a backup copy for genetic material of corn
varieties that are GM-free.
suggestions detailed above only address the immediate issue of the
corn contamination in Oaxaca. A long-term strategy must be discussed
to prevent further contamination of crops, especially in centers
of origin of biodiversity. Stopping the production of genetically
modified crops throughout the world is the most crucial long-term
goal to help preserve the biodiversity of all crops and environments
glo- bally. Indigenous and campesino farming practices in Mexico
and throughout the world must be preserved and encouraged. Free
trade and capitalism, through such institutions as the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund and free trade agreements, like
NAFTA, must not be able to dictate what farmers should produce and
export to meet the needs of the industrialized countries.
critique of genetic engineering with a deeper understanding, addressing
capitalism and free trade must occur on a global scale so that people
comprehend the underlying causes of environmental disasters, like
genetic contamination of crops. This case should serve as a warning
to farmers throughout the world to the potential contamination of
their crops with DNA from genetically modified organisms. Z
DeSantis recently finished her thesis on Oaxacan corn at the University
of Vermont. She works with ACERCA, Action for Community and Ecology
in the Regions of Central America. Danielle Rolli, a farmer advocate,
was her research assistant in Mexico.
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A fresh exclamation point with a Texas spin just came in about the Latino vote in last week’s presidential elections and what it means for future elections.
In Texas, 48 percent of U.S. citizens under the age of 18 are Latino, say researchers at the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute at the University of Southern California. Only two other states have higher percentages of Latinos aging into the voting electorate: California with 51 percent and New Mexico with 58 percent.
“The growth of the Latino electorate is not subject to any future decisions on immigration policy,” writes Roberto Suro, the institute’s director, in a new report that maps change state-by-state. “Rather, steady increases in the number of Latino eligible voters will occur as Latinos already born in the United States as citizens with full voting rights reach voting age.”
In an interview, as analysts across the country digested the results of President Obama’s victory and the role of Latinos, Suro looked ahead to the patterns being set.
“This is all about the future,” Suro said. “There are 9-year-olds, 10-year-olds, 13-year-olds and 15 year-olds and every day they get closer to voting.”
Suro was the founding director of the Pew Hispanic Center in D.C., before his move to the West Coast.
As we reported in August, Texas public schools tipped majority-Latino last year, according to the Texas Education Agency. Suro’s new report, though, gives a sharper view of just what percentage are U.S. citizens, for those in the game of voting or strategizing about political campaigns.
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Much More Than a Historical Novel
FAR AWAY FROM WHERE?
Mazo Publishers, 2011
by Yehiel Grenimann
It is probably impossible to imagine ourselves in the place of the Jewish survivors of World War II and the Holocaust immediately after the war, but this is exactly the task that Yehiel Grenimann, the son of survivors, set for himself. Yanosh and Eva, his central characters, were hidden on the Aryan side of Warsaw, thanks to their connection with the Polish nationalist underground. Yosef Borowski, known as Bora, the third major protagonist, was a partisan leader during the war. The novel begins with the entry of the Soviet army into Warsaw and ends with Yanosh and Eva’s imminent arrival in Australia, where, despite pressure from Zionist activists in the displaced persons camps, they have elected to go rather than risk illegal immigration to Palestine.
Unlike a historical novel based on research and imaginative projection into the past, Far Away from Where? develops information the author received from his parents. It is an effort to understand them—not as individuals, since the protagonists are not meant to represent them, but as people who shared harrowing experiences and found the courage and strength to begin life again despite enormous losses.
Grenimann makes it clear that the Jews had to choose from among a very limited range of options after the war. Eva and Yanosh choose to start a family, and Eva’s pregnancy is a major element in the novel.
How to Read the Rest of This Article
The text above was just an excerpt. The web versions of our print articles are now hosted by Duke University Press, Tikkun‘s publisher. Click here to read an HTML version of the article. Click here to read a PDF version of the article.
(To return to the Summer 2012 Table of Contents, click here.)
Green, Jeffrey M. 2012. Much More than a Historical Novel. Tikkun 27(3): 49.
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Astronomers detected vast filaments of invisible hydrogen by using the light of a distant quasar (core of active galaxy) to probe the dark space between the galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph found the spectral "fingerprints" of highly ionized intervening oxygen (which is a tracer of the hydrogen) superimposed on the quasar's light. Slicing across billions of light-years of space, the quasar's brilliant beam penetrated at least four separate filaments of the invisible hydrogen laced with the telltale oxygen. This filamentary structure is throughout the universe, all the way out to the distance of the quasar. For simplification, this graphic isolates the filamentary structure to a specific location along the line of sight to the quasar.
Image Type: Illustration
Illustration Credit: John Godfrey (STScI)
To access available information and downloadable versions of images in this news release, click on any of the images below:
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This is the line following robot which i designed and built for an NCEA electronic design assessment. the idea came to me when playing around with light dependent resistors (LDR's), realising that the motor speed can be varied when wired in series with the LDR and a transistor. I decided to name the robot HEMI, simply because of its hemispherical shape.
Step 1: overview
You will notice that the pictured robot is built to micro dimensions(it measures 45mm in diameter), but this isnt neccesary, and this instructable will explain how to build it according to the parts that you can get hold of. the line follow robot is a great first robotics project, giving you good idea of how to achieve autonomous behaviour using simple electronic components and some mild soldering skills.
parts needed include:
an NPN transistor
a resistor (the value of which later be determined later)
batteries (between 6 to 12 volts depending on size of robot and motor requirements, I used two 3v button cells).
two motor and gearbox assemblies
a light dependent resistor (LDR)
and a suitable shell. (mine was the clear case from a toy, it measures 45mm in diameter).
a multimeter or ammeter
note: the picture does not include the transistor because at the time of taking the picture i was still in the process of designing and didnt think that the transistor was neccesary. also, only one resistor was needed.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Death anxiety is the morbid, abnormal or persistent fear of one's own death or the process of his/her dying. One definition of death anxiety is a "feeling of dread, apprehension or solicitude (anxiety) when one thinks of the process of dying, or ceasing to ‘be’." It is also referred to as thanatophobia (fear of death), and is distinguished from necrophobia, which is a specific fear of dead or dying persons and/or things (i.e. others who are dead or dying, not one's own death or dying. See also necrophilia to clarify the distinction). Lower ego integrity, more physical problems, and more psychological problems are predictive of higher levels of death anxiety in elderly people.
- Predatory death anxiety
Predatory death anxiety arises from the fear of being harmed. It is the most basic and oldest form of death anxiety, with its origins stemming from the first unicellular organisms’ set of adaptive resources. Unicellular organisms have receptors that have evolved to react to external dangers and they also have self-protective, responsive mechanisms made to guarantee survival in the face of chemical and physical forms of attack or danger. In humans, this form of death anxiety is evoked by a variety of danger situations that put the recipient at risk or threatens his or her survival. These traumas may be psychological and/or physical. Predatory death anxieties mobilize an individual’s adaptive resources and lead to fight or flight, active efforts to combat the danger or attempts to escape the threatening situation.
- Predation or predator death anxiety
Predation or predator death anxiety is a form of death anxiety that arises from an individual physically and/or mentally harming another. This form of death anxiety is often accompanied by unconscious guilt. This guilt, in turn, motivates and encourages a variety of self made decisions and actions by the perpetrator of harm to others.
- Existential death anxiety
Existential death anxiety is the basic knowledge and awareness that natural life must end. It is said that existential death anxiety directly correlates to language; that is, language has created the basis for this type of death anxiety through communicative and behavioral changes. Existential death anxiety is known to be the most powerful form. There is an awareness of the distinction between self and others, a full sense of personal identity, and the ability to anticipate the future. Humans defend against this type of death anxiety through denial, which is effected through a wide range of mental mechanisms and physical actions many of which also go unrecognized. While limited use of denial tends to be adaptive, its use is usually excessive and proves to be costly emotionally.
Awareness of human mortality arose through some 150,000 years ago In that extremely short span of evolutionary time, humans have fashioned but a single basic mechanism with which they deal with the existential death anxieties this awareness has evoked—denial in its many forms Thus denial is basic to such diverse actions as breaking rules and violating frames and boundaries, manic celebrations, violence directed against others, attempts to gain extraordinary wealth and/or power—and more These pursuits often are activated by a death-related trauma and while they may lead to constructive actions, more often than not, they lead to actions that are, in the short and long run, damaging to self and others
Sigmund Freud hypothesized that people express a fear of death, called thanatophobia. He saw this as a disguise for a deeper source of concern. It was not actually death that people feared, because nobody believes in his or her own death. The unconscious does not deal with the passage of time or with negations, which does not calculate amount of time left in one's life. Furthermore, that which one does fear cannot be death itself, because one has never died. People who express death-related fears, actually are trying to deal with unresolved childhood conflicts that they cannot bring themselves to come to terms with and to display and show emotion relating to the conflict.
Wisdom: Ego integrity vs. despairEdit
Developmental Psychologist, Erik Erikson, formulated the psychosocial theory that explained that people progress through a series of crises as they grow older. The theory also envelops the concept that once an individual reaches the latest stages of life, they reach the level he titled as "ego integrity". Ego Integrity is when one comes to terms with his or her life and accepts it. It was also suggested that when a person reaches the stage of late adulthood he or she becomes involved in a thorough overview of his or her life to date. When one can find meaning or purpose in his or her life, he or she has reached the integrity stage. In opposition, when an individual views his or her life as a series of failed and missed opportunities, then he or she do not reach the ego integrity stage. Elders that have attained this stage of ego integrity are believed to exhibit less of an influence from death anxiety.
Terror management theoryEdit
- Main article: Terror management theory
Theory of Ernest Becker was based on existential view which turned death anxiety theories towards a new dimension. It said that death anxiety is not only real, but also it is people's most profound source of concern. He explained the anxiety as so intense that it can generate fears and phobias of everyday life—Fears of being alone or in a confined space. Based on the theory, many of people's daily behavior consist of attempts to deny death and to keep their anxiety under strict regulation.
As an individual becomes more aware of the inevitability of death, they will instinctively try to suppress it out of fear. The method of suppression usually leads to mainstreaming towards cultural beliefs, leaning for external support rather than treading alone. This behavior may range from simply thinking about death to severe phobias and desperate actions.
Death and adjustment hypothesesEdit
Mohammad Samir Hossain, faculty at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Medical College for Women and Hospital, postulated the Death and Adjustment Hypotheses. With the declaration of the hypotheses, two things were postulated. The first part of the hypotheses theorizes that death should not be considered the end of existence. The next segment states the belief that the immortal pattern of human existence can only be adopted in a morally rich life with the attitude towards morality and materialism balanced mutually.
Being, time, and DaseinEdit
Martin Heidegger, the German philosopher, on the one hand showed death as something conclusively determined, in the sense that it is inevitable for every human being, while on the other hand, it unmasks its indeterminate nature via the truth that one never knows when or how death is going to come. Heidegger does not engage in speculation about whether being after death is possible. He argues that all human existence is embedded in time: past, present, future, and when considering the future, we encounter the notion of death. This then creates angst. Angst can create a clear understanding in one that death is a possible mode of existence, which Heidegger described as “clearing”. Thus, angst can lead to a freedom about existence, but only if we can stop denying our mortality (as expressed in Heidegger’s terminology as “stop denying being-for-death”).
Meaning management theoryEdit
Paul T. P. Wong's work on the meaning management theory indicate that human reactions to death are complex, multifaceted and dynamic. His “Death Attitude Profile” identifies three types of death acceptances as Neutral, Approach and Escape acceptances. Apart from acceptances, his work also represents different aspects of the meaning of Death Fear that are rooted in the bases of death anxiety. The ten meanings he proposes are finality, uncertainty, annihilation, ultimate loss, life flow disruption, leaving the loved ones, pain and loneliness, prematurity and violence of death, failure of life work completion, and judgment and retribution centered.
Other theories on death anxiety were introduced in the late part of the twentieth century The existential approach, with theorists such as Rollo May and Victor Frankl, views an individual's personality as being governed by the continuous choices and decisions in relation to the realities of life and death. Another approach is the regret theory which was introduced by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason. The main focus of the theory is to target the way people evaluate the quality and/or worth of their lives. The possibility of death usually makes people more anxious if they feel that they have not and cannot accomplish any positive task in the life that they are living. Research has tried to unveil the factors that might influence the amount of anxiety people experience in life
Personal meanings of deathEdit
Humans develop meanings and associate them with objects and events in their environment. These meanings that we associate to certain things are what provoke certain emotions within an individual. People tend to develop personal meanings of death and those meanings could accordingly be negative or positive for the certain individual. If they are positive, then the consequences of those meanings can be comforting to the individual. If negative they can cause emotional turmoil in the individual when faced with the death of someone or when faced with death itself. Depending on the certain meaning one has associated with death, the consequences will vary accordingly whether they are negative or positive meanings.
The thought of death causes a different degree of anxiety for different individuals, depending on many factors. It has been shown through results of various studies that a strong sense of religion in a person’s life can be related to a lower sense of anxiety towards the death. Although there has been no association discovered between religiosity and death anxiety, it has also been shown that death anxiety tends to be lower in individuals who regularly attend religious meetings or gatherings. On a recent study, one hundred and sixty-five church participants have been asked to fill out the "Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale, the Revised Death Anxiety Scale" and the results were analyzed using factor analyses, Pearson correlation, and linear and quadratic regression. All found an inverse relationship between intrinsic religious motivation and Death anxiety. In short, the more religious you are, the less anxious you are about death because you may associate death with another beginning that is promised through many religions. The study also found that gender did not have an effect on religiosity and total death anxiety.
In a study done by the University of Padova, it has been shown that those who have death anxiety are more likely to think of their cultural group as somehow different from other groups. A certain cultural group when faced with the question of death with humanize their own group and in turn, dehumanize other cultural groups.
An example that shows if a person's culture influences death anxiety is the study done by Larry Cameron Menyweather-Woods from University of Nebraska - Lincoln. This study investigated whether world view, racial socialization and religion influence the death anxiety and death attitude of Blackamerican men ages 19–35 and 65 and older. These men either graduated from high school, attended and/or graduated from college, or attended Technical School and experienced the death of a loved one (related or not). The five demographic variables that were used to test spuriousness to the relationships are income, age, education, area reared (urban or rural), and present residence ( urban or rural). The contrast of the two age ranges, 19-35 and 65 and older, showed the relationship and potential value of the process of racial socialization and the presence of predominate world view which is Africentric. Even though the men aged 19–35 were well educated and urban born as well as urban reared, the older group had a higher value for life and less tension or anxiety about death. The younger group is assumed to possess a higher level of anxiety and lesser value for life because of their lack of and/or small knowledge of racial socialization and world view. In conclusion of the study, the influence of racial socialization, world view, and religion, were significant in predicting the relationship with the various dependent variables. Religion was the predominant predictor in the understanding of death acceptance or attitude, but the influence of racial socialization and world view were also significant contributors. World view and religion were dominant predictors in the understanding of death anxiety and racial socialization was a significant contributor.
The earliest documentation of the fear of death has been found in children as young as age 5. Psychological measures and reaction times were used to measure fear of death in young children. Recent studies that assess fear of death in children use questionnaire rating scales. There are many tests to study this including The Death Anxiety Scale for Children (DASC)developed by Schell and Seefeldt. However the most common version of this test is the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R). The FSSC-R describes specific fearful stimuli and children are asked to rate the degree to which the scenario/item makes them anxious or fearful. The most recent version of the FSSC-R presents the scenarios in a pictorial form to children as young as 4. It is called the Koala Fear Questionnaire (KFQ). The fear studies show that children’s fears can be grouped into five categories. One of these categories is death and danger. This response was found amongst children age 4 to 6 on the KFQ, and from age 7 to 10. Death is the most commonly feared item and remains the most commonly feared item throughout adolescence.
A study of 90 children, aged 4–8, done by Virginia Slaughter and Maya Griffiths showed that a more mature understanding of the biological concept of death was correlated to a decreased fear of death. This indicates that it is helpful to teach children about death (in a biological sense), in order to alleviate the fear.
Relationship between adult attachment and Death Anxiety Edit
There has been much literature that supports the existence of a correlation between one's state of coping skills, mental health, emotions and cognitive reactions to stressful events, and a one's ability to regulate affect concerning one's Death Anxiety. A series of tests determined that significantly high levels of Death Anxiety tend to occur in close relationships with an intimate partner (moreso amongst females than males).
The connection between death anxiety and the sex one belongs to appears to be strong. Studies show that females tend to have more death anxiety than males. Thorson and Powell (1984) did a study to investigate this connection, and they sampled men and women from 16 years of age to over 60. The Death Anxiety Scale showed higher mean scores for women than for men. Moreover, researchers believe that age and culture could be major influences in why women score higher on death anxiety scales than men. The prevalence of death anxiety is often higher in women due to increased responsibility and status that women hold in families The paternal bond between children and mothers often never leaves The truth is that mothers always want the best for their children and look out for their well being, even when they have left their care This increased fear for women, that their children will be alone and defenseless when they die, is a major attribute to why death is such a fearful demise
Through the evolutionary period, a basic method was created to deal with death anxiety and also as a means of dealing with loss Denial is used when memories or feelings are too painful to accept and are often rejected. By retaining that the event never happened rather than accepting it, allows an individual more time to work through the pain that is inevitable When a loved one dies in a family, denial is often implemented as a means to come to grips with the reality that the person is gone Closer families often deal with death better than when coping individually As society and families drift apart so does the time spent with bereaving those who have died, which in return, leads to negative emotion and negativity towards death Women, who are the child bearer and often the one’s who look after children hold greater concerns about death due to their caring role within the family. It is this in-built mechanism in women that leads to greater death anxiety and the ‘importance to live’ for her offspring Although it is common knowledge that all living creatures die, many people do not accept their own mortality, preferring not to accept that death is inevitable, and that they will one day die
Gender and age Edit
On the IRMS (Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale) and the RDAS(Revised Death Anxiety Scale) it shows there are no correlations between female participants and male participants. However, there is a negative relationship between age and intrinsic religious motivation. It indicates that older participants have more intrinsic religious motivation.
It is during the years of young adulthood (20 to 40 years of age) that death anxiety most often begins to become prevalent. However, during the next phase of life, the middle age adult years (40–64 years of age), death anxiety peaks at its highest levels when in comparison to all other age ranges throughout the lifespan. Surprisingly, levels of death anxiety then slump off in the old age years of adulthood (65 years of age and older). This is in contrast with most people’s expectations, especially regarding all of the negative connotations younger adults have about the elderly and the aging process (Kurlychek & Trenner, 1982).
Measuring death anxiety Edit
There are many ways to measure death anxiety and fear. Katenbaum and Aeinsberg (1972) devised three propositions for this measurement From this start, the ideologies about death anxiety have been able to be recorded and their attributes listed Methods such as imagery tasks to simple questionnaires and apperception tests such as the Stroop test enable psychologists to adequately determine if a person is under stress due to death anxiety or suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder The Lester attitude death scale was developed in 1966 but not published until 1991 until its validity was proven By measuring the general attitude towards death and also the inconsistencies with death attitudes, participants are scaled to their favorable value towards death
- Concept of death and adjustment
- Death attitudes
- Death and dying
- Mortality salience
- ↑ Definition by Farley G.: Death anxiety. National Health Service UK. 2010, found in: Peters L, Cant R, Payne S, O'Connor M, McDermott F, Hood K, Morphet J, Shimoinaba K. (2013). How death anxiety impacts nurses' caring for patients at the end of life: a review of literature.. Open Nurs J. 7: 14-21.
- ↑ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 http://www.escp.org/death_anxiety.html; Langs, R. (2004). "Death anxiety and the emotion-processing mind," Psychoanalytic Psychology, vol. 21, no.1, 31-53; Langs, R. (2004) Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling. London: Palgrave-Macmillan
- ↑ Langs, R. Three Forms of Death Anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.escp.org/death_anxiety.html; Langs, R. (2004). "Death anxiety and the emotion-processing mind," Psychoanalytic Psychology, vol. 21, no.1, 31-53; Langs, R. (2004) Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling. London: Palgrave-Macmillan
- ↑ Castano.Leidner.Bonacossa.Nikkah.Perrulli.Spencer.Humphrey.”Ideology, Fear of Death and Death Anxiety ”Political Psychology.2011.p615
- ↑ Castano.Leidner.Bonacossa.Nikkah.Perrulli.Spencer.Humphrey.”Ideology, Fear of Death and Death Anxiety ”Political Psychology.2011.p616
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Castano.Leidner.Bonacossa.Nikkah.Perrulli.Spencer.Humphrey.”Ideology, Fear of Death and Death Anxiety ”Political Psychology.2011.p617
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Langs, R. (1997). Death Anxiety and Clinical Practice. London: Karnac Books; Langs, R. (2004). "Death anxiety and the emotion-processing mind," Psychoanalytic Psychology, vol. 21, no.1, 31-53; Langs, R. (2004) Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling. London: Palgrave-Macmillan
- ↑ McDonald.Hilgendorf. Death imagery and death anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1996. p88
- ↑ Sterling. “Identity and Death Anxiety”Central Michigan University.1985.p10
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Sterling. “Identity and Death Anxiety”Central Michigan University.1985.p11
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Simin.”War, death anxiety, death depression and religion” California School of Professional Psychology.1996.p13
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Simin.”War, death anxiety, death depression and religion” California School of Professional Psychology.1996.p14
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078883601/680442/Additional_Lifespan_Development_Topics.pdf
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 http://books.google.com/books?id=V-wan_XhkzcC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=Truths+about+death+mohammad+samir+hossain
- ↑ http://www.socialemotiveneuroscience.org/pubs/hj_etal97tm.pdf
- ↑ Castano, Emanuele. (2011). Ideology, Fear of Death, and Death Anxiety 603.
- ↑ http://www.medicalcollegeforwomen.edu.bd/Faculty.php
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mohammad Samir Hossain and Peter Gilbert. 2010. Concepts of Death: A key to our adjustment. Illness, Crisis and Loss, Vol 18. No 1
- ↑ Langs.” Adaptive Insights into Death Anxiety” The Psychoanalytic Review.2003.p570
- ↑ Schacter, Daniel L. "Psychology" 2011. Chapter 12, page 488.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Langs. Adaptive Insights into Death Anxiety. The Psychoanalytic Review.2003.p575
- ↑ Cicirelli, V. G. (1998). Personal meanings of death in relation to fear of death. Death Studies, 22(8), 713-733. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.qa.proquest.com/docview/69259710?accountid=14771
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Wen, Y. (2010). Religiosity and death anxiety. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(2), 31-37. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.qa.proquest.com/docview/867401301?accountid=14771
- ↑ Wen, Ya-Hui. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning6. 2 (Dec 2010): 31-37.
- ↑ Menyweather-Woods, Larry Cameron Significance of the Influence of World View and Racial Socialization on Death Anxiety Beliefs of Blackamerican Men. Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. URL accessed on 22 February 2012.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 Griffiths, M. (2007). Death Understanding and Fear of Death in Young Children. The Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12 (4), 525-535. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/resolve/13591045/v12i0004/525_duafodiyc
- ↑ Slaughter, Virginia, Griffiths (October 2007). Death Understanding and Fear of Death in Young Children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 12(4): 525–535.
- ↑ Slaughter, V., Griffiths, M. (2007). Death Understanding and Fear of Death in Young Children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 12 (4) pg 525-535
- ↑ Beggs, J. R.The relationship between adult attachment style and death anxiety as related to a romantic partner. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 5231.
- ↑ Harrawood, L. K., White, L. J., & Benshoff, J. J. (2008). Death Anxiety in a National Sample of United States Funeral Directors and Its Relationship with Death Exposure, Age, and Sex. Omega: Journal Of Death & Dying, 58(2), 129-146. doi:10.2190/OM.58.2.c
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Pettigrew.Dawson.”Death anexiety:State or Trait” Journal od Clinical Psychology.1979.pg155
- ↑ Pettigrew.Dawson.”Death anexiety:State or Trait” Journal od Clinical Psychology.1979.pg156
- ↑ Pettigrew.Dawson.”Death anexiety:State or Trait” Journal od Clinical Psychology.1979.pg158
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 Donald.Charles. “Death Anxiety and Mental Ability” Essence: Issues in the Study of Ageing, Dying and Death. 1979.p85
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Langs. “Death Anxiety and the Emotion-processing Mind” Psychoanalytic Psychology .2004.p43
- ↑ Wen, Ya-Hui (Dec 2010). Religiosity and Death Anxiety. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning 6 (2): 31–37.
- ↑ Trenner (1982). Accuracy of perception and attitude: An intergenerational investigation. Perceptual and Motor Skill 54 (1): 271–274.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 Tomer.Eliason.”Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety” Death Stuides.1996.p353
Death and dying
Advance directives · Autopsy · Assisted suicide · Brain death · Causes of death by rate ·Clinical death · Death anxiety · Death instinct · Euthanasia · Palliative care · Persistent vegetative state · Suicide · Terminal illness · Witholding treatment
Concept of death and adjustment · Death attitudes · Death attitudes in childhood · Death education · Death penalty · Immortality · Infant mortality · Maternal death · Mortality rate · Terminally ill patients ·
|Fields of research|
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Essay Topic 1
Alexander and Galina respond to the many changes of this novel in their own way. How do they adapt to the move in and out of hiding, the new government, new jobs, and changes to their family structure? Reflect on how each character's ideals and beliefs change, or remain unchanged, in response to these new situations.
Essay Topic 2
Using details from the novel, describe what you think Russia would look like if it were NOT a Communist country. How would Kira's ideals translate into a government? What would daily life be like? How would this differ from the Russia of "We the Living"?
Essay Topic 3
How does Andrei change during "We the Living"? Comment on his ideals, personality, emotions, etc. Please describe the events or people that contribute to Andrei's changes as well.
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As "We the Living" progresses, Communism's ideals are slowly dissolved and...
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Climate change is an issue of unusual complexity that requires attention, discipline and international cooperation. Unfortunately, these are exactly the virtues that are in short supply among the world’s leaders at this moment in history. In a country suffering from political paralysis, where our leaders cannot see beyond the next election cycle, climate change demands bold, far-reaching initiatives. In an international community riven by parochial disputes, climate change forces us to look beyond our borders in the interests of protecting the earth for all its inhabitants.
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Policymakers must now decide what action to take. In the United States, public policy solutions are undermined by public figures who question the legitimacy of climate change science. Yet as the U.S. Catholic bishops wrote in “Global Climate Change: A Plea for Dialogue, Prudence, and the Common Good,” “What we already know requires a response; it cannot be easily dismissed.” That pastoral letter was written in 2001. We cannot wait another 10 to 15 years to act upon its wisdom. The common good is a much-invoked concept in the Catholic moral tradition, but it is especially relevant to the discussion of climate change. The condition of our environment affects everyone living on the planet. Catholic schools and churches should continue to teach and preach on this issue, and if they have not done so already, conduct “green audits” and examine how they can improve their own environmental profile.
According to reports, Pope Francis plans to address the state of the environment in his next encyclical. Perhaps his unique ability to challenge people in a disarming way will mobilize more people to act. The pope has spoken eloquently of the “globalization of indifference,” and here is an issue, surely, where indifference is our besetting sin. “The culture of comfort, which makes us think only of ourselves, makes us insensitive to the cries of other people,” the pope said at Lampedusa. How much more difficult it is to imagine the cries of people who will suffer 50 or 100 years from now. To address the challenge of climate change will require an extraordinary feat of empathy, to think not only of ourselves but of all God’s children, in this generation and in generations to come.
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The answering machine, answerphone or message machine, also known as the
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Structure of a report (Rule 31)
The structure of the research report should mirror the course of the research process while illustrating its positive and negative effects, and end with recommendations for preservation and future research.
A good report begins by defining the research goals, the assumptions made, the methods and techniques applied. The next stage is a description of the results obtained. This constitutes the basis for planning of possible future interventions or additional, complementary research. A very important element of this part of the report is a description of mistakes and omissions. Everyone makes mistakes. It is only by specifying them that it will be possible to eliminate the same mistakes in the future, or to take them into account. In this way, the research process can undergo continual improvement.
The final report of an archaeological project should ideally follow the structure indicated in the text-box. Following such a template will help to include all the necessary information. The listed elements are different in character and will be briefly discussed.
An archaeological report should include
- Title page (and verso)
- Table of Contents
- Abstract / Executive Summary
- Account of activities, responsibilities and personnel involved
- Results and findings
- Conclusions and recommendations
- Information on the project archive
Title page (and verso)
The first page of the report should give its title (which should provide a precise indication of the subject matter), the authors, the archaeological site and the date of elaboration. The reverse of the title page is reserved for copyright information. Reports can be produced for a small, specific audience, but even so, one should include all the details that will allow bibliographic referencing, such as place and date. One should consider giving the report an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), which will greatly help future users to identify it. Each country has a national ISBN-office that assigns such numbers on demand. Even reports that will only be published digitally can now get an ISBN-number. If the report is part of a series, which will often be the case, there is also the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). Periodicals will have an ISSN. Book-series will also have an ISSN, while individual books in the series have an ISBN in addition. The copyright page or verso of the title page includes a colophon, a list of key-words and these numbers.
The scientific or material support of partners or contributors should be acknowledged as well as sponsors or other partners and then, all individuals and institutions who have provided assistance in the fieldwork, analysis, report writing and other stages of the project. Many people will have worked hard to bring the project to completion and this public acknowledgement may often be the only reward they receive.
Table of Contents
The progressive numbering system and hierarchy of the report’s layout should be incorporated into a Table of Contents. Considering that the accessibility of reports is greatly enhanced by putting them in digital collections or on the internet, it is wise to consider whether a digital link between titles and text would be practical. Such links can then be included from the very start. They are also an advantage if several persons work on the report simultaneously, which nowadays has become the rule, rather than the exception.
Abstract / Executive Summary
A short paragraph summarising the main contents of the report should be drafted if the report is longer than 10 pages. It should include a short statement of the goals of the project, the methods used, results obtained, conclusions reached and any recommendations made. The abstract should be concise, informative and independent from the report. It is advisable to draft this section after having written the report.
The introduction should give the context and scope of the report and should include the terms of reference of the project that is reported on. It should include:
- Description of the site, including
- location and /environment,
- contextual background,
- historical background, and
- its formal delimitation, as well as an indication of the surrounding space included in analysis.
- Description of the objectives of the project, including
- research objectives, and
- research design.
- Description of the project’s organisation and institutional affiliation.
- Enumeration of the people involved, including
- the principal investigator, and
- the other people in charge of different aspects of the project
- Introduction to the structure of the report.
If the report deals with a particularly comprehensive project, it may be necessary to split the introduction into several chapters that together will constitute an introductory section. Its function and contents will nevertheless be more or less the same.
- Description of the site, including
Account of activities
The account of what actually happened when the project was carried out is an essential part of the report. It should include a discussion of the circumstances and organization of the desk-based research and field work and the dates when it was undertaken. It should mention the identity of the individuals by whom the different tasks were undertaken as well as their institutional affiliation. The account should report on the methodology employed. It thus illustrates how activities and research were carried out and how data was collected. Although there can be merit in extensive narratives, this information should be presented logically and concisely. Omissions or possible problems of data collection, including any deviation from the research design and the reason for the changes, should be clearly indicated.
Results and findings
The results of the project should be described and illustrated. These results often come in different forms. Practical results and scientific results go hand in hand. In this section, it is important to separate facts from analysis and to include conclusions.
Facts should be reflected in the text and should be illustrated, if necessary, in an annex, with drawings, or graphic and photographic documentation. These should include all stages of the activities and observations. In each case, the factual information should be clearly distinguishable from the analysis and interpretation. The section on results and findings will generally be composed of several chapters, each presenting the facts and analysis relating to a specific topic.
All in all the results should include:
- A description of the location of the site, including a map and contour plans;
- a description and drawing of the object of research, including an outline of trenches and areas of archaeological research;
- a full artefact report with drawings and photographs of objects and materials;
- a comprehensive description of field observations;
- environmental and specialist scientific reports;
- reports on conservation work on the site and individual artefacts, including all changes such as excavation, back-fill, covering, or disassembling and re-assembling of artefacts, as the case may be;
- analysis and interpretation of the results.
Presentation of findings
Findings shall be presented in a simple way. Maps should include an overlay of the coordinate system used during the research, as well as compass directions and geographical coordinates. Statistics and measurements should be illustrated with tables, charts, graphs and photographs, as appropriate. Graphs, photographs and illustrations have to be labelled and easily interpretable. There must be a clear link between illustration and text. Captions must be accurate and comprehensive, including precise titles and references to the relevant find numbers and diary entries. Scales should be indicated, and axes in graphs should be well-explained. Copyrights need to be indicated, and whether use of material is restricted or not.
Analysis and interpretation of the results need to explain the significance of the site, the artefacts and the conclusions that can be drawn. They need to identify important issues and suggest explanations for the findings. Any problems encountered shall be outlined and an attempt shall be made to present a balanced view. An evaluation of the investigation in view of its objectives should follow. This evaluation should include a discussion of how well the needs dictated by the planning process were served. The analysis should also illustrate the significance of the findings for the archaeological discipline and the general public. At the end of the analysis, the main issues should be drawn together. All new factual information should have been presented earlier in the report. Possible future research can be briefly discussed.
Conclusions and recommendations
The analytical chapters on interpretation that have been discussed under the general heading of Results and findings will all include partial or far-reaching conclusions. At the end of a report, however, the conclusions should be combined and reiterated. It is useful to always combine this with recommendations. Such recommendations can include lessons learned on appropriate or failing methodology or equipment. They can address scientific questions that urgently need to be settled and they can and should include practical recommendations on the ongoing management of the site, the project archive and the collection of artefacts and samples that it may include.
In undertaking archaeological research, researchers assume responsibility for the preservation, curation and condition of a site and of any objects they remove. It should be remembered that preservation and securing actions should be planned with a view to the long-term, allowing research, understanding and enjoyment to progress, not only over a few years but over several decades. Recommendations should take the threats and opportunities of a site into account. Such threats may result from the natural environment, but may also include man-made ones. For this reason, it is very important to exchange information concerning threats for the underwater cultural heritage with the representatives of other sectors actively working in the environment.
In line with this responsibility, the recommendations could address storage and exhibition of artefacts removed from the site, and specific conditions that should be met. This could extend to the relative humidity, temperature, and lighting levels to be strived for, or specific instructions for transport. Recommendations could also relate to a future site management plan for the terrain where the excavation site is located, or relate to future activities or revised information needs.
Information on the project archive
The report should also contain a clear summary of the contents of the project archive, its location and conditions of access. The archive can be composed of very different components, including both documentation and finds, as discussed under Rules 33 and 34.
The last pages of the report should give details of all works by other authors, which have been referred to within the report. Details should include the author’s name and initials, date of publication, title, publisher, place of publication, and page numbers. Details of website references should also be given, including the URL of the webpage, date of access, author and title. References should be listed in alphabetical order of the authors' names and in a consistent format, for which various standards exist. These may vary from country to country or from publishing house to publishing house. For internal reports, a research group will have to choose the format that is the most appropriate, considering local conventions. Referencing software is a useful tool available for quick and easy conversion between different systems.
Additional information that derives from the project, but whose length would unbalance the report, should be annexed to the report in appendices. These could be lists, catalogues, tables, statistics, drawings or photographs. One could also decide to include specialist reports that support the project, such as the dendrochronological analysis of wood samples if such analysis took place. This is equally true for other types of research that have their own cumulative logic. Reproducing such reports in extenso as an appendix will not burden the flow of argument in the report, while still giving every opportunity to assess and compare specialist results. Such analyses can be central to the project, but equally importantly they provide their own body of knowledge. In the case of dendrochronology, this refers to climate and climate change as well as to forestry, timber-use and timber trade.
Index and glossary
Other elements that can be considered for inclusion are an index and a glossary of terms. Technical terms are hard to avoid when dealing with technical subjects. Readers may not have the same specialist background and they have a right to understand what exactly one means in using a specific term. This is not a problem if a term is used only once, and can be defined in the text. If it is used repeatedly in a report that is to be consulted regularly, rather than reading from cover to cover as a novel, a glossary will be the only way to address the problem. Sometimes it is even necessary to include glossaries in more than one language, especially when dealing with phenomena that cross cultural and linguistic borders. An index, telling exactly on which page one will find discussion including a particular term, used to be a very practical addition to complicated reports and publications. Their preparation used to be tiresome. This has changed enormously since computers have replaced typewriters in word-processing. It is much easier now to prepare an index than it used to be. But the usefulness of an index has also decreased. If a report is accessible digitally, any word search is possible. A detailed Table of Contents is therefore usually good enough.
Some information, such as specific GPS indications, may be highly sensitive to disclosure. This may particularly be true in the absence of a management plan that addresses threats of vandalism. Sometimes, it may therefore be appropriate to prepare a separate report for public distribution. However, this touches on a profound dilemma. Archaeology builds on spatial distributions. Moreover, it serves a public purpose. So, in many ways, the public has a right to know. Denying access and withholding information may have more negative impacts in the long run than engaging as many as possible in protection through extensive information. Nevertheless, it may be wise to consider some information sensitive when it is not backed up by a full information strategy. This argument should not be used, however, to withhold information that would otherwise lead to a better understanding of the significance of the underwater cultural heritage, or of the issues involved in its protection.
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After seeing some heart rate monitor apps for Android which use the camera and flashlight features of the phones, [Tyson] took on the challenge of coding this for himself. But he’s not using a smart phone, instead he grabbed a headlamp and webcam for his heat rate monitor.
To start out he recorded a test video with his smart phone to see what it looks like to cover both the flash LED and camera module with his thumb. The picture is mainly pink, but there’s quite obviously a color gradient that pulses with each gush of blood through his skin. The next task was to write some filtering software that could make use of this type of image coming from a webcam. He used C# to write a GUI which shows the live feed, as well as a scrolling graph of the processed data. He took several tries at it, we’ve embedded one of the earlier efforts after the break.
Continue reading “Monitor your heartbeat with a webcam and a flashlight”
[Sulaiman Habsi] and two classmates put together a Morse Code interpreter as a class project at Sultan Qaboos University. The system listens to a morse code signal using a microphone, then translates that input to text which is displayed on this character LCD.
The breadboarded circuit feeds an audio signal from the microphone, through an OpAmp, to the ADC of an ATmega8 microcontroller. The captured signal is stored as a byte in a special way. The three least-significant bits signify how many total dots or dashes are contained in the character, the remaining bits represent those dots and dashes with zeros and ones. A full description of this process is included in a PDF linked in the article above. As you can see in the video after the break, the hardware waits to process all of the signals once the full message has been received.
This would be a great add-on for a Morse Code practice keyer.
Continue reading “Morse Code interpreter”
It’s somewhat amazing how these rather inexpensive electronics can augment the functionality of a common stethoscope. This digital stethoscope is using audio processing to add the features. A standard chest piece feeds a condenser microphone which is fed through a pretty standard OpAmp circuit which supplies the ADC of an ATmega644. After being digitized, the heart sound can be recorded in ten second increments to a 1 Mb flash memory chip. The data can also be fed to MATLAB via a USB cable in real-time. There it is displayed as a waveform and the heart rate is calculated on the fly. Check out the video after the break for a great demo of the system.
The picture above shows a set of ear buds used as output. But this is a standard headphone jack, so the heart sounds can be played on speakers which we think would come in handy for teaching purposes. There’s also the option to hook it to a computer input which could be the audio used for a Skype session if a doctor is not close at hand. There is lots of potential here at a fairly low cost and we love that!
Continue reading “Digital stethoscope can record, playback, and analyzer heart sounds”
[Jinha Lee] at the MIT Media Lab created a new interface allowing new ways to modify and play with 3D objects. It’s called ZeroN, and it’s nothing short of a futuristic device straight out of Star Trek.
ZeroN is simply a platform for levitating a small spherical permanent magnet in 3D space. It does this by mounting a hall effect sensor on an electromagnet. The hall sensor measure the strength of the magnetic field of the ball every few milliseconds and keeps the spherical magnet levitated. To move the object in 3D space, a few webcams track the ball over the platform and tell the electromagnet to move on a CNC-like x y table.
[Jinha] showed off a lot of cool stuff that is possible with the ZeroN; ping-pong is by far the coolest implementation, but it’s also possible to use the magnetic sphere to demonstrate n-body gravity or as a camera flying around a digital scene.
It’s a really amazing piece of work with an exceptional demo video. You can check that video out after the break. Thanks, [ferdinand] for sending this one in.
Continue reading “Defying gravity for new user interfaces”
[Roy] is getting to the end of his second CNC mill project and finally seeing some results. Here you can see a bear he milled in some floural foam.
The project started out as an Arduino-based pen plotter. It move the pen along one axis, and the drawing surface along another, with the third axis allowing the pen to be lifted and repositioned. With that in his back pocket he went all out and began what he calls the Mark II. He used T-slot aluminum for the frame, which really helped when it came to aligning the linear rod supports for each axis. After a lot of drilling, and tapping he managed to bring each axis on line one at a time. A pre-fab CNC driver kit drives the stepper motors, making them groan as they do their work. hear it for yourself in the test video after the break were the machine is first tested as a pen plotter.
Continue reading “Pleasing results from a CNC mill project”
[Dave Borghuis] put together a quick video tour of the TkkrLab hackerspace in the Netherlands.
The tour stats off with the entry system. We looked in on this project at the end of last year. The space totals about 150 square meters (about 1600 square feet) divided into three rooms. There’s a ‘dirt’ room which houses some tools for woodworking and general fabrications. Another room is used for electronics prototyping, including a 3D printer and CNC mill. Finally there’s the large meeting room which acts a hang-out lounge to work on your projects, watch some movies, or hold events.
There are weekly meetings on Tuesday nights which are open to everyone. There’s also a range of classes given covering topics like learning Python, or an intro to Arduino.
We really enjoy seeing these tours. What are you waiting for? Send us a video tour of your own hackerspace!
Continue reading “Hackerspace Intro: TkkrLab in Enschede, Netherlands”
[Marchelo] wanted to build his own chicken coop. He started researching different designs and ended up basing his build on the golden spiral.
In addition to the interesting shape, a ton of clever design choice made it into the build. For instance, [Marchello] took the time to dramatically round over the lumber used as the skids of the base. This, along with wheels on one side, will make it much easier to slide the coop if he needs to move it. Also, the roosting boxes are an addition to the side wall of the hen-house. The roof for these boxes is hinged, so checking on the chickens, or harvesting eggs happens at a comfortable height for the farmer. And finally, the plank that allows entry for the hens doubles as the door at night. So far this is a manual-operation, but we could see some mechanization as a future improvement.
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Role of diet in managing enteric disease in pigs
*Subscription may be required
Gastrointestinal diseases in pigs can have a large number of different causes and, depending on their severity and distribution in a herd, may result in significant economic losses due to mortalities and/or poor and uneven growth rates. Specific enteric bacterial pathogens are responsible for a large proportion of this disease burden and the control of such infections can be difficult. Effective vaccines are available for only a few of these diseases and thus control often requires the implementation of a combination of different management strategies, usually involving considerable routine prophylactic antimicrobial usage. Unfortunately, the associated bacterial pathogens are increasingly found to have reduced susceptibilities to antibiotics, and this coincides with mounting societal and regulatory pressures to reduce routine antimicrobial therapy for all animal species. Veterinary surgeons and producers therefore need alternative means of controlling such infections. This article outlines how the management of some enteric diseases in pigs might be improved by dietary modification.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
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|Publisher:||British Veterinary Association|
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In addition to transverse waves on a string, there are always longitudinal waves present as well. In fact, longitudinal waves hold all of the potential energy associated with the transverse waves, and they carry the forward momentum in the direction of propagation associated with transverse traveling waves [122,394]. Longitudinal waves in a string typically travel an order of magnitude faster than transverse waves on the same string and are only weakly affected by changes in string tension.
Longitudinal waves are often neglected, e.g., in violin acoustics, because they couple inefficiently to the body through the bridge, and because they are ``out of tune'' anyway. However, there exist stringed instruments, such as the Finnish Kantele , in which longitudinal waves are too important to neglect. In the piano, longitudinal waves are quite audible; to bring this out in a striking way, sound example 5 provided in [18, Conklin chapter] plays Yankee Doodle on the longitudinal modes of three piano strings all tuned to the same (transversal) pitch. The nonlinear nature of the coupling from transverse to longitudinal waves has been demonstrated in . Longitudinal waves have been included in some piano synthesis models [30,28,24,23].
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GRAIL mission puts a new face on the Moon
The mission measured the internal structure of the Moon in unprecedented detail; with the data, scientists have redefined the sizes of massive impact basins.
Scientists using data from the lunar-orbiting twins of NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission are gaining new insight into how the face of the Moon received its rugged good looks.
“Since time immemorial, humanity has looked up and wondered what made the man in the Moon,” said Maria Zuber from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. “We know the dark splotches are large lava-filled impact basins that were created by asteroid impacts about 4 billion years ago. GRAIL data indicate that both the nearside and the farside of the Moon were bombarded by similarly large impactors, but they reacted to them much differently.”
Understanding lunar impact basins has been hampered by the simple fact that there is a lack of consensus on their size. Most of the largest impact basins on the nearside of the Moon — the Moon’s face — have been filled with lava flows, which hide important clues about the shape of the land that could be used for determining their dimensions. The GRAIL mission measured the internal structure of the Moon in unprecedented detail for nine months in 2012. With the data, GRAIL scientists have redefined the sizes of massive impact basins on the Moon.
Maps of crustal thickness generated by GRAIL revealed more large impact basins on the nearside hemisphere of the Moon than on the farside. How could this be if both hemispheres were, as widely believed, on the receiving end of the same number of impacts?
Scientists have long known that temperatures on the nearside hemisphere of the Moon were higher than those on the far side: the abundances of the heat-producing elements uranium and thorium are higher on the nearside than the farside, and as a consequence, the vast majority of volcanic eruptions occurred on the Moon’s nearside hemisphere.
“Impact simulations indicate that impacts into a hot thin crust representative of the early Moon’s nearside hemisphere would have produced basins with as much as twice the diameter as similar impacts into cooler crust, which is indicative of early conditions on the Moon’s far-side hemisphere,” said Katarina Miljkovic of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.
The new GRAIL research is also helping redefine the concept of the late heavy bombardment, a proposed spike in the rate of crater creation by impacts about 4 billion years ago. The time of the late heavy bombardment is based largely on the ages of large nearside impact basins that are either within or adjacent to the dark lava-filled basins, or lunar maria, named Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium. However, the special composition of the material on and below the surface of the nearside implies that the temperatures beneath this region were not representative of the Moon as a whole at the time of the late heavy bombardment. The difference in the temperature profiles would have caused scientists to overestimate the magnitude of the basin-forming impact bombardment. Work by GRAIL scientists supports the hypothesis that the size distribution of impact basins on the farside hemisphere of the Moon is a more accurate indicator of the impact history of the inner solar system than those on the nearside.
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Here are some great prevention tips from Margaret I. Cuomo MD, author of A World without Cancer that I found posted on WebMD. Cuomo is a board certified radiologist who served as an attending physician in diagnostic radiology at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York, for many years. Specializing in body imaging, involving CT, ultrasound, MRI, and interventional procedures, much of her practice was dedicated to the diagnosis of cancer and AIDS. She is the daughter of former New York Governor Mario Cuomo and Mrs. Matilda Cuomo, and sister to Governor Andrew Cuomo and ABC’s Chris Cuomo, and wife of Howard S. Maier. She resides in New York.
I inserted a few comments in parentheses along the way like this:
(Man I never realized all those famous Cuomos were so closely related!)
What is the one most important step people can take to reduce cancer risk?
Maintain a healthy weight.
Obesity is a national epidemic, and is a risk factor for cancer, as well as heart disease and diabetes. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine reported higher death rates from at least 14 different kinds of cancer among overweight populations, and noted that the heaviest people were 50 percent more likely to die from cancer than people of normal weight.
(Want to drop weight fast? See the movie Fat, Sick & Nearly Dead)
What are some of the most troublesome chemicals we are exposed to that may cause cancer?
At least 80,000 chemicals are manufactured in the United States, and we are exposed to many of them on a daily basis. We know with alarming certainty that some of them cause cancer. In fact, the International Agency for Research on Cancer states flatly that 100 agents in use today are “carcinogenic to humans,” and several hundred others are “probably” or “possibly” carcinogenic to humans. Yet, most of them remain unexamined and unregulated.
There are three chemicals in our daily lives that are of particular concern:
Bisphenol A (BPA), Perchloroethylene and Parabens.
• BPA has been associated with breast and prostate cancer in mice, and an increased risk of miscarriage and polycystic ovary disease in humans. BPA is ubiquitous in consumer products, from plastic bottles containing water and other beverages, to canned food to cashier receipts. To reduce BPA exposure, avoid plastics with a 3 or 7 recycle code on the bottom, or look for products labeled “BPA-free”. In 2012, the FDA banned BPA from baby bottles and children’s drinking cups.
(Right, so BPA is basically in most drinks that come in plastic bottles and also in the lining of canned goods. If you want to drastically reduce your BPA exposure, stop drinking plastic bottle drinks: water, soda, juice, etc. and buy more fresh food instead of canned)
• Perchloroethylene, or “perc,”, a chemical used in dry-cleaning, has been called a “likely human carcinogen” by the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA. Workers in the dry cleaning industry have a higher incidence of several cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and bladder cancer. The Natural Resources Defense Council advises that consumers seek out alternate methods of dry-cleaning.
(Yep, dry cleaning chemicals are super toxic. That’s one most people don’t think about.)
• Parabens are chemicals that mimic estrogens, and have been found within breast tumors. Parabens are found in moisturizers, hair care products, shaving products, processed meats, snacks, candy, and some liquid dietary supplements. The FDA has not banned parabens from consumer products, but says that it will consider new research as it becomes available. I recommend that you avoid ingredients with the word “paraben” in them, such as methylparaben.
(We stopped using body care products with parabens like 8 years ago. Chunk em!)
Can vitamins and supplements help prevent cancer?
Research on taking multivitamins for cancer prevention has shown some promise in recent studies, and taking a daily multivitamin makes good sense for both men and women.
In October, 2012, an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that daily use of a common multivitamin reduced the risk for cancer in a long-term study of about 15,000 male doctors over 50. Those men taking the daily multivitamin had an 8% reduction in risk of developing cancer compared with those taking a placebo. The multivitamin use had no effect on the incidence of prostate cancer among the men studied, however.
(I like Garden of Life Vitamin Code Raw Multi-Vitamins)
The vitamin with the best evidence for cancer prevention is vitamin D.
Everyone, including children and adults, should have their vitamin D blood levels measured and then supplements should be discussed with their doctors. Many vitamin D experts internationally recommend a vitamin D blood level between 40 and 60 ng/ml, or 100 and 150 nmol/l, for cancer prevention. The daily dose of vitamin D supplementation will depend on each person’s blood level.
(I like taking Vitamin D3 Drops)
The most important way to get vitamins is through your diet. In A World without Cancer, I explain that most experts recommend a plant-based diet, rich in vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole-grains as the best way to reduce cancer risk.
It’s also important to follow other cancer-preventing measures including exercising, ending smoking, limiting alcohol, and protecting our skin from the sun.
Here’s her book:
This is all excellent advice, which is why I shared it. Let me add a couple things…
Margaret is recommending losing weight, reducing your exposure to toxins and plant food for prevention, which I agree with, but they are also extremely beneficial for anyone who already has cancer. They are part of the radical diet and lifestyle change that will help your body heal.
Skip the whole grains when it comes to wheat and corn. Modern wheat is nothing like what our ancestors ate. It is cross-bred, hybridized and can cause more health problems than benefits. Wheat is making many people sick and fat. Read the book Wheat Belly by William Davis MD for more in depth info about this.
Also about 90% of non-organic corn grown in the U.S. is genetically modified.
Read my post about corn here .
“Protecting your skin from the sun” is actually bad advice if we’re talking about using conventional sunscreens. Most contain toxic chemical ingredients and may actually be causing skin cancer not preventing it. Tanning beds cause skin cancer too.
Megaphone voice: DO NOT USE A TANNING BED.
15-30 minutes of morning sunshine on your skin every day is extremely beneficial. Also contrary to popular belief, skin cancer rates are higher in areas that are further from the equator and get less sunshine. A Vitamin D3 supplement is extremely important to take in the winter months, if you live in the north, or if you work at night.
A daily diet rich in plant foods like fruits, veggies, seeds and nuts is definitely an anti-cancer diet. If you are eating animal products it is very important that they comes from local organic grass-fed free-range farms. Otherwise you are eating meat and dairy with steroids, growth hormones, antibiotics and unnaturally high levels of fat.
This is my standard: I only eat meat if I know where it comes from, with very few exceptions.
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Sunday, November 4, 2012
Spontaneous Human Combustion
Wikipedia: Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) is a name used to describe cases of the burning of a living human body without an apparent external source of ignition. There is speculation and controversy regarding SHC - some regard it as a unique and currently unexplained phenomenon, while others feel that cases described as SHC can be understood using current generally-accepted scientific principles. There have been about 200 cited cases worldwide over a period of around 300 years.
A case described from Wikipedia: On the night of July 1 – July 2, 1951 she burned to death in her apartment and the nickname "The Cinder Lady" was given to her posthumously by the local media.
The alarm was raised at about 8 a.m. July 2 when Reeser's landlady, Pansy Carpenter, arrived at her door with a telegram. Trying the door, she found the metal doorknob to be uncomfortably warm to the touch and called the police.
Reeser's remains, which were largely ashes, were found among the remains of a chair in which she had been sitting. Only part of her left foot (which was wearing a slipper) remained. Plastic household objects at a distance from the seat of the fire were softened and had lost their shapes.
Reeser's skull had survived and was found among the ashes, but was 'shrunken' (sometimes with the added descriptive flourish of 'to the size of a teacup'). The extent of this shrinkage was enough to be remarked on by official investigators and was not an illusion caused by the removal of all facial features (ears, nose, lips, etc). The shrinking of the skull is not a regular feature of alleged cases of SHC, although the 'shrunken skull' claim has become a regular feature of anecdotal accounts of other SHC cases and numerous apocryphal stories. However, this is not the only case in which the remains featured a shrunken skull.
On 7 July 1951, St. Petersburg police chief J.R. Reichert sent a box of evidence from the scene to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. He included glass fragments found in the ashes, six "small objects thought to be teeth," a section of the carpet, and the surviving shoe.
Even though the body was almost totally cremated, requiring very high temperatures, the room in which it occurred showed little evidence of the fire.
Reichert included a note saying: "We request any information or theories that could explain how a human body could be so destroyed and the fire confined to such a small area and so little damage done to the structure of the building and the furniture in the room not even scorched or damaged by smoke."
The FBI eventually declared that Reeser had been incinerated by the wick effect. A known user of sleeping pills, they hypothesized that she had fallen unconscious while smoking and set fire to her nightclothes. "Once the body starts to burn," the FBI wrote in its report, "there is enough fat and other inflammable substances to permit varying amounts of destruction to take place. Sometimes this destruction by burning will proceed to a degree which results in almost complete combustion of the body."
I admit that I am a child of the 70s and so spontaneous human combustion was a popular and favorite subject often talked about in the press. When I was a kid and I first heard of it, I was horrified by the thought that I might just spontaneously go up in flames. Even though as I got older, I realized I'd more likely be hit by lightning, I still found the subject a curiously interesting puzzle. Who hasn't gotten "hot under the collar" and wondered if they might pop a vessel or ignite?
The last story above had me wondering. I do recall endorphins rushing in during times of extreme physical danger and I was completely unable to feel pain or even react properly. The fact that these people aren’t rushing to put the fire out could be an endorphin rush, but that doesn’t explain why the usual person (like Michael Jackson during the Pepsi commercial filming) has a primitive desire to run away in a rush when on fire. Is there something else going on chemically in the body that makes the mind believe something that isn’t real or perhaps tempers reaction times?
The fact that entire rooms aren’t taken down to ash by the process is really unusual. As well, the remaining body parts unburned are puzzling. However, the fact that legs and arms (the most often left behind parts—see pictures above) don’t burn is not that surprising to me. In fact, the legs and arms are very muscular and have little body fat. The core of the body would be most likely to burn if this were a wick effect fueled by body fat. Fat, as well all know, burns at a very hot temperature. If you ever saw the “Myth Busters” episode about pouring water on a pot of boiling oil and the huge flash of fire, you’d understand what your body moisture and fat might do in combination. That these bodies burn at higher temperatures than many crematoriums is unusual too. The body fat should fuel a cremation as much as an SHC.
I have to admit this puzzle is so exciting, I can't stop wondering about it. Yes, there is a wick effect from fat burning, but what in the world begins the body fat's burning process and why the hell don't people who smoke in bed and burn, not end up with a limited fire where they are and not the entire house going up in flames?
The mystery still continues.
at 2:30:00 AM
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Analysis: Narrator Point of View
Who is the narrator, can she or he read minds, and, more importantly, can we trust her or him?
First Person (central narrators); Frame story
Confused? We don't blame you. Frankenstein is made up of:
Walton's letters, which include
Victor's story, which includes
the monster's story, which includes
Felix's story (told in third person)
What the point of having all these different stories? Here's one idea:
Science is all about trying to figure out how the world works. Victor himself tells us that when he says he wants to "penetrate the secrets of nature" (2.7). So, you could say that the scientist is trying to adopt the perspective of God, who's the ultimate third-person omniscient narrator: he knows everything about everyone.
But in Frankenstein, we never get that perspective. All we get are a bunch of people's stories, and we have to piece together the truth from that. Do we believe the monster's own story about himself? Or do we believe what Victor says about him: that he's a heartless, cruel, ugly monster? You could say that Shelley makes us like scientists, having to piece together imperfect information—and you could also say that, by giving us so many different stories, she shows us it's impossible to ever really know.
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In the shadow of a rumbling volcano, Quito, Ecuador solicits just-in-time advice from the world’s disaster experts
by Anne Frances Johnson
In his 1979 hit song, “Volcano,” Jimmy Buffet breezily exclaims, “I don’t know where I’m a-gonna go when the volcano blows!” The catchy refrain, written in reference to a then-dormant Caribbean volcano near where Buffet was recording, today rings painfully true for millions of people living in the shadows of volcanoes.
Although most volcanoes could erupt at any time, the danger is easy to ignore—until the mountain awakens, and the risk suddenly becomes very real.
That’s just what happened in Quito, Ecuador in August 2015 when Cotopaxi, a volcano just 30 miles from the city, began to rumble. A small eruption followed by a steady stream of steam-and-ash plumes—signs of magma rising into the volcano—put the city on high alert. As residents and officials turned a wary eye toward the mountain, one question took on new urgency: How can we protect lives and infrastructure from a catastrophic eruption that could arrive any time of day or night?
Cotopaxi’s last large-scale eruption was in 1877, and the volcano’s level of activity suggests another one is inevitable. In addition to spewing lava, a major eruption would melt Cotopaxi’s glaciers and send a large flow of material barreling down the mountain, posing an immediate risk to people and potentially causing rivers to overflow their banks. Some 120,000 people living in the valley beneath the volcano would have a mere 12 minutes to escape the lava’s path, and more than 325,000 other area residents would have only slightly more time to evacuate. An eruption could also create significant long-term challenges across a broad area, including dangerous air quality and disruptions to infrastructure, food systems and water supplies.
As danger looms, a city gets coaching from the crowd
Aware that the city was underprepared for a significant eruption, The Governance Lab, a program of the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, volunteered its time and expertise to help local officials accelerate preparation efforts. The GovLab, which helps governments and other institutions work collaboratively to solve problems, teamed up with Linq, the city’s innovation agency.
“We were very aware that this was a time-sensitive matter—we needed experts, and we needed them fast,” explained Dinorah Cantú-Pedraza, a human rights lawyer and Research Fellow at The GovLab who collaborated on the project. “So that’s why we decided to create online sessions focused on how innovations can solve specific problems facing the city.”
With support from the Knight Foundation, the team set up a series of 12 teleconference sessions spanning six weeks. Each session was organized around specific gaps in the city’s disaster response plans, such as how to best coordinate communication during an eruption, how to plan an evacuation and how to shelter displaced people. Spreading the word on social media and existing networks, organizers were able to quickly draw in experts from around the world.
“I believe that when you give people a chance to have a meaningful participation and show that what they do matters, they will help you,” said Cantú-Pedraza. “Usually people get together after the disaster happens, and this was an opportunity to get together before a disaster. It shows that people are not only moved by horrible images and tragedy, but are also moved by hope and solidarity.”
During each 90-minute session, city officials shared background information about the current state of readiness in the session’s area of focus. Participants then exchanged knowledge and brainstormed solutions in an open discussion moderated by an expert in the field. Volunteer note-takers produced a report from each session to make it easy for Quito officials to act on the ideas that were generated.
In their call for participants, organizers defined “expert” broadly to include people with skills, credentials, lived experience and passion for a topic. “Sometimes your job title isn’t enough to identify your expertise—we wanted to get beyond just titles and find the people with the experience and knowledge we needed,” said Cantú-Pedraza.
The results were impressive. The first few sessions attracted more than 60 experts and generated such a large amount of useful input that city stakeholders decided to pause the sessions after the first six to allow staff time to act on the ideas that had been surfaced. The sessions are expected to restart after an initial wave of implementation.
In the meantime, Cotopaxi itself seems to have paused its rumblings, quieting down after several months of continuous activity. It’s a welcome break for the city, which now, it appears, has a bit more time to prepare for potential catastrophe.
A model for getting help where it’s needed most
Expanding human populations mean that ever more people are settling in the vicinity of volcanoes, so it’s not unlikely that another major city will find itself in Quito’s predicament before long. Cantú-Pedraza says the crowdsourcing approach could be useful not only for these situations but also for cities facing other types of disasters and even other types of challenges altogether. The Cotopaxi experience shows that experts are more than willing to help communities in need, and that even a minimal time commitment of one 90-minute session can make a real difference.
One of the biggest lessons from the experience has been one Cantú-Pedraza said she sees again and again: “The hardest task is having a good problem definition; if you don’t have that, it’s very hard to get answers. Our learning process showed us that if you can make the problems as specific and as granular as possible, the solutions are much more actionable.”
GovLab’s “fail-fast, learn-by-doing” approach is crucial to its projects’ success in remaining responsive to the problems at hand. “That was a central element in how we worked with our partners and improved the approach as we went forward,” said Cantú-Pedraza.
To help translate the Cotopaxi crowdsourcing model for other circumstances, GovLab is working to build a network of innovators and experts that can be tapped on short notice to address problems as they emerge around the world. Although we can hope for the best in Quito and elsewhere, the reality is that we must plan for the worst.
Anne Frances Johnson is founder and lead science writer of Creative Science Writing and a contributor to the Thriving Earth Exchange.
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For the more information about the air resources of the National Park Service, please visit http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/.
Eureka Dunes, located within Death Valley National Park, is an excellent example of eolian (wind) geological processes. It is the tallest dune complex in the Great Basin biophysiographic province of the United States. The site contains an endangered grass genus, one species of which is the only plant capable of surviving on and stabilizing the steep dune slopes.
Location: Inyo County, CA
Year designated: 1983
For additional information see:
Please remember, National Natural Landmarks (NNLs) are not national parks. NNL status does not indicate public ownership, and many sites are not open for visitation.
Last Updated: June 28, 2012
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In this section we describe the circuits used for generation and demodulation of amplitude modulated signals. An analog multiplier IC AD633 (Analog Devices) has been used to generate the AM signal. The AD633 is a functionally complete, four-quadrant, analog multiplier. It includes high impedance, differential X and Y inputs, and a high impedance summing input (Z). The low impedance output voltage is a nominal 10 V full scale provided by a buried Zener. The functional diagram of the AD633 is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Functional block diagram
From Figure 4, we find that,
Details of AD633 is available in the data sheet.
Amplitude modulator Circuit with AD633
The AD633 can be used as a linear amplitude modulator with no external components. Figure 5 shows the circuit. The carrier and modulation inputs to the AD633 are multiplied to produce a double sideband signal. The carrier signal is fed forward to the Z input of the AD633 where it is summed with the double sideband signal to produce a double sideband with the carrier output.
For single tone modulation, EM=Am Sin(ωmt) is used. The index of modulation can be varied by changing Am.
Demodulation of AM signal
As stated earlier, an envelope detector has been used here for demodulation. An envelope detector (Figure 6(a)) is an electronic circuit that takes a high-frequency modulated signal as input and provides an output which is the "envelope" of the original signal. The capacitor in the circuit stores charge on the rising edge, and releases it slowly through the resistor when the signal falls. The diode in series rectifies the incoming signal, allowing current flow only when the positive input terminal is at a higher potential than the negative input terminal (Figure 6(b)).
Figure 6(b): Envelope detection process
For a sinusoidally modulated signal, if the time constant of the detector is chosen such that
|,the detector can always follow the message envelope.
The complete experimental setup is shown in Figure 7.
Figure7. Setup for the Real Time Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Experiment
Figure 8. Actual Circuit connection
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Is Creation More Than A Biological Model of Origins?
Ralph E. Ancil
From about the 16th century onward, and especially during the so-called "Enlightenment," there occurred a growth of secular, non-Christian ideas. Philosophers embraced rationalism: the belief that man can understand everything without God or divine revelation; and naturalism: the belief that there is nothing of supernatural significance in man in either thought or deed. Politically, rulers embraced the notion of the "Divine Right of Kings" which was exaggerated to the point of bordering on a return to pagan deification of the State and rejection of the Christian concept which places the king under God and His Law. Such absolutist thinking increased and centralized governmental power which included the accumulation of wealth. This resulted in territorial expansion, international conflict and generally a focus on economic and material interest.1 A bifurcation of thought occurred in the sciences as a growing number of secular thinkers tried to break the strong, natural alliance of science and religion. Increasingly, science became linked with a secular perspective in which the world was seen as a materialistic machine governed not by a caring and sustaining God, but by impersonal autonomous "laws."
By the 19th century the secular world view had become firmly entrenched in key areas of thought. It was in this historical setting that Charles Darwin published (in 1859) The Origin of Species by Natural Selection Of the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life Although other writers had presented essentially evolutionary ideas before him, Darwin's emphasis on natural selection gave his explanation the appearance of "scientific" validity.2 It was materialistic and mechanistic and thus suited the age. As one observer notes:
"By the end of the century, hardly a field of thought remained unfertilized by the 'new' concept. Historians had begun looking at the past as 'a living organism'; legal theorists studied the law as a developing social institution; critics studied the evolution of literary types; anthropologists and sociologists invoked 'natural selection' in their studies of social forms "2
Today the concept of evolution is so rooted in virtually every area of thought in Western culture, that any attack upon it must have consequences of the utmost importance. William Erwin Thompson reports that he was surprised one day to learn that a professor in California did not consider the "theory" of evolution to be "proved." Thompson thought only religious fanatics could doubt the proof ot evolution.
since I saw myself as definitely on the side of science against religion, I positioned myself in the manner without a thought for what was really only a matter of snobbery."4
After considering some problems of human evolution, Thompson concludes:
"The Darwinian theory of human evolution by natural selection, which triumphed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, may fall apart into newly structured pieces in the twentieth and early twentyfirst centuries. Such an intellectual event would bring about the most overwhelming and profound changes in the intellectual's world view ``5
It is important, then, to examine a few of the profound changes which might arise from the adoption of a creation model of origins. Is the creation model of origins capable of bringing about these "profound changes" of which Thompson speaks? In other words, is the creation model more than just a biological account of origins? Does it have far reaching social implications? In attempting to answer this question we will examine some of the major features of the Creation concept and contrast them with those of the evolution belief.
THE FOUR MAJOR TRAITS
The first level of comparison involves noting the major features of the two origins concepts.
|1. Indefinite, endless change||open-ended|
|2. Simple to Complex with unlimited variation (going on now):||progressive|
|3. Chance and Impersonal "Laws" (natural selection):||mechanistic|
|4. No ultimate point of reference:||purposeless|
|1. Completed and final:||closure|
|2. Involves simultaneous and successive events followed by conservation: (distinct)||constant|
|3. God's care and sustenance:||theistic|
|4. Point of reference or purpose:||teleologic|
The features of these biological models are often transferred to various aspects of society. For example, on evolutionary premises, moral questions are open-ended or debatable. Changes in morality are considered "progress" and in the end none of it matters anyway. A creationist, on the other hand, would be inclined to see closure on moral questions. Some things are definitely right, some definitely wrong. He sees morality as permanent or constant.
The evolutionist approaches society on a legalistic or mechanistic basis because he feels that the manipulation of social "mechanisms" will bring the desired results. The creationist believes God acts in human society as well as in the material world, governing all things, and so the proper conduct of society involves more than mechanistic manipulation of social institutions.
These then are the four major features of each model as they are applied in society. We may now examine the contrasting models in relation to certain key aspects of society.
Evolutionists see the world as one of process, of continuous change and of endless progress. Evolutionary semanticists naturally question how the fixity which characterizes language can represent such a world. They are, in other words, completely committed to the view of "becoming": nothing ever is; everything only becomes.6 Instead of seeing language as reflecting conceptions of verities, evolutionary semanticists hold that language reflects only qualities of perceptions. They therefore attempt to remove the philosophic inclination of language, i.e., they try to eliminate all character and teleology from it.7
This attitude is especially evident in the natural sciences. For example, Baker and Allan indicated that teleological expressions have no place in biological explanations. though they concede that such expressions are sometimes hard to avoid and that even they themselves may occasionally "slip". Thus a sentence describing that a cell takes in glucose "in order to" increase its energy supply constitutes an unfortunate expression because the phrase "in order to" connotes purpose.8
Richard Weaver comments on the relation of language and science and notes that the empirical community of science must avail itself of the metaphysical community of language9 As Wilber Marshall Urban put it:
"It is part of my general thesis that all meaning is ultimately linguistic and that although science, in the interests of purer notation and manipulation may break through the husk of language, its non-linguistic symbols must again be translated back into natural language if intelligibility is to be possible."10
Hence, when evolutionary semanticists undermine language they ultimately undermine science.
One important area of science is systematics, the categorizing or naming of plants and animals. To define something requires that it be placed in a category and distinguished from other things. Again Weaver writes:
"The limits of the definition are thus the boundary between the things and the not-thing."'
But evolutionists do not recognize any inherent limit to variations but instead tend to minimize the very differences of distinction and discreteness needed for sound systematics. Perhaps this is the reason why Dr. Colin Patterson of the British Museum of Natural History has recently declared that evolution has the function of knowledge but conveys none:
"Explanatory value of the hypothesis of common ancestry is nil. .1 feel that the effects of hypotheses of common ancestry in systematics has not been merely boring, not just a lack of knowledge, I think it has been positively anti-knowledge."12
And so Dr. Patterson and others have abandoned the belief in common ancestry and rely upon similarities of structures in their systematics.13 On the other hand, we find that acceptance of the Creation model implies a greater view of the importance of language. God spoke and it was so (Gen. 1); He gave the word and it is; He sustains all things by the word of His power (Heb. 1:3). The creation account emphasizes that the world is finished and it is not becoming eternally. This fact, in turn, harmonizes with the natural fixity of language. While evolutionary semanticists feel that they must break through the veil of language to get at reality, the creation account implies that language is the vehicle to (higher) reality and indeed that language shapes material reality. God demonstrates His dominion over the world through His language. And Adam, created in God's Image, demonstrated his dominion over the animals by naming them. (Perhaps he was the first taxonomist.)
The acceptance of a creationist view of origins leads to a more elevated view of language and to a respect for words as real things and the truths they contain.
With the rise of socialism came the cry that the means of production ought not to be privately owned. We have noticed in recent years increasing regulation at the national level of private property. It is legitimate then to ask on what basis can we justify the private ownership of properly?
Dr. Raleigh Barlowe writes:
"Most authorities agree that our concept of property rights is really the outgrowth of a long period of evolutionary development."'4
This evolution is believed to have been like this: first, no ownership (all free goods), then, tribal/communal ownership and finally, private ownership. Dr. Barlowe seems to think that ultimately property rights rest with society. With such an evolutionary view of property, it is not surprising that liberties are taken with property in socialist countries. We, in this country, have enjoyed a tradition of respect for private property, although some socialist inroads in the government control of private property have occurred.
Not all evolutionists are socialists, but socialists are evolutionists. To the extent evolution has contributed to a socialist view, it has become a threat to private property. (Karl Marx, for example, wanted to dedicate his book Das Kapital to Darwin; Darwin declined.15)
What about the creationist position? What basis do we have in the creation model for private property? T. Robert Ingram writing in the Creation Research Society Quarterly states:
"Man's power to own property is likewise derived solely from the Divine command to have dominion. Blackstone wrote of the right of dominion as the right of property (Bk. SI, Cap. 1). Then:
'In the beginning of the world, we are informed by holy writ, that an all-bountiful Creator gave to man "dominion over the earth." This is the only true and solid foundation of man's dominion over external things, whatever any metaphysical notions may have been stated by fanciful writers upon this subject.'
The rest of the statutes securing man's dominion over all things punish violations of his authority over his wife, his goods, his real property, his good name and his vulnerability to fraud."16
The acceptance of the creation account of origins implies the acceptance of private property. It provides the justification for private property and the moral obligation to defend it.
Many people are concerned over the quality of the natural environment, but to find remedies for these problems is quite complex. Yet one contributing factor is surely our attitude to the natural world. What shapes this attitude? What has been the attitude in the past? Does our view of origins make any difference?
In this regard Richard Hofstadter17 in his book Social Darwinism in American Thought demonstrates that the captains of industry in the last century were Social Darwinists, i.e., they believed that the Darwinian concept of evolution was more than just a model of origins. It was also a social model, and so they sought to apply evolutionary thought to society. Such men included John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Chauncy De Pew. These men believed that just as individual organisms must struggle for life against their environment in the process of evolution, so too, businessmen must fight their natural and social environments in ruthless competition to survive financially. This was seen as the way of life and of progress. William Graham Sumner, a leading Social Darwinist, wrote that nature is a "hard mistress," and "opponent against whom men must strive for the means of subsistence. Men "wrestle" with nature to extort from her what they need.'8
Charles Eliot Norton (1861) commented that nature is careless of the single life: "Her processes seem wasteful, but of seeming waste, she produces her great and durable results."19
Darwin himself remarked that wastefulness, strife and warfare were the essential elements in the evolutionary progress of nature.20 With such a hostile attitude toward nature, it is not difficult to see how certain patterns of thought, how certain businesses and industrial practices, could be established and passed on into this century and thereby contribute to our environmental problems.
But if Christians accept the Genesis account of origins and recognize its social implications, they must see that they have a duty to God to be stewards of His creation. Adam was installed in the Garden of Eden and commanded to "dress it and keep it", i.e., to cultivate and conserve it (or take care of it). His commission to have "dominion" did not give Adam the license to abuse God's earth, or to do anything he wanted to do. Rather he was given the authority commensurate to his responsibility for a purpose: to care for the earth. This is similar to the authority Potiphar gave Joseph; he entrusted him with all he had. Had Joseph violated that trust he would have been removed from his position (as he indeed was due to the wife's accusation).
Today evolutionary environmentalists demand many things in the name of the environment. Some of these goals Christians can agree with, such as recycling of materials, conservation of resources, etc. But many of their goals are clearly unacceptable such as abortion, sterilization, contraceptives for minors, global government and massive unilateral disarmament.21 It is in this area that Christians have the opportunity to present an alternative to evolutionary thinking, one which will allow man to exercise a dominion of stewardship in harmony with basic Judeo-Christian values. The acceptance of the creation account implies the acceptance of a moral obligation to God to take care of His handiwork. Respect for the Creator requires respect for His Creation.
We have heard much in recent years of the "advances for progress" in the so-called feminist movement. And yet what is the basis for this movement? In reviewing the history of it we find that it started in the last century. It is essentially a socialist/evolutionist world view advocated by such well-known evolutionists as Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in their Communist Manifesto and later by Engels in his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State and by John Stuart Mill in his book On the Subjection of Women We are therefore not surprised to learn that leading "feminists" hold to a socialistic/evolutionary world view.
The goals of feminism are nothing less than the complete overthrow of our present system of society which is patriarchal, i.e., male dominated. Dr. Daniel Amneus gives some examples:22
1. Feminist Betsy Warrior believes that men are obsolete and should all be killed (or for those too squeamish about the mass-killing of men, she advocates zoos or man-preserves).
2. Equal rightist Sheila Cronan writes that freedom for women cannot be won without the abolition of marriage.
3. Jill Johnston dedicates her book Lesbian Nation The Feminist Solution for "my mother who should've been a lesbian. And for my daughter in hopes she will be." Miss Johnston looks forward to the end of patriarchal Christianity.
These statements are typical of feminist leaders and although not all equalitarians may advocate these measures, they nonetheless make common cause with these goals when they support the "equal rights" movement. What has been the effect of the wide-spread acceptance of the feminist cause? Has it been good? Are we a healthier, happier society because of it? Are women better off?
Dr. Daniel Amneus in his book Back to Patriarchy and other writers (e.g., George Gilder) have provided a great deal of evidence to show that feminism has been devastating to our society. They argue, for instance, that feminism has contributed 1 to the growth of federal bureaucracies and consequent growth of government power;23 2) to child abuse; the worst abusers are women estranged from their husbands;24 3) to economic failure; women are not as productive in the work force and the feminist reliance on government is subsidized by taxes;25 4) to warfare by driving men to greater acts of aggression and savagery;26 5) to the collectivization or socialization of American society (e.g., day care centers for the indoctrination of the young ;27 6) to increasing divorces due to the financial independence of women;28 7) to the decline of our national defenses due to the incorporation of women into the military;29 and 8 to the male identity crisis.30
Yet what does the creation account of Genesis suggest with respect to the roles of men and women? We find in the Genesis account that God instituted marriage and the family. The family is not an equalitarians institution; it is hierarchical with children in submission to the parents and the wife in submission to her husband in Christ. Since society is an extension of the family, it follows that society is hierarchical, not equalitarian; and is to be male dominated. We also find a basis for fraternity (as in Cain's question "Am I my brother's keeper?"). Fraternity implies love and tolerance. One does not expect the same duties or actions from little brother as one does from big brother. Hence, hierarchy and fraternity go together and are implied in the family and society and have a unifying effect. But the concept of equality is not found in the Genesis account. Fraternity and equality are opposite concepts. Equality implies self-sufficiency (not needing someone else) and thus destroys the bonds of mutual obligation and duty upon which all families and societies are built. It therefore has a shattering or atomizing effect.31
The Apostle Paul in his writings referred to the creation account and noted that male headship was due because: 1) Adam was created first (primacy); 2) the man is the glory of God but woman is the glory of man; 3) woman was made for man as helper (not the other way around); and 4) woman was deceived by Satan, not the man. We can also point to another indication that the men are to take the lead, i.e., to hold authority in society, by noting the importance of naming in the Genesis account. Plato and other thinkers have identified the name-giver as a law-giver for the law proceeds on the basis of assigning the correct name to a crime or event.32 Science, too, depends on correctly naming plants and animals (taxonomy). God, in the creation account, demonstrated his authority over man by naming him (Gen. 5:2). So, too, Adam demonstrated his lordship over the animals by naming them (Gen. 2:19) and he also demonstrated his authority over his wife by naming her: first as woman (out of man, Gen. 2:23) and later as Eve (mother of all living things, Gen. 3:20).
We have then in the creation account, not only support for the principle of patriarchy, but also an explanation of its origin. It is the creation account which explains why all societies of which we have knowledge (both past and present) have been and are today male dominated. Steven Goldberg documents this fact very well in his book The inevitability of Patriarchy.33
Surely the acceptance of an evolutionary world view has contributed to the acceptance of feminism. Just as surely a return to the biblical view, i.e., the creation view of origins. implies a return to patriarchy.
GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMICS
In the present situation of America, we find a large national government bloated with bureaucracies; we find a similar situation at the state and sometimes at the local level. Millions of men are out of work and inflation continues to plague us. Many writers believe that we will continue the trend toward greater centralization and government control, especially at the national level.
But again we find that in turning to the creation model of origins we are given some ideas that relate to the nature of good human government. First, we note that before the worldwide flood of Noah there was apparently no form of human government, at least not as we now think of it. The record is quite emphatic that beginning with Cain's murder of Abel mankind grew progressively more violent until God saw fit to wipe man out of existence save but a few. After the worldwide deluge, God commanded Noah that any man who took another man's life forfeited his own life (Gen. 9:5,6). In other words Noah was charged to execute capital punishment for capital offenses. This is the cornerstone of human government: punishment of crime, for man is inherently evil.
About that same time another event occurred which gives us insight into the kind of government that pleases (or displeases) God. Man had been commanded to disperse into the earth to populate it. But Nimrod, a mighty hunter in opposition to Jehovah, began building cities and centralizing people. The city of Babylon itself was quite presumptuous for the builders decided to build a tower that would reach into the heavens, thus keeping all the people concentrated around Babylon. We know what happened. God confused their language and dispersed them. As the well-known creation writer, Or. Henry M. Morris comments in his book The Genesis Record
"Men had proved unwilling to obey God's simple instructions to fill the earth, dividing into many separate, but parallel, governmental units. They preferred to remain together under one great centralized and highly regimented government and this union had quickly led to a vast unified anti-God religious philosophy as well."34
Apparently, highly centralized governmental control is not pleasing to God. When considering the modern American political scene we frequently hear discussions of "conservatives" vs. "liberals." What exactly is meant by these terms? According to George H. Nash, conservatives consist of three basic groups: traditionalists (Christians); libertarians; and anti-communists. 35 (The liberals are usually "socialist" in orientation.) Let us analyze these groups. The "traditionalists" are Christians who seek to conserve those values that are embodied in godly traditions and biblical precepts. This allows room also for a free market economy, and a decentralized but authoritative government. The libertarians advocate a free-market with almost no government intervention (the laissez-faire doctrine). They also prefer a decentralized government but not necessarily an authoritative one. Usually, the weaker the government at all levels, the better they like it. They hold that government is inherently evil and must be restrained. They seek to maximize individual liberty and rights. In all of this they resemble what is called the "classical liberal", prominent in the last century. The anti-communists, of course, are primarily concerned about the threat of communism as advanced by the Soviet Union. They see Western civilization engaging in a great civil war, so to speak. The forces of justice and democracy stand against totalitarian oppression.
Nash's groupings, however, produce a great deal of confusion. Obviously traditionalists and libertarians are also anti-communists, and yet they will disagree with each other, on a number of important questions (abortion, pornography, etc.) Many of the anti-communists fit into the other two categories: Whittaker Chambers, a devout Quaker, clearly belongs in the Christian category, as do Russell Kirk and William F. Buckley, Jr. On the other hand, Frank Meyer was a libertarian as well as an anti-communist. Hence, it is difficult to articulate a coherent view of the "conservative" position. I believe there is a better way of describing this situation. First as mentioned above it must be recognized that the anti-communists are not a true separate group since both libertarians and traditionalists are against communism. Therefore, let's eliminate that group.
Next, we need to understand that both libertarians and socialists as evolutionists believe in (secular) progress, as representative of and reflecting a fundamental characteristic of the material universe as a whole. They disagree merely over the issue of how progress is to be achieved. Socialists believe it ought to be achieved through the medium of government control, while libertarians believe it ought to be achieved through the medium of market processes. Both hold to evolutionary world views. Thus, F.A. Hayek, a well-known libertarian economist, justifies the free market on evolutionary grounds: just as life and language evolved spontaneously through various kinds of interactions, so too, the free market generates a "spontaneous order."37 One of F.A. Hayek's students, Ludwig Lachmann, considers the market from an endless process perspective; he writes:
the market economy is to be regarded as an ongoing process, a process essentially without beginning or end, in which general equilibrium positions are impossible; there never is a state of rest. Economic processes are going on. changing the world all the time."38
Therefore, we must categorize libertarians and socialists as being both progressives. not conservatives. Christians (traditionalists) want to conserve biblical values in society. They avoid the extremism of both libertarians and socialists. Thus, the new arrangement would be:
Christian vs. a) Libertarians
(traditionalists) b) Socialists
The dispute between libertarians and socialists goes back to the Industrial Revolution. Both sides welcomed it, and both believed that they had the answers for some of its problems (Marx believed it was the basis for socialism). Later when Charles Darwin presented his evolutionary views, both sides were quick to pick up this explanation and began viewing their economics in evolutionary terms. To the creationist, conservative, Christian this disagreement is an "in-house" dispute (much like Catholic vs. Protestant is to an atheist).
The conservative, creationist, Christian can contribute a great deal of light on the confused and misguided issues of government and economics today. but he must be careful to present sound arguments and to arrive at the right conclusions for the right reasons. Using the Bible as his standard, including and especially the Genesis account, he can be a force for good, the salt of the earth, a lamp in this evolutionary night.
In conclusion, we must understand the importance of origins concepts: "Why is it so important to view life with a sense of origin?... The events (of time) are shaped by, and gain meaning from, the one Creative Event. (A true account of origins) seeks to bring the light of the primordial, cosmogonic Event that shaped time to bear upon the events of the present. . Consider that the incarnation of Christ is meaningful insofar as it is understood in the total order of God's revelation. . . Furthermore, without the prior fall of man, the incarnation of Christ is meaningless. Without the sense of a created perfection by God, the fall of man is meaningless."39
In other words we cannot fully understand the present until we understand the past and how the past began. We must have some understanding of what happened, "In the beginning."
We have seen that the concept of origins dominant in our society has had a profound impact on the way we live, and on the way we think. Unfortunately. it cannot be said that this impact has been good. To the contrary, the widespread acceptance of an evolutionary view of origins has contributed to the disintegration of western civilization, for it cuts right to the heart of human nature and implies that man is an animal; that everything is relative but that everything gets better on its own; that man and the world are inherently good; and that there is no god. In short, as indicated by Gillespie,40 Darwins' work has greatly contributed to the "ungodding" of the universe.
Likewise, the creation model is more than just an account of biological origins. It is rich in social implications which are the opposite from those of evolutionism. Indeed, the acceptance of creation implies the acceptance of a number of other perspectives which, if widely adopted, would produce profound changes in virtually every area of life. Its magnitude of impact would be no less than that of the adoption of evolution in the last century. No doubt evolutionists recognize this. Thus they are organizing to strongly oppose creationists.
Having recognized the issues and heard the evidences, both scientific and theological, we are no longer able to equivocate or seek neutral ground. We are under a moral obligation to discharge our duties to God, come what may. But will we have the courage of our convictions? Or will we limp on two opinions as the ancient Israelites did? Will we stand firmly on the side of the God of creation and His Redemption? Or will we listen to the voices of the marketplace, seek approval of the world and have our ears tickled until we are lukewarm, and Christ must vomit us out of His mouth? Will we defend Scripture all the way, including the Genesis account, or will we compromise and make common cause with atheists?
There are only two kinds of people: those who believe in transcendent moral values and those who do not. We live in a polarized society, and a house divided against itself cannot stand; but perhaps by the grace of God we can restore our lost unity. Be that as it may, we must follow Christ's example: if we are not for Him, we are against Him; if we do not gather, we scatter. This is another kind of winnowing, the separating of wheat from chaff, and sheep from goats We come not to bring peace, but a sword. We must be prudent, but not faint-hearted, for the issue has been raised; the battle has been joined. Let us pick up the sword and face the foes of Christ?
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Description of Historic Place
The Bonnett House, located at 158 St George Street, Annapolis Royal, NS, is a two-storey wood frame structure built circa 1773 in the Neo-classical style. It features a five bay façade clad in wooden clapboard with a medium hipped roof. Built facing the waterfront, it is situated close to the street, in a grouping of four similar eighteenth century houses, the only such grouping remaining in Annapolis Royal. The municipal designation includes the house and property.
The Bonnett House, as recognized by its municipal designation, is valued for its association with history of the town, age, and architecture.
At the turn of the seventeenth century, this lot was part of the property of Jean Chrysostome Loppinot who was the royal notary for the Acadie colony who had arrived in Port Royal in 1699. M. Loppinot married Jeanne Doucet, and Acadian, and by 1704 was attorney general and representative for the French Admiralty. Their first house was burned in June 1707 during an assault on the town. Their second, reconstructed, home was destroyed by fire on the night of June 7, 1710 when a shipment of cotton being stored in the building ignited.
As a French civil servant Loppinot forfeited his property and was obliged to return to France after the surrender of the town in 1710 to the British after the Treaty of Utrecht. In 1732 the lot was part of that granted by the British Crown to John Hanshole, a native of Alsace who was stationed with the British garrison and served as constable to the governing council. He too married an Acadian woman, Marie Daigre dit Oulozon, in 1727. The builder of the Bonnett House, Pardon Sanders, purchased the lot in 1764. Sanders was an artificer with the Board of Ordnance who had come to the area in the 1740s to work on Fort Anne. His job ended in 1769 when the Ordnance establishment at the fort was terminated. He continued to live in the town and built the Bonnett House shortly thereafter. Through the science of dendrochronology, the house has been dated at 1773.
In 1783, at the height of the Loyalist migration to town, Sanders sold the property to newcomer Frederic Davoue, a Loyalist from New Rochelle, New York, who was a prominent land speculator. The following year Davoue sold the portion of the lot containing the house to fellow Loyalist, merchant David Bonnett. The Bonnett House was then owned by his sons Isaac Bonnett, a merchant, and Peter Bonnett, High Sheriff, until its purchase in 1853 by merchant Charles Starratt. From 1930 until 1990 it was the home of the Burrell and related Brothers families.
The Bonnett House is significant for its age and its symmetrical Neo-classical features. It is a two-storey house located close to the street with a medium hip roof, five bays on the street façade and a central chimney. The cornice is boxed and plain, with the exception of the street façade, which has decorative moulding under the roof projection. The central door has a plain wood head and sides, with a decorative crown. The exterior walls are wood clapboarding with end boards. In 1992 an extension was added to the back of the house which almost squares the building. At that time, artificial siding and modern windows were replaced with the current wooden features.
The Bonnett House is an important contributor to this part of lower St. George Street as it is Annapolis Royal's longest surviving streetscape. It is also notable that it is located across the street from the town's waterfront with a view of the neighbouring community of Granville Ferry.
Source: Town of Annapolis Royal Heritage Designation Files
Character defining elements of the Bonnett house include:
- location close to road edge and in an area of other heritage buildings;
- facing and close to the town's waterfront;
- medium hip roof;
- decorative roof trim on front façade;
- symmetrical positioning of windows on front façade;
- simple door and window trim;
- decorative crown over central door;
- six-over-six wooden double hung sash windows;
- wooden clapboard siding.
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2 December 1852 – 4 September 1870
|Preceded by||de facto, himself, as President of the Second Republic
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac as de facto Head of State before him.
de jure, Louis-Philippe I as previous monarch.
|Succeeded by||Monarchy abolished
de facto Louis Jules Trochu as Chairman of the Government of National Defense
in pretence, Napoleon IV
20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852
|Prime Minister||Odilon Barrot, Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul, Léon Faucher|
|Preceded by||Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
Prime Minister and de facto Head of State
|Succeeded by||Second French Empire
with Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as emperor. Next President was Adolphe Thiers starting 1871 as President of the Third Republic
|Born||20 April 1808
|Died||9 January 1873 (aged 64)
Chislehurst, London, United Kingdom
|Political party||Independent, Bonapartist|
|Spouse(s)||Eugénie de Montijo|
|Issue||Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial|
|Full name||Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte|
|Mother||Hortense de Beauharnais|
Napoleon III (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, né Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, was the President of the French Second Republic and the ruler of the Second French Empire. He was also the nephew of Napoleon I. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he undertook a coup d'état in 1851, becoming dictator before ascending to the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until September 4, 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
Napoleon III is primarily remembered for renovating Paris, and several military ventures, including French participation in the Crimean War, the conquest of Senegal, the Second Opium War, the Cochinchina Campaign, the Second Italian War of Independence, the Franco-Mexican War, the Taiping Rebellion, the 1866 campaign against Korea, the Boshin War, and the Franco-Prussian War. The Second French Empire was overthrown three days after Napoleon's disastrous surrender at the Battle of Sedan in 1870, which resulted in both the proclamation of the French Third Republic and the cession of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to the newly-formed German Empire.
Napoleon III, known as "Louis-Napoléon" prior to becoming Emperor, was the nephew of Napoleon I by his brother Louis Bonaparte, who married Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter by the first marriage of Napoleon's wife Josephine de Beauharnais. The Empress Josephine proposed the marriage as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Josephine was by then infertile. Louis's paternity has been brought into question (see Ancestry). Louis Bonaparte also harboured a lifelong suspicion about his legitimacy, although most historians have concluded that he was conceived by Louis Bonaparte and Hortense.
During Napoleon I's reign, Louis-Napoléon's parents had been made king and queen of a French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. After Napoleon I's military defeats and deposition in 1815 and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France, all members of the Bonaparte dynasty were forced into exile. The little Louis-Napoléon was brought up in Switzerland, living with his mother in Arenenberg Castle in the canton of Thurgau, and in Germany, receiving his education at the gymnasium school at Augsburg, Bavaria. As a young man he settled in Italy, where he and his elder brother Napoléon Louis espoused liberal politics and became involved with the Carbonari, an organization fighting Austria's domination of northern Italy. On March 17, 1831, while attempting to flee Italy due to a crackdown on revolutionary activity by Papal and Austrian troops, Louis-Napoléon's brother, suffering from measles, died in his arms. His experiences in Italy later had a profound effect on his foreign policy.
Meanwhile, France was under first the Bourbon and then the Orleanist monarchies. Under the latter emerged a Bonapartist movement that wanted to restore a Bonaparte to the throne. According to the law of succession Napoleon I had made when he was Emperor, the claim passed first to his son, the Duke of Reichstadt, known by Bonapartists as Napoleon II, or as "the King of Rome", the title his father had given him before the collapse of the Empire, a sickly youth living under virtual imprisonment at the court of Vienna. Next in line was Napoleon I's eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte, followed by Louis Bonaparte and his sons. Since Joseph had no male children, and because Louis-Napoléon's own elder brother had died in 1831, the death of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1832 made Louis-Napoléon the Bonaparte heir in the next generation. His uncle and father, relatively old men by then, left to him the active leadership of the Bonapartist cause.
Thus he secretly returned to France in October 1836, for the first time since his childhood, to try to lead a Bonapartist coup at Strasbourg. Louis-Philippe had established the July Monarchy in 1830, and was confronted with opposition from the Legitimists, the Independents and the Bonapartists. The coup failed and Louis-Napoléon returned to Switzerland. When Louis-Philippe demanded his extradition, the Swiss refused to hand over a man who was a citizen and a member of their armed forces. In order to avoid a war, Louis-Napoléon left Switzerland of his own accord.
He was quietly exiled to the United States of America, and spent four years in New York. He also sailed to Central America. He secretly returned to France and attempted yet another coup in August 1840, sailing with some hired soldiers into Boulogne. This time, he was caught and sentenced to life imprisonment, albeit in relative comfort, in the fortress of the town of Ham in the Department of the Somme. While in the Ham fortress, his eyesight reportedly became poor. During his years of imprisonment, he wrote essays and pamphlets that combined his claim to be emperor with progressive, mildly socialist economic proposals, which he came to define as Bonapartism. In 1844, his uncle Joseph died, making him the heir apparent to the Bonaparte claim. He finally escaped to Southport, England in May 1846 by exchanging clothes with a mason working at the fortress. His enemies would later derisively nickname him "Badinguet", the name of the mason whose identity he assumed. A month later, his father Louis died, making Louis-Napoléon the clear Bonapartist candidate to rule France.
Louis-Napoléon lived within the borders of the United Kingdom until the revolution of February 1848 in France deposed Louis-Philippe and established a Republic. He was now free to return to France, which he immediately did. However, he found himself being asked to leave by the provisional government, which felt that he was an unnecessary distraction. Back in England, he volunteered to be a special constable in the event of Chartist rioting. In the same month, April, he ran for, and won, a seat in the [French Constituent Assembly] elected to draft a new constitution. He did not make a great contribution and, as a mediocre public orator, failed to impress his fellow members. Some even thought that, having lived outside of France almost all his life, he spoke French with a slight German accent. His temporary exile in 1848 proved to be a blessing in disguise for the December presidential election, as it meant he played no part in the June Days, and was able to enhance his image as "all things to all men" against his main opponent, Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, who had led the repression against the working-class of Paris.
When the constitution of the Second Republic was finally promulgated and direct elections for the presidency were held on 10 December 1848, Louis-Napoléon won a surprising landslide victory, with 5,587,759 votes (around 75% of the total); his closest rival, Cavaignac, received only 1,474,687 votes. Louis-Napoléon had no long political career behind him and was able to depict himself as "all things to all men". The Monarchist right (supporters of either the Bourbon or Orléanist royal households) and much of the upper class supported him as the "least bad" candidate, as a man who would restore order, end the instability in France which had continued since the overthrow of the monarchy in February, and prevent a proto-communist revolution (in the vein of Friedrich Engels). A good proportion of the industrial working class, on the other hand, were won over by Louis-Napoléon's vague indications of progressive economic views. His overwhelming victory was above all due to the support of the non-politicized rural masses, to whom the name of Bonaparte meant something, as opposed to the other, little-known contenders. Louis-Napoléon's platform was the restoration of order after months of political turmoil, strong government, social consolidation, and national greatness, to which he appealed with all the credit of his name, that of France's national hero, Napoleon I, who in popular memory was credited with raising the nation to its pinnacle of military greatness and establishing social stability after the turmoil of the French Revolution. During his term as President, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte styled himself the Prince-President (Le Prince-Président).
Despite his landslide victory, Louis-Napoléon was faced with a Parliament dominated by monarchists, who saw his government only as a temporary bridge to a restoration of either the House of Bourbon or of Orléans. Louis-Napoléon governed cautiously during his first years in office, choosing his ministers from among the more "centre-right" Orleanist Parti de l'Ordre monarchists, and generally avoiding conflict with the conservative assembly. He courted Catholic support by assisting in the restoration of the Pope's temporal rule in Rome, although he tried to please secularist conservative opinion at the same time by combining this with peremptory demands that the Pope introduce liberal changes to the government of the Papal States, including appointing a liberal government and establishing the Code Napoleon there, which angered the Catholic majority in the assembly. He soon made another attempt to gain Catholic support, however, by approving the Loi Falloux in 1851, which restored a greater role for the Church in the French educational system.
In the third year of his four-year mandate, President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte asked the National Assembly for a revision of the constitution to enable the president to run for re-election, arguing that four years were not enough to implement his political and economic program fully. The Constitution of the Second Republic stated that the Presidency of the Republic was to be held for a single term of four years, with no possibility of re-election, a restriction written in the Constitution for fear that a President would abuse his power to transform the Republic into a dictatorship with a president for life. The National Assembly, dominated by monarchists who wished to restore the Bourbon dynasty, refused to amend the Constitution.
The National Assembly law placed restrictions on universal male suffrage, imposing a three-year residency requirement. It prevented a large proportion of the lower class, which was itinerant, from voting. In spite of his limited powers forcing him to acquiesce to this law, Louis-Napoléon was able to seize the opportunity and break with the Assembly and the conservative ministers opposing his projects in favour of the dispossessed. He surrounded himself with lieutenants completely loyal to him, such as Morny and Persigny, secured the support of the army, and toured the country making populist speeches condemning the assembly and presenting himself as the protector of universal male suffrage.
After months of stalemate, and using the money of his mistress, Harriet Howard, he staged a coup d'état and seized dictatorial powers on 2 December 1851, the 47th anniversary of Napoleon I's crowning as Emperor, and also the 46th anniversary of the famous Battle of Austerlitz (hence another of Louis-Napoléon's nicknames: "The Man of December", "l'homme de décembre"). The coup was later declared to have been approved by the French people in a national referendum, the fairness and legality of which has been questioned by Napoleon III's detractors ever since. The coup of 1851 definitely alienated the reactionary and careerist elements in the Assembly. Victor Hugo, who had hitherto shown support for Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, decided to go into exile after the coup, and became one of the harshest critics of Napoleon III, despite the amnesty of political opponents in 1859.
New constitutional statutes were passed which officially maintained an elected Parliament and re-established universal male suffrage. However, the Parliament now became irrelevant as real power was completely concentrated in the hands of Louis-Napoléon and his bureaucracy. Exactly one year after the coup, on 2 December 1852, after approval by another referendum, the Second Republic was officially ended and the Empire restored, ushering in the Second French Empire. President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon III. The numbering of Napoleon's reign treats Napoleon II, who never actually ruled, as a true Emperor (he had been briefly recognized as emperor from 22 June to 7 July 1814). That same year, Napoleon III began shipping political prisoners and criminals to penal colonies such as Devil's Island or (in milder cases) New Caledonia.
The emperor, hitherto a bachelor, began quickly to look for a wife to produce a legitimate heir. Most of the royal families of Europe were unwilling to marry into the parvenu Bonaparte family, and after rebuffs from Princess Carola of Sweden and from Queen Victoria's German niece Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Napoleon decided to lower his sights somewhat and "marry for love", choosing the Countess of Teba, Eugénie de Montijo, a Spanish noblewoman of partial Scottish ancestry who had been brought up in Paris. In 1856, Eugenie gave birth to a legitimate son and heir, Louis Napoléon, the Prince Impérial.
Until about 1861, Napoleon's regime exhibited decidedly authoritarian characteristics, using press censorship to prevent the spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving the Parliament of the right to free debate or any real power.
In the decade of the 1860s, Napoleon III made more concessions to placate his liberal opponents. This change began by allowing free debates in Parliament and public reports of parliamentary debates, continued with the relaxation of press censorship, and culminated in the appointment of the Liberal Émile Ollivier, previously a leader of the opposition to Napoleon's regime, as (effectively) Prime Minister in 1869. This later period is described by historians as the Liberal Empire.
The French economy was rapidly modernized under Napoleon III, who desired a legacy as a reform-minded social engineer. The industrialization of France during this period, in general, appealed to members of both the business interests and the working classes. Downtown Paris was renovated with the clearing of slums, the widening of streets, and the construction of parks according to Baron Haussmann's plan. Working class neighbourhoods were moved to the outskirts of Paris, where factories utilized their labour. Some of his main backers were Saint-Simonians, and these supporters described Napoleon III as the "socialist emperor." Saint-Simonians at this time founded a new type of banking institution, the Crédit Mobilier, which sold stock to the public and then used the money raised to invest in industrial enterprises in France. This sparked a period of rapid economic development.
Napoleon's Empire has been said to be the first regime in France to give "distinct priority to economic objectives". Napoleon sought to advance his belief in free trade, cheap credit, and the need to develop infrastructure as ways of ensuring progress and prosperity through government policy. Napoleon, like Haussmann and Pesigny, believed that the budget deficits that the state incurred due to its high contributions would be offset by subsequent high profits. His regime has also been cited as one of the few in French history to make a concerted effort towards breaking down trade barriers.
As it turned out, this time period was favourable for industrial expansion. The gold rush in California, and later Australia, increased the European money supply. In the early years of the Empire, the economy also benefited from the coming of age of those born during the baby boom of the Restoration period. The steady rise of prices caused by the increase of the money supply encouraged company promotion and investment of capital. The mileage of railways in France increased from 3,000 to 16,000 kilometres during the 1850s, and this growth of railways allowed mines and factories to operate at higher rates of productivity. The 55 smaller rail lines of France were merged into 6 major lines, while new iron steamships replaced wooden ships. Between 1859 and 1869, a French company built the Suez Canal, opening a new chapter in global transportation and trade.
Algeria had been under French rule since 1830. Compared to previous administrations, Napoleon was far more sympathetic to the native Algerians, who appealed to his romantic sentiments. Because of this he halted European migration inland, restricting them to the coastal zone. Moreover, he freed the Algerian rebel leader Abd al Qadir (who had been promised freedom on surrender but was imprisoned by the previous administration) and gave him a stipend of 150,000 francs. He also allowed Muslims to serve in the military and civil service on theoretically equal terms and allowed them to migrate to France. In addition, he gave the option of citizenship; however, for Muslims to take this option they had to accept all of the French civil code, including parts governing inheritance and marriage which might conflict with Muslim tradition, and they had to reject the competence of religious courts. This was interpreted by some Muslims as requiring them to give up parts of their religion to obtain citizenship and was resented.
One of the most influential decisions Louis Napoleon made in Algeria was to change its system of land tenure. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. While Napoleon did renounce state claims to tribal lands, he also began a process of dismantling tribal land ownership in favour of individual land ownership over the course of three generations, though this process was accelerated by later administrations. This process was corrupted by French officials sympathetic to French in Algeria who took much of the land they surveyed into public domain; in addition many tribal leaders, chosen for loyalty to the French rather than influence in their tribe, immediately sold communal land for cash.
In his speech at Bordeaux in 1852, Napoleon III famously proclaimed that "The Empire means peace" ("L'Empire, c'est la paix", literally 'The Empire, it is peace'), reassuring foreign governments that the new Emperor Napoleon would not attack other European powers in order to extend the French Empire. He was, however, thoroughly determined to follow a strong foreign policy to extend France's power and glory, and warned that he would not stand by and allow another European power to threaten its neighbour. He was also a partisan of a "policy of nationalities" (literally "politique de nationalités") re-casting the map of Europe, sweeping away small principalities to create unified nation-states, even when this seemed to have little relevance to France's material interests. In this he remained influenced by the themes of his uncle's policy, as related in the Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, such as Italian unification and a united Europe. These two factors led Napoleon to a certain adventurism in foreign policy, in the opinion of some contemporaries, although this was tempered by pragmatism.
Napoleon's challenge to Russia's claims to influence in the Ottoman Empire led to France's successful participation in the Crimean War (March 1854–March 1856). During this war Napoleon established a French alliance with Britain, which continued after the war's close. The defeat of Russia and the alliance with Britain gave France increased authority in Europe. This was the first war between European powers since the close of the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, marking a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century. The war also effectively ended the Concert of Europe and the Quadruple alliance, or "Waterloo Coalition" that the other four powers had established. The Paris Peace Conference of 1856 represented a high-water mark for the regime in foreign affairs, when Napoleon had followed through with his ideas set out in Les Idées Napoleoniennes.
In East Asia, Napoleon took the first steps to establishing a French colonial influence in Indochina. He approved the launching of a naval expedition under Charles Rigault de Genouilly in 1858 to punish the Vietnamese for their mistreatment of French Catholic missionaries and force the court to accept a French presence in the country. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Also, the idea that France had a civilizing mission was spreading.
This eventually led to a full-out invasion in 1861. By 1862 the war was over and Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French Cochin-China, opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Cambodia (which led to a French protectorate over Cambodia in 1863), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war. France did not intervene, however, in the Christian-supported Vietnamese rebellion in Bac Bo, despite the urging of missionaries, or in the subsequent slaughter of thousands of Christians after the rebellion.
In China, France took part in the Second Opium War along with the United Kingdom, and in 1860 French troops entered Beijing. China was forced to concede more trading rights, allow freedom of navigation of the Yangtze, give full civil rights and freedom of religion to Christians, and give France and Britain a huge indemnity. This combined with the intervention in Vietnam set the stage for further French influence in China leading up to a sphere of influence over parts of southern China.
In 1866, French naval troops attacked Korea in response to the execution of French missionaries there. Though the campaign against Korea was primarily the work of the ranking French diplomat in China and not formally authorized by the French government, its failure nevertheless resulted in the decline of French influence in the region. In 1867, a military mission to Japan played a key role in modernizing the troops of the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, and even participated on his side against Imperial troops during the Boshin war.
As President of the Republic, Louis-Napoléon sent French troops to help restore Pope Pius IX as ruler of the Papal States in 1849 after his rule had been overthrown by the revolutionaries led by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi who had proclaimed the Roman Republic (although as a Carbonaro he had been involved in plotting a similar revolt in the Papal States during his youth in Italy). This won him support in France from Catholics (although many remained supporters of the Bourbon monarchy at heart). Yet at the same time he had sent an emissary to negotiate with the revolutionary Italian nationalist Mazzini. The Catholic Encyclopedia observes: "In this way the difficulties of the future emperor reveal themselves from the beginning; he wished to spare the religious susceptibilities of French Catholics" and yet to support "the national susceptibilities of the Italian revolutionists -- a double aim which explains many an inconsistency" in his policy.
Napoleon remained attached to the ideal of Italian nationalism which he had embraced in his youth, and wished particularly to end Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venice (he always nursed a dislike for Austria as the incarnation of reactionary, legitimate monarchy and the great barrier to the reconstruction of Europe on nationalist lines, again traceable back to his Carbonaro days). As Emperor, Napoleon dreamed of doing this, and thus satisfying his own inclinations and winning over liberal and left-wing opinion in France (which was passionately in favour of Italian unification) while at the same time supporting the Pope in Rome and thus maintaining conservative and Catholic support in France. These contradictory desires were evident in his policy in Italy.
In April-July 1859 Napoleon made a secret deal at Plombières-les-Bains with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, or at least a united northern Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding to France Savoy and the Nice region (which was destined to become the so-called French Riviera). He went to war with Austria in 1859 and won victories at Magenta and Solferino, which resulted in the ceding of Lombardy to Piedmont by Austria (and in return received Savoy and Nice from Piedmont as promised in 1860). After this had been done, however, Napoleon decided to end French involvement in the war. This early withdrawal, however, failed to prevent central Italy, including most of the Papal states, being incorporated into the new Italian state. This led Catholics in France to turn against Napoleon. Napoleon tried to redress the damage by maintaining French troops in the city of Rome itself, which prevented the Italian government seizing it from the Pope, a policy which Napoleon's devoutly Catholic wife Eugenie fervently supported. However, Napoleon on the whole failed to win back Catholic support at home (and made moves to appeal instead to the anti-Catholic left in his domestic policy in the 1860s, most notably by appointing the anti-clerical Victor Duruy Minister for Education, who further secularised the schooling system). Nonetheless, French troops remained in Rome to protect the Pope until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.
Napoleon III envisioned a "Grand Scheme for the Americas," which would consist of three general points. The first involved recognition of the Confederate States of America and a military alliance with them. The second involved reintroducing monarchical rule to Latin America, in the form of Maximillian I in Mexico, and increasing French trade throughout Latin America. The third and final point involved control over Mexico with the creation of a large buffer state from the Rio Grande to the Californian Baja.
Another example of Napoleon's adventurism in foreign policy was the French intervention in Mexico (January 1862–March 1867). Napoleon, using as a pretext the Mexican Republic's refusal to pay its foreign debts, planned to establish a French sphere of influence in North America by creating a French-backed monarchy in Mexico, a project that was supported by Mexican conservatives who resented the Mexican Republic's laicism. The United States was unable to prevent this contravention of the Monroe Doctrine because of the American Civil War; Napoleon hoped that the Confederates would be victorious in that conflict, believing they would accept the new regime in Mexico.
But his imperial dreams would not be so easy to achieve. In Mexico the French army suffered its first military defeat in 50 years, on the Fifth of May, 1862 in Puebla when the Mexican army under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated a much better-equipped French army. The defeat not only surprised the world, but served to revitalize the national spirit of Mexicans, helping to sustain a guerrilla warfare that lasted 5 years. In the end, it remained the Second Mexican Empire.
With the support of Mexican conservatives and French troops, in 1863 Napoleon installed Maximilian I of Mexico, a Habsburg prince, as emperor. Ruling President Benito Juarez and his Republican forces retreated to the countryside and fought against the French troops and the Mexican monarchists.
The combined Mexican monarchist and French forces won victories up until 1865, but then the tide began to turn against them, in part because the American Civil War had ended. The U.S. government was now able to give practical support to the Republicans, supplying them with arms and establishing a naval blockade to prevent French reinforcements arriving from Europe. Due to continued losses inflicted by the Mexican guerrillas loyal to the Republic and the threat of an American military intervention, Napoleon withdrew French troops from Mexico in 1866, which left Maximilian and the Mexican monarchists doomed to defeat in 1867. Despite Napoleon's pleas that he abdicate and leave Mexico, Maximilian refused to abandon the Mexican conservatives who had supported him, and remained alongside them until the bitter end, when he was captured by the Republicans and then shot on 19 June 1867. The complete failure of the Mexican intervention was a humiliation for Napoleon, and he was widely blamed across Europe for Maximilian's death. However, letters have since shown that Napoleon III and Leopold of Belgium both warned Maximilian not to depend on European support. Empress Eugénie has also been largely blamed for the fiasco, the implication being that she tried to meddle in affairs of state in order to get over her husband's affairs of the heart.
Empress Carlota of Mexico visited Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie at Les Tuileries to request financial and military aid to rescue the agonizing empire, but her petitions were rejected. Carlota in turn insulted the Emperor and his wife by mocking their humble origins. She subsequently declined into mental illness.
In the beginning of the 1860s, the objectives of the Emperor in foreign policy had been met: France scored several military victories in Europe and abroad, the defeat at Waterloo had been exorcised, and France was once again a significant continental military power.
During the American Civil War, Napoleon III positioned France to lead the pro-Confederate European powers. For a time, Napoleon III inched steadily toward officially recognizing the Confederacy, especially after the crash of the cotton industry and his exercise in regime-changing in Mexico. Some historians have also suggested that he was driven by a desire to keep the American states divided. Through 1862, Napoleon III entertained Confederate diplomats, raising hopes that he would unilaterally recognize the Confederacy. The Emperor, however, could do little without the support of the United Kingdom, and never officially recognized the Confederacy.
A far more dangerous threat to Napoleon, however, was looming. France saw its dominance on the continent of Europe eroded by Prussia's crushing victory over Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in June–August 1866. Due in part to his Carbonaro past, Napoleon was unable to ally himself with Austria, despite the obvious threat that a victorious Prussia would pose to France. Napoleon felt secure in the presumption that the war with Austria would be drawn out, or would result in Austrian victory, when he agreed not to intervene in 1864. Yet, having decided not to prevent the Prussian rise to power by allying against her, Napoleon also failed to take the opportunity to demand Prussian consent to French territorial expansion in return for France's neutrality. Napoleon only requested that Prussia agree to French annexation of Belgium and Luxembourg after Prussia had already defeated Austria, by which time France's neutrality was no longer needed by Prussia. This extraordinary foreign policy failure saw France gain nothing while allowing Prussia's strength to increase greatly. In part the reason for the Emperor's blunder must be laid on his deteriorating health during this period—he had begun to suffer from a bladder stone that caused him great pain, even preventing him from riding a horse.
Napoleon's later attempt in 1867 to re-balance the scales by purchasing Luxembourg from its ruler, William III of the Netherlands, was thwarted by a Prussian threat of war. The Luxembourg Crisis ended with France renouncing any claim to Luxembourg in the Treaty of London (1867).
Napoleon III paid the price for his failure to help defend Austria from Prussia in 1870 when, goaded by the diplomacy of the Prussian Prime Minister (and chancellor of the North German Confederation, and soon of the new German Empire) Otto von Bismarck, he began the Franco-Prussian War. This war proved disastrous for France, and was instrumental in giving birth to the German Empire, which would take France's place as the major land power in continental Western Europe until the end of World War I. In battle against Prussia in July 1870 the Emperor was captured at the Battle of Sedan (2 September) and was deposed by the forces of the Third Republic in Paris two days later.
Napoleon spent the last few years of his life in exile in England, with Eugenie and their only son. The family lived at Camden Place Chislehurst, (then in Kent), where he died on 9 January 1873. He was haunted to the end by bitter regrets and by painful memories of the battle at which he lost everything; Napoleon's last words, addressed to Dr. Henri Conneau standing by his deathbed, reportedly were, "Were you at Sedan?" ("Etiez-vous à Sedan?")
The Emperor died during a multistage process to break up a bladder stone. The surgeon Sir Henry Thompson, sounded the emperor and detected a bladder stone. Lithotripsy (a technique to fragment the stone so that it could be passed) was performed on 2 January and 6 January under chloroform anaesthesia delivered by Joseph Thomas Clover. The cause of death was reportedly kidney failure and septicaemia. Clover and Thompson signed the post-mortem report with four other physicians; however, it has long been suspected that the operation was botched due to the arrogance of Thompson, resulting in the Emperor's untimely death.
Napoleon was originally buried at St. Mary's, the Catholic Church in Chislehurst. However, after his son died in 1879 fighting in the British Army against the Zulus in South Africa, the bereaved Eugenie decided to build a monastery. The building would house monks driven out of France by the anti-clerical laws of the Third Republic, and would provide a suitable resting place for her husband and son. Thus, in 1888, the body of Napoleon III and that of his son were moved to the Imperial Crypt at St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, Hampshire, England. Eugenie, who died many years later, in 1920, now rests there with them. It was reported in 2007 that the French Government was seeking the return of his remains to be buried in France, but that this is opposed by the monks of the abbey.
Louis Napoleon has a reputation as a womanizer, yet he referred to his behaviour in the following manner: "It is usually the man who attacks. As for me, I defend myself, and I often capitulate." He had many mistresses. During his reign, it was the task of Count Felix Bacciochi, his social secretary, to arrange for trysts and to procure women for the emperor's favours. His affairs were not trivial sideshows: they distracted him from governing, affected his relationship with the empress, and diminished him in the views of the other European courts. Among his numerous love affairs and mistresses were:
His wife, Eugenie, resisted his advances prior to marriage. She was coached by her mother and her friend, Prosper Mérimée. "What is the road to your heart?" Napoleon demanded to know. "Through the chapel, Sire," she purportedly answered. Yet, after marriage, it took not long for him to stray as Eugenie found sex with him "disgusting". It is doubtful that she allowed further approaches by her husband once she had given him an heir.
By his late forties, Napoleon started to suffer from numerous medical ailments, including kidney disease, bladder stones, chronic bladder and prostate infections, arthritis, gout, obesity, and the effects of chronic smoking. In 1856 Dr. Robert Ferguson, a consultant called from London, diagnosed a "nervous exhaustion" that had a "debilitating impact upon sexual ... performance" and reported this also to the British government.
An important legacy of Napoleon III's reign was the rebuilding of Paris. Part of the design decisions were taken in order to reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to challenge the government by capitalizing on the small, medieval streets of Paris to form barricades. However, this should not overshadow the fact that the main reason for the complete transformation of Paris was Napoleon III's desire to modernize Paris based on what he had seen of the modernizations of London during his exile there in the 1840s. With his characteristic social approach to politics, Napoleon III desired to improve health standards and living conditions in Paris with the following goals: build a modern sewage system to improve health, develop new housing with larger apartments for the masses, create green parks all across the city to try to keep working classes away from the pubs on Sunday, etc. Large sections of the city were thus flattened and the old winding streets replaced with large thoroughfares and broad avenues. The rebuilding of Paris was directed by Baron Haussmann (1809–1891; Prefect of the Seine département 1853–1870). It was this rebuilding that turned Paris into the city of broad tree-lined boulevards and parks so beloved of tourists today. With Prosper Mérimée, Napoleon III continued to seek the preservation for numerous medieval buildings in France, which had been left disregarded since the French revolution (a project Mérimée had begun during the July Monarchy). With Viollet-le-Duc acting as chief architect, many buildings were saved, including some of the most famous in France: Notre Dame Cathedral, Mont Saint-Michel, Carcassonne, Vézelay Abbey, Pierrefonds, Roquetaillade castle, and others.
Napoleon III also directed the building of the French railway network, which greatly contributed to the development of the coal mining and steel industry in France, and thereby radically changing the nature of the French economy, which entered the modern age of large-scale capitalism. The French economy, the second largest in the world at the time (behind the United Kingdom), experienced a very strong growth during the reign of Napoleon III. Names such as steel tycoon Eugène Schneider or banking mogul James de Rothschild are symbols of the period. Two of France's largest banks, Société Générale and Crédit Lyonnais, still in existence today, were founded during that period. The French stock market also expanded prodigiously, with many coal mining and steel companies issuing stocks.
Although largely forgotten by later Republican generations, which only remembered the non-democratic nature of the regime, the economic successes of the Second Empire are today recognized as impressive by historians. The emperor himself, who had spent several years in exile in Victorian Lancashire, was largely influenced by the ideas of the Industrial Revolution in England, and he took particular care of the economic development of the country. He is recognized as the first ruler of France to have taken great care of the economy; previous rulers considering it secondary.
His military adventurism is sometimes considered a fatal blow to the Concert of Europe, which based itself on stability and balance of powers, whereas Napoleon III attempted to rearrange the world map to France's favour even when it involved radical and potentially revolutionary changes in politics.
Napoleon III, to this day, lacks the favourable historical reputation that Napoleon I enjoyed. Victor Hugo portrayed him as "Napoleon the Small" (Napoléon le Petit), a mere mediocrity, in contrast with Napoleon I "The Great", presented as a military and administrative genius. In France, such arch-opposition from the age's central literary figure, whose attacks on Napoleon III were obsessive and powerful, made it impossible for a very long time to assess his reign objectively. Karl Marx, in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, famously mocked Napoleon III by saying that historical facts and personages often appear twice: "The first time as tragedy, the second time as farce." Napoleon III has often been seen as an authoritarian but ineffectual leader who brought France into dubious, and ultimately disastrous, foreign military adventures.
Historians have also emphasized his attention to the fate of working classes and poor people. His book Extinction du paupérisme ("Extinction of pauperism"), which he wrote while imprisoned at the Fort of Ham in 1844, contributed greatly to his popularity among the working classes and thus his election in 1848. Throughout his reign the emperor worked to alleviate the sufferings of the poor, on occasion breaching the nineteenth-century economic orthodoxy of complete laissez-faire and using state resources or interfering in the market. Among other things, the Emperor granted the right to strike to French workers in 1864, despite intense opposition from corporate lobbies. Marxist sociologist Goran Therborn has characterized the reign of Napoleon III as the "first modern bourgeois regime": one which combined a movement of mass support with bourgeois rule, albeit through authoritarian statist means. According to Therborn, such a form of rule, ossified upon the point of crisis, proves fatal to such regimes once major external crises emerge.
The Emperor also ordered the creation of three large parks in Paris (Parc Monceau, Parc Montsouris, and Parc des Buttes Chaumont) with the clear intention of offering them for poor working families as an alternative to the pub (bistrot) on Sundays, much as Victoria Park in London was also built with the same social motives in mind.
Speculation about his paternity was a favourite topic of his detractors, as his parents were estranged and his mother Hortense was known to have multiple lovers. However, the parents met briefly between 23 June and 6 July 1807, nine and a half months prior to his birth, and there is no reason to assume that Louis was not his father. Additionally, Article 312 of the Napoleonic Code stated (and still states) that the father of any child born within wedlock is the mother's husband. The meeting prior to his birth meant that there was no "impossibility" of conception, and that the Article 312 designated Louis as the father of the future Napoleon III.
|Ancestors of Napoleon III of France|
Napoleon III of FranceBorn: 20 April 1808 Died: 9 January 1873
|President of the French Second Republic
20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852
|Head of State of France
20 December 1848 – 4 September 1870
Louis Jules Trochu
Louis-Philippe of France
as King of the French
|Emperor of the French
2 December 1852 – 4 September 1870
|Titles in pretence|
|— TITULAR —
Emperor of the French
25 July 1846 – 2 December 1852
Reason for succession failure:
|Loss of title
||— TITULAR —
Emperor of the French
4 September 1870 – 9 January 1873
Redirecting to Napoleon III of France
NAPOLEON III. [[[Charles (Charles Louis De Bourbon)|CHARLES LOUIS]] NAPOLEON BONAPARTE] (1808-1873), emperor of the French, was born on the 20th of April 1808 in Paris at 8 rue Cerutti (now rue Laffitte), and not at the Tuileries, as the official historians state. He was the third son of Louis Bonaparte (see Bonaparte), brother of Napoleon and from 1806 to 1810 king of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of General (de) Beauharnais and Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, afterwards the empress Josephine; hence he was at the same time the nephew and the adopted grandson of the great emperor. Of the two other sons of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense, the elder, Napoleon Charles (1802-1807), died of croup at The Hague; the second, Napoleon Louis (1804-1831), died in the insurrection of the Romagna, leaving no children. Doubts have been cast on the legitimacy of Louis Napoleon; for the discord between Louis Bonaparte, who was ill, restless and suspicious, and his pretty and capricious wife was so violent and open as to justify all conjectures. But definite evidence, in the shape of letters and references in memoirs, enables us to deny that the Dutch Admiral Verhuell was the father of Louis Napoleon,and there is strong evidence of resemblance in character between King Louis and his third son. He early gave signs of a grave and dreamy character. Many stories have been told about his childhood, for example the remark which Napoleon I. is said to have made about him: "Who knows whether the future of my race may not lie in this child." It is certain that, after the abdication and exile of Louis, Hortense lived in France with her two children, in close relation with the imperial court. During the Hundred Days, Louis Napoleon, then a child of seven, witnessed the presentation of the eagles to 50,000 soldiers; but a few weeks later, before his departure for Rochefort, the defeated Napoleon embraced him for the last time, and his mother had to receive Frederick William III. of Prussia and his two sons at the château of Saint-Leu; here the victor and the vanquished of Sedan met for the first time, and probably played together.
After Waterloo, Hortense, suspected by the Bourbons of having arranged the return from Elba, had to go into exile. The exking Louis, who now lived at Florence, had compelled her by a scandalous law-suit to give up to him the elder of her two children. With her remaining child she wandered, under the name of duchesse de Saint-Leu, from Geneva to Aix, Carlsruhe and Augsburg. In 1817 she bought the castle of Arenenberg, in the canton of Turgau, on a wooded hill looking over the Lake of Constance. Hortense supervised her son's education in person, and tried to form his character. His tutor was Philippe Le Bas, son of the well-known member of the Convention and follower of Robespierre, an able man, imbued with the ideas of the Revolution, while Vieillard, who instructed him in the rudiments, was a democratic imperialist also inspired with the ideal of nationalism. The young prince also studied at the gymnasium at Augsburg, where his love of work and his mental qualities were gradually revealed; he was less successful in mathematics than in literary subjects, and he became an adept at physical exercises, such as fencing, riding and swimming. It was at this time that he acquired the slight German accent which he never lost. Those who educated him never lost sight of the future; but it was above all his mother, fully. confident of the future destiny of the Bonapartes, who impressed on him the idea that he would be king, or at any rate, that he would accomplish some great works. "With your name," she said, "you will always count for something, whether in the old world of Europe or in the new." If we may believe Mme Cornu, he already at the age of twelve had dreams of empire.
In 1823 he accompanied his mother to Italy, visiting his father at Florence, and his grandmother Letitia at Rome, and dreaming with Le Bas on the banks of the Rubicon. He returned to Arenenburg to complete his military education under Colonel Armandi and Colonel Dufour, who instructed him in artillery and military engineering. At the age of twenty he was a "Liberal," an enemy of the Bourbons and of the treaties of 1815; but he was dominated by the cult of the emperor, and for him the liberal ideal was confused with the Napoleonic.
The July revolution of 1830, of which he heard in Italy, roused all his young hopes. He could not return to France, for the law of 1816 banishing all his family had not been abrogated. But the liberal revolution knew no frontiers. Italy shared in the agitation. He had already met some of the conspirators at Arenenberg, and it is practically established that he now joined the associations of the Carbonari. Following the advice of his friend the Count Arese and of Menotti, he and his brother were among the revolutionaries who in February 1831 attempted a rising in Romagna and the expulsion of the pope from Rome. They distinguished themselves at Civita Castellana, a little town which they took; but the Austrians arrived in force, and during the retreat Napoleon Louis, the elder son, took cold, followed by measles, of which he died. Hortense hurried to the spot and took steps which enabled her to save her second son from the Austrian prisons. He escaped into France, where his mother, on the plea of his illness, obtained permission from Louis Philippe for him to stay in Paris. But he intrigued with the republicans, and Casimir - Perier insisted on the departure of both mother and son. In May 1831 they went to London, and afterwards returned to Arenenberg.
For a time he thought of responding to the appeal of some of the Polish revolutionaries, but Warsaw succumbed (September 1831) before he could set out. Moreover the plans of this young and visionary enfant du siecle were becoming more definite. The duke of Reichstadt died in 1832. His uncle, Joseph, and his father, Louis, showing no desire to claim the inheritance promised them by the constitution of the year XII., Louis Napoleon henceforth considered himself as the accredited representative of the family. Those who came in contact with him noticed a transformation in his character; he tried to hide his natural sensibility under an impassive exterior, and concealed his political ambitions. He became indeed "doux entete" (gentle but obstinate) as his mother called him, persistent in his ideas and always ready to return to them, though at the same time yielding and drawing back before the force of circumstances. He endeavoured to define his ideas, and in 1833 published his Reveries politiques, suivies d'un projet de constitution, and Considerations politiques et militaires sur la Suisse; in 1836, as a captain, in the Swiss service, he published a Manuel d'artillerie, in order to win popularity with the French army. A phrase of Montesquieu, placed at the head of this work, sums up the views of the young theorist: "The people, possessing the supreme power, should do for itself all that it is able to do; what it cannot do well, it must do through its elected representatives." The supreme authority entrusted to the elect of the people was always his essential idea. But the problem was how to realize it. Louis Napoleon could feel vaguely the state of public opinion in France, the longing for glory from which it suffered, and the deep-rooted discord between the nation and the king, Louis Philippe, who though sprung from the national revolution against the treaties of 1815, was yet a partisan of peace at any price. Both Chateaubriand and Carrel had praised the prince's first writings. Bonapartists and republicans found common ground in the glorious tradition sung by Beranger. A military conspiracy like those of Berton or the sergeants of La Rochelle, seemed feasible to Napoleon. A new friend of his, Fialin, formerly a non-commissioned officer and a journalist, an energetic and astute man and a born conspirator, spurred him on to action.
With the aid of Fialin and Eleonore Gordon, a singer, who is supposed to have been his mistress, and with the co-operation of certain officers, such as Colonel Vaudrey, an old soldier of the Empire, commanding the 4th regiment of artillery, and Lieutenant Laity, he tried to bring about a revolt of the garrison of Strassburg (October 30, 1836). The conspiracy was a failure, and Louis Philippe, fearing lest he might make the pretender popular either by the glory of an acquittal or the aureole of martyrdom, had him taken to Lorient and put on board a ship bound for America, while his accomplices were brought before the court of assizes and acquitted (February 1837). The prince was set free in New York in April; by the aid of a false passport he returned to Switzerland in August, in time to see his mother before her death on the 3rd of October 1837.
At any other time this attempt would have covered its author with ridicule. Such, at least, was the opinion of the whole of the family of Bonaparte. But his confidence was unshaken, and in the woods of Arenenberg the romantic-minded friends who remained faithful to him still honoured him as emperor. And now the government of Louise Philippe, by an evil inspiration, began to act in such a way as to make him popular. In 1838 it caused his partisan Lieutenant Laity to be condemned by the Court of Peers to five years' imprisonment for a pamphlet which he had written to justify the Strassburg affair; then it demanded the expulsion of the prince from Switzerland, and when the Swiss government resisted, threatened war. Having allowed the July monarch to commit himself, Louis Napoleon at the last moment left Switzerland voluntarily. All this served to encourage the mystical adventurer. In London, where he had taken up his abode, together with Arese, Fialin (says Persigny), Doctor Conneau and Vaudrey, he was at first well received in society, being on friendly terms with Count d'Orsay and Disraeli, and frequenting the salon of Lady Blessington. He met with various adventures, being present at the famous tournament given by Lord Eglinton, and yielded to the charm of his passionate admirer Miss Howard. But it was a studious life, as well as the life of a dandy, that he led at Carlton House Terrace. Not for a minute did he forget his mission: "Would you believe it," the duke of Wellington wrote of him, "this young man will not have it said that he is not going to be emperor of the French. The unfortunate affair of Strassburg has in no way shaken this strange conviction, and his chief thoughts are of what he will do when he is on the throne." He was in fact evolving his programme of government, and in 1839 wrote and published his book: Des Idees napoleoniennes, a curious mixture of Bonapartism, socialism and pacificism, which he represented as the tradition of the First Empire. He also followed attentively the fluctuations of French opinion.
Since 1838 the Napoleonic propaganda had made enormous progress. Not only did certain newspapers, such as the Capitole and the Journal du Commerce, and clubs, such as the Culottes de peau carry it on zealously; but the diplomatic humiliation of France in the affair of Mehemet Ali in 1840, with the outburst of patriotism which accompanied it, followed by the concessions made by the government to public opinion, such as, for example, the bringing back of the ashes of Napoleon I., all helped to revive revolutionary and Napoleonic memories.
The pretender, again thinking that the moment had come, formed a fresh conspiracy. With a little band of fifty-six followers he attempted to provoke a rising of the 42nd regiment of the line at Boulogne, hoping afterwards to draw General Magnan to Lille and march upon Paris. The attempt was made on the 6th of August 1840, but failed; he saw several of his supporters fall on the shore of Boulogne, and was arrested together with Montholon, Persigny and Conneau. This time he was brought before the Court of Peers with his accomplices; he entrusted his defence to Berryer and Marie, and took advantage of his trial to appeal to the supremacy of the people, which he alleged, had been disregarded, even after 1830. He was condemned to detention for life in a fortress, his friend Aladenize being deported, and Montholon, Parquin, Lombard and Fialin being each condemned to detention for twenty years. On the 15th of December, the very day that Napoleon's ashes were deposited at the Invalides, he was taken to the fortress of Ham. The country seemed to forget him; Lamartine alone foretold that the honours paid to Napoleon I. would shed lustre on his nephew. His prison at Ham was unhealthy, and physical inactivity was painful to the prince, but on the whole the regime imposed upon him was mild, and his captivity was lightened by Alexandrine Vergeot, "la belle sabotiere," or Mdlle Badinguet (he was later nicknamed Badinguet by the republicans). His more intellectual friends, such as Mme Cornu, also came to visit him and assisted him in his studies. He corresponded with Louis Blanc, George Sand and Proudhon, and collaborated with the journalists of the Left, Degeorge, Peauger and Souplet. For six years he worked very hard "at this University of Ham," as he said. He wrote some Fragments historiques, studies on the sugarquestion, on the construction of a canal through Nicaragua, and on the recruiting of the army, and finally, in the Progres du Pas-de-Calais, a series of articles on social questions which were later embodied in his Extinction du pauperisme (1844). But the same persistent idea underlay all his efforts. "The more closely the body is confined," he wrote, "the more the mind is disposed to indulge in flights of imagination, and to consider the possibility of executing projects of which a more active existence would never perhaps have left it the leisure to think." On the 25th of May 1846 he escaped to London, giving as the reason for his decision the dangerous illness of his father. On the 27th of July his father died, before he could accomplish a journey undertaken in spite of the refusal of a passport by the representative of Tuscany.
He was again well received in London, and he "made up for his six years of isolation by a furious pursuit of pleasure." The duke of Brunswick and the banker Ferrere interested themselves in his future, and gave him money, as did also Miss Howard, whom he later made comtesse de Beauregard, after restoring to her several millions. He was still full of plans and new ideas, always with the same end in view; and for this reason, in spite of his various enterprises, which were sometimes ridiculous, sometimes unpleasant in their consequences, and his unscrupulousness as to the men and means he employed, he always had a kind of greatness. He always retained his faith in his star. "They will come to me without any effort of my own," he said to Taglioni the dancer; and again to Lady Douglas, who was counselling resignation, he replied, "Though fortune has twice betrayed me, yet my destiny will none the less surely be fulfilled. I wait." He was not to wait much longer.
As he well perceived, the popularity of his name, the vague "legend" of a Napoleon who was at once a democrat, a soldier and a revolutionary hero, was his only strength. But by his abortive efforts he had not yet been able to win over this immense force of tradition and turn it to his own purposes. The events which occurred from 1848 to 1852 enabled him to do so. He behaved with extraordinary skill, displaying in the heat of the conflict all the abilities of an experienced conspirator, knowing, "like the snail, how to draw in his horns as soon as he met with an obstacle" (Thiers), but supple, resourceful and unscrupulous as to the choice of men and means in his obstinate struggle for power.
At the first symptoms of revolutionary disturbance he returned to France; on the 25th of February he offered his services to the Provisional Government, but, on being requested by it to depart at once, resigned himself to this course. But Persigny, Mocquard and all his friends devoted themselves to an energetic propaganda in the press, by pictures and by songs. After the 15th of May had already shaken the strength of the young republic, he was elected in June 1848 by four departments, Seine, Yonne, CharenteInferieure and Corsica. In spite of the opposition of the executive committee, the Assembly ratified his election. But he had learnt to wait. He sent in his resignation from London, merely hazard ing this appeal: "If the people impose duties on me, I shall know how to fulfil them." This time events worked in his favour; the industrial insurrection of June made the middle classes and the mass of the rural population look for a saviour, while it turned the industrial population towards Bonapartism, out of hatred for the republican bourgeois. The Legitimists seemed impossible, and the people turned instinctively towards a Bonaparte.
On the 26th of September he was re-elected by the same departments; on the 11th of October the law decreeing the banishment of the Bonapartes was abrogated; on the 26th he made a speech in the Assembly defending his position as a pretender, and cut such a sorry figure that Antony Thouret contemptuously withdrew the amendment by which he had intended to bar him from rising to the presidency. Thus he was able to be a candidate for this formidable power, which had just been defined by the Constituent Assembly and entrusted to the choice of the people, "to Providence," as Lamartine said. In contrast to Cavaignac he was the candidate of the advanced parties, but also of the monarchists, who reckoned on doing what they liked with him, and of the Catholics, who gave him their votes on condition of his restoring the temporal power to Rome and handing over education to the Church. The former rebel of the Romagna, the Liberal Carbonaro, was henceforth to be the tool of the priests. In his very triumph appeared the ultimate cause of his downfall. On the 10th of December he was elected president of the Republic by 5,434,226 votes against 1,448,107 given to Cavaignac. On the 10th of December he took the oath "to remain faithful to the democratic Republic. .. to regard as enemies of the nation all those who may attempt by illegal means to change the form of the established government." From this time onward his history is inseparable from that of France. But, having attained to power, he still endeavoured to realize his cherished project. All his efforts, from the 10th of December 1848 to the 2nd of December 1852 tended towards the acquisition of absolute authority, which he wished to obtain, in appearance, at any rate, from the people.
It was with this end in view that he co-operated with the party of order in the expedition to Rome for the destruction of the Roman republic and the restoration of the pope (March 31, 1849), and afterwards in all the reactionary measures against the press and the clubs, and for the destruction of the Reds. But in opposition to the party of order, he defined his own personal policy, as in his letter to Edgard Ney (August 16, 1849), which was not deliberated upon at the council of ministers, and asserted his intention "of not stifling Italian liberty," or by the change of ministry on the 31st of October 1849, when, "in order to dominate all parties," he substituted for the men coming from the Assembly, such as Odilon Barrot, creatures of his own, such as Rouher and de Parieu, the Auvergne avocats, and Achille Fould, the banker. "The name of Napoleon," he said on this occasion, "is in itself a programme; it stands for order, authority, religion and the welfare of the people in internal affairs, and in foreign affairs for the national dignity." In spite of this alarming assertion of his personal policy, he still remained in harmony with the Assembly (the Legislative Assembly, elected on the 28th of May 1849) in order to carry out "a Roman expedition at home," i.e. to clear the administration of all republicans, put down the press, suspend the right of holding meetings and, above all, to hand over education to the Church (law of the 15th of March 1850). But the machiavellian pretender, daily growing more skilful at manoeuvring between different classes and parties, knew where to stop and how to keep up a show of democracy. When the Assembly, by the law of the 31st of May 1850, restricted universal suffrage and reduced the number of the electors from 9 to 6 millions, he was able to throw upon it the whole responsibility for this coup d'etat bourgeois. " I cannot understand how you, the offspring of universal suffrage, can defend the restricted suffrage," said his friend Mme Cornu. "You do not understand," he replied, "I am preparing the ruin of the Assembly." "But you will perish with it," she answered. "On the contrary, when the Assembly is hanging over the precipice, I shall cut the rope." In fact, while trying to compass the destruction of the republican movement of the Left, he was taking careful steps to gain over all classes. "Prince, altesse, monsieur, monseigneur, citoyen" (he was called by all these names indifferently at the Elysee), he appeared as the candidate of the most incompatible interests, flattering the clergy by his compliments and formal visits, distributing cigars and sausages to the soldiers, promising the prosperous bourgeoisie "order in the street" and business, while he posed as the "father of the workers," and won the hearts of the peasants. At his side were his accomplices, men ready for anything, whose only hopes were bound up with his fortunes, such as Morny and Rouher; his paid publicists, such as Romieu the originator of the "red spectre"; his cudgel-bearers, the "Ratapoils" immortalized by Daumier, who terrorized the republicans. From the Elysee by means of the mass of officials whom they had at their command, the conspirators extended their activities throughout the whole country.
He next entered upon that struggle with the Assembly, now discredited, which was to reveal to all the necessity for a change, and a change in his favour. In January 1851 he deprived Changarnier of his command of the garrison of Paris. "The Empire has come," said Thiers. The pretender would have preferred, however, that it should be brought about: legally, the first step being his re-election in 1852. The Constitution forbade his re-election; therefore the Constitution must be revised. On. the 19th of July the Assembly threw out the proposal for revision, thus signing its own death-warrant, and the coup d'etat was resolved upon. He prepared for it systematically. The cabinet of the 26th of October 1851 gave the ministry for war to his creature Saint-Arnaud. All the conspirators were at their posts - Maupas at the prefecture of police, Magnan at the head of the troops in Paris. At the Elysee, Morny, adulterine son of Hortense, a hero of the Bourse and successful gambler, supported his half-brother by his energy and counsels. The ministry proposed to abrogate the electoral law of 1850, and restore universal suffrage; the Assembly by refusing made itself still more unpopular. By proposing to allow the president of the Assembly to call in armed force, the questors revealed the Assembly's plans for defence, and gave the Elysee a weapon against it ("donnent barre contre elle a l'Elysee"). The proposition was rejected (November 17), but Louis-Napoleon saw that it was time to act. On the 2nd of December he carried out his coup d'etat. But affairs developed in a way which disappointed him. By dismissing the Assembly, by offering the people "a strong government," and re-establishing "a France regenerated by the Revolution of '89 and organized by the emperor," he had hoped for universal applause. But both in Paris and the provinces he met with the resistance of the Republicans, who had reorganized in view of the elections of 1852. He struck at them by mixed commissions, deportations and the whole range of police measures. The decrets-lois of the year 1852 enabled him to prepare the way for the new institutions. On the 1st of December 1852 he became in name what he was already in deed, and was proclaimed Emperor of the French. He was then 44 years old. "The impassibility of his face and his lifeless glance" showed observers that he was still the obstinate dreamer that he had been in youth, absorbed in his Idea. His unshaken conviction of his mission made him conscious of the responsibility which rested on him, but hid from him the hopeless defect in the coup d'etat. To carry out his conviction, he had still only a timid will, working through petty expedients; but here again his confidence in the future made him bold. Ina people politically decimated and wearied, he was able to develop freely all the Napoleonic ideals. Rarely has a man been able to carry out his system so completely, though perhaps in these first years he had to take more disciplinary measures than he had intended against the Reds, and granted more favours than was fitting to the Catholics, his allies in December 1848 and December 1858.
The aim which the emperor had in view was, by a concentration of power which should make him "the beneficent motive force of the whole social order" (constitution of the 14th of January 1852; administrative centralization; subordination of the elected assemblies; control of the machinery of universal suffrage) to unite all classes in "one great national party" attached to the dynasty. His success, from 1852 to 1856, was almost complete. The nation was submissive, and a few scattered plots alone showed that republican ideas persisted among the masses. As "restorer of the overthrown altars," he won over the "men in black," among them Veuillot, editor-in-chief of l' Univers, and allowed them to get the University into their hands. By the aid of former Orleanists, such as Billault, Fould and Morny, and Saint-Simonians such as Talabot and the Pereires, he satisfied the industrial classes, extended credit, developed means of communication, and gave a strong impetus to the business of the nation. By various measures, such as subsidies, charitable gifts and foundations, he endeavoured to show that "the idea of improving the lot of those who suffer and struggle against the difficulties of life was constantly present in his mind." His was the government of cheap bread, great public works and holidays. The imperial court was brilliant. The emperor, having failed to obtain the hand of a Vasa or Hohenzollern, married, on the 29th of January 1853, Eugenie de Montijo, comtesse de Teba, aged twenty-six and at the height of her beauty.
France was "satisfied" in the midst of order, prosperity and peace. But a glorious peace was required; it must not be said that "France is bored," as Lamartine had said when the Napoleonic legend began to spread. The foreign policy of the Catholic party, by the question of the Holy Places and the Crimean War (1853-1856), gave him the opportunity of winning the glory which he desired, and the British alliance enabled him to take advantage of it. In the spring of 1855, as a definite success was still slow to come, he contemplated for a time taking the lead of the expedition in person, but his advisers dissuaded him from doing so, for fear of a revolution. In January 1856 he had the good fortune to win a diplomatic triumph over the new tsar, Alexander II. It was at Paris (February 25 - March 30) that the conditions of peace were settled.
The emperor was now at the height of his power. He appeared to the people as the avenger of 1840 and 1815, and the birth to him of a son, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, on the 16th of March 1856, assured the future of the dynasty. It was then that, strong in "the esteem and admiration with which he was surrounded," and "foreseeing a future full of hope for France," he dreamed of realizing the Napoleonic ideal in its entirety. This disciple of the German philologists, this crowned Carbonaro, the friend of the archaeologists and historians who were to help him to write the Histoire de Cesar, dreamed of developing the policy of nationalism, and of assisting the peoples of all countries to enfranchise themselves.
From 1856 to 1858 he devoted his attention to the Rumanian nationality, and supported Alexander Cuza. But it was above all the deliverance of Italy which haunted his imagination. By this enterprise, which his whole tradition imposed upon him, he reckoned to flatter the amour-propre of his subjects, and rally to him the liberals and even the republicans, with their passion for propagandism. But the Catholics feared that the Italian national movement, when once started, would entail the downfall of the papacy; and in opposition to the emperor's Italian advisers, Arese and Prince Jerome Napoleon, they pitted the empress, who was frivolous and capricious, but an ardent Catholic. Napoleon III. was under his wife's influence, and could not openly combat her resistance. It was the Italian Orsini who, by attempting to assassinate him as a traitor to the Italian nation on the 14th of January 1858, gave him an opportunity to impose his will indirectly by convincing his wife that in the interests of his own security he must "do something for Italy." Events followed each other in quick succession, and now began the difficulties in which the Empire was to be irrevocably involved. Not only did the Italian enterprise lead to strained relations with Great Britain, the alliance with whom had been the emperor's chief support in Europe, and compromised its credit; but the claims of parties and classes again began to be heard at home.
The Italian war aroused the opposition of the Catholics. After Magenta (June 4, 1859), it was the fears of the Catholics and the messages of the empress which, even more than the threats of Prussia, checked him in his triumph and forced him into the armistice of Villafranca (July 11, 1859). But the spread of the Italian revolution and the movement for annexation forced him again to intervene. He appealed to the Left against the Catholics, by the amnesty of the 17th of April 1859. His consent to the annexation of the Central Italian states, in exchange for Savoy and Nice (Treaty of Turin, March 24, 1860) exposed him to violent attacks on the part of the ultramontanes, whose slave he had practically been since 1848. At the same time, the free-trade treaty with Great Britain (January 5, 1860) aroused a movement against him among the industrial bourgeoisie. Thus at the end of 1860, the very time when he had hoped that his personal policy was to rally round him once for all the whole of France, and assure the future of his dynasty, he saw, on the contrary, that it was turning against him his strongest supporters. He became alarmed at the responsibilities which he saw would fall upon him, and imagined that by an appearance of reform he would be able to shift on to others the responsibility for any errors he might commit. Hence the decrees of the 24th of November 1860 (right of address, ministers without portfolio) and the letter of the 14th of November 1861 (financial reform). From this time onward, in face of a growing opposition, anxiety for the future of his regime occupied the first place in the emperor's thoughts, and paralysed his initiative. Placed between his Italian counsellors and the empress, he was ever of two minds. His plans for remodelling Europe had a certain generosity and grandeur; but internal difficulties forced him into endless manoeuvre and temporization, which led to his ruin. Thus in October 1862, after Garibaldi's attack on Rome, the clerical coterie of the Tuileries triumphed. But the replacing of M. Thouvenel by M. Drouin de Lhuys did not satisfy the more violent Catholics, who in May 1863 joined the united opposition. Thirty-five opposers of the government were appointed, Republicans, Orleanists, Legitimists or Catholics. The emperor dismissed Persigny, and summoned moderate reformers such as Duruy and Behic. But he was still possessed with the idea of settling his throne on a firm basis, and uniting all France in some glorious enterprise which should appeal to all parties equally, and "group them under the mantle of imperial glory." From January to June 1863 he sought this appearance of glory in Poland, but only succeeded in embroiling himself with Russia. Then, after Syria and China, it was the "great inspiration of his reign," the establishment of a Catholic and Latin empire in Mexico, enthusiasm for which he tried in vain from 1863 to 1867 to communicate to the French.
But while the strength of France was wasting away at Puebla or Mexico, Bismarck was founding German unity. In August 1864 the emperor, held back by French public opinion, which was favourable to Prussia, and by his idea of nationality, allowed Prussia and Austria to seize the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. After his failure in Poland and Mexico and in face of the alarming presence of Germany, only one alliance remained possible for Napoleon III., namely with Italy. He obtained this by the convention of the 15th of September 1864 (involving the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome). But the Catholic party redoubled its violence, and the pope sent out the encyclical Quanta Cura and the Syllabus, especially directed against France. In vain the emperor sought in German affairs a definitive solution of the Italian question. At Biarritz he prepared with Bismarck the Franco-Prussian alliance of April 1866; and hoped to become, to his greater glory, arbiter in the tremendous conflict which was about to begin. But suddenly, while he was trying to rouse public opinion against the treaties of 1815, the news of the battle of K6niggratz came as a bolt from the blue to ruin his hopes. French interests called for an immediate intervention. But the emperor was ill, weary and aged by the life of pleasure which he led side by side with his life of work (as is proved by the letters to Mdlle Bellanger); he was suffering from a first attack of his bladder complaint. He knew, moreover, the insufficiency of his troops. After days of terrible suffering, he resigned himself to the annexation by Prussia of northern Germany. "Now," said M Drouin de Lhuys, "we have nothing left but to weep." Henceforth the brilliant dream, a moment realized, the realization of which he had thought durable, was at an end. The Empire had still an uncertain and troubled brilliancy at the Exhibition of 1867. But Berezowski's pistol shot, which accentuated the estrangement from the tsar, and the news of the death of Maximilian at Queretaro, cast a gloom over the later fetes. In the interior the industrial and socialist movement, born of the new industrial development, added fresh strength to the Republican and Liberal opposition. The moderate Imperialists felt that some concessions must be made to public opinion. In opposition to the absolutist "vice-emperor" Rouher, whose influence over Napoleon had become stronger and stronger since the death of Morny, Emile 0111vier grouped the Third Party. Anxious, changeable and distraught, the emperor made the Liberal concessions of the 19th of January 1867 (right of interpellation), and then, when 0111vier thought that his triumph was near, he exalted Rouher (July) and did not grant the promised laws concerning the press and public meetings till 1868. The opposition gave him no credit for these tardy concessions. There was an epidemic of violent attacks on the emperor; the publication of the Lanterne and the Baudin trial, conducted by Gambetta, were so many death-blows to the regime. The Internationale developed its propaganda. The election cf May 1869 resulted in 4,438,000 votes given for the government, and 3,355, 000 for the opposition, who also gained 90 representatives. The emperor, disappointed and hesitating, was slow to return to a parliamentary regime. It was not till December that he instructed 0111vier to "form a homogeneous cabinet representing the majority of the Corps Legislatif" (ministry of the 2nd of January 1870). But, embarrassed between the Arcadiens, the partisans of the absolute regime, and the republicans, 0111vier was unable to guide the Empire in a constitutional course. At the Tuileries Rouher's counsel still triumphed. It was he who inspired the ill and wearied emperor, now without confidence or energy, with the idea of resorting to the plebiscite. " To do away with the risk of a Revolution," "to place order and liberty upon a firm footing," "to ensure the transmission of the crown to his son," Napoleon III. again sought the approbation of the nation. He obtained it with brilliant success, for the last time, by 7,358,786 votes against 1,571,939, and his work now seemed to be consolidated.
A few weeks later it crumbled irrevocably. Since 1866 he had been pursuing an elusive appearance of glory. Since 1866 France was calling for "revenge." He felt that he could only rally the people to him by procuring them the satisfaction of their national pride. Hence the mishaps and imprudences of which Bismarck made such an insulting use. Hence the negotiations of Nikolsburg, the "note d'aubergiste" (innkeeper's bill) claiming the left bank of the Rhine, which was so scornfully rejected; hence the plan for the invasion of Belgium (August 1866), the Luxemburg affair (March 1867), from which M. de Moustier's diplomacy effected such a skilful retreat; hence the final folly which led this government into the war with Prussia (July 1870).
The war was from the first doomed to disaster. It might perhaps have been averted if France had had any allies. But Austria, a possible ally, could only join France if satisfied as regards Italy; and since Garibaldi had threatened Rome (Mentana, 1867), Napoleon III., yielding to the anger of the Catholics, had again sent troops to Rome. Negotiations had taken place in 1869. The emperor, bound by the Catholics, had refused to withdraw his troops. It was as a distant but inevitable consequence of his agreement of December 1848 with the Catholic party that in 1870 the emperor found himself without an ally.
His energy was now completely exhausted. Successive attacks of stone in the bladder had ruined his physique; while his hesitation and timidity increased with age. The influence of the empress over him became supreme. On leaving the council in which the war was decided upon the emperor threw himself, weeping, into the arms of Princess Mathilde. The empress was delighted at this war, which she thought would secure her son's inheritance.
On the 28th of July father and son set out for the army. They found it in a state of utter disorder, and added to the difficulties by their presence. The emperor was suffering from stone and could hardly sit his horse. After the defeat of Reichshoffen, when Bazaine was thrown back upon Metz, he wished to retreat upon Paris. But the empress represented to him that if he retreated it would mean a revolution. An advance was decided upon which ended in Sedan. On the 2nd of September, Napoleon III. surrendered with 80,000 men, and on the 4th of September the Empire fell. He was taken as a prisoner to the castle of Wilhelmshohe, near Cassel, where he stayed till the end of the war. After the intrigues of Bazaine, of Bismarck, and of the empress, the Germans having held negotiations with the Republic, he was de facto deposed. On the 1st of March the assembly of Bordeaux confirmed this deposition, and declared him "responsible for the ruin, invasion and dismemberment of France." Restored to liberty, he retired with his wife and son to Chislehurst in England. Unwilling even now to despair of the future, he still sought to rally his friends for a fresh propaganda. He had at his service publicists such as Cassagnac, J. Amigues and Hugelmann. He himself also wrote unsigned pamphlets justifying the campaign of 1870. It may be noted that, true to his ideas, he did not attempt to throw upon others the responsibility which he had always claimed for himself. He dreamed of his son's future. But he no longer occupied himself with any definite plans. He interested himself in pensions for workmen and economical stoves. At the end of 1872 his disease became more acute, and a surgical operation became necessary. He died on the 9th of January 1873, leaving his son in the charge of the empress and of Rouher. The young prince was educated at Woolwich from 1872 to 1875, and in 1879 took part in the English expedition against the Zulus in South Africa, in which he was killed. By his death vanished all hope of renewing the extraordinary fortune which for twenty years placed the descendant of the great emperor, the Carbonaro and dreamer, at once obstinate and hesitating, on the throne of France.
The Ouvres of Napoleon II I.have been published in four volumes (1854-1857) and his Histoire de Jules Cesar in two volumes (1865-1869); this latter work has been translated into English by T. Wright. See also Ebeling, Napoleon III. and sein Hof (1891-1894); H. Thirria, Napoleon III. avant l'Empire (1895) Sylvain-Blot, Napoleon III. (1899); Giraudeau, Napoleon III. intime (1895); Sir W. A. Fraser, Napoleon III. (London, 1895); A. Forbes, Life of Napoleon III. (1898); A. Lebey, Les Trois coups d'etat de Louts Napoleon Bonaparte (1906); Louis Napoleon Bonaparte et la revolution de 1848 (1908); and F. A. Simpson, The Rise of Louis Napoleon (1909). General works which may be consulted are Taxile-Delord, Histoire du second Empire (1868-1875); P. de La Gorce, Histoire du second Empire (1894-1905); A. Thomas, Le Second Empire (1907); and E. 0111vier, L'Empire liberal (14 vols., 1895-1909). (A. Ts.)
<< Napoleon II
Originally known as Louis-Napoléon-Bonaparte, Emperor of the French; b. at Paris, 20 April, 1808; d. at Chiselhurst, England, 6 January, 1873; third son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of the Empress Josephine.
After the fall of the First Empire, Hortense, who had been separated from her husband, took her two sons to Geneva, Aix in Savoy, Augsburg, and then (1824) to the castle of Arenenberg in Switzerland. Louis Napoleon had for tutor the scholar Le Bas, son of a member of the Convention. The "principle of nationalities" attracted him in youth, and with his brother, he took part in an attempted insurrection in the States of the Church, in 1831. He was on the point of setting out for Poland when he heard that the Russians had entered Warsaw. On the death of the Duke of Reichstadt (1832) he regarded himself as the heir of the Napoleonic Empire. The Republican press, engaged in a struggle with Louis Philippe's government, manifested a certain sympathy for Louis Napoleon. Though Casimir Périer had expelled him from France in 1831, he and a few officers from Strasburg attempted, but failed in, a coup de main (1836). In his book, "Idées Napoléoniennes", published in 1838, he appears as the testamentary executor of Napoleon I and a bold social reformer. His attempted descent on Boulogne, in August, 1840, resulted in a sentence of life imprisonment, notwithstanding his defence by Berryer. While in prison at Ham, he wrote, among other brochures, one on the "Extinction of Pauperism". He escaped from Ham in 1846. After the Revolution of 1848 he returned to Paris, became a member of the Constituent Assembly, and finally was elected President of the Republic by 5,562,834 votes, on 10 December, 1848.
Presidency of Louis Napoleon
Before his election Louis Napoleon had entered into certain engagements with Montalembert in regard to freedom of teaching and the restoration of Pius IX, who had been driven to Gaeta by the Roman Revolution. When General Oudinot's expedition made its direct attack on the Roman Republic, April, 1849, and the Constituent Assembly passed a resolution of protest (7 May, 1849), a letter from Louis Napoleon to Oudinot requested him to persist in his enterprise and assured him of reinforcements (8 May, 1849); at the same time, however, Louis Napoleon sent Ferdinand de Lesseps to Rome to negotiate with Mazzini, an agreement soon after disavowed. In this way the difficulties of the future emperor reveal themselves from the beginning; he wished to spare the religious susceptibilities of French Catholics and to avoid offending the national susceptibilities of the Italian revolutionists -- a double aim which explains many an inconsistency and many a failure in the religious policy of the empire. "The more we study his character, the more nonplussed we are", writes his historian, de la Gorce. Oudinot's victory (29 June, 1849) having crushed the Roman Republic, Napoleon, ignoring the decided Catholic majority in the Legislative Assembly elected on 18 May, addressed to Colonel Ney, on 18 August, 1849, a sort of manifesto in which he asked of Pius IX a general amnesty, the secularization of his administration, the establishment of the Code Napoléon, and a Liberal Government. The Legislative Assembly, on Montalembert's motion, voted approval of the "Motu Proprio" of 12 September, by which Pius IX promised reforms without yielding to all the president's imperative demands. The president was dissatisfied, and forced the Falloux Cabinet to resign; but he was soon working with all the influence of his position for the passage of the Falloux Law on freedom of teaching -- a law which involved a great triumph for the Catholics -- while, in the course of his journeys through France, his deferential treatment of the bishops was extremely marked. And when, by the Coup d'Etat of 2 December, 1851, Louis Napoleon had dissolved the Assembly, and by the plébiscite appealed to the French people as to the justice of that act, many Catholics, following Montalembert and Louis Veuillot, decided in his favour; the prince-president obtained 7,481,231 votes (21 November, 1852). The Dominican Lacordaire, the Jesuit Ravignan, and Bishop Dupanloup were more reserved in their attitude. Lacordaire went so far as to say: "If France becomes accustomed to this order of things, we are moving rapidly towards the Lower Empire".
Dictatorial Period of the Empire, 1852-60
The first acts of the new government were decidedly favourable to the Church. By the "Decree Law" of 31 January, 1852, the congregations of women, which previously could be authorized only by a legislative act, were made authorizable by simple decrees. A great many bishops and parish priests hailed with joy the day on which Louis Napoleon was proclaimed emperor and the day (30 January, 1853) of his marriage with the Spanish Eugénie de Montijo, which seemed to assure the future of the dynasty. At this very time Dupanloup, less optimistic, published a pastoral letter on the liberty of the Church, while Montalembert began to perceive symptoms which made him fear that the Church would not always have reason to congratulate itself on the new order. For some years the Church enjoyed effective liberty: the bishops held synods at their pleasure; the budget of public worship was forthcoming; cardinals sat in the Senate as of right; the civil authorities appeared in religious processions; missions were given; from 1852-60 the State recognized 982 new communities of women; primary and secondary educational institutions under ecclesiastical control increased in number, while, in 1852, Péres Petetot and Gratry founded the Oratory as a Catholic centre of science and philosophy. Catholics like Ségur, Cornudet, Baudon, Cochin, and the Vicomte de Melun founded many charitable institutions under state protection. Napoleon III was anxious that Pius IX should consent to come to crown him at Notre Dame. This request he caused to be preferred by Mgr de Ségur, auditor of the Rota, and Pius IX explained that, if he crowned Napoleon III, he would also be obliged to go and crown Francis Joseph of Austria, hinting, at the same time, that Napoleon could come to Rome; and he gave it to be understood that, if the emperor were willing to suppress the Organic Articles, he, the pope, might be able to accede to his request at the end of three months. Pius IX also wished Napoleon III to make the Sunday rest obligatory and abrogate the legal necessity of civil marriage previous to the religious ceremony. After two years of negotiations the emperor gave up this idea (1854), but thereafter his relations with the Church seemed to be somewhat less cordial. The Bull in which Pius IX defined the Immaculate Conception was admitted into France grudgingly, and after some very lively opposition on the part of the Council of State (1854). Dreux Brézé, Bishop of Moulins, was denounced to the Council of State for infringement of the Organic Articles, while the "Correspondant" and the "Univers", having defended the bishop, were rigorously dealt with by the authorities. Lastly, the return to the Cour de Cassation (Court of Appeals) of the former procureur général Dupin, who had resigned in 1852, was looked upon as a victory for Gallican ideas.
The Crimean War (1853-56) was undertaken by Napoleon, in alliance with England, to check Russian aggression in the direction of Turkey. The Fall of Sebastopol (8 September, 1855) compelled Alexander II to sign the Treaty of Paris (1856). In this war Piedmont, thanks to its minister, Cavour, had had a part, both military and diplomatic; for the first time Piedmont was treated as one of the Great Powers. After all, the Italian Question interested the emperor more than any other, and upon this ground difficulties were about to arise between him and the Church. As early as 1856 Napoleon knew, through Cavour, that the Piedmontese programme involved the dismemberment of the Pontifical States; at the promptings of the French Government the Congress of Paris expressed a wish that the pope should carry out liberal reforms, and that the French and Austrian troops should soon leave his territories. The attempt on the emperor's life by the Italian Orsini (14 January, 1858), set in motion a policy of severe repression ("Law of General Security" and proceedings against Proudhon, the socialist). But the letter which Orsini wrote from his prison to Napoleon, beseeching him to give liberty to twenty-five million Italians, made a lively impression upon the emperor's imagination. Pietri, the prefect of police obtained from Orsini another letter, pledging his political friends to renounce all violent methods, with the understanding that the enfranchisement of Italy was the price to be paid for this assurance. From that time, it was Napoleon's active wish to realize Italian unity. On 21 July, 1858, he had an interview with Cavour at Plombiéres. It was agreed between them that France and Piedmont should drive the Austrians from Italy, and that Italy should become a confederation, under the rule of the King of Sardinia, though the pope was to be its honorary president. The result of this interview was the Italian War. For this war public opinion had been schooled by a series of articles in Liberal and government organs -- the "Siécle", "Presse", and "Patrie" -- by Edmond About's articles on the pontifical administration, published in the "Moniteur", and by the anonymous brochure "L'Empereur Napoléon III et l'Italie" (really the work of Arthur de la Guéronniére), which denounced the spirit of opposition to reform shown by the italian governments. Catholics tried to obtain Napoleon's assurance that he would not aid the enemies of Pius IX. In the House of Representatives (Corps Législatif) the Republican Jules Favre asked: "If the government of the cardinals is overthrown shall we shed the blood of the Romans to restore it?" And the minister, Baroche, made no answer (26 April, 1859). But Napoleon, in the proclamation announcing his departure for Italy (10 May, 1859), declared that he was going to deliver Italy as far as the Adriatic, and that the pope's power would remain intact. The victories of the French troops at Magenta (4 June. 1859) and Solferino (24 June, 1859) coincided with insurrectionary movements against the papal authority. Catholics were alarmed, and so was the emperor; he would not appear as an accomplice of these movements, and on 11 July he signed the treaty of Villafranca. Austria ceded Lombardy to France, and France retroceded it to Sardinia. Venetia was still to belong to Austria, but would form part of the Italian Confederation which would be under the honorary presidency of the pope. The pope would be asked to introduce the indispensable reforms in his state. In November, 1859, at Zurich, these preliminaries were formally embodied in a treaty.
Neither the pope nor the Italians were pleased with the emperor. On the one hand the pope did not thank Napoleon for his hints on the way to govern the Romagna, and an eloquent brochure from the pen of Dupanloup denounced the schemes which menaced the pope. On the other hand it was plain to the Italians that the emperor had halted before enfranchising Italy as far as the Adriatic. Napoleon then dreamed of settling the affairs of Italy by means of a congress, and Arthur de la Guéronniére's pamphlet, "Le pape et le congrés", demanded of Pius IX, in advance, the surrender of his temporal power. On 1 January, 1860, Pius IX denounced this pamphlet as a "monument of hypocrisy", and on 9 January he answered with a formal refusal a letter from Napoleon advising him to give up the Legations. A few months later, the Legations themselves joined Piedmont, while Napoleon, by making Thouvenel his minister of foreign affairs and by negotiating with Cavour the annexation of Nice and Savoy to France, proved that he was decidedly more devoted to the aspirations of Piedmont than to the temporal power of the pope. Meanwhile the Catholics in France commenced violent press campaigns under the leadership of the "Univers" and the "Correspondant". On 24 January, 1869, the "Univers" was suppressed. The minister of state, Billaut, prosecuted the Catholic publications and pulpit utterances deemed seditious. To be sure Baroche, on 2 April, announced in the Corps Législatif, that the French troops would not leave Rome so long as the pope was unable to defend himself. But Napoleon, only too anxious to withdraw his troops, at one moment thought of having them replaced by Neapolitan troops, and then proposed to Pius IX, though in vain, that the Powers of the second order should be induced to organize a body of papal troops, to be paid by all the Catholic states jointly. Pius IX, on the other hand, allowed Mgr de Mérode to make an appeal to the aristocracy of France and Belgium for the formation of a special corps of pontifical troops, which should enable the pope to do without the emperor's soldiers. Among these soldiers of the pope were a large number of French Legitimists; Lamericiére, their commander, had always been a foe of the imperial regime. Napoleon III was annoyed, and ordered his ambassador at Rome to enter into negotiations for the withdrawal of the French troops: on 11 May, 1860, it was decided that within three months the soldiers given to the pope by Napoleon III should return to France.
In the meantime, however, Garibaldi's campaign in Sicily and Calabria opened. Farini and Cialdini, sent by Cavour to Napoleon, represented to him (28 August) the urgent necessity of checking the Italian revolution, that Garibaldi was about to march on Rome, and that France ought to leave to Piedmont the task of preserving order in Italy, for which purpose the Piedmontese must be allowed to cross the pontiffcal territories so as to reach the Neapolitan frontier. "Faites vite (act quickly)", said the emperor, and himself left France, travelling in Corsica and Algeria, while the Piedmontese troops invaded Umbria and the Marches, defeated the troops of Lamoriciére at Castelfidardo, captured Ancona, and occupied all the States of the Church except Rome and the province of Viterbo. Napoleon publicly warned Victor Emmanuel that, if he attacked the pope without legitimate provocation, France would be obliged to oppose him; he withdrew his minister from Turin, leaving instead only a chargé d'affaires, and was a mere spectator of that series of events which, in February, 1861, ended in Victor Emmanuel's being proclaimed King of Italy. The expedition to Syria (1859), in which 80,000 French troops went to the relief of the Maronite Christians, who were being massacred by the Druses with the connivance of the Turks, the two expeditions to China (1857 and 1860), in co-operation with England, which resulted, among other things, in the restoration to the Christians of their religious establishments, and the joint expedition of France and Spain (1858-62) against the Annamese Empire, which avenged the persecution of Christians on Annam and ended in the conquest of Cochin China by France, merited for the armies of France the gratitude of the Church. Still the attitude of Napoleon III in regard to Italian affairs caused great pain to Catholics. Falloux in an article entitled "Antécédents et conséquences de la situation actuelle", published in the "Correspondant", implied that Napoleon was an accomplice in the Italian revolution. The Catholic associations formed to collect subscriptions for the pope's benefit were suppressed, and Pius IX, in the consistorial allocution of 17 December, 1860, accused the emperor of having "feigned" to protect him.
Liberal Period of the Empire, 1860-70
It was just at this time that the emperor, by the decree of 24 November, 1860, made his first concession to the Opposition, and to Liberal ideas, by granting more independence and power of initiative to the Legislature. But the Liberal opposition was not disarmed, and the Catholic discontent was aggravated by his Italian policy, The emperor replied to Pius IX by publishing la Guéronniére's book, "La France, Rome et l'Italie", a violent arraignment of Rome. Then Bishop Pie of Poitiers published his pastoral charge in which the words, "Lavetes mains, O Pilate" (Wash thy hands, O Pilate), were addressed to Napoleon III. In the Senate, an amendment in favour of the temporal power of the pope was lost by only a very small majority; in the Corps Législatif, one-third of the deputies declared themselves for the pontifical cause. The emperor asserted his Italian sympathies more and more clearly: in June, 1862, he recognized the new kingdom; he sent an ambassador to Turin, and to Rome two partisans of Italian unity; and he used his influence with Russia and Prussia to procure their recognition of the Kingdom of Italy. One striking symptom of the emperor's changed feelings towards the Church was the circular of January, 1862, by which Persigny declared all the St. Vincent de Paul societies dissolved. Following upon Garibaldi's blow at the Pontifical States, which had been stopped by his defeat at Aspramonte (29 August, 1862), General Durando, minister of foreign affairs in Ratazzi's cabinet, declared in a circular that "the whole Italian nation demanded its capital". Thus were the Italians proclaiming their eagerness to be installed at Rome. Fearing that at the forthcoming legislative elections the Catholics would revolt from the imperial party, Napoleon suddenly manifested a much colder feeling for Italy. The Catholic influence of the empress gained the upper hand of Prince Napoleon's anti-religious influence. Thouvenel was supplanted by Drouin de Lhuys (15 October, 1862), who was made to give out a curt statement that the French Government had no present intention of taking any action in consequence of the Durando circular, thus bringing about the fall of the Ratazzi cabinet in Italy. A great many Catholics recovered their confidence in Napoleon; but a political alliance between a certain number of Liberal Catholics, devoted to the Royalist cause and members of the Republican party resulted, in June, 1863, in the return of thirty-five Opposition members to the Chamber, mostly men of great ability. Republicans and Monarchists, Freethinkers and Catholics, they grouped themselves around Thiers, who had been Louis Philippe's minister, and who won the confidence of Catholics by pronouncing unequivocally in favour of the temporal power, But the alliance between Republicans who wanted Napoleon to desist from protecting the temporal power and Catholics who thought he did not protect it enough, could not be very stable. From 1862 to 1864 the emperor did nothing in regard to Italy that could cause Pins IX any uneasiness. He was at that period busy with the early stages of the Mexican War, in which he had very imprudently allowed himself to become involved. Four years of fighting against President Juarez were destined to end in the evacuation of Mexico by the French troops, early in 1867, and the execution of Maximilian, brother of the Emperor of Austria, whom France had caused to be proclaimed Emperor of Mexico. The impression created by this disaster notably increased the strength of the Opposition in France.
Negotiations between Napoleon III and Italy recommenced in 1864, the Italian Government beseeching the emperor to put an end to the French occupation of the Pontifical States. The Convention of 15 September, 1864, obliged Italy to refrain from attacking the actual possessions of the Holy See and, on the contrary, to defend them, while France promised to withdraw her troops within a period of not more than two years, pari passu, with the organization of the pope's army. This arrangement caused profound sorrow at the Vatican; Pius IX drew the conclusion that Napoleon was preparing to leave the States of the Church at the mercy of the Italians. The diplomatic remonstrances with which the emperors government replied to the Syllabus, its prohibition against the circulation of that document, and Duruy's project to organize primary education without the concurrence of the Church, were causes of dissatisfaction to Rome and to the Catholics. The speech of Thiers against Italian unity, denouncing the imprudence of the Imperial policy, was loudly applauded by the faithful supporters of the HoIy See. Napoleon III, always a prey to indecision, no doubt asked himself from time to time whether his policy was a wise one, but the circumstances which he himself had created carried him along. Late in 1864 he thought of negotiating an alliance between the Courts of Berlin and Turin against Austria, so as to allow Italy to get possession of Venetia. Having paved the way for Italian unity, he was inaugurating a policy by means of which Prussia was to achieve German unity. He did nothing to prevent the conquest of Austria by Prussia at Sadowa (1866), and when he made a vain attempt to have Luxemburg ceded to him, Bismarck exploited the proceedings to convince public opinion in Germany of the danger of French ambition and the serious necessity of arming against France. By the end of 1866 the withdrawal of the French troops which had guarded the pope was complete. But Napoleon at the very time when he was thus carrying out the Convention of 15 September was organizing at Antibes a legion to be placed at the disposal of the pope; he once more exacted of Italy a pledge not to invade the Papal States; he conceived a plan to obtain from the Powers a collective guarantee of the pope's temporal sovereignty. On 3 November, 1866, he wrote to his friend Francesco Arese: "People must know that I will yield nothing on the Roman question, and that my mind is made up, while carrying out the Convention of 15 September, to support the temporal power of the pope by all possible means". But the season of ill-luck and of blundering was setting in for the Imperial diplomacy. None of the Powers responded to Napoleon's appeal. Italy, displeased at the organization of the Antibes Legion and the confidence reposed by the emperor in Rouher, a devoted champion of Catholic interests, complained bitterly: Napoleon answered by complaining of the Garibaldian musters that threatened the pope's territories. When the Garibaldians made an actual incursion, on 25 October, 1867, the French troops which had for some weeks been concentrated at Toulon, embarked for Civiti� Vecchia and helped the papal troops defeat the invaders at Mentana. Cardinal Antonelli asked that the French forces should be directed against those of Victor Emmanuel, but the emperor refused. Menabrea, Victor Emmanuel's minister, though he gave orders for the arrest of the Garibaldians, published in spite of Napoleon, a circular affirming Italy's right to possess Rome. Napoleon found it increasingly difficult to extricate himself from the coils of the Roman Question; he was still thinking of a European congress, but Europe declined. At the close of 1867, Thier's speech in support of the temporal power gave Rouher occasion to say, amid the applause of the majority, "We declare it in the name of the French government, Italy shall not take possession of Rome. Never, never will France tolerate such an assault upon her honour and her Catholicity". That never was extremely unpleasant to the Italian patriots. The emperor had offended both the pope and Italy at the same time. When the Vatican Council was convoked the imperial government manifested no antagonism. M. Emile Ollivier, president of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, opined, on 2 January, 1870, that the States ought not to interfere in the deliberations of the council. His colleague Daru instructed Banneville, the French ambassador to Rome, on 20 February, to protest in the name of French Constitutional law against the programme of enactments "De ecclesia", and tried to bring about concerted action of the Powers; but, after Antonelli's demurrer of 10 March, Daru confined himself to reiterating his objections in a memorandum (5 April) which Pius IX declined to submit to the council. M. Ollivier, against the requests of certain anti-infallibilist prelates, directed Banneville not to try to meddle in the proceedings of the council. In 1870 Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern's claim to the crown of Spain brought on a conflict between France and King William of Prussia. A dispatch relating to a conversation which took place at Ems, between WilIiam and Napoleon's ambassador, Benedetti, was, as Bismarck himself afterwards confessed, tampered with in such a way as to make war inevitable. Bismarck's own "Recollections" thus supply the refutation of the charge made by him in the Reichstag (5 December, 1874), that the empress and the Jesuits had desired the war and driven him into it. The German historian Sybel has formally cleared the empress and the Jesuits of this accusation. (On this point, which has provoked numerous polemics, see D�hr, "Jesuitenfabeln", 4th ed., Freiburg, 1904, pp. 877-79). Pius IX wrote to Emperor William offering his good offices as mediator (22 July, 1870), but to no purpose. As for the Italian government, on 16 July, 1870, it refused an alliance with France because Napoleon had refused it Rome. On 20 July Napoleon promised that the imperial troops should be recalled from Rome, but no more, and so, as usual, he offended both the pope, whom he was about to leave defenceless, and Italy, whose highest ambitions he was balking. The negotiations between France and Italy were continued in August, by Prince Napoleon, who made a visit to Florence. Italy absolutely insisted upon being allowed to take Rome, and, on 29 August, Visconti Venosta, minister of foreign affairs, affirmed the right of the Italians to have Rome for their capital. The anti-Catholic controversialists of France have often made use of these facts to support their allegation that the emperor would have had the Italian alliance in the War of 1870 if he had not persisted in his demand that the pope should remain master of Rome, and that Italy's abstention entailed that of Austria, which would have helped France if Italy had. M. Welschinger has proved that in 1870 these two powers were in no condition to be of material assistance to France. After the surrender of Sedan (2 September, 1870), Napoleon was sent, a prisoner, to Wilhelmsh�he, where he learned that the Republic had been proclaimed at Paris, 4 September, and that the Piedmontese had occupied Rome (20 September). The National Assembly of Bordeaux, on 28 February, 1871, confirmed the emperor's dethronement. After the Peace of Frankfort he went to reside at Chiselburst, where he died. His only son, Eug�ne-Louis-Jean-Joseph,Napoléon, born 16 March, 1856, was killed by the Zulus, 23 June, 1879. Napoleon III left unfinished a "Vie de César", begun in 1865, with the assistance of the historian Duruy, and of which only three volumes were published. His history still affords occasion for numerous polemics animated by party feeling. The portrait of him drawn by Victor Hugo in "Les Ch�timents" is extremely unfair. Napoleon was a tender-hearted dreamer, kindness was one of his most evident qualities. As regards his personal practice of religion, he was faithful to his Easter duties. Much of the censure which his foreign policy has merited is equally applicable to the anticlericals and the Republicans of his time, whose press organs were clamouring for French aid towards the speedy realization of Italian unity, while their systematic opposition, in 1868, to the Government programme for strengthening the army was partly responsible for the military weakness of France in 1870.
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Analysis: Writing Style
Iambic Pentameter, Rhyming Couplets; Varied types of vocabulary
For a discussion of Chaucer's use of iambic pentameter and rhyming couplets check out our guide to the "General Prologue & Frame Story." Here we'll discuss the style unique to the Wife of Bath's Prologue.Since the Wife of Bath's Prologue combines numerous genres into one package, it's not surprising that we see a medley of different types of vocabulary in her Prologue. From her discussion of the sinfulness (or lack thereof) and of serial marriage comes a highly legalistic vocabulary consistent with her preoccupation at this moment with the Church's laws: for example, the Wife says that "for to been a wyf he yaf me leve / Of indulgence," a "leave of indulgence" being a highly legalistic term for "permission."
The Wife also employs a vocabulary of financial terms, for example, when she refers to sex as paying a debt, declaring "An housbonde I wol have, I wol not lette, / Which shal be both my dettour and my thrall" (160-161). Of course, at other, less guarded and more argumentative moments the Wife discusses sex irreverently, using lots of vulgar terms like "queynte" and "quoniam" to refer to the genitals instead of the subtle "instrument" that appears in her argumentative mode.
Another interesting feature of the Prologue's linguistic style is the language of domestic (home) life that it uses. For example, when the Wife compares virgins to "breed of pured whete-seed, / And late us wyves hoten barly breed" (149-150). Some people think that, with this language, the Prologue is "signaling" its feminine authorship, since women at this time period were the ones responsible for setting up and maintaining a household.
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March 7, 2010: The Moon Is Soggy!
The Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 used a lightweight imaging radar known as Mini-SAR to identify over 40 pockets of ice on the moon's north pole. The data doesn't include depth of the craters, so any estimate of the available water is pure speculation. Of course, that hasn't stopped the phrase "at least 600 million metric tons of water ice" from being thrown around.
Water on the moon isn't new -- the Daily Illuminator first mentioned it twelve years ago. But this latest report has the water in easy-to-mine, easy-to-melt ice craters, a significant improvement over the old "mine, process, and purify moon dust" idea.
That's one less thing we have to pack for our return trip to our closest satellite.
-- Paul Chapman
Copyright © 2016 by Steve Jackson Games. All Rights Reserved.
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Saliva, or spit, plays a significant role in maintaining oral health. It is derived from blood and acts as the bloodstream of the mouth. What this means is, like blood, saliva helps build and maintain the health of soft and hard tissues. When saliva flow is reduced oral health problems such as tooth decay and other oral infections can occur. Chewing is the most efficient way to stimulate salivary flow. It causes muscles to compress the salivary glands and release saliva.
- Washes away food and debris from teeth and gums
- Helps moisten and break down food to ease swallowing and enhances ability to taste
- Provides disease-fighting substances throughout your mouth to help prevent cavities and other infections
- Helps keep the surface of your teeth strong by providing high levels of calcium, fluoride and phosphate ions at the tooth surface.
In addition to keeping your mouth healthy, saliva may contain indicators of health concerns as well. Since it shares many properties with blood, the use of saliva to detect and diagnose oral diseases and other diseases that could affect your general health is being studied. Researchers have reported promising results in the use of saliva for the diagnosis of breast cancer, oral cancers, gum disease and viral hepatitis. Saliva is already used for rapid HIV testing.
The U.S. National Institutes of Health has targeted salivary diagnostics as an important area of development and is researching its many potential uses.
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Tunisia will not have daylight saving time in 2009 and will remain on Central European Time.
Tunisia will not pursue daylight saving time in 2009 and will remain on Central European Time (CET), which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC+1 hour. The Tunisian government recently issued a communiqué about the confirmed cancellation of daylight saving time in 2009.
Different Views on Government’s Decision
The Tunisian government sought public opinion on the daylight saving issue. There were many people who supported the government’s decision, especially those believed that daylight saving time was detrimental to health and contributed to sleep deprivation. Some people believed that the extra hour of sunlight in the afternoon created an imbalance to the day during the daylight saving schedule. There were also those who said that daylight saving time did not contribute to energy savings in the country.
Those who were against the government’s decision to abolish the daylight saving arrangement believed that daylight saving time did in fact save energy for many as the extra hour of sunlight later in the day meant less usage of artificial lighting and electricity. Others remained neutral about the decision.
Tunisia has observed daylight saving time in previous years. For example, the country observed the schedule on an annual basis from 2005 until 2008. It was on Central European Summer Time (CEST), which is UTC +2 hours, during the daylight saving period. It is on Central European Time (CET), which is UTC +1 hour, when during the non-daylight saving period. The country will remain on CET in 2009 as it will not observe daylight saving time.
Dates of Daylight Saving Time 2005–2008These are the dates Daylight Saving Time started and ended in Tunisia since 2005.
|Year||Start date||End date||Daylight duration|
|2005||May 1||Sep 30||21 weeks and 5 days|
|2006||Mar 26||Oct 29||31 weeks|
|2007||Mar 25||Oct 28||31 weeks|
|2008||Mar 30||Oct 26||30 weeks|
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| 0.936285 | 427 | 2.796875 | 3 |
If you can't make antimatter, just make it come to you.
That's the logic behind NASA's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a U.S. $1.5-billion, seven-ton cosmic ray detector that will soon blast off to the International Space Station with the space shuttle launch of Endeavour.
Though originally slated to launch Friday, the space shuttle encountered a problem with its power unit that will keep it grounded until Monday.
Designed by particle physicists at the European Center for Nuclear Reserch (CERN), the AMS studies the same types of particles that atom smashers such as the Large Hadron Collider are meant to produce.
But instead of producing antimatter particles, the AMS seeks out the particles in their natural environment—in space. (Explore an interactive of the Higgs-Boson, or the God particle.)
The AMS, to be installed on the space station's starboard truss, will study high-energy particles that fly through space at nearly the speed of light—collecting seven gigabits of data per second.
The device could be operational within a few days of the space shuttle launch, according to NASA AMS project manager Trent Martin.
After Space Shuttle Launch, New Discoveries?
The spectrometer is designed to look for evidence of antimatter and dark matter. But if AMS turns up something completely unexpected, scientists will still be happy. (Read more about dark matter in National Geographic magazine's "Einstein and Beyond.")
"The hope is to find out something new. Something really unexpected, because it calls for a redefinition of your ideas and the basics of physics," said Roberto Battiston, a physicist at Italy's University of Perugia and deputy spokesperson for the AMS.
"This is the same story since Galileo, when he looked at the sky and was not expecting Jupiter's satellites." (See "Galileo's Telescope at 400: Facts, Myths, More.")
Even if AMS fails to detect antimatter or evidence of dark matter, the detector will serve one important function: measuring the strength of space's cosmic rays.
Most cosmic ray measurements have been done with short experiments. Having a long-term yardstick will be crucial for planning future manned missions to Mars or beyond, experts say.
Spectrometer to Run Indefinitely
AMS was originally scheduled to launch in 2005, but after the 2003 Columbia space shuttle disaster, NASA drastically cut nonessential space shuttle missions like the one that would have carried the AMS.
Then, after finally earning a spot for the AMS on a July 2010 space shuttle launch, principal investigator Sam Ting decided to replace the device's electromagnet.
The cryogenic superconducting magnet had enough coolant to last for three years, said Ting, AMS spokesperson and physicist at MIT and CERN.
"After three years, we could have refueled the helium, but then they decided not to fly the shuttle anymore," he said.
The space station itself is expected to run until 2020 or even 2028. With its new, weaker magnet, which doesn't require coolant, the AMS is expected to run indefinitely—or until the space station itself comes down.
It took just a few months to replace the magnet, but the decision was "agonizing," since it would mean postponing the AMS's launch, according to the University of Perugia's Battiston.
In retrospect, he said, "it was a very wise choice."
Superconducting Magnet Drawback
The one drawback to removing the supermagnet? NASA had thought that superconducting magnets, in addition to helping measure space radiation, could help shield astronauts from it.
"There is potential in the future that you could use superconducting magnets to block high-energy radiation that would hurt astronauts," NASA's Martin said.
"As the NASA project manager, I was a little disappointed in the fact that we wouldn't be able to operate a working superconducting magnet in space," he said.
But, Martin added, the team did gather ground-based data that would be helpful for future missions—and the intact magnet sits at CERN.
While data will be beamed down from AMS the minute it's turned on, principal investigator Ting expects data analysis will take a long time.
"We're going to publish very slowly, very carefully," he said.
He's not afraid of being scooped: AMS took 17 years of planning and $1.5 billion.
"For the next 30 years, I doubt anybody will put a magnetic spectrometer into space. I don't think anybody else will be foolish enough to repeat it."
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History of the USO
Six decades ago, President Franklin Roosevelt conceived an organization--the USO--for the singular, but enduring purpose of reaching out directly from the American people to those in military uniforms who serve them. Non-governmental, but civilian and voluntary in make-up, the organization would serve as a link of compassion and reassurance from the ordinary citizen, that America cares, remembers, and supports the service and sacrifice of those who defend her. It would deliver morale enhancing programs and services around the world. Put simply, through its unique and selfless personality and character, the USO would deliver "America" to those far from home.
Throughout World War II, USO was the channel for community participation in the war effort. In over 3,000 communities, USO centers were established to become the G.I.'s "Home Away From Home". Between 1940 and 1944, U.S. troops grew from 50,000 to 12 million and their need for a variety of services grew accordingly. USO facilities were quickly opened in such unlikely places as churches, log cabins, museums, castles, barns, beach and yacht clubs, railroad sleeping cars, old mansions and storefronts.
USO programs were as varied as the places that housed them. While most aimed to provide off-duty recreation for the mostly male and fairly young service personnel, some were designed for women in uniform, while others provided child care for military wives. USO's could be many things to many people: a lively place to dance and meet people; a place to see movies or find religious counsel; a quiet place to talk or write letters; or, of course, the place to go for free coffee and doughnuts.
The USO truly made history when it came to entertaining the troops. From 1941 to 1947, USO Camp Shows presented an amazing 428,521 performances. There were sometimes 700 or more performances each day, all over the world. Over 7,000 entertainers, "brave soldiers in greasepaint" traveled overseas, from the biggest movie stars to unknown vaudevillians. Some never returned, having fallen beside the fighting men or perished en route in plane crashes. By the end of the second World War, the USO could claim that more than 1.5 million volunteers had worked on its behalf.
In the 1970's when the draft ended, the need for USO was questioned; but after reviewing its programs, it was decided to keep it. The USO was launched into a new era of peacetime service. Programs were developed to smooth frictions between military and local communities and for the first time, the USO helped those leaving the service make the transition to civilian life. Its headquarters moved from New York to Washington, D.C. in 1975.
Throughout the 80's USO increased its scope of peacetime services and expanded its family focus. Today's composition of the U.S. Armed Forces has changed dramatically, not primarily single and male; but 10.5% female and frequently married. Over 50% of today's military are 18-25 and married with children. USO entertainment in the 80's retained its stellar reputation with superstars from all phases of the entertainment industry.
The 1990's, with the U.S.troops being deployed to the desert for at least 6 months at a time, and the Persian Gulf War, challenged USO to meet the needs of our troops in unique circumstances. USO opened 3 new centers in the Middle East and established the USO Mobile Canteen Program. They are 4-wheel drive, all-terrain vehicles that have refreshments, books, magazines, video and cd players for recreational activities. USO workers drove the vans to wherever the troops were deployed to provide some relief from the heat and boredom.
The USO currently operates more than 160 centers worldwide; 77 overseas and 83 stateside. USOs in 10 countries and 22 states utilize the services of some 12,000 volunteers, from those who serve on the World Board of Governors, the USO's governing body, to those who dish up Thanksgiving dinners to USO guests.
The USO operates 78 Family and Community Centers to help military families adjust to new surroundings with info. on childcare co-ops, employment opportunities, parenting, nutrition, budgeting and recreational programs.
Today, USO Celebrity Entertainment shows are effective morale boosters and remain the best-known of USO's offerings. Even in peacetime, entertainers provide a much-needed break in the midst of duty tours overseas.
Even though the Cold War is over, a high number of our armed forces serve in conflicts and crises around the world. The once clearly defined enemy has become blurred in the minds of many in America. The mood of the nation--certain or uncertain; supportive or lacking in support-- transmits directly to those in uniform. The need to know that America cares continues to be as important as ingredient of confidence and effectiveness as it ever has been. Put simply, today, as it has for six decades, and for as far into the future as anyone can see, the singular mission of the USO continues.
Visit USO on the internet: http://www.USO.org
USO entertainment show, Kuwait, 1998
"We stand today on the edge of a new frontier" John F. Kennedy
Members of the United States Green Berets
"If we cannot now end our differences at least we can help make the world safe for diversity" John F. Kennedy
United States Navy Seals using an inflatable raft to enter the sea
"Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear
is fear itself" Franklin D. Roosevelt
Lone Marine walking the perimenter in Bosnia, 1999
"In war, resolution; in defeat, defiance; in victory, magnanimity;
in peace, goodwill" Winston Churchill
A patrolling U.S. Coast Guard boat
"Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile" Albert Einstein
United States Army Mh-4/helicopters and men in special operations
"Whatever America hopes to bring to pass in this world must first come to pass in the heart of America" Dwight D. Eisenhower
The following pictures are from a Bob Hope Christmas Tour in the Philippines in the 1970's:
The base gets ready for the USO show:
Likeness of Bob Hope on plane
"The Man" himself!
Bob--the Master of Ceremonies
Bob with Lee Greenwood whose song, "Proud To Be An American" became the theme of the USO shows at the time.
Lee performs for the troops
Bob with Barbara Eden ("I Dream of Jeannie")
"The Reward of a thing well done is to have done it" Ralph Waldo Emerson
The following pictures are taken from USO shows from the World War II era:
The Andrews Sisters-- the "darlings" of WWII- USO Shows
Songs like, "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" and "Chatanooga Choo-Choo" were big hits
"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" Ralph Waldo Emerson
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"Judgment," writes Bernthal, "is the archetypal situation for Shakespeare, the one event that every human being will have to face, on one or both sides of the grave." Bernthal's study portrays a Shakespeare heavily indebted in his notions of judgmentand in the comic and dramatic uses to which he putsto the doctrines of Christian theology, both Catholic and Protestant. Bernthal also shows how the legal culture and trials of Shakespeare's time, including the famous trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, influenced Shakespeare's approach to the difficulties surrounding human judgmenthow to assess the truthfulness of testimony, determine the appropriate degree of punishment, and evaluate the justice of proposed remedies. Above all, Bernthal carefully attends to the ways in which Shakespeare probed the tension between justice and mercy in all its complexity.
|What They're Saying...||
"Written for the lay reader, provides a captivating synthesis of literary, historical, and legal scholarship."
"He relates in rich detail how plays both major and minor relate to two Elizabethan contexts: Christian theology and English legal tradition."
"Bernthal's analyses, often accompanied with straightforward readings of the plays' narratives, are clear and informative. His analysis of The Tempest rescues that poor hijacked play from the hands of its anti-imperialist critics and opens up its manifold mysteries with genuine sensitivity and exquisite sense."
|Eligible for Readers Club Discount||Yes|
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John Brown Museum
Reverend Samuel Adair and his wife, Florella, came settled near Osawatomie, an abolitionist community and center of conflict during "Bleeding Kansas." The Adair cabin was a station on the Underground Railroad and Florella's half brother, John Brown, used this cabin as his headquarters. Learn more about the family and the border war when you visit the John Brown Museum. Operated in partnership with the City of Osawatomie. Nominated for 8 Wonders of Kansas People.
Plan your visit - find hours of operation, admission fees, directions to site, history, and contact information
Exhibits - discover what you'll see when you visit
Programs - view specific dates and times of our upcoming regular and special events
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Geology has been an integral part of the Pennsylvania K-12 earth science curriculum for nearly fifty years. Innovations in science education have since required teachers to look beyond the textbooks to bring geoscience concepts into the classroom. The Pennsylvania Geological Survey is committed to providing teachers with the tools to make geology both interesting and exciting to students.
The rich natural history, abundant mineral resources, and varied landscape of Pennsylvania create an awesome geoscience classroom waiting to be explored. The resources provided here will help students to observe and interpret the science that is all around them and to use nature’s clues to understand the history of the earth.
Here are just a few examples of questions we hope to help answer:
- What rocks types can be found in Pennsylvania and how did they form?
- Why is Pennsylvania’s landscape shaped the way it is?
- What mineral resources are important to Pennsylvania?
- What important daily necessities do we get from the earth?
- How does an understanding of geology allow us to plan for a sustainable future in Pennsylvania?
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Wage gap differs by county
Cheyenne, Wy –
For the first time, the Wyoming Department of Employment has documented the wage gap by county. A wage gap is the difference between what a man makes on the job versus what a woman makes. In Laramie County, the wage gap is the smallest in the state. The Wyoming Department of Employment's Sylvia Jones says women there make 70 cents for every dollar that men make.
"What you see is that the wages are closer together not because the wages for women are hugely higher than they are in other counties, it's just that the wages for men are lower."
Jones says that's because men in Cheyenne are more likely to work in government than in the oil and gas fields. Data shows Weston County has the largest wage gap. Women there made 43 cents for every dollar that men make.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
The infant industry argument is said to be an economic argument that favors a protectionist approach to trade. The basic argument is that when an industry develops, particularly in non-industrialized areas, it has specific disadvantages. It lacks what are called economies of scale, which are financial advantages accruing when an industry is big that help to lower costs. These advantages could include being able to purchase in bulk, get better loan rates, and allocate personnel resources more efficiently. Given this disadvantage, it’s thought by some economists that the best way to tackle the matter is by limiting importation of similar goods into the country, and this is usually addressed via a government that imposes tariffs (importation taxes) or limits, that make imported goods less attractive or available to consumers in the less industrialized country.
An example of how the infant industry argument might work helps to understand the proposed economic strategy. Country A decides to develop a quality vehicle, but the country is already flooded with imports from Country B that are cheap to buy. A few things must happen, according to this argument, to help Country A successfully develop its own vehicle. It has to find a way to get rid of access to Country B’s cars, or make them so unaffordable that most people won’t buy them.
One way to do this is to raise tariffs. The cars will still be imported but they’ll now be extremely expensive. This could create demand for a locally produced car that is cheaper. Another thing Country B could do is limit the number of cars that can be imported into the country. This means demand will exceed supply.
The implication of the infant industry argument as played out in this example is that Country A reduces trade with Country B. When countries restrict trade in a number of areas they may be protecting industry, but they’re also being anti-global. It’s argued by some economists that problems with the infant industry argument arise at this point.
In order to gain greater profits, eventually the market should expand from country to the globe. With harsh importation laws or tariffs in place, other countries may no longer be interested in trade. While an industry might develop sooner, its capacity to continue developing could be impaired over the long run.
The infant industry argument may impact trade significantly or very little. Usually, if a country is growing a new industry, they don’t want it to compete with well-established industries, and they might want specific trade protections that involve certain new industries. Usually in creating trade laws, countries may build in protections, or only trade in the areas that don’t affect these industries. Sometimes a country uses an infant industry argument to justify nearly complete protectionism, and will refuse to trade with most areas because their lack of economies of scale means never being able to become competitive on a world market.
Actually, this is a sound strategy and a smart one if -- and only if -- the industry the tariffs are designed to protect grows and thrives to the point where economies of scale and buying power kick in and consumers benefit from the costs savings. Otherwise, tariffs simply serve to penalize consumers by denying them access to more competitively priced goods.
Regardless of what some may think, a strong industrial base is still critical to the economic strength of a nation. Just look at the United States -- when your industry vanishes, you are in trouble. You simply can't build an economy based on selling foreign-made goods to each other. Manufacturing provides jobs and builds a wealthier consumer base.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Hank Hogan, Contributing Editor, firstname.lastname@example.org
For optical coherence tomography, it’s time to branch out. Improvements in imaging,
the use of a wider array of wavelengths, and advances in contrast agents promise
to make OCT a tool that can be used to diagnose and treat disease – as well
as to make better consumer goods. However, issues related to cost, speed and new
capabilities present challenges.
OCT is an interferometric technique, with the interaction between
a sample and reference beam yielding images at wavelength- and tissue-dependent
depths. It is used, among other things, for imaging structures in the eye.
It also makes sense to apply it to structures on top of the eye,
specifically contact lenses, said University of Arizona biomedical engineering professor
Jennifer K. Barton. After all, OCT is a good tool for measuring transparent and
semiturbid material, such as a contact lens. What’s more, there is a need
for nondestructive quality assurance, something difficult to do.
With an OCT setup (top), contact lens thickness in a saline solution (bottom) can be
measured, a quality assurance task currently done manually. Courtesy of Bryan R.
Davidson and Jennifer K. Barton, University of Arizona.
“It is actually a big problem, particularly at the edges,
and particularly with soft lenses, which need to be measured in saline,” Barton
said. “OCT is the only imaging technique we know of that can measure the three-dimensional
structure of a transparent lens in saline in near-real time.”
Current quality assurance involves manually slicing contact lenses
and measuring that slice at two points using a microscope. In trained hands, the
technique works, but it is slow, destructive and limited to specific locations.
In research described in a January/February 2010 Journal of Biomedical
Optics paper, graduate student Bryan R. Davidson and Barton used OCT to measure
contact lenses’ prism, the difference between the thinnest and thickest part
of the lens at a specified distance from the edge. For a spherical lens, this parameter
should be zero. In an astigmatism-correcting toric lens, the prism should be a specific
number. Any deviation from the expected indicates a potential manufacturing problem.
The two researchers from the Tucson, Ariz.-based institution showed
that repeatability of the thickness measurement was 2 μm, even though the axial
resolution of the OCT system was more than three times larger. These results were
made possible by taking advantage of the transparent nature of contact lenses and
the speckle in the image, Barton said.
This proof-of-concept demonstration took nearly 7 min to produce
a 36-point measurement report. However, with optimized processing and a faster acquisition
time, that might be cut by two orders of magnitude. This would be necessary to actually
implement the technique on an assembly line. Barton said that a manufacturer reportedly
has used something similar to the prototype setup done in a quality assurance lab.
As for the future, she said, the next step will be to take advantage
of OCT’s 3-D capabilities rather than collecting a series of 2-D images, as
was done in this demonstration. That will require much faster imaging and processing.
System cost also must come down, something that light source advances
might make possible. The fact that there is no need for FDA regulatory approval
also may help cut costs, which Barton believes is necessary.
“An OCT system needs to be competitively priced with other
machine vision systems to be widely adopted,” she said.
When it comes to medical applications, the OCT market is expanding
in other ways; e.g., the Toronto-based Millennium Research Group, a medical market
technology analyst firm, issued a report in September 2010 predicting a 60 percent
annual growth rate through 2015 in cardiology-related OCT in the US.
The same report noted that St. Jude Medical of St. Paul, Minn.,
is currently the only player in the US OCT cardiovascular catheter market. However,
others are expected to launch rival systems soon.
In a related development, there are research programs developing
OCT for blood flow measurements. One such effort – under way at the joint
MIT, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital Athinoula A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging in Charlestown, Mass. – uses a version of OCT
that determines blood flow by tracking signal changes generated by the velocity-dependent
OCT can image blood flow, providing scientists with a new research
tool. Courtesy of Vivek J. Srinivasan, Massachusetts General Hospital.
The researchers’ goal is to create new tools for the study
of experimental stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury and related diseases.
Today, the gold standard for cerebral blood flow measurement is auto-radiography,
which requires animal sacrifice and histology. It is hoped that Doppler OCT can
take the place of such a procedure, which necessarily limits what research can be
“Our new techniques of cortical cerebral blood flow measurement
using Doppler OCT will enable real-time, noninvasive measurements that can be repeated
in the same animal over time. This will enable more accurate tracking of disease
progression,” said Vivek J. Srinivasan, a radiology instructor and assistant
in biomedical engineering at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Srinivasan noted that the investigators reported on their progress
in January 2010 in Optics Letters and Optics Express. Their results showed good
agreement with previously published autoradiography values. The scan time generally
ran between 10 s and 1 min.
One key to pulling this off was the development of sophisticated
algorithms that compensate for movement of the bulk tissue. Uncorrected, such movement
leads to artifacts that obscure the signal from flowing blood. Another important
advance was the development of methods that accurately quantified flow independent
of blood vessel orientation.
The researchers used a prototype system, developed in collaboration
with Thorlabs of Newton, N.J., that had a superluminescent diode source with a 1310-nm
center wavelength and an InGaAs detector. A commercial version could be available
soon, Srinivasan said.
What such a system and the accompanying algorithms could offer
is quantitative measurements of critical vascular parameters without the use of
a dye. Because imaging is rapid, it could be performed under dynamic conditions.
Additionally, because of the high penetration depth of OCT, imaging
could be performed through thinned skulls in rats and mice. This would avoid invasive
procedures that may cause brain inflammation and alter results.
Ultimately, what the researchers are looking for is what happens
after a stroke, Srinivasan said. “We are particularly interested in imaging
of the stroke penumbra and how the processes of neurogenesis and angiogenesis contribute
to recovery and repair days to weeks after stroke.”
Besides what is going on at universities, companies also are working
to expand OCT capabilities, often through technology innovations. One example comes
from Sensors Unlimited – Goodrich ISR Systems Div. of Princeton, N.J., and
another from Xenics of Louvain, Belgium. Both recently announced cameras that operate
in the short-wave IR, which runs from 1 µm up to approximately 1700 nm. These longer
wavelengths allow greater tissue penetration than is the case at 840 nm, an OCT
In the case of Sensors Unlimited, its 1024-pixel line-scan InGaAs
camera is being used for OCT imaging at 1050 nm. Of critical importance to the performance
of such systems is the almost-92-kHz speed of the camera, said Douglas S. Malchow,
the company’s business development manager for industrial applications.
Faster image acquisition helps reduce the impact of patient movement,
he said. There also is an added advantage, however. Because OCT works through interference
between a reference and sample beam, the clarity of the image is degraded by air
turbulence or mechanical changes in the optical path. “Another benefit of
the fast speed is to prevent those drifts from blurring the image detail,”
Raf Vandersmissen, CEO of sInfraRed, Xenics’ Singapore-based
subsidiary, noted that the company’s new line-scan camera runs at speeds of
up to 40 kHz. It offers the ability to switch between a high-sensitivity and high-dynamic-range
mode. This can be important in OCT because various tissues have various scattering
characteristics, placing demands on the detector.
“You need to have a flexible camera because you have to
adapt to different situations,” Vandersmissen said.
Researchers also are engaged in expanding OCT capabilities, with
technology innovations on the macro- and microscopic levels. A case in point comes
from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign bioengineering professor Stephen
A. Boppart, who is part of a group developing targeted magnetic nanoprobes that
could be similar to iron oxide ones in the regulatory approval pipeline for use
as MRI contrast agents.
Diagnostics and therapy with one platform, using OCT and magnetic
nanoparticles (lower left) driven into motion by a magnetic field (two images, bottom
right). The accompanying OCT signal (top left) can image diseased tissue and the
response to magnetomotive nanoparticle therapy. Courtesy of Stephen Boppart and
the Beckman Institute Visualization Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The nanoprobes under development by Boppart and his co-workers
move minutely in response to oscillating magnetic fields and can be imaged using
OCT. As a result, they can probe the elasticity, viscosity and other mechanical
parameters of tissue, providing a way to image these for such applications as cancer
detection, tissue biomechanics research and, possibly, therapy.
The Illinois group published some results in the May 4, 2010,
issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showing that it is possible
to pick up tumor signals with OCT using nanoprobes targeting cancer cells. Future
innovations could include better ways to deliver the magnetic field where needed,
either on coils external to the body or perhaps in miniaturized versions that fit
on a catheter. The hope is for a platform that can be used to spot disease, deliver
treatment and determine response to therapy, all through a combination of imaging
and magnetic field-induced action.
As Boppart said, “We’ve got targeted agents. We can
detect these with magnetomotive OCT and MRI. The next phase is theranostic agents,
to look at these magnetic particles as both diagnostic and therapeutic.”
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New Design to keep Nuclear Power Plants Safe from Earthquakes
In 2011 an earthquake and resulting tsunami struck Japan and so damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that it lost the ability to cool the cores, which led to a meltdown. That event caused many around the world to consider the safety of current nuclear power plants, and how to make them safer in the future. Researchers at MIT have devised a new design for nuclear power plants that has the potential to remove earthquakes and tsunamis as a threat, by moving the plants far off-shore.
The idea of building a nuclear power plant off shore is not new as Russia is currently building a plant on a barge. The novel aspect of MIT's idea is to put the plants miles off shore, where the deepness of the ocean will protect the plant from earthquakes and tsunamis, just as how off shore oil and gas platforms are protected. The oceans offer more than just that protection though as nuclear power plants require large amounts of water to cool their reactors. On land this limits their locations to expensive shorefront areas. Also as the plants are mobile, they could be built and decommissioned at a central facility, like naval ships, which would improve standardization, and could reduce costs by using only steel, instead of both steel and concrete.
Currently this idea is just that, an idea, but is to be presented at the Small Modular Reactors Symposium being held this week. Of course offshore power plants need not be 'small' but could be built to rival the largest 1000 megawatt facilities you can find on land.
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- Prayer and Worship
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The Washing of the Disciples’ Feet.* 1Before the feast of Passover,* Jesus knew that his hour had come to pass from this world to the Father. He loved his own in the world and he loved them to the end.a 2The devil had already induced* Judas, son of Simon the Iscariot, to hand him over. So, during supper,b 3fully aware that the Father had put everything into his power and that he had come from God and was returning to God,c 4he rose from supper and took off his outer garments. He took a towel and tied it around his waist. 5* Then he poured water into a basin and began to wash the disciples’ feetd and dry them with the towel around his waist. 6He came to Simon Peter, who said to him, “Master, are you going to wash my feet?” 7Jesus answered and said to him, “What I am doing, you do not understand now, but you will understand later.” 8Peter said to him, “You will never wash my feet.” Jesus answered him, “Unless I wash you, you will have no inheritance with me.”e 9Simon Peter said to him, “Master, then not only my feet, but my hands and head as well.” 10Jesus said to him, “Whoever has bathed* has no need except to have his feet washed, for he is clean all over; so you are clean, but not all.”f 11For he knew who would betray him; for this reason, he said, “Not all of you are clean.”g
12So when he had washed their feet [and] put his garments back on and reclined at table again, he said to them, “Do you realize what I have done for you? 13You call me ‘teacher’ and ‘master,’ and rightly so, for indeed I am.h 14If I, therefore, the master and teacher, have washed your feet, you ought to wash one another’s feet. 15I have given you a model to follow, so that as I have done for you, you should also do.i 16Amen, amen, I say to you, no slave is greater than his master nor any messenger* greater than the one who sent him.j 17If you understand this, blessed are you if you do it. 18I am not speaking of all of you. I know those whom I have chosen. But so that the scripture might be fulfilled, ‘The one who ate my food has raised his heel against me.’k 19From now on I am telling you before it happens, so that when it happens you may believe that I AM. 20Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever receives the one I send receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me.”l
Announcement of Judas’s Betrayal.m 21When he had said this, Jesus was deeply troubled and testified, “Amen, amen, I say to you, one of you will betray me.” 22The disciples looked at one another, at a loss as to whom he meant. 23One of his disciples, the one whom Jesus loved,* was reclining at Jesus’ side.n 24So Simon Peter nodded to him to find out whom he meant. 25He leaned back against Jesus’ chest and said to him, “Master, who is it?”o 26Jesus answered, “It is the one to whom I hand the morsel* after I have dipped it.” So he dipped the morsel and [took it and] handed it to Judas, son of Simon the Iscariot. 27After he took the morsel, Satan entered him. So Jesus said to him, “What you are going to do, do quickly.”p 28[Now] none of those reclining at table realized why he said this to him. 29Some thought that since Judas kept the money bag, Jesus had told him, “Buy what we need for the feast,” or to give something to the poor.q 30So he took the morsel and left at once. And it was night.
The New Commandment. 31* When he had left, Jesus said,* “Now is the Son of Man glorified, and God is glorified in him. 32[If God is glorified in him,] God will also glorify him in himself, and he will glorify him at once.r 33My children, I will be with you only a little while longer. You will look for me, and as I told the Jews, ‘Where I go you cannot come,’ so now I say it to you.s 34I give you a new commandment:* love one another. As I have loved you, so you also should love one another.t 35This is how all will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.”
Peter’s Denial Predicted. 36Simon Peter said to him, “Master, where are you going?” Jesus answered [him], “Where I am going, you cannot follow me now, though you will follow later.”u 37Peter said to him, “Master, why can’t I follow you now? I will lay down my life for you.” 38Jesus answered, “Will you lay down your life for me? Amen, amen, I say to you, the cock will not crow before you deny me three times.”v
* [13:1–19:42] The Book of Glory. There is a major break here; the word “sign” is used again only in Jn 20:30. In this phase of Jesus’ return to the Father, the discourses (Jn 13–17) precede the traditional narrative of the passion (Jn 18–20) to interpret them for the Christian reader. This is the only extended example of esoteric teaching of disciples in John.
* [13:1–20] Washing of the disciples’ feet. This episode occurs in John at the place of the narration of the institution of the Eucharist in the synoptics. It may be a dramatization of Lk 22:27—“I am your servant.” It is presented as a “model” (“pattern”) of the crucifixion. It symbolizes cleansing from sin by sacrificial death.
* [13:1] Before the feast of Passover: this would be Thursday evening, before the day of preparation; in the synoptics, the Last Supper is a Passover meal taking place, in John’s chronology, on Friday evening. To the end: or, “completely.”
* [13:2] Induced: literally, “The devil put into the heart that Judas should hand him over.”
* [13:5] The act of washing another’s feet was one that could not be required of the lowliest Jewish slave. It is an allusion to the humiliating death of the crucifixion.
* [13:16] Messenger: the Greek has apostolos, the only occurrence of the term in John. It is not used in the technical sense here.
* [13:23] The one whom Jesus loved: also mentioned in Jn 19:26; 20:2; 21:7. A disciple, called “another disciple” or “the other disciple,” is mentioned in Jn 18:15 and Jn 20:2; in the latter reference he is identified with the disciple whom Jesus loved. There is also an unnamed disciple in Jn 1:35–40; see note on Jn 1:37.
* [13:26] Morsel: probably the bitter herb dipped in salt water.
* [13:31–17:26] Two farewell discourses and a prayer. These seem to be Johannine compositions, including sayings of Jesus at the Last Supper and on other occasions, modeled on similar farewell discourses in Greek literature and the Old Testament (of Moses, Joshua, David).
* [13:31–38] Introduction: departure and return. Terms of coming and going predominate. These verses form an introduction to the last discourse of Jesus, which extends through Jn 14–17. In it John has collected Jesus’ words to his own (Jn 13:1). There are indications that several speeches have been fused together, e.g., in Jn 14:31 and Jn 17:1.
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Each diocese (geographical area) of the Episcopal Church appoints up to four clergy and four lay leaders as deputies to attend the General Convention, which is the governing body of the church. Just as the governing body of the United States is comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate, the General Convention is comprised of two houses: the House of Bishops and the House of Deputies. They meet and act separately, and both houses must concur to adopt legislation. The House of Deputies has over 900 members (including alternates), and at each General Convention, the House of Deputies elects a president to serve a three-year term. The House of Deputies meets once every three years, at General Convention.
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by Staff Writers
San Diego CA (SPX) Jul 15, 2011
Bringing fresh insight into long-standing debates about how powerful geological forces shape the planet, from earthquake ruptures to mountain formations, scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego have identified a new mechanism driving Earth's massive tectonic plates.
Scientists who study tectonic motions have known for decades that the ongoing "pull" and "push" movements of the plates are responsible for sculpting continental features around the planet. Volcanoes, for example, are generally located at areas where plates are moving apart or coming together.
Scripps scientists Steve Cande and Dave Stegman have now discovered a new force that drives plate tectonics: Plumes of hot magma pushing up from Earth's deep interior. Their research is published in the July 7 issue of the journal Nature.
Using analytical methods to track plate motions through Earth's history, Cande and Stegman's research provides evidence that such mantle plume "hot spots," which can last for tens of millions of years and are active today at locations such as Hawaii, Iceland and the Galapagos, may work as an additional tectonic driver, along with push-pull forces.
Their new results describe a clear connection between the arrival of a powerful mantle plume head around 70 million years ago and the rapid motion of the Indian plate that was pushed as a consequence of overlying the plume's location.
The arrival of the plume also created immense formations of volcanic rock now called the "Deccan flood basalts" in western India, which erupted just prior to the mass extinction of dinosaurs.
The Indian continent has since drifted north and collided with Asia, but the original location of the plume's arrival has remained volcanically active to this day, most recently having formed Reunion island near Madagascar.
The team also recognized that this "plume-push" force acted on other tectonic plates, and pushed on Africa as well but in the opposite direction.
"Prior to the plume's arrival, the African plate was slowly drifting but then stops altogether, at the same time the Indian speeds up," explains Stegman, an assistant professor of geophysics in Scripps' Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics.
"It became clear the motion of the Indian and African plates were synchronized and the Reunion hotspot was the common link."
After the force of the plume had waned, the African plate's motion gradually returned to its previous speed while India slowed down.
"There is a dramatic slow down in the northwards motion of the Indian plate around 50 million years ago that has long been attributed to the initial collision of India with the Eurasian plate," said Cande, a professor of marine geophysics in the Geosciences Research Division at Scripps.
"An implication of our study is that the slow down might just reflect the waning of the mantle plume-the actual collision might have occurred a little later."
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Capturing the Boundary Between Magma and Water
Panama City, Panama (SPX) Jul 05, 2011
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 335 Superfast Spreading Rate Crust 4 recently completed operations in Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1256D, a deep scientific borehole that extends more than 1500 meters below the seafloor into the Pacific Ocean's igneous crust - rocks that formed through the cooling and crystallization of magma, and form the basement of the ocean floor. ... read more
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Habitat:Northern hardwood forests; prefers dry soils.
Characteristics: Trees attain a height of 60-70 feet, though taller trees are sometimes encountered. The trunks of mature trees are 3-4 feet in diameter; the leaves have either rounded or sharp teeth and are 4 to 9 inches long. The leaves are dull orange in autumn.
The strong, durable wood of the better-formed trees has the same uses as that of other oaks. The bark is rich in tannic acid, and was once collected for use in tanning leather.
This is occasionally a very long-lived tree. The famous Washington Oak, an exceptionally large chestnut oak which grew on the east bank of the Hudson River in New York, is estimated to have been 800 to 1,000 years old.
This key was developed by "bt" in June 1982. It was put into HTML format by Stephen Ostermiller in July 1997. Copies of the entire guide in zip format that may be taken to camp on a laptop are available to those who write.
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Some adorable newborn kittens at Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species have no idea just how special they are. Two African Black-Footed kittens, members of an endangered species rarely seen in captivity, are the first of their kind to be born from a frozen embryo via in-vitro fertilization. This ground-breaking birth is the latest advance in assisted reproduction for endangered species from Audubon Nature Institute in New Orleans.
The youngsters, both males, were born to surrogate mother Bijou on February 13, 2011, but their story goes all the way back to 2003, when sperm was collected from a 6 year old male named Ramses in Omaha, Nebraska. Experts at the Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo Center for Conservation and Research – Reproductive Sciences Department froze the sperm and sent it to Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species. It was combined with an egg from Zora, a Black-Footed Cat living at Audubon research center, creating embryos in March, 2005. Those embryos were frozen for almost six years before being thawed and transferred to Bijou on December 7, 2010. Sixty-nine days later, the two kittens became the first of their species to be born as a result of in-vitro fertilization utilizing frozen/thawed sperm and a frozen/thawed embryo.
“The science of assisted reproduction for endangered species has come a long way in the past fifteen years, but every time we can point to another ‘first’ in the field it gives us hope,” said Audubon Nature Institute President and CEO Ron Forman. “We are proving this science works and that we can provide hi-tech options for many different species as the situation grows more and more critical for wildlife across the globe.”
As species like the black-footed cat decrease in numbers, it becomes more important to work out the science for keeping their genetics viable, according to Audubon Nature Institute Senior Vice President for Research Dr. Betsy Dresser, Director of Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species. “We don’t know what the future holds for many of these species,” said Dr. Dresser. “But we do know that by preserving DNA and working on protocol for creating pregnancies and producing babies through cryo-preservation and surrogate mothers, we are giving these species a shot at survival even when their numbers dip to dangerously low levels."
The Audubon research program has pioneered a number of firsts in the field, including the birth of African wildcat Jazz, the first wild carnivore born via inter-species embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilization in 1999, and the world’s first cloned sand cat kittens and caracal kitten. While the program focuses heavily on small endangered cats, Audubon research center also pioneered a successful assisted reproduction program for endangered Mississippi sandhill cranes which serves as the prototype for a new program for endangered whooping cranes.
The very special black-footed cats might look similar to domestic kittens found anywhere across the globe, but their numbers, according to the Feline Conservation Federation, are very low. There are only 19 such cats in zoo collections in the United States, and only 40 around the world. Native to South Africa, the black-footed cat is one of the smallest wild felines. While hunting them is prohibited, farmers in their range will sometimes poison or trap them.
There is always more research to be done. “The next step for us will be to clone the black-footed cat and transfer the embryo to a domestic cat surrogate,” said Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species Senior Scientist Dr. C. Earle Pope, who is the lead scientist on the project. Meanwhile, the two black-footed kittens are being cared for by their surrogate mother and staff at Audubon research center, blissfully unaware of their enormous contribution to the science of saving species.
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Is Every Fossil in Its (Evolutionary) Place?
by Vernon R. Cupps, Ph.D., and Brian Thomas, M.S.*
During a recent televised debate between Bill Nye and Ken Ham, Mr. Nye claimed that fossils are never found “out of place.”1 If by this he means they are never found outside of the rock strata that define the supposed age in which the fossilized creatures lived, he’s wrong. He then challenged viewers to find one single contrary instance anywhere in the world. That’s easy.
The fossil record is not nearly as evolutionary as Mr. Nye would have us believe. It features fossils mixed in myriad strange combinations. For example, clam kinds occur all throughout Earth’s sedimentary layers, frequently mixed with dinosaurs, and the fossil clams look like today’s clams.2
To the unbiased eye, a fossil bed full of dead and buried, long-gone creatures looks more like a graveyard than a slice of life. It records sudden, violent death and catastrophic covering in mud. These observations fit the worldwide Flood model—at which Mr. Nye so glibly scoffs—much better than evolution’s slow, normal, everyday processes, which generally don’t produce any fossils.3
The unique “Cambrian” creature Anomalocaris qualifies as a contrary instance to Nye’s concept of tidy evolutionary fossil records. Once used to identify Cambrian rocks, it was recently discovered in Ordovician rocks, supposedly deposited 50 million years after the Cambrian.4
The five major classes of mollusks, as well as modern parrots, penguins, ducks, owls, and possums, that are living today can all be found in dinosaur rock layers.5 A fossil Tasmanian devil look-alike even has a dinosaur still in its stomach.6
What about plant fossils? Carl Sagan said on his 1980 television series Cosmos, “The dinosaurs perished around the time of the first flower.”7 However, scientists have since discovered rhododendron, poppy, modern lotus, black walnut tree leaf, and sweetgum tree leaf fossils in dinosaur rock layers.5 The recent discovery of beautifully preserved 240 million-year-old pollen grains showed that flowering plants lived 100 million years earlier than they were supposed to have evolved, using evolutionary time.8 With that one flower find, secular scientists essentially had to admit their venerated evolutionary tree was off by 100 million years!9
A tree fossil in Tennessee represents many that lie across several rock layers.10 A kind of fossil tube worm designated as 550 million years old and once used to identify Cambrian rocks was found below Cambrian strata and still lives today, unchanged.11
Despite these discoveries, fossils do fall into a general order—sea creatures in lower rocks, shore creatures higher, then swamp and land creatures in uppermost layers. Instead of reflecting evolution from sea to land, this order reflects different environments deposited in successive tsunami-like episodes during the Flood year. The mixed-up and still-living fossilized organisms refute the concept of a tidy evolutionary sequence and confirm the biblical concept of a recent flood that buried all kinds of creatures in a worldwide cataclysm.
- February 4, 2014, televised debate between Bill Nye and Ken Ham. Posted on debatelive.org, accessed April 5, 2014.
- Archibald, J. D. 1996. Dinosaur Extinction and the End of an Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 128.
- Morris, J. and F. Sherwin. 2010. The Fossil Record: Unearthing Nature’s History of Life. Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research, 53.
- Thomas, B. Out of Place Marine Fossil Disrupts Evolutionary Index. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org June 14, 2011, accessed March 21, 2014.
- Werner, C. 2009. Living Fossils: Evolution: The Grand Experiment, Vol. 2. Azzara, C., A. Prunty, and L. Welch, eds. Green Forest, AR: New Leaf Press, 233-240.
- Thomas, B. 2013. The Details Are in the “Devil.” Acts & Facts. 42 (3): 18.
- Druyan, A., executive producer, and K. Gibson, producer. 2000. Cosmos: Carl Sagan, Episode II: One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue. DVD. Cosmos Studios, Inc.
- Hochuli, P. A. and S. Feist-Burkhardt. 2013. Angiosperm-like pollen and Afropollis from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Germanic Basin (Northern Switzerland). Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 344.
- Clarey, T., and B. Thomas. 2013. Pollen Fossils Warp Evolutionary Time. Acts & Facts. 42 (12).
- Morris, J. 2009. A Classic Polystrate Fossil. Acts & Facts. 38 (10): 15.
- Moczydlowska, M., F. Westall, and F. Foucher. 2014. Microstructure and Biogeochemistry of the Organically Preserved Ediacaran Metazoan Sabellidites. Journal of Paleontology. 88 (2): 224-239.
* Dr. Cupps is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation Research and received his Ph.D. in nuclear physics at Indiana University-Bloomington. Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Cite this article: Various Authors. 2014. Is Every Fossil in Its (Evolutionary) Place?. Acts & Facts. 43 (6).
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José Clemente Orozco
Oil on canvas
198.8 x 122.6 cm (78 1/4 x 48 1/4 in.)
Signed lower left: J. C. Orozco
Inscribed lower left: S. F. JULIO, 1930
Gift of Joseph Winterbotham Collection, 1941.35
This dramatic canvas was painted during José Clemente Orozco’s self-imposed exile in the United States, where he moved in 1927, in part to escape political unrest, but also because he felt that it was increasingly difficult to get commissions in his native land. A leader of the Mexican mural movement of the 1920s and 1930s, Orozco claimed to have painted Zapata to finance his trip back to New York after completing a mural commission in California. For liberal Mexicans, Emiliano Zapata became a symbol of the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) after his assassination in 1919. The charismatic Zapata crusaded to return the enormous holdings of wealthy landowners to Mexico’s peasant population. Here his specterlike figure appears in the open door of a peasant hut. Despite the drama before him, the revolutionary hero seems solemn and unmoved. The painting is filled with menacing details—the bullets, the dagger, and especially the sword aimed at Zapata’s eye—and the somber palette of dark reds, browns, and blacks further underscores the danger of the revolutionary conflict.
— Entry, Essential Guide, 2013, p. 51.
New York, American Federation of Arts (organizer), Mexican Arts, cat. 412, exhibited at Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 13-November 9, 1930, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, November 25-December 16, 1930, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, January 7-February 4, 1931, Cleveland Museum of Art, February 18-March 11, 1931, Washington, Corcoran Gallery, April 1-22, 1931, Milwaukee Art Institute, May 13-June 3, 1931, Louisville, J.B. Speed Memorial Museum, June 24-July 15, 1931, and San Antonio, Pan-American Round Table, August 12-September 2, 1931.
New York, Delphic Studios and Alma Reed (organizer), Exhibition of Lithographs, Mural Studies, Photographs of Frescoes, Paintings, Drawings by José Clemente Orozco, cat. 23, exhibited at La Porte, Indiana, Civic Auditorium, April 6-29, 1934.
Chicago, Arts Club of Chicago, Exhibition of Paintings by José Clemente Orozco, May 23-June 15, 1934, cat. 10.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, Modern Works of Art; Fifth Anniversary Edition, November 20, 1934-January 20, 1935, cat. 121, ill.
Pittsburgh, PA, Carnegie Institute, The 1935 International Exhibition of Paintings, October 7-December 8, 1935, cat. 241, pl. 30.
New York, Hudson D. Walker Gallery, J. C. Orozco: Paintings and Drawings, October 2-21, 1939, cat. 11.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art, February-November 1940, no cat.
Washington, DC, Pan American Union, Contemporary Art in Latin America, April 1942, n.pag., ill.
Rocky Mountain Council on Inter-American Affairs (organizer), Exhibition [Contemporary Latin American Painters], exhibited in Fort Collins, Colo., Colorado State University, March 6-24, 1943, no cat. located.
Chicago, Art Institute of Chicago, The Winterbotham Collection, 1947, pp. 6, 32-33.
Chicago, Renaissance Society of the University of Chicago, José Clemente Orozco, 1883-1949, April 2-30, 1951, cat. 6.
Mexican government (organizer), exhibited in Paris, Musée national d'art moderne, under Art Mexicain du précolumbien a nos jours, May-July 1952, cat. 968, pl. 88, as Le Caudillo Zapata; Stockholm, Sweden, Liljevalchs Konsthall, under Mexikansk Konst från forntid till nutid, October 1952, cat. 953, pl. 52, as Hövdingen Zapata; and London, Tate Gallery, under Exhibition of Mexican Art from Pre-Columbian Times to the Present Day, March 4 to April 26, 1953, cat. 968, pl. 55 (in supplement), as The Caudillo (Leader) Zapata.
Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Institute, Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings from Previous Internationals, 1896-1955, December 5, 1958-February 8, 1959, cat. 65.
Chicago, Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum, Mexicanidad: Our Past Is Present, April 27, 2001-May 5, 2002, no cat.
Art Institute of Chicago, They Seek a City: Chicago and the Art of Migration, 1910-1950, March 3-June 3, 2013, cat. 41.
José Clemente Orozco, introduction by Alma Reed (New York: Delphic Studios, 1932), ill. n.pag.
"Modern Art: 1821-1940; Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art," Bulletin of the Museum of Modern Art, 7, 2-3 (May 1940), p. 11.
Frederick A. Sweet, "The Leader, Zapata," Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 35, 6 (November 1941), pp. 90-91, ill. p. 89.
Fernando Gamboa, José Clemente Orozco (Mexico: Ediciones de Arte, 1948), ill. p. 25.
Justino Fernandez, "Orozco's Zapata." Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly, 45, 4, (November 15, 1951), pp. 62-65.
MacKinley Helm, Man of Fire: J. C. Orozco: An Interpretative Memoir (Boston Institute of Contemporary Art/Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1953), ill. p. 149, pl. 15.
Alma Reed, Orozco (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), pp. 192-94, 198, 200, 201-02.
Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago: A Catalogue of the Picture Collection (Art Institute of Chicago, 1961), pp. 346-47, ill. p. 472.
José Clemente Orozco, An Autobiography, trans. by Robert C. Stephenson, intro. by John Palmer Leeper (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962), pp. 139-140.
John Hutton, "'If I am to die tomorrow'--Roots and Meanings of Orozco's Zapata Entering a Peasant's Hut," Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 11, 1 (Fall 1984), pp. 38-51, ill.
Laurance P. Hurlburt, The Mexican Muralists in the United States (University of New Mexico Press, 1989), p. 42, p. 266 n. 85.
Art Institute of Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculpture, selected by James N. Wood and Teri J. Edelstein (Art Institute of Chicago, 1996), p. 65, ill.
Victoria Price, Vincent Price: A Daughter's Biography (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 83-84.
Judith A. Barter et al., "American Modernism at the Art Institute of Chicago, From World War I to 1955," (Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2009), cat. 85.
José Clemente Orozco; sold to Alma Reed/Delphic Studios, New York, by Oct. 1930 [exh. in American Federation of Art, Mexican Arts, 1930]; sold to Vincent Price, Hollywood, Calif., in 1938 [letter from Price in file]; sold to the Art Institute, 1941.
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The onion has a long history of medicinal use, as a food for the poor, and as a flavouring ingredient – but seems to have only rarely been prepared and celebrated in its own right as culinary treat. Why is this? How could a mid-eighteenth century wife or nurse prepare ‘a cataplasm of roasted onions and bruised mustard seed’ as an ‘excellent external application for the piles’ (or the chilblains), and not be tempted by the aroma to pile the leftover cataplasm on the dinner plate? On the other hand, maybe a haemorrhoid medication could never be appealing for dinner.
Even by the mid-nineteenth century the onion was hardly a culinary delicacy, if we are to judge from the following opinion:
Great use is made of the onion in the United States; but I do not regard it as a very valuable esculent, except for medicinal purposes. It is somewhat stimulant and heating, as well as diuretic. Dr. Paris says it certainly contains a considerable portion of nourishment; but his manner of expressing his opinion appears to me, to imply doubts of the truth of his own statements. He relates, moreover, from Sir John Sinclair, that a Scotch Highlander, with a few raw onions in his pocket, and a crust of bread or some oatcake, can travel to an almost incredible extent, for two or three days in succession, without any other food. This is not very strange, however. Who could not travel, with crusts of good bread in his pocket, if in sufficient quantity? There is no better food in the world for a person who is to travel violently a few days, than this; but I have yet to learn that the raw onions would add much to the amount of real sustenance. They might serve as a condiment.
Since, however, the onion is much in fashion, it may be well to say that the best method of cooking it is either by boiling or roasting; and the worst by frying. The fried onion, either alone, or with apples, potatoes, or meat, is exceedingly indigestible and unwholesome; and to any but a perverted taste, highly offensive and disgusting. As a medicine, it is sometimes properly used raw.[The young house-keeper: or, thoughts on food and cookery (Boston, 1839) by W.A. Alcott.]
I admit it. My taste is perverted. I love fried onions.
I do wonder what future readers will think of our current theories of food and disease (“How ridiculous! Back then, they actually thought BUTTER was BAD!”)
As for the ‘exceedingly indigestible and unwholesome’ combination of onions and apples, we have previously come across the very thrifty idea of onion-apple pies – for rough farm-workers of course.
What about this repeated connection of the Scots with onions? It is mentioned again in that very Scottish cookery book by ‘Mistress Margaret Dods’ (aka Christian Isobel Johnstone) - Cook and Housewife’s Manual (1826). The book does actually contain a recipe for roasted onions – to be eaten, not applied.
To Stew And Roast Onions
Scald and peel a dozen middle sized, or two or three Spanish onions. If old and acrid, parboil them, and stew very slowly for nearly an hour in good veal or broth, with white pepper and salt; thicken the sauce with a little white roux or butter kneaded in flour, and dishing the onions in a small hash-dish, pour it over them. A little mushroom catsup may be added or they may be browned. Onions are roasted before the fire in their skins, and served with cold butter and salt. They are in Scotland served with roasted goose or pork, and eaten alone or with roasted potatoes or red or pickled herrings. In the latter case we would recommend mustard as well as butter. Obs. Stewed and roasted onions used to be a favourite supper dish in Scotland, and were reckoned medicinal .The onions were stewed (after parboiling) in a butter sauce to which cream was put, i.e. the Sauce blanche of France.
Quotation for the Day
The onion being eaten, yea though it be boyled, causeth head-ache, hurteth the eyes, and maketh a man dimme sighted, dulleth the senses, ingendreth windinesse, and provoketh overmuch sleepe, especially being eaten raw.
John Gerard (1545-1611)
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What Is Needed to Diagnose GIST?
Usually gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is diagnosed from the features of the cells that comprise the tumor tissue with confirmation of the expression of the protein KIT (also called CD117) in the tumor cells, along with other proteins, by immunohistochemistry (a special laboratory technique to detect proteins in cells). In addition, certain proteins are very rarely expressed by GIST, such as desmin, and the absence of these proteins can also be useful diagnostically. Although a few other abdominal tumors can rarely test positive for KIT, the pathologist can use the results from a panel of tests to differentiate among the possible diagnoses. Those few GISTs that are negative for KIT can be identified by an expert pathologist using cell characteristics and the pattern of results for the panel of tests. Newer protein markers such as DOG1 (which stands for discovered on GIST 1) can also be helpful for diagnosis.
What is KIT (CD117)?
KIT protein (or CD117) is a cell-surface receptor for a growth factor called stem cell factor (SCF). KIT is a transmembrane protein: it straddles the cell membrane with a part extending outside of the cell (the extracellular domain) and a part extending into the interior of the cell (the intracellular or cytoplasmic domain). Normally, KIT triggers cell division, cellular differentiation, or other cellular functions when stimulated by stem cell factor.
Figure 1. Cross-section showing the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. The ICCs are the stellate cells (shaped like stars) in blue (not to scale) residing between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers. These cells normally function to help mediate gastrointestinal motility (peristalsis).
In the gastrointestinal tract, the KIT receptor is present on cells called interstitial cells of Cajal, or ICCs. These special cells control peristalsis, the GI tract movements that propel food along as it is digested. Because GIST cells show the same type of differentiation (or may even be derived from stem cells that produce ICCs), the tumor cells test positive for KIT in almost all GISTs.
The ICCs are located between the layers of the muscular wall of the GI tract. Note the figure illustrating a section of the GI tract wall. This could represent the wall of any digestive organ except the esophagus, which lacks the outermost serosal covering.
Common cancers (carcinomas) start from within the lining (mucosa) of the GI tract and often initially grow inside the digestive organs. In contrast, GISTs begin within the wall of the digestive organs (such as the stomach). At first the GIST is contained within the wall (called intramural), but as it grows larger it usually extends outward into the abdominal cavity. Occasionally a GIST may grow into the hollow tube of the digestive tract (called its lumen). Frequently GISTs ulcerate the lining at their point of origin and cause bleeding into the GI tract; this blood loss can cause anemia, but can also be the symptom that brings the GIST to the attention of the patient and their physician.
When was KIT first associated with GIST?
In 1998, Japanese researchers discovered that the presence of KIT protein distinguishes GISTs from other similar tumors, and that mutations causing the KIT protein to be abnormal are found in GISTs. Prior to that time, KIT testing was not performed and GIST was not always clearly recognized as a distinct sarcoma type. The consistent recognition of GIST became more common starting in 2000, and GISTs are well recognized by pathologists today. Before the discovery of KIT, many GISTs were thought to be a type of leiomyosarcoma, a sarcoma showing smooth muscle differentiation similar to the muscle layers of the GI tract.
Do KIT mutations cause GIST?
Yes, in the majority of GISTs, KIT is not only a marker that is helpful to identify GIST cells but also the initial factor responsible for the tumor's development. KIT protein that is abnormally activated due to a mutation in the KIT gene causes uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth.
The growth factor called stem cell factor (also known as KIT ligand) binds two receptors at once and causes activation of the KIT receptor pair. When the growth factor locks into place between the exterior parts of two KITs to form a receptor pair (called "dimerization"), they change orientation and the portions inside the cell membrane come closer together. This allows each member of the pair to activate the other at an "activation loop" location inside the cell membrane. (The activation process is called "phosphorylation" because chemically this involves transfer of a phosphate group).
Figure 2. Two KIT receptors normally dimerize (form a pair) in the presence of the ligand stem cell factor (SCF) to initiate downstream signaling (left). Mutations in the receptor cause abnormal constitutive signaling without stimulation from the SCF ligand (right).
The activated KIT starts a series of signals to the cell nucleus, triggering the cell to enter the cell cycle and reproduce by cell division (called mitosis). By mitosis the single cell divides into two.
Normally in adults (who are no longer growing), new cells are not produced unless they are needed to replace cells that have been injured or have grown too old to function well. Our body organs stay a constant size because they maintain a constant number of cells. In a tumor, cells divide too often, causing the tumor to grow.
In normal ICCs, KIT triggers cell division only when a cell needs to be replaced. In contrast, in most GISTs, a mutation in the KIT gene causes the KIT receptors to signal abnormally for continuous cell growth, without being stimulated by stem cell factor. This uncontrolled growth causes a GIST to form. About 85% of GISTs are caused by a mutated KIT gene and the resulting malformed KIT protein that triggers abnormal cell division and tumor growth.
Other abnormalities of GIST cells that occur later in the tumor's development also play a role in how aggressive the tumor becomes, but abnormal KIT activation is the primary cause.
Are all GISTs caused by mutations in the KIT gene?
No, there are two types of GIST with normal KIT protein:
PDGFRA-mutant GIST: About 5% of GISTs have normal KIT genes but are caused by an activating mutation in the gene for a different growth factor receptor called platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Normally, these PDGFRA receptor pairs join and signal the cell nucleus in just the same way as shown above for KIT, except that the growth factor that stimulates them is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). If the PDGFRA gene is mutated, then the protein PDGFRA can signal for continuous cell growth without being stimulated by PDGF, causing a GIST to grow.
Wild-type GIST: Tumors that do not have activating mutations in either the KIT or PDGFRA genes are called wild-type GISTs. Their growth triggers have not yet been identified. These wild-type GISTs comprise about 10% of GISTs, including the majority of GISTs diagnosed in patients under 30 years old. As more research is done, this group will probably be divided into more subgroups with genetic abnormalities that have not yet been identified. A small number of these cases are already known to have mutations in the oncogene BRAF.
Do all GISTs test positive for KIT protein?
About 95% of GISTs are positive for the presence of KIT protein using immunohistochemistry. Almost all GISTs caused by a mutated KIT gene and almost all wild-type GISTs test positive for KIT. Some GISTs caused by a mutated PDGFRA gene test negative or very weakly for KIT protein when the pathologist stains the cells. It is not currently easy to test for PDGFRA staining directly because the commercially available reagents are not yet reliable enough for general use. A few specialized pathology labs may perform PDGFRA immunohistochemical testing. Alternatively, mutation testing of the PDGFRA gene may be recommended for diagnosis of KIT-negative GIST. While it is becoming increasingly used in GIST cases, mutation testing is not always part of a pathology report and some physicians are comfortable managing GIST patients without this information.
If the pathologist suspects that a tumor is a GIST but the KIT test results are weak or negative, then alternative tests can help identify the tumor type, as discussed in a later section on immunohistochemistry.
Is KIT testing always reliable?
The validity of KIT testing depends on the pathologist's methodology and experience to avoid false positive results. Commercially available test materials are much more reliable now than they were in 2000-2002, when false positives occurred more frequently. If there is doubt, a tumor sample can be sent for a second opinion to a pathologist with more sarcoma expertise.
Is mutation testing needed for GIST diagnosis and prognosis?
No, mutation testing (also called genotyping) is not necessary for diagnosis of KIT-positive GIST, and it is not part of a typical GIST pathology report. Although some GIST treatment centers do routinely perform mutation testing on GISTs, this is not currently standard practice. Your pathologist may decide that mutation analysis is needed in the case of KIT-negative GIST, or if unusual tumor cell characteristics make diagnosis difficult. Your pathologist or your oncologist may decide that mutation analysis would be helpful in managing your treatment if there is reason to suspect an unusual mutation that would affect your response to drug therapies. Genotyping is done only in a limited number of labs; therefore, samples must be shipped for mutation testing unless you are being treated at one of the specialty centers with this capability. Regardless of whether genotyping is done locally or by an external lab, it will be reported separately, either as a subsequent addendum to your pathology report or as an entirely separate report. Also see questions 8-10 on the page GIST Pathology Questions and Terminology.
Go to next section, Pathology Methods for GIST
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Wednesday, June 29, 2016
Pulmonary Fibrosis Oxygen Therapy
My grandpa is in the hospital for dizziness as a result of forgetting to take his blood pressure medication. He has previously been diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The nurses just called and said they were surprised to see that he was on a 100 percent oxygen feed, so they moved him to intensive care.
From what I’ve read, oxygen can cause carbon dioxide retention for people with COPD. The last time I saw him he was hyperventilating. He is still on a 100 percent oxygen feed. Is this dangerous?
High concentrations of oxygen can both be life saving and can be hazardous.
If a patient's blood oxygen level is low, then high concentrations of inhaled oxygen can help to restore dangerously low blood oxygen levels to prevent damage to the brain, liver, heart, etc.
In patients with COPD, giving too much inhaled oxygen can sometimes cause the carbon dioxide to rise. Therefore, as physicians, we measure the amount of inhaled oxygen so that we give as much as is required to get the blood oxygen into the normal range but we try to not give more than that amount.
Some patients may even require 100% inhaled oxygen to keep their blood oxygen in the low-normal range. In general, the danger of low blood oxygen is as great or greater than the danger of a high carbon dioxide level; therefore, we give as much oxygen as it takes to get the blood oxygen saturation above 90%.
Patients with pulmonary fibrosis usually do not have the same problem with rising carbon dioxide levels that patients with COPD have.
The other risk of high concentrations of inhaled oxygen is "oxygen toxicity". Even though supplemental oxygen can be life saving, it can also be toxic to the lung and can cause inflammation or fibrosis in the lung. Usually this does not happen unless the inhaled oxygen concentration is more than 60% for at least a few days.
Unfortunately, in patients who have low blood oxygen, there really are no alternatives to high concentrations of inhaled oxygen and so we have to balance the risks of oxygen with the benefits of oxygen. If the blood oxygen level is low, then the benefits of supplemental oxygen almost always outweigh the risks of supplemental oxygen.
James N Allen, Jr, MD
Clinical Professor of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University
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Are you ready for some good news -- tiny good news -- about global warming? In a new study, scientists in Boulder say teeny particles called aerosols are helping shield Earth from the sun. As a result, global temperatures just might rise a little less than expected. Thing is, this new study opens up a whole new set of mysteries. Ryan Warner speaks with John Daniel, s a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration in Boulder. The photo shows light from a lidar instrument rising over Boulder. NOAA researchers are using the instrument to study the particles.
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| 0.850202 | 115 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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