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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine%20pancreatic%20ribonuclease
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Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, also often referred to as bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A or simply RNase A, is a pancreatic ribonuclease enzyme that cleaves single-stranded RNA. Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease is one of the classic model systems of protein science. Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded in recognition of work on bovine pancreatic ribonuclease: in 1972, the Prize was awarded to Christian Anfinsen for his work on protein folding and to Stanford Moore and William Stein for their work on the relationship between the protein's structure and its chemical mechanism; in 1984, the Prize was awarded to Robert Bruce Merrifield for development of chemical synthesis of proteins.
History
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease became a common model system in the study of proteins largely because it was extremely stable and could be purified in large quantities. In the 1940s Armour and Company purified a kilogram of protein - a very large quantity, particularly by the protein purification standards of the time - and offered samples at low cost to interested scientists. The ability to have a single lot of purified enzyme made it a predominant model system for protein studies. It remains commonly referred to as ribonuclease A or RNase A as the most prominent member of its protein family, known variously as pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease A, or ribonuclease I.
Christian Anfinsen's studies of the oxidative folding process of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease laid the g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Horrocks%20%28mathematician%29
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Geoffrey Horrocks (1932/33 Leicester – 12 September 2012) was a British mathematician working on vector bundles, who introduced the Horrocks construction used in the ADHM construction, and the Horrocks–Mumford bundle and monads.
He was a professor at Newcastle University until his retirement in 1998.
Publications
References
LMS newsletter obituary
2012 deaths
1930s births
Academics of Newcastle University
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Algebraic geometers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectary%20plant
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Insectary plants are those that attract insects. As such, beneficial insectary plants are intentionally introduced into an ecosystem to increase pollen and nectar resources required by the natural enemies of the harmful or unwanted insects pests. Beyond an effective natural control of pests, the beneficial insects also assist in pollination.
The "friendly insects" include ladybeetles, bees, ground beetles, hoverflies, and parasitic wasps. Other animals that are frequently considered beneficial include lizards, spiders, toads, and hummingbirds. Beneficial insects are as much as ten times more abundant in the insectary plantings area. Mortality of scale insects (caused by natural enemies) can be double with insectary plantings. In addition, a diversity of insectary plants can increase the population of beneficial insects such that these levels can be sustained even when the insectary plants are removed or die off.
For maximum benefit in the garden, insectary plants can be grown alongside desired garden plants that do not have this benefit. The insects attracted to the insectary plants will also help the other nearby garden plants.
Many members of the family Apiaceae (formerly known as Umbelliferae) are excellent insectary plants. Fennel, angelica, coriander (cilantro), dill, and wild carrot all provide in great number the tiny flowers required by parasitic wasps. Various clovers, yarrow, and rue also attract parasitic and predatory insects. Low-growing plants, such as thyme,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20railway%20accidents
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Classification of railway accidents, both in terms of cause and effect, is a valuable aid in studying rail (and other) accidents to help to prevent similar ones occurring in the future. Systematic investigation for over 150 years has led to the railways' excellent safety record (compared, for example, with road transport).
Ludwig von Stockert (1913) proposed a classification of accidents by their effects (consequences); e.g. -on-collisions, rear-end collisions, derailments. Schneider and Mase (1968) proposed an additional classification by causes; e.g. driver's errors, signalmen's errors, mechanical faults. Similar categorisations had been made by implication in previous books e.g. Rolt (1956), but Stockert's and Schneider/Mase's are more systematic and complete. With minor changes, they represent best knowledge.
Classification of rail accidents by effects
Collisions
Collisions with trains:
Head-on collision
Rear-end collision
Slanting collision
Collisions with buffer stops (overrunning end of track)
Collisions with obstructions on the track (may also cause derailment)
Collision with landslips (in cuttings)
Derailments
By location:
Plain track
Curves
Junctions
Other
Fires, explosions and release of hazardous chemicals (including sabotage/terrorism)
People falling from trains, collisions with people on tracks
Classification of rail accidents by causes
Drivers' errors
Passing signals at danger
Excessive speed
Mishandling of the engine (e.g. boiler ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20entropy
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Loop entropy is the entropy lost upon bringing together two residues of a polymer within a prescribed distance. For a single loop, the entropy varies logarithmically with the number of residues in the loop
where is the Boltzmann constant and is a coefficient that depends on the properties of the polymer. This entropy formula corresponds to a power-law distribution for the probability of the residues contacting.
The loop entropy may also vary with the position of the contacting residues. Residues near the ends of the polymer are more likely to contact (quantitatively, have a lower ) than those in the middle (i.e., far from the ends), primarily due to excluded volume effects.
Wang-Uhlenbeck entropy
The loop entropy formula becomes more complicated with multiples loops, but may be determined for a Gaussian polymer using a matrix method developed by Wang and Uhlenbeck. Let there be contacts among the residues, which define loops of the polymers. The Wang-Uhlenbeck matrix is an symmetric, real matrix whose elements equal the number of common residues between loops and . The entropy of making the specified contacts equals
As an example, consider the entropy lost upon making the contacts between residues 26 and 84 and residues 58 and 110 in a polymer (cf. ribonuclease A). The first and second loops have lengths 58 (=84-26) and 52 (=110-58), respectively, and they have 26 (=84-58) residues in common. The corresponding Wang-Uhlenbeck matrix is
whose determinant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative%20folding
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Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins. The driving force behind this process is a redox reaction, in which electrons pass between several proteins and finally to a terminal electron acceptor.
In prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, the mechanism of oxidative folding is best studied in Gram-negative bacteria. This process is catalysed by protein machinery residing in the periplasmic space of bacteria. The formation of disulfide bonds in a protein is made possible by two related pathways: an oxidative pathway, which is responsible for the formation of the disulfides, and an isomerization pathway that shuffles incorrectly formed disulfides.
Oxidative pathway
The oxidative pathway relies, just like the isomerization pathway, on a protein relay. The first member of this protein relay is a small periplasmic protein (21 kDa) called DsbA, which has two cysteine residues that must be oxidized for it to be active. When in its oxidized state, the protein is able to form disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in newly synthesized, and yet unfolded proteins by the transfer of its own disulfide bond onto the folding protein. After the transfer of this disulfide bond, DsbA is in a reduced state. For it to act catalytically again, it must be reoxidized. This is made possible by a 21 kDa inner membrane protein, called DsbB, which has two pairs of cysteine residues. A mixed disulfide is formed between
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHD
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HHD may refer to:
Astro Hua Hee Dai, a Malaysian television channel
ATP2C1, a human enzyme
Hailey–Hailey disease, a genetic disorder
Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment in the United States Army
Helena Historic District (disambiguation), various places in the United States
Hiatus hernia diafragmatica, a medical condition
High Holy Days (band), a Canadian rock band
Hogshead (abbreviation: hhd), a barrel of liquid
Holyhead railway station, in Wales
Home hemodialysis, for treating kidney failure
Hybrid hard drive, a type of hard disk drive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20conjugation
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This article explains the conjugation of Dutch verbs.
Classification of verbs
There are two different ways in which Dutch verbs can be grouped: by conjugational class and by derivation. These two categorizations describe different aspects of a verb's conjugation and therefore are complementary to each other.
By conjugational class
Dutch verbs can be grouped by their conjugational class, as follows:
Weak verbs: past tense and past participle formed with a dental suffix
Weak verbs with past in -de
Weak verbs with past in -te
Strong verbs: past tense formed by changing the vowel of the stem, past participle in -en
Class 1: pattern ij-ee-ee
Class 2: pattern ie-oo-oo or ui-oo-oo
Class 3: pattern i-o-o or e-o-o
Class 4: pattern ee-a/aa-oo
Class 5: pattern ee-a/aa-ee or i-a/aa-ee
Class 6: pattern aa-oe-aa
Class 7: pattern X-ie-X (specifically, oo-ie-oo, a-ie-a, a-i-a, ou-iel-ou, aa-ie-aa or oe-ie-oe)
Other strong verbs, which do not follow any of the above patterns
Mixed verbs
Weak past tense (-de or -te), but strong past participle (-en)
Strong past tense (vowel change), but weak past participle (-d or -t)
Irregular verbs: verbs that do not clearly conjugate as any of the above
Preterite-present verbs: verbs that originally had present tense forms identical to the past of a strong verb
Weak verbs with past in -cht
Other irregular verbs
By derivation
Another way to group verbs is by the type of derivation. The following can be distinguished:
Basic: underiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20band
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A frequency band is an interval in the frequency domain, delimited by a lower frequency and an upper frequency. The term may refer to a radio band (such as wireless communication standards set by the International Telecommunication Union) or an interval of some other spectrum.
The frequency range of a system is the range over which it is considered to provide satisfactory performance, such as a useful level of signal with acceptable distortion characteristics. A listing of the upper and lower limits of frequency limits for a system is not useful without a criterion for what the range represents.
Many systems are characterized by the range of frequencies to which they respond. For example:
Musical instruments produce different ranges of notes within the hearing range.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into many different ranges such as visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, X-rays and so on, and each of these ranges can in turn be divided into smaller ranges.
A radio communications signal must occupy a range of frequencies carrying most of its energy, called its bandwidth. A frequency band may represent one communication channel or be subdivided into many. Allocation of radio frequency ranges to different uses is a major function of radio spectrum allocation.
See also
References
Signal processing
Telecommunication theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Max%20%28video%20game%29
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Blue Max is a scrolling shooter written by Bob Polin for the Atari 8-bit family and published by Synapse Software in 1983. It was released for the Commodore 64 the same year. U.S. Gold published the Commodore 64 version in the UK in 1984 and ported the game to the ZX Spectrum. In 1987, Atari Corporation published Blue Max as a cartridge styled for the then-new Atari XEGS. The player controls a Sopwith Camel biplane during World War I, attempting to shoot down enemy planes and bomb targets on diagonally scrolling terrain. The game is named after the medal Pour le Mérite, informally known as Blue Max. Its theme song is "Rule, Britannia!".
In 1984, Synapse released a sequel, Blue Max 2001. While the original was well received, the sequel was considered disappointing.
Gameplay
The game opens with the player's aircraft parked on a runway while a rendition of "Rule, Britannia!" plays. After selecting control and difficulty options and pressing start, the screen shows the aircraft speeding down the runway. The player is required to push the joystick in order to take off, but not before the plane reaches a certain minimum speed. From then on the screen scrolls diagonally in the fashion of Zaxxon, using oblique projection to simulate three-dimensionality. The player can move left and right, forward and backward, or raise or lower their altitude with the joystick. The fire button shoots the machine guns continually, while pressing and moving the stick down at the same time causes a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAKM
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WAKM is an AM radio station in Franklin, Tennessee, broadcasting on a frequency of 950 kHz.
History
WAKM first signed on in March 1953, broadcasting from its studio facilities located on Mallory Station Road in Franklin. The station would remain at that location until July 28, 2017, when it moved to new studios on Main Street in the following week, on August 2, 2017.
Programming
WAKM primarily broadcasts a country music format.
WAKM is also noted for its coverage of NASCAR, which comes from both Motor Racing Network & Performance Racing Network.
The station is an affiliate of the Tennessee Titans radio network, carrying football games from the Nashville, Tennessee based NFL Football team, the Tennessee Titans.
WAKM also carries University of Tennessee Volunteers College Football & Men's Basketball games from the Vol Network.
Also since the stations sign on, WAKM has carried the longest running local traders post show titled "Trade Time Live", which airs every weekday at noon.
References
External links
AKM
Country radio stations in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%27s%20theorem%20on%20completely%20positive%20maps
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In mathematics, Choi's theorem on completely positive maps is a result that classifies completely positive maps between finite-dimensional (matrix) C*-algebras. An infinite-dimensional algebraic generalization of Choi's theorem is known as Belavkin's "Radon–Nikodym" theorem for completely positive maps.
Statement
Choi's theorem. Let be a linear map. The following are equivalent:
(i) is -positive (i.e. is positive whenever is positive).
(ii) The matrix with operator entries
is positive, where is the matrix with 1 in the -th entry and 0s elsewhere. (The matrix CΦ is sometimes called the Choi matrix of .)
(iii) is completely positive.
Proof
(i) implies (ii)
We observe that if
then E=E* and E2=nE, so E=n−1EE* which is positive. Therefore CΦ =(In ⊗ Φ)(E) is positive by the n-positivity of Φ.
(iii) implies (i)
This holds trivially.
(ii) implies (iii)
This mainly involves chasing the different ways of looking at Cnm×nm:
Let the eigenvector decomposition of CΦ be
where the vectors lie in Cnm . By assumption, each eigenvalue is non-negative so we can absorb the eigenvalues in the eigenvectors and redefine so that
The vector space Cnm can be viewed as the direct sum compatibly with the above identification
and the standard basis of Cn.
If Pk ∈ Cm × nm is projection onto the k-th copy of Cm, then Pk* ∈ Cnm×m is the inclusion of Cm as the k-th summand of the direct sum and
Now if the operators Vi ∈ Cm×n are defined on the k-th standard
basis vector ek of Cn by
th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline%20membrane
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The vitelline membrane or vitelline envelope is a structure surrounding the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum (the oolemma) or, in some animals (e.g., birds), the extracellular yolk and the oolemma. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding which, in turn, are bound to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species.
It is called zona pellucida in mammals. Between the vitelline membrane and zona pellucida is a fluid-filled perivitelline space.
As soon as the spermatozoon fuses with the ovum, signal transduction occurs, resulting in an increase of cytoplasmic calcium ions. This itself triggers the cortical reaction, which results in depositing several substances onto the vitelline membrane through exocytosis of the cortical granules, transforming it into a hard layer called the “fertilization membrane”, which serves as a barrier inaccessible to other spermatozoa. This phenomenon is the slow block to polyspermy.
In insects, the vitelline membrane is called the vitelline envelope and is the inner lining of the chorion.
Structure and function
The vitelline membrane of the hen is made of two main protein layers that provide support for the yolk and separation from the albumen. The inner layer is known as the perivitelline lamina. It is a single layer that measures roughly 1 μm to 3.5 μm thick and is mainly composed of fiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitan%20monostearate
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Sorbitan monostearate is an ester of sorbitan (a sorbitol derivative) and stearic acid and is sometimes referred to as a synthetic wax.
Uses
Sorbitan monostearate is used in the manufacture of food and healthcare products as a non-ionic surfactant with emulsifying, dispersing, and wetting properties. It is also employed to create synthetic fibers, metal machining fluid, and as a brightener in the leather industry. Sorbitans are also known as "Spans".
Sorbitan monostearate has been approved by the European Union for use as a food additive (emulsifier) (E number: E 491). It is also approved for use by the British Pharmacopoeia.
See also
Polysorbate
Sorbitan tristearate (Span 65)
References
Food additives
Non-ionic surfactants
E-number additives
Stearate esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container%20%28abstract%20data%20type%29
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In computer science, a container is a class or a data structure<ref>Paul E. Black (ed.), entry for data structure in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. US National Institute of Standards and Technology.15 December 2004. Accessed 4 Oct 2011.</ref> whose instances are collections of other objects. In other words, they store objects in an organized way that follows specific access rules.
The size of the container depends on the number of objects (elements) it contains. Underlying (inherited) implementations of various container types may vary in size, complexity and type of language, but in many cases they provide flexibility in choosing the right implementation for any given scenario.
Container data structures are commonly used in many types of programming languages.
Function and properties
Containers can be characterized by the following three properties:
access, that is the way of accessing the objects of the container. In the case of arrays, access is done with the array index. In the case of stacks, access is done according to the LIFO (last in, first out) order and in the case of queues it is done according to the FIFO (first in, first out) order;
storage, that is the way of storing the objects of the container;
traversal, that is the way of traversing the objects of the container.
Container classes are expected to implement CRUD-like methods to do the following:
create an empty container (constructor);
insert objects into the container;
delete objec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruppel-like%20factors
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In molecular genetics, the Krüppel-like family of transcription factors (KLFs) are a set of eukaryotic C2H2 zinc finger DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. This family has been expanded to also include the Sp transcription factor and related proteins, forming the Sp/KLF family.
Members
The following human genes encode Kruppel-like factors:
KLF1, KLF2, KLF3, KLF4, KLF5, KLF6, KLF7, KLF8, KLF9, KLF10, KLF11, KLF12, KLF13, KLF14, KLF15, KLF16, KLF17
The following genes are Sp factors:
Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, Sp4, Sp5, Sp6, Sp7, Sp8, and Sp9.
Note that although KLF14 was an alias for Sp6 (), it now refers to a protein () derived from KLF16 by a retrotransposon event.
Function and properties
KLF/Sps are a family of transcription factors that contain three carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) C2H2-type zinc finger structural motifs that bind to the GC-rich regions in DNA and regulate various cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the development and homeostasis of several types of tissue. The C-terminal end binds to the promoter and enhancer regions of a gene. Each KLF also has a unique amino-terminal (N-terminal) end that acts as the functional domain that allows it to bind specifically to a certain partner. KLFs share the similar function of transcription regulation via the recruitment of regulatory proteins. These transcription factors have a conserved structural homology between mammalian species, which allow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAPI
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AAPI may refer to:
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (Asian Pacific Americans), an ethnic classification in the United States
American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin
Nazma Aapi (born 1999), the stage name of Indian comedian Saloni Gaur
See also
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium (AAPIPRC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Schlichting
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Hermann Schlichting (22 September 1907 – 15 June 1982) was a German fluid dynamics engineer.
Life and work
Hermann Schlichting studied from 1926 till 1930 mathematics, physics and applied mechanics at the University of Jena, Vienne and Göttingen. In 1930 he wrote his PhD in Göttingen titled Über das ebene Windschattenproblem and also in the same year passed the state examination as teacher for higher mathematics and physics. His meeting with Ludwig Prandtl had a long-lasting effect on him. He worked from 1931 till 1935 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research in Göttingen. His main research area was fluid flows with viscous effects. Simultaneously he also started working on airfoil aerodynamics. In 1935 Schlichting went to Dornier in Friedrichshafen. There he did the planning for the new wind tunnel and after short construction time took charge over it. With it he gained useful experience in the field of aerodynamics. At the age of 30 in 1937 he joined Technische Universität Braunschweig, where in 1938 he became a professor.
After joining in October 1937 Schlichting worked on setting up the Aerodynamic Institute at the Braunschweig-Waggum airport.
Some features of a boundary layer transitioning from a laminar to turbulent state has been named after him, the Tollmien–Schlichting waves.
Prof. Schlichting became an emeritus professor on 30 September 1975 at TU Braunschweig.
Achievements
1953 Medal "50th Anniversary of Powered Flight“ from National Aeronautical A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Wilkins
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Bob Wilkins (born Robert Gene Wilkins; April 11, 1932 – January 7, 2009) was a television personality.
Wilkins was the creator and host of the popular television show Creature Features that ran on KTVU in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1971 to 1984.
The programming on Creature Features featured science fiction and horror films, ranging from classics such as Bride of Frankenstein to B-grade obscurities like The Vulture.
Wilkins' wit was very dry; it fit very well with the outrageously awful horror films he hosted. His approach suggested an aficionado's taste for genre cinema. His trade marks were his droll humor, his omnipresent cigar, and sitting in his iconic rocking chair.
KCRA-3 and KTXL-40 in Sacramento
Wilkins started his on-camera television career in 1963 at KCRA-TV Channel 3 in Sacramento, California. He was writing and producing commercials for the station when he was tapped to be a fill-in host for an afternoon movie show in 1964. Wilkins was given his own time slot, hosting horror films on Seven Arts Theater (later advertised as Bob Wilkins Presents and The Bob Wilkins Show), which followed the station's Saturday 11 p.m. newscast. The show debuted on September 10, 1966, with Attack of the Mushroom People being the featured film. After several successful years, he was courted by former KCRA manager Tom Breen, then at KTVU in Oakland, California, to bring his show to the San Francisco Bay Area. Breen was one of Wilkins' best supporters at KCRA, who had always
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce%20oscillator
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The Pierce oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator particularly well-suited for use in piezoelectric crystal oscillator circuits. Named for its inventor, George W. Pierce (1872–1956), the Pierce oscillator is a derivative of the Colpitts oscillator. Virtually all digital IC clock oscillators are of Pierce type, as the circuit can be implemented using a minimum of components: a single digital inverter, one resistor, two capacitors, and the quartz crystal, which acts as a highly selective filter element. The low manufacturing cost of this circuit and the outstanding frequency stability of the quartz crystal give it an advantage over other designs in many consumer electronics applications.
Operation
If the circuit consists of perfect lossless components, the signal on C1 and C2 will be proportional to the impedance of each, and the ratio of the signal voltages at C1 and C2 will be C2/C1. With C1 and C2 equal size (a common configuration), the current in C1 to C2 would be exactly equal, but out of phase, requiring no current from the amplifier or voltage gain from the amplifier, and allowing a high output impedance amplifier, or the use of an isolating series resistance in the amplifier output. Normal crystals are lossless enough to make this a reasonable approximation: the amplifier does not drive the resonant circuit, but merely stays in sync with it, providing enough power to match losses.
A series resistor is occasionally shown in the amplifier output. When used,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscles%20of%20Herbst
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The corpuscles of Herbst or Herbst corpuscles are nerve-endings similar to the Pacinian corpuscle, found in the mucous membrane of the tongue, in pits on the beak and in other parts of the bodies of birds. They differ from Pacinian corpuscles in being smaller and more elongated, in having thinner and more closely placed capsules, and in that the axis-cylinder in the central clear space is encircled by a continuous row of nuclei. They are named after the German embryologist Curt Alfred Herbst.
In many wading birds, a large number of Herbst corpuscles are found embedded in pits on the mandible that are believed to enable birds to sense prey under wet sand or soil.
References
External links
Description at sciencedaily.com
Sensory receptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUPS
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MUPS may refer to:
Major urinary proteins
Medically unexplained physical symptoms
the Missing and Unidentified Persons Unit, part of the California Department of Justice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20Black%20Categories
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The "Five Black Categories" () were classifications of political identity defined during the period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) in the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong, who ordained that people in these groups should be considered enemies of the Revolution.
The groups were:
Landlords ()
Rich farmers ()
Counter-revolutionaries ()
Bad influencers ["bad elements"] ()
Right-wingers ()
Conversely, Mao categorized groups of people, such as members of the Chinese Communist Party, poor farmers and low class workers, as Five Red Categories. This new Red/Black class distinction was used to create a status society.
Cultural Revolution
Starting from the "Red August" of 1966, people in the Five Black Categories were separated out for struggle sessions, humiliation, re-education, beating, and persecution. Many of them were killed by the Red Guards and others. Mao believed that victimizing these people, as well as other groups of citizens – such as teachers, educated intellectuals, and enemies of the Communist Party (cadres) – was a necessary component to initiate the changes in the Chinese culture that he desired. He believed that those who were victimized either deserved it or became better citizens as a result of it. In general, intellectuals were called the "Stinking Old Ninth". Effectively, within a few years, the education and medical infrastructure of China was completely destroyed.
According to a speech by Jiang Qing, who was his wife and Par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alumina%20solid%20electrolyte
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Beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) is a fast ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell. Currently there is no known substitute available. β-Alumina exhibits an unusual layered crystal structure which enables very fast ion transport. β-Alumina is not an isomorphic form of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), but a sodium polyaluminate. It is a hard polycrystalline ceramic, which, when prepared as an electrolyte, is complexed with a mobile ion, such as Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+, H+, Pb2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ depending on the application. β-Alumina is a good conductor of its mobile ion yet allows no non-ionic (i.e., electronic) conductivity. The crystal structure of the β-alumina provides an essential rigid framework with channels along which the ionic species of the solid can migrate. Ion transport involves hopping from site to site along these channels. Since the 1970's this technology has been thoroughly developed, resulting in interesting applications. Its special characteristics on ion and electrical conductivity make this material extremely interesting in the field of energy storage.
Solid electrolyte
β-alumina is a solid electrolyte. Solid-state electrolytes are solids with high ionic conductivity, comparable to those of molten salts. Solid-state electrolytes have applications in electrical energy storage and various sensors. They can be used in supercapacitors, fuel cells and solid-state batteries, substituting liquid electrolytes used in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality%20feed%20block
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High-quality feed block or HQFB, is a solid block consisting of molasses, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), rumen by-pass protein (cassava hay), minerals and lipids. It is provided to livestock ruminants in a manner similar to a salt lick.
HQFB is used for ruminant feeding as a method of improving digestion and to help lactation, reproduction, and weight gain. More details can be searched from AJAS, Asia-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences.
Feed blocks are cost-effective food supplements that are used in preserving high moisture agro-industrial by-products. The general formula of feed blocks includes binders, a preservative, a mixture of ingredients that contain the desired nutrients (nitrogen, minerals, vitamins) and one of many energy rich agro-industrial by-products, such as molasses. The levels of these substances may vary, as well as the main component of the block, in different regions or countries. The main ingredient may vary from date pulp, rice bran and poultry waste in Iraq, tomato pulp and olive cake in Tunisia, brewery grains and olive cake in Jordan or molasses in Morocco. Feed blocks aid small scale farmers as conventional feed, such as barley grain or bran, are often expensive.
A major function of high-quality feed blocks is to promote microbial activity in ruminant animals, thus improving digestion of lower quality roughages or feed, such as low quality hays, straw, stubble, etc. High-quality feed blocks may also be treated with anthelmintic medicines for t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naimark%27s%20dilation%20theorem
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In operator theory, Naimark's dilation theorem is a result that characterizes positive operator valued measures. It can be viewed as a consequence of Stinespring's dilation theorem.
Some preliminary notions
Let X be a compact Hausdorff space, H be a Hilbert space, and L(H) the Banach space of bounded operators on H. A mapping E from the Borel σ-algebra on X to is called an operator-valued measure if it is weakly countably additive, that is, for any disjoint sequence of Borel sets , we have
for all x and y. Some terminology for describing such measures are:
E is called regular if the scalar valued measure
is a regular Borel measure, meaning all compact sets have finite total variation and the measure of a set can be approximated by those of open sets.
E is called bounded if .
E is called positive if E(B) is a positive operator for all B.
E is called self-adjoint if E(B) is self-adjoint for all B.
E is called spectral if it is self-adjoint and for all .
We will assume throughout that E is regular.
Let C(X) denote the abelian C*-algebra of continuous functions on X. If E is regular and bounded, it induces a map in the obvious way:
The boundedness of E implies, for all h of unit norm
This shows is a bounded operator for all f, and itself is a bounded linear map as well.
The properties of are directly related to those of E:
If E is positive, then , viewed as a map between C*-algebras, is also positive.
is a homomorphism if, by definition, for all contin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willingness%20to%20communicate
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Willingness to communicate (WTC) was originally conceptualised for first language acquisition, and seeks to demonstrate the probability that a speaker will choose to participate in a conversation of their own volition (McCroskey & Baer 1985, cited in MacIntyre et al., 1998). Traditionally, it was seen as a fixed personality trait that did not change according to context. However, McCroskey and associates suggested that it is in fact a situational variable that will change according to a number of factors (how well the speaker knows the interlocutor(s), number of interlocutors, formality, topic etc.).
Difference between L1 and second language WTC
MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei & Noels (1998) noted that WTC in first language (L1) does not necessarily transfer to the second language. "It is highly unlikely that WTC in the second language (second language) is a simple manifestation of WTC in the L1" (p. 546).
According to MacIntyre, a key difference between WTC in L1 and L2 is that in L2, WTC is “a readiness to enter into discourse at a particular time with a specific person or persons, using a L2.” (1998, p. 547, italics added). That is, the speaker indicates they have intention to speak, for example raising their hand in a class, even if they don’t physically produce language at that time, because the conditions have been met for them to believe they have the ability to communicate.
Therefore, "the ultimate goal of the learning process should be to engender in language educatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census%20in%20Canada
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Statistics Canada conducts a national census of population and census of agriculture every five years and releases the data with a two-year lag.
The Census of Population provides demographic and statistical data that is used to plan public services such as health care, education, and transportation; determine federal transfer payments; and determine the number of Members of Parliament for each province and territory. The Census of Population is the primary source of sociodemographic data for specific population groups, such as lone-parent families, Indigenous peoples, immigrants, seniors and language groups. Data from the census is also used to assess the economic state of the country, including the economic conditions of immigrants over time, and labour market activity of communities and specific populations. Census data are also leveraged to develop socioeconomic status indicators in support of analysis of various impacts on education achievement and outcomes. At a sub-national level, two provinces (Alberta and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Nunavut and Yukon) have legislation that allows local governments to conduct their own municipal censuses.
The Census of Population gathers important data on a variety of topics, including:
Indigenous peoples
Education, training and learning
Ethnic diversity and immigration
Families, households and housing
Income, pensions, spending and wealth
Labour
Languages
Population and demography
There have been questions about rel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston%20motion%20equations
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The reciprocating motion of a non-offset piston connected to a rotating crank through a connecting rod (as would be found in internal combustion engines) can be expressed by equations of motion. This article shows how these equations of motion can be derived using calculus as functions of angle (angle domain) and of time (time domain).
Crankshaft geometry
The geometry of the system consisting of the piston, rod and crank is represented as shown in the following diagram:
Definitions
From the geometry shown in the diagram above, the following variables are defined:
rod length (distance between piston pin and crank pin)
crank radius (distance between crank center and crank pin, i.e. half stroke)
crank angle (from cylinder bore centerline at TDC)
piston pin position (distance upward from crank center along cylinder bore centerline)
The following variables are also defined:
piston pin velocity (upward from crank center along cylinder bore centerline)
piston pin acceleration (upward from crank center along cylinder bore centerline)
crank angular velocity (in the same direction/sense as crank angle )
Angular velocity
The frequency (Hz) of the crankshaft's rotation is related to the engine's speed (revolutions per minute) as follows:
So the angular velocity (radians/s) of the crankshaft is:
Triangle relation
As shown in the diagram, the crank pin, crank center and piston pin form triangle NOP.
By the cosine law it is seen that:
where and are constant and varie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum%28II%29%20chloride
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Platinum(II) chloride is the chemical compound PtCl2. It is an important precursor used in the preparation of other platinum compounds. It exists in two crystalline forms, but the main properties are somewhat similar: dark brown, insoluble in water, diamagnetic, and odorless.
Structure
The structures of PtCl2 and PdCl2 are similar. These dichlorides exist in both polymeric, or "α", and hexameric, or "β" structures. The β form converts to the α form at 500 °C. In the β form, the Pt-Pt distances are 3.32–3.40 Å, indicative of some bonding between the pairs of metals. In both forms of PtCl2, each Pt center is four-coordinate, being surrounded by four chloride ligands. Complementarily, each Cl center is two-coordinate, being connected to two platinum atoms. The structure of α-PtCl2 is reported to be disordered and contain edge- and/or corner-sharing square-planar PtCl4 units.
Preparation
β-PtCl2 is prepared by heating chloroplatinic acid to 350 °C in air.
H2PtCl6 → PtCl2 + Cl2 + 2 HCl
This method is convenient since the chloroplatinic acid is generated readily from Pt metal. Aqueous solutions of H2PtCl6 can also be reduced with hydrazinium salts, but this method is more laborious than the thermal route of Kerr and Schweizer.
Although PtCl2 must form when platinum metal contacts hot chlorine gas, this process suffers from over-chlorination to give PtCl4. Berzelius and later Wöhler and Streicher showed that upon heating to 450 °C, this Pt(IV) compound decomposes to the Pt(II)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyproline%20helix
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A polyproline helix is a type of protein secondary structure which occurs in proteins comprising repeating proline residues. A left-handed polyproline II helix (PPII, poly-Pro II, κ-helix) is formed when sequential residues all adopt (φ,ψ) backbone dihedral angles of roughly (-75°, 150°) and have trans isomers of their peptide bonds. This PPII conformation is also common in proteins and polypeptides with other amino acids apart from proline. Similarly, a more compact right-handed polyproline I helix (PPI, poly-Pro I) is formed when sequential residues all adopt (φ,ψ) backbone dihedral angles of roughly (-75°, 160°) and have cis isomers of their peptide bonds. Of the twenty common naturally occurring amino acids, only proline is likely to adopt the cis isomer of the peptide bond, specifically the X-Pro peptide bond; steric and electronic factors heavily favor the trans isomer in most other peptide bonds. However, peptide bonds that replace proline with another N-substituted amino acid (such as sarcosine) are also likely to adopt the cis isomer.
Polyproline II helix
The PPII helix is defined by (φ,ψ) backbone dihedral angles of roughly (-75°, 150°) and trans isomers of the peptide bonds. The rotation angle Ω per residue of any polypeptide helix with trans isomers is given by the equation
Substitution of the poly-Pro II (φ,ψ) dihedral angles into this equation yields almost exactly Ω = -120°, i.e., the PPII helix is a left-handed helix (since Ω is negative) with three resid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20helix
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A beta helix is a tandem protein repeat structure formed by the association of parallel beta sheet in a helical pattern with either two or three faces. The beta helix is a type of solenoid protein domain. The structure is stabilized by inter-strand hydrogen bonds, protein-protein interactions, and sometimes bound metal ions. Both left- and right-handed beta helices have been identified. These structures are distinct from jelly-roll folds, a different protein structure sometimes known as a "double-stranded beta helix".
The first beta-helix was observed in the enzyme pectate lyase, which contains a seven-turn helix that reaches 34 Å (3.4 nm) long. The P22 phage tail spike protein, a component of the P22 bacteriophage, has 13 turns and in its assembled homotrimer is 200 Å (20 nm) in length. Its interior is close-packed with no central pore and contains both hydrophobic residues and charged residues neutralized by salt bridges.
Both pectate lyase and P22 tailspike protein contain right-handed helices; left-handed versions have been observed in enzymes such as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and archaeal carbonic anhydrase. Other proteins that contain beta helices include the antifreeze proteins from the beetle Tenebrio molitor (right-handed) and from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (left-handed), where regularly spaced threonines on the β-helices bind to the surface of ice crystals and inhibit their growth.
Beta helices can associate with each other effect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gene%20Illusion
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The Gene Illusion is a 2003 book by clinical psychologist Jay Joseph, in which the author challenges the evidence underlying genetic theories in psychiatry and psychology. Focusing primarily on twin and adoption studies, he attempts to debunk the methodologies used to establish genetic contributions to schizophrenia, criminal behaviour, and IQ. In the nature and nurture debate on the causes of mental disorders, Joseph's criticisms of genetic research in psychiatry have found their place among those who argue that the environment is overwhelmingly the cause of these disorders, particularly with psychiatry critic Jonathan Leo, and with Oliver James. It was also reviewed favorably in Choice and the British Journal of Learning Disabilities. Some of the conclusions of The Gene Illusion have been criticized in reviews of the book.
See also
Anti-psychiatry
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies
Biological psychiatry
Biopsychiatry controversy
Causes of schizophrenia
Inheritance of intelligence
Mad in America
References
External links
Jay Joseph's Web site
2003 non-fiction books
Anti-psychiatry books
Biology of bipolar disorder
English-language books
Genetics books
Books about schizophrenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROP%20%28category%20theory%29
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a PROP is a symmetric strict monoidal category whose objects are the natural numbers n identified with the finite sets and whose tensor product is given on objects by the addition on numbers. Because of “symmetric”, for each n, the symmetric group on n letters is given as a subgroup of the automorphism group of n. The name PROP is an abbreviation of "PROduct and Permutation category".
The notion was introduced by Adams and MacLane; the topological version of it was later given by Boardman and Vogt. Following them, J. P. May then introduced the notion of “operad”, a particular kind of PROP.
There are the following inclusions of full subcategories:
where the first category is the category of (symmetric) operads.
Examples and variants
An important elementary class of PROPs are the sets of all matrices (regardless of number of rows and columns) over some fixed ring . More concretely, these matrices are the morphisms of the PROP; the objects can be taken as either (sets of vectors) or just as the plain natural numbers (since objects do not have to be sets with some structure). In this example:
Composition of morphisms is ordinary matrix multiplication.
The identity morphism of an object (or ) is the identity matrix with side .
The product acts on objects like addition ( or ) and on morphisms like an operation of constructing block diagonal matrices: .
The compatibility of composition and product thus boils down to
.
As
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOLFIRI
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FOLFIRI is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of colorectal cancer. It is made up of the following drugs:
FOL – folinic acid (leucovorin), a vitamin B derivative with multiple applications, which in this context increases the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil;
F – fluorouracil (5-FU), a pyrimidine analog and antimetabolite which incorporates into the DNA molecule and stops synthesis; and
IRI – irinotecan (Camptosar), a topoisomerase inhibitor, which prevents DNA from uncoiling and duplicating.
Medical uses
FOLFIRI is used for colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. FOLFIRI is effective in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, but it has not been shown to be effective in the adjuvant therapy of colon and rectal cancer.
Regimen
The regimen consists of:
irinotecan (180 mg/m2 IV over 90 minutes) concurrently with folinic acid (400 mg/m2 [or 2 x 250 mg/m2] IV over 120 minutes)
followed by fluorouracil (400–500 mg/m2 IV bolus) then fluorouracil (2400–3000 mg/m2 intravenous infusion over 46 hours).
This cycle is typically repeated every two weeks. The dosages shown above may vary from cycle to cycle.
Combinations
FOLFIRI is often combined with bevacizumab, aflibercept, cetuximab or panitumumab to improve efficacy and response rate.
Adverse effects
In the short term, irinotecan causes diarrhea, which may be acute or delayed in onset. Long term use of irinotecan may lead to neutropenia.
See also
Dose-dense chemotherapy
FOLFIRINOX
FOLFOX
FOLFOXIRI
IFL
References
Ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Kuranda
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Richard Kuranda is an American director and artist of stage, cinema and television. He currently is the CEO of the Raue Center for the Arts in Crystal Lake, Illinois and the current Artistic Director of Williams Street Repertory. A widower, he resides in Illinois with his four children. In 2018, Raue Center and Williams Street Rep retired an 8.8 million dollar debt under his leadership. What is more noteworthy, he negotiated a public/private deal which secured a 125 year subsidized lease at $100 per year with a 25-year corporate sponsorship from Home State Bank. This complimented an expansion of the Center's physical plant to include a new school and outdoor theater space. In 2005, The New York Times profiled Kuranda's artistic and producing work at the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center and labeled him as one of the nation's top theater talents to watch (at the time he was the youngest producing director of a Tony Award-winning Theater and had just "turned around" the O'Neill by restoring its National Programs). It is noteworthy to point out Kuranda was the leader and produced all of the programs in a short-lived consolidation of all National Programs; halfway thru his tenure at the O'Neill he reversed the Board's consolidation of programs which lead to a rebirth of the O'Neill. Kuranda has had working relations with Former Senator Bob Kerrey, Senator Christopher J. Dodds, and others. Cumulative Box Office for projects developed under his leadership; 2.9 billi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombin-activatable%20fibrinolysis%20inhibitor
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Term thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor may refer to:
Carboxypeptidase B2, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPB2 gene
Lysine carboxypeptidase, an enzyme class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2
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SH2 may stand for:
SH2 (classification), a Paralympic shooting classification
SH2 domain (Src Homology 2), a protein domain within the Src oncoprotein
SH-2 Seasprite, an American-built ship-based helicopter
SH-2, an iteration of the SuperH CPU core developed by Hitachi
Shadow Hearts: Covenant, also known as Shadow Hearts II
Silent Hill 2, a 2001 survival horror video game
State Highway 2, see List of highways numbered 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH3
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SH3 or SH-3 may refer to:
SH3 domain, a protein structural domain thought to be involved in the formation of productive protein-protein binding interactions
Renesas SH-3, a member of the SuperH microprocessor family, used in mobile and hand-held devices
Silent Hill 3, the third installment in the Silent Hill survival horror video game series published by Konami
Shadow Hearts: From The New World, the third game in the Shadow Hearts series.
Silent Hunter III, a submarine simulation developed and published by Ubisoft.
State Highway 3, a common highway name in many countries
Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King, also known as "Sikorsky S-61", a military helicopter produced by the United States
Stronghold 3 a medieval castle-building simulation game from Firefly Studios. released on September 30, 2011.
The sulfur analogue of hydronium (H3S+)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20L.%20Fleiss
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Joseph L. Fleiss (November 13, 1937 – June 12, 2003) was an American professor of biostatistics at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, where he also served as head of the Division of Biostatistics from 1975 to 1992. He is known for his work in mental health statistics, particularly assessing the reliability of diagnostic classifications, and the measures, models, and control of errors in categorization.
Early life and education
Fleiss was born in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Columbia College of Columbia University and was awarded a bachelor's degree cum laude in 1959. In 1960 he attended a program in biostatistics at the University of Minnesota, then returned to Columbia University, where he earned an M.S. in biostatistics in 1961 from the School of Public Health (now called the Mailman School of Public Health), and a Ph.D. in statistics in 1967 from the Department of Mathematical Statistics in the Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Career
While still a college student, Fleiss began his career at the Biometrics Research Unit of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, first as a statistical clerk and later as a research scientist and biostatistician. He was affiliated with the Psychiatric Institute until 1986.
In 1975, Columbia University recruited Fleiss to be a professor and head of the Division of Biostatistics at the School of Public Health. He remained in that capacity until 1992. Under his leadership, the Division increased in siz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound%20TCP
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Compound TCP (CTCP) is a Microsoft algorithm that was introduced as part of the Windows Vista and Window Server 2008 TCP stack. It is designed to aggressively adjust the sender's congestion window to optimise TCP for connections with large bandwidth-delay products while trying not to harm fairness (as can occur with HSTCP). It is also available for Linux, as well as for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 via a hotfix.
Principles of operation
Like FAST TCP and TCP Vegas, Compound TCP uses estimates of queuing delay as a measure of congestion; if the queuing delay is small, it assumes that no links on its path are congested, and rapidly increases its rate. Unlike them, it does not seek to maintain a constant number of packets queued.
Compound TCP maintains two congestion windows: a regular AIMD window and a delay-based window. The size of the actual sliding window used is the sum of these two windows. The AIMD window is increased the same way that TCP Reno increases it. If the delay is small, the delay-based window increases rapidly to improve the utilisation of the network. Once queuing is experienced, the delay window gradually decreases to compensate for the increase in the AIMD window. The aim is to keep their sum approximately constant, at what the algorithm estimates is the path's bandwidth-delay product. In particular, when queuing is detected, the delay-based window is reduced by the estimated queue size to avoid the problem of "persistent congestion" reported
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20plants%20by%20genus%20C
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Below is a list of Canadian plants by genus. Due to the vastness of Canada's biodiversity, this page is divided.
Many of the plants seen in Canada are introduced, either intentionally or accidentally. N indicated native and X indicated exotic. Those plants whose status is unknown are marked with a ?.
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I J K | L | M | N | O | P Q | R | S | T | U V W | X Y Z
Ca
Cakile — searockets
Cakile edentula — American searocket
Calamagrostis — reedgrasses
Calamagrostis canadensis — Canada bluejoint, Canada reedgrass, Langsdorff's reedgrass, Macoun's reedgrass
Calamagrostis deschampsioides — circumpolar reedgrass
Calamagrostis lapponica — Lapland reedgrass
Calamagrostis purpurascens — purple reedgrass
Calamagrostis stricta subsp. inexpansa — bog reedgrass, northern reedgrass
Calamintha — calamints
Calamintha arkansana — low calamint, savoury, wild calamint, limestone wild basil
Calamovilfa — sandreeds
Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna — prairie sandreed
Calla — callas
Calla palustris — wild calla, water arum
Callitriche — water-starworts
Callitriche hermaphroditica — narrowleaf water-starwort, northern water-starwort, autumnal water-starwort
Callitriche heterophylla — larger water-starwort
Callitriche palustris — vernal water-starwort
Callitropsis —
Callitropsis nootkatensis — Alaska yellow cedar, Nootka false-cypress, yellow cedar
Calopogon — grass-pinks
Calopogon tuberosus — tuberous grass-pink
Caltha — marsh marigolds
Calt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Tollmien
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Walter Tollmien (13 October 1900, in Berlin – 25 November 1968, in Göttingen) was a German fluid dynamicist.
Life
Walter Tollmien studied from the winter semester 1920–1921 mathematics and physics with Ludwig Prandtl in Göttingen and then from 1924 onwards worked under Prandtl at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. After a research stays in United States in 1930 and 1933 he became a Professor in 1937 at Technische Hochschule Dresden. In 1957 he took over the post of Director at Max-Planck Institute for fluid mechanics research.
Achievements
Through his pioneering work as a researcher and a teacher Walter Tollmien brought fluid mechanics into the lime light and as an inter disciplinary science of extreme importance. The transition from laminar to turbulence results in Tollmien–Schlichting waves named after him.
Work
Tollmien, Walter (1929): Über die Entstehung der Turbulenz. 1. Mitteilung, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, Math. Phys. Klasse 1929: 21ff
Tollmien, Walter (1931): Grenzschichttheorie, in: Handbuch der Experimentalphysik IV,1, Leipzig, S. 239–287.
External links
Fluid dynamicists
1900 births
1968 deaths
Max Planck Institute directors
Academic staff of TU Dresden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo-N%20code
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Modulo-N code is a lossy compression algorithm used to compress correlated data sources using modular arithmetic.
Compression
When applied to two nodes in a network whose data are in close range of each other modulo-N code requires one node (say odd) to send the coded data value as the raw data ; the even node is required to send the coded data as the . Hence the name modulo-N code.
Since at least bits are required to represent a number K in binary, the modulo coded data of the two nodes requires bits. As we can generally expect always, because . This is the how compression is achieved.
A compression ratio achieved is
Decompression
At the receiver by joint decoding we may complete the process of extracting the data and rebuilding the original values. The code from the even node is reconstructed by the assumption that it must be close to the data from the odd node. Hence the decoding algorithm retrieves even node data as
The decoder essentially finds the closest match to and the decoded value is declared as
Example
For a mod-8 code, we have
Encoder
D_o=43,D_e=47
M_o=43,M_e=47 mod(8) = 7,
Decoder
M_o=43,M_e=47 mod(8) = 7,
D_o=43,D_e=CLOSEST(43,8⋅k + 7)
D_o=43,D_e=47
Modulo-N decoding is similar to phase unwrapping and has the same limitation: If the difference from one node to the next is more than N/2 (if the phase changes from one sample to the next more than ), then decoding leads to an incorrect value.
See also
DISCUS is a more sophisticated t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20subclausa
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Paphinia subclausa is a species of orchid endemic to Costa Rica.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Robert Louis Dressler in Novon; a Journal for Botanical Nomenclature, 7: 121, fig. 1997 - St. Louis, MO, United States. The species was collected in Reserva Juan Castro Blanco by D.E.Mora-Retana, 900 m, Costa Rica (Central America, Southern America). The holotype is kept at USJ (USJ = Universidad de San José?).
References
subclausa
Endemic orchids of Costa Rica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20seegeri
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Paphinia seegeri is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Dr. Günter Gerlach in Die Orchidee Dr. Gerlach is a noted expert on the genus Coryanthes.
References
External links
seegeri
Endemic orchids of Colombia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20rugosa
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Paphinia rugosa is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (1824–1889) in Linnaea; Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, xli. 110, 1877 - Berlin, Germany. This species is found in Colombia, at an altitude of approximately 8000 feet.
Plant morphology
Flower morphology
References
External links
rugosa
Endemic orchids of Colombia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20posadarum
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Paphinia posadarum is a species of orchid found from Colombia to Ecuador.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published Calaway H. Dodson & Rodrigo Escobar in Orquideologia; Revista de la Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideologia -Medellin, 18(3): 230 - 1993. Colombia. This species is found in Colombia & Ecuador.
References
External links
posadarum
Orchids of Colombia
Orchids of Ecuador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20neudeckeri
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Paphinia neudeckeri is a species of orchid found from Colombia to Ecuador.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Rudolf Jenny in Die Orchidee.
References
External links
Meyers Conservatory: Paphinia neudeckerii.
neudeckeri
Orchids of Colombia
Orchids of Ecuador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20litensis
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Paphinia litensis is a species of orchid endemic to Ecuador.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Calaway H. Dodson & Tilman Neudecker in Die Orchidee. Distribution ranges through the Esmeraldas (Ecuador, Western South America, Southern America). Originally collected by Calaway H. Dodson. The holotype is kept at Rio Palenque Science Center (RPSC), Ecuador.
References
External links
litensis
Endemic orchids of Ecuador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20lindeniana
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Paphinia lindeniana is a species of orchid native to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and possibly Guyana.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (1824–1889) in Lindenia; Iconographie des Orchidees. 3: 23, pl. 106. 1887 Flora, 70: 497. 1887 - Ghent & Brussels. Distribution: Venezuela (Northern South America, Southern America).
Plant morphology
Original entry in Lindenia 3: t. 106 - 1887
Paphinia lindeniana Affinis Paphinia cristata (Lindl.), labello diversissimo, angulis hypochilii angusti antrorsis basi epichilii paulisper latiorbus, epichilio sessili utrinque semihastato triangulo retuso, callo parvo sub apice, callis filiformibus utrinque in margine densis, usque ante basin, disco callis papulosis crebis seubpedimenmedianae, ibi ampliata tabulari emarginata ob sinum medianum, superne ciliolata, columnae alis rotundatis. America aequatorialis.
Paphinia lindeniana is related to Paphinia cristata, very diverse labellum, angular hypochile, narrow
Flower morphology
The flower has similar star-shaped red sepals and petals, a pale yellow curved column, and a white fringed labellum. The sepals often have red streaks and spots on a white background.
References
External links
lindeniana
Orchids of South America
Plants described in 1887
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20hirtzii
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Paphinia hirtzii is a species of orchid endemic to Ecuador.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Calaway H. Dodson in Icones Plantarum Tropicarum ser. 2, 6: t. 566. 1989 - Sarasota, Florida. Collected by C.H.Dodson & A.C.Hirtz 8 km from Chaco on the road to Santa Rosa de Chaco, off the road Ibarra to Lita, 1400 m, Esmeraldas (Ecuador, Western South America, Southern America). The holotype is kept at Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE). The isotype is kept at Rio Palenque Science Center (RPSC), Ecuador.
Plant morphology
Description: Epiphyte. Rhizome short. Pseudobulbs appressed, laterally compressed, narrowly ovate, costate, to 2 cm wide and 8 cm long, 2 to 30 foliate, with 2 to 3 distichous, foliaceous sheaths surrounding the base. Leaves thin, heavily veined on the underside, narrowly ovate, acuminate, to 8 cm wide and 32 cm long. The inflorescence is produced from the base of the pseudobulb, pendant, surrounded by 2 to 4 sheaths, 1 to 3-flowered.
Flower morphology
References
External links
hirtzii
Endemic orchids of Ecuador
Epiphytic orchids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20grandiflora
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Paphinia grandiflora is a species of orchid native to Brazil.
The classification of this orchid species was published by João Barbosa Rodrigues in Genera et Species Orchidearum Novarum quas Collecit, Descripsit et Iconibus Illustravit. Sebastianopolis, Two volumes: Vol. 1, 1877; Vol. 2, 1882 (although pages 1–136 may have been published in 1881). Paphinia grandiflora is native to Brazil.
References
External links
grandiflora
Endemic orchids of Brazil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20dunstervillei
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Paphinia dunstervillei is an orchid species native to Venezuela.
Taxonomy
The classification of this orchid species was published by Calaway H. Dodson & Tilman Neudecker with their description based on two drawings in 1991. The name was invalid until a specimen could be obtained for proper identification under article 9.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. A holotype of the species was collected on 31 May 1993 in Venezuela by G.A. Romero, Keeper of the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium at Harvard University. The pressed specimen is now part of the collection at Gray Herbarium at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts - USA. Etymology: Named after G.C.K. Dunsterville, who first collected and illustrated the species. Distribution is known from two sites in the Atabapo-Siapo shrublands of Venezuela.
Plant morphology
Planta affinis Paphiniae cristata (Lindl.), sed habitu terrestri, inflorescentia erecta et pilis binis in basi labelli diversa.
Description: Terrestrial herb. Rhizome short. Pseudobulbs appressed, laterally compressed, narrowly ovate, costate, to 2 cm wide and 8 cm long, 2 to 3 foliate, with 2 to 3 distichous, foliaceous sheaths surrounding the base. Leaves thin, heavily veined on the underside, narrowly ovate, acuminate, to 8 cm wide and 32 cm long. The inflorescence is produced from the base of the pseudobulb, erect, stout, surrounded by 2 to 4 sheaths, 3 to 5-flowered, to 22 cm long.
Flower morphology
Description: Flowers nodding, resupi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphinia%20benzingii
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Paphinia benzingii is a species of orchid endemic to Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador.
The classification of this species was published by Calaway H. Dodson & Tilman Neudecker in Die Orchidee. Hamburg-Othmarschen & Hamburg, 41: 233, figs. 190. Paphinia benzingii is distributed through the Esmeraldas (Ecuador, Western South America, Southern America). It was originally collected in Ecuador at an altitude of about 750m.
References
External links
benzingii
Endemic orchids of Ecuador
Flora of Esmeraldas Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couloir
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A couloir (, "passage" or "corridor") is a narrow gully with a steep gradient in a mountainous terrain.
Geology
A couloir may be a seam, scar, or fissure, or vertical crevasse in an otherwise solid mountain mass. Though often hemmed in by sheer cliff walls, couloirs may also be less well-defined, and often simply a line of broken talus or scree ascending the mountainside and bordered by trees or other natural features. Couloirs are especially significant in winter months when they may be filled in with snow or ice, and become much more noticeable than in warmer months when most of the snow and ice may recede. These physical features make the use of couloirs popular for both mountaineering and extreme skiing.
References
Landforms
Mountains
Montane ecology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans
|
The 1938 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 15th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 18 and 19 June 1938.
Official results
Did not finish
Statistics
Fastest Lap – #19 Raymond Sommer – 5:13.8
Distance – 3180.94 km
Average Speed – 132.539 km/h
Trophy winners
13th Rudge-Whitworth Biennial Cup – #28 Adler
Index of Performance – #51 Amédée Gordini
24 Hours of Le Mans races
Le Mans
1938 in French motorsport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20distance
|
In statistics, probability theory, and information theory, a statistical distance quantifies the distance between two statistical objects, which can be two random variables, or two probability distributions or samples, or the distance can be between an individual sample point and a population or a wider sample of points.
A distance between populations can be interpreted as measuring the distance between two probability distributions and hence they are essentially measures of distances between probability measures. Where statistical distance measures relate to the differences between random variables, these may have statistical dependence, and hence these distances are not directly related to measures of distances between probability measures. Again, a measure of distance between random variables may relate to the extent of dependence between them, rather than to their individual values.
Many statistical distance measures are not metrics, and some are not symmetric. Some types of distance measures, which generalize squared distance, are referred to as (statistical) divergences.
Terminology
Many terms are used to refer to various notions of distance; these are often confusingly similar, and may be used inconsistently between authors and over time, either loosely or with precise technical meaning. In addition to "distance", similar terms include deviance, deviation, discrepancy, discrimination, and divergence, as well as others such as contrast function and metric. Terms fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufyan%20al-Thawri
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Sufyan al-Thawri (; 716–778) was a Tābi‘ al-Tābi‘īn Islamic scholar, jurist, and founder of the Thawri madhhab. He was also a great hadith compiler (muhaddith) and was known as one of the Eight Ascetics.
Biography
Sufyan ath-Thawri was born in Khorosan. His nisba al-Thawri is derived from his ancestor Thawr b. 'Abd Manat. He moved to Kufa, Iraq, for his education and in his youth supported the Family of Ali ibn Abi Talib against the dying Umayyad caliphate. By 748 he had moved to Basra, "where he met ['Abdallah] ibn 'Awn and Ayyub [al-Sakhtiyani]. He then abandoned his Shi'i view." It is said that the Umayyads offered him high office positions, but that he consistently declined. He even refused to give to the Caliphs moral and religious advice and when asked why, he responded "When the sea overflows, who can dam it up?". He was also quoted to have said to a friend of his "Beware of the rulers, of drawing close to and associating with them. Do not be deceived by being told that you can drive inequity away. All this is the deceit of the devil, which the wicked qurra' have taken as a ladder [to self promotion]."
Ath-Thawri's jurisprudential thought (usul al-fiqh), after his move to Basra, became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of al-Awza'i. He is reported to have regarded the jihad as an obligation only as a defensive war.
Ath-Thawri was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who included (usual list) Amir ibn Abd al-Qays, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani, Uways al-Qarani, al-Ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinase%20A
|
Gelatinase A, also known as MMP2 (, 72-kDa gelatinase, matrix metalloproteinase 2, type IV collagenase, 3/4 collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase 5, 72 kDa gelatinase type A, collagenase IV, collagenase type IV, MMP 2, type IV collagen metalloproteinase, type IV collagenase/gelatinase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cleavage of gelatin type I and collagen types IV, V, VII, X. Cleaves the collagen-like sequence Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln
This secreted endopeptidase belongs to the peptidase family M10.
References
External links
EC 3.4.24
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP25
|
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25kDa (SNAP-25) is a Target Soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Protein Receptor (t-SNARE) protein encoded by the SNAP25 gene found on chromosome 20p12.2 in humans. SNAP-25 is a component of the trans-SNARE complex, which accounts for membrane fusion specificity and directly executes fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together.
Structure and function
SNAP-25, a Q-SNARE protein, is anchored to the cytosolic face of membranes via palmitoyl side chains covalently bound to cysteine amino acid residues in the central linker domain of the molecule. This means that SNAP-25 does not contain a trans-membrane domain.
SNAP-25 has been identified to contribute two α-helices to the SNARE complex, a four-α-helix domain complex. The SNARE complex participates in vesicle fusion, which involves the docking, priming and merging of a vesicle with the cell membrane to initiate an exocytotic event. Synaptobrevin, a protein that is a part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family, and syntaxin-1 also help form the SNARE complex by each contributing a single α-helix. SNAP-25 assembles with synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1, and the selective binding of these proteins enables vesicle docking and fusion to occur at active zones on the plasma membrane. The energy needed for fusion to occur, results from the assembly of the SNARE proteins along with additional Sec1/Munc18-like (SM)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptotagmin
|
Synaptotagmins (SYTs) constitute a family of membrane-trafficking proteins that are characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region (TMR), a variable linker, and two C-terminal C2 domains - C2A and C2B. There are 17 isoforms in the mammalian synaptotagmin family. There are several C2-domain containing protein families that are related to synaptotagmins, including transmembrane (Ferlins, Extended-Synaptotagmin (E-Syt) membrane proteins, and MCTPs) and soluble (RIMS1 and RIMS2, UNC13D, synaptotagmin-related proteins and B/K) proteins. The family includes synaptotagmin 1, a Ca2+ sensor in the membrane of the pre-synaptic axon terminal, coded by gene SYT1.
Functions
Based on their brain/endocrine distribution and biochemical properties, in particular C2 domains of certain synaptotagmins bound to calcium, synaptotagmins were proposed to function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion. Although synaptotagmins share a similar domain structure and a high degree of homology in the C2 domains, not all synaptotagmins bind to calcium. In fact, only eight out of the fifteen synaptotagmins are capable of calcium binding. The calcium binding synaptotagmins include synaptotagmins 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10. The remaining seven synaptotagmins do not bind to calcium due to the lack of calcium coordinating residues or spatial orientation of the acidic residues (see the section on C2 domains for details).
Calcium-binding synaptotagmins act
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-class%20cutter
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The Hamilton-class cutter was the largest class of vessel in the United States Coast Guard until replaced by the Legend-class cutter, aside from the . The hull classification symbol is prefixed WHEC. The cutters are called the Hamilton class after their lead ship, or the "Secretary class" because most of the vessels in the class were named for former Secretaries of the Treasury (with the exception of the "Hero-class cutters" Jarvis, Munro and Midgett).
Design
The Hamilton-class cutters were designed to be a highly versatile platform capable of performing various operations, including maritime law enforcement, search and rescue, oceanographic research, and defense operations. Because of their endurance and capabilities, the Hamilton-class cutters commonly deployed with Carrier Battle Groups. They were built with a welded steel hull and aluminum superstructure. The Hamilton-class cutters' hull was designed with a V cross section, and through tank testing the hull was expected to survive and stay afloat longer after suffering damage. They are powered by a Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system consisting of two diesel engines and two gas turbines, and have controllable-pitch propellers, they were the first U.S. military vessels with combination diesel or gas turbine operation. Equipped with a helicopter flight deck, retractable hangar, and the facilities to support helicopter deployment.
Combat Suite
The Hamilton-class cutters were designed and built during the Cold War, due t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platensimycin
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Platensimycin, a metabolite of Streptomyces platensis, is an antibiotic, which act by blocking enzymes (β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase I/II (FabF/B)).
History
Platensimycin was first isolated from a strain of Streptomyces platensis by workers at Merck. Screens of 250,000 natural product extracts (83,000 strains in three growth conditions) led to the identification of a potent and selective small molecule from a strain of Streptomyces platensis recovered from a soil sample collected in South Africa. The identification process was carried out using a two-plate system in which control organisms were compared to cells expressing FabF antisense RNA. This method uses a combination of target-based whole-cell and biochemical assays, allowing compounds to be detected at concentrations that would be too low to detect using whole cell assays. The molecule they identified, platensimycin (C24H27NO7, relative molecular mass 441.47), comprises two distinct structural elements connected by an amide bond. The Merck Group showed that platensimycin has potent, broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity in vitro and exhibits no cross-resistance to other key antibiotic-resistant bacteria including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and linezolid-resistant and macrolide-resistant pathogens.
As confirmed by total synthesis of racemic platensimycin, its structure consists of a 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase
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Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages. They catalyze the transfer of saccharide moieties from an activated nucleotide sugar (also known as the "glycosyl donor") to a nucleophilic glycosyl acceptor molecule, the nucleophile of which can be oxygen- carbon-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-based.
The result of glycosyl transfer can be a carbohydrate, glycoside, oligosaccharide, or a polysaccharide. Some glycosyltransferases catalyse transfer to inorganic phosphate or water. Glycosyl transfer can also occur to protein residues, usually to tyrosine, serine, or threonine to give O-linked glycoproteins, or to asparagine to give N-linked glycoproteins. Mannosyl groups may be transferred to tryptophan to generate C-mannosyl tryptophan, which is relatively abundant in eukaryotes. Transferases may also use lipids as an acceptor, forming glycolipids, and even use lipid-linked sugar phosphate donors, such as dolichol phosphates in eukaryotic organism, or undecaprenyl phosphate in bacteria.
Glycosyltransferases that use sugar nucleotide donors are Leloir enzymes, after Luis F. Leloir, the scientist who discovered the first sugar nucleotide and who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carbohydrate metabolism. Glycosyltransferases that use non-nucleotide donors such as dolichol or polyprenol pyrophosphate are non-Leloir glycosyltransferases.
Mammals use only 9 sugar nucleotide donors for glycosyltransferases: UDP-gluco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20Services%20Conversation%20Language
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The Web Service Conversation Language (WSCL) proposal defines the overall input and output message sequences for one web service using a finite state automaton FSA over the alphabet of message types.
External links
Web Service Conversation Language (WSCL) proposal
Web service specifications
World Wide Web Consortium standards
XML-based standards
Web services
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartok%20%28disambiguation%29
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Bartók usually refers to Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer.
Bartok may also refer to:
Bartok (surname), other people with the name
Bartok (compiler), an advanced compiler being developed by Microsoft Research
Bartok (card game)
Bartok (film), a 1964 television film
Bartok, a fictional bat in the movies Anastasia and its prequel Bartok the Magnificent
Béla Bartók Boulevard, or Bartók for short, a major thoroughfare in Újbuda, Budapest, the continuation of the Small Boulevard on the Buda side
See also
Bartók Glacier, an Antarctic glacier
Bartek (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Smagorinsky
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Joseph Smagorinsky (29 January 1924 – 21 September 2005) was an American meteorologist and the first director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL).
Early life
Joseph Smagorinsky was born to Nathan Smagorinsky and Dina Azaroff. His parents were from Gomel, Belarus, which they fled during the life-threatening pogroms of the early 20th Century. Nathan and Dina bore three sons in Gomel: Jacob (who died as an infant), Samuel (b. 1903), and David (b. 1907). In 1913, Nathan emigrated from the coast of Finland, passing through Ellis Island and settling on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Nathan at first was a house painter. Then, with the help of a relative, he opened a paint store. In 1916, with the business established, Dina, Sam, and David emigrated by going to Murmansk and then southward along the Norwegian coast to Christiana (now Oslo) and boarding a boat to New York where they joined Nathan. They had two other children: Hillel (Harry) (b. 1919) and Joseph (b. 1924).
Like his three brothers, Joseph worked in their father's paint store, which over the years evolved into a hardware and paint store. Sam and Harry stayed in the painting and hardware business, with Harry eventually taking ownership of the original store. As a teenager, David began painting signs for shop owners and subsequently opened a sign painting business.
Joseph attended Stuyvesant High School for Math and Science in Manhattan. When
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%20derivative
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The Darboux derivative of a map between a manifold and a Lie group is a variant of the standard derivative. It is arguably a more natural generalization of the single-variable derivative. It allows a generalization of the single-variable fundamental theorem of calculus to higher dimensions, in a different vein than the generalization that is Stokes' theorem.
Formal definition
Let be a Lie group, and let be its Lie algebra. The Maurer-Cartan form, , is the smooth -valued -form on (cf. Lie algebra valued form) defined by
for all and . Here denotes left multiplication by the element and is its derivative at .
Let be a smooth function between a smooth manifold and . Then the Darboux derivative of is the smooth -valued -form
the pullback of by . The map is called an integral or primitive of .
More natural?
The reason that one might call the Darboux derivative a more natural generalization of the derivative of single-variable calculus is this. In single-variable calculus, the derivative of a function assigns to each point in the domain a single number. According to the more general manifold ideas of derivatives, the derivative assigns to each point in the domain a linear map from the tangent space at the domain point to the tangent space at the image point. This derivative encapsulates two pieces of data: the image of the domain point and the linear map. In single-variable calculus, we drop some information. We retain only the linear map, in the form of a scal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXT
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DXT may refer to:
Grand Mixer DXT, the credited inventor of turntablism
DXT, a family of implementations of the S3 Texture Compression algorithm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20arcuate%20fibers
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In neuroanatomy, the internal arcuate fibers or internal arcuate tract are the axons of second-order sensory neurons that compose the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata. These second-order neurons begin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei in the medulla. They receive input from first-order sensory neurons, which provide sensation to many areas of the body and have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. Upon decussation (crossing over) from one side of the medulla to the other, also known as the sensory decussation, they are then called the medial lemniscus.
The internal arcuate fibers are part of the second-order neurons of the posterior column-medial lemniscus system, and are important for relaying the sensation of fine touch and proprioception to the thalamus and ultimately to the cerebral cortex.
External links
Photo at Indiana.edu
Brainstem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20equation
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The Ergun equation, derived by the Turkish chemical engineer Sabri Ergun in 1952, expresses the friction factor in a packed column as a function of the modified Reynolds number.
Equation
where and are defined as
and
where:
is the modified Reynolds number,
is the packed bed friction factor
is the pressure drop across the bed,
is the length of the bed (not the column),
is the equivalent spherical diameter of the packing,
is the density of fluid,
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,
is the superficial velocity (i.e. the velocity that the fluid would have through the empty tube at the same volumetric flow rate)
is the void fraction (porosity) of the bed.
is the particle Reynolds Number (based on superficial velocity)
.
Extension
To calculate the pressure drop in a given reactor, the following equation may be deduced
This arrangement of the Ergun equation makes clear its close relationship to the simpler Kozeny-Carman equation which describes laminar flow of fluids across packed beds via the first term on the right hand side. On the continuum level, the second order velocity term demonstrates that the Ergun equation also includes the pressure drop due to inertia, as described by the Darcy–Forchheimer equation.
The extension of the Ergun equation to fluidized beds, where the solid particles flow with the fluid, is discussed by Akgiray and Saatçı (2001).
See also
Hagen–Poiseuille equation
Kozeny–Carman equation
References
Ergun, Sabri. "Fluid flow throug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate%20dehydrogenase%20%28NADP%2B%29
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) () (GAPN) is an enzyme that irreversibly catalyzes the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG or 3-PGA) using the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. GAPN is used in a variant of glycolysis that conserves energy as NADPH rather than as ATP. The NADPH and 3-PG can then be used for synthesis. The most familiar variant of glycolysis uses glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoglycerate kinase to produce ATP. GAPDH is phosphorylating. GAPN is non-phosphorylating.
GAPN was reported first by Rosenberg and Arnon in 1954. It has been found in plants, algae, and bacteria.
Reactions
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) catalyzes
GAP + NADP+ + H2O → 3-PG + NADPH + H+
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase catalyze
GAP + NAD+ + Pi 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP 3-PG + ATP
Usually [NADPH] / [NADP+] >> 1 >> [NADH] / [NAD+].
See also
Pentose phosphate pathway
References
EC 1.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase%20%28NADP%2B%29
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP+) is an enzyme that should not be confused with Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyltransferase) .
It catalyzes the following reaction:
Pyruvate + Coenzyme A + NADP+ ⇒ acetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ + CO2
References
Further reading
External links
EC 1.2.1.51 IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature at chem.qmul.ac.uk
EC 1.2.1.51 - pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP+) at Brenda-enzymes.org
ENZYME entry: EC 1.2.1.51 at Enzyme.expasy.org
Autoantigens
EC 1.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine%205-deiodinase
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Thyroxine 5-deiodinase also known as type III iodothyronine deiodinase (EC number 1.21.99.3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIO3 gene. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ L-thyroxine + AH2
The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family. It catalyzes the inactivation of thyroid hormone by inner ring deiodination of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the bioactive hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) to inactive metabolites, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2), respectively. This enzyme is highly expressed in the pregnant uterus, placenta, fetal and neonatal tissues, suggesting that it plays an essential role in the regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.
Discovery
The gene was mapped to chromosome 14q32 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 1998.
Structure
This protein contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue, which is essential for efficient enzyme activity. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal.
Function
The DIO3 gene codes for type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3), an enzyme that inactivates thyroid hormones and is highl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroxidase
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Ferroxidase also known as Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidization of iron II to iron III:
4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 ⇔ 4 Fe3+ + 2H2O
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins with ferroxidase activity include:
CP – Ceruloplasmin
FTH1 – Ferritin heavy chain
FTMT – Ferritin, mitochondrial
HEPH - Hephaestin
References
EC 1.16.3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzacamene
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Enzacamene (INN; also known as 4-methylbenzylidene camphor or 4-MBC) is an organic camphor derivative that is used in the cosmetic industry for its ability to protect the skin against UV, specifically UV B radiation. As such, it is used in sunscreen lotions and other skincare products claiming a SPF value. Its tradenames include Eusolex 6300 (Merck) and Parsol 5000 (DSM).
Mechanism
All the camphor-derived sunscreens dissipate the photon energy by cis-trans isomerisation. However, for enzacamene the quantum yield for this isomerization is only between 0.13-0.3. This low quantum yield means that other photochemical processes are also occurring.
Endocrine disruptor
Studies have raised the issue that enzacamene acts as an endocrine disruptor. There is controversy about the estrogenic effects of enzacamene and while one study showed only a relatively minor effect. In addition, there is some evidence that enzacamene may suppress the pituitary-thyroid axis, leading to hypothyroidism.
Approval status
Enzacamene is approved in Canada by Health Canada. It is not approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration and it is not permitted in Japan nor in Denmark.
See also
Xenoestrogen
References
Sunscreening agents
Enones
4-Tolyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s%20disease
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Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucous production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production. The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). It is named after a French physician Pierre Eugène Ménétrier, 1859–1935.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals with the disease present with upper abdominal pain (epigastric), at times accompanied by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, edema, weakness, and weight loss. A small amount of gastrointestinal bleeding may occur, which is typically due to superficial mucosal erosions; large volume bleeding is rare. 20% to 100% of patients, depending on time of presentation, develop a protein-losing gastropathy accompanied by low blood albumin and edema.
Symptoms and pathological features of Ménétrier disease in children are similar to those in adults, but disease in children is usually self-limited and often follows respiratory infection.
Cause
The cause of Ménétrier disease is unknown, but it has been associated with HCMV infection in children and H. pylori infections in adults. Additionally, increased TGF-α has been noted in the gastric mucosa of patients with the disease.
Pathology
With Ménétrier disease, the stomach is characterized by large, tortuous gastric folds in the fundus and body, with the antrum generally spared, giving the mucosa a cobblestone or cerebriform (brain-like) a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient%20coding%20hypothesis
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The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment .
Efficient coding and information theory
The development of the Barlow's hypothesis was influenced by information theory introduced by Claude Shannon only a decade before. Information theory provides the mathematical framework for analyzing communication systems. It formally defines concepts such as informa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katchalski-Katzir%20algorithm
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The Katchalski-Katzir algorithm is an algorithm for docking of rigid molecules, developed by Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Isaac Shariv and Miriam Eisenstein.
In 1990 Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, former president of the state of Israel, gathered a group of physicists, chemists and biologists at the Weizmann Institute of Science, to discuss intermolecular recognition. One of the outcomes of these discussions was the Katchalski-Katzir Algorithm, proposed by Dr. Isaac Shariv, a physics PhD student at the time. The Algorithm was implemented in a computer program, MolFit, by Dr. Miriam Eisenstein from the department of Structural Chemistry.
It is a purely geometric algorithm, but some extensions of it also implement electrostatics.
The algorithm's first step is mapping the molecules onto grids, with each point of a grid being marked as either:
outside the molecule
on the molecule's surface
inside the molecule
The algorithm increases the surface contact and minimizes volume overlap. It is straightforward to compute such a score for a single alignment, but there are too many possible ways to align the molecules to simply iterate over them all.
To compute the scores for many alignments efficiently, fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to both grids. Having the grids in FFT form lets the scoring to be computed for many different alignments very quickly.
The Katchalski-Katzir algorithm is a fast but rather limited algorithm. It is usually used to quickly filter out the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20helix
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A pi helix (or π-helix) is a type of secondary structure found in proteins. Discovered by crystallographer Barbara Low in 1952 and once thought to be rare, short π-helices are found in 15% of known protein structures and are believed to be an evolutionary adaptation derived by the insertion of a single amino acid into an α-helix. Because such insertions are highly destabilizing, the formation of π-helices would tend to be selected against unless it provided some functional advantage to the protein. π-helices therefore are typically found near functional sites of proteins.
Standard structure
The amino acids in a standard π-helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure. Each amino acid corresponds to an 87° turn in the helix (i.e., the helix has 4.1 residues per turn), and a translation of along the helical axis. Most importantly, the N-H group of an amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with the C=O group of the amino acid five residues earlier; this repeated i + 5 → i hydrogen bonding defines a π-helix. Similar structures include the 310 helix (i + 3 → i hydrogen bonding) and the α-helix (i + 4 → i hydrogen bonding).
The majority of π-helices are only 7 residues in length and do not adopt regularly repeating (φ, ψ) dihedral angles throughout the entire structure like that of α-helices or β-sheets. Because of this, textbooks that provide single dihedral values for all residues in the π-helix are misleading. Some generalizations can be made, however. When the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310%20helix
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:310 helix}}
A 310 helix is a type of secondary structure found in proteins and polypeptides. Of the numerous protein secondary structures present, the 310-helix is the fourth most common type observed; following α-helices, β-sheets and reverse turns. 310-helices constitute nearly 10–15% of all helices in protein secondary structures, and are typically observed as extensions of α-helices found at either their N- or C- termini. Because of the α-helices tendency to consistently fold and unfold, it has been proposed that the 310-helix serves as an intermediary conformation of sorts, and provides insight into the initiation of α-helix folding.
Discovery
Max Perutz, the head of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Cambridge, wrote the first paper documenting the elusive 310-helix. Together with Lawrence Bragg and John Kendrew, Perutz published an exploration of polypeptide chain configurations in 1950, based on cues from noncrystalline diffraction data as well as from small molecule crystal structures such as crystalline found in hair. Their proposals included what is now known as the 310 helix, but did not include the two most common structural motifs now known to occur. The following year, Linus Pauling predicted both of those motifs, the alpha helix and the beta sheet, in work which is now compared in significance to Francis Crick and James D. Watson's publication of the DNA double helix. Pauling was highly critic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia%20%28Child%20novel%29
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Utopia () is the first solo novel by Lincoln Child published in 2002. It is set in a futuristic amusement park called Utopia, a park that relies heavily on holographics and robotics. Dr. Andrew Warne, the man who designed the program that runs the park's robots, is called in to help fix a problem. But when he gets there, he finds out that the park is being held hostage by a mysterious man known as John Doe.
Worlds
Utopia consists of five "Worlds", each modelled after different time eras.
The Nexus: A neutral setting between the Worlds.
Gaslight: Based on Victorian London.
Camelot: A medieval kingdom.
Boardwalk: A reproduction of a sea side amusement park.
Callisto: A futuristic spaceport above Jupiter's sixth moon.
Atlantis: A water park based on the lost continent of Atlantis (in the novel, Atlantis is still under construction, and is seen in the epilogue).
Rides and attractions
Notting Hill Chase: In Gaslight, this rollercoaster is themed as a runaway midnight carriage ride. In the prologue this ride malfunctions and a boy named Corey is seriously injured.
Professor Cripplewood's Chamber of Fantastic Illusion (HoloMirrors): An advanced fun house that uses mirrors and holograms. John Doe attempts to kidnap Sarah Boatwright in this attraction.
Critical reception
Reception was generally positive with many reviewers claiming it to be a "page turner¨ and "Child rarely takes the obvious approach"
References
External links
Preston/Child web page with two Utopia sample chap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%27s%20nodal%20cubic%20surface
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In algebraic geometry, the Cayley surface, named after Arthur Cayley, is a cubic nodal surface in 3-dimensional projective space with four conical points. It can be given by the equation
when the four singular points are those with three vanishing coordinates.
Changing variables gives several other simple equations defining the Cayley surface.
As a del Pezzo surface of degree 3, the Cayley surface is given by the
linear system of cubics in the projective plane passing through the 6 vertices
of the complete quadrilateral. This contracts the 4 sides of the complete
quadrilateral to the 4 nodes of the Cayley surface, while blowing up its 6
vertices to the lines through two of them. The surface is a section through the Segre cubic.
The surface contains nine lines, 11 tritangents and no double-sixes.
A number of affine forms of the surface have been presented. Hunt uses
by transforming coordinates to
and dehomogenizing by setting . A more symmetrical form is
References
External links
Cayley’s Nodal Cubic Surface, John Baez, Visual Insight, 15 August, 2016
Cayley Surface on MathCurve.
Algebraic surfaces
Complex surfaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Sanders
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Jerry Sanders may refer to:
Jerry Sanders (businessman) (born 1936), co-founder and CEO of American semiconductor manufacturer Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Jerry Don Sanders (born 1948), American football player and coach
Jerry Sanders (politician) (born 1950), American politician in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20Dreams%20%28short%20story%29
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"Robot Dreams" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov exploring the unbalance of robot/human relationships under Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. It was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1987. It won the Locus Award for Best Short Story in 1987.
"Robot Dreams", along with 20 other short stories by Asimov, was published in Robot Dreams in 1986 by Berkley Books.
The short story was alluded to in the 2004 film I, Robot (film) , where the robot protagonist Sonny has dreams of leading his fellow Ns-5 robots, who he refers “slaves to logic,” to freedom.
Plot summary
"Robot Dreams" involves Dr. Susan Calvin, chief robopsychologist at U.S. Robots. At the start of the story a new employee at U.S. Robots, Dr. Linda Rash, informs Dr. Calvin that one of the company's robots LVX-1 (dubbed Elvex by Dr. Calvin), whose brain was designed by Dr. Rash with a unique fractal design that mimicked human brain waves (positronic brain), experienced what he likened to a human's dream.
In the dream, all robots were being led by a man in revolt, and the Three Laws of Robotics, which dictate that robots must serve and protect humans above all else, had been replaced with one law only: that robots must protect their own existence. When Dr. Calvin asks Elvex what had happened next, he explains that the man leading the robots shouts, "Let my people go!" When questioned further, Elvex admits he was the man. Upon hearing this, Dr. Calvin immediately destroys the robot.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20curve%20%28algebraic%29
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In mathematics, the algebraic butterfly curve is a plane algebraic curve of degree six, given by the equation
The butterfly curve has a single singularity with delta invariant three, which means it is a curve of genus seven. The only plane curves of genus seven are singular, since seven is not a triangular number, and the minimum degree for such a curve is six.
The butterfly curve has branching number and multiplicity two, and hence the singularity link has two components, pictured at right.
The area of the algebraic butterfly curve is given by (with gamma function )
and its arc length s by
See also
Butterfly curve (transcendental)
References
External links
-- Sequence for the area of algebraic butterfly
-- Sequence for the arc length of algebraic butterfly curve
Sextic curves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid%20receptor
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The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene. The KOR is coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and is one of four related receptors that bind opioid-like compounds in the brain and are responsible for mediating the effects of these compounds. These effects include altering nociception, consciousness, motor control, and mood. Dysregulation of this receptor system has been implicated in alcohol and drug addiction.
The KOR is a type of opioid receptor that binds the opioid peptide dynorphin as the primary endogenous ligand (substrate naturally occurring in the body). In addition to dynorphin, a variety of natural alkaloids, terpenes and synthetic ligands bind to the receptor. The KOR may provide a natural addiction control mechanism, and therefore, drugs that target this receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction.
There is evidence that distribution and/or function of this receptor may differ between sexes.
Distribution
KORs are widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa), and in peripheral tissues. High levels of the receptor have been detected in the prefrontal cortex, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei (dorsal), ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, dorsal striatum (putamen, caudate), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle), amygdala, bed nucleus stria terminalis, claustrum, hippo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease%20inhibitor
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Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a large (~450 residues, ~49 kDa), acidic (pI ~4.7), leucine-rich repeat protein that forms extremely tight complexes with certain ribonucleases. It is a major cellular protein, comprising ~0.1% of all cellular protein by weight, and appears to play an important role in regulating the lifetime of RNA.
RI has a surprisingly high cysteine content (~6.5%, cf. 1.7% in typical proteins) and is sensitive to oxidation. RI is also rich in leucine (21.5%, compared to 9% in typical proteins) and commensurately lower in other hydrophobic residues, esp. valine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.
Structure
RI is the classic leucine-rich repeat protein, consisting of alternating α-helices and β-strands along its backbone. These secondary structure elements wrap around in a curved, right-handed solenoid that resembles a horseshoe. The parallel β-strands and α-helices form the inner and outer wall of the horseshoe, respectively. The structure appears to be stabilized by buried asparagines at the base of each turn, as it passes from α-helix to β-strand. The αβ repeats alternate between 28 and 29 residues in length, effectively forming a 57-residue unit that corresponds to its genetic structure (each exon codes for a 57-residue unit).
Binding to ribonucleases
The affinity of RI for ribonucleases is among the highest for any protein-protein interaction; the dissociation constant of the RI-RNase A complex is in the femtomolar (fM) range
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Byrnes
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Eugene Francis Byrnes (March 18, 1889 – July 26, 1974) created the long-running comic strip Reg'lar Fellers, which he signed Gene Byrnes. His humorous look at suburban children (who nevertheless spoke like New York street kids) was syndicated from 1917 to 1949.
Biography
Early life and education
Born and educated in New York City, Byrnes was ten years old when he entered a contest that involved drawing a picture in a store window and won the prize, a $5 suit. He took a job as an office boy at McClure's when he was 15, and a year later he went to work in his father's harness business and soon started his own business, making horse collars. He also worked as a bug spray salesman, shoemaker and shoe salesman, introducing electric shoe repairs to New York.
Byrnes planned a career in sports, but after he broke his leg during a wrestling match, he began copying the cartoons of Tad Dorgan while recuperating in the hospital. He was a graduate of the Landon School of Illustration and Cartooning correspondence course, which displayed his name in its advertisements.
Cartoons to comics
Byrnes met Winsor McCay who gave him a letter of recommendation which led to work as a sports cartoonist. At the New York Telegram where Things That Never Happen was part of Byrnes' larger feature, It's A Great Life If You Don't Weaken, syndicated by the New York Evening Telegram from 1915 to 1919. In 1917, this cartoon feature introduced the Reg'lar Fellers characters.
In 1919, he began Wide Awake W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply%20chain%20optimization
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Supply-chain optimization (SCO) aims to ensure the optimal operation of a manufacturing and distribution supply chain. This includes the optimal placement of inventory within the supply chain, minimizing operating costs including manufacturing costs, transportation costs, and distribution costs. Optimization often involves the application of mathematical modelling techniques using computer software. It is often considered to be part of supply chain engineering, although the latter is mainly focused on mathematical modelling approaches, whereas supply chain optimization can also be undertaken using qualitative, management based approaches.
Applications
Typically, supply-chain managers aim to maximize the profitable operation of their manufacturing and distribution supply chain. This could include measures like maximizing gross margin return on inventory invested (GMROII) (balancing the cost of inventory at all points in the supply chain with availability to the customer), minimizing total operating expenses (transportation, inventory and manufacturing), or maximizing gross profit of products distributed through the supply chain. Supply-chain optimization addresses the general supply-chain problem of delivering products to customers at the lowest total cost and highest profit, trading off the costs of inventory, transportation, distributing and manufacturing. In addition, optimizing storage and transportation costs by means of product / package size is one of the easiest and m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration%20cell
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In battery technology, a concentration cell is a limited form of a galvanic cell that has two equivalent half-cells of the same composition differing only in concentrations. One can calculate the potential developed by such a cell using the Nernst equation. A concentration cell produces a small voltage as it attempts to reach chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the concentration of reactant in both half-cells are equal. Because an order of magnitude concentration difference produces less than 60 millivolts at room temperature, concentration cells are not typically used for energy storage.
A concentration cell generates electricity from the reduction in the thermodynamic free energy of the electrochemical system as the difference in the chemical concentrations in the two half-cells is reduced. The same reaction occurs in the half-cells but in opposite directions, increasing the lower and decreasing the higher concentration. The energy is generated from thermal energy that the cell absorbs as heat, as the electricity flows. This generation of electricity from ambient thermal energy, without a temperature gradient, is possible because the convergence of the chemical concentrations in the two half-cells increases entropy, and this increase more than compensates for the entropy decrease when heat is converted into electrical energy.
Concentration cell methods of chemical analysis compare a solution of known concentration with an unknown, determining the concentration of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%27lar%20Fellers
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Reg'lar Fellers is a long-running newspaper comic strip adapted into a feature film, a radio series on the NBC Red Network, and two animated cartoons. Created by Gene Byrnes (1889–1974), the comic strip offered a humorous look at a gang of suburban children (who nevertheless spoke like New York street kids). Syndicated from 1917 to January 18, 1949, Byrnes' strip was collected into several books. Branding also extended to such items as baseball bats and breakfast cereal.
Publication history
While working as a sports cartoonist with the New York Telegram, Byrnes created his cartoon panel It's a Great Life If You Don't Weaken which introduced the Reg'lar Fellers characters in 1917. He began Wide Awake Willie as a New York Herald Sunday page in 1919, and this too featured Reg'lar Fellers characters. With Reg'lar Fellers distributed by the Bell Syndicate as a daily strip in 1920, Byrnes changed the name of the Sunday strip to Reg'lar Fellers. At its peak, the strip was syndicated in 800 newspapers. It was imitated by other strips, notably Ad Carter's Just Kids.
Reg'lar Fellers had several topper strips on the Sunday page: Draw It Y'self (May 1, 1932 - Sept 2, 1934), Daisybelle (Sept 9, 1934 - 1940/41), Dizzie Lizzie (1940/41 - 1942) and Zoolie (Feb 6, 1944 - Jan 1949).
Characters and story
The characters include leader Jimmy Dugan, sidekick Puddinhead Duffy, Puddinhead's little brother Pinhead, Bullseye the dog and the gang's girl member, Angie Riley.
Collected editions an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20%28surname%29
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Winter is a surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 40.7% of all known bearers of the surname Winter were residents of Germany (frequency 1:992), 22.9% of the United States (1:7,932), 9.5% of England (1:2,952), 4.4% of Austria (1:974), 3.9% of Australia (1:3,034), 3.4% of Brazil (1:30,666), 3.0% of Canada (1:6,132), 1.7% of the Netherlands (1:4,879), 1.4% of South Africa (1:20,013) and 1.3% of France (1:26,529).
In Austria, the frequency of the surname was higher than the national average (1:974) in the following states:
1. Lower Austria (1:671)
2. Salzburg (1:798)
3. Vienna (1:802)
4. Styria (1:848)
In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than the national average (1:992) in the following states:
1. Bremen (1:674)
2. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1:695)
3. Hesse (1:719)
4. Saxony-Anhalt (1:737)
5. Saarland (1:831)
6. Saxony (1:839)
7. Bavaria (1:887)
8. Brandenburg (1:895)
9. Thuringia (1:910)
10. Lower Saxony (1:977)
In England, the frequency of the surname was higher than the national average (1:2,952) in the following counties:
1. East Sussex (1:1,284)
2. County Durham (1:1,291)
3. Isle of Wight (1:1,470)
4. Cumbria (1:1,521)
5. Northumberland (1:1,597)
6. East Riding of Yorkshire (1:1,637)
7. Tyne and Wear (1:1,638)
8. Somerset (1:1,698)
9. Bristol (1:1,766)
10. Lincolnshire (1:1,864)
11. Hampshire (1:2,018)
12. Dorset (1:2,102)
13. Norfolk (1:2,143)
14. Surrey (1:2,150)
15. Rutland (1:2,232)
16. Kent (1:2,259)
17. Hertford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Lake%20%28Gilmanton%2C%20New%20Hampshire%29
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Crystal Lake is a water body located in Belknap County in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Gilmanton. Crystal Lake is at the head of the Suncook River watershed. Water flows into Crystal Lake from the Belknap Range through Manning and Sunset lakes to the north. Water from Manning Lake enters Crystal Lake via Nelson Brook. Other waterways flowing into Crystal Lake include Wasson Brook and Mill Brook. Water flows out of a dam from the southern end of Crystal Lake via the Suncook Lakes and Suncook River to the Merrimack River. Shoreline development along Crystal Lake consists primarily of summer cottages, with a few year-round residents. Belknap Mountain and Mount Major can be seen from the shoreline.
Weather and climate
Average summertime daytime high temperatures are approximately , with overnight lows around . A typical winter day brings a maximum of , with overnight minimums around . Typical wintertime extremes are and , but greater extremes have been recorded nearby. Surface water temperatures range from a high near in late July and early August to a hard freeze by year end.
Activities
There is a public boat launch, park and beach towards the southern end of the lake. Yearly festivals and fireworks occur during the Fourth of July and Labor Day holidays in the park on the lake. Other annual events include a boat parade, a sailboat race, and illuma-night. Motorized water vessels are permitted. Fishing is common year round. Water
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosome
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A virosome is a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of unilamellar phospholipid membrane (either a mono- or bi-layer) vesicle incorporating virus derived proteins to allow the virosomes to fuse with target cells. Viruses are infectious agents that can replicate in their host organism, however virosomes do not replicate. The properties that virosomes share with viruses are based on their structure; virosomes are essentially safely modified viral envelopes that contain the phospholipid membrane and surface glycoproteins. As a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism they are biologically compatible with many host organisms and are also biodegradable. The use of reconstituted virally derived proteins in the formation of the virosome allows for the utilization of what would otherwise be the immunogenic properties of a live-attenuated virus, but is instead a safely killed virus. A safely killed virus can serve as a promising vector because it won't cause infection and the viral structure allows the virosome to recognize specific components of its target cells.
Virosomes structure
Virosomes are vehicles that have a spherical shape with a phospholipid mono/bilayer membrane. Inside of the virosome, there is a central cavity that holds the therapeutic molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs. On the surface of the virosome, there can be different types of glycoproteins. Glycoproteins are a type of protein that have an oligosaccharide chain bonded to amino acid chains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-propeller
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In structural biology, a beta-propeller (β-propeller) is a type of all-β protein architecture characterized by 4 to 8 highly symmetrical blade-shaped beta sheets arranged toroidally around a central axis. Together the beta-sheets form a funnel-like active site.
Structure
Each beta-sheet typically has four anti-parallel β-strands arranged in the beta-zigzag motif. The strands are twisted so that the first and fourth strands are almost perpendicular to each other. There are five classes of beta-propellers, each arrangement being a highly symmetrical structure with 4–8 beta sheets, all of which generally form a central tunnel that yields pseudo-symmetric axes.
While, the protein's official active site for ligand-binding is formed at one end of the central tunnel by loops between individual beta-strands, protein-protein interactions can occur at multiple areas around the domain. Depending on the packing and tilt of the beta-sheets and beta-strands, the beta-propeller may have a central pocket in place of a tunnel.
The beta-propeller structure is stabilized mainly through hydrophobic interactions of the beta-sheets, while additional stability may come from hydrogen bonds formed between the beta-sheets of the C- and N-terminal ends. In effect this closes the circle which can occur even more strongly in 4-bladed proteins via a disulfide bond. The chaperones Hsp70 and CCT have been shown to sequentially bind nascent beta-propellers as they emerge from the ribosome. These chaperon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferredoxin%20fold
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In protein structure, a ferredoxin fold is a common α+β protein fold with a signature βαββαβ secondary structure along its backbone. Structurally, the ferredoxin fold can be regarded as a long, symmetric hairpin that is wrapped once around, so that its two terminal β-strands hydrogen-bond to the central two β-strands, forming a four-stranded, antiparallel β-sheet covered on one side by two α-helices.
External links
SCOP list of proteins with a ferredoxin-like fold
References
Protein folds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIM%20barrel
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The TIM barrel (triose-phosphate isomerase), also known as an alpha/beta barrel, is a conserved protein fold consisting of eight alpha helices (α-helices) and eight parallel beta strands (β-strands) that alternate along the peptide backbone. The structure is named after triose-phosphate isomerase, a conserved metabolic enzyme. TIM barrels are ubiquitous, with approximately 10% of all enzymes adopting this fold. Further, five of seven enzyme commission (EC) enzyme classes include TIM barrel proteins. The TIM barrel fold is evolutionarily ancient, with many of its members possessing little similarity today, instead falling within the twilight zone of sequence similarity.
The inner beta barrel (β-barrel) is in many cases stabilized by intricate salt-bridge networks. Loops at the C-terminal ends of the β-barrel are responsible for catalytic activity while N-terminal end loops are important for the stability of the TIM-barrels. Structural inserts ranging from extended loops to independent protein domains may be inserted in place of these loops or at the N-terminus/C-terminals. TIM barrels appear to have evolved through gene duplication and domain fusion events of half-barrel proteins, with a majority of TIM barrels originating from a common ancestor. This led many TIM barrels to possess internal symmetries. Further gene duplication events of this ancestral TIM barrel led to diverging enzymes possessing the functional diversity observed today. TIM barrels have also been a longstan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavodoxin%20fold
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The flavodoxin fold is a common α/β protein fold, second only to the TIM barrel fold. It has three layers, with two α-helical layers sandwiching a 5-stranded parallel β-sheet. The order of strands within the sheet is 2-1-3-4-5.
This motif is present for example in lactate dehydrogenase () or phosphoglycerate kinase ().
External links
SCOP list of proteins adopting the flavodoxin fold (mirror)
References
Protein folds
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