{"text": "### Instruction: Write a Python function to calculate the factorial of a number.\n### Response: def factorial(n):\n    if n == 0 or n == 1:\n        return 1\n    else:\n        return n * factorial(n - 1)"}
{"text": "### Instruction: Explain the difference between lists and tuples in Python.\n### Response: Lists are mutable (can be changed) and use square brackets [], while tuples are immutable (cannot be changed) and use parentheses (). Lists are better for data that changes, tuples for fixed data."}
{"text": "### Instruction: Write a function to check if a number is prime.\n### Response: def is_prime(n):\n    if n < 2:\n        return False\n    for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):\n        if n % i == 0:\n            return False\n    return True"}
{"text": "### Instruction: How do you reverse a string in Python?\n### Response: You can reverse a string using slicing: text[::-1]. For example, 'hello'[::-1] returns 'olleh'. You can also use ''.join(reversed(text)) or text[::-1]."}
{"text": "### Instruction: Write a Python function to find the maximum element in a list.\n### Response: def find_max(lst):\n    if not lst:\n        return None\n    max_val = lst[0]\n    for item in lst[1:]:\n        if item > max_val:\n            max_val = item\n    return max_val"}
{"text": "### Instruction: Explain what is recursion with an example.\n### Response: Recursion is when a function calls itself. It needs a base case to stop. Example: def countdown(n): if n <= 0: print('Done!') else: print(n); countdown(n-1). This prints numbers from n down to 1."}
{"text": "### Instruction: Write a function to calculate Fibonacci sequence.\n### Response: def fibonacci(n):\n    if n <= 1:\n        return n\n    else:\n        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n\n# More efficient version:\ndef fib_iterative(n):\n    a, b = 0, 1\n    for _ in range(n):\n        a, b = b, a + b\n    return a"}
{"text": "### Instruction: How to handle exceptions in Python?\n### Response: Use try-except blocks:\ntry:\n    result = 10 / 0\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print('Cannot divide by zero')\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f'An error occurred: {e}')\nfinally:\n    print('This always runs')"}
{"text": "### Instruction: Write a function to sort a list without using built-in sort.\n### Response: def bubble_sort(arr):\n    n = len(arr)\n    for i in range(n):\n        for j in range(0, n-i-1):\n            if arr[j] > arr[j+1]:\n                arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]\n    return arr"}
{"text": "### Instruction: Explain the concept of object-oriented programming.\n### Response: OOP is a programming paradigm based on objects that contain data (attributes) and code (methods). Key principles: 1) Encapsulation - bundling data and methods, 2) Inheritance - creating new classes from existing ones, 3) Polymorphism - same interface for different types, 4) Abstraction - hiding complex implementation details."}