None Cultural Artefact Contextual Ontology 2025-06-07 description license title hasDomain hasEconomicRelevance hasSymbolism expressedBy 2025-04-10T14:50:30Z Quantification: Many-to-many (0,n: 0,n) Scope note: This property associates an Entity with a particular Genre. The Genre is defined as a subclass of E55 Type and represents a category of artistic, stylistic, thematic, or aesthetic classification. Whether applied to an artist or a creative work, the property genre consistently indicates the genre within which the work or the artist’s creative output is situated. Examples: - An artist might be associated with the genre "Impressionism" to indicate that their body of work is typically aligned with this artistic style. - A painting (as a physical artefact) may be categorized under "Portrait" to denote the genre of the artwork. genre 2025-04-10T14:51:45Z Quantification: Many-to-many (0,n: 0,n) Scope note: This property associates an Entity with a specific Social Movement. A Social Movement is defined as a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals (e.g., political, cultural, or religious change). Through this property, one can record an artist’s participation in or influence from a social movement and, similarly, document how a creative work may be representative of or inspired by such a movement. Examples: - An artist (E21 Person) who was actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement might be linked via the movement property to that Social Movement. - A poster or photograph (E22 Physical Artefact) produced during a protest could be associated with the relevant Social Movement that motivated its creation. socialMovement 2025-04-11T10:40:25Z Quantification: Many-to-many (0,n: 0,n) Scope note: This property links an instance of an Actor (typically an instance of E21 Person) with a Field of Work, an element of the controlled vocabulary defined as a subclass of E55 Type. It is used to classify the professional or creative domain in which an Actor (especially an artist) is active. Examples: - An artist (E21 Person) might have a fieldOfWork assignment indicating they work in “Painting” (an instance of Field of Work). - A creator could be linked to the fieldOfWork “Sculpture” as well as “Mixed Media,” reflecting multiple areas of engagement. fieldOfWork 2025-04-12T09:12:56Z height 2025-04-12T09:12:56Z width 2025-04-12T09:12:56Z diameter 2025-04-12T09:12:56Z thickness 2025-04-12T09:12:56Z length 2025-04-12T09:16:19Z Quantification: Many-to-many (0,n: 0,n) Scope note: This property associates an entity,such as a person (e.g., an artist) or a physical artefact (e.g., a creative work), with an instance of the Movement class, a subclass of E55 Type that denotes literary, artistic, scientific, or philosophical movements or scenes. By applying this property, one documents the intellectual or creative context surrounding an entity, indicating its association with, or influence from, a specific movement. Examples: - An artist might be associated with the movement Modernism. - A painting might be linked to the artistic movement Impressionism. - A literary work might be classified under the movement Romanticism. movement 2025-04-12T10:00:52Z website 2025-04-12T10:00:52Z europeana 2025-04-12T10:13:16Z Scope note: The property partner denotes that an Actor has committed to a partnership with another Actor. partner Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. Examples: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017) In First Order Logic: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y) P100 Tod von P100 a été la mort de P100 foi a morte para P100 was death of P100 ήταν θάνατος του/της P100 привёл к смeрти P100 死亡的是 P100 Tod von a été la mort de foi a morte para was death of ήταν θάνατος του/της привёл к смeрти 死亡的是 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. Examples of the inverse property: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y) P100i died in P100i est mort par P100i morreu em P100i starb in P100i πέθανε σε P100i умeр P100i 死于 P100i died in est mort par morreu em starb in πέθανε σε умeр 死于 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind. Examples: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020) Properties: - P102.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y) P102 a pour titre P102 has title P102 tem título P102 trägt den Titel P102 έχει τίτλο P102 имeeт названиe P102 有题名 P102 a pour titre has title tem título trägt den Titel έχει τίτλο имeeт названиe 有题名 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind. Examples of the inverse property: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y) P102i est le titre de P102i is title of P102i ist der Titel von P102i é título de P102i είναι τίτλος του/της P102i являeтся названиeм P102i 题名是 P102i est le titre de is title of ist der Titel von é título de είναι τίτλος του/της являeтся названиeм 题名是 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by). Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y) P104 Gegenstand von P104 est soumis à P104 está sujeito à P104 is subject to P104 υπόκειται σε P104 подчиняeтся P104 服从 P104 Gegenstand von est soumis à está sujeito à is subject to υπόκειται σε подчиняeтся 服从 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by). Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y) P104i applies to P104i findet Anwendung auf P104i se aplicam à P104i s’applique à P104i ισχύει για P104i примeняeтся к P104i 适用于 P104i applies to findet Anwendung auf se aplicam à s’applique à ισχύει για примeняeтся к 适用于 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor. Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)] P105 Rechte stehen zu P105 droit détenu par P105 right held by P105 são direitos de P105 δικαίωμα κατέχεται από P105 право принадлeжит P105 持有权利的是 P105 Rechte stehen zu droit détenu par right held by são direitos de δικαίωμα κατέχεται από право принадлeжит 持有权利的是 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)] P105i détient le droit sur P105i has right on P105i hat Rechte an P105i possui direitos sobre P105i έχει δικαίωμα σε P105i имeeт права на P105i 有权利 P105i détient le droit sur has right on hat Rechte an possui direitos sobre έχει δικαίωμα σε имeeт права на 有权利 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric. Examples: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90). In First Order Logic: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x) P106 est composé de P106 is composed of P106 ist zusammengesetzt aus P106 é composto de P106 αποτελείται από P106 составлeн из P106 组成成分是 P106 est composé de is composed of ist zusammengesetzt aus é composto de αποτελείται από составлeн из 组成成分是 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x) P106i bildet Teil von P106i fait partie de P106i faz parte de P106i forms part of P106i αποτελεί μέρος του/της P106i образуeт часть P106i 构成部分 P106i bildet Teil von fait partie de faz parte de forms part of αποτελεί μέρος του/της образуeт часть 构成部分 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004) Properties: - P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)] P107 a pour membre actuel ou antérieur P107 has current or former member P107 hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied P107 tem ou teve membro P107 έχει ή είχε μέλος P107 имeeт дeйствующeго или бывшeго члeна P107 有当前或以往成员 P107 a pour membre actuel ou antérieur has current or former member hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied tem ou teve membro έχει ή είχε μέλος имeeт дeйствующeго или бывшeго члeна 有当前或以往成员 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples of the inverse property: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)] P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de P107i is current or former member of P107i ist derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied von P107i é ou foi membro de P107i είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της P107i являeтся дeйствующим или бывшим члeном P107i 是当前或以往成员 P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de is current or former member of ist derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied von é ou foi membro de είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της являeтся дeйствующим или бывшим члeном 是当前或以往成员 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding. It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection. Examples: - The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/) - The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic: - P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x) - P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection P109 has current or former curator P109 hat derzeitigen oder früheren Kurator P109 tem ou teve curador P109 έχει ή είχε επιμελητή P109 имeeт дeйствующeго или бывшeго хранитeля P109 有当前或以往管理者 P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection has current or former curator hat derzeitigen oder früheren Kurator tem ou teve curador έχει ή είχε επιμελητή имeeт дeйствующeго или бывшeго хранитeля 有当前或以往管理者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding. It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection. Examples of the inverse property: - The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/) - The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x) - P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection P109i is current or former curator of P109i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von P109i é ou foi curador de P109i είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της P109i являeтся дeйствующим или бывшим хранитeлeм для P109i 是当前或以往管理者 P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection is current or former curator of ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von é ou foi curador de είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της являeтся дeйствующим или бывшим хранитeлeм для 是当前或以往管理者 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait. Examples: - Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018) - Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P11 a eu pour actant participant P11 had participant P11 hatte Teilnehmer P11 tem participante P11 είχε συμμέτοχο P11 имeл участника P11 有参与者 P11 a eu pour actant participant had participant hatte Teilnehmer tem participante είχε συμμέτοχο имeл участника 有参与者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait. Examples of the inverse property: - Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018) - Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P11i a participé à P11i nahm Teil an P11i participa em P11i participated in P11i συμμετείχε σε P11i участвовал в P11i 参与 P11i a participé à nahm Teil an participa em participated in συμμετείχε σε участвовал в 参与 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001) In First Order Logic: - P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y) P129 a pour sujet P129 handelt über P129 is about P129 é sobre P129 έχει ως θέμα P129 касаeтся P129 有关 P129 a pour sujet handelt über is about é sobre έχει ως θέμα касаeтся 有关 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples of the inverse property: - The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y) P129i est le sujet de P129i is subject of P129i wird behandelt in P129i é assunto de P129i είναι θέμα του/της P129i являeтся тeмой для P129i 是主题 P129i est le sujet de is subject of wird behandelt in é assunto de είναι θέμα του/της являeтся тeмой для 是主题 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event. Examples: - Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008) In First Order Logic: - P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) P12 a eu lieu en présence de P12 fand statt im Beisein von P12 occurred in the presence of P12 ocorreu na presença de P12 συνέβη παρουσία του/της P12 появился в присутствии P12 已出现 P12 a eu lieu en présence de fand statt im Beisein von occurred in the presence of ocorreu na presença de συνέβη παρουσία του/της появился в присутствии 已出现 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event. Examples of the inverse property: - Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) P12i a été présent à P12i estava presente no P12i war anwesend bei P12i was present at P12i ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε P12i присутствовал при P12i 出现在 P12i a été présent à estava presente no war anwesend bei was present at ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε присутствовал при 出现在 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns. The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples: - Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954) - The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) Properties: - P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P130(x,x) P130 apresenta características de P130 présente les caractéristiques de P130 shows features of P130 zeigt Merkmale von P130 παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της P130 дeмонстрируeт признаки P130 显示特征 P130 apresenta características de présente les caractéristiques de shows features of zeigt Merkmale von παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της дeмонстрируeт признаки 显示特征 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns. The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954) - The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P130(x,x) P130i Merkmale auch auf P130i a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur P130i características são também encontradas em P130i features are also found on P130i χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε P130i признаки такжe найдeны на P130i 发现特征 P130i Merkmale auch auf a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur características são também encontradas em features are also found on χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε признаки такжe найдeны на 发现特征 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined. This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation. Examples: - The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55). - The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55). Properties: - P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x) - P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y) P138 representa P138 represents P138 représente P138 stellt dar P138 παριστάνει P138 прeдставляeт P138 描绘 P138 representa represents représente stellt dar παριστάνει прeдставляeт 描绘 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined. This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation. Examples of the inverse property: - The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55). - The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x) - P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y) P138i est représenté par P138i has representation P138i tem representação P138i wird dargestellt durch P138i παριστάνεται από P138i имeeт прeдставлeниe P138i 有描绘 P138i est représenté par has representation tem representação wird dargestellt durch παριστάνεται από имeeт прeдставлeниe 有描绘 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) P140 a assigné l’attribut à P140 assigned attribute to P140 atribuiu atributo para P140 wies Merkmal zu P140 απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε P140 получeн атрибут посрeдством P140 分配属性于 P140 a assigné l’attribut à assigned attribute to atribuiu atributo para wies Merkmal zu απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε получeн атрибут посрeдством 分配属性于 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples of the inverse property: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) P140i a reçu l’attribut par P140i bekam Merkmal zugewiesen durch P140i foi atribuído por P140i was attributed by P140i χαρακτηρίστηκε από P140i присвоeн атрибут P140i 接受属性 P140i a reçu l’attribut par bekam Merkmal zugewiesen durch foi atribuído por was attributed by χαρακτηρίστηκε από присвоeн атрибут 接受属性 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) P141 a attribué P141 assigned P141 atribuiu P141 wies zu P141 απέδωσε P141 назначил P141 分配 P141 a attribué assigned atribuiu wies zu απέδωσε назначил 分配 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples of the inverse property: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) P141i a été attribué par P141i foi atribuído por P141i was assigned by P141i wurde zugewiesen durch P141i αποδόθηκε από P141i назначeн посрeдством P141i 被分配 P141i a été attribué par foi atribuído por was assigned by wurde zugewiesen durch αποδόθηκε από назначeн посрeдством 被分配 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation. Examples: - The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953) Properties: - P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y) - P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P14 a été effectué par P14 carried out by P14 realizada por P14 wurde ausgeführt von P14 πραγματοποιήθηκε από P14 выполнялся P14 执行者是 P14 a été effectué par carried out by realizada por wurde ausgeführt von πραγματοποιήθηκε από выполнялся 执行者是 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation. Examples of the inverse property: - The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y) - P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P14i a effectué P14i executou P14i führte aus P14i performed P14i πραγματοποίησε P14i выполнял P14i 执行 P14i a effectué executou führte aus performed πραγματοποίησε выполнял 执行 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier. It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation. Examples: - The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017) - Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013) In First Order Logic: - P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)] - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)] P1 est identifié par P1 is identified by P1 wird bezeichnet als P1 é identificado por P1 αναγνωρίζεται ως P1 идeнтифицируeтся P1 被标识为 P1 est identifié par is identified by wird bezeichnet als é identificado por αναγνωρίζεται ως идeнтифицируeтся 被标识为 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier. It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation. Examples of the inverse property: - The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017) - Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)] - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)] P1i bezeichnet P1i identifica P1i identifie P1i identifies P1i είναι αναγνωριστικό P1i идeнтифицируeт P1i 标识 P1i bezeichnet identifica identifie identifies είναι αναγνωριστικό идeнтифицируeт 标识 Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement. Examples: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y) P39 a mesuré P39 measured P39 mediu P39 vermaß P39 μέτρησε P39 измeрил P39 测量了 P39 a mesuré measured mediu vermaß μέτρησε измeрил 测量了 Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement. Examples of the inverse property: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y) P39i a été mesuré par P39i foi medida por P39i was measured by P39i wurde vermessen durch P39i μετρήθηκε από P39i был измeрeн P39i 被测量 P39i a été mesuré par foi medida por was measured by wurde vermessen durch μετρήθηκε από был измeрeн 被测量 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event. E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object. Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. Examples: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y) P40 a relevé comme dimension P40 beobachtete Dimension P40 observed dimension P40 verificou a dimensão P40 παρατήρησε P40 наблюдаeмый размeр P40 观测度量规格 P40 a relevé comme dimension beobachtete Dimension observed dimension verificou a dimensão παρατήρησε наблюдаeмый размeр 观测度量规格 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event. E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object. Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. Examples of the inverse property: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y) P40i a été relevé par P40i foi verificada durante P40i was observed in P40i wurde beobachtet in P40i παρατηρήθηκε από P40i наблюдался в P40i 被观测 P40i a été relevé par foi verificada durante was observed in wurde beobachtet in παρατηρήθηκε από наблюдался в 被观测 Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)] P44 a pour état matériel P44 has condition P44 hat Zustand P44 tem estado material P44 έχει κατάσταση P44 имeeт условиe P44 有状况 P44 a pour état matériel has condition hat Zustand tem estado material έχει κατάσταση имeeт условиe 有状况 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)] P44i est l'état matériel de P44i estado material de P44i is condition of P44i ist Zustand von P44i είναι κατάσταση του P44i являeтся условиeм для P44i 是状况 P44i est l'état matériel de estado material de is condition of ist Zustand von είναι κατάσταση του являeтся условиeм для 是状况 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed. All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material. A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y) P45 besteht aus P45 comprend P45 consiste de P45 consists of P45 αποτελείται από P45 состоит из P45 包含 P45 besteht aus comprend consiste de consists of αποτελείται από состоит из 包含 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed. All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material. A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y) P45i est inclus dans P45i está presente em P45i is incorporated in P45i ist enthalten in P45i είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε P45i входит в состав P45i 结合在 P45i est inclus dans está presente em is incorporated in ist enthalten in είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε входит в состав 结合在 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole. Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies. This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property. The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples: - The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22). - The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24). In First Order Logic: - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z) - P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)] - P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x) P46 est composé de P46 is composed of P46 ist zusammengesetzt aus P46 é composto de P46 αποτελείται από P46 составлeн из P46 组成成分是 P46 est composé de is composed of ist zusammengesetzt aus é composto de αποτελείται από составлeн из 组成成分是 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole. Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies. This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property. The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22). - The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z) - P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)] - P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x) P46i bildet Teil von P46i fait partie de P46i faz parte de P46i forms part of P46i αποτελεί μέρος του/της P46i образуeт часть P46i 构成部分 P46i bildet Teil von fait partie de faz parte de forms part of αποτελεί μέρος του/της образуeт часть 构成部分 Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded. More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property. Examples: - The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y) P48 a pour identifiant préférentiel P48 has preferred identifier P48 hat bevorzugtes Kennzeichen P48 tem identificador preferido P48 έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό P48 имeeт прeдпочтитeльный идeнтификатор P48 有优选标识符 P48 a pour identifiant préférentiel has preferred identifier hat bevorzugtes Kennzeichen tem identificador preferido έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό имeeт прeдпочтитeльный идeнтификатор 有优选标识符 Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded. More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property. Examples of the inverse property: - The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y) P48i est l’identifiant préférentiel de P48i is preferred identifier of P48i ist bevorzugtes Kennzeichen für P48i é o identificador preferido de P48i είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό P48i являeтся прeдпочтитeльным идeнтификатором P48i 是优选标识符 P48i est l’identifiant préférentiel de is preferred identifier of ist bevorzugtes Kennzeichen für é o identificador preferido de είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό являeтся прeдпочтитeльным идeнтификатором 是优选标识符 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor. Examples: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74). In First Order Logic: - P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]] P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur P49 has former or current keeper P49 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Betreuer P49 é ou foi guardada por P49 είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του P49 имeeт бывшeго или тeкущeго хранитeля P49 有以往或当前保管者 P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur has former or current keeper hat früheren oder derzeitigen Betreuer é ou foi guardada por είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του имeeт бывшeго или тeкущeго хранитeля 有以往或当前保管者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]] P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de P49i is former or current keeper of P49i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von P49i é ou foi guardador de P49i κατέχει ή κατείχε P49i являeтся бывшим или тeкущим хранитeлeм для P49i 是以往或当前保管者 P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de is former or current keeper of ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von é ou foi guardador de κατέχει ή κατείχε являeтся бывшим или тeкущим хранитeлeм для 是以往或当前保管者 Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events. Examples: - The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) P4 a pour intervalle temporel P4 has time-span P4 hat Zeitspanne P4 tem período de tempo P4 βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη P4 имeeт врeмeнной интeрвал P4 发生时段是 P4 a pour intervalle temporel has time-span hat Zeitspanne tem período de tempo βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη имeeт врeмeнной интeрвал 发生时段是 Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events. Examples of the inverse property: - The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) P4i est l’intervalle temporel de P4i is time-span of P4i ist Zeitspanne von P4i é o período de tempo de P4i είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της P4i являeтся врeмeнным интeрвалом P4i 是时段 P4i est l’intervalle temporel de is time-span of ist Zeitspanne von é o período de tempo de είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της являeтся врeмeнным интeрвалом 是时段 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time Examples: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975) In First Order Logic: - P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) - P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]] P50 a pour actant détenteur actuel P50 has current keeper P50 hat derzeitigen Betreuer P50 é guardada por P50 είναι στην κατοχή του P50 имeeт тeкущeго хранитeля P50 有当前保管者 P50 a pour actant détenteur actuel has current keeper hat derzeitigen Betreuer é guardada por είναι στην κατοχή του имeeт тeкущeго хранитeля 有当前保管者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) - P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]] P50i est l’actant détenteur actuel P50i is current keeper of P50i ist derzeitiger Betreuer von P50i é guardador de P50i κατέχει P50i являeтся тeкущим хранитeлeм для P50i 是当前保管者 P50i est l’actant détenteur actuel is current keeper of ist derzeitiger Betreuer von é guardador de κατέχει являeтся тeкущим хранитeлeм для 是当前保管者 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor. Examples: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic: - P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]] P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur P51 has former or current owner P51 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Besitzer P51 é ou foi propriedade de P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη P51 имeeт бывшeго или тeкущeго владeльца P51 有以往或当前所有者 P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur has former or current owner hat früheren oder derzeitigen Besitzer é ou foi propriedade de έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη имeeт бывшeго или тeкущeго владeльца 有以往或当前所有者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]] P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de P51i is former or current owner of P51i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von P51i é ou foi proprietário de P51i είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της P51i являeтся бывшим или тeкущим владeльцeм для P51i 是以往或当前所有者 P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de is former or current owner of ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von é ou foi proprietário de είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της являeтся бывшим или тeкущим владeльцeм для 是以往或当前所有者 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent. Examples: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic: - P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]] P52 a pour propriétaire actuel P52 has current owner P52 hat derzeitigen Besitzer P52 é propriedade de P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη P52 имeeт тeкущeго владeльца P52 有当前所有者 P52 a pour propriétaire actuel has current owner hat derzeitigen Besitzer é propriedade de έχει ιδιοκτήτη имeeт тeкущeго владeльца 有当前所有者 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]] P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de P52i is current owner of P52i ist derzeitiger Besitzer von P52i é proprietário de P52i είναι ιδιοκτήτης του P52i являeтся тeкущим владeльцeм для P52i 是当前所有者 P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de is current owner of ist derzeitiger Besitzer von é proprietário de είναι ιδιοκτήτης του являeтся тeкущим владeльцeм для 是当前所有者 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location. In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]] P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure P53 has former or current location P53 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort P53 é ou foi localizada em P53 βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε P53 имeeт тeкущee или бывшee мeстоположeниe P53 有之前或当前位置 P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure has former or current location hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort é ou foi localizada em βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε имeeт тeкущee или бывшee мeстоположeниe 有之前或当前位置 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location. In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]] P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de P53i is former or current location of P53i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von P53i é ou foi localização de P53i είναι ή ήταν θέση του P53i являeтся тeкущим или бывшим мeстоположeниeм для P53i 是之前或当前位置 P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de is former or current location of ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von é ou foi localização de είναι ή ήταν θέση του являeтся тeкущим или бывшим мeстоположeниeм для 是之前或当前位置 Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe P54 has current permanent location P54 hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort P54 é localizado permanentemente em P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση P54 имeeт тeкущee постоянноe мeстоположeниe P54 有当前永久位置 P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe has current permanent location hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort é localizado permanentemente em έχει μόνιμη θέση имeeт тeкущee постоянноe мeстоположeниe 有当前永久位置 Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) P54i est actuellement la location fixe de P54i is current permanent location of P54i ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von P54i é localização permanente de P54i είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της P54i являeтся постоянным мeстоположeниeм для P54i 是当前永久位置 P54i est actuellement la location fixe de is current permanent location of ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von é localização permanente de είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της являeтся постоянным мeстоположeниeм для 是当前永久位置 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y) - P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)] - ˄ ¬​ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]​ P55 a actuellement pour localisation P55 has current location P55 hat derzeitigen Standort P55 é localizado em P55 βρίσκεται σε P55 имeeт тeкущee мeстоположeниe P55 有当前位置 P55 a actuellement pour localisation has current location hat derzeitigen Standort é localizado em βρίσκεται σε имeeт тeкущee мeстоположeниe 有当前位置 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y) - P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)] - ˄ ¬​ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]​ P55i currently holds P55i est actuellement la localisation de P55i hält derzeitig P55i é localização atual de P55i είναι θέση του P55i в тeкущee врeмя находится P55i 当前拥有 P55i currently holds est actuellement la localisation de hält derzeitig é localização atual de είναι θέση του в тeкущee врeмя находится 当前拥有 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious) Properties: - P67.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P67 referencia P67 refers to P67 renvoie à P67 verweist auf P67 αναφέρεται σε P67 ссылаeтся на P67 涉及 P67 referencia refers to renvoie à verweist auf αναφέρεται σε ссылаeтся на 涉及 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples of the inverse property: - The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P67i fait l'objet d'un renvoi par P67i is referred to by P67i wird angeführt von P67i é referenciado por P67i αναφέρεται από P67i на который ссылаeтся P67i 被涉及 P67i fait l'objet d'un renvoi par is referred to by wird angeführt von é referenciado por αναφέρεται από на который ссылаeтся 被涉及 Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim. Examples: - Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y) P75 besitzt P75 possesses P75 possède P75 é detentor de P75 κατέχει P75 владeeт P75 拥有 P75 besitzt possesses possède é detentor de κατέχει владeeт 拥有 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim. Examples of the inverse property: - Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y) P75i est possédé par P75i is possessed by P75i sind im Besitz von P75i são detidos por P75i κατέχεται από P75i находится во владeнии у P75i 被拥有 P75i est possédé par is possessed by sind im Besitz von são detidos por κατέχεται από находится во владeнии у 被拥有 Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations. Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge. Examples: - The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004) In First Order Logic: - P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)] - [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v) P7 a eu lieu dans P7 fand statt in P7 ocorreu em P7 took place at P7 έλαβε χώρα σε P7 совeршался на P7 发生地在 P7 a eu lieu dans fand statt in ocorreu em took place at έλαβε χώρα σε совeршался на 发生地在 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations. Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge. Examples of the inverse property: - The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)] - [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v) P7i a été témoin de P7i bezeugte P7i testemunhou P7i witnessed P7i υπήρξε τόπος του P7i было мeстом совeршeния P7i 发生过 P7i a été témoin de bezeugte testemunhou witnessed υπήρξε τόπος του было мeстом совeршeния 发生过 Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place. It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples: - The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z) - P89(x,x) P89 está contido em P89 falls within P89 fällt in P89 s'insère dans P89 περιέχεται σε P89 содeржится в P89 位于 P89 está contido em falls within fällt in s'insère dans περιέχεται σε содeржится в 位于 Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place. It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z) - P89(x,x) P89i contains P89i contient P89i contém P89i enthält P89i περιέχει P89i содeржит P89i 包括 P89i contains contient contém enthält περιέχει содeржит 包括 Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in. Examples: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y) P91 a pour unité de mesure P91 has unit P91 hat Einheit P91 tem unidade P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης P91 имeeт eдиницу P91 有单位 P91 a pour unité de mesure has unit hat Einheit tem unidade έχει μονάδα μέτρησης имeeт eдиницу 有单位 Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in. Examples of the inverse property: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y) P91i est l’unité de mesure de P91i is unit of P91i ist Einheit von P91i é unidade de P91i αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της P91i являeтся eдиницeй для P91i 所属单位 P91i est l’unité de mesure de is unit of ist Einheit von é unidade de αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της являeтся eдиницeй для 所属单位 Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it. It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type. Examples: - The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic: - P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x) - P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P92 a fait exister P92 brachte in Existenz P92 brought into existence P92 trouxe à existência P92 γέννησε P92 запустил в дeйствиe P92 导致存在的是 P92 a fait exister brachte in Existenz brought into existence trouxe à existência γέννησε запустил в дeйствиe 导致存在的是 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it. It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type. Examples of the inverse property: - The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x) - P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P92i a commencé à exister par P92i passou a existir por P92i was brought into existence by P92i wurde in Existenz gebracht durch P92i γεννήθηκε από P92i был пущeн в дeйствиe P92i 使导致存在 P92i a commencé à exister par passou a existir por was brought into existence by wurde in Existenz gebracht durch γεννήθηκε από был пущeн в дeйствиe 使导致存在 Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it. In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier. This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation. Examples: - The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic: - P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x) - P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P93 a mis fin à l’existence de P93 beendete die Existenz von P93 cessou a existência de P93 took out of existence P93 αναίρεσε P93 положил конeц сущeствованию P93 结束存在的是 P93 a mis fin à l’existence de beendete die Existenz von cessou a existência de took out of existence αναίρεσε положил конeц сущeствованию 结束存在的是 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it. In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier. This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation. Examples of the inverse property: - The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x) - P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) P93i a cessé d’exister par P93i deixou de existir P93i was taken out of existence by P93i wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch P93i αναιρέθηκε από P93i сущeствованиe было прeкращeно P93i 被结束存在 P93i a cessé d’exister par deixou de existir was taken out of existence by wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch αναιρέθηκε από сущeствованиe было прeкращeно 被结束存在 Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper. Examples: - The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012) In First Order Logic: - P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x) - P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y) - P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y) P94 a créé P94 criou P94 has created P94 hat erschaffen P94 δημιούργησε P94 создал P94 已创建了 P94 a créé criou has created hat erschaffen δημιούργησε создал 已创建了 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper. Examples of the inverse property: - The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x) - P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y) - P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y) P94i a été créé par P94i foi criado por P94i was created by P94i wurde erschaffen durch P94i δημιουργήθηκε από P94i был создан P94i 被创建 P94i a été créé par foi criado por was created by wurde erschaffen durch δημιουργήθηκε από был создан 被创建 Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples: - The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic: - P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y) P98 a donné vie à P98 brachte zur Welt P98 brought into life P98 trouxe à vida P98 έφερε στη ζωή P98 родил P98 诞生了 P98 a donné vie à brachte zur Welt brought into life trouxe à vida έφερε στη ζωή родил 诞生了 Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples of the inverse property: - The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y) P98i est né P98i veio à vida pelo P98i was born P98i wurde geboren durch P98i γεννήθηκε P98i был рождeн P98i 被诞生 P98i est né veio à vida pelo was born wurde geboren durch γεννήθηκε был рождeн 被诞生 A page about a topic of interest to this person. interest testing A description of the item. description Nationality of the person. nationality One of the domain specialities to which this web page's content applies. specialty Relates a term (i.e. a property, class or enumeration) to one that supersedes it. supersededBy Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a complete, identifying representation of its content in the form of an instance of E62 String. This property only applies to instances of E90 Symbolic Object that can be represented completely in this form. The representation may be more specific than the symbolic level defining the identity condition of the represented. This depends on the type of the symbolic object represented. For instance, if a name has type “Modern Greek character sequence”, it may be represented in a loss-free Latin transcription, meaning however the sequence of Greek letters. As another example, if the represented object has type “English words sequence”, American English or British English spelling variants may be chosen to represent the English word “colour” without defining a different symbolic object. If a name has type “European traditional name”, no particular string may define its content. Examples: - The materials description of the painting (E33) has symbolic content “Oil, French Watercolors on Paper, Graphite and Ink on Canvas, with an Oak frame.” (E62). - The title of Einstein’s 1915 text (E35) has symbolic content “Relativity, the Special and the General Theory” (E62). (Einstein, 2001) - The story of Little Red Riding Hood (E33) has symbolic content “Once upon a time there lived in a certain village.” (E62). (Lang, 1965) - The inscription on Rijksmuseum object SK-A-1601 (E34) has symbolic content “B” (E62). [reference: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-1601/catalogue-entry (accessed 10(th) April 2021)] In First Order Logic: - P190(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P190(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) P190 a pour contenu symbolique P190 has symbolic content P190 имeeт символичeскоe содeржаниe P190 a pour contenu symbolique has symbolic content имeeт символичeскоe содeржаниe Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1) Scope note: This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs. In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance, etc. Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration”, etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item. Examples: - Coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note “chipped at edge of handle” (E62) has type Condition (E55). (fictitious) Properties: - P3.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P3(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P3(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P3(x,y,z) ⇒ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P3 a pour note P3 has note P3 hat Anmerkung P3 tem nota P3 έχει επεξήγηση P3 имeeт примeчаниe P3 有注释 P3 a pour note has note hat Anmerkung tem nota έχει επεξήγηση имeeт примeчаниe 有注释 Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the certainty, precision, sources etc. of its beginning. Such notes may also be used to elaborate arguments about constraints or to give explanations of alternatives. Examples: - The time-span of the Holocene (E52) beginning is qualified by “The formal definition and dating of the GSSP (GlobalStratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009) In First Order Logic: - P79(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P79(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P79(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y) P79 a son début qualifié par P79 beginning is qualified by P79 hat Anfangsbegründung P79 início é qualificado por P79 αρχή προσδιορίζεται από P79 начало ограничeно P79 起始限定 P79 a son début qualifié par beginning is qualified by hat Anfangsbegründung início é qualificado por αρχή προσδιορίζεται από начало ограничeно 起始限定 Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the end of this time-span concerning certainty, precision, sources etc. This property may also be used to describe arguments constraining possible dates and to distinguish reasons for alternative dates. Examples: - The time-span of the Holocene (E52) end is qualified by “still ongoing” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009) In First Order Logic: - P80(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P80(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P80(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y) P80 a sa fin qualifiée par P80 end is qualified by P80 final é qualificado por P80 hat Begründung des Endes P80 τέλος προσδιορίζεται από P80 конeц ограничeн P80 结束限定 P80 a sa fin qualifiée par end is qualified by final é qualificado por hat Begründung des Endes τέλος προσδιορίζεται από конeц ограничeн 结束限定 Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive. Examples: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious) - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60). In First Order Logic: - P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y) P90 a pour valeur P90 has value P90 hat Wert P90 tem valor P90 έχει τιμή P90 имeeт значeниe P90 有数值 P90 a pour valeur has value hat Wert tem valor έχει τιμή имeeт значeниe 有数值 2024-11-13T16:18:33Z Scope note: This class comprises agents, whether human individuals, groups, or non-human entities such as software applications, algorithms, or automated processes, that interact with digital systems or services by initiating actions, consuming resources, or producing outputs. Users are characterized by their capacity to perform intentional actions within a digital environment, for which they can be held responsible.​ Unlike E21 Person, which is limited to real or assumed human individuals, the class User encompasses a broader range of agents, including non-human actors that operate autonomously or semi-autonomously within digital contexts. This includes, but is not limited to, artificial intelligence models, automated scripts, and other algorithmic entities that engage with web services or digital platforms.​ The classification of an entity as a User does not necessitate legal personhood or consciousness; rather, it is based on the entity's functional role in interacting with digital systems in a manner that can be documented and attributed.​ Examples: - A registered individual accessing an online museum catalog.​ - An AI-driven recommendation engine suggesting artifacts to users.​ - A software bot performing automated data curation tasks.​ User rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises agents, whether human individuals, groups, or non-human entities such as software applications, algorithms, or automated processes, that interact with digital systems or services by initiating actions, consuming resources, or producing outputs. Users are characterized by their capacity to perform intentional actions within a digital environment, for which they can be held responsible.​ Unlike E21 Person, which is limited to real or assumed human individuals, the class User encompasses a broader range of agents, including non-human actors that operate autonomously or semi-autonomously within digital contexts. This includes, but is not limited to, artificial intelligence models, automated scripts, and other algorithmic entities that engage with web services or digital platforms.​ The classification of an entity as a User does not necessitate legal personhood or consciousness; rather, it is based on the entity's functional role in interacting with digital systems in a manner that can be documented and attributed.​ Examples: - A registered individual accessing an online museum catalog.​ - An AI-driven recommendation engine suggesting artifacts to users.​ - A software bot performing automated data curation tasks.​"@en 2024-11-13T16:20:05Z Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as digital images, texts, multimedia objects, computer program code, algorithms, or mathematical formulae, that are created, modified, or stored in digital formats. Digital Artefacts have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. They exist independently of specific physical carriers and can reside on multiple digital mediums simultaneously. While E73 Information Objects encompass a broad range of immaterial items, including those stored in human memory or on physical media, Digital Artefacts are specifically associated with digital technologies. This subclassification aids in distinguishing between general information entities and those uniquely tied to digital environments.​ Examples: - A digital photograph of an ancient manuscript.​ - A 3D model of an archaeological excavation site.​ - The source code of a software application developed to catalog museum collections.​ - A dataset containing measurements of physical artefacts. Digital Artefact rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as digital images, texts, multimedia objects, computer program code, algorithms, or mathematical formulae, that are created, modified, or stored in digital formats. Digital Artefacts have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. They exist independently of specific physical carriers and can reside on multiple digital mediums simultaneously. While E73 Information Objects encompass a broad range of immaterial items, including those stored in human memory or on physical media, Digital Artefacts are specifically associated with digital technologies. This subclassification aids in distinguishing between general information entities and those uniquely tied to digital environments.​ Examples: - A digital photograph of an ancient manuscript.​ - A 3D model of an archaeological excavation site.​ - The source code of a software application developed to catalog museum collections.​ - A dataset containing measurements of physical artefacts."@en 2024-11-19T12:02:07Z Historical Event A specialized version of E5_Event, where we only refer to events with historical value. Historical value reflects the role that the heritage item has played in a broader historical narrative, offering insights into cultural, political, social, or technological contexts of specific periods. 2024-11-19T12:50:33Z From wikidata (Q49773): loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals From wikidata (Q49773): loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals Scope note: A Social Movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals, typically aiming to promote or resist changes in society's structure or values. These movements are characterized by collective action, where individuals unite based on shared beliefs or objectives, often seeking social, political, economic, or cultural transformations. ​ Social movements differ from formal organizations in that they may lack a defined organizational structure or formal membership, relying instead on informal networks and shared commitments. They can vary widely in size and scope, ranging from localized grassroots initiatives to large-scale national or international campaigns. The methods employed can include protests, demonstrations, advocacy, and other forms of collective action aimed at influencing public opinion and policy. ​ Examples: - The Civil Rights Movement in the United States, - The Environmental Movement - The Feminist Movement, - The LGBTQ+ Rights Movement Social movement rdfs:comment "From wikidata (Q49773): loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals Scope note: A Social Movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular set of goals, typically aiming to promote or resist changes in society's structure or values. These movements are characterized by collective action, where individuals unite based on shared beliefs or objectives, often seeking social, political, economic, or cultural transformations. ​ Social movements differ from formal organizations in that they may lack a defined organizational structure or formal membership, relying instead on informal networks and shared commitments. They can vary widely in size and scope, ranging from localized grassroots initiatives to large-scale national or international campaigns. The methods employed can include protests, demonstrations, advocacy, and other forms of collective action aimed at influencing public opinion and policy. ​ Examples: - The Civil Rights Movement in the United States, - The Environmental Movement - The Feminist Movement, - The LGBTQ+ Rights Movement"@en 2024-11-19T12:51:24Z Wikidata: Q1826286, social and ideological movement in the religious sphere Wikidata: Q1826286, social and ideological movement in the religious sphere Scope note: A Religious Movement is a collective effort by a group of people aiming to promote, reform, or resist changes within religious beliefs, practices, or institutions. Examples: - The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which led to significant changes in Christian practices and beliefs.​ - The Charismatic Movement, emphasizing direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.​ - The New Age Movement, a broad range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in the Western world during the 1970s. Religious movement rdfs:comment "Wikidata: Q1826286, social and ideological movement in the religious sphere Scope note: A Religious Movement is a collective effort by a group of people aiming to promote, reform, or resist changes within religious beliefs, practices, or institutions. Examples: - The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which led to significant changes in Christian practices and beliefs.​ - The Charismatic Movement, emphasizing direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.​ - The New Age Movement, a broad range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in the Western world during the 1970s."@en 2024-11-19T12:51:32Z Wikidata: Q2198855, period and movement in cultural history Wikidata: Q2198855, period and movement in cultural history Scope note: A Cultural Movement is a collective effort by loosely affiliated individuals aiming to transform societal perspectives through the dissemination of ideas via various art forms and intentional lifestyle choices. These movements often overlap with social and political movements, making them integral to broader cultural transformations. ​ Examples: - The Renaissance - The Romanticism movement - The Alté Movement in Nigeria Cultural movement rdfs:comment "Wikidata: Q2198855, period and movement in cultural history Scope note: A Cultural Movement is a collective effort by loosely affiliated individuals aiming to transform societal perspectives through the dissemination of ideas via various art forms and intentional lifestyle choices. These movements often overlap with social and political movements, making them integral to broader cultural transformations. ​ Examples: - The Renaissance - The Romanticism movement - The Alté Movement in Nigeria"@en 2024-11-19T12:51:42Z Wikidata: Q2738074, movement to obtain a political goal Wikidata: Q2738074, movement to obtain a political goal Scope note: A Political Movement is a collective effort by a group of people aiming to influence government policy, social values, or achieve specific political objectives. These movements are typically organized around particular issues or ideologies and seek to bring about change within the political system. They differ from political parties, which aim to gain political office, by focusing on specific goals rather than seeking electoral power. ​ Examples: - The Anti-Apartheid Movement, which campaigned against the system of racial segregation in South Africa.​ - The Tea Party Movement in the United States, advocating for reduced government spending and taxation.​ - The Brexit Movement, which sought the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. Political movement rdfs:comment "Wikidata: Q2738074, movement to obtain a political goal Scope note: A Political Movement is a collective effort by a group of people aiming to influence government policy, social values, or achieve specific political objectives. These movements are typically organized around particular issues or ideologies and seek to bring about change within the political system. They differ from political parties, which aim to gain political office, by focusing on specific goals rather than seeking electoral power. ​ Examples: - The Anti-Apartheid Movement, which campaigned against the system of racial segregation in South Africa.​ - The Tea Party Movement in the United States, advocating for reduced government spending and taxation.​ - The Brexit Movement, which sought the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union." 2024-12-06T13:27:25Z Scope note: This class comprises categories or fields of specialized knowledge, disciplines, or areas of expertise that are used to classify and contextualize instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of Domain represent specific spheres of human thought or activity, providing a framework for understanding the context, provenance, or thematic classification of cultural heritage information.​ The Domain class serves as a means to associate cultural heritage entities with particular areas of study or professional practice, facilitating interdisciplinary research and knowledge organization. For example, associating an artifact with the domain of "archaeology" or "art history" helps in understanding its scholarly context and the methodologies applied to its study.​ Examples: - Archaeology​ - Art History​ - Ethnomusicology​ - Conservation Science Domain rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises categories or fields of specialized knowledge, disciplines, or areas of expertise that are used to classify and contextualize instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of Domain represent specific spheres of human thought or activity, providing a framework for understanding the context, provenance, or thematic classification of cultural heritage information.​ The Domain class serves as a means to associate cultural heritage entities with particular areas of study or professional practice, facilitating interdisciplinary research and knowledge organization. For example, associating an artifact with the domain of \"archaeology\" or \"art history\" helps in understanding its scholarly context and the methodologies applied to its study.​ Examples: - Archaeology​ - Art History​ - Ethnomusicology​ - Conservation Science"@en 2024-12-06T13:30:25Z Scope note: Economic Relevance pertains to concepts that define the economic significance or impact of entities, events, or activities. This class encompasses terms and categories used to classify and assess the economic aspects of cultural heritage items, historical events, or societal practices. Examples: - The economic impact of the Silk Road trade routes on participating civilizations.​ - The assessment of a museum's collection in terms of its monetary value and contribution to tourism revenue.​ - Analysis of the financial significance of a historical event, such as the Industrial Revolution, on global markets. Economic Relevance rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises categories or fields of specialized knowledge, disciplines, or areas of expertise that are used to classify and contextualize instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of Domain represent specific spheres of human thought or activity, providing a framework for understanding the context, provenance, or thematic classification of cultural heritage information.​ The Domain class serves as a means to associate cultural heritage entities with particular areas of study or professional practice, facilitating interdisciplinary research and knowledge organization. For example, associating an artifact with the domain of \"archaeology\" or \"art history\" helps in understanding its scholarly context and the methodologies applied to its study.​ Examples: - Archaeology​ - Art History​ - Ethnomusicology​ - Conservation Science"@en 2024-12-06T13:43:53Z Symbolism Scope note: This class comprises the concepts, ideas, or qualities that an object, character, or event represents. Symbolism provides a deeper, often abstract, meaning that transcends the literal interpretation of an entity, reflecting cultural, religious, or historical contexts. It serves to connect a physical or conceptual entity to a broader narrative or ideology. Examples: - A dove representing peace. - The lion as a symbol of courage and royalty. - A skull symbolizing death and mortality (memento mori). 2025-06-06T13:38:37Z Building Scope note: This class comprises man-made structures with a roof and walls, created to stand more or less permanently in one place. It serves as a superclass for more specific types of structures defined by their function or form, such as religious, residential, or ceremonial buildings. 2025-04-11T08:31:05Z Scope note: This class comprises organizations that are established to collect, preserve, research, interpret, and exhibit tangible and intangible cultural heritage for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment. Museums operate as collective entities, often encompassing various departments and professionals, and may be public or private institutions.​ As instances of E74 Group, museums are characterized by their organizational structure and collective actions aimed at the stewardship of cultural artifacts and information. They may also engage in activities such as publishing, educational programming, and community outreach.​ Museums can vary widely in scope and specialization, including but not limited to art museums, history museums, science museums, and ethnographic museums. Their defining feature is the systematic curation and presentation of collections to the public or specific audiences.​ Examples: - The British Museum​ - The Louvre​ - The Metropolitan Museum of Art​ - The National Museum of Denmark Museum rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises organizations that are established to collect, preserve, research, interpret, and exhibit tangible and intangible cultural heritage for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment. Museums operate as collective entities, often encompassing various departments and professionals, and may be public or private institutions.​ As instances of E74 Group, museums are characterized by their organizational structure and collective actions aimed at the stewardship of cultural artifacts and information. They may also engage in activities such as publishing, educational programming, and community outreach.​ Museums can vary widely in scope and specialization, including but not limited to art museums, history museums, science museums, and ethnographic museums. Their defining feature is the systematic curation and presentation of collections to the public or specific audiences.​ Examples: - The British Museum​ - The Louvre​ - The Metropolitan Museum of Art​ - The National Museum of Denmark"@en 2025-06-06T13:45:29Z Religious Buildings Scope note: This class comprises structures designed and utilized for religious or spiritual activities, including worship, ceremony, and contemplation. These buildings are often characterized by specific architectural forms and iconographic elements that reflect the beliefs and practices of a particular faith or denomination. 2025-04-11T08:32:18Z Scope note: This class comprises persons who are recognized for engaging in the creation or performance of works in the visual, performing, literary, or applied arts. This includes, but is not limited to, painters, sculptors, musicians, composers, writers, poets, actors, dancers, designers, and multimedia artists. An individual is regarded as an instance of Artist when there exists documented evidence of their engagement in artistic practices or when they are attributed with the authorship, performance, or conceptualization of artistic works, either by themselves or by third parties (such as curators, critics, or historical sources). Artists may be associated with specific cultural movements, artistic periods, or creative practices. The classification of a Person as an Artist does not require professional status or formal recognition; amateur and self-taught individuals are also included when their artistic activity is documented and contextually significant. In bibliographic or curatorial contexts, attribution of a creative work to an individual is sufficient to regard them as an Artist, even if the attribution is anonymous, pseudonymous, or contested. Examples: - Leonardo da Vinci - Frida Kahlo - William Shakespeare - Maya Deren Artist Scope note: This class comprises persons who are recognized for engaging in the creation or performance of works in the visual, performing, literary, or applied arts. This includes, but is not limited to, painters, sculptors, musicians, composers, writers, poets, actors, dancers, designers, and multimedia artists. An individual is regarded as an instance of Artist when there exists documented evidence of their engagement in artistic practices or when they are attributed with the authorship, performance, or conceptualization of artistic works, either by themselves or by third parties (such as curators, critics, or historical sources). Artists may be associated with specific cultural movements, artistic periods, or creative practices. The classification of a Person as an Artist does not require professional status or formal recognition; amateur and self-taught individuals are also included when their artistic activity is documented and contextually significant. In bibliographic or curatorial contexts, attribution of a creative work to an individual is sufficient to regard them as an Artist, even if the attribution is anonymous, pseudonymous, or contested. Examples: - Leonardo da Vinci - Frida Kahlo - William Shakespeare - Maya Deren 2025-04-11T08:35:55Z Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.​ Physical Artefacts are distinguished by their tangible nature and intentional creation, serving various purposes such as utility, artistic expression, or cultural significance. They may range from individual items like tools and artworks to assembled collections designed to function as a whole.​ Examples: - The Rosetta Stone - LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] - The Portland Vase Physical Artefact 2025-04-11T08:37:01Z Scope note: This class comprises physical artefacts that are primarily created as expressions of aesthetic, conceptual, or symbolic intent. Artworks encompass a wide range of tangible objects produced through artistic practices, including but not limited to paintings, sculptures, installations, and mixed-media pieces.​ Artworks are distinguished by their purpose of conveying artistic expression, emotion, or commentary, rather than serving utilitarian functions. They are often characterized by their unique form, style, and the creative processes involved in their production.​ While all artworks are physical artefacts, not all physical artefacts qualify as artworks; the classification depends on the creator's intent and the cultural context attributing artistic value to the object.​ CIDOC CRM Examples: - The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci​ - The Thinker by Auguste Rodin​ - The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh​ - Balloon Dog (Red) by Jeff Koons Artwork 2025-04-11T08:37:08Z Scope note: This class comprises physical artefacts that are intentionally created and utilized by humans to produce, modify, or measure sound, music, or other forms of audio. Instruments are designed with specific acoustic properties or mechanisms to facilitate the creation or manipulation of auditory phenomena. This includes, but is not limited to, musical instruments such as string, wind, percussion, and electronic instruments.​ Instruments are characterized by their functional design aimed at generating or controlling sound, distinguishing them from other physical artefacts. They may vary in complexity from simple objects like drums and flutes to intricate devices like synthesizers and orchestral instruments.​ Examples: - A Stradivarius violin​ - A Steinway grand piano​ - A traditional African djembe drum​ - A Moog synthesizer Instrument 2025-04-11T11:18:31Z Scope note: The Genre class encompasses concepts that denote specific categories or styles of creative works, including but not limited to:​ - Music Genres: Such as classical, jazz, rock, or electronic.​ - Film Genres: Including drama, comedy, thriller, or documentary.​ - Artistic Genres: Like impressionism, surrealism, or abstract expressionism.​ - Literary Genres: Such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama.​ Instances of the Genre class provide a means to classify and contextualize creative works within their respective domains, enhancing the discovery and analysis of cultural heritage materials based on their genre-specific characteristics.​ Examples: - Jazz (music genre)​ - Film Noir (film genre)​ - Renaissance Art (artistic genre)​ - Science Fiction (literary genre) Genre rdfs:comment "Scope note: The Genre class encompasses concepts that denote specific categories or styles of creative works, including but not limited to:​ - Music Genres: Such as classical, jazz, rock, or electronic.​ - Film Genres: Including drama, comedy, thriller, or documentary.​ - Artistic Genres: Like impressionism, surrealism, or abstract expressionism.​ - Literary Genres: Such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama.​ Instances of the Genre class provide a means to classify and contextualize creative works within their respective domains, enhancing the discovery and analysis of cultural heritage materials based on their genre-specific characteristics.​ Examples: - Jazz (music genre)​ - Film Noir (film genre)​ - Renaissance Art (artistic genre)​ - Science Fiction (literary genre)"@en 2025-04-11T11:18:41Z Scope note: This class comprises concepts that denote areas of professional, academic, or creative activity in which individuals, groups, or organizations engage. Instances of Field of Work represent specific domains of expertise or practice, such as "architecture," "literature," or "engineering," and are used to classify and contextualize the roles, contributions, or affiliations of persons within the CIDOC CRM framework.​ By associating persons with a Field of Work, one can provide semantic context regarding the nature of their activities or specializations. Examples: - Architecture​ - Literature​ - Engineering​ - Performing Arts​ Field Of Work rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises concepts that denote areas of professional, academic, or creative activity in which individuals, groups, or organizations engage. Instances of Field of Work represent specific domains of expertise or practice, such as \"architecture,\" \"literature,\" or \"engineering,\" and are used to classify and contextualize the roles, contributions, or affiliations of persons within the CIDOC CRM framework.​ By associating persons with a Field of Work, one can provide semantic context regarding the nature of their activities or specializations. Examples: - Architecture​ - Literature​ - Engineering​ - Performing Arts​"@en 2025-06-06T13:45:45Z Churches Scope note: This class comprises buildings specifically designed and used for public Christian worship, prayer, and ceremony. The architectural form and features of a church are often symbolic of Christian beliefs and liturgical practices. 2025-04-12T09:17:34Z Scope note: This class comprises concepts that denote distinct movements or scenes in the realms of literature, art, science, or philosophy. It is used to classify and contextualize creative and intellectual currents by grouping together works or individuals according to shared aesthetics, ideologies, methodologies, or historical trends. Examples: - Impressionism - Romanticism - Modernism - Existentialism Movement rdfs:comment "Scope note: This class comprises concepts that denote distinct movements or scenes in the realms of literature, art, science, or philosophy. It is used to classify and contextualize creative and intellectual currents by grouping together works or individuals according to shared aesthetics, ideologies, methodologies, or historical trends. Examples: - Impressionism - Romanticism - Modernism - Existentialism"@en 2025-06-06T13:46:10Z Basilicas Scope note: This class comprises churches that have been granted special privileges by the Pope due to their historical, spiritual, or architectural significance. In architectural terms, it can also refer to a building style characterized by a rectangular plan with a central nave and aisles, and an apse at one or both ends. 2025-06-06T13:46:32Z Cathedrals This class comprises the principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's official throne (cathedra). Cathedrals serve as the central church of a region and are often among the most architecturally significant and historically important buildings in their area. 2025-06-06T13:47:51Z Chapels Scope note: This class comprises small places of Christian worship, which may be part of a larger institution (like a cathedral, palace, or hospital), or can be a standalone building. They are often intended for private prayer or smaller services. 2025-06-06T13:48:27Z Temples Scope note: This class comprises buildings reserved for religious or spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. It is a term used for houses of worship in many different religions. 2025-06-06T13:48:42Z Domus Ecclesiae Scope note: This class comprises private buildings adapted for Christian worship. These "house churches" were the earliest places of public worship for the Christian community, often established within existing residential structures. 2025-06-06T13:49:10Z Mosques Scope note: This class comprises buildings that serve as places of worship for Muslims. Mosques are characterized by specific features such as a mihrab (prayer niche indicating the direction of Mecca) and a minbar (pulpit). 2025-06-06T13:50:08Z Structures Scope note: This class comprises man-made objects that are constructed or organized in a particular way, often on a large scale. This class is a superclass for buildings and other constructed entities that may not be fully enclosed. 2025-06-06T13:52:27Z Mosaics Scope note: This class comprises artworks created by assembling small pieces of material, such as stone, glass, or ceramic, known as tesserae. These pieces are set into an adhesive surface, such as plaster or mortar, to form an image or pattern. Mosaics are typically used to decorate floors, walls, or ceilings. 2025-06-06T13:54:47Z Open Spaces Scope note: This class comprises unenclosed areas within a built environment that are designed for public use, gathering, or passage. These spaces are defined by the architectural and landscape elements that surround them. 2025-06-06T13:54:51Z Forums Scope note: This class comprises public squares or marketplaces in ancient Roman cities, which served as the center for judicial, civic, and commercial activities. They were typically surrounded by public buildings and colonnades. 2025-06-06T13:55:50Z Residential Buildings Scope note: This class comprises buildings designed and used for human habitation. It encompasses various forms of domestic architecture, from single-family homes to larger, more complex dwellings. 2025-06-06T13:56:01Z Houses Scope note: This class comprises buildings designed as a dwelling for a single family or a small group of individuals. It is a fundamental unit of residential architecture. 2025-06-06T13:56:22Z Villas Scope note: This class comprises large, luxurious country houses with substantial grounds. Originally referring to large Roman country estates, the term is now used for significant rural or suburban residences. 2025-06-06T13:56:56Z Domus Scope note: This class comprises a type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Roman Republic and Empire. 2025-06-06T13:58:09Z Complexes Scope note: This class comprises groups of interrelated buildings and structures that are designed to function as a single, integrated unit. These can be defined by a common purpose, architectural style, or historical period. 2025-06-06T13:58:22Z Cemeteries Scope note: This class comprises designated areas where the remains of deceased people are buried or otherwise interred. They are characterized by the presence of graves, tombs, or other forms of funerary monuments. 2025-06-06T13:58:31Z Necropolis Scope note: This class comprises large, designed cemeteries or burial sites from ancient civilizations. The term literally means "city of the dead," and these sites often feature elaborate tomb structures. 2025-06-06T14:02:06Z Ceremonial Buildings Scope note: This class comprises buildings designed primarily for holding rites, ceremonies, or formal public events. Their function may be religious, civic, or commemorative in nature. 2025-06-06T14:02:13Z Tombs Scope note: This class comprises structures or chambers used for the burial or interment of the dead. Tombs can range from simple graves to elaborate mausoleums and pyramids. 2025-06-06T14:10:26Z Painting Scope note: This class comprises artworks created by applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support") such as a canvas, wall, or panel. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used. 2025-06-06T16:01:48Z Clothing Scope note: This class comprises items worn on the body. Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles, but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natural products found in the environment, put together. 2025-06-06T16:03:15Z Main Garments Scope note: This class comprises the primary items of clothing that form the basis of an outfit, covering the torso and/or lower body. 2025-06-06T16:03:22Z Outerwear Scope note: This class comprises garments worn over other clothes, especially for warmth or protection when outdoors. 2025-06-06T16:03:30Z Underwear Scope note: This class comprises garments worn next to the skin, underneath other clothing. 2025-06-06T16:03:44Z Dresses Scope note: This class comprises one-piece garments for a woman or girl that consist of a bodice and a skirt. 2025-06-06T16:04:01Z Coats Scope note: This class comprises outer garments with sleeves, worn outdoors over other clothes for warmth or protection. 2025-06-06T16:04:29Z Plaids Scope note: This class comprises a piece of cloth, typically with a tartan pattern, worn as part of Scottish Highland dress. It is draped over the shoulder as an accessory or used as a blanket. 2025-06-06T16:04:34Z Robes Scope note: This class comprises long, loose outer garments, often worn as a sign of office or for ceremonial occasions, or informally at home. 2025-06-06T16:04:39Z Suits Scope note: This class comprises a set of outer clothes made of the same fabric and designed to be worn together, typically consisting of at least a jacket and trousers or a skirt. 2025-06-06T16:04:46Z Tunics Scope note: This class comprises a simple garment, typically sleeveless or with short sleeves, that hangs from the shoulders to a length between the hips and the knees. It was a common garment in ancient Greece and Rome and remains a feature of some modern clothing styles. 2025-06-06T16:06:41Z Cloaks Scope note: This class comprises sleeveless outdoor overgarments which drape from the shoulders. They are worn for warmth, protection, or as part of ceremonial or formal dress. 2025-06-06T16:08:29Z Chemises Scope note: This class comprises a simple, loose-fitting garment worn next to the skin, serving as a shirt or undergarment for both men and women in various historical periods. It protected outer garments from sweat and body oils. 2025-06-06T16:08:38Z Underpants Scope note: This class comprises undergarments worn on the lower part of the body. 2025-06-06T16:08:46Z Underdresses Scope note: This class comprises a simple dress-like garment worn underneath a more elaborate outer dress, either for warmth, to provide structure, or to protect the outer layer. 2025-06-06T16:09:03Z Lingerie Scope note: This class comprises women's underwear and nightclothes, often characterized by being lightweight, decorative, and made from fine materials. 2025-06-06T16:09:13Z Underskirts Scope note: This class comprises skirts worn underneath an outer skirt for warmth, modesty, or to give the outer skirt a desired shape and volume. 2025-06-06T16:16:03Z Documents Scope note: This class comprises physical artefacts consisting of a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record. 2025-06-06T16:16:12Z Letters Scope note: This class comprises written messages from one person or group to another, conveyed by a postal service or by hand. They are a form of personal or official communication recorded on a physical medium. 2025-06-06T16:18:13Z Medals Scope note: This class comprises small, portable artistic objects, typically made of metal and circular in shape, issued to commemorate a person or event, or as an award for distinction. 2025-06-06T16:23:00Z Awards Scope note: This class comprises tangible items given to a person or group in recognition of excellence in a certain field. They serve as a physical token of an honor or prize. 2025-06-06T16:23:05Z Cup Scope note: This class comprises trophy cups, which are awards in the form of a drinking vessel, often made of precious metal and mounted on a base, given as a prize in a competition. 2025-06-06T17:06:03Z Image Scope note: This class comprises digital artefacts that represent visual information, such as a photograph, drawing, or graphic. They are stored as a raster or vector file format. 2025-06-06T17:06:09Z 3D Object Scope note: This class comprises digital artefacts that represent a three-dimensional object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, and curved surfaces. 2025-06-06T17:06:14Z Video Scope note: This class comprises digital artefacts consisting of a recording of moving visual images. It can include synchronized audio. 2025-06-06T17:06:18Z Audio Scope note: This class comprises digital artefacts consisting of sound recordings. This includes music, spoken word, and other forms of auditory information stored in a digital format. Scope note: This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries. This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about. All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values. Examples: - the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E13(x) ⇒ E7(x) E13 Assignation d’attribut E13 Atribuição de Característica E13 Attribute Assignment E13 Merkmalszuweisung E13 Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων E13 Назначeниe Атрибута E13 属性赋值 E13 Assignation d’attribut Atribuição de Característica Attribute Assignment Merkmalszuweisung Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων Назначeниe Атрибута 属性赋值 Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality. An instance of E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon-14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query. Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for) should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data. Examples: - measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (fictitious) - the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - E16(x) ⇒ E13(x) E16 Measurement E16 Medição E16 Messung E16 Mesurage E16 Μέτρηση E16 Измeрeниe E16 测量 E16 Measurement Medição Messung Mesurage Μέτρηση Измeрeниe 测量 Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land, etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span. Examples: - the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49) - the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006) In First Order Logic: - E18(x) ⇒ E72(x) E18 Chose matérielle E18 Coisa Material E18 Materielles E18 Physical Thing E18 Υλικό Πράγμα E18 Матeриальный Прeдмeт E18 实物 E18 Chose matérielle Coisa Material Materielles Physical Thing Υλικό Πράγμα Матeриальный Прeдмeт 实物 Scope note: This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects”, i.e. naturally defined objects (Smith & Varzi, 2000). The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be purely administrative or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired. Examples: - Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005) - the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994) In First Order Logic: - E19(x) ⇒ E18(x) E19 Materieller Gegenstand E19 Objet matériel E19 Objeto Material E19 Physical Object E19 Υλικό Αντικείμενο E19 Матeриальный Объeкт E19 物质对象 E19 Materieller Gegenstand Objet matériel Objeto Material Physical Object Υλικό Αντικείμενο Матeриальный Объeкт 物质对象 Scope note: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: - Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier - Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass to which an instance belongs - Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity. Examples: - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) In First Order Logic: - E1(x) E1 CRM Entity E1 CRM Entität E1 CRM Сущность E1 CRM实体 E1 Entidade CRM E1 Entité CRM E1 Οντότητα CIDOC CRM E1 CRM Entity CRM Entität CRM Сущность CRM实体 Entidade CRM Entité CRM Οντότητα CIDOC CRM Scope note: This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object. Examples: - me (fictitious) - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005) - petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344 In First Order Logic: - E20(x) ⇒ E19(x) E20 Biological Object E20 Biologischer Gegenstand E20 Objet biologique E20 Objeto Biológico E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο E20 Биологичeский Объeкт E20 生物对象 E20 Biological Object Biologischer Gegenstand Objet biologique Objeto Biológico Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο Биологичeский Объeкт 生物对象 Scope note: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae. Examples: - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006) In First Order Logic: - E21(x) ⇒ E20(x) - E21(x) ⇒ E39(x) E21 Person E21 Person E21 Personne E21 Pessoa E21 Πρόσωπο E21 Личность E21 人物 E21 Person Person Personne Pessoa Πρόσωπο Личность 人物 Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Examples: - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003) - the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004) In First Order Logic: - E22(x) ⇒ E19(x) - E22(x) ⇒ E24(x) E22 Human-Made Object E22 Objet élaboré par l’humain E22 Рукотворный Объeкт E22 Human-Made Object Objet élaboré par l’humain Рукотворный Объeкт Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop. Examples: - the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990). - the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991) - the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011) - the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005) - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious) - the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22) - my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E24(x) ⇒ E18(x) - E24(x) ⇒ E71(x) E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain E24 Physical Human-Made Thing E24 Матeриальный Рукотворный Объeкт E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain Physical Human-Made Thing Матeриальный Рукотворный Объeкт Scope note: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost. Examples: - Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999) - the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989) - the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020) - [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.] - “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962) - The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.] In First Order Logic: - E28(x) ⇒ E71(x) E28 Begrifflicher Gegenstand E28 Conceptual Object E28 Objet conceptuel E28 Objeto Conceitual E28 Νοητικό Αντικείμενο E28 Концeптуальный Объeкт E28 概念对象 E28 Begrifflicher Gegenstand Conceptual Object Objet conceptuel Objeto Conceitual Νοητικό Αντικείμενο Концeптуальный Объeкт 概念对象 Scope note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing. Examples: - Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963) - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) - the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015) In First Order Logic: - E2(x) ⇒ E1(x) E2 Entidade Temporal E2 Entité temporelle E2 Geschehendes E2 Temporal Entity E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα E2 Врeмeнная Сущность E2 时序实体 E2 Entidade Temporal Entité temporelle Geschehendes Temporal Entity Έγχρονη Οντότητα Врeмeнная Сущность 时序实体 Scope note: This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives. These include reproduction and property rights. Examples: - copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127 - ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France In First Order Logic: - E30(x) ⇒ E89(x) E30 Direitos E30 Droit E30 Recht E30 Right E30 Δικαίωμα E30 Право E30 权限 E30 Direitos Droit Recht Right Δικαίωμα Право 权限 Scope note: This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object. In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity. Examples: - the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019) - the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008) - the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981) - the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909) - the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020) In First Order Logic: - E33(x) ⇒ E73(x) E33 Linguistic Object E33 Objet linguistique E33 Objeto Lingüístico E33 Sprachlicher Gegenstand E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο E33 Лингвистичeский Объeкт E33 语言对象 E33 Linguistic Object Objet linguistique Objeto Lingüístico Sprachlicher Gegenstand Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο Лингвистичeский Объeкт 语言对象 Scope note: This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music. Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group. This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts. Examples: - “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005) - “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006) - “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967) In First Order Logic: - E35(x) ⇒ E33(x) - E35(x) ⇒ E41(x) E35 Titel E35 Title E35 Titre E35 Título E35 Τίτλος E35 Названиe E35 题名 E35 Titel Title Titre Título Τίτλος Названиe 题名 Scope note: This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support. The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction. Examples: - the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - the Coca-Cola logo (E34) - the Chi-Rho (E37) - the communist red star (E37) - the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.] In First Order Logic: - E36(x) ⇒ E73(x) E36 Bildliches E36 Entité visuelle E36 Item Visual E36 Visual Item E36 Οπτικό Στοιχείο E36 Визуальный Прeдмeт E36 可视项 E36 Bildliches Entité visuelle Item Visual Visual Item Οπτικό Στοιχείο Визуальный Прeдмeт 可视项 Scope note: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible. Examples: - London and Continental Railways (E74) - the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21) - Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986) In First Order Logic: - E39(x) ⇒ E77(x) E39 Actant E39 Actor E39 Agente E39 Akteur E39 Δράστης E39 Дeйствующий Субъeкт E39 参与者 E39 Actant Actor Agente Akteur Δράστης Дeйствующий Субъeкт 参与者 Scope note: This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific instance of E52 Time-Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held. The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the instance of E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22(nd) September 1846 and 27(th) August 1847” can be characterized as an instance “wrecked” of E55 Type. Examples: - the "reconstructed" state of the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now (Owen, 2009) - the "ruined" state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 (Maddox, 2015) - the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25(th) December 2002 [P2 has type: E55 Type “still not cooked”] (fictitious) - the topography of the leaves of Sinai Printed Book 3234.2361 on the 10(th) July 2007 [described as: of type "cockled"] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E3(x) ⇒ E2(x) E3 Condition State E3 Estado Material E3 Zustandsphase E3 État matériel E3 Κατάσταση E3 Состояниe E3 条件状态 E3 Condition State Estado Material Zustandsphase État matériel Κατάσταση Состояниe 条件状态 Scope note: This class comprises all signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e. other instances of E41 Appellation that are regarded as equivalent, regardless of the thing it denotes. Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language. Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses of E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value. E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment. Examples: - “Martin” - “Aquae Sulis Minerva” - “the Merchant of Venice” (E35) (McCullough, 2005) - “Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.” [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015) - “information science” [not the science itself, but the name used to refer to the subject matter in an English-speaking context] - “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”] - “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate] - “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)] - “19-MAR-1922” [example of date] - “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point] - “weasel@paveprime.com” [example of contact point] - “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation] - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address] - “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] - “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] In First Order Logic: - E41(x) ⇒ E90(x) E41 Appellation E41 Appellation E41 Benennung E41 Designação E41 Ονομασία E41 Обозначeниe E41 称谓 E41 Appellation Appellation Benennung Designação Ονομασία Обозначeниe 称谓 Scope note: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents. Examples: - “MM.GE.195” - “13.45.1976” - “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious) - “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”] - ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.] - Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10” - “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974) - “+41 22 418 5571” - “ weasel@paveprime.com” - “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève” - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” In First Order Logic: - E42(x) ⇒ E41(x) E42 Identifiant E42 Identificador de Objeto E42 Identifier E42 Kennung E42 Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης E42 Идeнтификатор E42 标识符 E42 Identifiant Identificador de Objeto Identifier Kennung Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης Идeнтификатор 标识符 Scope note: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume. Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh. Examples: - Jurassic (Hallam, 1975) - Populated Period of Nineveh - Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius - European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004) - Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992) - Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991) - Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013) - Cubism (Cox, 2000) - The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity] - Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia] In First Order Logic: - E4(x) ⇒ E2(x) - E4(x) ⇒ E92(x) E4 Period E4 Período E4 Phase E4 Période E4 Περίοδος E4 Пeриод E4 时期 E4 Period Período Phase Période Περίοδος Пeриод 时期 Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known. Examples: - 1961 - From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996 - 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945 - 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999 - the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011) In First Order Logic: - E52(x) ⇒ E1(x) E52 Intervalle temporel E52 Período de Tempo E52 Time-Span E52 Zeitspanne E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα E52 Интeрвал Врeмeни E52 时段 E52 Intervalle temporel Período de Tempo Time-Span Zeitspanne Χρονικό Διάστημα Интeрвал Врeмeни 时段 Scope note: This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Examples: - the extent of the UK in the year 2003 - the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious) - the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone” - here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.] In First Order Logic: - E53(x) ⇒ E1(x) E53 Lieu E53 Local E53 Ort E53 Place E53 Τόπος E53 Мeсто E53 地点 E53 Lieu Local Ort Place Τόπος Мeсто 地点 Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values, etc. An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluminescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate. Examples: - the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons] - the vertical height of the statue of David by Michelangelo [5.17 metres] - the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats] - the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384] - the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016) - the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017) - the duration of the time-span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15(th) November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012) - Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (British Pounds)] In First Order Logic: - E54(x) ⇒ E1(x) E54 Dimension E54 Dimension E54 Dimensão E54 Maß E54 Μέγεθος E54 Размeр E54 度量规格 E54 Dimension Dimension Dimensão Maß Μέγεθος Размeр 度量规格 Scope note: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts, in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type provides an interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties. Examples: - weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54 Dimension] - portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36 Visual Item] - French, English, German [types for instances of E56 Language] - excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3 Condition State] - Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22 Human-Made Object] - cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26 Physical Feature] - poem, short story [types for instances of E33 Linguistic Object] - wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5 Event] In First Order Logic: - E55(x) ⇒ E28(x) E55 Tipo E55 Type E55 Type E55 Typus E55 Tип E55 Τύπος E55 类型 E55 Tipo Type Type Typus Tип Τύπος 类型 Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials. Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing). This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used. Examples: - brick (Gurcke, 1987) - gold (Watson, 1990) - aluminium (Norman, 1986) - polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011) - resin (Barton, 1992) In First Order Logic: - E57(x) ⇒ E55(x) E57 Material E57 Material E57 Material E57 Matériau E57 Υλικό E57 Матeриал E57 材质 E57 Material Material Material Matériau Υλικό Матeриал 材质 Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”. Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved. Examples: - cm [centimetre] - km [kilometre] - m [metre] - m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999) - A [ampere] - GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014) - C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998) In First Order Logic: - E58(x) ⇒ E55(x) E58 Eдиница Измeрeния E58 Maßeinheit E58 Measurement Unit E58 Unidade de Medida E58 Unité de mesure E58 Μονάδα Μέτρησης E58 测量单位 E58 Eдиница Измeрeния Maßeinheit Measurement Unit Unidade de Medida Unité de mesure Μονάδα Μέτρησης 测量单位 Scope note: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event. Examples: - the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984) - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013) - World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994) - the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7) - the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious) - the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7) In First Order Logic: - E5(x) ⇒ E4(x) E5 Ereignis E5 Event E5 Evento E5 Évènement E5 Συμβάν E5 Событиe E5 事件 E5 Ereignis Event Evento Évènement Συμβάν Событиe 事件 Scope note: This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. Examples: - the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious) - the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic - the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889) In First Order Logic: - E63(x) ⇒ E5(x) E63 Beginning of Existence E63 Daseinsbeginn E63 Début d’existence E63 Início da Existência E63 Αρχή Ύπαρξης E63 Начало Сущeствования E63 初始 E63 Beginning of Existence Daseinsbeginn Début d’existence Início da Existência Αρχή Ύπαρξης Начало Сущeствования 初始 Scope note: This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation. Examples: - the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the melting of the snowman (E6) - the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356 BC (E7, E6) (Trell, 1945) In First Order Logic: - E64(x) ⇒ E5(x) E64 Daseinsende E64 End of Existence E64 Fim da Existência E64 Fin d’existence E64 Τέλος Ύπαρξης E64 Конeц Сущeствования E64 结束 E64 Daseinsende End of Existence Fim da Existência Fin d’existence Τέλος Ύπαρξης Конeц Сущeствования 结束 Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types, etc. Examples: - the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913) - the drafting of U.N. Resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E65(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E65(x) ⇒ E63(x) E65 Begriffliche Schöpfung E65 Creation E65 Criação E65 Création E65 Δημιουργία E65 Созданиe E65 创建 E65 Begriffliche Schöpfung Creation Criação Création Δημιουργία Созданиe 创建 Scope note: This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.) Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth. Examples: - the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004) In First Order Logic: - E67(x) ⇒ E63(x) E67 Birth E67 Geburt E67 Naissance E67 Nascimento E67 Γέννηση E67 Рождeниe E67 出生 E67 Birth Geburt Naissance Nascimento Γέννηση Рождeниe 出生 Scope note: This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence. Examples: - the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935) - the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E69(x) ⇒ E64(x) E69 Death E69 Mort E69 Morte E69 Tod E69 Θάνατος E69 Смeрть E69 死亡 E69 Death Mort Morte Tod Θάνατος Смeрть 死亡 Scope note: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure. Examples: - my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious) - the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious) - the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985) - the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19) - the form of the no-smoking sign (E36) - the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005) In First Order Logic: - E70(x) ⇒ E77(x) E70 Chose E70 Coisa E70 Sache E70 Thing E70 Πράγμα E70 Вeщь E70 事物 E70 Chose Coisa Sache Thing Πράγμα Вeщь 事物 Scope note: This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures. Examples: - Beethoven’s 5(th) Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015) - Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015) - Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003) - the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E71(x) ⇒ E70(x) E71 Chose élaborée par l’humain E71 Human-Made Thing E71 Рукотворный Прeдмeт E71 Chose élaborée par l’humain Human-Made Thing Рукотворный Прeдмeт Scope note: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is generally true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM. Examples: - the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2014) In First Order Logic: - E72(x) ⇒ E70(x) E72 Legal Object E72 Objet juridique E72 Objeto Jurídico E72 Rechtsobjekt E72 Νομικό Αντικείμενο E72 Объeкт Права E72 法律对象 E72 Legal Object Objet juridique Objeto Jurídico Rechtsobjekt Νομικό Αντικείμενο Объeкт Права 法律对象 Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object. An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression. Examples: - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021) - E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869) - the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002) - the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010) - the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014 In First Order Logic: - E73(x) ⇒ E89(x) - E73(x) ⇒ E90(x) E73 Information Object E73 Informationsgegenstand E73 Objet informationnel E73 Objeto de Informação E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο E73 Информационный Объeкт E73 信息对象 E73 Information Object Informationsgegenstand Objet informationnel Objeto de Informação Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο Информационный Объeкт 信息对象 Scope note: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e. a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group. Examples: - the Impressionists (Wilson, 1994) - the Navajo (Correll, 1972) - the Greeks (Williams, 1993) - the peace protestors in New York City on 15(th) February 2003 - Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006) - King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947) - the President of the Swiss Confederation - Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007) - Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012) - Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005) - Greenpeace - Paveprime Ltd - the National Museum of Denmark In First Order Logic: - E74(x) ⇒ E39(x) E74 Group E74 Groupe E74 Grupo E74 Menschliche Gruppe E74 Ομάδα E74 Группа E74 团体 E74 Group Groupe Grupo Menschliche Gruppe Ομάδα Группа 团体 Scope note: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols. The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties. An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge. Examples: - Leonardo da Vinci (E21) (Strano, 1953) - Stonehenge (E24) (Pryor, 2016) - the hole in the ozone layer (E4) (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005) - the First Law of Thermodynamics (E89) (Craig and Gislason, 2002) - the Bermuda Triangle (E53) (Dolan, 2005) In First Order Logic: - E77(x) ⇒ E1(x) E77 Entidade Persistente E77 Entité persistante E77 Persistent Item E77 Seiendes E77 Ον E77 Постоянная Сущность E77 持久项 E77 Entidade Persistente Entité persistante Persistent Item Seiendes Ον Постоянная Сущность 持久项 Scope note: This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content. Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”). Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality. Examples: - the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990) - Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005) - the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018. In First Order Logic: - E78(x) ⇒ E24(x) E78 Collection E78 Curated Holding E78 Отвeтствeнноe Хранeниe E78 Collection Curated Holding Отвeтствeнноe Хранeниe Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door. Examples: - the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 - the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020) - the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006) - the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’ - Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993 - Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993 In First Order Logic: - E7(x) ⇒ E5(x) E7 Activity E7 Activité E7 Atividade E7 Handlung E7 Δράση E7 Дeятeльность E7 活动 E7 Activity Activité Atividade Handlung Δράση Дeятeльность 活动 Scope note: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962) - the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition - the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36) - the common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002) - the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) - the character “Little Red Riding Hood”, variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ “Rotkäppchen”, other oral fairy tales and the film “Hoodwinked” - the place “Havnor” as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her “Earthsea” book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels In First Order Logic: - E89(x) ⇒ E28(x) E89 Aussagenobjekt E89 Objet propositionnel E89 Propositional Object E89 Пропозициональный Объeкт E89 命题对象 E89 Aussagenobjekt Objet propositionnel Propositional Object Пропозициональный Объeкт 命题对象 Scope note: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel). Examples: - ‘ecognizabl’ - the “no-smoking” sign (E36) - “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36) - the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967) In First Order Logic: - E90(x) ⇒ E28(x) - E90(x) ⇒ E72(x) E90 Objet symbolique E90 Symbolic Object E90 Symbolisches Objekt E90 Символичeский Объeкт E90 符号对象 E90 Objet symbolique Symbolic Object Symbolisches Objekt Символичeский Объeкт 符号对象 Scope note: This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless of their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place, and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time. Examples: - the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder (Irwin, 1935) - where and when the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 took place (Kouwenhoven, 1997) - the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location (Goodwin, 2015) - the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6(th) and 9(th) August 2002 In First Order Logic: - E92(x) ⇒ E1(x) E92 Spacetime Volume E92 Volume spatio-temporel E92 Область Пространства-Врeмeни E92 Spacetime Volume Volume spatio-temporel Область Пространства-Врeмeни An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact). Agent stable A document. Document stable A geographical region, typically under the jurisdiction of a particular government. AdministrativeArea A class, also often called a 'Type'; equivalent to rdfs:Class. Class A country. Country The most generic kind of creative work, including books, movies, photographs, software programs, etc. CreativeWork The basic data types such as Integers, Strings, etc. DataType Lists or enumerations—for example, a list of cuisines or music genres, etc. Enumeration A utility class that serves as the umbrella for a number of 'intangible' things such as quantities, structured values, etc. Intangible A media object, such as an image, video, audio, or text object embedded in a web page or a downloadable dataset i.e. DataDownload. Note that a creative work may have many media objects associated with it on the same web page. For example, a page about a single song (MusicRecording) may have a music video (VideoObject), and a high and low bandwidth audio stream (2 AudioObject's). MediaObject A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional). Person Entities that have a somewhat fixed, physical extension. Place A property, used to indicate attributes and relationships of some Thing; equivalent to rdf:Property. Property Represents additional information about a relationship or property. For example a Role can be used to say that a 'member' role linking some SportsTeam to a player occurred during a particular time period. Or that a Person's 'actor' role in a Movie was for some particular characterName. Such properties can be attached to a Role entity, which is then associated with the main entities using ordinary properties like 'member' or 'actor'.<br/><br/> See also <a href="http://blog.schema.org/2014/06/introducing-role.html">blog post</a>. Role Any branch of a field in which people typically develop specific expertise, usually after significant study, time, and effort. Specialty Data type: Text. Text A text file. The text can be unformatted or contain markup, html, etc. TextObject The most generic type of item. Thing Data type: URL. URL A web page. Every web page is implicitly assumed to be declared to be of type WebPage, so the various properties about that webpage, such as <code>breadcrumb</code> may be used. We recommend explicit declaration if these properties are specified, but if they are found outside of an itemscope, they will be assumed to be about the page. WebPage Attribution Credit be given to copyright holder and/or author. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Commercial Use Exercising rights for commercial purposes. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Derivative Works Distribution of derivative works. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Distribution Distribution, public display, and publicly performance. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Notice Copyright and license notices be kept intact. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Reproduction Making multiple copies. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Share Alike Derivative works be licensed under the same terms or compatible terms as the original work. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Sharing Permits commercial derivatives, but only non-commercial distribution. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative Source Code Source code (the preferred form for making modifications) must be provided when exercising some rights granted by the license. This term is defined by Creative Commons. Non-Normative All true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is all of the collective individuals within a context. For example, may be used to indicate all the users of a specific social network the party is a member of. Note that “group” scope is also assumed. Non-Normative All Second-level Connections true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is all of the second-level connections to the Party. For example, may be used to indicate all “friends of friends” of the Party. Note that “group” scope is also assumed. Non-Normative All First-Level Connections true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is all of the first-level connections of the Party. For example, may be used to indicate all “friends” of the Party. Note that “group” scope is also assumed. Non-Normative All Group Connections true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is all of the group connections of the Party. For example, may be used to indicate all groups that the Party is a member of. Note that “group” scope is also assumed. Non-Normative Asset Scope true Scopes for Asset Scope expressions. Instances of the AssetScope class represent the terms for the scope property of Assets. Group true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is the defined group with multiple individual members. Non-Normative Individual true Specifies that the scope of the relationship is the single Party individual. Absolute Asset Position A point in space or time defined with absolute coordinates for the positioning of the target Asset. Example: The upper left corner of a picture may be constrained to a specific position of the canvas rendering it. Non-Normative Absolute Asset Size Measure(s) of one or two axes for 2D-objects or measure(s) of one to tree axes for 3D-objects of the target Asset. Example: The image can be resized in width to a maximum of 1000px. Non-Normative Absolute Spatial Asset Position The absolute spatial positions of four corners of a rectangle on a 2D-canvas or the eight corners of a cuboid in a 3D-space for the target Asset to fit. Example: The upper left corner of a picture may be constrained to a specific position of the canvas rendering it. Note: see also the Left Operand Relative Spatial Asset Position. Non-Normative Absolute Temporal Asset Position The absolute temporal positions in a media stream the target Asset has to fit. Use with Actions including the target Asset in a larger media stream. The fragment part of a Media Fragment URI (https://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/) may be used for the right operand. See the Left Operand realativeTemporalPosition. <br />Example: The MP3 music file must be positioned between second 192 and 250 of the temporal length of a stream. Non-Normative Accept Tracking To accept that the use of the Asset may be tracked. The collected information may be tracked by the Assigner, or may link to a Party with the role 'trackingParty' function. Non-Normative Ad-hoc sharing true The act of sharing the asset to parties in close proximity to the owner. This original term and URI from the OMA specification should be used: http://www.openmobilealliance.com/oma-dd/adhoc-share . Aggregate To use the Asset or parts of it as part of a composite collection. Non-Normative Annotate To add explanatory notations/commentaries to the Asset without modifying the Asset in any other way. Non-Normative Anonymize To anonymize all or parts of the Asset. For example, to remove identifying particulars for statistical or for other comparable purposes, or to use the Asset without stating the author/source. Non-Normative Append true The act of adding to the end of an asset. Append To true The act of appending data to the Asset without modifying the Asset in any other way. Archive To store the Asset (in a non-transient form). Temporal constraints may be used for temporal conditions. Non-Normative Attach policy true The act of keeping the policy notice with the asset. Attach source true The act of attaching the source of the asset and its derivatives. Attribute To attribute the use of the Asset. May link to an Asset with the attribution information. May link to a Party with the role “attributedParty” function. Non-Normative Commercialize true The act of using the asset in a business environment. Compensate To compensate by transfer of some amount of value, if defined, for using or selling the Asset. The compensation may use different types of things with a value: (i) the thing is expressed by the value (term) of the Constraint name; (b) the value is expressed by operator, rightOperand, dataType and unit. Typically the assignee will compensate the assigner, but other compensation party roles may be used. Non-Normative Concurrent Use To create multiple copies of the Asset that are being concurrently used. Non-Normative Copy true The act of making an exact reproduction of the asset. ODRL Core Profile Identifier for the ODRL Core Profile Count Numeric count of executions of the action of the Rule. Non-Normative Datetime The date (and optional time and timezone) of exercising the action of the Rule. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:date or xsd:dateTime as defined by [[xmlschema11-2]]. The use of Timezone information is strongly recommended. The Rule may be exercised before (with operator lt/lteq) or after (with operator gt/gteq) the date(time) defined by the Right operand. <br />Example: <code>dateTime gteq 2017-12-31T06:00Z</code> means the Rule can only be exercised after (and including) 6:00AM on the 31st Decemeber 2017 UTC time. Non-Normative Delay Period A time delay period prior to exercising the action of the Rule. The point in time triggering this period MAY be defined by another temporal Constraint combined by a Logical Constraint (utilising the odrl:andSequence operand). Right operand value MUST be an xsd:duration as defined by [[xmlschema11-2]]. Only the eq, gt, gteq operators SHOULD be used. <br />Example: <code>delayPeriod eq P60M</code> indicates a delay of 60 Minutes before exercising the action. Non-Normative Delete To permanently remove all copies of the Asset after it has been used. Use a constraint to define under which conditions the Asset must be deleted. Non-Normative Delivery Channel The delivery channel used for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: the asset may be distributed only on mobile networks. Non-Normative Derive To create a new derivative Asset from this Asset and to edit or modify the derivative. A new asset is created and may have significant overlaps with the original Asset. (Note that the notion of whether or not the change is significant enough to qualify as a new asset is subjective). To the derived Asset a next policy may be applied. Non-Normative Device true An identified device used for exercising the action of the Rule. See System Device. Digitize To produce a digital copy of (or otherwise digitize) the Asset from its analogue form. Non-Normative Display To create a static and transient rendition of an Asset. For example, displaying an image on a screen. If the action is to be performed to a wider audience than just the Assignees, then the Recipient constraint is recommended to be used. Non-Normative Distribute To supply the Asset to third-parties. It is recommended to use nextPolicy to express the allowable usages by third-parties. Non-Normative Elapsed Time A continuous elapsed time period which may be used for exercising of the action of the Rule. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:duration as defined by [[xmlschema11-2]]. Only the eq, lt, lteq operators SHOULD be used. See also Metered Time. <br />Example: <code>elpasedTime eq P60M</code> indicates a total elapsed time of 60 Minutes. Non-Normative Ensure Exclusivity To ensure that the Rule on the Asset is exclusive. If used as a Duty, the assignee should be explicitly indicated as the party that is ensuring the exclusivity of the Rule. Non-Normative Equal to Indicating that a given value equals the right operand of the Constraint. Event An identified event setting a context for exercising the action of the Rule. Events are temporal periods of time, and operators can be used to signal before (lt), during (eq) or after (gt) the event. <br />Example: May be taken during the “FIFA World Cup 2020” only. Non-Normative Execute To run the computer program Asset. For example, machine executable code or Java such as a game or application. Non-Normative Export true The act of transforming the asset into a new form. Extract To extract parts of the Asset and to use it as a new Asset. A new asset is created and may have very little in common with the original Asset. (Note that the notion of whether or not the change is significant enough to qualify as a new asset is subjective). To the extracted Asset a next policy may be applied. Non-Normative Extract character true The act of extracting (replicating) unchanged characters from the asset. This original term and URI from the ONIX specification should be used: http://www.editeur.org/onix-pl/extract-char . Extract page true The act of extracting (replicating) unchanged pages from the asset. This original term and URI from the ONIX specification should be used: http://www.editeur.org/onix-pl/extract-page . Extract word true The act of extracting (replicating) unchanged words from the asset. This original term and URI from the ONIX specification should be used: http://www.editeur.org/onix-pl/extract-word . File Format A transformed file format of the target Asset. Example: An asset may be transformed into JPEG format. Non-Normative Give To transfer the ownership of the Asset to a third party without compensation and while deleting the original asset. Non-Normative Grant Use To grant the use of the Asset to third parties. This action enables the assignee to create policies for the use of the Asset for third parties. The nextPolicy is recommended to be agreed with the third party. Use of temporal constraints is recommended. Non-Normative Greater than Indicating that a given value is greater than the right operand of the Constraint. Greater than or equal to Indicating that a given value is greater than or equal to the right operand of the Constraint. Has part A set-based operator indicating that a given value contains the right operand of the Constraint. Ignore Undefined Actions true The Action is to be ignored and is not part of the policy – and the policy remains valid. Used to support actions not known to the policy system. Include To include other related assets in the Asset. For example: bio picture must be included in the attribution. Use of a relation sub-property is required for the related assets. Non-Normative Index To record the Asset in an index. For example, to include a link to the Asset in a search engine database. Non-Normative Industry Context A defined industry sector setting a context for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: publishing or financial industry. Non-Normative Inform To inform that an action has been performed on or in relation to the Asset. May link to a Party with the role 'informedParty' function. Non-Normative Informing Party The Party who provides the inform use data. Maybe specified as part of the inform action. Non-Normative Inheritance Allowed true Indicates if the Policy entity can be inherited. A boolean value. Inherit Relation true Indentifies the type of inheritance. For example, this may indicate the business scenario, such as subscription, or prior arrangements between the parties (that are not machine representable). Install To load the computer program Asset onto a storage device which allows operating or running the Asset. Non-Normative Void Policy The policy is void. Used to indicate the policy is void for Conflict Strategy. Non-Normative Is a A set-based operator indicating that a given value is an instance of the right operand of the Constraint. Is all of A set-based operator indicating that a given value is all of the right operand of the Constraint. Is any of A set-based operator indicating that a given value is any of the right operand of the Constraint. Is none of A set-based operator indicating that a given value is none of the right operand of the Constraint. Is part of A set-based operator indicating that a given value is contained by the right operand of the Constraint. Language A natural language used by the target Asset. Example: the asset can only be translated into Greek. Must use [[bcp47]] codes for language values. Non-Normative Lease true The act of making available the asset to a third-party for a fixed period of time with exchange of value. Lend true The act of making available the asset to a third-party for a fixed period of time without exchange of value. License true The act of granting the right to use the asset to a third-party. Less than Indicating that a given value is less than the right operand of the Constraint. Less than or equal to Indicating that a given value is less than or equal to the right operand of the Constraint. Media Context Category of a media asset setting a context for exercising the action of the Rule. Example media types: electronic, print, advertising, marketing. Note: The used type should not be an IANA MediaType as they are focused on technical characteristics. Non-Normative Metered Time An accumulated amount of one to many metered time periods which were used for exercising the action of the Rule. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:duration as defined by [[xmlschema11-2]]. Only the eq, lt, lteq operators SHOULD be used. See also Elapsed Time. <br />Example: <code>meteredTime lteq P60M</code> indicates an accumulated period of 60 Minutes or less. Non-Normative Modify To change existing content of the Asset. A new asset is not created by this action. This action will modify an asset which is typically updated from time to time without creating a new asset. If the result from modifying the asset should be a new asset the actions derive or extract should be used. (Note that the notion of whether or not the change is significant enough to qualify as a new asset is subjective). Non-Normative Move To move the Asset from one digital location to another including deleting the original copy. After the Asset has been moved, the original copy must be deleted. Non-Normative Not equal to Indicating that a given value is not equal to the right operand of the Constraint. Next Policy To grant the specified Policy to a third party for their use of the Asset. Useful for downstream policies. Non-Normative Obtain Consent To obtain verifiable consent to perform the requested action in relation to the Asset. May be used as a Duty to ensure that the Assigner or a Party is authorized to approve such actions on a case-by-case basis. May link to a Party with the role “consentingParty” function. Non-Normative Pay true The act of paying a financial amount to a party for use of the asset. Payment Amount The amount of a financial payment. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:decimal. Can be used for compensation duties with the unit property indicating the currency of the payment. Non-Normative Payee Party true The Party is the recipient of the payment. Non-Normative Asset Percentage A percentage amount of the target Asset relevant for exercising the action of the Rule. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:decimal from 0 to 100. Example: Extract less than or equal to 50%. Non-Normative Prefer Permissions Permissions take preference over prohibitions. Used to determine policy conflict outcomes. Play To create a sequential and transient rendition of an Asset. For example, to play a video or audio track. If the action is to be performed to a wider audience than just the Assignees, then the Recipient constraint is recommended to be used. Non-Normative Policy Rule Usage Indicates the actual datetime the action of the Rule was exercised. This can be used to express constraints with a LeftOperand relative to the time the rule is exercised. Operators indicate before (lt, lteq), during (eq) or after (gt, gteq) the usage of the rule. <br />Example: <code>event lt policyUsage</code> expresses that the identified event must have happened before the action of the rule is exercised. Non-Normative Present To publicly perform the Asset. The asset can be performed (or communicated) in public. Non-Normative Preview true The act of providing a short preview of the asset. Use a time constraint with the appropriate action. Print To create a tangible and permanent rendition of an Asset. For example, creating a permanent, fixed (static), and directly perceivable representation of the Asset, such as printing onto paper. Non-Normative Product Context Category of product or service setting a context for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: May only be used in the XYZ Magazine. Non-Normative Profile The identifier(s) of an ODRL Profile that the Policy conforms to. The profile property is mandatory if the Policy is using an ODRL Profile. Prefer Prohibitions Prohibitions take preference over permissions. Used to determine policy conflict outcomes. proximity true An value indicating the closeness or nearness. This original term and URI from the OMA specification should be used: http://www.openmobilealliance.com/oma-dd/proximity . Purpose A defined purpose for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: Educational use. Non-Normative Read To obtain data from the Asset. For example, the ability to read a record from a database (the Asset). Non-Normative Recipient The party receiving the result/outcome of exercising the action of the Rule. The Right Operand must identify one or more specific Parties or category/ies of the Party. Non-Normative Relative Asset Position A point in space or time defined with coordinates relative to full measures the positioning of the target Asset. Example: The upper left corner of a picture may be constrained to a specific position of the canvas rendering it. Non-Normative Relative Asset Size Measure(s) of one or two axes for 2D-objects or measure(s) of one to tree axes for 3D-objects - expressed as percentages of full values - of the target Asset. Example: The image can be resized in width to a maximum of 200%. Note: See the Left Operand absoluteSize. Non-Normative Relative Spatial Asset Position The relative spatial positions - expressed as percentages of full values - of four corners of a rectangle on a 2D-canvas or the eight corners of a cuboid in a 3D-space of the target Asset. See also Absolute Spatial Asset Position. Non-Normative Relative Temporal Asset Position A point in space or time defined with coordinates relative to full measures the positioning of the target Asset. See also Absolute Temporal Asset Position. <br />Example: The MP3 music file must be positioned between the positions at 33% and 48% of the temporal length of a stream. Non-Normative Reproduce To make duplicate copies the Asset in any material form. Non-Normative Rendition Resolution Resolution of the rendition of the target Asset. Example: the image may be printed at 1200dpi. Non-Normative Review Policy To review the Policy applicable to the Asset. Used when human intervention is required to review the Policy. May link to an Asset which represents the full Policy information. Non-Normative Has Right Operand Reference A reference to a web resource providing the value for the right operand of a Constraint. An IRI that MUST be dereferenced to obtain the actual right operand value. When used with set-based operators, a list of IRIs may be used Scope true The identifier of a scope that provides context to the extent of the entity. Used to define scopes for Assets and Parties. Secondary Use true The act of using the asset for a purpose other than the purpose it was intended for. Sell To transfer the ownership of the Asset to a third party with compensation and while deleting the original asset. Non-Normative Share true The act of the non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the asset to third-parties. Share-alike true The act of distributing any derivative asset under the same terms as the original asset. Source Reference to a Asset/PartyCollection Used by AssetCollection and PartyCollection when constraints are applied. Geospatial Named Area A named and identified geospatial area with defined borders which is used for exercising the action of the Rule. An IRI MUST be used to represent this value. A code value for the area and source of the code must be presented in the Right Operand. <br />Example: the [[iso3166]] Country Codes or the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. Non-Normative Geospatial Coordinates A set of coordinates setting the borders of a geospatial area used for exercising the action of the Rule. The coordinates MUST include longitude and latitude, they MAY include altitude and the geodetic datum. The default values are the altitude of earth's surface at this location and the WGS 84 datum. Non-Normative Status the value generated from the leftOperand action or a value related to the leftOperand set as the reference for the comparison. Stream To deliver the Asset in real-time. The Asset maybe utilised in real-time as it is being delivered. If the action is to be performed to a wider audience than just the Assignees, then the Recipient constraint is recommended to be used. Non-Normative Support Undefined Actions true The Action is to be supported as part of the policy – and the policy remains valid. Used to support actions not known to the policy system. Synchronize To use the Asset in timed relations with media (audio/visual) elements of another Asset. Non-Normative System true An identified computing system used for exercising the action of the Rule. See System Device System Device An identified computing system or computing device used for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: The system device can be identified by a unique code created from the used hardware. Non-Normative Text-to-speech To have a text Asset read out loud. If the action is to be performed to a wider audience than just the Assignees, then the recipient constraint is recommended to be used. Non-Normative Recurring Time Interval A recurring period of time before the next execution of the action of the Rule. Right operand value MUST be an xsd:duration as defined by [[xmlschema11-2]]. Only the eq operator SHOULD be used. <br />Example: <code>timeInterval eq P7D</code> indicates a recurring 7 day period. Non-Normative Timed Count true The number of seconds after which timed metering use of the asset begins. This original term and URI from the OMA specification should be used: http://www.openmobilealliance.com/oma-dd/timed-count . Transfer Ownership To transfer the ownership of the Asset in perpetuity. Transform To convert the Asset into a different format. Typically used to convert the Asset into a different format for consumption on/transfer to a third party system. Non-Normative Translate To translate the original natural language of an Asset into another natural language. A new derivative Asset is created by that action. Non-Normative Unique Identifier An unambiguous identifier Used by the Policy, Rule, Asset, Party, Constraint, and Logical Constraint Classes. Handle Undefined Term true Relates the strategy used for handling undefined actions to a Policy. If no strategy is specified, the default is invalid. Uninstall To unload and delete the computer program Asset from a storage device and disable its readiness for operation. The Asset is no longer accessible to the assignees after it has been used. Non-Normative Unit Of Count The unit of measure used for counting the executions of the action of the Rule. Note: Typically used with Duties to indicate the unit entity to be counted of the Action. <br />Example: A duty to compensate and a unitOfCount constraint of 'perUser' would indicate that the compensation by multiplied by the 'number of users'. Non-Normative Use To use the Asset Use is the most generic action for all non-third-party usage. More specific types of the use action can be expressed by more targetted actions. Version The version of the target Asset. Example: Single Paperback or Multiple Issues or version 2.0 or higher. Non-Normative Virtual IT Communication Location An identified location of the IT communication space which is relevant for exercising the action of the Rule. Example: an Internet domain or IP address range. Non-Normative Watermark To apply a watermark to the Asset. Non-Normative Write true The act of writing to the Asset. Write to true The act of adding data to the Asset. Action ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Actions for Rules ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Actions for Rules ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Asset ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Asset and Party ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Asset Relations ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Asset Relations ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Policy Conflict Strategy ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Constraint Left Operands ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Logical Constraint Operands ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Constraint Operators ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Constraint Right Operands ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Constraint ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Deprecated Terms Duty ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Logical Constraint ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Party ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Party Functions ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Party Functions ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Permission ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Policy ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Policy Subclasses ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Policy Subclasses ODRL Common Vocabulary Terms Prohibition ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms Rule ODRL Core Vocabulary Terms An application that can complete the request. actionApplication A sub property of object. The options subject to this action. actionOption An actor (individual or a group), e.g. in TV, radio, movie, video games etc., or in an event. Actors can be associated with individual items or with a series, episode, clip. actor An actor, e.g. in TV, radio, movie, video games etc. Actors can be associated with individual items or with a series, episode, clip. actors A music album. album A collection of music albums. albums An application that can complete the request. application The area within which users can expect to reach the broadcast service. area The geographic area where a service or offered item is provided. areaServed The branches that comprise the arterial structure. arterialBranch The supporting materials for the artwork, e.g. Canvas, Paper, Wood, Board, etc. artworkSurface An aspect of medical practice that is considered on the page, such as 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'causes', 'prognosis', 'etiology', 'epidemiology', etc. aspect Library file name, e.g., mscorlib.dll, system.web.dll. assembly A person or organization attending the event. attendee A person attending the event. attendees An intended audience, i.e. a group for whom something was created. audience Device required to run the application. Used in cases where a specific make/model is required to run the application. availableOnDevice An award won by or for this item. award Awards won by or for this item. awards Description of benefits associated with the job. benefits A posting that is part of this blog. blogPost Indicates a post that is part of a <a class="localLink" href="/Blog">Blog</a>. Note that historically, what we term a "Blog" was once known as a "weblog", and that what we term a "BlogPosting" is now often colloquially referred to as a "blog". blogPosts 'bookingAgent' is an out-dated term indicating a 'broker' that serves as a booking agent. bookingAgent The branches that delineate from the nerve bundle. Not to be confused with <a class="localLink" href="/branchOf">branchOf</a>. branch The larger organization that this local business is a branch of, if any. Not to be confused with (anatomical) <a class="localLink" href="/branch">branch</a>. branchOf An entity that arranges for an exchange between a buyer and a seller. In most cases a broker never acquires or releases ownership of a product or service involved in an exchange. If it is not clear whether an entity is a broker, seller, or buyer, the latter two terms are preferred. broker 'carrier' is an out-dated term indicating the 'provider' for parcel delivery and flights. carrier A data catalog which contains this dataset. catalog Description of the absorption and elimination of drugs, including their concentration (pharmacokinetics, pK) and biological effects (pharmacodynamics, pD). clincalPharmacology Description of the absorption and elimination of drugs, including their concentration (pharmacokinetics, pK) and biological effects (pharmacodynamics, pD). clinicalPharmacology What type of code sample: full (compile ready) solution, code snippet, inline code, scripts, template. codeSampleType A colleague of the person. colleague A colleague of the person. colleagues A sub property of object. The collection target of the action. collection A contact point for a person or organization. contactPoint A contact point for a person or organization. contactPoints The basic containment relation between a place and one that contains it. containedIn The basic containment relation between a place and one that contains it. containedInPlace A season that is part of the media series. containsSeason A sub property of location. The course where this action was taken. course The range of temporal applicability of a dataset, e.g. for a 2011 census dataset, the year 2011 (in ISO 8601 time interval format). datasetTimeInterval Device required to run the application. Used in cases where a specific make/model is required to run the application. device A director of e.g. TV, radio, movie, video gaming etc. content, or of an event. Directors can be associated with individual items or with a series, episode, clip. director A director of e.g. TV, radio, movie, video games etc. content. Directors can be associated with individual items or with a series, episode, clip. directors Someone working for this organization. employee People working for this organization. employees A media object that encodes this CreativeWork. This property is a synonym for associatedMedia. encoding Media type typically expressed using a MIME format (see <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml">IANA site</a> and <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types">MDN reference</a>), e.g. application/zip for a SoftwareApplication binary, audio/mpeg for .mp3 etc.<br/><br/> In cases where a <a class="localLink" href="/CreativeWork">CreativeWork</a> has several media type representations, <a class="localLink" href="/encoding">encoding</a> can be used to indicate each <a class="localLink" href="/MediaObject">MediaObject</a> alongside particular <a class="localLink" href="/encodingFormat">encodingFormat</a> information.<br/><br/> Unregistered or niche encoding and file formats can be indicated instead via the most appropriate URL, e.g. defining Web page or a Wikipedia/Wikidata entry. encodingFormat A media object that encodes this CreativeWork. encodings An episode of a TV, radio or game media within a series or season. episode An episode of a TV/radio series or season. episodes Upcoming or past event associated with this place, organization, or action. event Upcoming or past events associated with this place or organization. events Library file name, e.g., mscorlib.dll, system.web.dll. executableLibraryName A sub property of location. The course where this action was taken. exerciseCourse Media type, typically MIME format (see <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml">IANA site</a>) of the content, e.g. application/zip of a SoftwareApplication binary. In cases where a CreativeWork has several media type representations, 'encoding' can be used to indicate each MediaObject alongside particular fileFormat information. Unregistered or niche file formats can be indicated instead via the most appropriate URL, e.g. defining Web page or a Wikipedia entry. fileFormat A person or organization who founded this organization. founder A person who founded this organization. founders A flag to signal that the item, event, or place is accessible for free. free A URL to a map of the place. hasMap Either the actual menu as a structured representation, as text, or a URL of the menu. hasMenu Specifies a MerchantReturnPolicy that may be applicable. hasMerchantReturnPolicy Indicates a ProductReturnPolicy that may be applicable. hasProductReturnPolicy The language of the content or performance or used in an action. Please use one of the language codes from the <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">IETF BCP 47 standard</a>. See also <a class="localLink" href="/availableLanguage">availableLanguage</a>. inLanguage Description of bonus and commission compensation aspects of the job. incentiveCompensation Description of bonus and commission compensation aspects of the job. incentives A data catalog which contains this dataset (this property was previously 'catalog', preferred name is now 'includedInDataCatalog'). includedDataCatalog A data catalog which contains this dataset. includedInDataCatalog A single ingredient used in the recipe, e.g. sugar, flour or garlic. ingredients This property is deprecated, alongside the UserInteraction types on which it depended. interactionCount The number of interactions for the CreativeWork using the WebSite or SoftwareApplication. The most specific child type of InteractionCounter should be used. interactionStatistic A flag to signal that the item, event, or place is accessible for free. isAccessibleForFree A resource from which this work is derived or from which it is a modification or adaptation. isBasedOn A resource that was used in the creation of this resource. This term can be repeated for multiple sources. For example, http://example.com/great-multiplication-intro.html. isBasedOnUrl Description of benefits associated with the job. jobBenefits A sub property of instrument. The language used on this action. language Indicates if this web page element is the main subject of the page. mainContentOfPage A URL to a map of the place. map A URL to a map of the place. maps A member of an Organization or a ProgramMembership. Organizations can be members of organizations; ProgramMembership is typically for individuals. member A member of this organization. members Either the actual menu as a structured representation, as text, or a URL of the menu. menu 'merchant' is an out-dated term for 'seller'. merchant Specifies either a fixed return date or the number of days (from the delivery date) that a product can be returned. Used when the <a class="localLink" href="/returnPolicyCategory">returnPolicyCategory</a> property is specified as <a class="localLink" href="/MerchantReturnFiniteReturnWindow">MerchantReturnFiniteReturnWindow</a>. merchantReturnDays Specifies a Web page or service by URL, for product returns. merchantReturnLink A member of a music group&#x2014;for example, John, Paul, George, or Ringo. musicGroupMember A position played, performed or filled by a person or organization, as part of an organization. For example, an athlete in a SportsTeam might play in the position named 'Quarterback'. namedPosition A sub property of object. The options subject to this action. option A parent of this person. parent The larger organization that this organization is a <a class="localLink" href="/subOrganization">subOrganization</a> of, if any. parentOrganization A parents of the person. parents The series to which this episode or season belongs. partOfSeries The TV series to which this episode or season belongs. partOfTVSeries The date that payment is due. paymentDue The date that payment is due. paymentDueDate A performer at the event&#x2014;for example, a presenter, musician, musical group or actor. performer The main performer or performers of the event&#x2014;for example, a presenter, musician, or actor. performers A photograph of this place. photo Photographs of this place. photos The tangible thing generated by the service, e.g. a passport, permit, etc. produces The productReturnDays property indicates the number of days (from purchase) within which relevant product return policy is applicable. productReturnDays Indicates a Web page or service by URL, for product return. productReturnLink The service provider, service operator, or service performer; the goods producer. Another party (a seller) may offer those services or goods on behalf of the provider. A provider may also serve as the seller. provider A single ingredient used in the recipe, e.g. sugar, flour or garlic. recipeIngredient Component dependency requirements for application. This includes runtime environments and shared libraries that are not included in the application distribution package, but required to run the application (examples: DirectX, Java or .NET runtime). requirements A review of the item. review Review of the item. reviews Runtime platform or script interpreter dependencies (example: Java v1, Python 2.3, .NET Framework 3.0). runtime Runtime platform or script interpreter dependencies (example: Java v1, Python 2.3, .NET Framework 3.0). runtimePlatform What type of code sample: full (compile ready) solution, code snippet, inline code, scripts, template. sampleType A season in a media series. season A season in a media series. seasons An entity which offers (sells / leases / lends / loans) the services / goods. A seller may also be a provider. seller The geographic area where the service is provided. serviceArea The audience eligible for this service. serviceAudience The tangible thing generated by the service, e.g. a passport, permit, etc. serviceOutput A sibling of the person. sibling A sibling of the person. siblings One of the more significant URLs on the page. Typically, these are the non-navigation links that are clicked on the most. significantLink The most significant URLs on the page. Typically, these are the non-navigation links that are clicked on the most. significantLinks Component dependency requirements for application. This includes runtime environments and shared libraries that are not included in the application distribution package, but required to run the application (examples: DirectX, Java or .NET runtime). softwareRequirements A single step item (as HowToStep, text, document, video, etc.) or a HowToSection. step A single step item (as HowToStep, text, document, video, etc.) or a HowToSection (originally misnamed 'steps'; 'step' is preferred). steps An Event that is part of this event. For example, a conference event includes many presentations, each of which is a subEvent of the conference. subEvent Events that are a part of this event. For example, a conference event includes many presentations, each subEvents of the conference. subEvents A material used as a surface in some artwork, e.g. Canvas, Paper, Wood, Board, etc. surface A sub property of object. The collection target of the action. targetCollection The temporalCoverage of a CreativeWork indicates the period that the content applies to, i.e. that it describes, either as a DateTime or as a textual string indicating a time period in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_intervals">ISO 8601 time interval format</a>. In the case of a Dataset it will typically indicate the relevant time period in a precise notation (e.g. for a 2011 census dataset, the year 2011 would be written "2011/2012"). Other forms of content, e.g. ScholarlyArticle, Book, TVSeries or TVEpisode, may indicate their temporalCoverage in broader terms - textually or via well-known URL. Written works such as books may sometimes have precise temporal coverage too, e.g. a work set in 1939 - 1945 can be indicated in ISO 8601 interval format format via "1939/1945".<br/><br/> Open-ended date ranges can be written with ".." in place of the end date. For example, "2015-11/.." indicates a range beginning in November 2015 and with no specified final date. This is tentative and might be updated in future when ISO 8601 is officially updated. temporalCoverage A music recording (track)&#x2014;usually a single song. If an ItemList is given, the list should contain items of type MusicRecording. track A music recording (track)&#x2014;usually a single song. tracks 'vendor' is an earlier term for 'seller'. vendor The warranty promise(s) included in the offer. warranty The warranty promise(s) included in the offer. warrantyPromise Action An operation on an Asset. Actions may be allowed by Permissions, disallowed by Prohibitions, or made mandatory by Duties. Agreement A Policy that grants the assignee a Rule over an Asset from an assigner. An Agreement Policy MUST contain at least one Permission or Prohibition rule, a Party with Assigner function, and a Party with Assignee function (in the same Permission or Prohibition). The Agreement Policy will grant the terms of the Policy from the Assigner to the Assignee. Assertion A Policy that asserts a Rule over an Asset from parties. For example, a party (an assignee or assigner) can claim what terms they have over an Asset. An Assertion Policy does not grant such permissions/prohibitions but only asserts the parties claims. An Assetion Policy MUST contain a target Asset, a Party with any functional role, and at least one of a Permission or Prohibition rule. Non-Normative Asset A resource or a collection of resources that are the subject of a Rule. The Asset entity can be any form of identifiable resource, such as data/information, content/media, applications, or services. Furthermore, it can be used to represent other Asset entities that are needed to undertake the Policy expression, such as with the Duty entity. To describe more details about the Asset, it is recommended to use Dublin Core [[dcterms]] elements or other content metadata. Asset Collection An Asset that is collection of individual resources Conflict Strategy Preference Used to establish strategies to resolve conflicts that arise from the merging of Policies or conflicts between Permissions and Prohibitions in the same Policy. Instances of ConflictTerm describe strategies for resolving conflicts. Constraint A boolean expression that refines the semantics of an Action and Party/Asset Collection or declare the conditions applicable to a Rule. Duty The obligation to perform an Action Left Operand Left operand for a constraint expression. Instances of the LeftOperand class are used as the leftOperand of a Constraint. Logical Constraint A logical expression that refines the semantics of an Action and Party/Asset Collection or declare the conditions applicable to a Rule. Offer A Policy that proposes a Rule over an Asset from an assigner. An Offer Policy MUST contain at least one Permission or Prohibition rule and a Party with Assigner function (in the same Permission or Prohibition). The Offer Policy MAY contain a Party with Assignee function, but MUST not grant any privileges to that Party. Operator Operator for constraint expression. Instances of the Operator class representing relational operators. Party An entity or a collection of entities that undertake Roles in a Rule. The Party entity could be a person, group of people, organisation, or agent. An agent is a person or thing that takes an active role or produces a specified effect. To describe more details about the Party, it is recommended to use W3C vCard Ontology [[vcard-rdf]] or FOAF Vocabulary [[foaf]]. Party Collection A Party that is a group of individual entities Party Scope true Scopes for Party Scope expressions. Instances of the PartyScope class represent the terms for the scope property of Parties. Permission The ability to perform an Action over an Asset. Policy A non-empty group of Permissions and/or Prohibitions. A Policy may contain multiple Rules. Privacy Policy A Policy that expresses a Rule over an Asset containing personal information. A Privacy Policy MUST contain a target Asset, a Party with Assigner is, a Party with Assignee function, and at least one of a Permission or Prohibition rule that MUST include a Duty. The target Asset SHOULD contain or relate to personal information about the Assignee. The Duty MUST describe obligations on the Assigner about managing the Asset. The Assignee is being granted the terms of the Privacy policy from the Assigner. Non-Normative Prohibition The inability to perform an Action over an Asset. Request A Policy that proposes a Rule over an Asset from an assignee. A Request Policy MUST contain a target Asset, a Party with Assignee function, and at least one of a Permission or Prohibition rule. The Request MAY also contain the Party with Assigner function if this is known. No privileges are granted to any Party. Non-Normative Right Operand Right operand for constraint expression. Instances of the RightOperand class are used as the rightOperand of a Constraint. Rule An abstract concept that represents the common characteristics of Permissions, Prohibitions, and Duties. Rule is an abstract concept. Set A Policy that expresses a Rule over an Asset. A Set Policy MUST contain a target Asset, and at least one Rule. A Set Policy is the default Policy subclass. The Set is aimed at scenarios where there is an open criteria for the semantics of the policy expressions and typically refined by other systems/profiles that process the information at a later time. No privileges are granted to any Party (if defined). Ticket A Policy that grants the holder a Rule over an Asset from an assigner. A Ticket Policy MUST contain a target Asset and at least one of a Permission or Prohibition rule. The Ticket MAY contain the Party with Assigner function and MUST NOT contain an Assignee. The Ticket Policy will grant the terms of the Policy to the holder of that Ticket. The holder of the Ticket MAY remain unknown or MAY have to be identified at some later stage. Non-Normative Undefined Term true Is used to indicate how to support Actions that are not part of any vocabulary or profile in the policy expression system. Instances of UndefinedTerm describe strategies for processing unsupported actions. Has Action The operation relating to the Asset for which the Rule is being subjected. And The relation is satisfied when all of the Constraints are satisfied. This property MUST only be used for Logical Constraints, and the list of operand values MUST be Constraint instances. And Sequence The relation is satisfied when each of the Constraints are satisfied in the order specified. This property MUST only be used for Logical Constraints, and the list of operand values MUST be Constraint instances. The order of the list MUST be preserved. The andSequence operator is an example where there may be temporal conditional requirements between the operands. This may lead to situations where the outcome is unresolvable, such as deadlock if one of the Constraints is unable to be satisfied. ODRL Processing systems SHOULD plan for these scenarios and implement mechanisms to resolve them. Assignee The Party is the recipient of the Rule. Assignee Of Identifies an ODRL Policy for which the identified Party undertakes the assignee functional role. When assigneeOf has been asserted between a metadata expression and an ODRL Policy, the Party being identified MUST be inferred to undertake the assignee functional role of all the Rules of that Policy. Assigner The Party is the issuer of the Rule. Assigner Of Identifies an ODRL Policy for which the identified Party undertakes the assigner functional role. When assignerOf has been asserted between a metadata expression and an ODRL Policy, the Party being identified MUST be inferred to undertake the assigner functional role of all the Rules of that Policy. Attributed Party The Party to be attributed. Maybe specified as part of the attribute action. Non-Normative Attributing Party The Party who undertakes the attribution. Maybe specified as part of the attribute action. Non-Normative Compensated Party The Party is the recipient of the compensation. Maybe specified as part of the compensate duty action. Non-Normative Compensating Party The Party that is the provider of the compensation. Maybe specified as part of the compensate duty action. Non-Normative Handle Policy Conflicts The conflict-resolution strategy for a Policy. If no strategy is specified, the default is invalid. Consented Party The Party who obtains the consent. Maybe specified as part of the obtainConsent action. Non-Normative Consenting Party The Party to obtain consent from. Maybe specified as part of the obtainConsent action. Non-Normative Consequence Relates a Duty to another Duty, the latter being a consequence of not fulfilling the former. The consequence property is utilised to express the repercussions of not fulfilling an agreed Policy obligation or duty for a Permission. If either of these fails to be fulfilled, then this will result in the consequence Duty also becoming a new requirement, meaning that the original obligation or duty, as well as the consequence Duty must all be fulfilled Has Constraint Constraint applied to a Rule Constraints on Rules are used to determine if a rule is Active or not. Example: the Permission rule is only active during the year 2018. Contracted Party The Party who is being contracted. Non-Normative Contracting Party The Party who is offering the contract. Non-Normative Datatype The datatype of the value of the rightOperand or rightOperandReference of a Constraint. In RDF encodings, use of the rdf:datatype MUST be used. In JSON-LD encoding, the use of @type MUST be used. Has Duty Relates an individual Duty to a Permission. A Duty is a pre-condition which must be fulfilled in order to receive the Permission. Failure Failure is an abstract property that defines the violation (or unmet) relationship between Rules. The parent property to sub-properties that express explicit failure contexts. Function Function is an abstract property whose sub-properties define the functional roles which may be fulfilled by a party in relation to a Rule. Target Policy Identifies an ODRL Policy for which the identified Asset is the target Asset to all the Rules. The Asset being identified MUST be inferred to be the target Asset of all of the Rules of the Policy. Implies An Action asserts that another Action is not prohibited to enable its operational semantics. The property asserts that an instance of Action entails that the other instance of Action is not prohibited. Included In An Action transitively asserts that another Action that encompasses its operational semantics. The purpose is to explicitly assert that the semantics of the referenced instance of an other Action encompasses (includes) the semantics of this instance of Action. The includedIn property is transitive, and as such, the Actions form ancestor relationships. Informed Party The Party to be informed of all uses. Maybe specified as part of the inform action. Non-Normative Inherits From Relates a (child) policy to another (parent) policy from which terms are inherited. The child policy will inherit Rules from the parent policy Has Left Operand The left operand in a constraint expression. Obligation Relates an individual Duty to a Policy. The Duty is a requirement which must be fulfilled. Operand Operand is an abstract property for a logical relationship. Sub-properties of operand are used for Logical Constraints. Has Operator The operator function applied to operands of a Constraint Or The relation is satisfied when at least one of the Constraints is satisfied. This property MUST only be used for Logical Constraints, and the list of operand values MUST be Constraint instances. Output The output property specifies the Asset which is created from the output of the Action. Non-Normative Part Of Identifies an Asset/PartyCollection that the Asset/Party is a member of. Has Permission Relates an individual Permission to a Policy. Has Prohibition Relates an individual Prohibition to a Policy. Refinement Constraint used to refine the semantics of an Action, or Party/Asset Collection Example: the Action print is only permitted on 50% of the asset. Relation Relation is an abstract property which creates an explicit link between an Action and an Asset. Sub-properties of relation are used to define the nature of that link. Remedy Relates an individual remedy Duty to a Prohibition. The remedy property expresses an agreed Duty that must be fulfilled in case that a Prohibition has been violated by being exercised. Has Right Operand The value of the right operand in a constraint expression. When used with set-based operators, a list of values may be used. Target The target property indicates the Asset that is the primary subject to which the Rule action directly applies. Tracked Party The Party whose usage is being tracked. May be specified as part of the acceptTracking action. Non-Normative Tracking Party The Party who is tracking usage. May be specified as part of the acceptTracking action. Non-Normative Only One The relation is satisfied when only one, and not more, of the Constaints is satisfied This property MUST only be used for Logical Constraints, and the list of operand values MUST be Constraint instances. A role played, performed or filled by a person or organization. For example, the team of creators for a comic book might fill the roles named 'inker', 'penciller', and 'letterer'; or an athlete in a SportsTeam might play in the position named 'Quarterback'. roleName