Cycle-Navigator / cycle_events.json
openfree's picture
Update cycle_events.json
f2a4a11 verified
raw
history blame
59.6 kB
[
{
"year": 1000,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Norse explorer Leif Erikson lands in Vinland (North America), hinting at trans-Atlantic reach before Columbus.",
"event_ko": "๋…ธ๋ฅด๋“œ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ดํ”„ ์—๋ฆญ์†์ด ๋นˆ๋ž€๋“œ(๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด)์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ด์ „ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1040,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Bi Sheng in Song-dynasty China invents movable-type porcelain printing, foreshadowing a print revolution.",
"event_ko": "์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ๋น„์…ฉ์ด ๋„์ž๊ธฐ ํ™œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด ์ธ์‡„ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰์„ ์—ด๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1054,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Eastโ€“West Schism splits Latin and Byzantine churches, reshaping medieval religious power.",
"event_ko": "๋™ยท์„œ(๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญยท์ •๊ตํšŒ) ๋Œ€๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ํŒจ๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1066,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Norman Duke William conquers England at Hastings, forging Anglo-Norman rule.",
"event_ko": "๋…ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋”” ๊ณต ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์ด ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์Šค ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1096,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The First Crusade launches, sending European armies to the Levant and igniting centuries of holy wars.",
"event_ko": "์ œ1์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ์ด ์ถœ์ •ํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝยท์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ข…๊ต ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1122,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy, balancing papal and imperial authority.",
"event_ko": "๋ณด๋ฆ„์Šค ํ˜‘์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๊ฐ„ ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1154,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "German and Baltic towns begin forming the Hanseatic League, boosting North-European trade.",
"event_ko": "๋…์ผยท๋ฐœํŠธ ํ•ด์—ญ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ์ž๋™๋งน ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1206,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Temรผjin is proclaimed Genghis Khan, uniting Mongol tribes and launching a vast Eurasian empire.",
"event_ko": "ํ…Œ๋ฌด์ง„์ด ์นญ๊ธฐ์ฆˆ ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ํ†ต์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1215,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Englandโ€™s King John seals Magna Carta, limiting royal power and affirming baronial rights.",
"event_ko": "์˜๊ตญ ์กด ์™•์ด ๋Œ€ํ—Œ์žฅ์„ ์Šน์ธํ•ด ์™•๊ถŒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท€์กฑ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1258,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate and shifting Islamic power centers.",
"event_ko": "๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๋ฝํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ”์Šค ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1271,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Venetian merchant Marco Polo departs for Asia, opening legendary Silk-Road trade narratives.",
"event_ko": "๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„ ์ƒ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ํด๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋‹จ๊ธธ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1291,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Three alpine cantons swear the Federal Charter, founding the Swiss Confederation.",
"event_ko": "์•Œํ”„์Šค์˜ ์„ธ ์นธํ†ค์ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ชจํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1299,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Osman I establishes the Ottoman beylik, seed of a future transcontinental empire.",
"event_ko": "์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ํ›—๋‚  ๋Œ€์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1303,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A Florentine currency crisis hits major banks after Edward I defaults on war loans.",
"event_ko": "์˜๊ตญ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ 1์„ธ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ์€ํ–‰๊ถŒ์— ํ†ตํ™” ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1315,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Great Famine begins across Northern Europe, causing economic contraction and population loss.",
"event_ko": "๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1337,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Hundred Yearsโ€™ War erupts between England and France over dynastic claims.",
"event_ko": "์™•์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „์Ÿ์ด ๊ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1345,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Bardi and Peruzzi banks of Florence collapse, shaking medieval European finance.",
"event_ko": "ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋””ยทํŽ˜๋ฃจ์น˜ ์€ํ–‰์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•ด ์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ธˆ์œต๋ง์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1347,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Black Death arrives in Europe via Mediterranean ports, wiping out trade hubs and labor.",
"event_ko": "ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์ด ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์™€ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1368,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Zhu Yuanzhang founds Chinaโ€™s Ming dynasty, ending Mongol Yuan rule.",
"event_ko": "์ฃผ์›์žฅ์ด ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ตญํ•ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์› ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1378,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Western Schism begins as rival popes in Rome and Avignon split Catholic allegiance.",
"event_ko": "๋กœ๋งˆ์™€ ์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ์— ๊ตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ณ‘๋ฆฝํ•ด ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ตํšŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๊ฒช๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1381,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Peasantsโ€™ Revolt erupts in England against poll tax burdens and wage controls.",
"event_ko": "์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ธ๋‘์„ธ์™€ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์–ต์ œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1405,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Chinese admiral Zheng He launches the first treasure fleet, expanding Indian-Ocean commerce.",
"event_ko": "์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •ํ™” ํ•จ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ์›์ •์— ๋‚˜์„œ ์ธ๋„์–‘ ๊ต์—ญ๋ง์„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1415,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Henry Vโ€™s army wins at Agincourt, reinforcing English claims in France.",
"event_ko": "ํ—จ๋ฆฌ 5์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์Ÿ์ฟ ๋ฅด ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋‚ด ์˜๊ตญ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1431,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Joan of Arc is executed in Rouen, galvanizing French resistance in the Hundred Yearsโ€™ War.",
"event_ko": "์ž”๋‹ค๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ์•™์—์„œ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋ผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „์Ÿ ํ•ญ์ „์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1439,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Johannes Gutenberg perfects metal movable-type printing in Mainz, sparking Europeโ€™s print era.",
"event_ko": "์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ๊ตฌํ…๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ธ์ธ ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ํ™œ์ž ์ธ์‡„๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ธ์‡„ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1450,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Medici Bank reaches its zenith, dominating European finance from Florence.",
"event_ko": "ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜ ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ ˆ์ •๊ธฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1453,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Ottomans capture Constantinople, ending Byzantium and shifting trade routes westward.",
"event_ko": "์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•จ๋ฝํ•ด ๋™๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1469,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unites Spainโ€™s two strongest crowns.",
"event_ko": "์•„๋ผ๊ณค์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋””๋‚œ๋“œ์™€ ์นด์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ผ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1472,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Monte dei Paschi di Siena is founded, becoming the worldโ€™s oldest surviving bank.",
"event_ko": "๋ชฌํ…Œ ๋ฐ์ด ํŒŒ์Šคํ‚ค ๋”” ์‹œ์—๋‚˜ ์€ํ–‰์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋ผ ํ˜„์กด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1494,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Treaty of Tordesillas divides newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, formalizing colonial spheres.",
"event_ko": "ํ† ๋ฅด๋ฐ์‹œ์•ผ์Šค ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ด ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•ด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1492,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Christopher Columbusโ€™s voyage to the Americas opens the way for European colonial empires and global trade expansion:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.",
"event_ko": "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ญํ•ด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1588,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "England defeats the Spanish Armada, marking the decline of Spainโ€™s dominance and the rise of British naval power:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.",
"event_ko": "1588๋…„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ๋ฌด์ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์™€ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1648,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ends the Thirty Yearsโ€™ War, establishing the modern system of sovereign states and curtailing Habsburg hegemony in Europe.",
"event_ko": "1648๋…„ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 30๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1688,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England ensures a constitutional monarchy and ushers in an era of political stability that allows Britainโ€™s rise as a global power.",
"event_ko": "1688๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ž…ํ—Œ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•  ์•ˆ์ •์  ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1707,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Acts of Union 1707 unite England and Scotland into Great Britain, laying the foundation for a unified British state that will dominate world affairs.",
"event_ko": "1707๋…„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠผ ์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์—ญํ• ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1720,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The South Sea Bubble bursts in Britain (alongside Franceโ€™s Mississippi Bubble), collapsing stock prices and ruining investors:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.",
"event_ko": "1720๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚จํ•ดํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1757,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "At the 1757 Battle of Plassey, Britain secures control over Bengal in India, a key step in establishing the British Raj and expanding its colonial hegemony.",
"event_ko": "1757๋…„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๋ น ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1763,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "An Amsterdam banking crisis in 1763 follows the Seven Yearsโ€™ War, as major lenders collapse and panic spreads to Germany and Scandinavia:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.",
"event_ko": "1763๋…„ 7๋…„์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ๊ทธ ์—ฌํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1769,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A speculative frenzy in Indiaโ€™s Bengal region ends with a crash in 1769 (the Bengal Bubble), devastating local trade and credit:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.",
"event_ko": "1769๋…„ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์—ดํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ(๋ฒต๊ณจ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์œต์ด ํฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1771,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Richard Arkwright opens Cromford Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.",
"event_ko": "1771๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์•„ํฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ํฌ๋กฌํผ๋“œ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1772,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A British credit crisis begins with bank failures in London and Amsterdam, spreading panic across Europe:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.",
"event_ko": "1772๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊ณผ ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1776,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "American colonies declare independence from Britain, inspiring global movements for self-governance:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.",
"event_ko": "1776๋…„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ž์น˜์™€ ๊ณตํ™” ์ด๋…์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์  ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Financing the American Revolutionary War strains European powers; Franceโ€™s 1.3 billion livre support for the rebels helps push the French monarchy toward bankruptcy:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.",
"event_ko": "1776๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์Ÿ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ 13์–ต ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ฅด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋– ์•ˆ์•„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1785,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1785 hits the early United States, as a post-war credit contraction leads to a sharp economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.",
"event_ko": "1785๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1789,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The French Revolution erupts in 1789, overthrowing the monarchy and challenging the old aristocratic order across Europe.",
"event_ko": "1789๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ด‰ ์™•์ •์„ ์ „๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋…์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1792,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A financial panic strikes in 1792; U.S. Treasury Secretary Hamilton intervenes to stabilize credit in the young American economy:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.",
"event_ko": "1792๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์ด ์‹œ์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ฒซ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1797,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1797 spreads in Britain and the U.S. amid war-driven debt and speculation, causing bank runs and a credit collapse:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.",
"event_ko": "1797๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด‘ํ’์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์— ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1805,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Britainโ€™s decisive naval victory over France at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 secures British naval supremacy and frustrates Napoleonโ€™s plans to invade England.",
"event_ko": "1805๋…„ ํŠธ๋ผํŒ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์˜ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ตณํžˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ์นจ๊ณต ์•ผ๋ง์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1807,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "U.S. President Thomas Jeffersonโ€™s Embargo Act of 1807 stops foreign trade, plunging the American economy, especially port cities, into a severe depression.",
"event_ko": "1807๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œํผ์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์˜๊ตญยทํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰(1807๋…„ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž… ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•)ํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1813,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Denmark declares state bankruptcy in 1813 after war expenses, illustrating the sovereign debt crises of the Napoleonic era:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.",
"event_ko": "1813๋…„ ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋นˆ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ฑ„๋ฌด ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1815,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Congress of Vienna reorganizes Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, establishing a balance of power that ushers in a century of relative peace:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.",
"event_ko": "1815๋…„ ๋นˆ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  1์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ํ‰ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1818,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ€“1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.",
"event_ko": "1918๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด 1921๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1819,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1819, the first major U.S. economic depression after the War of 1812, leads to bank failures and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.",
"event_ko": "1819๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1819๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค์—… ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1821,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Spainโ€™s New World empire collapses as Mexico and others in Latin America gain independence, ending Spanish colonial hegemony in the Americas:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.",
"event_ko": "1821๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋“ฑ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ์˜ ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์ด ์ข…์–ธ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1823,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United States proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization in the Americas and asserting a hemispheric influence.",
"event_ko": "1823๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋จผ๋กœ ๋…ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1825,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.",
"event_ko": "1825๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์  ๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ณผ์—ด ๋์— ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰๋„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ(1825๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1837,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1837 triggers a collapse in U.S. banks and a five-year depression in the American economy:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.",
"event_ko": "1837๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์€ํ–‰ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ(1837๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  5๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1847,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A financial panic in 1847 follows the end of Britainโ€™s railway boom, causing a credit crunch and economic slump:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.",
"event_ko": "1847๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ(1847๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1848,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Revolutionary uprisings across Europe in 1848 shake the continentโ€™s old regimes with demands for liberal reforms and national self-determination.",
"event_ko": "1848๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์  ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง„์••๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1854,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1854 interrupts the expansion of the 1850s, as declining international demand and monetary tightening slow the U.S. economy.",
"event_ko": "1854๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋‘”ํ™”์™€ ํ†ตํ™” ๊ธด์ถ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์‹œ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜์—ฌ 1850๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1857,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1857, a global financial crash originating in the U.S., leads to widespread bank failures and an economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.",
"event_ko": "1857๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1857๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Following a brief boom, the global Panic of 1857 ends years of expansion, with the failure of banks and collapse of grain prices affecting both the U.S. and Europe.",
"event_ko": "1857๋…„์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์ด ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด๊ณ ์™€ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1865,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A crash in 1865 devastates the economy of colonial India following speculative excess during the American Civil War boom:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.",
"event_ko": "1865๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธ๋„ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ๊ณผ์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฉดํ™” ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์€ํ–‰์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1866,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The collapse of Overend, Gurney & Co. in 1866 sparks an international financial panic, prompting lender-of-last-resort interventions:contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}.",
"event_ko": "1866๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธˆ์œต์‚ฌ ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋ Œ๋“œ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰์ด ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ž๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1868,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Japanโ€™s Meiji Restoration in 1868 begins the rapid modernization and emergence of Japan as an industrial and military power in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1868๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœํ™ฉ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ต์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์‹ ํฅ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1869,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Speculators Jay Gould and James Fiskโ€™s attempt to corner the U.S. gold market ends in \"Black Friday\" panic when prices collapse.",
"event_ko": "1869๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ด ๊ตด๋“œ์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ํ”ผ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งค์ ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค \"๊ฒ€์€ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ\" ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธˆ๊ฐ’์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ํ„ฐ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1871,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Prussiaโ€™s victory in the Franco-Prussian War leads to the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, creating a new great power in Europe.",
"event_ko": "1871๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ-ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์„ ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1873,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A major stock market panic in 1873 triggers the Long Depression, a prolonged worldwide economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.",
"event_ko": "1873๋…„ ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ์ฆ์‹œ ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์‡„ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ ธ 1870๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ(์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ)์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1873 in the U.S. and Europe marks the start of a worldwide depression (โ€œLong Depressionโ€) lasting over two decades:contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.",
"event_ko": "1873๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋„์™€ ์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์˜ ๋Šช์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1875,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Andrew Carnegie opens the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, launching large-scale steel production and the age of heavy engineering:contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.",
"event_ko": "1875๋…„ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์— ์—๋“œ๊ฑฐ ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์ œ์ฒ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1882,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 triggers a French banking crisis after the collapse of an investment bank involved in speculative ventures.",
"event_ko": "1882๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํˆฌ์ž์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ(ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์Šค)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒจ ์—ํฌํฌ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1884,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1884 hits U.S. financial markets, temporarily halting the economic recovery during the Long Depression:contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.",
"event_ko": "1884๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ถŒํˆฌ์ž์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ง ํšŒ๋ณต ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ›„ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1885,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "European powers formalize the \"Scramble for Africa\" at the 1884โ€“85 Berlin Conference, establishing colonial spheres of influence across the continent.",
"event_ko": "1884-85๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1890,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Londonโ€™s Baring Brothers bank nearly collapses in 1890 due to Argentine debt exposure, sparking an international financial crisis averted by Bank of England intervention.",
"event_ko": "1890๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง์Šค ์€ํ–‰์ด ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์‹ค๋กœ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์ž ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ˜์Šต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1893,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1893 causes a severe recession in the United States, with the collapse of railroads and banks and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.",
"event_ko": "1893๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1893๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹ค์—… ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1899,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Europeโ€™s new common currency, the euro, debuts in 1999, uniting 11 nations under one monetary system and reshaping international finance.",
"event_ko": "1999๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ตํ™” ์œ ๋กœํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ™” ๋™๋งน์„ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์˜ ๊ธฐ์ถ•ํ†ตํ™” ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1901,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A stock frenzy surrounding the Northern Pacific Railway leads to the Panic of 1901 on Wall Street, one of the first 20th-century stock market crashes.",
"event_ko": "1901๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋˜ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ง€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ๋ฝํ•˜๋‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1901๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์›”๊ฐ€์— ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1905,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Japanโ€™s victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War signals the rise of a non-Western power and the weakening of Czarist Russiaโ€™s influence in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1905๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์ผ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์—ด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ฅด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1907,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1907 sees a run on banks in the U.S., leading to a stock market crash and the creation of the Federal Reserve System as a response:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.",
"event_ko": "1907๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์— ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ(1907๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์—ฐ์ค€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1911,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 topples Chinaโ€™s Qing Dynasty, ending thousands of years of imperial rule and leading to the founding of the Republic of China.",
"event_ko": "1911๋…„ ์‹ ํ•ดํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  2์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ†ต์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1913,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The U.S. Federal Reserve Act is signed, establishing a central bank (Federal Reserve) amid a financial recession to stabilize the economy:contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}.",
"event_ko": "1913๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค€๋น„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค€๋น„์ œ๋„(์—ฐ์ค€)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด ์†์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1914,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "World War I erupts, shattering the century-long international order established after the Napoleonic Wars:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}.",
"event_ko": "1914๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 forces the closure of stock markets (Financial Crisis of 1914) as investors panic and gold hoarding ensues.",
"event_ko": "1914๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ์— ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ๋ณธ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1917,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Russiaโ€™s Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 establishes the first communist state, withdrawing Russia from WWI and igniting a global ideological struggle.",
"event_ko": "1917๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ณผ์…ฐ๋น„ํ‚ค ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€(์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ)๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋…์  ๋„์ „์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1918,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ€“1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}.",
"event_ko": "1918๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด 1921๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1920,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1920โ€“21 recession, triggered by tight monetary policy after World War I, causes sharp deflation and unemployment in the U.S.:contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}.",
"event_ko": "1920๋…„~21๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ธด์ถ• ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์—ด์ด ์ง„์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1923,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Germany experiences hyperinflation in 1923, rendering its currency nearly worthless and destabilizing the post-WWI European economy.",
"event_ko": "1923๋…„ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํผ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”ํ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์–ด ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1929,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929 wipes out billions in wealth and sparks the Great Depression, a decade-long global economic collapse:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}.",
"event_ko": "1929๋…„ ์›”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด(๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘)๋กœ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1933,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt takes the U.S. off the gold standard in 1933 and declares a bank holiday to halt bank runs during the Great Depression.",
"event_ko": "1933๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ธˆ๋ณธ์œ„์ œ๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์€ํ–‰ ํœด์—…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ด์€ ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธˆ์œต ์•ˆ์ • ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1937,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The โ€œRoosevelt Recessionโ€ of 1937โ€“38 interrupts the New Deal recovery, with U.S. industrial output falling and unemployment rising again:contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}.",
"event_ko": "1937๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด๋”œ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์ถœ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ๊ธด์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊บพ์—ฌ 1937-38๋…„์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ(๋ฃจ์ฆˆ๋ฒจํŠธ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ)์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์—…์ด ์žฌ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1939,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Nazi Germanyโ€™s invasion of Poland in 1939 sparks World War II as Britain and France declare war on Germany, marking the start of the deadliest conflict in history.",
"event_ko": "1939๋…„ ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์นจ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์ „๋˜์ž ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์— ์„ ์ „ํฌ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1941,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brings the United States into World War II, decisively turning the conflict into a truly global war.",
"event_ko": "1941๋…„ 12์›” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์Šต ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์Ÿ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1944,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Allied nations sign the Bretton Woods Agreement, creating the IMF and World Bank and shaping a new international financial order:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}.",
"event_ko": "1944๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œํ†ตํ™”๊ธฐ๊ธˆ(IMF)๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜๊ณ  ์ „ํ›„ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1945,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "World War II ends with the United States emerging as a leading superpower, ushering in an American-led global order:contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}.",
"event_ko": "1945๋…„ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ข…์ „๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The end of World War II leads to demobilization and brief economic turmoil as millions of soldiers return to civilian life.",
"event_ko": "1945๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ์‹ค์—… ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1947,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Bell Labs invents the transistor, revolutionizing electronics and ushering in the modern Information Age:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}.",
"event_ko": "1947๋…„ ๋ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •๋ณดํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United States launches the Marshall Plan in 1947, pumping billions into Europeโ€™s reconstruction and solidifying U.S. economic leadership in the West.",
"event_ko": "1947๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋งˆ์…œ ํ”Œ๋žœ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์ง„์˜์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1948,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ€“49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
"event_ko": "1948-49๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1950๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1949,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Mao Zedong proclaims the Peopleโ€™s Republic of China, creating a socialist state that soon begins to emerge as a global power:contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}.",
"event_ko": "1949๋…„ ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ€“49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
"event_ko": "1948-49๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1950๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1950,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Korean War erupts in 1950 as North Korea invades South Korea, leading to a U.S.-led UN intervention and a proxy conflict of the Cold War.",
"event_ko": "1950๋…„ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‚จ์นจ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ‰์ „์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ „์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1953,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1953โ€“54 follows the Korean War, as U.S. defense spending drops and unemployment climbs.",
"event_ko": "1953๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ์ข…์ „ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 1953-54๋…„์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํ›„ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1956,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The 1956 Suez Crisis sees Britain and Franceโ€™s failed attempt to seize the Suez Canal, marking the end of Britainโ€™s role as a global imperial power.",
"event_ko": "1956๋…„ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์šดํ•˜ ๊ตญ์œ ํ™”์— ์˜๊ตญยทํ”„๋ž‘์Šคยท์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ตฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1957,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Treaty of Rome is signed in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community and marking a milestone in postwar economic integration.",
"event_ko": "1957๋…„ 3์›” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด(EEC)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1958,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1958 recession hits the United States, marked by a sharp downturn in industrial production and the highest unemployment since the 1930s.",
"event_ko": "1958๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ  ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1960,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1960โ€“61 slows growth in the U.S., contributing to John F. Kennedyโ€™s narrow election victory.",
"event_ko": "1960๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž ์œ„์ถ•๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ์กด F. ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1962,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States and Soviet Union come perilously close to nuclear war, before a negotiated withdrawal defuses the situation.",
"event_ko": "1962๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๊ธด์žฅ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1969,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The U.S. Apollo 11 mission lands the first humans on the Moon in 1969, showcasing American technological prowess at the height of the Cold War space race.",
"event_ko": "1969๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„ํด๋กœ 11ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ •์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ณผ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1970,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A mild recession in 1969โ€“1970 hits the U.S. as the Vietnam War spending peaks and the Federal Reserve tightens credit to combat inflation.",
"event_ko": "1969-70๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „ ๋น„์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธด์ถ• ํ†ตํ™”์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1971,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Intel releases the 4004 microprocessor, integrating a computer CPU on one chip and launching the digital revolution:contentReference[oaicite:47]{index=47}.",
"event_ko": "1971๋…„ ์ธํ…”์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ 4004๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์นฉ์— ์ง‘์ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "U.S. President Nixon ends the dollarโ€™s convertibility to gold, effectively collapsing the Bretton Woods monetary system (\"Nixon Shock\"):contentReference[oaicite:48]{index=48}.",
"event_ko": "1971๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹‰์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ธˆ์˜ ํƒœํ™˜์„ ์ค‘์ง€(๋‹‰์Šจ ์‡ผํฌ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€๋™ํ™˜์œจ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1973,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "OPECโ€™s oil embargo quadruples oil prices, igniting a global energy crisis and stagflation that end the postwar economic boom:contentReference[oaicite:49]{index=49}.",
"event_ko": "1973๋…„ ์•„๋ž์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ์˜ ์„์œ  ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 4๋ฐฐ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํƒœ๊ทธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ณ ๋„์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1973โ€“75 recession, triggered by the oil shock and end of Bretton Woods, causes stagflation in many Western economies:contentReference[oaicite:50]{index=50}.",
"event_ko": "1973๋…„ ์„์œ  ํŒŒ๋™๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ 1973-75๋…„์— ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์— ์Šคํƒœ๊ทธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1978,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "China (under Deng Xiaoping) begins โ€œreform and openingโ€ in 1978, transforming its economy and reshaping global trade dynamics:contentReference[oaicite:51]{index=51}.",
"event_ko": "1978๋…„ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ฒด์ œ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1979,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The year 1979 sees a strategic upheaval: Iranโ€™s Islamic Revolution ousts a key U.S. ally in the Middle East, and the Soviet Unionโ€™s invasion of Afghanistan that year exacerbates Cold War tensions in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1979๋…„ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋™ ๋™๋งน ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์„ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The 1979 Iranian Revolution triggers a second oil shock; oil prices double, contributing to global inflation and a new recession in the early 1980s.",
"event_ko": "1979๋…„ ์ด๋ž€ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์›์œ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฐจ์งˆ์„ ๋นš์ž ์ œ2์ฐจ ์˜ค์ผ ์‡ผํฌ๋กœ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ฐจ ํญ๋“ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ณ  1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1981,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The early 1980s recession (1981โ€“82), induced by anti-inflation interest rate hikes, drives global unemployment to postwar highs.",
"event_ko": "1981-82๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋œ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '๋ณผ์ปค ๋ถˆํ™ฉ'์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์ „ํ›„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1985,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Major economies sign the Plaza Accord in 1985 to depreciate the U.S. dollar and correct trade imbalances, marking a rare coordinated currency intervention.",
"event_ko": "1985๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š” 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ˆํ•˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ†ตํ™” ๊ฐœ์ž… ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1987,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "โ€œBlack Mondayโ€ sees stock markets crash worldwide as the Dow Jones plunges 22% in a day, erasing trillions in market value:contentReference[oaicite:52]{index=52}.",
"event_ko": "1987๋…„ \"๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋จผ๋ฐ์ด\" ์ฃผ์‹ ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ๋‹ค์šฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 22% ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฆ์‹œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ด์•ก์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1989,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolizes the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and accelerates the end of the Cold War division of Europe.",
"event_ko": "1989๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณต์‚ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ถ„๋‹จ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ข…์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1991,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Soviet Union dissolves, ending the Cold War and leaving the United States as the worldโ€™s sole superpower:contentReference[oaicite:53]{index=53}.",
"event_ko": "1991๋…„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ผ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1990โ€“91 strikes the U.S. and other nations, ending the long 1980s boom amid high oil prices and credit constraints.",
"event_ko": "1990-91๋…„ ๊ฑธํ”„์ „๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์ ธ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์ด ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1994,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Mexicoโ€™s Peso Crisis in 1994 sees a sudden devaluation of the peso, requiring a $50ย billion U.S.-IMF bailout to prevent global contagion.",
"event_ko": "1994๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜์†Œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํญ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ IMF๊ฐ€ 500์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์‹ ํฅ์‹œ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1997,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Asian Financial Crisis erupts, causing currencies and markets across East Asia to collapse and requiring international bailouts:contentReference[oaicite:54]{index=54}.",
"event_ko": "1997๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋ฐ”ํŠธํ™” ํญ๋ฝ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ†ตํ™”ยท์ฆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  IMF ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1998,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Russiaโ€™s government defaults in 1998 amid a ruble collapse and low oil prices, triggering global market panic and the collapse of hedge fund LTCM.",
"event_ko": "1998๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„(์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰)๊ณผ ๋ฃจ๋ธ”ํ™” ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆํ•˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์š”๋™์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—ค์ง€ํŽ€๋“œ LTCM์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1999,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Euro currency launches in 1999, uniting 11 European nations in a monetary union and creating the second-largest reserve currency globally.",
"event_ko": "1999๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ตํ™” ์œ ๋กœํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ™” ๋™๋งน์„ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์˜ ๊ธฐ์ถ•ํ†ตํ™” ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2001,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Al-Qaedaโ€™s September 11 attacks on the U.S. kill nearly 3,000 people and prompt the U.S.-led global \"War on Terror\":contentReference[oaicite:55]{index=55}.",
"event_ko": "2001๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 3์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Dot-com bubble bursts in 2000, leading to an early-2000s recession as technology stocks crash and investment dries up:contentReference[oaicite:56]{index=56}.",
"event_ko": "2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋‹ท์ปด ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฃผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—… ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์–ด 2001๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2008,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A U.S. subprime mortgage bubble bursts in 2008, triggering a global financial crisis and the deepest recession since the 1930s:contentReference[oaicite:57]{index=57}.",
"event_ko": "2008๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋ธŒํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2010,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The European sovereign debt crisis peaks around 2010 as Greece and other eurozone countries face debt defaults, testing the resilience of the euro:contentReference[oaicite:58]{index=58}.",
"event_ko": "2010๋…„๊ฒฝ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋“ฑ ๋‚จ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•ด EU์™€ IMF๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ์œ ๋กœ์กด ํ†ตํ™” ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2011,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Arab Spring uprisings spread across the Middle East in 2011, toppling longtime rulers in countries like Egypt and Libya and destabilizing the regional order.",
"event_ko": "2011๋…„ ์ค‘๋™๊ณผ ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ '์•„๋ž์˜ ๋ด„' ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธยท๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋…์žฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2014,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Global oil prices collapse in 2014 after a supply glut, causing financial stress in oil-exporting nations and a sharp investment downturn in the energy sector.",
"event_ko": "2014๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์›์œ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ณผ์ž‰๊ณผ OPEC์˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฐ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์˜๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—…๊ณ„์— ๋„์‚ฐ์ด ์†์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2016,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union (Brexit) in 2016, reflecting rising nationalism and challenging the post-Cold War international order.",
"event_ko": "2016๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ(EU) ํƒˆํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •(๋ธŒ๋ ‰์‹œํŠธ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์งˆ์„œ์— ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2018,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "A U.S.โ€“China trade war erupts in 2018 as the worldโ€™s two largest economies impose tariffs on each other, indicating intensifying great-power economic rivalry.",
"event_ko": "2018๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–‘๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ๊ถŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2020,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a sudden global recession in 2020, as lockdowns and supply shocks cause output to plunge:contentReference[oaicite:59]{index=59}.",
"event_ko": "2020๋…„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ด‰์‡„ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2022,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Russia invades Ukraine in 2022, leading to sweeping Western sanctions against Russia and a realignment of global geopolitical and energy relationships.",
"event_ko": "2022๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ง€ํ˜•์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
}
]
}
]