notebook/prepare_longbench.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/share/ninglu_shao/envs/snl/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n",
      "  from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "os.environ[\"https_proxy\"] = \"http://127.0.0.1:15777\"\n",
    "os.environ[\"http_proxy\"] = \"http://127.0.0.1:15777\"\n",
    "\n",
    "import datasets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Downloading builder script: 100%|██████████| 3.98k/3.98k [00:00<00:00, 16.4MB/s]\n",
      "Downloading readme: 100%|██████████| 16.1k/16.1k [00:00<00:00, 10.4MB/s]\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/narrativeqa/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/qasper/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/multifieldqa_en/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/hotpotqa/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/2wikimqa/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/musique/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/gov_report/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/qmsum/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n",
      "Found cached dataset long_bench (/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset/THUDM___long_bench/multi_news/1.0.0/4a916a4bde5c3481ac49b84d5dde69a9d2eefcd67f884ef65b3d97ee7cc91f3e)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'narrativeqa': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'qasper': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'multifieldqa_en': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 150\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'hotpotqa': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " '2wikimqa': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'musique': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'gov_report': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'qmsum': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " }),\n",
       " 'multi_news': Dataset({\n",
       "     features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "     num_rows: 200\n",
       " })}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset_list = [\"narrativeqa\", \"qasper\", \"multifieldqa_en\", \"hotpotqa\", \"2wikimqa\", \"musique\", \"gov_report\", \"qmsum\", \"multi_news\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "dataset_dict = {}\n",
    "\n",
    "for dataset in dataset_list:\n",
    "    data = datasets.load_dataset('THUDM/LongBench', f\"{dataset}\", split='test', cache_dir=\"/share/ninglu_shao/data/dataset\")\n",
    "\n",
    "    dataset_dict[dataset] = data\n",
    "\n",
    "dataset_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "                                                                                           \r"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for dataset in dataset_list:\n",
    "    dataset_dict[dataset].save_to_disk(f\"/share/ninglu_shao/data/PluginTransformer/eval_data/longbench/{dataset}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Dataset({\n",
       "    features: ['input', 'context', 'answers', 'length', 'dataset', 'language', 'all_classes', '_id'],\n",
       "    num_rows: 200\n",
       "})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataset = datasets.load_from_disk(\"/share/ninglu_shao/data/PluginTransformer/eval_data/longbench/hotpotqa\")\n",
    "\n",
    "dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'input': 'Celebrity Fifteen to One has had more than one appearance by an English writer and former Conservative Member of what?',\n",
       " 'context': 'Passage 1:\\nDavid Faber (politician)\\nDavid James Christian Faber (born 7 July 1961) is a schoolmaster and former Conservative member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. He did not seek re-election in 2001, after which he became an author, before in 2010 being appointed as head master of Summer Fields School, Oxford. He is the grandson of the late former Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (1894–1986).\\n\\nFamily and early life\\nThe son of Julian and Lady Caroline Faber, Faber comes from an aristocratic political family drawn from the Whig and latterly the Conservative traditions. His maternal grandfather Harold Macmillan was Prime Minister at the time of his birth. His maternal grandmother, Lady Dorothy Cavendish, was descended from three Prime Ministers, the 4th Duke of Devonshire (1756–1757), the 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1782–1783) and the 3rd Duke of Portland (1783 and 1807–1809). Faber\\'s great-great-great-granduncle was Lord Hartington and his great-grandfather Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire was also a statesman. His mother’s cousins included Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, who was married to Deborah Mitford, and Andrew\\'s elder brother William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, who was married to Kathleen Kennedy, the sister of  U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. \"Ted\" Kennedy. His uncle Maurice Macmillan was a leading figure of Edward Heath\\'s 1970s government.\\nFaber was educated at Summer Fields School, Summertown; and then at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford.\\n\\nLife and career\\nFaber first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1987 at Stockton North, where he was defeated by Labour\\'s Frank Cook.\\nHe worked in marketing and as a political assistant to Jeffrey Archer before entering the House of Commons in 1992 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Westbury. He was parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1994 to 1996, and then to the Secretary of State for Health, from 1996 to 1997. In opposition, after the Conservatives lost the 1997 general election, he was their front bench spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth affairs, until 1998. He served as a member of several Parliamentary select committees: Social Security, 1992–1997, Culture, Media and Sport, 1998 to 2001, and the Public Accounts Committee, 2000–2001.In 1997, he was reported to be a director of Sterling Marketing, and in 1998 was a director of Freestream Aircraft.Faber stood down from parliament at the 2001 general election, to be succeeded by fellow Conservative Andrew Murrison, when he began a new career as a writer. His book Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery, the tragedy of a political family (2005) was about Julian Amery, his uncle by his (Amery\\'s) marriage to Faber\\'s maternal aunt, Julian\\'s father Leo, and brother John, who was executed after the Second World War for high treason.\\nIn 2009, he was appointed as head of his old prep school, Summer Fields, with effect from September 2010.\\nFaber married firstly Sally Gilbert, a television weather presenter, and they had one son together, Henry, but later divorced, with Faber citing James Hewitt as co-respondent. He married secondly Sophie Amanda Hedley, and they have two daughters.  He is a past committee member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, the governing body of the game of cricket, managing an MCC tour of Canada in 2001. He is also  a member of White\\'s.\\n\\nBooks\\nDavid Faber, Munich (Simon & Schuster) – about the events of 1937–1938 and the Munich Conference\\nDavid Faber, Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery  (Simon & Schuster, 2005) – the Amery family and World War II ISBN 1-4165-2596-3\\nPassage 2:\\nMarina Yannakoudakis\\nMarina Yannakoudakis (born 16 April 1956) is a member of the European Economic and Social Committee and a former Conservative Member of the European Parliament for London. She was elected at the 2009 European Parliament election. She lost her seat at the 2014 election.\\n\\nEarly years\\nYannakoudakis was born in Paddington. She studied for a BSc in government, politics and modern history at Brunel University, where she was chairman of the Conservative students, and also received an MA in education from the Open University.\\nShe was a member of Barnet London Borough Council for Oakleigh Park Ward from 2006 to 2010 where she was chair of the Cleaner, Greener, Transport and Development Overview & Scrutiny Committee.\\n\\nMember of the European Parliament\\nShe was a full member of the Committee on Women\\'s Rights and Gender Equality, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering. She was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.She was also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of the island and was the Conservative and the European Conservatives and Reformists spokesman on Women\\'s Rights and Gender Equality.\\n\\nWomen\\'s Rights\\nYannakoudakis campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks maternity leave on full pay. She led calls in the Committee on Women\\'s Rights and Gender Equality for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved. She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as \"patronising\".>She pushed for a redress to the Test Achats vs Council of Ministers case, a European Court of Justice ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the European Union.Yannakoudakis also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship and child protection.Yannakoudakis led a campaign in the European Parliament against female genital mutilation.\\n\\nHealth and Environment\\nIn the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety she concentrated on public health issues, where she spoke out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors as well as ensuring that MRI scanner rules are not over-regulated by EU law. She drafted the committee\\'s report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of cord blood for stem cell transplants. She is the committee\\'s contact point for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.\\nYannakoudakis led a campaign to ensure that EU rules do not make it more difficult for electronic cigarette users to access e-cigs.\\n\\nCyprus and LGBT Rights\\nYannakoudakis worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and Cypriot intercommunal violence. She was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights. She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Northern Cyprus. She met and received assurances from Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Derviş Eroğlu that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law.She supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on LGBT rights in Africa especially the protection of lesbians and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill.\\n\\nOpposition to EU Policy\\nYannakoudakis was strongly opposed to the introduction of a European Union financial transaction tax which she believed would have an adverse effect on the City of London. She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including Prudential plc. She led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London\\'s Tate & Lyle where jobs are under threat.She led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget. She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras and has called for cuts to be made to the European Personnel Selection Office. and the Agencies of the European Union. She criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on Europe Day.Yannakoudakis made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU. She voted against the accession of Iceland to the European Union citing the ongoing Icesave dispute as an obstacle to EU membership. Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money. She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the accession of Turkey to the European Union citing concerns about Ankara\\'s failure to fully respect women\\'s and minority rights, especially Kurds in Turkey. She also criticised Turkey\\'s refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot Presidency of the Council of the European Union.\\n\\nPersonal life\\nShe married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983. She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children. The family lives in Barnet.\\nPassage 3:\\nJonathan Aitken\\nJonathan William Patrick Aitken (born 30 August 1942) is a British author, Church of England priest, convicted criminal and former Conservative Party politician. Beginning his career in journalism, he was elected to Parliament in 1974 (serving until 1997), and was a member of the cabinet during John Major\\'s premiership from 1992 to 1995. That same year, he was accused by The Guardian of misdeeds conducted under his official government capacity. He sued the newspaper for libel in response, but the case collapsed, and he was subsequently found to have committed perjury during his trial. In 1999, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison, of which he served seven months.\\nFollowing his imprisonment, Aitken became a Christian and later became the honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide. He was ordained as an Anglican priest in 2019.\\n\\nFamily\\nAitken\\'s parents were Sir William Traven Aitken, KBE, a former Conservative MP, and The Honourable Penelope, Lady Aitken, MBE, JP, daughter of The 1st Baron Rugby. Aitken is a great-nephew of the newspaper magnate and war-time minister, The 1st Baron Beaverbrook. His sister is the actress Maria Aitken and his nephew is the actor Jack Davenport. He is godfather to James Abbott, the son of Labour left-winger Diane Abbott.In 1979, Aitken married Lolicia Olivera Azucki, a daughter of O. Azucki of Zurich, Switzerland; they divorced in 1998. With his first wife, he had twin daughters and one son, Alexandra and Victoria Aitken, and William Aitken respectively.Aitken married his second wife, The Hon. Elizabeth Harris, daughter of The 1st Baron Ogmore, TD, PC, and former wife of actors Richard Harris and Sir Rex Harrison, in June 2003.In 1999, DNA testing confirmed that Petrina Khashoggi, putative daughter of billionaire arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi, was Aitken\\'s biological child, the result of an affair with Khashoggi\\'s wife Soraya (née Sandra Daly).\\nThe paternity of Aitken himself has similarly been under question. In December 2008, Dutch historian Cees Fasseur said Aitken was the result of a wartime affair between Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Penelope Aitken.\\n\\nEarly life\\nAitken was born in Dublin, Ireland. His grandfather, Sir John Maffey (who was created The 1st Baron Rugby in February 1947), was the first official British representative to the newly independent Irish state, being appointed in October 1939, at a time when Anglo-Irish relations were strained but improving. Maffey\\'s official title was \"United Kingdom Representative to Éire\". Aitken\\'s baptism took place on 16 October 1942 at St Patrick\\'s Cathedral, Dublin, an Anglican church, at which he was named \"Jonathan William Patrick Aitken\". The third name, \"Patrick\", was included at a late stage owing to the unexpected international importance of the occasion –- one of the Irish papers reported \"British envoy\\'s grandson is a real Paddy\". The Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, who knew his grandparents, asked to attend the christening and his presence at the baptism was symbolic of improving Anglo-Irish relations. Also attending was Princess Juliana (later to become Queen Juliana of the Netherlands) as his godmother.Aitken contracted tuberculosis, and at four years of age was admitted to Cappagh Hospital, Dublin, where he was an inpatient on a TB ward for more than three years, being cared for and educated by Catholic nuns. His father was severely injured as an RAF pilot when his Spitfire was shot down during the Second World War.Aitken recovered and was discharged from the hospital aged seven. He lived with his parents at Halesworth, Suffolk, and learnt to walk properly again within a few months.Aitken attended Eton College and read law at Christ Church, Oxford. His career initially followed a similar path to the post-war career of his father, who became a journalist and then the Conservative Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds.\\n\\nJournalism and business\\nHe served as a war correspondent during the 1960s in Vietnam and Biafra, and gained a reputation for risk-taking when he took LSD in 1966 as an experiment for an article in the London Evening Standard and had a bad trip: \"this drug needs police, the Home Office and a dictator to stamp it out\".He was also a journalist at Yorkshire Television from 1968 to 1970, presenting the regional news show Calendar. Aitken was the first person to be seen on screen from Yorkshire Television when it began broadcasting.In 1970, Aitken was acquitted at the Old Bailey for breaching section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911, when he photocopied a report about the British government\\'s supply of arms to Nigeria, and sent a copy to The Sunday Telegraph and to Hugh Fraser, a pro-Biafran (Nigerian Civil War) Tory MP. As a result of the case he was dropped as the Conservative candidate for the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary constituency.Aitken was managing director of the Middle Eastern division of Slater Walker in 1973-75 and chairman of R. Sanbaar Consultants Ltd from 1976 to at least 1982, and a director of arms exporting firm BMARC from 1988 to 1990.\\n\\nParliamentary career\\nAitken initially worked in parliament as private secretary to Conservative MP Selwyn Lloyd in 1964–66.Defeated at Meriden in the West Midlands in 1966 and dropped from standing for Thirsk and Malton (above), he was elected as MP for Thanet East in the February 1974 general election; from 1983 he sat for South Thanet.  He managed to offend PM Margaret Thatcher by ending a relationship with her daughter, Carol Thatcher, and suggesting that Thatcher \"probably thinks Sinai is the plural of Sinus\" to an Egyptian newspaper. He stayed on the backbenches throughout Thatcher\\'s premiership, as well as participating in the re-launch of TV-AM, when broadcaster Anna Ford threw her wine at him to express her outrage at both his behaviour and the unwelcome consequent transformation of the TV station.\\n\\nOpens Hollis affair\\nAitken wrote a highly confidential letter to Thatcher in early 1980, dealing with allegations that the former Director-General of MI5, Sir Roger Hollis, had been a double agent also working for the Soviet Union. This information had come to Aitken from retired CIA spymaster James Angleton. Espionage historian Chapman Pincher obtained a copy of the letter, and used former MI5 officers Peter Wright and Arthur Martin as his main additional secret sources, to write the sensational book Their Trade is Treachery in 1981. This matter continued being highly controversial throughout the 1980s, and led to Wright eventually publishing his own book Spycatcher in 1987, despite the government\\'s prolonged Australian court attempts to stop him from doing so.\\n\\nMinister of State for Defence Procurement\\nAitken became Minister of State for Defence Procurement under prime minister John Major in 1992. He was later accused of violating ministerial rules by allowing an Arab businessman to pay for his stay in the Paris Ritz, perjured himself and was jailed (see below).Aitken had previously been a director of BMARC, an arms exporter during 1988–1990. In 1995, a Commons motion showed that while a Cabinet minister he had signed a controversial Public Interest Immunity Certificate (PIIC) in September 1992 relating to the Matrix Churchill trial, and that the \"gagged\" documents included ones relating to the supply of arms to Iran by BMARC for a period when he was a director of the company.\\n\\nChief Secretary to the Treasury\\nHe became Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 1994, a Cabinet position, but resigned in 1995 following the allegations that he had violated ministerial rules.\\nHe was defeated in the 1997 general election. Within a year he had been appointed as a representative for the arms company GEC-Marconi (part of BAE Systems since November 1999).\\n\\nLibel, arrest and prison\\nLibel action\\nOn 10 April 1995, The Guardian carried a front-page report on Aitken\\'s dealings with leading Saudis. The story was the result of a long investigation carried out by journalists from the newspaper and from Granada Television\\'s World in Action programme. The Guardian also alleged Aitken as Minister for Defence Procurement, arranged prostitutes for Arab businessmen. Granada\\'s World in Action programme repeated the accusation in a television documentary called Jonathan of Arabia.Aitken had called a press conference at the Conservative Party offices in Smith Square, London, at 5 p.m. that same day denouncing the claims and demanding that the World in Action documentary, which was due to be screened three hours later, withdraw them. He said:\\n\\nIf it falls to me to start a fight to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism in our country with the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play, so be it. I am ready for the fight. The fight [is] against falsehood and those who peddle it. My fight begins today. Thank you and good afternoon.\\nThe World in Action film Jonathan of Arabia was transmitted as planned and Aitken carried out his threat to sue. The action collapsed in June 1997 (a month after he had lost his seat in the 1997 general election) when  The Guardian and Granada produced, via their counsel George Carman QC, evidence countering his claim that his wife, Lolicia Aitken, paid for the hotel stay at the Ritz Hotel in Paris. The evidence consisted of airline vouchers and other documents showing that his wife had, in fact, been in Switzerland at the time when she had allegedly been at the Ritz in Paris. The joint Guardian/Granada investigation indicated an arms deal scam involving Aitken\\'s friend and business partner, the Lebanese businessman Mohammed Said Ayas, a close associate of Prince Mohammed of Saudi Arabia. It was alleged that Aitken had been prepared to have his teenage daughter Victoria lie under oath to support his version of events, had the case continued.A few days after the libel case collapsed, World in Action broadcast a special edition, which echoed Aitken\\'s \"sword of truth\" speech. It was titled \"The Dagger of Deceit\".\\nDuring this time, it emerged that when Aitken was being encouraged to resign, he was chairman of the secretive right-wing think-tank Le Cercle, alleged by Alan Clark to be funded by the CIA.\\n\\nPerjury conviction and imprisonment\\nAitken was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice and, after pleading guilty on 8 June 1999 to both offences, was sentenced to jail for 18 months of which he served almost seven months as a custodial sentence. While Aitken was sentenced Mr Justice Scott Baker said Aitken had breached trust inexcusably. Scott Baker told Aitken: \"For nearly four years you wove a web of deceit in which you entangled yourself and from which there was no way out unless you were prepared to come clean and tell the truth. Unfortunately you were not.\"During the preceding libel trial, his wife Lolicia, who later left him, was called as a witness to sign a supportive affidavit to the effect that she had paid his Paris hotel bill, but did not appear. In the end, with the case already in court, investigative work by The Guardian reporters into Swiss hotel and British Airways records showed that neither his daughter nor his wife had been in Paris at the time in question.\\n\\nBankruptcy\\nAitken was unable to cover the legal costs of his libel trial and was declared bankrupt. As part of the bankruptcy, his trustees settled legal actions against the magazine Private Eye, over the claims it had made that Aitken was a \"serial liar\". He also became one of the few people to resign from the Privy Council. Aitken\\'s wife and three daughters turned up to support him when he was sentenced.\\n\\nChristian faith\\nAitken attended the Alpha Course in 1997, which he said stirred his interest in Christianity. He attended the course on further occasions prior to imprisonment. After being imprisoned in 1999, he began to study the Bible, learned Greek, and became a student of Christian theology at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford. This part of his life is covered in two autobiographical works called Pride and Perjury and Porridge and Passion.\\nAitken\\'s claim that he had found God was met with some scepticism. Aitken said: \"In a different era, I\\'d have been one of the cynics myself. If I\\'d had a parliamentary colleague who’d got into trouble, gone to jail and come out saying, \\'I\\'ve found God\\', I\\'d have said, \\'Oh, how very convenient for him\\'.\"\\nThe Guardian might insist that Aitken demonstrate the sincerity of repentance by repaying the whopping legal bill of one-and-half-million pounds he landed on them by his dishonest libel action. He was allowed to drop the case on promising to pay costs, but then escaped from the liability when he declared himself bankrupt and revealed that most of his apparent assets turn out to be conveniently owned by other people. The Guardian still believe he has more resources than he will admit.\\nIn 2000 he said that he would not become a vicar because he considered himself not worthy of the office and \"wouldn\\'t like to give dog-collars a bad name\".In 2006 Aitken became honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide.\\n\\nOrdained ministry\\nOn 30 June 2018, Aitken was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon by Sarah Mullally, the Bishop of London. Since then he has served as a non-stipendiary minister at St Matthew\\'s Church, Westminster and as a  chaplain of Pentonville Prison.Exactly one year after becoming deacon, on 30 June 2019, Aitken was ordained as an Anglican priest in St Mary\\'s Church, Stoke Newington, also by the Bishop of London.\\n\\nPolitical comebacks\\nIn early 2004, some constituency party members in Aitken\\'s former seat of South Thanet proposed that he should return as Conservative candidate for the seat in the 2005 general election. This was vetoed by Conservative Party leader Michael Howard.Aitken later confirmed that he would not attempt a return to Parliament, saying that \"the leader has spoken. I accept his judgement with good grace.\" He denied rumours he was to stand as an independent candidate insisting that he was not a \"spoiler\".\\nAitken later declared his support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) a week before the party\\'s equally strong performance as the Liberal Democrats, with both parties winning 12 seats each in the 2004 European elections. On 2 October 2004, Aitken attended the (UKIP) conference and re-iterated his support for the party.\\nIn November 2007, with the approval of senior members of the shadow cabinet, he took charge of a task force on prison reform within Iain Duncan Smith\\'s Centre for Social Justice to help formulate Conservative Party policy. Aitken said this was not part of a political comeback. Conservative spokesmen pointed out that the task force is independent of the party, even though the organisation was run by Iain Duncan Smith. The report Locked Up Potential: A Strategy to Reform our Prisons and Rehabilitate our Prisoners was published in March 2009.\\n\\nParliamentary access\\nIn September 2020, it was revealed that the former Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, awarded Aitken a parliamentary pass despite the House of Commons claiming that former MPs who had been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of one year or more were ineligible.  In September 2020 Aitken had held a pass continuously since at least December 2015.\\n\\nWorks\\nThe Young Meteors\\nIn his early book The Young Meteors (London: Secker & Warburg, 1967; New York: Atheneum, 1967), Aitken profiled the brightest lights among the younger generation in Britain, and particularly London, with a hint in the title that many of these were likely to burn and crash. Hunter Davies, one of the people profiled, has pointed out that such lists of the promising were then common in The Sunday Times, but unusual as books. Much later, Craig Taylor in 2003 observed that those profiled who were still burning brightly included Michael Caine, David Bailey, Twiggy, David Frost and Don McCullin. Taylor found it humdrum, but:\\n\\nthe book is worth re-examining these many years later for one reason. Aitken, it has been shown over time, is a figure we can always learn something from, a kind of walking, well-groomed Grimm\\'s fairy tale. . . . In [this book] he intuits the popularity and importance of unquantifiable lists of who is hot, young and going places.\\nAitken himself in 2003 had a low opinion of the book: \"In terms of style, it was certainly the worst book I\\'ve ever written\". Yet the title was memorable: it was consciously adopted by Martin Harrison for a survey of the British photojournalism (including Bailey and McCullin) of about the same period.\\n\\nNazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism\\nIn 2009 Aitken published a biography of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, with the subject\\'s cooperation. The Diplomat observed that the publisher’s note \"describes Nazarbayev as a \\'widely admired\\' leader, which is an interesting descriptor for a political leader who has never won an election deemed free or fair.\" Aitken received a Kazakh award for his \"huge contribution to making Kazakhstan popular in the world and promoting its global reputation\".The book sold only 466 copies and was widely panned by critics, The Guardian noting that the book \"relies, for supporting evidence, on the good opinions of his [Nazarbayev\\'s] friends (or of those too cowed to utter a word out of place). It becomes curiously tolerant when oppression, corruption and galloping megalomania are on the menu.\" The review also described it as \"a fascinating, cleverly orchestrated snow job: quite probably the hagiography of the year.\" The London Review of Books wrote that the flattery within the biography ranged \"from the banal to the cringing.\" Eurasianet wrote that it was a \"hagiography\" that was part of Nazarbayev\\'s personality cult.In 2021, documents leaked in the Pandora papers suggested that Aitken was paid £166,000 for writing the book by organisations with links to the Government of Kazakhstan, despite Aitken telling Reuters at the time of the publication \"that he had not received any payment from the government.\" One invoice from Aitken\\'s firm dated April 2009 for £33,333 is marked as \"agreed final instalment fee for book project\".\\n\\nOther books\\nAitken has written several Christian religious books since his release from prison. Aitken has published two books of prayers, Prayers for People under Pressure (2006),\\nand Psalms for People Under Pressure (2004), and wrote a biography of the English slaver and Anglican clergyman John Newton, John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace, in 2007.Aitken has written several biographies of political figures, including the President of the United States Richard Nixon (Nixon: A Life, 1993). Although his was not an authorised biography, Aitken was one of the few biographers from whom Nixon accepted questions and to whom he granted interviews.  He also wrote on Nixon\\'s co-conspirator in the Watergate scandal, Charles Colson (Charles W. Colson: A Life Redeemed, 2005). Colson had assisted Aitken in his biography of Nixon, and had later corresponded with Aitken urging him to repent in the wake of the Guardian libel case. Aitken published a book of personal recollections of Margaret Thatcher, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality, after her death in 2013.\\n\\nBibliography\\nA Short Walk On The Campus (1966, with Michael Beloff)\\nYoung Meteors (1967)\\nLand of Fortune: A Study of the New Australia (1970)\\nFrom John Bull to Uncle Sam: How to Run An Empire (1970)\\nOfficially Secret (1971)\\nA British View of the Middle East Situation (1976)\\nNixon: A Life (1993)\\nPride and Perjury: An Autobiography (2003)\\nPsalms for People Under Pressure (2004)\\nPorridge and Passion: An Autobiography (2005)\\nCharles W. Colson: A Life Redeemed (2005)\\nPrayers for People under Pressure (2006)\\nHeroes and Contemporaries (2007)\\nJohn Newton (2007)\\nNazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism (2009)\\nKazakhstan and Twenty Years of Independence (2012)\\nMargaret Thatcher: Power and Personality (2013)\\nDoing Time: A Spiritual Survival Guide (2021, with Edward Smyth)\\n\\nSee also\\nJeffrey Archer, Aitken\\'s contemporary, another Conservative politician imprisoned for perjury\\nChris Huhne, Liberal Democrat politician, imprisoned for perverting the course of justice\\nPassage 4:\\nChristine Hamilton\\nMary Christine Hamilton (née Holman; born 10 November 1949) is an English media personality and author. She is married to Neil Hamilton, the former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton.\\nHamilton and her husband have become prominent supporters of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), with Neil standing for a local council seat in the 2014 local elections. Neil Hamilton\\'s application to become a European Parliamentary candidate for UKIP was rejected in 2013, though he had been elected to UKIP\\'s National Executive Committee in 2011.\\n\\nEarly life\\nHamilton\\'s father was a GP in Ringwood, Hampshire and she grew up in the New Forest area. She attended Wentworth College, an independent boarding school for girls in Bournemouth and a co-educational Grammar School in Christchurch, Hampshire. She then studied sociology at the University of York and first met Neil Hamilton when they both attended a student political conference. In 2006, they released a song coinciding with the World Cup, \"England Are Jolly Dee\".\\n\\nCareer\\nMP\\'s secretary\\nHamilton spent many years working as secretary to various Conservative MPs, first Wilfred Proudfoot MP for Brighouse and Spenborough, then Gerald Nabarro, MP for South Worcestershire. She stood behind Nabarro as he spoke on the steps of Winchester Court after being cleared on appeal of a motoring offence. Hamilton worked as her husband\\'s secretary following their 1983 marriage. Neil Hamilton eventually reached the post of Minister for Corporate Affairs between 1992 and 1994 in Prime Minister John Major\\'s government. Neil Hamilton became embroiled in the Cash-for-questions affair, and the former BBC broadcaster Martin Bell stood against him for the Tatton seat at the 1997 general election. Bell campaigned as an ‘anti-sleaze’ candidate, and Christine Hamilton confronted him during a televised press conference on Knutsford Heath, which brought her to public prominence. Hamilton later described the confrontation with Bell as \"...the making of me.\" The journalist John Sweeney later published Purple Homicide, an account of the campaign for the Tatton seat. Neil Hamilton\\'s later failure in a libel case against the Egyptian businessman, Mohamed Al-Fayed, would lead to her husband\\'s bankruptcy. Their home in Nether Alderley, Cheshire was sold to the market for £1.25 million.\\n\\nEntertainment personality\\nAfter Hamilton\\'s electoral defeat, Christine and her husband appeared together on the satirical BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You, on 9 May 1997, an appearance that established her as a chat-show personality and she subsequently appeared on programmes including her own Christine Hamilton Show on BBC Choice where she interviewed celebrities who suffered some form of adversity, including Jonathan Aitken, James Hewitt, Bernard Manning, Ivana Trump, Paul Merson and John Fashanu. The Hamiltons were the subjects of an episode of Louis Theroux\\'s 2001 documentary series When Louis Met....Hamilton has described herself as a \"media butterfly\" and has appeared on a variety of television shows since her husband\\'s electoral defeat. Hamilton came third in the first series of the reality television programme, I\\'m a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2002, and reached the final of Celebrity Masterchef in 2010. Hamilton appeared on Have I Got News for You in 2002 and taunted presenter Angus Deayton over recent tabloid revelations about his personal life.In the theatre, Hamilton has appeared in pantomime in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford in 2002, as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Kettering Lighthouse Theatre in 2011 and has taken the role of the narrator for The Rocky Horror Show musical. Hamilton toured her one-woman show, Share an Evening with Christine Hamilton, in 2003, and has appeared several times in Eve Ensler\\'s play The Vagina Monologues, including its 2005 West End run at Wyndhams Theatre, where she appeared alongside Jenny Eclair and Heather Small. The Hamiltons appeared at the Edinburgh Festival in 2006 with their show, Lunch with the Hamiltons, at the Pleasance Dome in 2006.Hamilton was the face of \\'British Sausage Week\\' in 2005 and the judge of \\'Mr Gay Torbay\\' in 2009. Hamilton legally changed her name by deed poll to \\'Mrs British Battleaxe\\' in February 2009 as a promotion for an online deed service company. She later regretted the decision.\\n\\nMedia commentator, presenter and writer\\nHamilton has appeared on numerous topical television programmes including GMTV, Loose Women, This Week, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, This Morning and The Wright Stuff. Hamilton has also been a dictionary corner guest on Countdown.Hamilton also interviewed successful women in business for the digital channel Simply Money, has presented programmes on Sky Digital\\'s Destination Lunch, and stood in for Gloria Hunniford and Fern Britton on Open House and This Morning.As a writer Hamilton published The Book of British Battleaxes in 1999, and an autobiography, For Better For Worse: Her Own Story, in 2005. Hamilton has also written columns for Western Daily Press and the gay magazine Refresh.\\n\\nFalse allegation\\nAlong with her husband, she was arrested in May 2001 by police investigating an alleged rape that was found to be false. Their accuser, Nadine Milroy-Sloan, was charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice, and in 2002 sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for making the false accusations.\\nPassage 5:\\nGyles Brandreth\\nGyles Daubeney Brandreth (born 8 March 1948) is an English broadcaster, writer and former politician. He has worked as a television presenter, theatre producer, journalist, author and publisher.\\nHe was a presenter for TV-am\\'s Good Morning Britain in the 1980s, and has been regularly featured on Channel 4\\'s game show  Countdown and the BBC\\'s The One Show. On radio, he makes frequent appearances on the BBC Radio 4 programme Just a Minute.\\nIn 1992, Brandreth was elected to the House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of Chester constituency. He served until he was defeated in 1997, and resumed his career in the media. He has written both fiction and non-fiction books, and makes appearances as a public speaker.\\n\\nEarly life\\nBrandreth was born on 8 March 1948 in Wuppertal, West Germany, where his father, Charles Brandreth, was serving as a legal officer with the Allied Control Commission. He moved to London with his parents at the age of three and was educated at the Lycée Français in South Kensington, and Bedales School in Petersfield, Hampshire, where he met his friend Simon Cadell.Brandreth studied Modern History and Modern Languages at New College, Oxford, where he met Rick Stein. While at Oxford, he directed the Oxford University Dramatic Society and was President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas term, 1969, and was a regular contributor to the university magazine Isis. He was described in a contemporaneous publication as \"Oxford\\'s Lord High Everything Else\". Christopher Hitchens suggested that Brandreth \"set out to make himself into a Ken Tynan. Wore a cloak.\"\\n\\nTelevision\\nBrandreth has appeared in the Dictionary Corner on the game show Countdown more than 300 times, including Carol Vorderman\\'s final edition in 2008, making more appearances than any other guest. He appeared on TV-am\\'s Good Morning Britain. He was known for his collection of jumpers, of which some were sold in a charity auction in 1993.\\nBrandreth hosted the short-lived game show Public Opinion in 2004. In 2006 he appeared on the television series That Mitchell and Webb Look, on the fictional game show \"Numberwang\", satirising his appearances in Countdown\\'s Dictionary Corner. In 2007 he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio play I.D.. From July to August 2009 he hosted the game show Knowitalls on BBC Two. In April 2010 he appeared on BBC Radio 4\\'s Vote Now Show. He made a cameo appearance as himself in Channel 4 sitcom The IT Crowd, in the episode \"The Final Countdown\".\\nA frequent guest on BBC television panel shows, he has appeared on six episodes of QI and six episodes of Have I Got News for You. He has appeared in episodes of Channel 5\\'s The Gadget Show, and is a contributor to the BBC\\'s early evening programme The One Show.\\nHe appeared on Room 101 in 2005, while Paul Merton was host, successfully banishing the Royal Variety Performance and the British honours system into Room 101, saying that he would never accept an honour himself. In 2013 he clarified that position, stating that he had \"no fundamental objection to the honours system\", and that he selected the honours system for Room 101 because he could \"tell funny stories about it\".In October 2019, Brandreth appeared in series 3 of Richard Osman\\'s House of Games, winning two of the five episodes.\\nAlso in 2019, Brandreth appeared on series 1 of Celebrity Gogglebox alongside Sheila Hancock. In 2020 and 2021, Brandreth returned for Series 2 and 3, alongside Maureen Lipman. In 2022, he appeared in the series with Joanna Lumley and Carol Vorderman. In 2023, he returned with Lumley for Series 5, as well as Susie Dent.\\nIn 2020, Brandreth and actor Sheila Hancock replaced Timothy West and Prunella Scales in a two-episode series of Great Canal Journeys, travelling down the River Thames. In the first episode Timothy West gave the two novice canal boaters a crash course in barging. They went down the Staffordshire Waterways in 2021 for another two-episode series.On 16 October 2021, Brandreth appeared as a celebrity contestant on Beat the Chasers in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital.On 24 October 2022, Brandreth appeared on Bargain Hunt: BBC 100th Birthday Special to commemorate the BBC\\'s 100th Anniversary. His team mate was Tony Blackburn.\\n\\nRadio\\nBrandreth has presented programmes on London\\'s LBC radio at various times since 1973, such as Star Quality. He frequently appears on BBC Radio 4\\'s comedy panel game Just a Minute. He has appeared on several episodes of Radio 4\\'s political programme The Westminster Hour, explaining his thoughts on how to make the most of being a government minister. From 2003 to 2005 Brandreth hosted the Radio 4 comedy panel game Whispers.\\nIn 2006, Brandreth appeared in the Radio 4 comedy programme Living with the Enemy which he co-wrote with comedian Nick Revell, in which they appear as a former Conservative government minister and a former comedian. In 2010 he broadcast a Radio 4 documentary about his great-great-great-grandfather, Benjamin Brandreth, the inventor of a medicine called \"Brandreth\\'s Pills\". He is the host of the Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics, first aired on 20 February 2012. He appeared on the Radio 4 programme The Museum of Curiosity in August 2017, to which he donated a button that was once owned by a famous actor.\\nIn April 2019, Brandreth began co-hosting a podcast titled Something Rhymes With Purple alongside friend and colleague Susie Dent. The podcast discusses aspects of the English language such as historic or unusual words and their origins, as well as the origins of popular phrases and sayings.\\n\\nWriting\\nSince the 1970s, Brandreth has written books for adults and children about Scrabble, words, puzzles and jokes, and co-founded the Games & Puzzles magazine. He wrote an authorised biography of actor John Gielgud, and lipogrammic reworks of Shakespeare. In the 1980s, Brandreth wrote scripts for Dear Ladies, a television programme featuring Hinge and Bracket. Brandreth created the stage show Zipp!, which enjoyed success at the Edinburgh Festival and had a short run in the West End.In 1999, he published diaries chronicling his days as a politician between 1990 and 1997, called Breaking the Code.In September 2004, Brandreth\\'s book on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage was published. In July 2005, he published a second book on the royal family, entitled Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair, which concerns the three-decade love affair between the then-Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles.In 2021, following the death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Brandreth wrote, \"The duke showed me great friendliness over 40 years but royalty offer you friendliness, not friendship, and you have to remember the difference.\"Brandreth has written a series of seven works of historical fiction called The Oscar Wilde Murder Mysteries, in which Oscar Wilde works with both Robert Sherard and Arthur Conan Doyle.Brandreth has written and toured in a number of comedic one-man shows, including The One-to-One Show in 2010–2011, Looking for Happiness in 2013–2014 and Word Power in 2015–2016.Brandreth has written a book entitled Have You Eaten Grandma?, about the English language and correct grammar.\\n\\nPolitics\\nBrandreth was a Conservative MP, representing the City of Chester, from 1992 to 1997. He proposed a private member\\'s bill which became law as the Marriage Act 1994. In 1995, he was appointed to a junior ministerial position as a Lord of the Treasury, with his role being essentially that of a whip.He broadcast reminiscences of his parliamentary career on BBC radio as Brandreth on Office and The Brandreth Rules in 2001, 2003 and 2005.In August 2014, Brandreth was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September\\'s referendum on that issue. In May 2016, Brandreth told The Spectator that he was likely to vote for the UK to stay in the European Union in the following month\\'s referendum on the issue. In 2019, Brandreth confirmed that he had voted to remain, but accepted the result of the referendum and believed that the government had to \"get Brexit done\".\\n\\nGyles & George Knitwear\\nBrandreth is known for the colourful, humorous jumpers he has designed and worn throughout his career.  He has stated on the BBC that \"it\\'s all I\\'m really known for.\"  Collaborating with artist and knitwear designer George Hostler, Brandreth created hundreds of jumper designs that appear in books he and Hostler authored and produced under their knitwear label, Gyles & George.Brandreth has a room in his London home devoted to his jumpers, and claims to have one for almost every occasion.  To name just a few examples: he has a knitted jumper emblazoned with a green frog that he has worn for appointments with princes (Philip and Charles); on other royal occasions, he has worn sweaters featuring corgis and crowns.  He has appeared on television talking about rail strikes wearing a jumper that features a steam locomotive, and wore a sweater bearing the words \"The End\" on the day Boris Johnson resigned. And he has a Scrabble-themed jumper which he wears in his capacity as president of the Association of British Scrabble Players.In order to strike a more serious note, he wore lounge suits rather than novelty jumpers when serving in Parliament, though he has stated: \"The first time I spoke in the House of Commons, I heard John Prescott on the bench opposite me muttering \\'woolly jumpers ha ha ha.\\' He could see I was thrown and he carried on. Eventually I had to pause and point out to Mr Prescott that the joy of a woolly jumper is that you can take it off at will. Whereas the blight of a woolly mind is that you\\'re lumbered with it for life.\"In 2020, Brandreth partnered with American designer Jack Carlson to revive the label for the 21st century, with Gyles & George joining Carlson\\'s collective of brands, Blazer Group.  They have collaborated to re-release many of Brandreth\\'s original designs, including a jumper with the words \"I\\'m a Luxury\" across the front, famously worn by Diana, Princess of Wales, and another featuring the words \"What the **** is going on?\" (the back reads: \"Don\\'t ask me\"). They have also released a popular collection of sweaters themed around the signs of the zodiac.Aside from Brandreth himself, the brand\\'s models and prominent customers have included Joanna Lumley, Floella Benjamin, Hugh Bonneville, Jane Asher, Elton John, Pete Davidson, Ziwe Fumudoh, Blanca Miro, Dwyane Wade, Keith Richards, and Diana, Princess of Wales.In 2023, the Petersfield Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Gyles & George and Brandreth\\'s personal collection of jumpers.\\n\\nOther activities\\nBrandreth is a former European Monopoly champion, and president of the Association of British Scrabble Players, having organised the first British National Scrabble Championship in 1971. Since 2015 he has been the president of the Oscar Wilde Society, which was founded in 1990.He is an after-dinner speaker and held the world record for the longest continuous after-dinner speech, twelve-and-a-half hours, done as a charity stunt. With his wife, he founded a Teddy bear museum. Located in Stratford-upon-Avon for 18 years, it was relocated to the Polka Theatre in Wimbledon, London. In 2016, the museum moved to Newby Hall in Yorkshire. He is a patron of the National Piers Society and vice-president of charity Fields in Trust (formerly the National Playing Fields Association).\\nIn 2014, Brandreth was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Chester. In December 2016, he was named the university\\'s chancellor, and officially took the role in March 2017.\\n\\nPersonal life\\nBrandreth met his future wife, Michèle Brown, at Oxford. Five years later, with Brown working as a television reporter and Brandreth in theatre, the couple decided to have a \"quiet wedding\". They were married at Marylebone Registry Office on 8 June 1973, with actor Simon Cadell, Brandreth\\'s best friend from school, as a witness. The couple have lived in Barnes, southwest London, since 1986.They have three children, including Aphra, a former Conservative councillor in Richmond. She is deputy chair of the Conservative Women\\'s Organisation and was the party\\'s unsuccessful candidate for Kingston and Surbiton at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Brandreth is a vegetarian, and stopped drinking alcohol in 1997 in order to lose weight.\\n\\nSelected bibliography\\nNon-fiction\\nCreated in Captivity (1972), a study of prison reform\\nThe Funniest Man on Earth (1974), a biography of Dan Leno\\nThe Joy of Lex: How to Have Fun with 860,341,500 Words (1980), ISBN 0-688-01397-X\\nThe Complete Home Entertainer (1981) ISBN 0-7091-9145-6, 978-0-7091-9145-2\\nEveryman\\'s Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 0-460-04456-7\\nThe World\\'s Best Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 978-0394524771\\n871 Famous Last Words, and Put-downs, Insults, Squelches, Compliments, Rejoinders, Epigrams, and Epitaphs of Famous People (1982) ISBN 0-5173-8349-7, 978-0-5173-8349-0\\nThe Book of Mistaikes (1982), ISBN 0-7088-2194-4\\nWordplay (1982), ISBN 0-7278-2017-6, 978-0-7278-2017-4\\nJohn Gielgud: A Celebration (1984) ISBN 0-907-51638-6\\nThe Scrabble Brand Puzzle Book (1984), ISBN 0-671-50536-X\\nThe Book of Solo Games (1984), ISBN 091174553X\\nA Guide to Playing the Scrabble Brand Crossword Game (1985), ISBN 0-671-50652-8\\nWit knits: Lively and original hand-knitting designs (1985), ISBN 978-0-0021-8168-6 (with George Hostler)\\nThe Great Book of Optical Illusions (1985), ISBN 0-8069-6258-5\\nEveryman\\'s Classic Puzzles (1986), ISBN 0-4600-2466-3\\nThe Scrabble Companion (1988), ISBN 0-09-172698-0 (with Darryl Francis)\\nKnitability: fun knits for all the family (1988), ISBN 978-0-0041-1-1988 (with Linda O\\'Brien)\\nWorld Championship Scrabble (1992), ISBN 0-550-19028-7 (with Darryl Francis)\\nUnder the Jumper: Autobiographical Excursions (1993). ISBN 0-86051-894-9\\nBreaking the Code: Westminster Diaries, 1992–97 (1999), ISBN 0-297-64311-8\\nBrief Encounters: Meetings with Remarkable People (2001), ISBN 1-902301-95-1\\nJohn Gielgud: An Actor\\'s Life (2001), ISBN 0-7509-2690-2\\nThe Biggest Kids Joke Book Ever! (2002), ISBN 0-233-05062-0\\nThe Joy of Lex: An Amazing and Amusing Z to A and A to Z of Words (2002), ISBN 1-86105-399-1\\nThe Word Book (2002), ISBN 1-86105-398-3\\nPhilip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage (2004), ISBN 0-7126-6103-4\\nCharles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair (2005), ISBN 1-84413-845-3\\nThe 7 Secrets of Happiness (2013) ISBN 978-1780722047\\nWord Play (2015) ISBN 978-1-473-62029-2\\nMessing About in Quotes  (2018) ISBN 978-0-19-881318-7\\nNovelty knits: 35 fun & fabulous jumpers (2019), ISBN 978-0-8578-3-8476 (with Saethryd Brandreth)\\nThe Oxford Book of Theatrical Anecdotes (2020) ISBN 978-0-19-874958-5\\nPhilip: The Final Portrait (2021) ISBN 978-1-44-476960-9\\nOdd Boy Out (2021) ISBN 978-0-24-148371-8\\nElizabeth: An Intimate Portrait (2022) ISBN 978-0-24-158258-9\\n\\nFiction\\nHere Comes Golly (1979). ISBN 978-0-7207-1098-4\\nWho is Nick Saint? (1996). ISBN 978-0-3168-7979-8\\nVenice Midnight (1999). ISBN 0-7515-2658-4\\nOscar Wilde and the Candlelight Murders (2007), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Death of No Importance). ISBN 978-0-7195-6930-2\\nOscar Wilde and the Ring of Death (2008), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Game Called Murder). ISBN 978-0719569609\\nOscar Wilde and the Dead Man\\'s Smile (2009). ISBN 978-1416534853\\nOscar Wilde and the Nest of Vipers (2010), (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Vampire Murders). ISBN 978-1-4391-5369-7\\nOscar Wilde and the Vatican Murders (2011). ISBN 978-1-4391-5374-1\\nOscar Wilde and the Murders at Reading Gaol (2012). ISBN 978-1-4391-5376-5\\nJack the Ripper - Case Closed (2017)- ISBN 978-1-4721-5232-9 (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Return of Jack the Ripper (2019). ISBN 978-1-64313-021-7)\\nPassage 6:\\nKeith Raffan\\nKeith William Twort Raffan (born 21 June 1949) is a former British politician. From 1983 to 1992, he served in the British House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the Delyn constituency in Wales. Then from 1999 to 2005, he was a Scottish Liberal Democrat Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region.\\n\\nEarly life\\nRaffan was born in Aberdeen and educated at Robert Gordon\\'s College, Trinity College, Glenalmond, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Prior to entering parliament he was a parliamentary sketchwriter for the Daily Express.\\n\\nConservative MP, 1983–1992\\nOriginally a Conservative, Raffan was in the early 1970s a chairman of Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism (a precursor of the Tory Reform Group), thus placing him on the left of the party. At this time he stood unsuccessfully for parliament in two general elections, at Dulwich in February 1974 and East Aberdeenshire in October 1974.He was elected as Conservative MP for the Welsh seat of Delyn from 1983 to 1992, but his views on issues like drugs put him out of favour with the prevailing leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and he was never made a Minister. Raffan was one of the few Conservative MPs to support the \\'stalking horse\\' leadership challenge of Anthony Meyer (his constituency neighbour in north Wales) against Thatcher in 1989, and he then supported Michael Heseltine\\'s challenge to Thatcher the following year.\\n\\nScottish parliament, 1999–2005\\nRaffan stood down from the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and abandoned the Tories, in part because of his strong support for Scottish and Welsh devolution. He joined the Liberal Democrats that same year, and after working as a broadcaster and public relations consultant in New York and for Welsh TV channel HTV moved to Scotland. In 1998 he stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in the European Parliament by-election for North East Scotland, and soon afterwards was appointed the Scottish party\\'s chief spokesman on home affairs.In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election Raffan was elected as a regional list MSP to represent Mid Scotland and Fife. He was one of three Liberal Democrat MSPs – along with Donald Gorrie and John Farquhar Munro – who opposed the coalition with the Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament, and was alone in his Liberal Democrat colleagues in not backing Donald Dewar for First Minister (he abstained from the vote). Noted for his flamboyant and theatrical manner when participating in debate, early in the parliament\\'s first term he gained notoriety for tabling 38 written questions in one day.Raffan was re-elected at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, and became a Vice Convener of the Scottish Liberal Democrats. However, in December 2004 he was subject to wide criticism for claiming abnormally large expense costs from the Scottish Parliament, including travel in his Fife constituency at times he was known to be in Parliament in Edinburgh. The following month he resigned as an MSP, citing ill-health (and not the controversy his expense claims had caused) as the reason.\\nHe faced further criticism after his resignation for working at ITV Wales despite being \"too sick to work\". He was replaced in his seat by Andrew Arbuckle, who had been next on the Liberal Democrat list for Mid Scotland and Fife in 2003. The Scottish Liberal Democrats have confirmed to the press that Raffan is no longer a party member.\\n\\nAfter politics\\nIn the run up to the 2018 local elections, Raffan wrote a letter to the Evening Standard declaring that he was going to vote for the Labour Party in Kensington where he was living.He has subsequently left his third political party and now considers himself an independent.\\nPassage 7:\\nDemocratic Party (Denmark)\\nThe Democratic Party (Danish: Det Demokratiske Parti, less officially Demokraterne) is a political party in Denmark. The party was founded in September 2012 by former conservative member of parliament and former chairman of the Christian Democrats, Per Ørum Jørgensen, a few weeks after his resignation as chairman. The new party has no religious profile, but is a socially conservative, centre-right party which focuses on social issues and on reducing the distance between the citizens and the government in several respects. It wants Denmark to leave the EU. Instead, it wants a union of the Nordic countries of the same type. The party has no parliamentary representation.\\nPassage 8:\\nBaron Dunleath\\nBaron Dunleath, of Ballywalter in the County of Down, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 29 August 1892 for the businessman and former Conservative Member of Parliament for Downpatrick, John Mulholland. The Mulholland family were involved in the cotton and linen industry in Ulster in the north of Ireland. The first Baron\\'s son, the second Baron, represented Londonderry North in the House of Commons as a Conservative. His grandson, the fourth Baron, was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the Alliance Party. He was succeeded by his first cousin, the fifth Baron, who had already succeeded his father as second Baronet of Ballyscullion (see below). As of 2017 the titles are held by the fifth Baron\\'s son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 1997.\\nThe Mulholland Baronetcy, of Ballyscullion Park in the County of Londonderry, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 3 July 1945 for the Hon. Henry Mulholland. He was the third son of the second Baron Dunleath and notably served as Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned second Baronet, who in 1993 succeeded his cousin as fifth Baron Dunleath.\\nThe family seat is Ballywalter Park, near Newtownards, County Down in Northern Ireland.\\n\\nBarons Dunleath (1892)\\nJohn Mulholland, 1st Baron Dunleath (1819–1895)\\nHenry Lyle Mulholland, 2nd Baron Dunleath (1854–1931)\\nCharles Henry George Mulholland, 3rd Baron Dunleath (1886–1956)\\nCharles Edward Henry John Mulholland, 4th Baron Dunleath (1933–1993)\\nMichael Henry Mulholland, 5th Baron Dunleath (1915–1997)\\nBrian Henry Mulholland, 6th Baron Dunleath (b. 1950)The heir apparent is the present holder\\'s son the Hon. Andrew Henry Mulholland (b. 1981).\\n\\nMulholland Baronets, of Ballyscullion (1945)\\nSir Henry George Hill Mulholland, 1st Baronet (1888–1971)\\nSir Michael Henry Mulholland, 2nd Baronet (1915–1997) (succeeded as Baron Dunleath in 1993)see above for further succession\\n\\nNotes\\nPassage 9:\\nCelebrity Fifteen to One\\nCelebrity Fifteen to One is a celebrity version of the Channel 4 game show Fifteen to One. William G. Stewart presented the first two episodes, which were Christmas specials that aired on 27 December 1990 and 30 December 1992. Adam Hills has hosted subsequent episodes on 20 September 2013, 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2014, a Christmas special on 23 December 2014 and 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015.\\nRichard Whiteley, Anna Raeburn, Sally Jones and Rory McGrath appeared on both 1990s episodes, with Alex Brooker, Jimmy Carr, Johnny Vegas, Rhod Gilbert and Gyles Brandreth also having made appearances on more than one Hills episode. Of these, Brandreth is the only person to have made appearances on episodes presented by both hosts.\\n\\nEpisodes\\nWilliam G. Stewart era\\nThe first episode was broadcast on 27 December 1990. The format is largely the same as that of Fifteen to One, though with the Barry Cryer rule: Those who get both questions wrong may still play round 2 with one life remaining, with Cryer being the only one to miss both questions. Cryer was also the first contestant to be eliminated.  The programme is extended to 45 minutes from 30, with an extra advert added between the first and second rounds.\\nA second celebrity special aired on 30 December 1992. In his book \"A Matter of Facts: An Insider\\'s Guide To Quizzing\", contestant Marcus Berkmann, who had previously appeared on a civilian episode of the show two years prior, explained that he was asked to appear on the programme after Vincent Hanna pulled out and noted that \"clearly some barrels had been scraped for this, and [he] was at the bottom of the very last barrel\". The winner, Patrick Stoddart, won by taking a step back from the rest of the semi-circle, resulting in no one nominating him in round 2. This would be the last Celebrity Fifteen to One for over twenty years.\\n\\nAdam Hills era\\nThe show was revived on 20 September 2013 as part of a 1980s night. This version was hosted by Adam Hills and was 1 hour long rather than 45 minutes and did not reprise what UKGameshows.com termed as the Barry Cryer rule; \"just one life away for each incorrect answer in round one\". It did, however, slash the number of questions in round three down to 25, and eliminated the need for three correct answers to start question or nominate. Money was awarded for getting to the final: £1,000 for getting there; £5,000 for coming second; £10,000 for coming first + £1,000 for however many lives they have left + £1,000 for getting any of the questions right after both the other finalists have been eliminated + £100 for every life they entered the round with. Jo Brand won this episode, winning £21,100 for her charity.\\nAfter the first show aired, it was announced by Channel 4 that the show would be revived for four more celebrity specials featuring Hills and for twenty daytime episodes featuring Sandi Toksvig. Changes were made; money was not awarded for lives left at the end of the round two, and for the last celebrity standing, the last five questions are worth £2,000 each. The winners of these programmes were Josie Long, who raised £25,000, Stephen Mangan and Dave Gorman, who both raised £23,000, and Sian Williams, who raised £22,000. These episodes were transmitted on 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2015 respectively.\\nA Christmas special was broadcast on 23 December 2014. Rufus Hound raised £11,000 after a particularly tight final round in which all three contestants were standing at the end of 25 questions, and Hound opted to take two questions from 71–82 down with only one life left.\\nFour more episodes of Celebrity Fifteen to One were broadcast on 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015. Winners of these episodes were Alex James, who raised £11,000, Kate Humble, who raised £26,000, Gary Delaney, who raised £11,000 and Tanni Grey-Thompson, who raised £13,000.\\nWilliam G. Stewart hosted two celebrity specials across 35 series. The revival shows include ten celebrity specials across four series of the main daytime show. The fourth series began on 18 September 2015.\\nPassage 10:\\nBossom baronets\\nThe Bossom Baronetcy, of Maidstone in the County of Kent, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 4 July 1953 for the architect and Conservative Member of Parliament for Maidstone, Alfred Bossom. In 1960 he was further honoured when he was created a life peer as Baron Bossom, of Maidstone in the County of Kent. The life peerage became extinct on his death in 1965 while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second but only surviving son, the second holder of the baronetcy. He was a former Conservative Member of Parliament for Leominster.\\n\\nBossom baronets, of Maidstone (1953)\\nSir Alfred Charles Bossom, 1st Baronet (1881–1965) (created Baron Bossom in 1960)\\nSir Clive Bossom, 2nd Baronet (1918–2017)\\nSir Bruce Bossom, 3rd Baronet (born 1952)The heir apparent to the baronetcy is his son George Edward Martin Bossom (born 1992).\\n\\nNotes',\n",
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      "Passage 1:\n",
      "Sven Nys\n",
      "Sven Nys (Dutch: [ˌsfɛˈnɛis]; born 17 June 1976) is a former professional cyclist competing in cyclo-cross and mountain bike. With two world championships, seven world cups, and over 140 competitive victories, he is considered one of the best cyclo-cross racers of his generation, and remains a prominent figure in cyclo-cross. Apart from cyclo-cross, Nys is also fivefold national mountainbike champion, and has competed in that discipline in two Olympic games.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career overview\n",
      "Early years\n",
      "Born in Bonheiden, Belgium, Nys began racing BMX at the age of 8. He won eight BMX national titles before switching to cyclocross, a more popular sport in Belgium. He won the under-23 world championship in 1997 and 1998, beating another Belgian, Bart Wellens. Nys moved to the elite category in 1998–1999, joining the Dutch Rabobank team.\n",
      "\n",
      "Becoming elite\n",
      "In the elite class he won the Superprestige competition and came third in the national championships. The next season, he won the Superprestige again, ended the World Cup as leader and became Belgian champion. This made him favourite for the 2000 world championship. But his Rabobank management told him not to beat his teammate, the Dutchman Richard Groenendaal. Groenendaal sprinted away from the start and Nys was forced to hold back and not help another Belgian, Mario De Clercq, chase him. Groenendaal won and Nys, who came third, was criticised in Belgium for choosing team over country. The Royal Belgian Cycling League demanded an explanation. It became more forgiving but the head coach, Erik De Vlaeminck, remained unconvinced.Nys blamed an injury for not winning a season-long competition or championship in 2000–2001. A year later he won the World Cup and the Superprestige again. In the world championships that year he came third after being outsprinted by De Clercq and Tom Vannoppen. The following season Nys won the Superprestige for the fourth time as well as the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy for a first time. He became Belgian champion again, but Wellens won the world championship and the World Cup.\n",
      "Wellens dominated 2003–2004. Nys' chance for the World Cup ended when other Belgians sprinted past him, taking points. Nys was angry that his countrymen had allowed Groenendaal, a Dutchman, to win the World Cup rather than him. That evening Nys decided from then on to ride for himself.\n",
      "\n",
      "This is war. Thanks Vannoppen, thanks Van der Linden. This is the last thing I have done for the Belgian team. They can all go to hell. [...] Apparently there are some who take joy out of me not winning the World Cup. I know who and will take that into account next year. National team coach Rudy De Bie told me that he has never seen anything like this before. Our country loses the World Cup today.\n",
      "\n",
      "The cannibal\n",
      "Nys won everything of importance and at the end of 2004–2005 won the national and world championships, ended number one in the UCI rankings and World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy. He is the only cyclo-crosser to achieve such dominance. Nys came close to repeating the feat the following season but he gave up in the world championship after a fall on the last lap.\n",
      "Nys won all eight Superprestige races in 2006–2007. In the Superprestige he won 13 races from Hoogstraten in 2005 to Asper Gaver in 2007. That season he won the World Cup and the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy again, but neither the national or world championship. The national involved a lot of running, not Nys' talent, and were won by Wellens. At the world championship in Hooglede-Gits Nys fell three times: over Wellens, who fell because a television motor had hit one of the road markers; over Erwin Vervecken; and because of an error of his own. He finished 11th.\n",
      "The following season, Nys won the World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Anterwerpen trophy again. He also won his fifth national championship. The Dutchman Lars Boom became champion of the world and Zdeněk Štybar took the silver, both barely 22 at the time. Nys, already nearing 32, came third.\n",
      "\n",
      "Nys switched teams from Rabobank to Landbouwkrediet-Tönissteiner. Niels Albert, 2008's U23 world champion, joined the elite category that season, giving Nys another opponent. But Nys won all the season-long competitions and the national championship. Albert won the world championship, Štybar was second and Nys third. The Belgian press referred to Albert, Štybar and Nys as De Grote Drie (The Big Three), it was clear that Nys' years of absolute domination were behind him.\n",
      "In his second mountain bike race Nys won the Belgian championship and then came ninth at the Olympic Games in 2008. On 31 December 2006 Nys won his 150th race with the elites, at Diegem. Four years later, he scored his 300th career win at the Koppenbergcross, one of the toughest races in the season.\n",
      "Nys was appointed as a member of the inaugural UCI Athletes' Commission in 2011.In 2013 Nys won the world championship a second time. He said his career was now complete.On 10 February 2013, Nys won his 60th race in the Superprestige.On 22 November 2015, Nys won the Koksijde round of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup in Belgium, his fiftieth victory in the series. His win came seventeen years and a day after his first World Cup victory.Sven Nys called a halt to his career on 5–6 March 2016 at an event called \"Merci Sven\" which was held at the Antwerp Sportpaleis (Belgium).\n",
      "\n",
      "Post cycling career\n",
      "After ending his active cyclocross career Nys bought the cyclocross team Telenet–Fidea Lions of which he is the general manager. He is also a motivational speaker, during his keynotes he shares information about his experiences during his cycling career.\n",
      "\n",
      "Major results\n",
      "Cyclo-cross\n",
      "Major championship results\n",
      "UCI World Cup results\n",
      "Superprestige\n",
      "BPost Bank Trophy\n",
      "Up until the season 2011–2012, this competition was called the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy (GvA).\n",
      "\n",
      "Mountain Bike\n",
      "Road\n",
      "Passage 2:\n",
      "Anton Villatoro\n",
      "Anton Villatoro (born June 10, 1970 in Guatemala City, Guatemala) is a Guatemalan former professional cyclist. He attended the University of Colorado, where he raced with future US Postal teammate Tyler Hamilton. Villatoro won the 1991 Junior Tour of Guatemala, a gold medal at the 1994 Central American Games (team time trial) and placed fourth at the 1995 Pan American Games (time trial). In 1996, he represented Guatemala at the Olympic Games in Atlanta.\n",
      "He raced for the US Postal Service Cycling Team from 1996–1998 and then served as team captain for Team 7-UP from 1999 to 2000.\n",
      "He retired in 2001 to pursue business interests.\n",
      "Passage 3:\n",
      "Jennifer Parilla\n",
      "Jennifer Parilla (born January 9, 1981) is an American trampolinist who was born in Newport Beach, California.  She was the first and only American to qualify to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney as a trampolinist when the sport debuted; and finished in 9th place.  She competed for the US at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.\n",
      "She was on the national team for eleven years from 1993 to 2004; her favorite event was trampoline but she also competed successfully on the double mini. She was the National Champion in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004 on the trampoline, and on the double mini in 1998 and 1999.  She earned national titles in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1998 in synchronized trampoline, bringing her total national title count to twelve.She was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2010.\n",
      "\n",
      "Personal life\n",
      "Jennifer's hometown is Lake Forest, California but she now resides in Newport Beach. She trained with Team Everybody gymnastics club and was coached by Lionel Rangel. Jennifer attended Orange Coast College and California State Polytechnic University in Pomona.\n",
      "Jennifer is one of two children to Paul and Jan Parilla; she has an older brother named Steve.  She is currently the Trampoline and Tumbling Director at National Gymnastics Training Center in Aliso Viejo, California.\n",
      "\n",
      "International competition\n",
      "2003 World Championships, Hannover, GER; 16th-Trampoline\n",
      "2003 World Cup, Prague, CZE; 4th-Trampoline\n",
      "2003 World Cup, Ostend, BEL; 18th-Trampoline\n",
      "2003 Canada Cup, Oakville, O.N., CAN; 8th-Trampoline\n",
      "2002 World Cup, Mykolayiv, UKR; 11th – Trampoline\n",
      "2001 World Championships, Odense, DEN; 19th – Trampoline\n",
      "2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney, AUS; 9th-Trampoline\n",
      "2000 World Cup, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs. Olympic Field)\n",
      "2000 Olympic Test Event, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs. Olympic Field)\n",
      "1999 Olympic Selection; 9th – Trampoline\n",
      "1999 World Championships, Sun City, RSA; 7th – Synchro, 17th – Trampoline\n",
      "1999 French Nationals, Toulouse, FRA; 1st – Synchro\n",
      "1998 World Championships, Sydney, AUS; 2nd – Double Mini, 3rd – Team Double Mini\n",
      "1997 Trampoline World cup final, Frankfurt, GER; 5th – Trampoline\n",
      "1997 Indo-Pacific Championships, Durban, RSA; 3rd – Double mini\n",
      "1997 Trampoline World Cup Final, Sydney, AUS; 4th – Trampoline\n",
      "1996 Trampoline World Cup, Frankfurt, GER; 2nd Trampoline\n",
      "1996 World Championships, Vancouver, CAN; 6th – Synchro, 7th – Trampoline\n",
      "1995 Trampoline World Cup, Vancouver, CAN; 7th – Trampoline\n",
      "1994 World Championships, Porto, POR; 1st – Team Double Mini\n",
      "1994 World Age Group Games, Vila De Conde, POR; 1st - Trampoline 2nd – Double Mini\n",
      "\n",
      "National Competition\n",
      "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, San Jose, Calif.; 1st - Trampoline\n",
      "2004 Visa U.S. Championships, Nashville, Tenn.; 1st - Trampoline\n",
      "2003 U.S. Championships, Sacramento, Calif.; 1st – Trampoline\n",
      "2003 Winter Classic, Tampa, Fla.; 2nd - Trampoline\n",
      "2002 National Championships, Cleveland, Ohio; 1st – Trampoline\n",
      "2002 U.S. Elite Challenge, Indianapolis, Ind.; 1st – Trampoline\n",
      "2002 Winter Classic, Indianapolis, Ind.; 4th – Trampoline\n",
      "2001 National Championships, San Antonio, Texas; 11th - Trampoline\n",
      "2000 National Championships, St. Louis, Mo.; 1st – Trampoline\n",
      "1999 U.S. World Team Trials, Sacramento, Calif.; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Synchro - 2nd Double Mini\n",
      "1999 U.S. World Team Trials, Knoxville, Tenn.; 1st – trampoline, 1st – Double Mini, 1st - Synchro\n",
      "1999 National Championships, Anaheim, Calif. ; 1st – Double Mini\n",
      "1998 National Championships, St. Paul, Minn.; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Syncro, 1st – Double Mini\n",
      "1996 National Championships, Phoenix Ariz.; 1st – Synchro, 3rd – Trampoline\n",
      "1995 National Championships, Denver, Colo.; 1st – Synchro, 2nd – Trampoline, 3rd – Double Mini\n",
      "1994 National Championships, Nashville, Tenn.; 1st - Synchro, 4th – Double Mini\n",
      "1993 National Championships; San Diego, Calif.; 1st - Synchro\n",
      "Passage 4:\n",
      "Kurt Betschart\n",
      "Kurt Betschart born 25 August 1968 in Erstfeld Switzerland is a former professional cyclist. He was a Six Day Track specialist holding a world record 37 victories with the same partner, Bruno Risi. He had a total of 47 professional victories and represented Switzerland at the Olympic games. After sixteen years in professional cycling Kurt retired on 26 July 2006.\n",
      "\n",
      "Olympic Games\n",
      "2000 Summer Olympics - Sydney\n",
      "11th, Men's Madison (Track cycling)\n",
      "\n",
      "Palmares\n",
      "Passage 5:\n",
      "Eddy Schepers\n",
      "Eddy Schepers (born 12 December 1955) is a Belgian former professional cyclist. He was a professional cyclist from 1978 to 1990 where he rode for many teams including C&A, Carrera and Fagor–MBK. He started out in the C&A cycling team of Belgian Eddy Merckx before riding for various teams. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.In 1986 he rode alongside Irish cyclist Stephen Roche for the first time in the Carrera cycling team and he became a loyal teammate of Roche that year. During the following year, Schepers was instrumental in Roche winning the 1987 Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in supporting him on the road and also against the rest of the team who wanted the Italian Roberto Visentini to win the Giro d'Italia. On the fifth stage of the 1987 Giro d'Italia, Schepers let his breakaway companion Jean-Claude Bagot take the stage win in exchange for team support from Bagot's Fagor team if it was called upon in the future. In spite of working for Roche in the Giro d'Italia, Schepers still managed to place 12th in the general classification. Again in the 1987 edition of the Tour de France, Schepers provided Roche with crucial support while the rest of the team did not. Afterwards Schepers went with Roche to the Fagor team but with Roche past his peak due to chronic knee injury, their association stopped. Schepers spent his last year in the peloton riding for the Belgian team Tulip Computers.\n",
      "His career victories include the overall of the Tour de l'Avenir stage race in 1977 and the first stage of the 1985 Tour de Romandie.\n",
      "\n",
      "Major results\n",
      "Passage 6:\n",
      "2000 Summer Olympics\n",
      "The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 (Dharug: Gadigal 2000), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, in 1956.\n",
      "Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993. Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games, which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme. The Games' cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge. The 2000 Games were the last of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country following the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.\n",
      "The final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States, followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall. Cameroon, Colombia, Latvia, Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories, while Barbados, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam won their first ever Olympic medals. Australia will host the Summer Olympics again in 2032 at Brisbane, Queensland making it the first Oceanian country to host the Olympics three times.\n",
      "The 2000 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson of The Times called the Sydney Games \"one of the most successful events on the world stage\", saying that they \"couldn't be better\". James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games \"such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney\", while Jack Todd of the Montreal Gazette suggested that the \"IOC should quit while it's ahead. Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it,\" as \"Sydney was both exceptional and the best\". These games would provide the inspiration for London's winning bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in 2005; in preparing for the 2012 Games, Lord Coe declared the 2000 Games the \"benchmark for the spirit of the Games, unquestionably\", admitting that the London organising committee \"attempted in a number of ways to emulate what the Sydney Organising Committee did.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "Host city selection\n",
      "Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The Australian city of Melbourne who also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics three years earlier. Beijing would later be selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics eight years later on 13 July 2001 and the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later on 31 July 2015. Beijing's loss to Sydney was seen as a \"significant blow\" to an \"urgent political priority\" of the Chinese Communist Party leadership having mounted the most intense and expensive candidacy campaign at the date so far(this include the Summer and Winter Games). Although it is unknown as two members of the International Olympic Committee voted for Sydney over Beijing in 1993, it appears that an important role was played by Human Rights Watch's campaign to \"stop Beijing\" because of China's human rights record and international isolation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Many in China were angry at what they saw as U.S.-led interference in the vote, and the outcome contributed to rising anti-Western sentiment in China and a new phase at the tensions in Sino-American relations.\n",
      "\n",
      "Costs\n",
      "The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US$5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organising committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast centre, and media and press centre, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.\n",
      "In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1.7 and A$2.4 billion. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses.It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole. A \"multiplier\" effect on broader economic development was not realised, as a simple \"multiplier\" analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals. Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: \"Equestrian centres, softball compounds and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function.\"Many venues that were constructed in Sydney Olympic Park failed financially in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. It was only the 2003 Rugby World Cup which reconnected the park back to citizens. In recent years, infrastructure costs for some facilities have been of growing concern to the NSW Government, especially facilities in Western Sydney. Proposed metro and light rail links from Olympic Park to Parramatta have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Stadium Australia had been considered for demolition in 2017 by then NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian, citing that the stadium was \"built for an Olympics\" but not for modern spectators. The plan was scrapped in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Dunc Gray Velodrome has also struggled to keep up its $500,000 per year maintenance costs, although it is still used for track cycling events.\n",
      "\n",
      "Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics\n",
      "Preliminary matches\n",
      "Although the Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13 September. Among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 1: 15 September\n",
      "Cultural display highlights\n",
      "The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia's heritage. It was produced and filmed by the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster Channel 7. This was introduced by lone rider Steve Jefferys and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo. At the cracking of Jefferys' stockwhip, a further 120 riders entered the stadium, their stock horses performing intricate steps, including forming the five Olympic Rings, to a special Olympics version of the theme, which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.\n",
      "The Australian National Anthem was sung, the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony.\n",
      "The ceremony continued, showing many aspects of the land and its people: the affinity of the mainly coastal-dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the \"Island Continent\". The indigenous occupation of the land, the coming of the First Fleet, the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built, including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan. Two memorable scenes were the representation of the \"Heart\" of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up \"the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games\" and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers.\n",
      "Because Bibi Salisachs (the wife of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch) was seriously ill and unable to accompany her husband to the Olympics, Dawn Fraser, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales, accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display, explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non-Australians.\n",
      "\n",
      "Formal presentation\n",
      "A record 199 nations entered the stadium, with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal. The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan, who was banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports. The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea, using a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula. Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as individual Olympic athletes and marched directly before the host country. Although the country-to-be had no National Olympic Committee then, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA. The Governor-General, Sir William Deane, opened the games.\n",
      "The Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek. Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, The Flame.The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame, which was brought into the stadium by former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire. The  choice of Freeman, an Aboriginal woman, to light the flame was notable given the history of human rights abuses against Aboriginal people in Australia. Following her lighting, Freeman was the subject of racial abuse from some Australians. The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium. When the cause of the problem was discovered, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course, and the ceremony concluded with a fireworks display.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 2: 16 September\n",
      "The first medals of the Games were awarded in the women's 10 metre air rifle competition, which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States.\n",
      "The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race. Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line.\n",
      "The first star of the Games was 17-year-old Australian Ian Thorpe, who first set a new world record in the 400-metre freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 × 100 m freestyle final. Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading American team and arrived in a new world record time, two-tenths of a second ahead of the Americans. In the same event for women, the Americans also broke the world record, finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden.\n",
      "Samaranch had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill. Upon arrival, his wife had already died. Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later. The Olympic flag was flown at half-staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch's wife.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 3: 17 September\n",
      "Canadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men's triathlon, becoming the inaugural winner in the event.\n",
      "On the cycling track, Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit, setting a new Olympic Record. Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel set a world record in the semi-finals the same event for women.\n",
      "In the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400-metre medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior. Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record, beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 4: 18 September\n",
      "The main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle. Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi-finals, taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe, who came close to the world record in his semi-final heat. As the final race finished, Van den Hoogenband's time was exactly the same as in the semi-finals, finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second.\n",
      "China won the gold medal in the men's team all-around gymnastics competition after being the runner-up in the previous two Olympics. The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia, respectively.\n",
      "Zijlaard-van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 7: 21 September\n",
      "During the Women's Gymnastics All-Around, female athletes suffered damning scores and injuries due to improperly installed gymnastics equipment. Gymnasts performing on the vault gave uncharacteristically poor performances and fell. Officials blamed the series of falls and low scores on performance anxiety. It wasn't until Australian gymnast Allana Slater and her coach, Peggy Liddick, voiced concerns about the equipment that officials discovered the apparatus was five centimetres, or almost two inches, lower than it should've been. While athletes were given the opportunity to perform again, for some of them, the damage to their mental or physical health caused by the vault was irreparable. Chinese gymnast Kui Yuanyuan and American gymnast Kristen Maloney both injured their legs while attempting to stick their landings, with Kui needing to be carried to an examination area and Maloney damaging a titanium rod that had recently been implanted in her shin. Romanian gymnast Andreea Răducan ultimately took gold while her teammates, Simona Amânar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze, respectively.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 9: 23 September\n",
      "By rowing in the winning coxless four, Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics.\n",
      "The swimming 4 x 100-metre medley relay of B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann (Jendrick), Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women's relay under 4-minutes, swimming 3:58 and setting a world record, claiming the gold medal for the United States.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 10: 24 September\n",
      "Rulon Gardner, never an NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling. Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta. Before this fight, he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 11: 25 September\n",
      "Australian Cathy Freeman won the 400-metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium, ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain. Freeman's win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal. The attendance at the stadium was 112,524 – the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history.\n",
      "In a men's basketball pool match between the United States and France, the USA's Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history. After getting the ball off a steal, the 6'6\"/1.98 m Carter drove to the basket, with 7'2\"/2.18 m centre Frédéric Weis in his way. Carter jumped, spread his legs in midair, scraped Weis' head on the way up, and dunked. The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort (\"the dunk of death\").\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 14: 28 September\n",
      "The Canadian flag at the athletes' village was lowered to half-mast as Canadian athletes paid tribute to the former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal (because of the time zone difference, it was 29 September in Sydney when Trudeau died). The Canadian flag was flown at half-mast for the remainder of the Olympics, on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, as the state funeral did not take place until 3 October, two days after the closing ceremony, and the Canadian athletes subsequently rushed back to attend his funeral after 1 October.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 16: 30 September\n",
      "Cameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men's Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium. The game went to a penalty shootout, which was won by Cameroon 5–3.\n",
      "\n",
      "Day 17: 1 October\n",
      "The last event of the games was the Men's Marathon, contested on a course that started in North Sydney. The event was won by Ethiopian Gezahegne Abera, with Kenyan Erick Wainaina second, and Tesfaye Tola, also of Ethiopia, third. It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian won the gold medal in this event.\n",
      "The closing ceremony commenced with Christine Anu performing her version of the Warumpi Band's song \"My Island Home\", with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium, around which several hundred umbrella and lamp box kids created an image of Aboriginal Dreamtime. The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony, which was a flat stage mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode.\n",
      "IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,\n",
      "\"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever.\"\n",
      "Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor Jacques Rogge as \"unforgettable, dream Games\", \"truly exceptional\" and \"happy and glorious games\" respectively – the practice of declaring games the \"best ever\" having been retired after the 2000 Games.\n",
      "\n",
      "Sports\n",
      "The 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports:\n",
      "\n",
      "Although demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics, the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule.Special quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events, avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.\n",
      "\n",
      "Calendar\n",
      "All dates are in AEDST (UTC+11); the other two cities, Adelaide uses ACST (UTC+9:30) and Brisbane uses AEST (UTC+10)\n",
      "\n",
      "Medal count\n",
      "These are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games.\n",
      "The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee. Some other sources may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases.\n",
      "\n",
      "  *   Host nation (Australia)\n",
      "\n",
      "Participating National Olympic Committees\n",
      "199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Sydney Games, two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics; in addition, there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Eritrea, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year.\n",
      "Democratic Republic of the Congo was once again designated under that name, after it participated as Zaire from 1984 to 1996.\n",
      "Afghanistan was the only 1996 participant (and the only existing NOC) that did not participate in the 2000 Olympics, having been banned due to the Taliban's totalitarian rule in Afghanistan, their oppression of women, and its prohibition of sports.\n",
      "\n",
      "Venues\n",
      "Sydney Olympic Park\n",
      "Stadium Australia: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics, Football (final)\n",
      "Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming) Swimming, Synchronised Swimming, Water Polo (medal events)\n",
      "State Sports Centre: Table Tennis, Taekwondo\n",
      "NSW Tennis Centre: Tennis\n",
      "State Hockey Centre: Field Hockey\n",
      "The Dome and Exhibition Complex: Badminton, Basketball, Gymnastics (rhythmic), Handball (final), Modern Pentathlon (fencing, shooting), Volleyball (indoor)\n",
      "Sydney SuperDome: Gymnastics (artistic, trampoline), Basketball (final)\n",
      "Sydney Baseball Stadium: Baseball, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running)\n",
      "Sydney International Archery Park: Archery\n",
      "\n",
      "Sydney\n",
      "Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Weightlifting, Wrestling\n",
      "Sydney Entertainment Centre: Volleyball (indoor final)\n",
      "Dunc Gray Velodrome: Cycling (track)\n",
      "Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting\n",
      "Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian\n",
      "Sydney International Regatta Centre: Rowing, Canoeing (sprint)\n",
      "Blacktown Olympic Centre: Baseball, Softball\n",
      "Western Sydney Parklands: Cycling (mountain biking)\n",
      "Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre: Water Polo\n",
      "Penrith Whitewater Stadium: Canoeing (slalom)\n",
      "Bondi Beach: Volleyball (beach)\n",
      "Sydney Football Stadium: Football\n",
      "Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing\n",
      "Centennial Parklands: Cycling (road)\n",
      "Marathon course: Athletics (marathon)\n",
      "North Sydney: Athletics (marathon start)\n",
      "Sydney Opera House: Triathlon.\n",
      "\n",
      "Outside Sydney\n",
      "Canberra Stadium, Canberra: Football\n",
      "Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide: Football\n",
      "Melbourne Cricket Ground: Football\n",
      "The Gabba (Brisbane Cricket Ground), Brisbane: Football\n",
      "\n",
      "Organization\n",
      "Organisations responsible for the Olympics\n",
      "A number of quasi-government bodies were responsible for the construction, organisation and execution of the Sydney Games. These included:\n",
      "\n",
      "the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) and the Sydney Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC), primarily responsibles for the staging of the Games\n",
      "Olympic Coordination Authority (OCA), primarily responsible for construction and oversight\n",
      "Olympic Roads & Transport Authority (ORTA)\n",
      "Olympic Security Command Centre (OSCC)\n",
      "Olympic Intelligence Centre (OIC)\n",
      "JTF Gold the Australian Defence Force Joint Taskforce Gold\n",
      "Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (nominally part of SOCOG)\n",
      "IBM, provider of technology and the Technical Command Centre\n",
      "Telstra, provider of telecommunications\n",
      "Great Big Events, event management and marketingThese organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as:\n",
      "\n",
      "the International Olympic Committee (IOC)\n",
      "the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)\n",
      "the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC)\n",
      "the Australian Paralympic Committee (APC)\n",
      "the other 197 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)\n",
      "the other 125 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs)\n",
      "the 33 International Sports Federations (IFs)\n",
      "all three levels of Australian government (federal, state and local)\n",
      "dozens of official sponsor and hundreds of official supplier companiesThese bodies are often collectively referred to as the \"Olympic Family\".\n",
      "\n",
      "Organisation of the Paralympics\n",
      "The organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC). However, much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.\n",
      "\n",
      "Other Olympic events\n",
      "The organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events, but also the management (and sometimes construction) of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts, the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival, and the Olympic torch relay, which began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations.\n",
      "\n",
      "Phases of the Olympic project\n",
      "The staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale, broken into several broad phases:\n",
      "\n",
      "1993 to 1996 – positioning\n",
      "1997 – going operational\n",
      "1998 – procurement/venuisation\n",
      "1999 – testing/refinement\n",
      "2000 – implementation\n",
      "2001 – post-implementation and wind-down\n",
      "\n",
      "SOCOG organisational design\n",
      "The internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed, sometimes radically, several times.\n",
      "In late 1998, the design was principally functional. The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups (managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO) and twenty divisions (managed by divisional General Managers), which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub-programmes or projects.\n",
      "In 1999, functional areas (FAs) broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams (managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers) with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager. SOCOG moved to a matrix structure. The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams.\n",
      "\n",
      "Volunteer program\n",
      "The origins of the volunteer program for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid, as early as 1992.\n",
      "On 17 December 1992, a group of Sydney citizens interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games gathered for a meeting at Sports House at Wentworth Park in Sydney.\n",
      "In the period leading up to 1999, after Sydney had won the bid, the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500. These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers. The Pioneer Volunteer program was managed internally by SOCOG's Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering (Volunteering and TAFE. Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months, an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before.\n",
      "During the Olympic games, tens of thousands of volunteers (the official figure placed at 46,967) helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city. They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before.\n",
      "\n",
      "Marketing\n",
      "Official logo\n",
      "The bid logo was introduced in 1992 and created by architect and designer Michael Bryce. It featured a colourful, stylised image of the Sydney Opera House which is a possible reference to the motif of the rainbow serpent. \n",
      "The official logo was revealed in 1996, and is also referred to as the \"Millennium Man\".  It incorporated similar curves to the bid logo and combined them with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion. The image of the runner s composed of  two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs. Over the runner's head is a trail of smoke that represents the arches of the Sydney Opera House.The design process of the official logo, as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games' visual design identity, was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design. The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially started in 1993, and lasted 7 years. It was also up to FHA Design to prepare the visual identity of the Paralympic Games and this also absorbed some elements as the identification signals and the pictograms.\n",
      "\n",
      "Mascots\n",
      "The official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus, Millie the echidna, and Olly the kookaburra, designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray, Margery, and Dawn after famous Australian athletes.\n",
      "There was also Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG. Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program.\n",
      "\n",
      "Sponsors\n",
      "Medals and bouquets\n",
      "A total of 750 gold, 750 silver and 780 bronze medals were minted for the Games. The gold and silver medals contained 99.99 percent of pure silver. The bronze medals were 99 percent bronze with one percent silver, they were made by melting down Australian one-cent and two-cent coins, which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward.\n",
      "The bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana, also known as the white oak.\n",
      "\n",
      "Awards and commendations\n",
      "The International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the \"Pierre de Coubertin Trophy\" in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world.After the games' end, the New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in a new commendation and citation as the IOC consideration after having staged the \"safest\" games ever.\n",
      "\n",
      "Mo Awards\n",
      "The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016.\n",
      "\n",
      "In popular culture\n",
      "In F.J. Campbell's 2018 novel No Number Nine, the last part of the book is set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics.In Tom Clancy's thriller Rainbow Six and its video game adaptation, the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco-terrorists, who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world.In Morris Gleitzman's children's book Toad Rage, a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot.The Games was a mockumentary television series run on the ABC network, with two seasons that ran in 1998 and 2000. The series satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement, bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service, and unethical behaviour within politics and the media. An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them.\n",
      "\n",
      "See also\n",
      "2000 Summer Paralympics\n",
      "Olympic Games celebrated in Australia\n",
      "1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne\n",
      "2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney\n",
      "2032 Summer Olympics – BrisbaneList of IOC country codes\n",
      "The Games of the XXVII Olympiad 2000: Music from the Opening Ceremony\n",
      "Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi\n",
      "John Coates\n",
      "Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games – Sydney 2000\n",
      "\n",
      "Notes\n",
      "Passage 7:\n",
      "List of Olympic Games host cities\n",
      "This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer and winter games have usually celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad; summer and winter games normally held in staggered even years. There have been 29  Summer Olympic Games held in 21 cities, and 24 Winter Olympic Games held in 21 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Sapporo–Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) and Tokyo–Helsinki (summer) in 1940; and Cortina d'Ampezzo (winter) and London (summer) in 1944. The 1906 Intercalated Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo were postponed for the first time in the Olympics history to summer 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the 2022 Winter Olympics being held roughly six months later in Beijing.Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, Milan–Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics, Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics, and Brisbane for the 2032 Summer Olympics.\n",
      "In 2022, Beijing became the first city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Ten cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956 and 2026 Winter Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics. London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028.\n",
      "The Games have primarily been hosted in the regions of Europe (30 editions) and the Americas (13 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city with the 2016 Summer Olympics. Africa has yet to host an Olympic Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Central America and the Caribbean. Between the first Winter Olympics in 1924 and the last ones to be held in the same year as the Summer Olympics in 1992, the Summer and Winter games took place in the same country three times.\n",
      "Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance. The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant cities will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.\n",
      "\n",
      "Olympic Games host cities\n",
      "Host cities for Summer and Winter Olympic Games\n",
      "Key  †   Cancelled\n",
      "  §   Postponed\n",
      "\n",
      "The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.\n",
      "\n",
      "Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games\n",
      "Number of Olympic Games by country\n",
      "Number of Olympic Games by region\n",
      "See also\n",
      "List of bids for the Summer Olympics\n",
      "List of bids for the Winter Olympics\n",
      "\n",
      "Notes\n",
      "Passage 8:\n",
      "Jelle Nijdam\n",
      "Jelle Nijdam (born 16 August 1963) is a Dutch former professional road cyclist. Nijdam turned professional after the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He participated in the Tour de France 10 times, winning six stages and wearing the yellow jersey for three days. Nijdam's father, Henk Nijdam, was a professional cyclist from 1962 to 1969, who won the 1962 world amateur track pursuit championship. He also competed in the individual pursuit and team pursuit events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career achievements\n",
      "Major results\n",
      "Grand Tour general classification results timeline\n",
      "See also\n",
      "List of Dutch Olympic cyclists\n",
      "List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification\n",
      "Passage 9:\n",
      "Kuwait national under-23 football team\n",
      "The Kuwait national under-23 football team is the youth association football team representing Kuwait in youth competitions and it is controlled by Kuwait Football Association. Kuwait under 23 Could also be called as Kuwait Olympic Team. Kuwait under 23 also represents its country in the Olympic Games. From 1900 to 1976 Kuwait did not qualify for the Olympic Games but in 1980 Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games in China and had the best record of their country finishing in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games. Kuwait missed the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games. But in 1992 Kuwait finally qualified for the 1992 Olympic Games in Spain, however with their poor performance, Kuwait was eliminated in the first round of that tournament. After that Kuwait had missed the 1996 Olympic Games that was hosted by the United States, Kuwait then qualified for the 2000 Olympic Games in Australia and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games. Kuwait has never won the GCC U-23 Championship but their best finish at that Competition was as a runner up in 2010. In the 2022 Asian U-23 qualification Cup Group D, Kuwait managed to defeat Bangladesh by 1-0 and Saudi Arabia by 2-1, this resulted in Kuwait to qualify for the 2022 Asian U-23 Cup.\n",
      "\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Regional honours\n",
      "GCC U-23 ChampionshipRunners-up (2): 2010, 2015\n",
      "\n",
      "Minor\n",
      "2018 Olympic Return Cup\n",
      "\n",
      "History\n",
      "Kuwait’s first-ever qualification to the Olympic games was in the 1980 Olympic Games which Kuwait were eliminated in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games. Kuwait missed the 1984 Olympic Games and the 1988 Olympic Games. Kuwait came back to the Olympic Games in 1992 after missing two events being eliminated in the quarter-final of that event. Kuwait did not qualify until the 2000 Olympic Games and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic games. Kuwait did not qualify to the Olympic Games in 2004 after being eliminated in the qualifying Preliminary round 3 of the Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers at the third position of the 3rd group. Kuwait was unqualified from Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Qualifier, with 2 being 4 goals less than Qatar due to that, Kuwait missed the 2008 Olympic Games. Kuwait also failed to participate in the 2012 Olympic Games after losing Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers, within losing the first leg to Japan 3-1 but then Kuwait defeated Japan 2-1, Japan won on the aggregate.\n",
      "Kuwait does not have a good record at GCC U-23 Championship after finishing 5th in the final group of the 2008 GCC U-23 Championship.\n",
      "Kuwait was at the bottom of the table at that time. In 2010 Kuwait was the runner-up of their group. Kuwait was qualified for the semi-finals, Kuwait defeated Oman 5-4 on penalties. But lost to UAE. In the 2011 and 2012 GCC U-23 Championship, Kuwait was unfortunately eliminated in the first round with 0 points losing all three games.\n",
      "\n",
      "Participation in Tournaments\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "=== Summer Olympics ===\n",
      "Passage 10:\n",
      "Sara Symington\n",
      "Sara Symington (born 25 September 1969) is a female English former professional cyclist.\n",
      "\n",
      "Cycling career\n",
      "She was the first British female rider to take a medal in a World Cup race, which she achieved in Australia in 1999. She represented Great Britain at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics and England at the 1998 Commonwealth Games and 2002 Commonwealth Games. She also rode at the 1998, 1999, and 2000 UCI Road World Championships and on the track at the 2001 and 2002 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.\n",
      "\n",
      "Personal life\n",
      "Symington was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, lived in Aylestone and she now lives in Nottingham. She had competed as a javelin thrower as a junior, and she was a member of the national triathlon team prior to becoming a full-time cyclist. Symington started her elite triathlon career whilst combining studying for a master's degree with a spell serving in the police, having previously graduated from Loughborough University with a degree in sports science.\n",
      "\n",
      "Post cycling\n",
      "Symington retired from competition after the 2004 Olympics: following this she worked in business for two years, before returning to the sports world through working as a performance advisor for UK Sport. She was subsequently appointed performance director of Archery GB in February 2009. In February 2015 England Netball announced that she would join them as their performance director the following month. In that role she helped the England national netball team to its first Commonwealth gold medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. In August 2020 Symington was appointed by UK Athletics as their performance director. She left this role in October 2021 in order to take up an appointment as head of British Cycling's Olympic and Paralympic programmes.\n",
      "\n",
      "Palmarès\n"
     ]
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      "Passage 1:\n",
      "José Daniel Valencia\n",
      "José Daniel Valencia (born 3 October 1955) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He is perhaps most famous for having been part of the 1978 World Cup winning squad.\n",
      "\n",
      "Club career\n",
      "Valencia started his club career at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy but was soon transferred to Talleres de Córdoba, the club at which he would play most of his career.\n",
      "At Talleres, Valencia suffered the disappointment of finishing runner-up in Nacional 1977, finishing third in Metropolitano 1980, and losing the semi-finals on four occasions.\n",
      "In 1986, he  had a spell in Ecuadorian football with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, but only stayed one year before returning to Talleres for a further two seasons.\n",
      "In 1988, he left Talleres to play for third division club Guaraní Antonio Franco in Misiones, Argentina. After a short spell in the lower leagues, he made a brief return to the first division with Rosario Central in 1989 before moving to Bolivia where he played for Club Jorge Wilstermann and then Club San José.\n",
      "At San José, he again experienced the disappointment of being a losing finalist on two occasions; in the 1991 Clausura and the 1992 season. He also got his first taste of Copa Libertadores football, but with little success, as San José finished bottom of their group in both 1992 and 1993.\n",
      "Valencia retired from club football in 1993 at the age of 37.\n",
      "\n",
      "International career\n",
      "The highlight of Valencia's footballing career came in 1978 when he was selected to represent Argentina at the FIFA World Cup tournament. Although he featured in the first game, he was dropped due to a tactical reshuffle by manager César Luis Menotti. He was unlucky to miss out on the World Cup final in the Monumental stadium, but he did play a part in helping Argentina win their first World Cup.\n",
      "Valencia was selected to play for Argentina at 1982 World Cup, but the team had a disappointing campaign, eliminated in the second group phase. He retired from international football at the end of the tournament, having represented his country 41 times, scoring five goals.\n",
      "\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Club\n",
      "Talleres de Córdoba\n",
      "\n",
      "Copa Hermandad: 1977\n",
      "Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979\n",
      "\n",
      "International\n",
      "Argentina\n",
      "\n",
      "FIFA World Cup: 1978\n",
      "Passage 2:\n",
      "Mariano Campodónico\n",
      "Mariano Alejandro Campodónico (born 4 May 1974) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward and current manager. He is the brother of former footballer Pablo Campodónico.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career\n",
      "Campodónico started his career in 1994, his first club was Banfield, he remained with them for four years before joining Platense with whom he made 17 appearances. 1999 saw Campodónico leave Platense and complete a move to San Martín (SJ) before subsequently agreeing to join Arsenal de Sarandí in 2000 and El Porvenir in 2001. In 2002, Campodónico moved out of Argentina for the first-team as he agreed to sign for Venezuelan Primera División club Caracas, however his spell with Caracas was short as he soon departed to join Ecuadorian Serie A side Aucas.One year later he left to join fellow Ecuadorian team Deportivo Quito. Moves to Gimnasia, Chiapas, Ferro Carril Oeste and Belgrano followed between 2003 and 2007. In 2004, Campodónico, playing for Ferro Carril Oeste scored twice against Sarmiento. Sarmiento's goalkeeper was Campodónico's own brother, Pablo. Mariano told reporters that \"this was the worst thing that's happened to me in my football career\". In 2006, while playing for Belgrano, Campodónico was sentenced to eight days in prison for making \"obscene gestures\" at the opposing team during a football game.He joined Nueva Chicago in 2007 and made 12 appearances before leaving not long after joining to complete a transfer to San Martín (T). 6 goals in 10 appearances followed for San Martín (T) before Campodónico moved to Paraguay to play for Cerro Porteño. He was with Cerro Porteño for one season, 2008, before eventually joining Aldosivi, which meant he was at the same team as his brother, Pablo, for the first-time. After leaving Aldosivi, he joined All Boys before then moving to Belgrano (second spell), Temperley and Talleres. Campodónico played for Mitre in 2015 and Cañuelas in 2016 before announcing his retirement.\n",
      "\n",
      "Coaching career\n",
      "Retiring in the summer 2017, Campodónico began his coaching career at his last club as a player, Cañuelas, where he was appointed manager on 28 December 2017. However, he decided to resign on 19 June 2018.A few days after leaving Cañuelas, Campodónico was appointed manager of Club Luján at the end of June 2018. After only two victories, four draws and seven defeats, he was fired 15 October 2018.On 3 February 2019, Campodónico was appointed manager of Sacachispas FC. He left his position on 16 September 2019.After Israel Damonte was appointed manager of Huracán on 3 January 2020, Campodónico also joined the club as his assistant coach, alongside his brother, Pablo Campodónico, who was appointed goalkeeper coach. They left in March 2021\n",
      "\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Club\n",
      "San Martín (T)Primera B Nacional (1): 2007–08\n",
      "Passage 3:\n",
      "Luis Artime\n",
      "Luis Artime (born 2 December 1938) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a striker, and scored more than 1,000 goals during his career. His son Luis Fabián Artime is also a retired Argentine footballer who played in the 1990s.\n",
      "\n",
      "Club career\n",
      "Artime was born in Parque Civit in Mendoza Province. He had a remarkably successful career in club football, he was top scorer four times in the Argentine league, three times in the Uruguayan league and once in the Copa Libertadores. He won one Argentine league title, three Uruguayan league titles and the Copa Libertadores in 1971.\n",
      "Artime started his career at Club Atlético Atlanta but in 1962 he was transferred to Argentine giants River Plate where he became the top scorer in Argentina on three occasions. In 1966 he moved to Independiente where he helped the team to win the Nacional 1967, he was also topscorer in the tournament.\n",
      "In 1969, he moved to Brazil to play for Palmeiras, but he did not stay long, and soon left to join Nacional of Uruguay. His first spell at Nacional was the most productive of his career; he won three Urugauyan league titles in a row, topscoring in each tournament, and in 1971 he helped the team to win the Copa Libertadores.\n",
      "In 1972, he tried his luck in Brazil for a second time, but returned to Nacional in Uruguay after only one season at Fluminense. His second spell at Nacional was overshadowed by the successes of eternal rivals Peñarol. Artime retired from football in 1974.\n",
      "\n",
      "International career\n",
      "Playing for the Argentina national football team, Artime scored 24 goals in 25 caps, making him Argentina's 8th highest goalscorer to date. His strike rate of 0.96 goals per game for Argentina also makes him one of the most prolific goalscorers in Argentine international football. He played at the 1966 FIFA World Cup and at the South American Championship 1967, where he was the top goalscorer.\n",
      "\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Club\n",
      "Independiente\n",
      "\n",
      "Argentine Primera División: 1967 NacionalPalmeiras\n",
      "\n",
      "Campeonato Brasileiro: 1969Nacional\n",
      "\n",
      "Uruguayan Primera División: 1969, 1970, 1971\n",
      "Copa Libertadores: 1971\n",
      "Intercontinental Cup: 1971\n",
      "\n",
      "National Team\n",
      "Argentina\n",
      "\n",
      "Taça das Nações: 1964\n",
      "\n",
      "Individual\n",
      "Primera Division Argentina Top Scorer: 1962 (25 goals), 1963 (25 goals), 1966 (23 goals), Nacional 1967 (11 goals)\n",
      "South American Championship Top Scorer: 1967 (5 goals)\n",
      "Primera División Uruguaya Top Scorer: 1969 (24 goals), 1970 (21 goals), 1971 (16 goals)\n",
      "Copa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1971 (10 goals)\n",
      "Copa Intercontinental Top Scorer: 1971 (19 goals)\n",
      "Passage 4:\n",
      "José Aveiro\n",
      "José Raúl Aveiro Lamas (born 18 July 1936) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a striker.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career\n",
      "Born in Asunción, Aveiro played for Sportivo Luqueño, Valencia, Valencia Mestalla, Elche, Ontinyent and Constància.He was also a member of the Paraguay national team between 1957 and 1959.\n",
      "Passage 5:\n",
      "List of Valencia CF Femenino seasons\n",
      "This is a list of seasons played by Valencia CF Femenino, the women's section of Spanish football club Valencia CF, and its predecessor DSV Colegio Alemán. The team was created in its original form in 1998, and has represented Valencia CF since the 2009–10 season.\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "Passage 6:\n",
      "Higinio Ortúzar\n",
      "Higinio Ortúzar Santamaría (10 January 1915 – 8 November 1982) was a Chilean footballer who made his entire career in Spain.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career\n",
      "The first Chilean in the Spanish football, he made his debut for Erandio Club in 1935, and next he played for Barakaldo CF, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF, Real Valladolid and Real Sociedad. He was loaned to Racing de Santander in 1936 for 4,500 pesetas, but he couldn't play due to the Spanish coup of July.While at Athletic (one of few players born outside the Basque region to play for the club under their signing policy and the only from Chile in the history), he won a League and Cup double in 1943, and followed this up with further league titles playing for Valencia in 1944 and 1947. In his 30s he featured for Valladolid and Real Sociedad in successive seasons, helping each to gain promotion from the second tier.\n",
      "After retiring as a player, he became a football coach, and managed sides including CD Logroñés.\n",
      "\n",
      "Personal life\n",
      "Born in Santiago, Chile, his parents were Basques. He returned to Euzkadi at early age, after his mother died.He made his home in Areeta and managed a bar in Mayor Street.\n",
      "Passage 7:\n",
      "1998–99 Valencia CF season\n",
      "Valencia CF had a successful season, finishing in the top four of La Liga and thus qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in almost 30 years, thanks to the extension of the competition to include more teams from the top leagues. Valencia also won the Copa del Rey, ending a long trophy drought and marking a successful end to Italian coach Claudio Ranieri's first spell at the club. Among the main players behind the success included Gaizka Mendieta, Javier Farinós and lethal striker Claudio López.\n",
      "At the end of the season, Ranieri left to manage Atlético Madrid; he was replaced by Argentine Héctor Cúper, who had led Mallorca to third place and the Cup Winners' Cup final.\n",
      "\n",
      "Squad\n",
      "Squad at end of seasonNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\n",
      "\n",
      "Transfers\n",
      "Left club during season\n",
      "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\n",
      "\n",
      "Competitions\n",
      "La Liga\n",
      "League table\n",
      "Results by round\n",
      "Matches\n",
      "Top scorers\n",
      "Claudio López 21\n",
      " Adrian Ilie 11\n",
      " Angulo 8\n",
      " Gaizka Mendieta 7\n",
      " Stefan Schwarz 4\n",
      "\n",
      "Copa del Rey\n",
      "Eightfinals\n",
      "\n",
      "Quarterfinals\n",
      "Semifinals\n",
      "Final\n",
      "UEFA Intertoto Cup\n",
      "Quarterfinals\n",
      "Semifinals\n",
      "Finals\n",
      "UEFA Cup\n",
      "First round\n",
      "Second round\n",
      "Statistics\n",
      "Players statistics\n",
      "Passage 8:\n",
      "Mario Kempes\n",
      "Mario Alberto Kempes Chiodi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo alˈβeɾto ˈkempes ˈtʃjoði], Italian: [ˈkjɔːdi]; born 15 July 1954) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder. A prolific goalscorer, he finished as La Liga's top goalscorer twice with Valencia where he amassed 116 goals in 184 league games.\n",
      "At international level, Kempes was the focal point of Argentina's 1978 World Cup win where he scored twice in the final and received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer. He also won the Golden Ball for the player of the tournament, making him one of only three players to have won all three awards at a single World Cup, along with Garrincha in 1962 and Paolo Rossi in 1982.\n",
      "Kempes won South American Footballer of the Year, Onze d'Or European footballer of the Year and World Cup Golden Ball in 1978. In 2004, he was named as one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFA's 100th anniversary celebration. Kempes was nicknamed El Toro and El Matador.\n",
      "\n",
      "Club career\n",
      "Kempes was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. His father, Mario Quemp, was of German heritage. His mother, Teresa Chiodi, was Italian. At the age of seven he began playing with a junior team and at fourteen he joined the Talleres reserves.\n",
      "Kempes' career started at local club Instituto, where he played alongside Osvaldo Ardiles before quickly moving on to Rosario Central, where he established himself as a remarkable goalscorer, scoring 85 goals in 105 matches, prompting Valencia to sign him. At Mestalla he would go on to win the Copa del Rey, the European Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup as well as two consecutive Pichichis, scoring 24 and 28 goals in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons. Famous as a hard-working forward, he used to strike from outside the penalty area with his surging runs towards goal and was not the traditional center-forward operating solely inside the box. Many defenders found difficulty handling his attacking style.\n",
      "Before the 1978 World Cup, Kempes was the only foreign-based player on the list of coach César Luis Menotti's Argentina national team. when announcing the squad he had selected for the 1978 tournament, Menotti described him with these words: \"He's strong, he's got skill, he creates spaces and he shoots hard. He's a player who can make a difference, and he can play in a centre-forward position.\"\n",
      "Kempes had been the top scorer in La Liga the previous two seasons and was determined to show on home soil that he could deliver against the best on the sport's greatest stage. However, he had failed to get on the score-sheet in West Germany in 1974, at the age of 20, and after the first round group stage in 1978, his name was still missing among goal scorers in the tournament.\n",
      "After leaving Valencia in 1984, Kempes spent two years at Hércules in nearby Alicante before spending six years at various Austrian clubs. His play declined in his 30s and he did not compete for top scorer honours in the Austrian top flight. He rounded off his career with stints at more obscure clubs in Indonesia, Chile and Albania during the 1990s.\n",
      "\n",
      "International career\n",
      "During his club career he won 43 caps for Argentina and scored 20 times. He represented his country in three World Cups in 1974, 1978 and 1982, winning the competition in 1978. He was the leading goalscorer in the 1978 tournament, scoring six goals in three braces: the first two in Argentina's first semi-final group stage match against Poland, another two against Peru, and the last two in the final against the Netherlands, which Argentina won 3–1. His second goal, in the 105th minute, was the game winner in extra time. However, in the same tournament, he notoriously stopped a goal with his hand in a second-round match against Poland. This resulted in a penalty kick that was promptly saved by Ubaldo Fillol. His goals in the 1978 World Cup Final were his last for Argentina at the age of just 23.\n",
      "In 1978, he was named South American Football Player of the Year (\"El Mundo,\" Caracas, Venezuela). He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004.\n",
      "\n",
      "Managerial career\n",
      "Kempes made his full-time managing debut in Albania. His brief spell with Lushnja was groundbreaking, as he became the first foreign manager who signed a foreign player in Albanian football history. His career in Albania came to a quick end in 1997. The following year, he landed a job with Venezuelan side Mineros de Guayana. In 1999, Kempes moved to Bolivia and managed The Strongest, before taking charge of Blooming in 2000. Previously, he had worked as assistant coach for Uruguayan manager Héctor Núñez in Valencia and as a player-manager of Indonesian League champions Pelita Jaya.\n",
      "\n",
      "Commentary career\n",
      "He currently works as a football analyst and commentator in Spanish for ESPN Deportes (ESPN's Spanish-language version). With Fernando Palomo and Ciro Procuna he provides the commentary in the Latin American version of the FIFA franchise video games FIFA 13, FIFA 14, FIFA 15, FIFA 16, FIFA 17, FIFA 18, FIFA 19, FIFA 20, FIFA 21, FIFA 22 and FIFA 23.\n",
      "\n",
      "Career statistics\n",
      "Club\n",
      "International\n",
      "Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kempes goal.\n",
      "\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Valencia\n",
      "\n",
      "Copa del Rey: 1978–79\n",
      "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1979–80\n",
      "UEFA Super Cup: 1980River Plate\n",
      "\n",
      "Primera División: 1981 NacionalPelita Jaya\n",
      "\n",
      "Galatama: 1993–94 Argentina\n",
      "\n",
      "FIFA World Cup: 1978Individual\n",
      "\n",
      "Argentine Primera División top scorers: 1974 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitan\n",
      "Pichichi Trophy: 1977, 1978\n",
      "FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1978\n",
      "FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1978\n",
      "FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1978\n",
      "Ballon d'Or: 1978 - Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)\n",
      "Onze d'Or: 1978\n",
      "Olimpia de Plata: 1978\n",
      "South American Footballer of the Year: 1978\n",
      "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup top scorers: 1979–80\n",
      "FIFA 100: 2004\n",
      "South American Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 23: 2006\n",
      "Golden Foot: 2007, as football legend\n",
      "Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes: 2010, The stadium in Córdoba, Argentina was named after him.\n",
      "AFA Team of All Time (published 2015)\n",
      "Passage 9:\n",
      "Claudio López (footballer)\n",
      "Claudio Javier López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈklawðjo ˈlopes], born 17 July 1974) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a forward. Nicknamed Piojo (louse), he is best known for his spells with Valencia in Spain and Lazio in Italy. López also had a notable impact in the Argentina national team, participating in two World Cups.\n",
      "\n",
      "Club career\n",
      "Early career\n",
      "López began his professional career with Estudiantes de La Plata in his native Argentina in 1990 as a 16-year-old. However, he moved to Racing the next year, where he would remain until he transferred in 1996 to Spanish club Valencia.\n",
      "\n",
      "Europe\n",
      "After a slow start in 1996–97, Claudio López would enjoy a prolific spell with Valencia over the 3 years that followed, averaging 20 goals each season between 1997–98 and 1999–2000. That included a season best in 1998–99 which saw him find the net on 30 occasions across competitions to become the club's top scorer (3rd best in la Liga behind Raul and Rivaldo, despite taking fewer penalties than his rivals).\n",
      "Valencia entrenched their status as one of Spain's emerging clubs throughout the late 1990s, rising from their usual mid-table position to 4th in 1998–99 and 3rd in 1999–2000, which was Lopez's last season with the club. The Argentine formed a devastating partnership with Romanian Adrian Ilie and played alongside such stars as Jocelyn Angloma, Santiago Cañizares and Gaizka Mendieta, who would later be his teammate at Lazio as well.\n",
      "López remained with Valencia for five years, helping the team to the final of the UEFA Champions League in the 1999–2000 season, when he was transferred to Lazio of Serie A for €35 million. During the first half of his spell in Italy's capital, he was partnered with compatriot Hernán Crespo in the front-line. However, López suffered from injury problems during his time at Lazio. During the 2000–2001 UEFA Champions League, he scored a direct goal from a corner kick against Anderlecht in the Stadio Olimpico.\n",
      "After Crespo left for Inter in the summer of 2002, López was partnered with newcomer Bernardo Corradi. They formed a solid partnership that yielded a combined 25 Serie A goals as Lazio finished 4th to qualify for the Champions League under new coach Roberto Mancini. The Argentine scored 15 of those goals, his best league tally during his years in Italy; the 4th-place finish for Lazio was also the best the club would achieve until 2011–12.\n",
      "In December 2002 he made headlines during a Serie A clash with Inter that ended 3-3: after netting a hat-trick that gave his side a 3-0 lead, Claudio López improvised an \"Aserejé\" goal celebration with teammate Bernardo Corradi, inspired by the dance routine of Spanish band Las Ketchup. In an interview 13 years later, he explained that the unexpected celebration had happened because \"crazy Corradi enjoyed doing such things!\"In the UEFA Cup, López found the net twice to help his team reach the semi-finals, where they would be knocked out by the eventual winners, Jose Mourinho's FC Porto. The following season was less successful for Lazio as they only finished 6th in Serie A and crashed out of the Champions League at the group stage. Claudio López only found the net 4 times in 36 appearances. He did manage, however, to win his second piece of silverware with the Roman club as they overcame Juventus in the two-legged Coppa Italia Final.\n",
      "\n",
      "Mexico, return to Racing\n",
      "López joined Club América for the 2004 Apertura, where he played in 17 games, scoring four goals. The following season, Clausura 2005 brought better results, with López scoring a total of 14 goals overall and helping the team to its tenth League championship in its history. It was his first and only league championship with any team. Claudio was instrumental to the team's success, also helping them win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup by scoring two goals in the Final over Tecos UAG. He played the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup.\n",
      "In 2007 López returned to Racing, 11 years after his departure from the club, and the country. In most of those games, usually coming in as a late sub, López scored several important goals.\n",
      "\n",
      "Major League Soccer\n",
      "On 7 March 2008, it was announced López had signed with the Kansas City Wizards on a free transfer. López fell under the league's designated player qualification, which means only the first $415,000 of his salary counted against Kansas City Wizards’ team salary cap. He later had his contract restructured to take him below designated player status.\n",
      " He scored on his debut for Kansas City against D.C. United on 29 March 2008.\n",
      "On 23 February 2010 the Argentine striker left after two seasons Kansas City Wizards. \"We would have liked to have Claudio back in 2010, but unfortunately it became clear early in the contract negotiations that we could not give him what he desired,\" Wizards Manager Peter Vermes said.López was later signed by league rivals Colorado Rapids on 2 April 2010.After the 2010 MLS season Colorado declined López's contract option and Lopez elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft. López became a free agent in Major League Soccer when he was not selected in the Re-Entry draft.\n",
      "\n",
      "International career\n",
      "López had a distinguished career with Argentina. After winning a silver medal with the Under-23 team during the 1996 Summer Olympics, López made appearances in both the 1998 and 2002 World Cups. He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1998 FIFA World Cup quarter-final, when he kicked the ball between Edwin van der Sar's legs to tie the match temporarily, although Argentina were ultimately defeated 2–1.\n",
      "\n",
      "Style of play\n",
      "A talented, hardworking, and well-rounded forward, with notable tactical intelligence and versatility, López was capable of playing anywhere along the front-line, as a striker, in a supporting role, and on the wing. He was highly regarded for his pace, technique, and dribbling skills, as well as his powerful striking ability with his left foot. He was also an effective set-piece and penalty taker. Throughout his career, he was known by the nickname \"El Piojo\", meaning \"the louse\".\n",
      "\n",
      "Media\n",
      "López was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials. In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a \"Secret Tournament\" commercial (branded \"Scopion KO\") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament \"referee\".\n",
      "\n",
      "Career statistics\n",
      "Club\n",
      "International\n",
      "Honours\n",
      "Valencia\n",
      "\n",
      "Copa del Rey: 1998–99\n",
      "Supercopa de España: 1999\n",
      "UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998\n",
      "UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000,Lazio\n",
      "\n",
      "Coppa Italia: 2003–04\n",
      "Supercoppa Italiana: 2000América\n",
      "\n",
      "Primera División de México: Clausura 2005\n",
      "Campeón de Campeones: 2005\n",
      "CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006Colorado Rapids\n",
      "MLS Cup: 2010\n",
      "MLS Eastern Conference: 2010\n",
      "\n",
      "See also\n",
      "List of current MLS players with national team caps\n",
      "Passage 10:\n",
      "2002–03 Valencia CF season\n",
      "Valencia CF did not succeed in defending their La Liga title, finishing in slumped 5th place. Los Che also got to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where former coach Héctor Cúper and Inter got the upper hand over Valencia and Rafael Benítez. The main player during the season was Pablo Aimar, who was the only player making waves in the season, where the previously solid defense did not perform as previously.\n",
      "\n",
      "Squad\n",
      "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\n",
      "\n",
      "Transfers\n",
      "Competitions\n",
      "La Liga\n",
      "League table\n",
      "Results by round\n",
      "Matches\n",
      "Copa del Rey\n",
      "Round of 64\n",
      "Round of 32\n",
      "UEFA Champions League\n",
      "First group stage\n",
      "Group B\n",
      "Second group stage\n",
      "Group B\n",
      "Quarter-finals\n",
      "Statistics\n",
      "Players statistics\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(dataset[16][\"context\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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