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[ | |
{ | |
"year": 1000, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Norse explorer Leif Erikson lands in Vinland (North America), hinting at trans-Atlantic reach before Columbus.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ ธ๋ฅด๋ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ดํ ์๋ฆญ์์ด ๋น๋๋(๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด)์ ๋๋ฌํด ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ์ด์ ๋์์ ํก๋จ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1040, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Bi Sheng in Song-dynasty China invents movable-type porcelain printing, foreshadowing a print revolution.", | |
"event_ko": "์ก๋๋ผ ๋น์ ฉ์ด ๋์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ช ํด ์ธ์ ํ๋ช ์ ์๋ง์ ์ด๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1054, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The EastโWest Schism splits Latin and Byzantine churches, reshaping medieval religious power.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ยท์(๊ฐํจ๋ฆญยท์ ๊ตํ) ๋๋ถ์ด์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ค์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ต ํจ๊ถ ๊ตฌ๋๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1066, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Norman Duke William conquers England at Hastings, forging Anglo-Norman rule.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋ ๊ณต ์๋ฆฌ์์ด ํค์ด์คํ ์ค ์ ํฌ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํด ์๊ธ๋๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1096, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The First Crusade launches, sending European armies to the Levant and igniting centuries of holy wars.", | |
"event_ko": "์ 1์ฐจ ์ญ์๊ตฐ์ด ์ถ์ ํด ์ ๋ฝยท์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์์ธ๊ธฐ ์ข ๊ต ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1122, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy, balancing papal and imperial authority.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ณด๋ฆ์ค ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ตํฉ๊ณผ ํฉ์ ๊ฐ ์์๊ถ ๋ถ์์ด ์ข ๊ฒฐ๋ผ ๊ถ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1154, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "German and Baltic towns begin forming the Hanseatic League, boosting North-European trade.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ ์ผยท๋ฐํธ ํด์ญ ๋์๋ค์ด ํ์๋๋งน ๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ ์์ํด ๋ถ์ ๋ฝ ๊ต์ญ์ ํ์ฑํํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1206, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Temรผjin is proclaimed Genghis Khan, uniting Mongol tribes and launching a vast Eurasian empire.", | |
"event_ko": "ํ ๋ฌด์ง์ด ์นญ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์นธ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋๋์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ํต์ผํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1215, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Englandโs King John seals Magna Carta, limiting royal power and affirming baronial rights.", | |
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ ์กด ์์ด ๋ํ์ฅ์ ์น์ธํด ์๊ถ์ ์ ํํ๊ณ ๊ท์กฑ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1258, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate and shifting Islamic power centers.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐ๊ทธ๋ค๋๋ฅผ ํจ๋ฝํด ์๋ฐ์ค ์์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ณ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ ์งํ์ด ๋ณํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1271, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "Venetian merchant Marco Polo departs for Asia, opening legendary Silk-Road trade narratives.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ฒ ๋ค์น์ ์์ธ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ ํด๋ก๊ฐ ์์์๋ก ๋ ๋ ๋น๋จ๊ธธ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1291, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Three alpine cantons swear the Federal Charter, founding the Swiss Confederation.", | |
"event_ko": "์ํ์ค์ ์ธ ์นธํค์ด ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํด ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชจํ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1299, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Osman I establishes the Ottoman beylik, seed of a future transcontinental empire.", | |
"event_ko": "์ค์ค๋ง 1์ธ๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ง ๋ถ์กฑ๊ตญ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1303, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A Florentine currency crisis hits major banks after Edward I defaults on war loans.", | |
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ ์๋์๋ 1์ธ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ฌด ๋ถ์ดํ์ผ๋ก ํผ๋ ์ฒด ์ํ๊ถ์ ํตํ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1315, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "Great Famine begins across Northern Europe, causing economic contraction and population loss.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ถ์ ๋ฝ ๋๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ์์๋์ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1337, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Hundred Yearsโ War erupts between England and France over dynastic claims.", | |
"event_ko": "์์ ๊ณ์น ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ ์ ์์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1345, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Bardi and Peruzzi banks of Florence collapse, shaking medieval European finance.", | |
"event_ko": "ํผ๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ยทํ๋ฃจ์น ์ํ์ด ํ์ฐํด ์ค์ธ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ธ์ต๋ง์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1347, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "Black Death arrives in Europe via Mediterranean ports, wiping out trade hubs and labor.", | |
"event_ko": "ํ์ฌ๋ณ์ด ์ง์คํด ํญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋ฅํด ๋ฌด์ญ ์ค์ฌ์ง์ ๋ ธ๋๋ ฅ์ ํ๊ดดํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1368, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Zhu Yuanzhang founds Chinaโs Ming dynasty, ending Mongol Yuan rule.", | |
"event_ko": "์ฃผ์์ฅ์ด ๋ช ๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ตญํด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์๋ด๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1378, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Western Schism begins as rival popes in Rome and Avignon split Catholic allegiance.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ก๋ง์ ์๋น๋ฝ์ ๊ตํฉ์ด ๋ณ๋ฆฝํด ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ตํ ๋๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒช๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1381, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Peasantsโ Revolt erupts in England against poll tax burdens and wage controls.", | |
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ์์ ๋ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ธ๋์ธ์ ์๊ธ ์ต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ ๋๋ฏผ ๋ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1405, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "Chinese admiral Zheng He launches the first treasure fleet, expanding Indian-Ocean commerce.", | |
"event_ko": "์ค๊ตญ ์ ํ ํจ๋๊ฐ ์ฒซ ์์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ๋์ ๊ต์ญ๋ง์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ํ์ฅํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1415, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Henry Vโs army wins at Agincourt, reinforcing English claims in France.", | |
"event_ko": "ํจ๋ฆฌ 5์ธ๊ฐ ์์์ฟ ๋ฅด ์ ํฌ์์ ๋์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด ํ๋์ค ๋ด ์๊ตญ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1431, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Joan of Arc is executed in Rouen, galvanizing French resistance in the Hundred Yearsโ War.", | |
"event_ko": "์๋ค๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฃจ์์์ ์ฒํ๋ผ ํ๋์ค์ ๋ฐฑ๋ ์ ์ ํญ์ ์ ๋์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ํค๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1439, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Johannes Gutenberg perfects metal movable-type printing in Mainz, sparking Europeโs print era.", | |
"event_ko": "์ํ๋ค์ค ๊ตฌํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ธ์ธ ์์ ๊ธ์ ํ์ ์ธ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํด ์ ๋ฝ ์ธ์ ํ๋ช ์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1450, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Medici Bank reaches its zenith, dominating European finance from Florence.", | |
"event_ko": "ํผ๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฉ๋์น ์ํ์ด ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ๋ผ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ธ์ต์ ์ข์ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1453, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Ottomans capture Constantinople, ending Byzantium and shifting trade routes westward.", | |
"event_ko": "์ค์ค๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ด ์ฝ์คํํฐ๋ ธํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ํจ๋ฝํด ๋๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ก๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1469, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unites Spainโs two strongest crowns.", | |
"event_ko": "์๋ผ๊ณค์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ์นด์คํฐ์ผ์ ์ด์ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํผํด ์คํ์ธ ํตํฉ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1472, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Monte dei Paschi di Siena is founded, becoming the worldโs oldest surviving bank.", | |
"event_ko": "๋ชฌํ ๋ฐ์ด ํ์คํค ๋ ์์๋ ์ํ์ด ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ผ ํ์กด ์ธ๊ณ ์ต๊ณ ๋ น ์ํ์ด ๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1494, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Treaty of Tordesillas divides newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, formalizing colonial spheres.", | |
"event_ko": "ํ ๋ฅด๋ฐ์์ผ์ค ์กฐ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋๋ฅ ์ํ ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ ํด ์๋ฏผ์ง ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1492, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Christopher Columbusโs voyage to the Americas opens the way for European colonial empires and global trade expansion:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.", | |
"event_ko": "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํญํด๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ค๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ ํ์ฅ์ ๊ธธ์ ์ด์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1588, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "England defeats the Spanish Armada, marking the decline of Spainโs dominance and the rise of British naval power:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.", | |
"event_ko": "1588๋ ์๊ธ๋๋๊ฐ ์์คํ๋ ๋ฌด์ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํํ์ฌ ์์คํ๋ ํจ๊ถ์ ์ ํด์ ์๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์์ ์๋ ธ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1648, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ends the Thirty Yearsโ War, establishing the modern system of sovereign states and curtailing Habsburg hegemony in Europe.", | |
"event_ko": "1648๋ ๋ฒ ์คํธํ๋ ์กฐ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 30๋ ์ ์์ด ์ข ๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ๊ทผ๋ ์ฃผ๊ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ํจ๊ถ์ด ์ต์ ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1688, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England ensures a constitutional monarchy and ushers in an era of political stability that allows Britainโs rise as a global power.", | |
"event_ko": "1688๋ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ช ์ํ๋ช ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋๊ณ ์๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ์์ ์ ํ ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1707, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Acts of Union 1707 unite England and Scotland into Great Britain, laying the foundation for a unified British state that will dominate world affairs.", | |
"event_ko": "1707๋ ์ฐํฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋๊ฐ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ํตํฉ๋์ด ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋์์ ๋จ์ผ ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1720, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The South Sea Bubble bursts in Britain (alongside Franceโs Mississippi Bubble), collapsing stock prices and ruining investors:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.", | |
"event_ko": "1720๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ๋จํดํ์ฌ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋๊ณ ๋์์ ํ๋์ค์์๋ ๋ฏธ์์ํผ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ํฐ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์๋ง์ ํฌ์์๊ฐ ํ์ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1757, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "At the 1757 Battle of Plassey, Britain secures control over Bengal in India, a key step in establishing the British Raj and expanding its colonial hegemony.", | |
"event_ko": "1757๋ ํ๋ผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํต์น๊ถ์ ํ๋ณดํ์ฌ ์ธ๋์์ ์๊ตญ๋ น ๋ผ์ง์ ํ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1763, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "An Amsterdam banking crisis in 1763 follows the Seven Yearsโ War, as major lenders collapse and panic spreads to Germany and Scandinavia:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.", | |
"event_ko": "1763๋ 7๋ ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์์คํ ๋ฅด๋ด์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ํ๋ค์ด ํ์ฐํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์, ๊ทธ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ผ๊ณผ ์ค์นธ๋๋๋น์๊น์ง ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1769, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A speculative frenzy in Indiaโs Bengal region ends with a crash in 1769 (the Bengal Bubble), devastating local trade and credit:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.", | |
"event_ko": "1769๋ ์ธ๋ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง์ญ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ดํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋ ๊ฑฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ (๋ฒต๊ณจ ๊ฑฐํ)๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ์ง์ญ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ต์ด ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1771, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Richard Arkwright opens Cromford Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.", | |
"event_ko": "1771๋ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ์ํฌ๋ผ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์๊ตญ ํฌ๋กฌํผ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ์๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ๊ฐ๋๋๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ช ์ด ์์๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1772, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A British credit crisis begins with bank failures in London and Amsterdam, spreading panic across Europe:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.", | |
"event_ko": "1772๋ ๋ฐ๋๊ณผ ์์คํ ๋ฅด๋ด์์ ๋ํ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์๋ ๊ธ์ต ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1776, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "American colonies declare independence from Britain, inspiring global movements for self-governance:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.", | |
"event_ko": "1776๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์๋ฏผ์ง๊ฐ ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ธํ์ฌ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์์น์ ๊ณตํ ์ด๋ ์ ํ๋ช ์ ์์ง์์ ๊ณ ์ทจํ๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Financing the American Revolutionary War strains European powers; Franceโs 1.3 billion livre support for the rebels helps push the French monarchy toward bankruptcy:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.", | |
"event_ko": "1776๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์๊ธ ์กฐ๋ฌ๋ก ํ๋์ค๊ฐ 13์ต ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ฅด์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์์ฒญ๋ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋ ์์ ํ๋์ค ์์ค์ ์ฌ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์์ผฐ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1785, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1785 hits the early United States, as a post-war credit contraction leads to a sharp economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.", | |
"event_ko": "1785๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ดํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ ์์ถ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1789, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The French Revolution erupts in 1789, overthrowing the monarchy and challenging the old aristocratic order across Europe.", | |
"event_ko": "1789๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ช ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํด ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ด ์์ ์ ์ ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋์ ํ๋ ํ๋ช ์ด๋ ์ ํ์ฐ์์ผฐ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1792, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A financial panic strikes in 1792; U.S. Treasury Secretary Hamilton intervenes to stabilize credit in the young American economy:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.", | |
"event_ko": "1792๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ํด๋ฐํด์ด ์์ฅ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฒซ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1797, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1797 spreads in Britain and the U.S. amid war-driven debt and speculation, causing bank runs and a credit collapse:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.", | |
"event_ko": "1797๋ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ด๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ดํ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ํ์ฐ๋์ด ์ํ๋ค์ ๋ฑ ํฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์ ์ฉ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1805, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Britainโs decisive naval victory over France at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 secures British naval supremacy and frustrates Napoleonโs plans to invade England.", | |
"event_ko": "1805๋ ํธ๋ผํ๊ฐ ํด์ ์์ ์๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ํด๋ ์น์ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํํ์ฌ ์๊ตญ์ ํด์ ํจ๊ถ์ ๊ตณํ๊ณ ๋ํด๋ ์น์ ์๊ตญ ์นจ๊ณต ์ผ๋ง์ ์ข์ ์์ผฐ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1807, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "U.S. President Thomas Jeffersonโs Embargo Act of 1807 stops foreign trade, plunging the American economy, especially port cities, into a severe depression.", | |
"event_ko": "1807๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ํผ์จ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์๊ตญยทํ๋์ค์์ ๊ต์ญ์ ๊ธ์งํ๋ ๊ธ์์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จํ(1807๋ ์์ถ์ ๊ธ์ง๋ฒ)ํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํญ๊ตฌ ๋์๋ค์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1813, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Denmark declares state bankruptcy in 1813 after war expenses, illustrating the sovereign debt crises of the Napoleonic era:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.", | |
"event_ko": "1813๋ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ๋ก ๋ด๋งํฌ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์๋์ ๋น๋ฐํ ์ฃผ๊ถ ์ฑ๋ฌด ์๊ธฐ์ ํ ์ฌ๋ก์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1815, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Congress of Vienna reorganizes Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, establishing a balance of power that ushers in a century of relative peace:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.", | |
"event_ko": "1815๋ ๋น ํ์๊ฐ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์ฌํธํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ณ 1์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋์ ํํ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1818, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.", | |
"event_ko": "1918๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ค์ด 1921๋ ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฒช์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1819, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1819, the first major U.S. economic depression after the War of 1812, leads to bank failures and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.", | |
"event_ko": "1819๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณตํฉ(1819๋ ๊ณตํฉ)์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ ํ์ฐ๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1821, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Spainโs New World empire collapses as Mexico and others in Latin America gain independence, ending Spanish colonial hegemony in the Americas:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.", | |
"event_ko": "1821๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ฑ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์์คํ๋์ ์ ๋๋ฅ ์ ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์์ ์์คํ๋ ํจ๊ถ์ด ์ข ์ธ์ ๊ณ ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1823, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The United States proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization in the Americas and asserting a hemispheric influence.", | |
"event_ko": "1823๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋จผ๋ก ๋ ํธ๋ฆฐ์ ์ ํฌํ์ฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ์ง ๊ฐ์ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฒ๋ช ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1825, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.", | |
"event_ko": "1825๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ถ ๊ณผ์ด ๋์ ์๋์ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ ๋์ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ(1825๋ ๊ณตํฉ)๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๋ค์์ ์ํ์ด ๋์ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1837, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1837 triggers a collapse in U.S. banks and a five-year depression in the American economy:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.", | |
"event_ko": "1837๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ ์คํจ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ก ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ(1837๋ ๊ณตํฉ)๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๊ณ 5๋ ์ ๊ฑธ์น ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1847, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A financial panic in 1847 follows the end of Britainโs railway boom, causing a credit crunch and economic slump:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.", | |
"event_ko": "1847๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ ํฌ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๊บผ์ง๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์(1847๋ ๊ณตํฉ)ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋น์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1848, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Revolutionary uprisings across Europe in 1848 shake the continentโs old regimes with demands for liberal reforms and national self-determination.", | |
"event_ko": "1848๋ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฐ์ง์์ ๋์๋ค๋ฐ์ ํ๋ช ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๋คํ๋ค์์ผ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ง์๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1854, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1854 interrupts the expansion of the 1850s, as declining international demand and monetary tightening slow the U.S. economy.", | |
"event_ko": "1854๋ ๊ตญ์ ์์ ๋ํ์ ํตํ ๊ธด์ถ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํํดํ์ฌ 1850๋ ๋ ์ค๋ฐ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1857, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1857, a global financial crash originating in the U.S., leads to widespread bank failures and an economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.", | |
"event_ko": "1857๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์๋ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ(1857๋ ๊ณตํฉ)์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๊ณ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "Following a brief boom, the global Panic of 1857 ends years of expansion, with the failure of banks and collapse of grain prices affecting both the U.S. and Europe.", | |
"event_ko": "1857๋ ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ ์ดํ ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ ํธํฉ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ ํด๊ณ ์ ๋ํ๋ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1865, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A crash in 1865 devastates the economy of colonial India following speculative excess during the American Civil War boom:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.", | |
"event_ko": "1865๋ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ์ธ๋ ๋ญ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ณผ์ด๋์๋ ๋ฉดํ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์์ฅ์ด ๋ถ๊ดดํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ง๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ํ์ด ํ์ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1866, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The collapse of Overend, Gurney & Co. in 1866 sparks an international financial panic, prompting lender-of-last-resort interventions:contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}.", | |
"event_ko": "1866๋ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธ์ต์ฌ ์ค๋ฒ๋ ๋๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฐํ์ฌ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต์์ฅ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ์๊ณ , ์๋์ํ์ด ์ตํ์ ๋๋ถ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์๊ธฐ ๋์์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1868, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Japanโs Meiji Restoration in 1868 begins the rapid modernization and emergence of Japan as an industrial and military power in Asia.", | |
"event_ko": "1868๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒํฉ ์ค์ฌ ํต์น๊ฐ ๋ถํํ๊ณ ๊ธ์ํ ๊ทผ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ถ์ง๋์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์์์์ ์ ํฅ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1869, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Speculators Jay Gould and James Fiskโs attempt to corner the U.S. gold market ends in \"Black Friday\" panic when prices collapse.", | |
"event_ko": "1869๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ด ๊ตด๋์ ์ ์์ค ํผ์คํฌ๊ฐ ๊ธ ์์ฅ์ ๋งค์ ํ๋ ค๋ค \"๊ฒ์ ๊ธ์์ผ\" ์ฌํ๋ก ๊ธ๊ฐ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ํฐ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1871, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Prussiaโs victory in the Franco-Prussian War leads to the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, creating a new great power in Europe.", | |
"event_ko": "1871๋ ํ๋ก์ด์ผ-ํ๋์ค ์ ์์์ ํ๋ก์ด์ผ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ฌ์ ์์ ๋ ์ผ ์ ๊ตญ์ด ์ ํฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ ํ๋๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ณํํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1873, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A major stock market panic in 1873 triggers the Long Depression, a prolonged worldwide economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.", | |
"event_ko": "1873๋ ๋น์๋ ์ฆ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ๋ฒ์ ธ 1870๋ ๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ(์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถํฉ)์ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1873 in the U.S. and Europe marks the start of a worldwide depression (โLong Depressionโ) lasting over two decades:contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.", | |
"event_ko": "1873๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋์ ์ํ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์์ญ ๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋ช์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1875, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Andrew Carnegie opens the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, launching large-scale steel production and the age of heavy engineering:contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.", | |
"event_ko": "1875๋ ์ค๋๋ฃจ ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ์๋๊ฑฐ ํฐ์จ ์ ์ฒ ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ฐ์ฒ ์์ฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด์๊ณ ์ค๊ณต์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1882, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 triggers a French banking crisis after the collapse of an investment bank involved in speculative ventures.", | |
"event_ko": "1882๋ ํ๋์ค์์ ๋ํ ํฌ์์ํ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์(ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ค)๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดดํ์ฌ ๋ฒจ ์ํฌํฌ๊ธฐ ํ๋์ค ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1884, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1884 hits U.S. financial markets, temporarily halting the economic recovery during the Long Depression:contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.", | |
"event_ko": "1884๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฆ๊ถํฌ์์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ค์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์์ง ํ๋ณต ์ค์ด๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถํฉ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ํ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํํด๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1885, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "European powers formalize the \"Scramble for Africa\" at the 1884โ85 Berlin Conference, establishing colonial spheres of influence across the continent.", | |
"event_ko": "1884-85๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํ์์์ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ด ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถํ ์ ๊ณต์ํํ์ฌ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ ์ ์ญ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง๋ก ๋๋์ด ๊ฐ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1890, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Londonโs Baring Brothers bank nearly collapses in 1890 due to Argentine debt exposure, sparking an international financial crisis averted by Bank of England intervention.", | |
"event_ko": "1890๋ ์๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ง์ค ์ํ์ด ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ ๋ถ์ค๋ก ํ์ฐ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ค๋ก ์์ต๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1893, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1893 causes a severe recession in the United States, with the collapse of railroads and banks and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.", | |
"event_ko": "1893๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ ๋์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ(1893๋ ๊ณตํฉ)์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ๊ณผ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ค์ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋น์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1899, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Europeโs new common currency, the euro, debuts in 1999, uniting 11 nations under one monetary system and reshaping international finance.", | |
"event_ko": "1999๋ ์ ๋ฝ 11๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋จ์ผ ํตํ ์ ๋กํ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ํตํ ๋๋งน์ ์ถ๋ฒ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ 2์ ๊ธฐ์ถํตํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1901, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A stock frenzy surrounding the Northern Pacific Railway leads to the Panic of 1901 on Wall Street, one of the first 20th-century stock market crashes.", | |
"event_ko": "1901๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ ธ๋ํผ์ํฝ ์ฒ ๋ ์ง๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ฑ๋ฝํ๋ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1901๋ ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1905, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Japanโs victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War signals the rise of a non-Western power and the weakening of Czarist Russiaโs influence in Asia.", | |
"event_ko": "1905๋ ๋ฌ์ผ ์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตฌ ์ด๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฉํํ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ฅด ๋ฌ์์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1907, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Panic of 1907 sees a run on banks in the U.S., leading to a stock market crash and the creation of the Federal Reserve System as a response:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.", | |
"event_ko": "1907๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ค์ ๋ฑ ํฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์(1907๋ ๊ณตํฉ)ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๊ณ , ์ดํ ์ฐ์ค ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1911, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 topples Chinaโs Qing Dynasty, ending thousands of years of imperial rule and leading to the founding of the Republic of China.", | |
"event_ko": "1911๋ ์ ํดํ๋ช ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ 2์ฒ ๋ ์ด์ ์ด์ด์ง ์ ๊ตญ ํต์น๊ฐ ์ข ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์คํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1913, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The U.S. Federal Reserve Act is signed, establishing a central bank (Federal Reserve) amid a financial recession to stabilize the economy:contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}.", | |
"event_ko": "1913๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค๋น๋ฒ์ ํต๊ณผ์์ผ ์ค์์ํ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค๋น์ ๋(์ฐ์ค)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น์ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด ์์์ ๊ธ์ต ์์ ์ ๋๋ชจํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1914, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "World War I erupts, shattering the century-long international order established after the Napoleonic Wars:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}.", | |
"event_ko": "1914๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ์ง์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 forces the closure of stock markets (Financial Crisis of 1914) as investors panic and gold hoarding ensues.", | |
"event_ko": "1914๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ๊ณ ๊ธ์ต์์ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฅ์ณ ์ฃผ์๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๊ธ๋ณธ์๋ฅผ ์ผ์ ์ค์งํ๊ณ ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1917, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Russiaโs Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 establishes the first communist state, withdrawing Russia from WWI and igniting a global ideological struggle.", | |
"event_ko": "1917๋ ๋ฌ์์์์ ๋ณผ์ ฐ๋นํค ํ๋ช ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ๊ณต์ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ(์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ)๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋๋ฉด์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1918, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}.", | |
"event_ko": "1918๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ค์ด 1921๋ ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฒช์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1920, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The 1920โ21 recession, triggered by tight monetary policy after World War I, causes sharp deflation and unemployment in the U.S.:contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}.", | |
"event_ko": "1920๋ ~21๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ธด์ถ ์ ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ด์ด ์ง์ ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ธ๋ฑํ๋ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1923, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Germany experiences hyperinflation in 1923, rendering its currency nearly worthless and destabilizing the post-WWI European economy.", | |
"event_ko": "1923๋ ๋ ์ผ์์ ํ์ดํผ์ธํ๋ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํํ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ฌํ ํผ๋์ด ์ด๋๋์ด ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ ธ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1929, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929 wipes out billions in wealth and sparks the Great Depression, a decade-long global economic collapse:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}.", | |
"event_ko": "1929๋ ์๊ฐ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ ๋ถ๊ดด(๋๊ณตํฉ์ ์์)๋ก ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐํ์๊ณ , ์ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ 10๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1933, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt takes the U.S. off the gold standard in 1933 and declares a bank holiday to halt bank runs during the Great Depression.", | |
"event_ko": "1933๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ค๋ฒจํธ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๊ธ๋ณธ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์งํ๊ณ ์ํ ํด์ ๋ น์ ๋ด๋ ค ๋๊ณตํฉ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ด์ ๋ฑ ํฌ๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ฑ ๊ธ์ต ์์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จํํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1937, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The โRoosevelt Recessionโ of 1937โ38 interrupts the New Deal recovery, with U.S. industrial output falling and unemployment rising again:contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}.", | |
"event_ko": "1937๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด๋ ์ ์ฑ ์ํ ์ค ์ ๋ถ ์ง์ถ ์ถ์์ ๊ธด์ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋ฑ์ธ๊ฐ ๊บพ์ฌ 1937-38๋ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ(๋ฃจ์ฆ๋ฒจํธ ๋ถํฉ)์ด ๋ค์ ์ฐพ์์ ์ฐ์ ์์ฐ์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ค์ ์ด ์ฌ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1939, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Nazi Germanyโs invasion of Poland in 1939 sparks World War II as Britain and France declare war on Germany, marking the start of the deadliest conflict in history.", | |
"event_ko": "1939๋ ๋์น ๋ ์ผ์ ํด๋๋ ์นจ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค๊ฐ ๋ ์ผ์ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ณ ํ์๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฐธํนํ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ ์์ด ์์๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1941, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brings the United States into World War II, decisively turning the conflict into a truly global war.", | |
"event_ko": "1941๋ 12์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ง์ฃผ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ ์ฐธ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์์ด ์ง์ ํ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฌ์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1944, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Allied nations sign the Bretton Woods Agreement, creating the IMF and World Bank and shaping a new international financial order:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}.", | |
"event_ko": "1944๋ ๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ํ์์์ ๊ตญ์ ํตํ๊ธฐ๊ธ(IMF)๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ด ์ฐฝ์ค๋๊ณ ์ ํ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ค์ฌ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต์ง์๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1945, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "World War II ends with the United States emerging as a leading superpower, ushering in an American-led global order:contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}.", | |
"event_ko": "1945๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ์ข ์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋์ ์ธ ์ด๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ง์๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The end of World War II leads to demobilization and brief economic turmoil as millions of soldiers return to civilian life.", | |
"event_ko": "1945๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ข ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ์์ฐ์ ์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ฒ๋ง ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํผ๋๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ ๊ณง ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก์ ์ ํ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1947, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Bell Labs invents the transistor, revolutionizing electronics and ushering in the modern Information Age:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}.", | |
"event_ko": "1947๋ ๋ฒจ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ํธ๋์ง์คํฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ช ๋์ด ์ ์๊ณตํ์ ํ๋ช ์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ณดํ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The United States launches the Marshall Plan in 1947, pumping billions into Europeโs reconstruction and solidifying U.S. economic leadership in the West.", | |
"event_ko": "1947๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ง์ ํ๋์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์์ ๋ฝ์ ์ ํ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ง๋ํ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์๋ฐฉ ์ง์์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋๊ถ์ ํ๊ณ ํ ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1948, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.", | |
"event_ko": "1948-49๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์์ผ๋, 1950๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ณต๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1949, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Mao Zedong proclaims the Peopleโs Republic of China, creating a socialist state that soon begins to emerge as a global power:contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}.", | |
"event_ko": "1949๋ ๋ง์ค์ฉ๋ฅ์ด ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์๋ฆฝ์ ์ ํฌํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก ์ฌํธํ์๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ดํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.", | |
"event_ko": "1948-49๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์์ผ๋, 1950๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ณต๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1950, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Korean War erupts in 1950 as North Korea invades South Korea, leading to a U.S.-led UN intervention and a proxy conflict of the Cold War.", | |
"event_ko": "1950๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋จ์นจ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตญ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ์๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ดํ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1953, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A recession in 1953โ54 follows the Korean War, as U.S. defense spending drops and unemployment climbs.", | |
"event_ko": "1953๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ข ์ ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ง์ถ ๊ฐ์์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก 1953-54๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํํด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ ์ค์ ๋ฅ ์ด ์์นํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1956, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The 1956 Suez Crisis sees Britain and Franceโs failed attempt to seize the Suez Canal, marking the end of Britainโs role as a global imperial power.", | |
"event_ko": "1956๋ ์ด์งํธ์ ์์์ฆ ์ดํ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ ์๊ตญยทํ๋์คยท์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ๊ตฐ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ํ์ผ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ ๊ตฐํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ์ํ ์ฝํ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1957, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Treaty of Rome is signed in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community and marking a milestone in postwar economic integration.", | |
"event_ko": "1957๋ 3์ ๋ก๋ง ์กฐ์ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด(EEC)๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฒํ์ฌ ์ ํ ์์ ๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ ํตํฉ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1958, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The 1958 recession hits the United States, marked by a sharp downturn in industrial production and the highest unemployment since the 1930s.", | |
"event_ko": "1958๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์กฐ์ ์์ฐ ๊ธ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ค์ ๋ฅ ๊ธ๋ฑ์ ๋๋ฐํ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ 1930๋ ๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ ์ดํ ์ต์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1960, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1960โ61 slows growth in the U.S., contributing to John F. Kennedyโs narrow election victory.", | |
"event_ko": "1960๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ํฌ์ ์์ถ๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ ํด ๋์ ์์ ์กด F. ์ผ๋ค๋์ ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1962, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States and Soviet Union come perilously close to nuclear war, before a negotiated withdrawal defuses the situation.", | |
"event_ko": "1962๋ ์ฟ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๋ จ์ด ํต์ ์ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ํ์์ ํตํด ์๋ จ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฒ ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํด์๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ธด์ฅ ์ํ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1969, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The U.S. Apollo 11 mission lands the first humans on the Moon in 1969, showcasing American technological prowess at the height of the Cold War space race.", | |
"event_ko": "1969๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ํด๋ก 11ํธ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต์ด๋ก ๋ฌ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1970, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A mild recession in 1969โ1970 hits the U.S. as the Vietnam War spending peaks and the Federal Reserve tightens credit to combat inflation.", | |
"event_ko": "1969-70๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋น์ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๊ธด์ถ ํตํ์ ์ฑ ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์๋งํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1971, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "K-Wave", | |
"event_en": "Intel releases the 4004 microprocessor, integrating a computer CPU on one chip and launching the digital revolution:contentReference[oaicite:47]{index=47}.", | |
"event_ko": "1971๋ ์ธํ ์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ์์ ์ฉ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋กํ๋ก์ธ์ 4004๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ปดํจํฐ ์ค์์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋จ์ผ ์นฉ์ ์ง์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์งํธ ํ๋ช ์ ์๋ง์ ์ด์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "U.S. President Nixon ends the dollarโs convertibility to gold, effectively collapsing the Bretton Woods monetary system (\"Nixon Shock\"):contentReference[oaicite:48]{index=48}.", | |
"event_ko": "1971๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์จ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๊ธ์ ํํ์ ์ค์ง(๋์จ ์ผํฌ)ํ์ฌ ๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋๊ณ ๋ณ๋ํ์จ ์๋๋ก ์ ํ๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1973, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "OPECโs oil embargo quadruples oil prices, igniting a global energy crisis and stagflation that end the postwar economic boom:contentReference[oaicite:49]{index=49}.", | |
"event_ko": "1973๋ ์๋์ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ์์ ๊ธ์์กฐ์น๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๋ฐฐ ๊ธ๋ฑํ๊ณ ์คํ๊ทธํ๋ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ ์ง์๋ ๊ณ ๋์ฑ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The 1973โ75 recession, triggered by the oil shock and end of Bretton Woods, causes stagflation in many Western economies:contentReference[oaicite:50]{index=50}.", | |
"event_ko": "1973๋ ์์ ํ๋๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ์ฒด์ ๋ถ๊ดด ํ์ ์ฆ์ผ๋ก 1973-75๋ ์ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์คํ๊ทธํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฅ์ณค๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1978, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "China (under Deng Xiaoping) begins โreform and openingโ in 1978, transforming its economy and reshaping global trade dynamics:contentReference[oaicite:51]{index=51}.", | |
"event_ko": "1978๋ ๋ฉ์ค์คํ ์ง๊ถํ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ์ฑ ์ ์์ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์์ฅ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก ์ ํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ฒด์ ์ ํธ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1979, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The year 1979 sees a strategic upheaval: Iranโs Islamic Revolution ousts a key U.S. ally in the Middle East, and the Soviet Unionโs invasion of Afghanistan that year exacerbates Cold War tensions in Asia.", | |
"event_ko": "1979๋ ์ด๋์์ ์ด์ฌ๋ ํ๋ช ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๋ ๋๋งน ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํด ์๋ จ์ด ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ์นจ๊ณตํ์ฌ ๋์ ์ด ์ 3์ธ๊ณ๋ก ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The 1979 Iranian Revolution triggers a second oil shock; oil prices double, contributing to global inflation and a new recession in the early 1980s.", | |
"event_ko": "1979๋ ์ด๋ ํ๋ช ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์์ฐ์ด ์ฐจ์ง์ ๋น์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ค์ผ ์ผํฌ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฐจ ํญ๋ฑํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ณ 1980๋ ๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1981, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The early 1980s recession (1981โ82), induced by anti-inflation interest rate hikes, drives global unemployment to postwar highs.", | |
"event_ko": "1981-82๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฑ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋๋ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ '๋ณผ์ปค ๋ถํฉ'์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ์ ํ ์ต๊ณ ์์ค์ ์ค์ ๋ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1985, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Major economies sign the Plaza Accord in 1985 to depreciate the U.S. dollar and correct trade imbalances, marking a rare coordinated currency intervention.", | |
"event_ko": "1985๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์ 5๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ํ๋ผ์ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ฌ ํ์จ์ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ํ ๋๋ฌธ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํตํ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1987, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "โBlack Mondayโ sees stock markets crash worldwide as the Dow Jones plunges 22% in a day, erasing trillions in market value:contentReference[oaicite:52]{index=52}.", | |
"event_ko": "1987๋ \"๋ธ๋ ๋จผ๋ฐ์ด\" ์ฃผ์ ๋ํญ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ์ํด ๋ค์ฐ์ง์๊ฐ ํ๋ฃจ 22% ๊ธ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฆ์์์ ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ด์ก์ด ์ฆ๋ฐํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1989, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolizes the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and accelerates the end of the Cold War division of Europe.", | |
"event_ko": "1989๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ๋์ ๋ฝ ๊ณต์ฐ ์ ๊ถ๋ค์ด ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ๋์ ์๋์ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ถ๋จ ์ง์๊ฐ ๊ธ์ํ ์ข ์๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1991, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The Soviet Union dissolves, ending the Cold War and leaving the United States as the worldโs sole superpower:contentReference[oaicite:53]{index=53}.", | |
"event_ko": "1991๋ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ํด์ฒด๋์ด ๋์ ์ด ์ข ๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์ผ์ ์ด๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "A recession in 1990โ91 strikes the U.S. and other nations, ending the long 1980s boom amid high oil prices and credit constraints.", | |
"event_ko": "1990-91๋ ๊ฑธํ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ ธ 1980๋ ๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํธํฉ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1994, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Mexicoโs Peso Crisis in 1994 sees a sudden devaluation of the peso, requiring a $50ย billion U.S.-IMF bailout to prevent global contagion.", | |
"event_ko": "1994๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๊ฐ ํ์ ๊ฐ์น ํญ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์๊ธฐ์ ๋น ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ IMF๊ฐ 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ์ ๊ณตํด ์ ํฅ์์ฅ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก์ ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ธ์ ๋ง์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1997, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Asian Financial Crisis erupts, causing currencies and markets across East Asia to collapse and requiring international bailouts:contentReference[oaicite:54]{index=54}.", | |
"event_ko": "1997๋ ์์์ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐํธํ ํญ๋ฝ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํตํยท์ฆ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดดํ๊ณ IMF ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1998, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Russiaโs government defaults in 1998 amid a ruble collapse and low oil prices, triggering global market panic and the collapse of hedge fund LTCM.", | |
"event_ko": "1998๋ ๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ผํ ๋ฆฌ์(์ฑ๋ฌด ๋ถ์ดํ)๊ณผ ๋ฃจ๋ธํ ํ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ฅ์ด ์๋์น๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํค์งํ๋ LTCM์ด ํ์ฐ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 1999, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The Euro currency launches in 1999, uniting 11 European nations in a monetary union and creating the second-largest reserve currency globally.", | |
"event_ko": "1999๋ ์ ๋ฝ 11๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋จ์ผ ํตํ ์ ๋กํ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ํตํ ๋๋งน์ ์ถ๋ฒ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ 2์ ๊ธฐ์ถํตํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2001, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Al-Qaedaโs September 11 attacks on the U.S. kill nearly 3,000 people and prompt the U.S.-led global \"War on Terror\":contentReference[oaicite:55]{index=55}.", | |
"event_ko": "2001๋ 9์ 11์ผ ์์นด์๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ ๋ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 3์ฒ ๋ช ์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ ๋ฌ์์ ์ ์์ ์ฐฉ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ณด ์ง์๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋์๋ค." | |
}, | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The Dot-com bubble bursts in 2000, leading to an early-2000s recession as technology stocks crash and investment dries up:contentReference[oaicite:56]{index=56}.", | |
"event_ko": "2000๋ ๋ ์ด ๋ท์ปด ๋ฒ๋ธ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ํฌ์๊ฐ ์์ถ๋์ด 2001๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ ์ง๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2008, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "A U.S. subprime mortgage bubble bursts in 2008, triggering a global financial crisis and the deepest recession since the 1930s:contentReference[oaicite:57]{index=57}.", | |
"event_ko": "2008๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์๋ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ฉฐ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ 1930๋ ๋ ์ด๋ ์ต์ ์ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2010, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "The European sovereign debt crisis peaks around 2010 as Greece and other eurozone countries face debt defaults, testing the resilience of the euro:contentReference[oaicite:58]{index=58}.", | |
"event_ko": "2010๋ ๊ฒฝ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค, ์์ผ๋๋ ๋ฑ ๋จ์ ๋ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฑ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ต๊ณ ์กฐ์ ๋ฌํด EU์ IMF๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ , ์ ๋ก์กด ํตํ ์ฒด์ ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ์ํ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2011, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Arab Spring uprisings spread across the Middle East in 2011, toppling longtime rulers in countries like Egypt and Libya and destabilizing the regional order.", | |
"event_ko": "2011๋ ์ค๋๊ณผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ '์๋์ ๋ด' ์๋ฏผ ๋ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ด์งํธยท๋ฆฌ๋น์ ๋ฑ์์ ๋ ์ฌ ์ ๊ถ์ด ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2014, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Finance", | |
"event_en": "Global oil prices collapse in 2014 after a supply glut, causing financial stress in oil-exporting nations and a sharp investment downturn in the energy sector.", | |
"event_ko": "2014๋ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ณผ์๊ณผ OPEC์ ๊ฐ์ฐ ๋ฏธํฉ์๋ก ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋์ง ์ ๊ณ์ ๋์ฐ์ด ์์ถํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2016, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union (Brexit) in 2016, reflecting rising nationalism and challenging the post-Cold War international order.", | |
"event_ko": "2016๋ ์๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผํฌํ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ(EU) ํํด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ (๋ธ๋ ์ํธ)ํ์ฌ ์๊ตฌ ํตํฉ ์ง์์ ๊ท ์ด์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2018, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "A U.S.โChina trade war erupts in 2018 as the worldโs two largest economies impose tariffs on each other, indicating intensifying great-power economic rivalry.", | |
"event_ko": "2018๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์์ด ์์๋์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋๊ตญ์ด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ฉฐ ํจ๊ถ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ์ผ๊น์ง ํ๋๋์๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2020, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Business", | |
"event_en": "The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a sudden global recession in 2020, as lockdowns and supply shocks cause output to plunge:contentReference[oaicite:59]{index=59}.", | |
"event_ko": "2020๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ด์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์์ถ๋์ด ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก์๋ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
}, | |
{ | |
"year": 2022, | |
"events": [ | |
{ | |
"cycle": "Hegemony", | |
"event_en": "Russia invades Ukraine in 2022, leading to sweeping Western sanctions against Russia and a realignment of global geopolitical and energy relationships.", | |
"event_ko": "2022๋ ๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋๋ฌ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ์๋์ง ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง๊ณผ ์๋ณด ์งํ์ ์ค๋ํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค." | |
} | |
] | |
} | |
] | |