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Knowing about long-term risks though may not be enough to nudge you to quit, especially if you're young. It can be hard to feel truly frightened by illnesses that may strike decades later.
So, if you carry on smoking, what could be the effects on your body?
Smoking is harmful because there are many ingredients in tobacco smoke that can harm your body.
The main health risks from smoking are lung cancer, heart disease and stroke. Smoking causes almost 90% of deaths from lung cancer, around 80% of deaths from COPD, and around 17% of deaths from heart disease.
However, smoking also affects other parts of the body too.
One study on smoking found that, on average, men who smoked throughout their lives died 10 years younger than those who had never smoked.
As well as nicotine, there are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which many are poisons. At least 60 of these chemicals cause cancer.
Among some of the most dangerous components are:
Tar: When you breathe in tobacco smoke, some tar is deposited in the lungs. Your lungs are lined with tiny hairs that help 'sweep' germs and other things out of your lungs. It is harder for these hairs to move if your lungs are coated with tar.
The tar in cigarette smoke contains chemicals called carcinogens, which encourage the development of cancer cells in the body.
Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide binds itself to haemoglobin in the bloodstream and prevents it from carrying enough oxygen around the body. This means that someone who smokes is likely to get out of breath and get tired more easily.
Eventually, you can get a lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If you have this, it gets harder and harder to breathe.
Oxidant gases: Oxidant gases are gases that react with oxygen. They make blood more likely to clot, increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke.
Benzene: Exposure to benzene can cause cell damage at the genetic level, and has been linked to a range of different cancers, such as leukaemia and kidney cancer.
Benzene used to be added to petrol, but the practice was stopped because of health concerns.
One of the most dangerous effects of smoking is the increased risk of lung cancer.
Chemicals in tobacco smoke damage cells in the lungs and these then become cancer cells.
The chances of developing lung cancer are affected by how much an individual smokes and for how long.
To provide even greater transparency and choice, we are working on a number of other cookie-related enhancements. More information
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| 0.963793 | 538 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Santalum album is a hemi-parasite, capable of developing haustoria to obtain nitrogen, phosphorous and other basic amino acids from the host species. Therefore an experiment was conducted for 24 weeks to identify the most effective seedling host/s for the better growth of S. album in the nursery period. The growth was measured in terms of seedling height, root collar diameter and number of leaf whorls of the main stem.
Poly pots were used for this experiment and the host species were planted a week prior to transplanting sandalwood seedlings. Six candidate host species (both legumes and non-legumes) were used for this experiment and sandalwood plants without a host species was used as a control. In addition to that, a fertiliser treatment without a host was also tested. Watering was done once in two days and an insecticide was applied whenever necessary.
Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to identify the growth differences between sandalwood plants grown with selected host species and treatments and it was proven that there were significant differences. The best sandalwood seedling height was attained by the plants grown with Desmodium triflorum up to the 24th week and then the plants grown with Mimosa pudica attained the same height. The best root collar diameter growth and the highest number of leaf whorls were produced by the plants grown with M. pudica and D. triflorum respectively. Control experiment and the fertliser treatment produced poor results. However, the use of M. pudica is practically difficult due to the presence of thorns on the stem. D. triflorum grows as a creeper along the surface and therefore difficult to maintain in pots.
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| 0.975171 | 363 | 2.546875 | 3 |
There are two general types of squash, summer and winter. Summer squash are eaten unripe, when they have thin edible skins and small soft seeds. Long ago, such squash were only available in summer. They do not keep well. Winter squash are eaten when fully ripe, when the seeds and skin have become hard. Long ago, such squash were valued for their ability to keep during winter. They are generally harvested in fall.
Summer squash includes those varieties which are harvested while still immature and when the entire squash is tender and edible. They include the yellow crookneck, the large straightneck, the greenish-white patty pan (petit pan), and the slender green zucchini. The EPA would also include crookneck squash, scallop squash, spaghetti squash, Chinese okra, bitter melon, balsam pear, balsam apple, Chinese cucumber, and chayote. Some of these squash are available at all times of the year.
Look for squash that are tender and well developed, firm, and fresh-appearing. A tender squash has skin is glossy instead of dull, and it is neither hard nor tough. Avoid stale or overmature squash, which will have a dull appearance and a hard, tough surface. Such squash usually have enlarged seeds and dry, stringy flesh. Also avoid squash with discolored or pitted areas.
Among substances present in summer squash are two phytochemicals, coumarins and flavonoids. The skin and rind of summer squash are rich in the nutrient beta-carotene, but the fleshy portion of this vegetable is not. To gain the full nutritional benefits of this vegetable, the skins or rinds must be eaten.
Winter squash are those varieties which are marketed only when fully mature. Some of the most important varieties are the small corrugated acorn squash (available all year-round), butternut squash, buttercup squash, green and blue hubbard squash, green and gold delicious squash, and banana squash. Winter squash is most plentiful from early fall until late winter.
Look for full maturity, indicated by a hard, tough rind. Also look for squash that is heavy for its size (meaning a thick wall and more edible flesh). Slight variations in skin color do not affect flavor. Avoid squash with cuts, punctures, sunken spots, or moldy spots on the rind. These are indications of decay. A tender rind indicates immaturity, which is a sign of poor eating quality in winter squash varieties.
To cook a decent-sized winter squash in the traditional way, first slice it in half from stem end to blossom end. If the squash is very large, cut it a few more times. Place the pieces into a baking dish. Cover the dish with foil to keep the squash from getting dry. Cook the squash for a fairly long time, not at a very high temperature, so that it gets soft all the way to the inside. The squash is done when you can easily shove a spoon into it. Serve the squash as it is. Add butter, raisins, and brown sugar at the table.
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| 0.945996 | 650 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Coal Dust Particle Size Surveys
NIOSH Docket Number 174
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and MSHA conducted a joint survey to determine the range of coal particle sizes found in dust samples collected from intake and return airways of U.S. coal mines. Results from this survey show that the coal dust found in mines today is much finer than in mines of the 1920s, presumably due to increased automation and a greater reliance on mining machinery.
Given the results of the recent coal dust particle size survey and large-scale explosion tests, NIOSH recommends a new standard of 80% total incombustible content be required in the intake airways of bituminous coal mines.
NIOSH responses to comments received on document; 5/1/10 [PDF - 8,721 KB]
- Page last reviewed: July 6, 2010
- Page last updated: November 9, 2011
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Education and Information Division
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| 0.893123 | 211 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What is the .pct file extension?
The .pct file extension is an acronym for PiCTure and is a format associated with the Macintosh Picture Drawing. These are image files which are created using the applications which are designed for the Mac OS.
What is the .pct file extension used for?
The .pct file extension format or PICT format was developed by Apple Macintosh in the year 1984. It was a metafile container element which recorded a series of images created using the Apple QuickDraw application. Apple QuickDraw was a 2D graphics library which was a part of the Apple Macintosh OS and was derived from the Apple’s application Lisa. The image data was represented in 2 formats:
- PICT 1 – This was the original format developed for QuickDraw which was used to create images using 8 colors. It was first released with QuickDraw version 1 and was supported on the monochrome graphics (black and white) with 72DPI as its fixed resolution.
- PICT 2 – This was a newer format released for QuickDraw version 2 which was developed for color monitors. This color format had 256 colors and was represented in a palette and supported multiple resolutions. The PICT 2 format was updated to support 24 and 32-bit colors and included support for raster and vector images.
The .pct file extension format was used to represent Bitmap which was compressed using the PackBits compression algorithm. The JPEG compression algorithm was used once the QuickTime application was included in Mac OS.
What are the different kinds of software used to open .pct file extensions?
The .pct file extension can be opened using applications designed for Mac systems. It can also be opened using applications for Windows. This format has been discontinued by Apple and is replaced by the new Quartz graphics system. The .pdf format is more widely used instead of the .pct file extension format in Windows and other operating systems. Some of these software are listed below –
Mac and Windows
- Apple Preview
- Adobe Photoshop
- Adobe Photoshop Elements
- Adobe Illustrator
- Corel PaintShop
FileCure Software – FileCure is a powerful application which can open every kind of file format and this software can be used to open files with the .pct file extension. It is widely used to fix file association errors.
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| 0.96215 | 481 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This entry was posted 4 years, 1 month ago.
May 9, 2012
What Is Low Blood Pressure?
Most of people are looking for an answer to the question what is high blood pressure, because this health condition is linked to increased risks of many serious diseases like a heart attack, a stroke, and others, which unfortunately take lives of more and more people nowadays. In contrast to elevated blood pressure (or hypertension), low blood pressure known also as hypotension, is a condition when a person’s systolic pressure falls below 90 mmHG, and diastolic blood pressure falls below 60 mmHg. In case if only one number is lower than the stated norm, the condition is still considered low blood pressure.
Generally speaking, low blood pressure is not linked to increased risks of cardiovascular problems like a heart attack or a stroke. So, those who are diagnosed with mild low blood pressure have less reasons to worry about their health compared to the people with hypertension. However, certainly having too low blood pressure is not a good thing either, it can also cause health problems and should not be left untreated. If you want to know what is low blood pressure, what are its symptoms and what is the cause of low blood pressure, read on.
What Are The Symptoms Of Low Blood Pressure?
A great deal of people with not serious cases of low blood pressure have no symptoms and no idea about their condition. However, sometimes low blood pressure drops down very much causing people feel dizzy or faint. In such situations, it is necessary to see the doctor or a competent health care specialist as soon as possible.
The most common symptoms of low blood pressure include:
- Feeling dizzy, woozy and light-headed
- Rapid breathing
- Feeling thirsty
- Feeling generally weak
- Blurred vision
- Pale skin
- Cold hands and feet
- Inability to focus
- Minor digestive disorders
What is the cause of low blood pressure?
Not much is known about the fact what is the cause of low blood pressure. Some of us have low blood pressure as a result of genetic factors, thus, due to natural causes. Besides, low blood pressure can be a result of suffering from some diseases and health conditions like cardiovascular problems (heart valve problems, too slow heartbeat, heart failure, etc.), diabetes mellitus, neural disorders, the problems with endocine system (like parathyroid disease, hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, etc), some sorts of infections, or severe allergic reactions. Also, using some medications including antidepressants or erectile dysfunction treatments, can be a cause of low blood pressure.
Sometimes our blood pressure drops down or gets high depending on what we are doing. For example, usually our blood pressure tends to go lower after we eat: this phenomenon is known as postprandial hypotension and is linked to the increased supply of blood to our intestines after eating. Postprandial hypotension is especially common in aging people or those who suffer from mental disorders like Parkinson’s disease, etc. Also, our blood pressure is always lower when we are asleep or resting, and when we are physically active or stressed out, our blood pressure is getting very high.
What Else Do I Need To Know About Low Blood Pressure?
Our blood pressure is affected by many everyday factors which sometimes cause our pressure being low. Those of us who have generally low pressure but experience no worrying symptoms should not expect problems, but if the pressure suddenly drops down, it is necessary to seek for medical help as soon as possible. Trying to find out what is the cause of low blood pressure and finding an effective treatment can help those patients who suffer from too severe symptoms of low blood pressure. Those who suffer from chronic low blood pressure should avoid alcohol and nicotine, adjust their diet, and possibly use certain medications to assist in blood pressure control and limit the symptoms.Author Info: Hi! My name is Carla and I am a 5th year medical student at HYMS. I am interested in alternative medicine and I have done months researching the topic of herbal medicine. Besides, I like interviewing people and learning more about their experiences with one or another type of herbal treatments. I am willing to contribute to this site with my knowledge, and I would be happy to help you out to the best of my ability with any specific questions or problems related to alternative medicine.
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| 0.942211 | 897 | 3 | 3 |
Vert is green in heraldry. The Anglo-Norman name is straightforward, since "vert" means green in French (from the Latin viridis). But the name in French blason is "sinople". The etymology of this word is the town of Sinope, on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (modern Turkey), famous for a reddish-brown earth pigment found in its soil. The adjective "sinopis" came to designate the color of that pigment (and it still does in English), much as the word "sienna" or "burnt sienna".
How this term came to designate green in heraldry is unclear. Originally, French blason used the same word as English, namely "vert". In the 14th century, vert is progressively replaced by "sinope" or "sinople". It may have been part of a general effort by heralds to enhance the prestige and mystique of their profession by making its language less comprehensible to laymen; a task at which they succeeded, one might add.
Return to the Main Heraldry Page.
François R. Velde
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| 0.939098 | 231 | 3.03125 | 3 |
squires elected Erik Menved’s brother Christoffer as king. But first
he had to sign a treaty, which ensured the higher in society the
reights, which they had fought for during two generations.
The church became independent of the kings power.
The right of the squires to be in receipt of all minor fines from
their peasants was confirmed.
The squire, who in the service of the king was taken hostage by the
enemy, must be bought free by the king, and they were not obliged to
take part in fighting outside the kingdom.
The law could not be altered without consultations with the
kingdom’s “best men”, and the king committed himself to pay his
Christoffer signed these conditions, but when he became king, he did
not keep them.
He showed no fairness, but ruled mere like a tyrant. Truth was never
in his words, it is said in a history book, and resentment against him
became fast hugh.
Holsten began now to intervene deeply into Denmarks destiny. It was
parted between several men, of whom Gert in Rendsborg was the greatest,
also called “den Kullede Greve”, and Johan in Kiel,
Christoffer’s halfbrother on his mother’s side.
When the South Jytlandic duke Erik, who was married to Gert’s sister,
died 1325, both Gert and Christoffer wanted to become guardian for his
young son, Valdemar. The dissatisfied squires and count Johan joint
Christoffer was forced away from his kingdom.
In stead Valdemar was elected king in 1326.
However, Christoffer succeeded in becoming king again in 1330.
He bought Johan’s help by giving him Zealand and Skåne as security.
To Gert he pawned Jutland and Fuen, which he only could get back by
paying 100.000 Mk. silver all at one time - in other words never.
The rest of his days intil his death in 1332, he was only king by name.
Buried in Sorø Church.
Christopher was son of Erik Klipping and queen Agnes.
In 1307 married to Eufemia of Pommern (1285-1330), daughter of duke
Bugislav 4th of Pommern and Agnes of Brandenburg.
Christoffer and Eufemia had the children:
1308-40, married to count Ludwig of Brandenburg.
Atterdag, 1320-75, later king
died when still small
died when still small.
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| 0.978089 | 571 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Speech and Language Development in International Adoptees
“Watching a child’s language develop can be very exciting.”
This booklet provides information on language development patterns in international adoptees. It tells parents what to expect when their child first arrives home, and illustrates how language skills typically develop in both small and older children. It explains the signs that might indicate a possible communication impairment. The speech and language developmental milestone checklist helps parents decide whether to seek professional help. It also shows parents how to help their child at home.
Developmental milestone checklist.
Space to personalize with your contact information.
Trim Size: 9 inches x 4 inches
Pages: 12 pages
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| 0.874108 | 143 | 2.6875 | 3 |
"At a mile distant their thousand hooves were stuttering thunder, coming at a rate that frightened a man - they were an awe inspiring sight, galloping through the red haze - knee to knee and horse to horse - the dying sun glinting on bayonet points..." Trooper Ion Idriess
The Australian Light Horse Studies Centre aims to present an accurate history as chroniclers of early Australian military developments from 1899 to 1920.
The Australian Light Horse Studies Centre site holds over 12,000 entries and is growing daily.
The following entries are extracted and transcribed from the 9th Light Horse Regiment War Diary, the originals of which are held by the Australian War Memorial. There are 366 entries on this site. Each day has entries as they occurred from 1914 to 1919. In addition to the 9th Light Horse Regiment War Diary, when appropriate, entries from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade War Diary and other regiments with the Brigade will also appear. Entries from the unit history, Darley, TH, With the Ninth Light Horse in the Great War, Adelaide, Hassell Press, 1924 will also appear from time to time. The aim is to give the broadest context to the story and allow the reader to follow the day to day activities of the regiment. If a relative happened to have served in the regiment during the Great War, then this provides a general framework in which the individual story may be told.
9th Light Horse Regiment Location - Deir el Belah.
9th Light Horse Regiment War Diary - The division moved at 0400 crossing the Wadi Ghuzze in the neighbourhood of Sheikh Nebhan through to Sheikh Abbas to the vicinity Khirbit [Sihan] [Sq D7] where a position was taken up at 1100 to prevent enemy reinforcements coming up from Huj or Hareira.
The Anzac Mounted Division was guarding the line Huj to the sea and the Imperial Camel Corps from line left to the Wadi Ghuzze. Horses were watered during the day at wells.
At about 1400 the Division was moved to a position north east of Gaza. The Anzac Mounted Division having been sent in to the attack on Gaza.
At 1500 word was received of strong enemy reinforcements coming up from the direction of Tel el Sheria. The Brigade galloped into a position south of Beit Hanun in the Gaza El Falmi, the right of the line being held by 6th Mounted Brigade. The 8th Light Horse Regiment took up their position on the left. The Berks Yeomanry on the right with the 10th Light Horse Regiment in reserve. A Squadron was put on the left of the line, B on the right with C Squadron in Brigade support.
By 1100 the Yeomanry on our right were heavily engaged with the enemy where strength was estimated at about 4,000. And under cover of the Notts Battery Royal Horse Artillery our line was pushed well forward - helped by the Armoured Car Detachment the 8th Light Horse Regiment pushed well to the flank to threaten the enemy's right. The Turks would not become engaged and at nightfall our line was contracted and an outpost line taken up. Communications between Squadrons and Brigade Headquarters - also with the 8th Light Horse Regiment and Berks Yeomanry were established by lamp.
Luxmoore, Captain EM; and, one Other Rank marched in from 3rd Training Regiment, Moascar.
Bleechmore, Major C, returned from leave.
Freebairn, Lieutenant DT, proceeded to Port Suez for embarkation for four weeks Australian leave.
Pascoe, Lieutenant WEH, to 3rd Light Horse Brigade as staff trainee for one month.
Wednesday, March 26, 1919
9th Light Horse Regiment Location - Zagazig
9th Light Horse Regiment War Diary - 2100 Kildea, Lieutenant FJ, four Other Ranks patrolled streets of Zagazig.
Mounted squadron ordered out and proceeded to railway station Zagazig. A large fire was observed in the vicinity of railway station. A few minutes later, orders were received for mounted squadron to proceed to railway station Zagazig. All other available men were ordered to stand to. The main railway station building Zagazig was ablaze.
Scott, Lieutenant Colonel WH, proceeded by motor to the station and assumed command. Gangs were soon at work subduing the fire and at about 2300 had extinguished the fire. Half of the main building was destroyed. Cause of the fire unknown.
Divisional escort troops returned. Luxmoore, Captain EM, with two mounted troops returned from reconnaissance of Simbillawein.
The First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917, Gullett Account Topic: BatzP - 1st Gaza
The First Battle of Gaza
Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917
Left to right: Lt Murray, Surveyor; Mr Gullett, Official War Correspondent; Lt O'Connor, Photographer.
The following is extracted from the book written by HS Gullett called Sinai and Palestine, Chapter XVII First Gaza Engagement.
On March 18th Chetwode, who then had his Desert Column advanced-headquarters at Sheikh Zowaiid, conferred with Chauvel, Hodgson, and Dallas of the 53rd Division, and plans were completed for the attack on Gaza. The possibility of a general Turkish retirement in the event of a decisive British success at Gaza was discussed. Chetwode, in whom the cavalry instinct was always strong, emphasised the necessity of preparing the mounted troops for a vigorous pursuit. Arrangements were made to transfer the supply wagons, with their horse teams, from the 52nd and 53rd Divisions to the two mounted divisions in exchange for the camels of the latter, so that Chauvel and Hodgson should have all possible mobility. The Turks had withdrawn from Khan Yunis, and the village had been occupied by Anzac Mounted Division, and the water-supply developed. On March 22nd Chetwode advanced his headquarters to Rafa.
Dobell was well aware that, if the Turks anticipated his attack on Gaza and concentrated the bulk of their troops in the area Gaza-Beersheba-Huj-Shellal, the position, with its exceptional natural defences, would be unassailable by the troops at his command. Day after day German pilots flew over the British camps; the superiority of their machines enabled them easily to out climb and outpace the British airmen, a fact which made them very daring in reconnaissance. As the British force was moved forward, special care was therefore taken to avoid this vigilant observation. All marches were made by night, the troops being concealed as far as possible in the sand-dunes by day.
For his operations against Gaza Dobell decided to base his advanced-force on Deir el Belah. The site was almost ideal for the purpose. Belah, a small native village, lies at the edge of the coastal sand-dunes, which, for a distance of two or three miles, are there fringed with many groups of palms. These and the pockets between the sand-hills gave good cover to horses and troops. The clean sand made a perfect camp area, particularly in the winter weather, while the hard ground of the treeless plain to the north and east made all movement simple and rapid.
Belah lies ten miles south-west of Gaza. Half-way between the two a great irregular gash is torn across the plain by the Wadi Ghuzze, which, fed in the wet season by many tributaries from the western slope of the central range, interposes a strong barrier south-eastwards from the coast. ("Wadi" is a comprehensive Arabic term for water-courses of every size, from a mere dry gutter to a great feature like the Ghuzze. Arabic has apparently no equivalents for our specific "creek," "brook," and "river.") A characteristic wadi, the Ghuzze is more favoured than most of the streams of southern Palestine; in addition to its winter floods, when it rolls down in a great muddy torrent several feet deep-and between Gaza and Belah more than a hundred yards in width-it is fed in summer by a number of springs in its bed, which, although they do not maintain its flow, provide permanent water for the natives. Its floor lies some thirty or forty feet deep between rugged banks of broken, sandy clay, opening out on either side into innumerable spacious bays. In the spring of the year, with the rain diminishing, it was fordable at many places; consequently, while it offered an easy passage to Dobell's troops, it promised, in the event of failure, an excellent basis of defence if the Turk should retaliate with a counter-attack.
On March 25th a general reconnaissance of the Gaza position was made by the 3rd Australian Light Horse Brigade. Crossing the Wadi Ghuzze, with supporting troops kept as well concealed as possible, a mounted screen pushed up close to the town on the south-east, and staff officers riding immediately behind were able to make a close personal survey of the ground, in view of the advance which had been decided upon for the following morning. At the same time working parties tested the water in the wadi, and prepared crossings for the troops. The Turks opened long-distance fire on the screen, but appeared to have no inkling of the close proximity of the British divisions; Dobell and Chetwode were hopeful that night that their cautious advance was still unknown to the enemy, and that they would take the garrison by surprise in the morning.
As darkness fell, Chetwode's Desert Column troops moved to camping grounds in the Belah area. All lights and fires were forbidden. The few hours which remained before 2.30 on the morning of the 26th) when the advance was to begin, were spent in completing arrangements, and very few of the men obtained sleep. The troops, especially the infantry, had been on the move for two or three nights, and were, in consequence, already somewhat tired. But the weather was keen and the going sound, and all ranks were in good physical condition for forced marching and battle.
Running north and south about 1,200 yards east of Gaza is a long, irregular ridge, which extends almost to the Wadi Ghuzze. From the Ghuzze to a point abreast of Gaza this feature was known as the El Sire Ridge; further north it was afterwards described as “Anzac Ridge." Rising from it, about 1,500 yards south-east of the town, is the knoll Ali el Muntar. Flanked on either side by intricate little fields enclosed with cactus, the Ali Muntar position, although only 300 feet above sea-level and a few acres in extent, was the key to the defence of Gaza against attack from the south and east. Troops concealed in the cactus on its flanks could effectively sweep the bare plain country to the east and south west, and also cover any approach along the ridge itself from the south; while artillery observers on its summit, which was at that time marked by the large tomb of a sheikh, could direct the fire of the gunners behind with great accuracy. A few hundred yards south of Ali Muntar the enemy line turned off along the fringe of the cactus hedges towards the Mediterranean, so that Gaza was contained against the British attack in a rough right angle, with the hedges and the sand dunes nearer the sea covering the south, and Ali Muntar ridge guarding the east. Ali Muntar and the ridge immediately north and south of it dominated Gaza and the Turkish line through the cactus on the south. If the knoll could be seized by the British early in the attack, the fall of the town was assured. Dobell believed that, if Ali Muntar could be taken, the rest would be easy.
The latest information possessed by the British commander on the night of the 25th was that Gaza was held by only 3,000 troops under the command of Tala Bey, and that the enemy's closest support was at Hareira, ten miles to the south-east. Other Turkish forces were known to be at Tel el Sheria, sixteen miles to the south-west; at Khurbet el Akra, beyond Huj and twelve miles north-east of Gaza; and at Tel en Nejile, on the railway seventeen miles distant. In other words, Dobell and Chetwode believed that 4,000 troops were isolated at Gaza, with a ring of reinforcements, of which none were nearer than ten miles. But in actual fact the intervening country was a hard, rolling plain, over which the Turks, if they moved to the assistance of Gaza, could march swiftly; while in Gaza itself, and within a radius of from ten to seventeen miles, the enemy had a total force of about 15,000 rifles.
Against this force Dobell had within a few miles of the Ghuzze, on the night of the 25th, the 53rd and 54th Infantry Divisions, a total of about 16,000 rifles; Anzac Mounted Division, less the 1st Light Horse Brigade, about 2,400 dismounted rifles; the Imperial Mounted Division less the 4th Light Horse Brigade, about 2,400 dismounted rifles; and about 1,000 rifles in the Camel Brigade-a total force of about 22,000 effectives. And when the mobility of the mounted brigades is remembered, and also the fact that the 5th, 6th, and 22nd Mounted (Yeomanry) Brigades of the Imperial Mounted Division carried swords, and so were complete as cavalry, it is taking too little account of them to consider them merely as dismounted rifles.
With this advantage in numbers and mobility, the prospect of successfully rushing Gaza before Turkish reinforcements could arrive appeared exceedingly good. Only one possibility threatened the enterprise with failure. Were the British misinformed as to the true strength of the garrison? Had the Turks, like the British, been moving at night? If they had thrown a few thousand additional troops into the town within the last few nights, and had closed in from the north and east generally towards the position, Dobell's task was certain to be formidable. The British battle-plans were based on the assumption that the information was correct. Dobell's scheme was simple, and was designed to allow the fullest time possible for storming the town. The attack was to be made by the Desert Column under Chetwode, but Dobell was himself active in the preparations, and he decided to retain the 54th Division under his direct control. The advanced-headquarters of Desert Column and Eastern Force were together during the operation, at a point on the Belah side of the Ghuzze - an arrangement which, as might have been expected, led to excessive leadership without ensuring the strong direct driving force essential to success. Chetwode aimed to fling in the 53rd Division on a frontal attack against the position from the south-east, while the Anzac Mounted Division under Chauvel, having enveloped the town on the north-east and north as far round as the coast, would advance a light force to guard against counter-attack from Deir Sineid and Nejed to the north. At the same time Hodgson, with the Imperial Mounted Division, would take up a position facing generally east and north-east to contain the enemy's reinforcements; his line would be continued to Wadi Ghuzze at Tel el Jemmi by the Camel Brigade, which would act as a pivot for the mounted troops. The 54th Division, which was encamped on the night of the 25th about Inseirat, would press forward across the Ghuzze in readiness to support the 53rd, and was to assist the Imperial Mounted Division if the latter were strongly attacked. Chauvel led Anzac Mounted Division from its camp near Belah at 2.30 in the morning of March 26th. The 7th Light Horse Regiment of the 2nd Brigade formed the screen, and despite the "pitch-black darkness" good progress was made as far as the Ghuzze, which was crossed near Um Jerrar, the traditional birthplace of Isaac. The Imperial Mounted Division moved simultaneously, while the 53rd Infantry Division under Dallas marched towards the wadi near El Breij, two and a half miles nearer the sea. Smith with the Camel Brigade moved further to the east, and crossed at Tel el Jemmi, with orders to clear the front of the 53rd Division, which was following Hodgson to its place of readiness across the wadi.
The country for a mile or two on either side of the wadi was broken with branches from the waterway, and was very rough. A heavy fog fell as the 2nd Light Horse Brigade approached the Ghuzze, and made the work of the guides extremely difficult; but Captain S. A. Tooth1 of the 6th Light Horse Regiment, and Captain H. O. C. Maddrell of the 7th, who were entrusted with the lead, located the crossing without loss of time, and Ryrie's brigade, the New Zealanders, and the 22nd Yeomanry Brigade passed the obstacle at the appointed time. After clearing the wadi, the guides were given half-an-hour to check their bearings, while the division was consolidating. Tooth and Maddrell then led the way slowly but confidently through the dense fog before dawn, on a line a few miles east of Gaza, passing through El Kutshan, Sheikh Abbas, Khurbet er Reseim, Khurbet Kufieh, and thence to the native village of Jebalie three miles north-east of the town. So thick was the fog that each section of horsemen was almost invisible to the one which followed, and the march was only maintained by the ceaseless activity of gallopers between advance-guard and main body. Ryrie's true soldier instinct told him that the fog, although an embarrassment, made observation by the Turkish outposts impossible and greatly improved his chances of taking the enemy by surprise. " It is believed,'' said Chetwode in one of his filial orders. "that Gaza is not strongly held, and it is therefore intended to push the attack with great vigour." Ryrie, believing in his guides, went on boldly.
Throughout the campaign the 7th Light Horse Regiment was noted for its dashing screen-work, and this morning gave officers and men many opportunities of showing their quality. Soon after 6 o'clock, when the fog had lifted and the screen was near Sheikh Abbas, an enemy patrol opened fire on the scattered horsemen. Without hesitation the Australians charged the Turks at the gallop; then a few hundred yards ahead they saw two aeroplanes on the ground and men running round them. The German airmen and mechanics had been awakened by the firing, and had made a rush to start their engines. As the light horsemen galloped up, the machines began to "taxi" across the ground; both escaped, and the pilots, turning almost immediately, returned and machine-gunned the column. One squadron from each regiment was dismounted, and the light horsemen opened on the airmen with their rifles. The only mishap was that Ryrie temporarily lost two fine chargers, which, startled by the aeroplanes, broke away from their groom and galloped into Gaza. But such are the accidents of war, that, many hours later, when Gaza was still uncaptured, some Turks were taken prisoner with the two horses in their possession.
Meanwhile the pace of the brigade had been quickened. The squadrons of the 7th, trotting and cantering over a wide front, were now in constant touch with small bodies of the enemy. Every show of resistance on the open country and in the olive-groves was resolutely galloped. The Turks, most of them just rising from their night's sleep, were bewildered with surprise and entirely without preparations for action against this force of wildly-shouting horsemen. As the Australians crossed the Gaza-Beersheba road, they cut the wires between the two centres. At about this time Major F. G. Newton, with a squadron of the 5th Light Horse Regiment, galloped down a convoy of ten wagons and shot the horses. Another party rushed and captured thirty German pioneers, with a quantity of pack-gear. These fellows at once became very sulky, and refused to march at the double until the light horsemen began ominously to fix bayonets.
As the sun came up over the dark ranges of Judea, it discovered the Australians extremely happy and excited in their adventure. They were now many miles deep into the enemy territory, a long, slight, swiftly-moving column, ignorant as yet whether the other mounted brigades and the infantry had succeeded in penetrating the fog, but, in the excitement of the morning's sport, as careless as they were ignorant. Troopers on the Gaza side of the column chased several little parties of startled Turks up to the outskirts of the town; but bigger game was now to fall into the net. Nothing could have disclosed more completely the surprise of the enemy than the fact that in the early morning a Turkish divisional commander and his staff officers, attended by a small mounted patrol, were jogging along in a number of gharries towards Gaza on the road from Deir Sineid. The general, as he afterwards explained, was proceeding to take over the command of the Gaza garrison, and believed that the British were still somewhere about Khan Yunis. As he sat back in his gharry, enjoying the keen morning air, he was startled by a wild whoop and the noise of galloping hoofs, and in a moment was surrounded by a body of grinning, unkempt Australians on their great steaming horses. His mounted patrol drove in their spurs and fled, followed by the Australian troop-leader, shooting with his revolver, and by most of his men.
But three or four of the light horsemen sat on their horses and, moved by the comedy of the situation, laughed aloud at the little Turkish general. Greatly flustered, the Turk - who possibly believed the crude stories of horrible cruelty inflicted by the Australians on their prisoners, which were circulated among the Ottoman troops by the crafty Germans - nervously produced a gold cigarette case and offered a smoke to the troopers. Not to be outdone in courtesy, an impudent, harem scarum New South Wales boy produced from his breeches pocket a half smoked issue "fag," and solemnly handed it to the general. Later in the morning, when the distinguished prisoner was taken before Ryrie, he complained bitterly of the indignity he had suffered in being laughed at by common soldiers. Ryrie, with his ready sense of humour, was perhaps not so sympathetic as the circumstance demanded. “Well," he said, in his big hearty voice, "you must admit it was damned funny." Passed on to the headquarters of Anzac Mounted Division later in the day, the Turk still protested against his treatment, and insisted to Chauvel that he should be escorted to the rear by an officer of his own rank. Chauvel told him that he was the only British divisional commander east of Gaza, and he feared he could not at that time do himself the honour, nor could he spare one of his very busy brigadiers. The Turk, much disgusted with Australia's sense of courtesy, went off under the escort of an officer of lower grade.
The 7th Regiment, having secured the roads leading north and east from Gaza, was re-assembled and led by Onslow as far as the sand dunes towards the sea, thus practically completing the cordon round the town. The mounted troops, aided by the darkness and the fog, had carried out their appointed task. Gaza was encircled, and the success or failure of the day now rested with the infantry of the 53rd Division.
Ryrie established his headquarters at a knoll which was afterwards known as “Australia Hill," and his line from then until after 4 o'clock ran for three miles west through olive and orange-groves towards the coast. Part of the 6th Light Horse Regiment was pushed north east as far as Deir Sineid to watch for enemy reinforcements, in which work it was supported late in the day by Lieutenant McKenzie with the 7th Light Car Patrol. The New Zealand Brigade, following closely after Ryrie, came into position on the left of the Australians, and two squadrons of the Auckland Regiment were sent in the direction of Huj to watch for the enemy, The 22nd Yeomanry Brigade was to the south of the New Zealanders. General Chauvel had his headquarters on a knoll near Beit Durdis.
Meanwhile good progress had been made by the Imperial Mounted Division and the Camel Brigade; and, although Hodgson's command was for a time delayed by the fog, all the mounted troops were in position by 10 o’clock. The Imperial Mounted Division, with headquarters near Khurbet er Reseim, took up a position of observation extending from near Huj, where touch was made with the Auckland squadrons, to the Gaza-Beersheba road, and thence the Camel Brigade carried the line to the Ghuzze at Tel el Jemmi. Hodgson, and Smith of the Camels, now pushed out patrols, and had the enemy under close observation at all points for several miles. British airmen were also flying low over the surrounding country, so that Chetwode was safeguarded against a surprise attack. Touch with the enemy was made early near Huj by two squadrons of yeomanry, which were in action all day. One troop of twenty-five men charged a large batch of Turks in the open with their swords, and took sixty-seven prisoners. Chetwode had thus completed his outer circle; and, although his second line, facing enemy reinforcements to the east and north-east, was extended and thin, it was highly mobile. Swift concentration at threatened points was assured, and the infantry moving on Gaza had at least some hours' security from an attack on its right flank or rear. The function of the mounted troops was to keep the ring for the infantry; and when the horsemen and Camels had closed all roads out from Gaza, and were in position against any Turkish relieving columns which might attempt to march in, they waited anxiously for the sound of the attack of the 53rd Division.
The story of the First Battle of Gaza is the story of a fog. Major-General Dallas had orders to march with the 53rd Division from his camp near Belah in the dark, and to be ''in a position to throw a strong bridgehead across the Wadi Ghuzze by 5 o'clock in the neighbourhood of El Breij, and seize the high ground Mansura-El Sheluf," and to " attack Ali Muntar as soon as he can complete his reconnaissance, registration, and other arrangements." The Mansura and El Sheluf Ridges were detached features, lying, Mansura on the right and El Sheluf on the left, of the El Sire Ridge, about 3,000 yards south of Gaza. Dallas was therefore to cross the wadi as rapidly as possible, and march without loss of time on his objective. It was hoped that his brigades would be launched on their assault by 8 o'clock in the morning, if not before. But the artillery was first to bombard Ali Muntar and the strong positions to its north and south, although, owing to the limited supply of ammunition, this bombardment was to be brief. The 53rd Division was supported by only two brigades of 18 pounders, and a section of 8 pounders. One infantry battalion and two mounted yeomanry squadrons, supported by a section of 8 pounders, under Lieutenant Colonel Money, was to demonstrate against the enemy line west of Gaza towards the sea, so as to hold the Turks in the trenches there while the main British force was flung at Ali Muntar.
The 53rd Division reached the crossing at El Breij, and before dawn had thrown forward strong bodies to the east bank to guard the bridge-heads. The 158th Brigade was on the right directed on Mansura; the 160th on the left marched on El Sheluf, with the 159th in reserve. As the battalions floundered over the rough crossing of the wadi shortly before dawn, the dense fog settled upon them. It was only about six miles from El Breij to the Turkish defences at Ali Muntar, and the route, although broken near the wadi, was across open rolling plains and bare, low ridges, and offered no obstacles to a vigorous approach. But for the fog Dallas's brigades might easily have reached their points of attack by 8 o'clock; under really active leadership they might have done so even with the handicap of the fog. The situation with the fog, however, was one calculated to delay the average commander. Dallas had in his approach to wheel his division from the right; and to carry out this movement within range of enemy guns, on country of which very little was known in detail, in a dense fog and semidarkness, was one calling for conspicuous resolution. The attack was, moreover, to be preceded by a bombardment, which was impossible until the light improved. Dallas feared that, when the fog lifted, his brigades might find themselves under heavy fire from the Turks before his artillery could register its targets and come into action. At the same time again owing to the darkness and the fog-there was some confusion among the brigades after their crossing, and the British commander decided to wait near the wadi until the fog had cleared. He therefore held up his division for nearly two hours.
Meanwhile Anzac Mounted Division, advancing surely and rapidly despite the fog, had thoroughly aroused the enemy garrison. The delay at the wadi had cost Dallas his opportunity of a surprise assault. When the infantry did move, the brigades made good progress; by 8 o'clock the 160th had reached El Sheluf, and half-an-hour later the 158th was in possession of the high ground at Mansura. The enemy wisely withheld his fire, and it was not until much later, when the leading battalions were within easy range of Ali Muntar, that he disclosed his resistance. At 9 o'clock Dallas conferred with his advanced leaders at Mansura, and decided upon his plan of action.
The delay at the crossing was unfortunate, but the brigades were now so near their objective that, with energetic action, it should not have proved fatal to the day's undertaking. The loss of time at the wadi, however, was only the beginning of a waste of opportunities which was continued for some hours, arid has never been satisfactorily explained. As the brigades advanced from the wadi, the fog had lifted, although for another hour the indefinite light still made effective shooting impossible; in consequence Dallas had ordered his brigadiers to move slowly, as artillery support would be difficult if the mist suddenly cleared. But by 8 o'clock the light was good, and the batteries had crossed the wadi hours before; but no attempt was made to bring them into action until 9 o'clock. Chetwode and Dobell, who had their headquarters together at El Breij, were impatiently waiting for the attack by the 53rd to develop: at 9.30 Chetwode sent a message to Dallas, urging him to "push his attack vigorously." But Dallas about this time had gone forward with his staff to the headquarters of one of his brigades, and for over two hours his own headquarters were deserted by all his staff officers. A little after 9 o'clock a cloud of dust was reported to be moving on the Beersheba road towards Sheria, and this added to Chetwode's anxiety. An hour later his chief of staff again urged Dallas to speed up his advance. "The General Officer Commanding," ran the message, “wishes me to press on you the extreme importance of the capture of Gaza before reinforcements can reach it. Heavy clouds of dust on road from Sheria." At about the same time reports from deserters and aircraft reconnaissance roughly confirmed the British estimate of the strength of the Gaza garrison.
At 11.30 the 53rd Division was still practically stationary, and Chetwode's chief of staff sent the following message to Dallas;
"I am directed to observe that (1) you have been out of touch with Desert Column and your own headquarters for over two hours; ( 2 ) no gun registration appears to have been carried out; (3) that time is passing, and that you are still far from your objective; (4) that the Army and Column Commanders are exercised at the loss of time, which is vital; (5) you must keep a general staff officer at your headquarters who can communicate with you immediately; (6) you must launch your attack forthwith."
Still another hour passed without movement by the 53rd Division. Chetwode at 12 o'clock again addressed himself sharply to Dallas, "No message from you for two hours. When are you going to begin your attack? Time is of vital importance. No general staff officer at your headquarters for two hours."
The dust on the Sheria road proved to be a number of wagons travelling away from Gaza. But half the daylight available for the operation had now slipped away, and the 53rd Division had not closed in on the enemy. Dallas's brigades were already about five hours behind time. He had been promised the support of the 161st Brigade of the 54th Division, which had crossed the wadi at El Breij, and also a brigade of that division's 18-pounders. Just before 12 o'clock he asked Desert Column. "Where are infantry brigade and field artillery brigade which are to come to my support if required? I should like them at Mansura now, as I am not sure what the enemy strength is." It was now clear to Chetwode that, if the 53rd Division should meet with serious resistance, it would be unable to reach Gaza before nightfall. With the exception of the regiment of the 5th Mounted (Yeomanry) Brigade, which was engaged with the enemy to the south-west of Huj, neither the Imperial Mounted Division nor the Camel Brigade had yet been seriously approached by enemy reinforcements, and the British airmen reported at midday that there was no sign of enemy movement from any direction.
At 12 o'clock, therefore, Chetwode instructed the two mounted divisions “to reconnoitre immediately, with a view to closing in on the enemy at Gaza to assist the infantry if ordered." At 1 o’clock it was definitely decided to use the horsemen in a dismounted attack upon the town. Chauvel was placed in command of the two mounted divisions. Hodgson was ordered to take over the line occupied during the morning by Anzac Mounted Division, so as to enable Chauvel to push forward his three brigades towards the town, and also to relieve the Anzac patrols at Huj, Nejed, and Deir Sineid. The Camel Brigade was ordered to move to the position vacated by Hodgson at Khurbet er Reseim, and watch the whole area between Huj and Khurbet el Aseiferiyeh. At about 1 o’clock the 161st Infantry Brigade, together with the artillery brigade promised to Dallas, was ordered to Mansura Ridge. Although the brigade had only about three and a half miles of level ground to cover, it had not reached Mansura Ridge at 2.30, more than two and a half hours after Dallas asked for it.
A few minutes before 12 o'clock the 158th and 160th Brigades moved from the position in which they had been since early morning to the attack on Gaza. The advance of the 158th on the right lay over a naked plain, while the 160th moved north along the almost equally exposed El Sire Ridge. They had upwards of 4,000 yards to travel against an enemy in a high situation and absolutely concealed in earthworks and cactus hedges; and the many Australians and New Zealanders of the mounted regiments who watched the attack appreciated for the first time in the war the splendid steadiness of British infantry and the fine quality of its regimental leadership under the most galling conditions. The long, regular lines, extended in open formation, soon became a good target for the enemy's guns; but they pressed on unshaken for nearly two miles. Up to this stage scarcely a shot had been fired by the Turkish riflemen or machine-gunners, and it was not even certain that Ali Muntar was held in strength. But when the infantry came within about 1,000 yards of the knoll and its cactus entanglements to the north and south, the silence of the ridge was broken by a fierce outburst of rapid rifle-fire and the sinister voice of many machine-guns. Exposed on the plain to the east and the bare slopes in the south, the British lines immediately showed many gaps, and the enemy artillery, bursting with great accuracy, added heavily to the losses. But the battalions, changing their tactics to a series of rushes, and very gallantly led by platoon and company officers, struggled gamely on under deadly punishment.
Unfortunately the 18-pounder batteries which supported the infantry were making very poor practice; many of their shells were passing right over the Ali Muntar position and falling into a cemetery to the north-east of the town, which was not occupied by enemy troops or batteries. This was at once reported by the airmen, but a long time passed before the range was corrected. Communications and response to intelligence were throughout the engagement exceedingly faulty and slow.
Soon after 1 o’clock General Dallas, now recognising the seriousness of his task, threw in the 159th Brigade, which had been in reserve; and the battalions, swinging round the right of the 158th, attacked Ali Muntar from the north-east, and endeavoured to roll up the enemy's left flank. By some lamentable failure in staff work - the day was full of them - the 201st Artillery Brigade of the 54th Division did not open fire against Ali Muntar until 3 o'clock, three hours after Dallas had asked for it. At 1 o’clock some of the battalions were within a few hundred yards of Ali Muntar; but the intensity of the enemy's fire, which was suffering practically no embarrassment from the British artillery made it difficult to build up a line for the final assault. As the fight developed, it was discovered not only that Ali Muntar was strongly held, but that the positions on either side of the hill were equally difficult to approach. A maze of little cactus fields, afterwards known as the "Labyrinth," about 1,000 yards to the south of Ali Muntar was entered by the 160th Brigade at 3 o'clock. This brought the infantry under shelter of the cactus hedges, but progress in the maze proved slow, for the men had to hack their way through the cactus with their bayonets under point-blank fire from the Turks. It was very difficult to keep touch; every hedge contained snipers; and the British were constantly enfiladed. Almost due west of Ali Muntar a flat green knob (afterwards known as "Green Hill ") was occupied by a large body of Turks, who poured in a devastating enfilade fire against the left flank of the 158th Brigade. Shortly before 4 o'clock Dallas, now wide-awake to the critical nature of the struggle, gave orders that this hill should be assaulted by three battalions of the 161st Brigade of the 54th Division, which now for the first time came into action; no attempt was made to bring up the remaining two brigades of the 51st Division. Dallas had now committed all his troops; his casualties had been severe; his men were exhausted, and the sun was low down over the Mediterranean.
This attack of the 161st Brigade was launched at 4.20 and after complicated and bloody fighting through the hedges the hill was occupied. At about the same time the 159th, on the right flank, gained a cactus-covered hill north-east of Ali Muntar. The main knoll was then brought under intensive cross fire, but it was not until just before dusk that it was carried. Still, the enemy, although he was now being driven off the heights of his main position, had, thanks to the hedges, withdrawn in good order, and was still fighting strongly. His casualties had been light; and Dallas, with his brigades spent, reduced, and disorganised, was not yet in a position to exploit the belated success.
At 1 o’clock Chauvel received orders to take over the command of Imperial Mounted Division, and to be in readiness to advance upon the town. But, before the attack could be launched, extensive changes had to be made in the dispositions of the two divisions and the Camel Brigade. His first step was to extend the line of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade westward across the sand-hills to the sea, and the 7th Light Horse Regiment reached the beach early in the afternoon. Soon after 1 o’clock Chetwode gave him a definite order for the attack, and added that the matter was urgent. There was little or no prospect that the extended squadrons of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade would be able to keep touch, owing to the great length of the front and the complicated nature of the country. But both the Australians and the New Zealanders received their orders with light hearts. After their glorious morning gallop they had been for some hours almost entirely idle, and they had evidence that Tala Bey had withdrawn most of his troops from their front to resist the onslaught of the infantry. Only once had the enemy moved in their direction. Soon after noon a battalion of infantry, marching in close formation along a road through the cactus hedges to the north-east of Gaza, came within 800 yards of a troop of the 5th Light Horse Regiment supported by machine-guns. The gunners opened upon them, and inflicted very heavy casualties before the Turks could get to cover.
The battalion was completely broken up.
At about 3 o'clock Chauvel removed his headquarters to a hill near Jebalie, and completed his arrangements for the advance. Chetwode, who saw his opportunity vanishing again, urged Chauvel to launch his attack as soon as possible. "The success of the operation at Gaza," he wired, " depends largely on the vigour of your attack. It is imperative that the position should be ours before dark." But it was not until 4 o'clock that the brigades were ready to move. When the advance began, the line of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade extended from Jebalie for three miles almost due west to the sea; the New Zealanders were along Anzac Ridge, from a point east of Jebalie to a point due east of the town; the 22nd Mounted Brigade was between the New Zealanders and the right flank of the infantry attacking north of Ali Muntar. Everywhere, and especially on the 2nd Light Horse Brigade sector, on which only the 5th and 7th Regiments were engaged, the line was very thin.
For a time the opposition was slight, and some Australian squadrons rode forward at the canter. A squadron of the 7th, under Major W. Chatham, with bayonets used, galloped down the Jaffa-Gaza road towards an olive-grove, closely followed by a squadron under Major Newton. Before they reached the shelter of the olive trees, heavy fire was opened on them from the cactus hedges and native villages on their right. Most of the troops then dismounted and swung to the right in the direction of the enemy fire. Fine work was done in covering their advance by the machine-gun squadron of the 2nd Brigade, under Captain J. R. Cain,' which, operating at the end of the line, again and again packed its guns on to the horses, and trotting forward, was able to enfilade the opposing Turks. The squadrons were quickly engaged at close quarters among the cactus hedges, through which gaps had to be cut with the bayonet while under fire from Turks a few feel away on the other side. One troop under Lieutenant F. M. Waite kept to their horses, jumped a number of hedges, and charged several Turkish parties. Waite shot many of the enemy with his revolver, and continued fighting until he had been three times wounded. Meanwhile Major A. G. Bolingbroke advanced dismounted with two troops of the third squadron of the 5th (which had been operating with the 7th Regiment towards the beach) on a raid against a Turkish artillery observation-post at Sheikh Redwan, a knoll to the north-west of the town. He surprised and captured the observing party, and stayed in the position until he was strongly counter-attacked by a Turkish force with machineguns at close range, when he rejoined his regiment. Throughout the fight this dashing Queenslander led his men with splendid daring. At one stage he reached a thick hedge with a Turkish trench on the other side, and Australians and Turks blazed at each other through the cactus. Bolingbroke then ordered gaps to be cut with the bayonets, led his men through, and shot several men with his revolver; the rest were killed with the steel.
The advance of the 5th Regiment continued with the greatest spirit. The Turks, taken by surprise at an attack from the north so late in the day, offered only piecemeal opposition. In the maze of the cactus there was much snap shooting. " The Turks," said one of the officers afterwards, " ran in and out like rabbits, and we shot them as they ran." One old farrier-sergeant, who had joined in the charge, was finally cornered in a field with impassable cactus ahead of him; and while his horse nibbled at the grass, he continued sniping over the hedges from the saddle. “Why not get off?" a passing officer asked him. "I can see them better from here," he answered, and went on with his shooting.
On the right the advance of the 7th had been equally fine. The light horsemen knew it was a gamble against the approaching darkness, and, admirably led by their officers, went with all their heart and soul for the town. Perhaps it was that Gaza, with its towers and minarets and white houses showing clear on the hill above the dark plantations, seemed, after the wilderness of Sinai and the hovels of the coastal villages from El Arish to Belah, a civilised place greatly worth winning. But whether it was the seeming richness of the prize (which in reality was as squalid as any of the filthy native villages) or the joy of the rush, or a simple sense of duty, the men, laughing and jesting as they went, dashed on with a fiery impulse which, had it been allowed to continue, promised speedily to overrun the town. When night fell the pale light of a moon in its first quarter relieved the darkness; and the troops and squadrons, maintaining a rough touch by means of whistles and lamps, pressed on through a number of native villages to the very threshold of Gaza.
The advance through gaps cut with bayonets in the cactus had to be made in single file. Lieutenant H. I. Wikner a troop-leader of the 7th known to his men as “Uncle Henry," pressing at the head of his troop through one of these holes, found himself alone in a tiny field surrounded by Turks. He levelled his revolver and called on his men and, as they scrambled through with their bayonets already blooded, twenty-three Turks surrendered. “Uncle Henry gave his war-whoop," said one of the troopers afterwards, "and we all sailed in." Turks and Australians had now become very mixed, and, as the town was approached, the fight went out of the enemy. Even men with led horses had pushed as far as they could through the hedges after the riflemen, and one party of these shot a number of Turks and took twenty prisoners.
The New Zealanders galloped in from the east across Anzac Ridge to a point slightly south of Jebalie, dismounted, and pressed down the ridge towards Gaza. The Wellington Regiment was on the right, the Canterburys on the left bearing towards Ali Muntar, and the Aucklands in support. As the riflemen advanced, the two regiments came under hot fire from cactus hedges in the valley between them and Gaza, and were also enfiladed from Ali Muntar. Progress was impeded by scattered hedges; but the ground was more open than that in front of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade, and the New Zealanders pressed on in good formation. Like the Australians, they knew it was a fight against time, and all ranks were eager to get to close quarters before dark. Most of the fighting fell to the Wellingtons, who mere at grips with the Turks less than half-an-hour after the brigade received the orders to advance. They overran an ambulance station, and captured four officers and 125 other ranks, twenty vehicles, and a quantity of other material. The enemy opposed the advance with shrapnel and rifle-fire, but his shooting was indifferent, and the attack went briskly through an olive-grove up to the cactus enclosures near the town. Here, as the Wellingtons hacked their way through the hedges with their bayonets, they were checked by fire from a shallow trench on the further side of a small lagoon; but two troops under Lieutenants Allison and Foley rushed the position. Some of the Turks raised their hands as the New Zealanders closed upon them, but most of them resisted, and thirty-two were killed with the bayonet.
Further to the right two 77-mm, Krupp guns in action were located on the edge of the town, and Major Somerville with his squadron was ordered to attack. The swoop of the New Zealanders was irresistible; forty-six Turks were bayoneted about the guns, arid twenty more captured. The enemy then opened rifle and machine-gun fire on Somerville’s squadron from a house only seventy-five yards away; at the same time a considerable force advanced in a counterattack. Fortunately this body was observed by Lieutenant Snow of the 7th Light Horse, who was on the right; he ran into the open with a Hotchkiss gun, placed it over the shoulder of one of his troopers, and shot down many of the enemy at short range.
The New Zealanders then dispersed the rest of the party with rifle-fire, and, joined by some of the Australians, turned one of the captured guns on to the house occupied by the enemy machine-gun party. Sighting the piece through the open barrel, they loaded and fired two shots into the building. A great number of Turks were killed, and twenty more came out in a dazed state and surrendered. Teams were then improvised and brought up, and the guns were pulled back to brigade headquarters. In these two little bayonet encounters the Wellingtons had only one man killed and four officers and fifteen other ranks wounded.
On the left two squadrons of the Canterburys closed on the town with the Wellingtons, while the third squadron pushed along the ridge to the south. This squadron, anticipating the advance of the 22nd Yeomanry Brigade, joined up with the right of Dallas's infantry, and the two forces reached the sheikh's tomb, on the height of Ali Muntar, simultaneously at 6.40. The honour, however, was all to the infantry. There was no fighting on the summit, the Turks having withdrawn as the British closed in.
The position, then, was that the troops of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and the New Zealand Brigade were entering Gaza from the north and east, while the infantry had carried the key of the enemy's main defences at Ali Muntar, as well as the maze of cactus and trenches on its immediate south and south-west. In other words, the Turk had been jolted from his front line on the east and south-east by the fine sustained fighting of the 53rd Division, and the Anzacs were among his gun-positions behind. But at about 6 o'clock General Dobell, after full consultation with Chetwode and Chauvel, and against the strong protest of the Australian leader, decided to break off the engagement and make a general withdrawal.
The message to withdraw reached Ryrie and Chaytor at about 6.20, some twenty minutes before the infantry and Canterburys gained Ali Muntar. To the Australian and New Zealand leaders the order seemed at that stage incredible. Their regiments had made a great advance into the very base of the enemy's strength, had found the Turks demoralised and disinclined to fight, and had suffered practically no casualties. Even in the failing light they had not the least fear as to continuing their advance, since every indication pointed to a rout and general surrender at any moment. Chaytor expressed his opinion of the order by exercising his right to have it sent to him in writing before he acted upon it; and Ryrie, conscious that if it was immediately obeyed he must leave behind and sacrifice a large number of his widely scattered men, bluntly told his staff officers that there was to be no withdrawal until every trooper had been collected. "Not a man is to be left behind." As the order was slowly communicated from brigade to regiment, and on to the distant squadrons and troops, it was everywhere received first with doubt and then with disgust. Again and again the astonished and puzzled officers ordered their signallers to have it repeated; and, when its truth was beyond question, they felt as men could only feel who were ordered to accept defeat, when in their opinion the battle was won and the objective actually in their hands.
But if the order to withdraw was bitter to the Anzac brigades, it was still more bitter to General Dallas and the brigadiers and regimental officers of the 53rd Division. If the 53rd Division had failed in not pressing on through the fog, and if, owing to some unaccountable reason, there had been a most unfortunate delay in advancing to the attack after the brigades reached Mansura and El Sheluf, the work after their belated beginning at noon had upheld the finest traditions of British infantry. Advancing over bare plain and ridge against galling opposition, and supported by very poor shooting on the part of their artillery, much of which did not come into effective action, all battalions had shown a complete carelessness of life and a high resolve to carry the position. Some time before the actual order to the mounted troops was given, Dallas had known that withdrawal had been decided upon if the enemy did not collapse before dark. Chetwode and Chauvel had been fully aware of the risk that was taken when three of the mounted brigades were withdrawn from positions in which they were watching for enemy reinforcements, and thrown against the town. During the afternoon the aeroplanes and cavalry patrols had reported increased Turkish activity in the surrounding country. At 4 o'clock, as the mounted attack was being launched, 300 Turkish infantrymen were seen advancing in the neighbourhood of Deir Sineid, and a force of enemy cavalry was observed on the Hareira road about five miles from Gaza. Shortly before 5 o'clock 3,000 infantry and two squadrons of cavalry were noticed moving south-west from Huj, and a little later four converging columns of infantry, to the number of about 7,000, were reported marching from the direction of Hareira.
“Towards sunset," said Dallas, in his subsequent report upon the operation, "to the best of my recollection, General Chauvel pointed out that my right was in the air, and that he could give me no protection during the night." Chetwode had then pointed out the gap between Dallas's right and the left flank of the 54th Division, and had ordered Dallas to draw back his exposed flank and join up with the 54th. But Dallas, like Chaytor and Ryrie, found it hard to accept defeat when, as he believed, Gaza was won. “I explained," he said, " that it was quite impossible to do this without abandoning the positions the division had taken, and urged that other troops might be sent to fill the gap, and that I might be allowed to hold the position gained. I asked for time to consider. Finally I received definite instructions that I must swing back my right arid get in touch with the 54th Division." While, therefore, the New Zealanders and the 2nd Light Horse Brigade were collecting their men, and preparing for the march out from the north and north-east of the town, Dallas's brigades were withdrawn from the stronghold for which they had paid so great a price in endeavour and life. The 54th Division closed in about two miles, and joined up with Dallas's withdrawn right flank, and the blood-stained battleground around Ali Muntar was for some hours a No-Man's Land.
The march back of the mounted brigades from Gaza was one of the sorriest movements undertaken by Australians and New Zealanders during the war. When the order to break off was received by the 7th Light Horse Regiment, on the extreme right, Onslow concentrated his men upon the beach. Ryrie stood firmly to his declaration that he would not move as long as a single man was unaccounted for. The state of the Turks was shown by the fact that nowhere did they make any effort to follow the retiring light horsemen. But, even without any activity on their part, the squadrons had, in the dark, for the moon had now set, the greatest difficulty in collecting their men. Happily the casualties had been light, and there was very little trouble in their transport. The 2nd Brigade had only one man killed and five wounded, and the New Zealand Brigade only two men killed and four officers and twenty-five men of other ranks wounded.
It was nearly midnight before the 2nd Brigade was assembled. With Ryrie's regiments as rear-guard, the Anzac Mounted Division marched, by a long circuitous route, to the east of the two infantry divisions, before reaching the Ghuzze. So confident were the brigadiers of Chauvel's division that they were in no danger from the enemy, that no precautions were taken against noise or lights, and the course of the column was clearly marked by the striking of matches as the men lit their pipes and cigarettes. As usual, the men, in the excitement of their advance, had lost all sense of weariness, and had charged with the freshness of perfectly fit athletes. But they were now in their third night without sleep. "As we groped our way back," said one of the squadron leaders, “all ranks were almost comatose from exhaustion." The bodies of the few Anzacs who had been killed were strapped to limbers and carried back to Belah; and so thorough had been the search, that at dawn only one man of the and Brigade was missing - and it was remembered that he had been seen asleep close to the point of re-assembly. Many of the Turkish prisoners straggled and escaped into the darkness, despite the vigilance of their guards. Trooper Tattam an Australian drover, had thirty Turks in his care. A man of simple mind, but a good soldier, he believed that court-martial awaited him if any of his men escaped, and several times during the night he “tallied " them over, as he had been accustomed to do with his sheep and cattle at home. On one count he was two Turks short; he made up his “mob" to the correct number by picking up two Bedouins.
The infantry battalions of the 53rd Division received the order to withdraw with the same amazement as the mounted troops, and interpreted it to mean that the enemy was pressing in strength from the east and north. In the intense darkness the effect of this impression upon troops exhausted by long fighting, and shaken by heavy casualties, led to some loss of control by their officers. Part of the division withdrew in confusion, and a considerable number of machine-guns and other material were abandoned. Having made touch with the 54th Division, which was entrenched on a line running north of Mansura down the Burjaliye Ridge, Dallas dug in and waited for the dawn. The gap between the right of the 54th Division and the Ghuzze was partly filled by the Camel Brigade; and the Anzac and Imperial Mounted Divisions, crossing the wadi during the night and early morning, remained in readiness for action if the Turks should attack the infantry.
The strength of the advancing Turkish reinforcements on the evening of the 26th has, since the engagement, been the subject of much heated controversy. But the overwhelming opinion of officers who were actually on the watch for the enemy's approach is that a greatly exaggerated view of the menace was taken by Chetwode and Dobell. At 9.30 at night the three main advancing bodies were still several miles from Gaza. One force was crossing the Wadi Hesi, at Deir Sineid, eight miles north of the town, where they were opposed by part of the 6th Light Horse Regiment; a larger force was exercising some pressure against the 3rd Light Horse Brigade and the 6th Mounted (Yeomanry) Brigade at Beit Durdis; while a third column was held up at Khurbet el Baha by the 10th Light Horse Regiment. Some time before nightfall the 6th Yeomanry Brigade had been pressed near Beit Durdis, but, when it was joined by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, the Turkish advance was stopped. The 5th Yeomanry Brigade had been sent to fill the gap between Beit Durdis and the left flank of the Camels, but had in some way got out of touch, and that gap was subsequently filled and held by the 10th Light Horse Regiment under Todd. Chetwode, in his report, emphasised the prompt and highly efficient work done by the regiments of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade; but the regimental officers of this body are unanimous in the opinion that they were at no time dangerously pressed.
Every brigadier believed that the enemy could have been held without trouble during the night, while the occupation of the town was completed. Ryrie, who was in close touch with his squadrons at Deir Sineid, strongly maintained the opinion that the withdrawal was a blunder. “When we got the order to pull out," he said, “the town was undoubtedly ours. The New Zealanders held ground from which they dominated the whole position, and my men were actually in Gaza." Chetwode, in his report, referring to the time taken in collecting Anzac Mounted Division after the engagement, explains that some of the men were "collecting wounded, etc., in Gaza." The officers of the 6th Light Horse at Deir Sineid stated that, when they were withdrawn, there was no pressure from the enemy on their front. “I was not able to collect my men," said Ryrie, "until nearly midnight, and during that time there were no signs of the enemy, which shows the value of the information that a large force of Turks, marching to the relief of Gaza, was close upon us." Prisoners taken afterwards said that the Turks were ready to surrender at dawn, and white flags had been distributed for hoisting. Some months later a captured Syrian doctor, who was in Gaza on March 26th, asked Ryrie: “Why did you pull out from Gaza on the first attack?" Ryrie, with characteristic bluntness, replied, “You can damn well search me!" The Syrian added that when Tala Bey (the garrison commander) discovered in the morning that the British had withdrawn, he "laughed for a long time."
The 9th Light Horse Regiment, which was the rear-guard for the 3rd Brigade, remained some miles east of Gaza until 3 o'clock on the morning of the 27th; but though Scott's men were “in the air," they were not troubled by the enemy until they began to retire. Even then the Turks advanced with caution. The regiment had only four men wounded during the night, and the troops took it in turn to cover the retreat, smoked and laughed as they alternately dismounted, used their rifles for a while, and then cantered on. Towards morning the Turks, now sure that the British force was going right back, pressed more vigorously. Royston, who was delaying their advance without becoming actually engaged, was some time after daylight retiring along the track from Sihan to the Ghuzze crossing at Mendur. His brigade there came under considerable shrapnel-fire, and the enemy, recognising that the wadi would delay his march, became aggressive and dangerous.
At this time, however, Lieutenant McKenzie came across from the direction of Gaza with five of his cars of the 7th Light Car Patrol. This dashing little unit had spent an exciting night. McKenzie's narrative, as told in his personal diary, supplies a good example of the work of these units. “The mist was very dense," he says, "as, on the morning of the
26th, we approached the Wadi Ghuzze, which we crossed at about g o'clock. I was leading in my car, followed by the two light armoured batteries and my own patrol. We were shelled from Ali Muntar as we proceeded towards Khurbet Sihan and one man of the Light Armoured Motor Battery was killed. At 5 o'clock I was sent with my patrol to Deir Sineid, to get into the place, if possible; but I was sent too late in the day. It was dusk when I reached Sineid, and the place, which was a mass of prickly pear, was full of Turks. A detachment of the 6th Light Horse was in the vicinity, but was unable to get into the village. I retired, and got orders from Anzac Mounted Division to move back across the Ghuzze. It was already dark, and the country was broken with wadis and many pits and wells, although the going was hard. The cars fell into a number of holes, and we had to lift them out. One car smashed an axle. We towed it until that became impossible, and then stripped it and left it. We occasionally came on to odd parties of our horse and Camels groping in the dark. We then struck a wadi, which kept heading us off towards the west, till I found myself in a very distinct danger zone, with gun-fire close, and Ali Muntar towering above me. We were so absolutely physically done, that we decided to stay there the night, and make a dash for safety at dawn. All night long our troops were passing back south-east of us.
"At dawn we saw we were in a sticky position if discovered. We slipped out on to the Gaza-Beersheba road, every now and then meeting small parties of British 'lost ones,' whom we directed towards the wadi, and then hit up the pace towards Sihan, where we hoped to meet the armoured cars. They were not there. Instead, we found the 3rd Light Horse Brigade retiring before a huge enemy force, who were bearing in heavily on them. General Royston galloped over and asked me if I could cover his retirement. This is just the kind of job we are most suited for. We ran the cars into likely positions along the ridge, and, while the brigade went by, we waited until the enemy came within range. When they were some 1,200 or 1,500 yards off, we opened fire with five machine-guns. It was immense. General Royston was greatly pleased, and he asked if we required a squadron to cover our retreat or to stand by in support. We said, ' No,' so he wished us good luck, and galloped after his brigade. We were now on our own. It was the time of our lives. We placed the cars (never attempting to dismount the guns) in such positions that enemy parties, trying to avoid the fire of one, would come under the fire of another; but we could not stem a force of thousands. They kept advancing, and we retired from one ridge to another comfortably, while the 3rd Brigade got clear away across the wadi, and was secure. We had targets of mounted men and infantry, and killed at least 150 of them, and they must have had very heavy casualties altogether.
We suffered no losses.
"When we reached the ridge close upon Mendur, we found General Smith's Camel Brigade making breakfast, in total ignorance of the proximity of the Turks. I reported at once to the brigadier. He almost refused to believe me, and asked me to go out and make sure. I was tickled, because I had been scrapping with those fellows for the past hour; but I went to please him, and the Turks, as soon as I got within three-quarters of a mile of them, lobbed a bunch of shrapnel shells fairly over the cars. How we escaped I don't know. We slid back, and found the brigadier thoroughly satisfied. He was good stuff, and decided to hold on to his corner, which he did all day.... When we reached General Chetwode he was greatly relieved to find us safe, as we were long overdue, and he gave me a mighty good lunch of cold beef and tomatoes."
At 10.30 on the night of the 26th, Dobell's wireless operators intercepted the following message from von Kressenstein to Tala Bey, the commander of Gaza:-" Having regard to the disposition of Turkish troops and leaders, can an attack be successful at early dawn? I beg you to do your utmost to hold out so long." Tala Bey immediately replied to von Kressenstein, “Your telegram received. Please attack, at all costs, at 2 o'clock to-night." At the same time Tala sent the following wireless to headquarters, Turkish Expeditionary Force;-" Position lost at 7.45." By “position," Tala Bey meant the main Ali Muntar defences, which had been carried at dark by the 53rd Division. These messages-which confirmed so strongly the opinion of Chauvel, Chaytor, and Ryrie, that, when the fight was broken off, the battle was actually won-were not without effect on Dobell. Tala Bey, so far from counter-attacking on the withdrawal of the British force, was, when he sent these messages three or four hours afterwards, under the impression that Gaza was still closely invested, and he apparently believed that it would be rushed with the bayonet at dawn.
Soon after daylight on the 27th, Dallas was ordered to reconnoitre Ali Muntar, and to re-occupy it at once, if it was next held by the enemy. Dallas, with feelings which may easily be imagined, acted promptly. Patrols pushed rapidly up on to Ali Muntar and the other positions evacuated on the previous night; but they had scarcely reached the ground when the Turks advanced against them in force, and drove them off before supports could be sent up. Dallas had now a dangerous salient in his line, which, as the Turks re-occupied their trenches, became exposed to heavy fire. He therefore decided, as a further assault on Ali Muntar could give him no lasting results unless he was substantially reinforced, to reduce this salient by pulling his advanced line back to a point half-way between Ali Muntar and El Sheluf. By this time the Turkish reinforcements from the east had occupied Sheikh Abbas, and from that position began to assail the rear and right flank of the 53rd Division. The engagement had unequivocally failed. During the 27th the enemy threw strong reinforcements into Gaza, and continued to increase his pressure on the 53rd and 54th Divisions, the 2znd Yeomanry Brigade, and the Camel Brigade, all of which remained east of the Wadi Ghuzze.
On the night of the 20th, when Smith, with the Camel Brigade, had been ordered to a line running towards the north from Urn Jerrar, he had been told that the 54th Division was on his left. But at daylight on the morning of the 27th, he found his flank exposed, and no sign of the infantry. He then slightly withdrew his line to an improved position; but before he moved a German aeroplane had flown over his brigade, and soon afterwards enemy artillery fire opened on the evacuated position, and continued shelling it all day. This was conclusive evidence, if it was needed, that there was even then very little resolution behind the advance of the Turkish reinforcements. But at nightfall the enemy began to close in. and at g o'clock Smith received orders to withdraw across the wadi. The enemy was within listening distance. The mounting of the Camel Brigade was usually accompanied by “a noise which could be heard all over Asia." But that night the men, in Smith's words, "excelled, first in their withdrawal, and afterwards in the silence in which they got the camels on to their legs and led them out." The withdrawal of the infantry and the two mounted brigades occupied most of the night, and the infantry bridge-heads were not evacuated until after dawn on the 28th.
"This action," said Dobell, in his report to Murray upon the day's work, "has had the result of bringing the enemy to battle, and he will now undoubtedly stand with all his available force, in order to fight us when we are prepared to attack. It has also given our troops an opportunity of displaying the splendid fighting qualities they possess. So far as all ranks of the troops engaged were concerned, it was a brilliant victory, and had the early part of the day been normal victory would have been secured. Two more hours of daylight would have sufficed to finish the work which the troops so magnificently executed after a period of severe hardship and long marches, and in the face of most stubborn resistance." This statement will, perhaps, stand as a classic example of the manner in which all commanders are tempted to deceive themselves, or allow themselves to be deceived. But, construe it as Dobell might, this first Gaza engagement was an unqualified failure. The troops had certainly displayed splendid fighting qualities; they had done all the work and taken practically all the ground necessary to gain complete success. From dawn, when the Ghuzze was reached, until dark, when the fight was broken off, the British leadership had been deplorably weak and chaotic. In his dispatch to the War Office, Murray, inspired no doubt by Dobell's report, made a strong point of the delay caused by the fog. Certainly the fog delayed the 53rd Division for two hours, and two hours' more daylight in the evening would have given Dobell a very brilliant little victory. But Chetwode, in his very clear and frank report upon the day's work, said shrewdly: "The dense fog which came on just before dawn, and which did not entirely clear until 8 o'clock, while undoubtedly delaying the operations very materially, since the General Officer Commanding 53rd Division did not consider it advisable to advance his infantry till gun support could be counted upon, at the same time gave immunity from gun-fire to my troops during the time they were crossing the wadi, and enabled the mounted troops to work forward some distance before their presence was detected."
The day, in its effect upon the progress of the 53rd Division, was unfortunate, and neither Chetwode nor Dobell could be held responsible for that delay. Higher commands must and should allow their subordinates a substantial measure of discretion. But when the fog cleared, between 7 and 8 o'clock, there still remained ample time for the capture of Gaza. The enterprise failed, not because of the fog, but because of the unaccountable delay after Dallas's brigades had reached Mansura and El Sheluf. These places are not more than 4,000 yards from Ali Muntar, and-as was shown later-the intervening country offers no physical obstacle to a rapid advance. Dallas has been blamed for that delay, and also for the faulty use of his artillery. “Up to a point," says Chetwode's report,” General Dallas's arrangements appear to have been good; but it would appear that the attack of his brigades was not properly synchronised, and consequently that brigades, to a certain extent, went in piecemeal.... The 53rd Division attacked and took the position with the greatest gallantry, and the 161st Brigade (of the 54th Division) also behaved admirably. It would appear, however, that, owing to faulty communications, or for some other reason, the infantry at times was not given that artillery support which it should have received, and that at critical periods during the day whole batteries were not shooting at all, being unaware of the requirements of the infantry."
Before 9.30 in the morning, nearly two hours after the brigades of the 53rd reached El Sheluf and Mansura, Chetwode-as is shown by his message to Dallas at that time-was manifestly concerned about the delay which had taken place after the lifting of the fog. From that time until noon he continued to show his anxiety by his repeated urgent messages to Dallas; his subsequent orders to the mounted divisions to close on Gaza made it clear that he was conscious the 53rd Division had failed to carry out his orders. For two hours during the morning Dallas was away from his headquarters and out of range of Chetwode's orders. Yet neither that, nor the fact that the advance, on which the whole day's operations depended, was halted for four hours, appears to have been deemed of sufficient importance to make either Chetwode or Dobell ride forward and definitely order the advance of the division. Dobell and Chetwode were together all the morning just north of Inseirat, and only a few miles from Dallas. At 12 o'clock, when he asked for the 161st Brigade, Dallas was "not sure what the enemy's strength was." But he had not at that time, nor until an hour afterwards, advanced his brigades close enough to the enemy position even to draw their lire and test their strength.
His orders had been explicit; he was to have advanced on Ali Muntar immediately after crossing the Wadi Ghuzze at dawn. In the circumstances, it would appear that only two courses were open to Dobell-either to ride forward himself, or to send Chetwode. It was clear that the operation suffered from a foolish duplication of leaders, the blame for which must rest with Murray. No sound military reason could justify the existence of two commands, Eastern Force and Desert Column, at that time with the Commander-in-Chief at El Arish also responsible for the conduct of operations.
So much for the delay in the morning after the fog had lifted. The withdrawal at dark was equally unfortunate; and here again the only possible explanation is that it was brought about because the leader or leaders responsible for the orders were too far from the ground of operations. The telephone and telegraph were Dobell's undoing at Gaza. There was no reason why the two British leaders should not, during the day, in one of the cars of the Light Car Patrol, have covered the whole front occupied by the mounted troops; if necessary, they could have done so more than once. It was essentially a fight needing personal observation, which would have ensured in an operation so scattered the coordination essential for success. Chetwode, Dobell, and Murray urged in their subsequent reports that the necessity for watering the horses, apart from the advance of the enemy reinforcements, made the withdrawal imperative. Chetwode wrote; "At 6.10 p.m., the majority of my mounted troops having been unable to water their horses during the day, I, with the approval of the General Officer Commanding Eastern Force, instructed General Chauvel to break off the engagement and retire his divisions west of the Wadi Ghuzze." Dobell justified the withdrawal of the mounted divisions in these words: "Very few of the horses had been watered during the day, and it was necessary to withdraw the mounted divisions for this reason." As a matter of fact, there was a considerable supply of water in the country occupied by the horsemen. Half of the horses of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade were watered without difficulty during the day, and Hodgson had reported to Desert Column at 10 o’clock in the morning that one of his brigades had already watered.
There is on record no message to Desert Column or Eastern Force which expresses any serious apprehension as to the enemy reinforcements. Three columns were, it is true, in sight; but only near Beit Durdis, where the 6th Mounted Brigade was pushed off Hill 405, was the pressure ever strong, and even there the Turks were arrested and firmly held as soon as the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, sent forward by Chauvel, went to the assistance of the yeomanry. Dobell, of course, gave the actual order for the withdrawal; but it is clear from the despatches that Chetwode fully concurred. General Chauvel was opposed to the movement. When Dobell told him over the telephone that it was proposed to withdraw, the Australian leader protested; “But we have Gaza!" Dobell replied; “Yes; but the Turkish reinforcements are all over you." In the day's fighting, 47 British officers and 350 other ranks were killed, 2,900 wounded, and 200 reported missing. Nearly all these casualties were suffered by the infantry.
In itself the engagement was a severe blow to the British Army, since it affected the troops on both sides to a degree out of all proportion to the casualties suffered, or to the negative victory gained by the Turks. There was not a single private in the British infantry, or a trooper in the mounted brigades, who did not believe that failure was due to staff bungling and to nothing else. The men were convinced that, owing to the almost unbelievable folly of the Higher Command, they had been robbed of a victory they had actually gained. On the Turkish side the story of Tala Bey "laughing for a long time" when he discovered on the morning of the 27th that the British had withdrawn during the night, whether it is true or not, expressed the feeling of all ranks. To the Turks and their leaders the saving of Gaza was a miracle of good fortune, a special act of grace by Allah; and it cheered and fortified the enemy as no ordinary hard-fought victory could possibly have done. But the effect of the failure went much further than that. The fight served to disclose to the enemy the whole British plan of advance, and prompted him to make his dispositions accordingly. Had he ever, as Dobell and Murray believed, contemplated a withdrawal, he would certainly have hurried on his retirement if Gaza had been torn from him. But now, with his troops elated, and with a very low opinion of the quality of the leadership opposed to him, he could have no hesitation about standing on the strong Gaza-Beersheba line.
Worst of all the consequences of this wretched fight was the effect it had upon the minds of General Dobell and Sir Archibald Murray. With their hopes so high before March 26th, the two leaders found it impossible to accept that day's work as destroying their plans for an immediate advance to the north as far at least as the Wadi Hesi. Their despatches immediately after the fight show that they had no intention of abandoning their original scheme. They made very light of their tragic failure. Dobell's report has been quoted; Murray's message to the War Office was an equally curious pronouncement. ' I We have advanced our troops," he cabled, "a distance of fifteen miles from Rafa to the Wadi Ghuzze, five miles west of Gaza, to cover the construction of the railway. On the 26th and 27th we were heavily engaged east of Gaza with a force of about 20,000 of the enemy. We inflicted very heavy losses upon him. It is estimated that his losses were between 6,000 and 7,000. We have in addition goo prisoners, including the General Commanding and the whole of the staff of the 53rd Turkish Division. This figure includes four Austrian officers and thirty-two Austrian and five German other ranks. We captured two Austrian 4.2 howitzers. All troops behaved splendidly, especially the Welsh, Kent, Herefordshires, Middlesex, and Surrey Territorials and Anzac and Yeomanry Mounted troops."
The War Office asked the Commander-in-Chief for further particulars, and Murray replied: "By dusk on March 26th Gaza was enveloped, and the 53rd Division had taken the first line of trenches. The enemy blew up the wireless station (at Gaza), reporting to von Kressenstein that they must surrender. At 1 o’clock von Kressenstein started relieving columns from Beersheba, Huj, and Sheria, and the 53rd Turkish Division arrived at Mejdel. Our armoured cars and mounted troops, brilliantly led, fought a delaying action against all these support columns, capturing the commander and the staff of the 53rd Turkish Division. Enemy casualties are estimated at over 5,000. Chetwode, to prevent his cavalry being enveloped by the converging Turkish columns, withdrew...." Murray further informed the War Office that the Camel Corps on 27th nearly annihilated a Turkish cavalry division," and that the enemy's casualties in that engagement were 3,000. He added that “on March 28th the enemy occupied Gaza defences, and would not advance to the attack." The report of Smith's Camel Brigade upon the engagement makes no reference at all to the destruction of a Turkish cavalry division, or to any serious engagement. Murray was apparently misinformed. Concluding his second message to the War Office, Sir Archibald said: “It was a most successful operation, the fog and waterless nature of the country just saving the enemy from complete disaster. It has filled our troops with enthusiasm, and proved conclusively that the enemy has no chance against our troops in the open." General Murray in his final dispatch upon the engagement (dated 28th June, 1917) estimated the Turkish casualties at 8,000, while the British were “under 4,000." Those actually engaged in the fighting were of the opinion that the Turkish losses were light, and less than half those suffered by the British.
The First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917, 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Operation Order No. 27 Topic: AIF - DMC - British
The First Battle of Gaza
Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917
53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Operation Order No. 27
53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Operation Order No. 27.
The following is a transcription of Operation Order No. 27 from the War Diary of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division detailing their role at the First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917.
Operation Order No 27 Dated 26th March 1917
The following memorandum by the General Officer Commanding the Division is forwarded for information with reference to Operation Order No. 27 Dated 26th March 1917.
Map Reference 1/125,000, 1/168,960 and 1/250,000
1. On the night of 25th/26th the position of the Desert Column and 54th Division will be as follows:
53rd Division east of Deir el Belah and north of the Rafa - Gaza Road.
54th Division South of the 53rd Division holding the El Taihe Range of hills.
The A. & N.Z. Mounted Division and Imperial Mounted Division west of Deir el Belah.
2. On the morning of the 26th instant as soon as it is light enough to see clearly, the two Cavalry Divisions will cross of the Wadi Ghuzze South of El Breij and will press forward rapidly and take up a position east of Gaza an fol1ows, vigorously brushing aside all resistance:
A. & N.Z. Mounted Division from the sea near Wadi Hesi through Deir Sineid, Negile to Huj.
Imperial Mounted Division from Huj through Khareet el Resum to the Gaza - Beersheba Road.
They will establish their Headquarters - A & NZ Mounted Division at Beit Durdis and Imperial Mounted Division at Kheir Resum.
3. The 53rd Division will push over the Wadi Ghuzze between the Rafa Gaza main road and EL Breij for which purpose it will cease the necessary Bridgehead.
4. The 54th Division will follow the Cavalry Divisions across the Wadi South of El Breij and go forward and occupy the Sheikh Abbas position.
5. The Imperial Camel Corps will cross the Wadi near Tel el Jemmi and clear the right front of the 54th Division.
6. The Mounted Divisions will mask the attack an Gaza which will be carried by the 53rd Divisions They will prevent the enemy from attacking the 53rd Division whilst operating against its objective and should the enemy move out from his positions from Huj, Negile or from the Sharia - Hareira region, they will attack and hold them in front, at the same time vigorously counter attacking him on his flanks.
7. It is intended to carry out the objective assigned to 53rd Division as follows:
(a) to hold the enemy to his works which extend from Gaza to the sea by a small force of one battalion, one Cavalry Regiment, and a Section of Artillery.
(b) With the remainder of the Division to operate against the Ali Muntar position and the enemy's left.
The bulk of the Division will therefore cross the Wadi Ghuzze between El Sire and El Breij having first seized the South West end of the El Sire Ridge as a Bridgehead.
8. As soon as the Bridgehead has been secured and the crossing of the Division can be pushed forward, it will be necessary to secure the Ali Muntar, El Sire Ridge as far as El Sheluf on the north, and Tel el Ahmar - Mansura on the south.
9. The Division having reached the El Shaluf - Mansura, visual reconnaissance will be made of the enemy's position about ALI Muntar and arrangements made for the attack of that position.
10. The detachment already mentioned as operating in the sandhills west of the Rafa - Gaza main road will consist of 1 Cavalry Regiment, 1 Battalion of Infantry and a 60 pounder Section of Artillery. The Cavalry and Infantry of this detachment will mainly demonstrate against the enemy's right from Gaza to the sea with the object of preventing him reinforcing his left in the Ali Muntar region. Great vigilance will be exercised by the Commander of this force who will, if attacked, give stout resistance to enable the 60 pounder section to withdraw south of the Wadi Ghuzze. Should the enemy compel him to retreat he will take up delaying positions and fight his way slowly back reporting his action direct to Divisional Headquarters, repeating to his own Brigade Commander. He will be supported by fire, it necessary from the Brigade operating an the Ali Muntar - El Sire Spur,
11. The mass of the Artillery will be employed in enfilading the enemy's works which face south east and east of Ali Muntar which it is intended to attack.
12. It is believed that Gaza is not strongly held and it is therefore intended to push the attack with great vigour. The amount of ammunition available does not admit of any prolonged bombardment and the intention therefore is to the "labyrinth" well under fire and to attack that portion of the works on the east and south east after a short bombardment.
A Sinclair Thomson Lieutenant Colonel, General Staff 53rd (Welsh) Division 25 March1917.
All War Diaries cited on this site should be read in conjunction with the Australian Light Horse Studies Centre, AIF War Diaries of the Great War, Site Transcription Policy which may be accessed at:
The First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917, 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position Topic: AIF - DMC - British
The First Battle of Gaza
Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917
53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position
53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position.
The following is a transcription of Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position from the War Diary of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division detailing their role at the First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917.
53rd Division Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position
Report on the attack on the Ali Muntar position, Gaza, by the 53rd Division and attached troops, and on the operation of the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th March 1917.
In accordance with instructions received from the General Officer Commanding, Desert Column, that the Wadi Ghuzze should be crossed at daylight and Bridgehead established for the passage of the 53rd Division, I arranged to march from Deir el BELAH to that end. With the permission of the Desert Column Commander however, the march was timed so that the GHUZZE should be crossed at 3.30 a.m. and the Bridgehead established about El Sire and El Addah by daylight. This was successfully done by the troops and both those points were in my possession by daylight.
In addition to the main Column just referred to, a detachment consisting of half a Squadron of the Duke of Lancasters own Yeomanry was sent across the Ghuzze at the same hour on the main GAZA - RAFA road to clear the Gardens at the crossing and holding the high ground immediately North East as a point of observation during the operations. with this detachment of yeomanry a Section of the 91st Heavy Battery Royal Garrison Artillery, was attached, for counter Battery work with Aircraft, throughout the operations.
A further detachment crossed the Ghuzze at the same time near Tel el Ajjul and established itself on the high ground about the "CAVES". This detachment consisted of the 2/4th Royal West Kent Regiment, the Gloucester Yeomanry and "A" Section 15th Heavy Battery Royal Garrison Artillery, the whole under the command of Lieut. Colonel N. Money, D.S.O, 2/4th Royal West Kent Regiment. The Infantry portion of this detachment only, crossed before daylight, the guns and Cavalry following as soon as it was sufficiently light. The role of this detachment, which it successfully carried out, was to cover the Left of the 53rd Division attack and to demonstrate against the Turkish position about Sheikh Ahmed and between there and GAZA town, with a view of holding the enemy to his positions and preventing his from reinforcing his Left on the Ali Muntar ridge.
At daybreak there was a dense fog which lasted nearly two hours and the advance of the Division was delayed as I did not deem it wise to allow the troops to push up to their first objective, the line El Shelufa - Mansura, until the country in front could be clearly seen and Artillery support arranged for. When the fog lifted the advance was resumed - the 160th Brigade by the El Sire - El Shelufa Ridge and the remainder of the Division, 158th Brigade leading, along the El Adah, El Burjalihe, Tel El Ahmar, Mansura Ridge. When the first objective viz: El Sheluf - Mansura had been reached, Infantry Brigadiers and the Commander Royal Artillery met me at Mansura to settle the method of attack.
In full confidence that the Desert Column Commander would protect my rear and give a sufficient warning to enable me to withdraw from the attack if necessary, could he not hold up any enemy reinforcements which might come from the east and north east, I issued orders as follows:
160th Brigade to attack along the El Sheluf - Ali Muntar Ridge. Objective, works at the South western edge of the enemy's defences.
158th Brigade to move North east about El Namus and form to the left for attack. Objective, the prominent Ali Muntar HILL on which there is a Mosque.
159th Brigade, less one Battalion in Divisional Reserve, was ordered to march just east of El Namus up to Meidan abu Zeid also forming to the left and to attack the prominent hill 1,200 yards north east of Ali Muntar, in cooperation with the attack of the 158th Brigade.
I was acquainted beforehand with the Intention of the Desert Column Commander, viz: that owing to the fact that the Cavalry would probably have to withdraw to the Wadi Ghuzze before dark for water, the whole operation of the capture of Gaza must be completed within one day.
All my plans were made throughout the day with this object in view.
In so far as the 53rd Division was concerned, the role of the Cavalry was to encircle Gaza on the east and North and to prevent any hostile attack from the east falling on my rear while attacking Gaza.
It is also necessary to add that I was aware that my right rear would be protected by the 54th Division which was to come up during the day into position at Sheikh Abbas. This movement was successfully accomplished.
It was obvious that a prolonged reconnaissance and a carefully prepared action could not be given effect to, but Artillery co-operation was arranged on the following lines:
The 266th Brigade Royal Field Artillery, was established in a suitable position in the broken ground on Mansura to support the attack of the 158th and 159th Infantry Brigades.
The 265th Brigade Royal Field Artillery, was brought into position between El Sire and the Wadi Ghuzze on the eastern slopes of the El Sheluf Ridge to support, the attack of the 160th Brigade and to enfilade the enemy's position about Ali Muntar.
As an additional support to the Division's attack and also in order to make the enemy's position about Ali el Muntar, "A" Section of the 10th Heavy Buttery, Royal Field Artillery, was brought up into action South of El Sire.
A Forward Observation Officer was sent forward from each battery with the infantry attack.
The deployment of the 160th and 158th Brigades commenced at 11.50. Shortly after this the 159th Brigade which had been in reserve, was nearing Mansura and I sent it forward to its assigned position whence it could move on its objective.
I had been previously informed that, should I require it, an Infantry Brigade of the 54th Division with a Brigade of Artillery, and a Field Company Royal Engineers, and a Field Ambulance, would be placed at my disposal.
At 10.04 I telegraphed to Desert Column and to the 54th Division asking for the position of this Brigade Group as I was not certain of the enemy's strength. I also requested that it might be sent to Mansura.
At 10.35 I received a telegram from Desert Column to inform me that the Brigade of the 54th Division on which I might call was at Sheikh Nebhan and directing me to get in touch with it.
On receipt of this information I sent a despatch to the Brigade, instructing Brigadier General Dodington to bring it to Mansura. The messenger failed to locate it and returned later to report the fact, the reason being that the Brigade was at the south eastern end of El Sire Ridge and was located there by an officer of my staff about midday.
This accounts for this brigade group not having been employed till somewhat late in the afternoon.
The Infantry Brigade in question, the 161st, had assembled at Mansura about 1530 and proved of great value. It was, however, preceded by its attached Artillery Brigade, the 271st Brigade Royal Field Artillery which I ordered forward in support of the 159th Brigade, thus leaving the 266th Brigade Royal Field Artillery, free to engage the front being attacked by the 158th Infantry Brigade. This was about 1500.
On the arrival of the 161st Infantry Brigade I sent on the fourth battalion of the 159th Brigade to rejoin its own formation, as Brigadier General Travers reported his right as being very exposed.
In co-operation with Artillery fire and long range Machine Gun fire the 160th Brigade pressed forward along the ridge and the 158th and 159th Brigades over the flat open terrain practically devoid of cover. Their advance was very steady and they behaved in magnificent way. The enemy offered a very stout resistance both with rifle and Machine Gun fire and the advancing troops during the approach march, the deployment and attack, were subjected to a heavy shrapnel fire.
By about 1630 it became evident that parts of the position had fallen into our hands. Later on reports wore received that the Mosque Hill of Ali el Muntar, the "Labyrinth" and ground in the immediate neighbourhood were in our possession.
Under cover of the Artillery support of the 271st Artillery Brigade from North east of El Namus the 159th Brigade pressed steadily forward the men frequently doubling towards the enemy in a most determined way and were at last seen in possession of his defences at this point.
On the left of the 158th Infantry Brigade, which Brigade had attacked with great steadiness and courage, had been unable to gain an entry into the trenches South of Ali el Muntar Mosque owing to heavy Maxim Gun and rifle fire directed on its flank from the "Green Hill".
This, and the Southern side of Al el Muntar Hill first referred to, were the only portions of objective still remaining in the enemy's hands at about 17.00.
It was necessary to capture it at once, since as previously mentioned, it enfiladed the Left of the 158th Brigade and prevented the portion of the troops of that Brigade from taking the enemy's trenches between it and the Mosque HILL. I called on Brigadier General Doddington to attack it with the 161st Brigade. His Brigade made the attack with two battalions, with a third in Brigade reserve. The fourth battalion was kept in Divisional Reserve. This Brigade soon closed on its objective. The enemy's fire was heavy and the troops were held up for a time. Artillery fire of the 266th Brigade Royal Field Artillery, was, however, brought to bear on the hill, under cover of which the attack was resumed and the position secured.
It should be mentioned that on two occasions in the action one Brigade of Artillery was perforce obliged to support two Infantry Brigades - namely on the occasion just mentioned, and previously in the initial stages when the 266th Brigade Royal Field Artillery, was engaging the objectives of both the 158th and 159th Infantry Brigades.
The want of a third Artillery Brigade was made very evident, and it is impossible under the present Camel Establishment organisation to give the best support to three infantry Brigades with two Artillery Brigades should all three Infantry Brigades be engaged.
The whole objective allotted to the Division and attached troops was therefore in our hands just before darkness came on. Heavy fire was continuing between our troops on the ridge and the enemy in the Gardens below them, on the spurs, and in the town.
An order had been sent out for the troops to consolidate, their position, and I was considering how the gap between the left of the 54th Division Sheikh Abbas and my exposed right, west of Maidan abu Zeid might be filled up.
It should be added that at about half past five some of our Cavalry were seen galloping up and extending on the right of the 159th Brigade, but I was never in direct communication with them.
The Desert Column Commander had spoken to me on the telephone on several occasions during the afternoon and had discussed the situation with me pointing out that the Cavalry Division, by reason of shortage of water, would be obliged to withdraw to the Wadi Ghuzze during the night, that I would then be exposed to the attacks of the hostile columns which the Cavalry had been keeping off all day. I understood from him that there were four such columns, one coming from the direction of Hareira of possibly 7,000 men, a similar column marching on GAZA from the El Huj - Negils area, and two other columns of considerable strength from the North east.
Towards sunset, to the best of my recollection, he pointed out to me that my right was in the air and that he could afford me no protection during the night. He also pointed out the gap which existed between my right flank and the left of the 54th Division and that I must draw back my exposed right and join up with that Division. I explained to him that it was quite impossible to do this without abandoning the positions the Division had taken and urged that other troops might be sent to fill up the gap, and that I might be allowed to hold the position gained.
I asked for some delay to consider the situation.
I finally received from him definite instructions that I must swing back my right and get in touch with the 54th Division.
The general situation which can be seen in map "A", will show that the ground gained consisted of a flank entirely in the air. The only means at my disposal of carrying out my orders were to withdraw my troops from the greater part of the captured position and fill up the gap. This was successfully effected, naturally with great reluctance by myself and by the troops who had so gallantly taken it.
At about one in the morning, to the best of my recollection I learned from my own Staff that troops of the 54th Division had appeared on the open plain North of Mansura having apparently closed in on my right for some 2 miles. This was subsequently confirmed by a Staff Officer of the 54th Division. Further, at daylight I learned for the first time that the 54th Division, less the detachment which had been placed at my disposal, had been withdrawn during the night from Sheikh Abbas to the line Mansura - Tel el Ahmar - El Burjaliye - El Adar.
Had I known that the 54th Division was moving to close on my right I could have held on to the positions gained, possibly with the exception of the hill north east of the Mosque Hill and have consolidated the ground gained. I would also have followed my intention of pressing down into the gardens and town during the night and of so widening and strengthening my position.
At daybreak under orders given the night before reconnoitring parties from the 160th Brigade and from the 161st Brigade were pushed forward and seized the positions evacuated the night before, up to and including Ali Muntar Mosque Hill. They encountered some resistance but drove out the enemy and established themselves on this line. An soon as I had intimation of this, I pushed out further troops of the 158th and 159th Infantry Brigades in support with a view to making good the positions then held and also of re-occupying the hill North east of Ali Muntar. Before however these reinforcements could attain their objective, a strong counter attack was made by fresh Turkish troops which were seen pouring in from the north and north east of Meidan abu Zeid and our patrols were driven out of the Mosque Hill on Ali Muntar. The remainder of the position we still hold. I turned gunfire on the Mosque Hill and by means of it drove the Turks back and under the fire of Artillery bombardment the troops would, I think, have reoccupied this hill. As however my position was then as shown in Sketch "B" it was obvious that I could not ask them to retake a position which it would be impossible to hold, forming as it would have done a salient of the most acute form, exposed on three sides. As it was the troops of the 53rd and 54th Divisions, were occupying a bad narrow position. I therefore reformed the line to eliminate the acute point immediately South of Ali Muntar and gave orders for it to draw back to a point half way between Sheluf and Ali Muntar.
In addition to the Turkish counter attacking troops which came in from the east and North fast against Ali Muntar, another body had appeared early in the morning on Sheikh Abbas and established themselves there. From this position they directed Artillery fire on the back of the Mansura position among the camels, medical units and reserves. The Artillery Turkish reinforcements from the North engaged our line from north east and from north west of Gaza and the troops holding the El Sheluf - El Sire Ridge were also heavily shelled. In other words on the narrow salient held by the two Divisions, they were under cross fire throughout the day.
At about 0800 as far as I can remember a General Staff Officer of the Eastern Force Headquarters arrived to ascertain the situation, which I reported in writing.
The troops though tired were perfectly staunch and capable of holding their own but the position was, as I have already explained very restricted.
At 11.02 I received a telegram from Headquarters Eastern Force placing the 54th Division under my command. Later on I had a conversation with Brigadier General Dawnay, Brigadier General, General Staff, Eastern Force, who asked what the situation was and whether I considered the position then held by both Divisions was one which could be maintained for three or four days and consolidated until engineer material and stores could be collected.
I told him that I considered the position then bad one; that we had deliberately abandoned our captured objective and the position then held by the two Divisions was not a suitable one for defence unless Sheikh Abbas could also be occupied. I also explained that my opinion thus given was not that the troops could not hold their own, as they were doing this with ease, and all was well in this respect; but that communication by day for transport and for camel transport especially, was almost impossible as the enemy had the tracks under shell fire.
In the afternoon l received instructions by telephone from Headquarters Eastern Force subsequently confirmed by telegram to withdraw to the West bank of the Wadi Ghuzze and take up a defensive position there.
I commenced the withdrawal by moving all camels and wheeled vehicles back over the Wadi Ghuzze during the twilight. After dusk the guns were withdrawn and the Infantry commenced their retirement at about 22.00. Before daylight the whole force had reached the west side of the Wadi Ghuzze and had taken up a position on a line Sheikh Shabasi - Sheikh Rashid - El Breij and Point 310.
In conclusion I would like to record my appreciation of the generous and free action accorded to me by Desert Column Commander who allowed us to carry on my attack in my own way and without any interference. This notion of his was of the greatest possible assistance to me.
That the position was not in our possession earlier in the day was in no way the fault of the troops who marched far and fought most gallantly under difficult conditions, and in my opinion performed, a noteworthy feat of arms.
The arrangements for the attack and the deployment could not nave been carried out more quickly, in fact they wore hastened more than would have been justified had time not been of such importance.
I submit herewith a list of officers and other ranks for immediate reward for gallantry on the field under paragraph No. 7 of General Headquarters Confidential Memorandum No. MS 5625 dated 8th November 1916.
Many other acts of gallantry and distinguished service were performed by other officers and warrant officers, NCOs and men, and I propose to forward their names for very early reward as soon an possible, but my especial thanks are due to Brigadiers General J.H. Du B Travers, C.B. Commanding the 159th Infantry Brigade and Brigadier General S.F. Mott, Commanding the 158th Infantry Brigade, both of whom commanded their brigades with great ability and courage.
Also to my two Senior Staff Officers Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) G.P.C. Blount, R.A., A.A. & Q.M.G., and Major (Temporary Lieutenant Colonel) A.E.M. Sinclair Thomson, DSO Essex Regiment, who rendered me most loyal and devoted support throughout the operations. I have recommended both these officers for a Brevet Lieutenant Colonelcy is previous list of recommendations for reward, and hope that they now receive their promotion.
I also wish to record the valuable help given by the remainder of my Staff, whose names will be brought forward in due course.
All War Diaries cited on this site should be read in conjunction with the Australian Light Horse Studies Centre, AIF War Diaries of the Great War, Site Transcription Policy which may be accessed at:
The First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917, 2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary Account Topic: AIF - 2B - 2 LHB
The First Battle of Gaza
Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917
2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary Account
2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary Account.
The following is a transcription of the Account from the War Diary of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade detailing their role at the First Battle of Gaza, Palestine, 26 to 27 March 1917.
Bir el Shunnar 25 March 1917
Brigade marched with the Anzac Division in "main body" leaving camp 0230 arrived at Deir el Belah at 1300.
Gaza 26 March 1917
In accordance with Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division instructions, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade left Deir el Belah at 0230 and marched via El Kutshan, Sheikh Abbas, Kheer Resim, Khuraut Kufien thence to Jebalien.
Owing to a heavy fog the advance from El Kutshan to Sheikh Abbas was very slow.
Slight opposition was met at Sheikh Abbas at 0800 but enemy retired on seeing our force.
About the same time two enemy planes opened fire on the Brigade. There were driven off by machine gun and rifle fire.
Tebalieh was made good by 1000 and the 7th Light Horse Regiment was sent forward to make good the ground from there to the beach.
Four (4) Officers travelling towards Gaza were taken prisoner at 1100; on being questioned the senior officer said that he had been instructed to take over the defence of Gaza that day and was travelling to Gaza with his staff for that purpose.
At 1100 the Officer Commanding 7th Light Horse Regiment reported that the country west of Jebalien to the beach had been made good. Patrols were pushed out to the north and north east from Jebalien.
A patrol from 5th Light Horse Regiment was pushed forward to Sheikh Hasan west of Gaza where a Turkish artillery observation point was surrounded and the officers taken prisoner.
At 1230 a company of Turkish Infantry was reported to be moving north from Gaza. Machine Gun of the Machine Gun Squadron and one Squadron of 5th Light Horse Regiment came into action against it and it returned towards Gaza after suffering heavy casualties.
At 1540 orders were received for the Brigade to cooperate with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and 22nd Mounted Brigade and to attack Gaza.
At 1600 at Deir Seneid patrol reported that enemy estimated strength 300 were advancing towards Gaza from the north. One Squadron from 6th Light Horse Regiment was sent out to support the patrol and they held the enemy in check.
At 1615 the Brigade less one Squadron, pushed out to the north east, cooperated in the attack on Gaza. Hand to hand fighting took place along the lines and by 1730 our advanced troops now were into the advanced outskirts of the town. The 7th Light Horse Regiment cooperating on the right of the Brigade along the sand hills met with strong opposition.
At 1900 orders were received to withdraw the Brigade and rejoin the Division on Hill 2 miles west of Beit Durdis. Owing to the long line held by the Brigade and the difficult country among the cactus hedges it took some time to withdraw the Brigade.
At 2215 the Brigade rejoined the Division and marched back to Deir el Belah arriving there at 0740 (27 March 1917).
4 Officers and 98 Other Ranks Turkish prisoners hand over to Division.
Owing to the hasty withdrawal a number of prisoners were unable to keep up with the column retiring and were left behind.
In Serat 27 March 1917
Brigade moved out 0830 and "Stood By" all day at Ed Demeita and moved up to a point south of In Serat as support to the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade on outpost along Wadi el Ghuzze.
In Serat 28 March 1917
Brigade stood by at In Serat. 7th Light Horse Regiment took over minor outpost line from New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade at 1130 and were relieved by Imperial Mounted Division at 1830.
Brigade less 7th Light Horse Regiment marched to new Camp on beach west of fresh water lake at Deir el Belah at 0300.
7th Light Horse Regiment rejoined at 2000.
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Robots used to automate testing for bacteria, including coliforms
Taihei Environmental Science Center has developed a system that automatically performs water quality testing, and can detect bacteria such as E. coli. In the past, this work had to be done manually. The system uses three robots to completely automate all stages of the process, from collecting a predetermined amount of the sample, injecting agar, agitating, coagulating and inverting, to the placement and storage of the culture in incubators. This level of automation not only eliminates human error, substantially improving test accuracy, it also increases processing capacity.
"Firstly, the system must be installed in an atmosphere completely free of bacteria. So, it is installed in a clean room. Only the air which passes through a 0.3-micron HEPA filter can enter the clean room, so the system is virtually free of bacteria. Due to this, the testing is done in an extremely clean environment."
This system can perform the test 50% faster than conventional manual work, and can test 100 samples in two hours. All samples are managed using QR codes, eliminating human errors like mislabeling or taking the wrong sample. The current system is for detecting ordinary bacteria and E. coli in water, but it can be designed in a variety of configurations, so it could be used for other types of bacteria or various other testing applications.
"The system costs 25-35 million yen (US$250,000-350,000), but if users test a lot of samples, they can recover the cost in 5-10 years. In that case, this system could save users quite a lot of money. We do a lot of testing in the evening and at night, which has been a big burden on employees. This system has reduced that burden considerably, resulting in our staff being more cheerful and motivated. In other words, the best thing about this system is that it has made employees keen to become the driving force behind our company."
Taihei is marketing this system to certified environmental surveyors and food manufacturers. They aim to sell 4-5 units during fiscal 2014. In the future, the company plans to extend sales to the global market.
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What is a Hero?
Growing up, I always thought I knew what a hero was. At first, my heroes were Batman and Superman. Later, as I learned to love sports, my heroes became talented athletes who played on my favorite teams. Even as a young boy, I felt character was important for these people, but I never stopped to wonder what contribution, other than immense superhuman strength (as seen in the fictional characters of comic books) or athleticism (as seen in the sports “stars”), these heroes made to society. I would wait for hours before and after games hoping to meet these people, take a picture with them, and get their autograph with so I could frame it. I never stopped to define the actual word and reflect on its meaning.
According to Webster’s Dictionary, a hero is “a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability, an illustrious warrior, a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities, one who shows great courage, the principal male character in a literary or dramatic work, the central figure in an event, period, or movement, or an object of extreme admiration and devotion”.
I guess my original thoughts on the word would fit this definition. However, my thinking evolved as I matured. Between my first and second year of medical school, I was fortunate to work at a camp as a medical assistant. This camp was unique as the campers all had cancer or had siblings with cancer. There I learned amazing life lessons that I continue to carry with me today. Most importantly, I realized that the word hero meant something more to me than it did when I was a kid. See, I got to meet many of my heroes that summer. My heroes became those brave children who stared disease in the face and won (or were still actively fighting). In my mind, their achievements outweighed those accomplished by any of the sports stars that I admired in my youth.
I continue to be blessed by meeting more and more heroes each day in my epilepsy clinic – Not only children with epilepsy, but also their amazing, supportive families. These heroes possess far more strength and courage than any superhero or professional athlete. They have to make very difficult life decisions on treatment options and trust those around them to provide the best advice for their medical needs. For this and much more, they have the admiration and devotion of not only myself, but all of the staff in The Pediatric Epilepsy Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital.
If you would like to meet my heroes and many others just like them, they will be present at each mile in the upcoming Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus Marathon. If you want their autograph or picture, I will bet they would not mind the interruption at all. In my opinion, that is worth framing any day.
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Vaccines and also drugs like Ritalin (Concerta, Strattera) are all designed to cause a partial lobotomy.
This sounds like a improved partial lobotomy, with a chronical disease guarantee (cancer, multiple sclerosis etc..).
No more stress, but you are brain-dead.
What could possibly go wrong?
Dr. Robert Sapolsky spent years studying stress in baboons. (Presonal Photo/Dr. Robert Sapolsky)
(CBS) Stressed out? There’s no app for that, but soon enough there might be a vaccine.
Dr Robert Sapolsky, a neuroscience professor at Stanford, says after 30 years of studying stress, his team might be on the verge of a novel cure.
“To be honest, I’m still amazed that it works,” Sapolsky told Wired in an August profile.
Sapolsky has long theorized that, unlike some animals, humans are unable to turn off stress chemicals used for the fight-or-flight mechanism. A class of hormone called glucocorticoids are one of the chief offenders, according to Sapolsky.
So his team has pioneered a way to bootstrap a “herpes virus to carry engineered ‘neuroprotective’ genes deep into the brain to neutralize the rogue hormones before they can cause damage,” according to the Daily Mail.
Getting there: – Big Pharma Nanotechnology Encodes Drugs With Tracking Data That You (Have To) Swallow
Watch the movie.
Sounds properly science fiction, but will it work?
So far, rat studies have gone well, according to the British paper. Human trials are still years away.
Until then, don’t give up your yoga mat.
Want to read the research? Click here.
Posted by Neil Katz
August 3, 2010 10:07 AM
Read more about Sapolsky’s wild years studying baboon mating or check out his book “Why Zebra’s Don’t Get Ulcers.”
Source: CBS NEWS
More information on vaccinations:
– First batch of untested (!) flu vaccines approved by the FDA causes seizures in children
– WHO To Tax Internet Usage To Fund Genocide Vaccines In Third-World Countries
– WHO Wants to Tax Us to Death, Plans Billions in Internet and Other Taxes
– Rotavirus Vaccines Contaminated With Pig Virus, But FDA Says No Problem
– Dr. Len Horowitz: Profitable Depopulation Plot Links JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs to Vaccination Contaminations and Big Pharma Corruption
– Dr. Rima E. Laibow: The Globalist Depopulation Agenda
– Discharged IDF Soldiers Sue For Millions Over Anthrax Vaccine Experiment
– Rotarix Rotavirus Vaccine Contaminated With Pig Virus DNA
– European health officials: ‘H1N1 pandemic false alarm, inquiry to expose the truth’
– 60 Million in US Vaccinated Against Swine Flu … They Have Just Destroyed Their Health
– Police State: Student Suspended And Assaulted For Handing Out ANTI-VACCINE Flyers
– Swine Flu Pizza Party: Get a shot, get a pizza for your class!
– Virologist Adrian Gibbs Repeats H1N1 Swine Flu Lab-Escape Claim in Published Study
– Shocking H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccine Miscarriage Stories From Pregnant Women
– Dr. Roby Mitchell Retracts H1N1 Vaccine Advice After Reading Insert!
– French Woman Develops Guillain-Barre Syndrome After H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccination
– Poland: Health Minister Says No To The H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccine For The Entire Country
– Boy developed Guillain-Barre syndrome within hours after swine flu vaccination, but CDC says no clear link
– 3 Dutch babies die after pneumococcal vaccine, Dutch authorities pull Pfizer’s Prevenar batch
– UK government: All schoolchildren may be vaccinated against H1N1 swine flu
– CFR admits false scarcity tactic to get people to take the H1N1 swine flu vaccine
– Twenty Reasons Why Vitamin D Is Better Than The Swine Flu Vaccine
– Protect your child from swine flu vaccinations: A letter for your school principal (and nursing staff)
– H1N1 Swine Flu A National Emergency? Take A Close Look At This Chart
– Dr. Gary Null Speaking Out at the NYS Assembly Hearing on Vaccinations, Fraud, Junk Science, Crimes Against Humanity and Profit
– CDC Guesstimated H1N1 Swine Flu Cases and Refused CBS Freedom of Information Act Request
– President Obama declares H1N1 swine flu a national emergency
– Flu Vaccine Brainwashing by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
– Doctor, cited on FOX News as expert on infectious diseases, would not give highly toxic swine flu vaccine to his children
– Satire: How to be a swine flu vaccine zealot
– New York judge puts hold on mandatory swine flu vaccinations
– Robert F. Kennedy Jr. – Shocking Vaccine Cover Up
– Junk Science And The Flu Vaccine Scam Revealed
– Dr. Leonard Horowitz: The CDC’s Vaccination Genocide
– Autism Explodes As Childhood Vaccines Increase
– ‘Just get your damn vaccine’ America! (The Swine Flu Conspiracy
– Canada will protect swine flu vaccine maker GlaxoSmithKline from lawsuits
– CDC drafts ‘ISOLATION ORDER’ for swine flu (H1N1)
– Poll: Nearly 2/3 of US parents won’t vaccinate their children against the H1N1 swine flu
– Australia: Nationwide swine flu vaccination
– US: Military to get mandatory swine flu shots soon
– Washington State lifts limit on mercury preservative in swine-flu vaccine
– Forced Swine Flu Vaccination Refused By Nurses In New York
– Long Island nurses to rally against mandatory swine flu vaccines
– Seasonal flu shot may increase H1N1 risk
– First wave of vaccine will be mostly nasal spray, a LIVE FLU VIRUS
– Nanoparticles used in untested swine flu vaccines
– China: Mass Swine Flu Vaccination
– US: Governor Baldacci proclaims civil emergency due to H1N1
– EMERGENCY UPDATE: French government document details forced mass vaccination plans from September 28th: GPs and hospitals to be excluded.
– Study: Causal Connection Between Thimerosal and Autism Established
– Historical facts exposing the dangers and ineffectiveness of vaccines
– Exposed: ‘The Swine Flu Hoax’ by Andrew Bosworth, Ph.D.
– Up to 60% of doctors may refuse swine flu vaccine
– Massachusetts ’swine flu’ legislation: A $1000 fine per day or up to 30 days in prison for each day that you do not follow the emergency declaration rules
– Yes, you will! FORCED vaccinations, isolation & quarantine, health care interrogations and mandatory ‘decontaminations’
– German health expert’s swine flu warning; Does virus vaccine increase the risk of cancer?
– Dr. Russell Blaylock: Harmful Effects of Swine Flu Vaccine
– Swine Flu: The DynCorp ‘COINCIDENCE’
– H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic: October Surprise Prevention
– Dr. Russell Blaylock: How to reduce the toxic effects if force vaccinated
– Poll: Only a third of nurses willing to have swine flu vaccine
– Leaked Government letter to neurologists reveals concern about swine flu vaccine
– Untested swine flu vaccine could be given to your children
– £27,000 swine flu bonus for GPs
– Squalene: The Swine Flu Vaccine’s Dirty Little Secret Exposed
– NVIC on swine flu and the consequences for you!
– US Military To Work With FEMA During Swine Flu Pandemic
– Former Assistant Secretary of Housing: ‘I believe one of the goals of the swine flu vaccine is depopulation’
– US: 12,000 Children To Be Swine Flu Vaccine Guinea Pigs
– Baxter Filed Swine Flu Vaccine Patent a Year Ahead of Outbreak
– UK Government Swine Flu Advisor On Vaccine Maker Payroll
– Swine flu vaccine to be cleared after five-day trial !!!
– Baxter sent out 72 kilos of live bird flu material destined for vaccines confirmed by Austrian Health Minister Alois Stöger
– Baxter: Product contaminated with live H5N1 avian flu virus
– Now Legal Immunity for Swine flu Vaccine Makers
– New Zealand orders 300,000 doses of untested and unapproved swine flu vaccine
– Journalist Files Charges against WHO and UN for Bioterrorism and Intent to Commit Mass Murder
– Swine Flu 1976: Reality vs. Propaganda
– Homeopathy Successfully Treated Flu Epidemic of 1918
– Epidemic Influenza And Vitamin D (Flashback)
– Dr. Russell Blaylock on 1976 Swine Flu and Current Outbreak
Swine Flu and the Microchip:
– VeriChip Corp. Granted Exclusive License for Patents Used in Virus Triage Detection System for H1N1 Virus
– Greg Evenson on Microchips and Swine Flu
– Whistleblower: Forced vaccinations – clear warning
Additional information on Tamiflu:
– Canada ignores Oxford University’s warning about Tamiflu
– Swine flu: TV presenter’s daughter almost died after taking Tamiflu
– Study: Tamiflu causes sickness and nightmares in children
– Tamiflu drug made with cocktail of chemical ingredients, linked with bizarre behavior
– Bird Flu Medicine Toxic for Teens
Tags: Health, Herpes, Robert Sapolsky, Science, Stress, Vaccination, Vaccine, Virus
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Sidney or Sydney, Algernon, 1622–83, English politician; son of Robert Sidney, earl of Leicester. He served in the parliamentary forces during the English civil war and was a member (1652–53) of the council of state of the Commonwealth, but he opposed the dictatorial rule of Oliver Cromwell. Reappointed (1659) to the council of state, he was abroad at the time of the Restoration (1660) and remained there until 1677, when he returned to England to attend to personal affairs. He soon became associated with the opposition to Charles II, joining Lord William Russell and others in negotiations with French agents and in vague plots for an insurrection, perhaps to place the duke of Monmouth on the throne. His implication in these conspiracies was discovered by the exposure of the Rye House Plot. After a brutal and arbitrary trial by Judge Jeffreys, Sidney was convicted of treason and executed. Sidney's liberal ideals were set forth in his Discourses Concerning Government (1698), a treatise that had great influence on 18th-century political thought, especially in the American colonies.
See biography by A. C. Ewald (2 vol., 1873); J. Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic 1623–1677 (1988).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Obama administration meets with Western governors over gray wolves' endangered status
CHEYENNE, Wyo. — After years of legal wrangling over wolf management, the Obama administration and three governors Monday discussed crafting an endgame -- including whether Congress should pull the plug on the debate by declaring the animals' numbers have fully recovered in the Northern Rockies.
The federal government has been turned back twice in its efforts to get wolves off the endangered species list. Success would open the door to public hunting -- something the governors of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming say is badly needed to keep the predators' expanding population in check.
All three states are anxious to reduce wolf numbers to protect other wildlife and reduce livestock attacks.
The frustration from the governors and Interior Secretary Ken Salazar "is that everybody recognizes that the [wolf] population is not only recovered, but it is robust," Wyoming Gov. Dave Freudenthal said after the meeting. "And why we can't get to de-listing, I think, is very frustrating for all of the people sitting around that table."
The federal government originally said it wanted a population of 300 wolves when it started its reintroduction program in the Northern Rockies in the 1990s. Biologists say there are now at least 1,700 wolves in parts of six states.
Yet through a series of legal challenges over several years, environmental groups have stymied efforts to transfer wolf management from the federal government to the states.
Wyoming's insistence that its residents be allowed to shoot wolves on sight across most of the state has been the biggest obstacle to ending federal protections for wolves under the Endangered Species Act. The state wants to regulate the hunting of wolves only in the northwest corner of the state, on lands generally bordering Yellowstone National Park.
The governors are hoping Congress will act on the issue before the end of the year, but bills introduced have already stirred opposition from those who warn of undermining the endangered species law.
Freudenthal said Wyoming and the other states haven't committed to anything, but that Monday's meeting offered the chance to start drafting a road map to get wolves off the endangered list.
And while he emphasized that Wyoming was open to talking about changing its tactics, he said it was not willing to change its fundamental principle that it needs to be able to manage wolves as it sees fit outside the recovery area.
Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer said there had been no suggestion of changing the wolf recovery benchmarks, including 15 breeding pairs of the animals in each of the three states. Environmental groups have said that number is too low.
If Interior officials can't reach an agreement with Wyoming, Schweitzer said Salazar had pledged to back Idaho and Montana in their efforts before Congress. Idaho Gov. C.L. "Butch" Otter and Wyoming Gov.-elect Matt Mead also attended the meeting.
But Schweitzer said he had his doubts about congressional action succeeding -- even if the Northern Rockies states can unite around one of the several bills introduced.
"The secretary was optimistic, and God love him for being optimistic," Schweitzer said. "Me, I would be pleasantly surprised if Congress could act."
Tom Strickland, assistant Interior secretary for fish, wildlife and parks, said the Obama administration would work closely with Wyoming to find a management plan acceptable to both sides.
"We made good progress today with Wyoming, and we're already there with Idaho and Montana," Strickland said.
As the legal tangle over wolf management in the Northern Rockies now stands, one federal judge in Montana ruled this summer that Montana and Idaho can't take over wolf management as long as the federal government manages the wolves in Wyoming. That ruling blocked Montana and Idaho from holding regulated wolf hunts this fall as they had planned.
Another federal judge in Wyoming ruled this month that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was wrong to reject Wyoming's plan in the first place.
RELATED WOLF NEWS:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service denies Montana's request to kill gray wolves in a 'conservation hunt'
Mexican gray wolves' endangered status to be reviewed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
-- Ben Neary and Matthew Brown, Associated Press
Top photo: A wolf walks through snow in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. Credit: Associated Press
Bottom photo: Associated Press
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Last week, the Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project, two U.S.-based NGOs, released reports that detail a wide racial disparity in American drug arrests. Based on recently released 2003 prison data from 23 states, the Human Rights Watch report found that black men were 12 times more likely to enter prison for drug offenses than white men, despite data that suggest that both racial groups use drugs at roughly equal rates. (Blacks make up 12.8 percent of the population.) The Sentencing Project report, which focused its data collection on 43 of the largest U.S. cities between the years of 1980 and 2003, found an increasing rate of disparity in urban centers: drug arrests among blacks increased at 3.4 times the rate of whites despite similar rates of drug use.
The Human Rights Watch report writes:
It is impossible to determine whether and if so to what extent conscious racial hostility has influenced US drug control strategies. But even absent overt racial animus, race has mattered, influencing the development and persistence of anti-drug strategies. The emphasis on penal sanctions, for example, cannot be divorced from widespread and deeply rooted public association of racial minorities with crime and drugs. The choice of crack cocaine as an ongoing priority for law enforcement--instead of the far more prevalent powder cocaine--cannot be divorced from public association of crack with African Americans, even though the majority of crack users were white.
The Human Rights Watch cites a 1995 U.S. Sentencing Commission report that addressed the "perception" of racial bias in federal mandatory sentencing, which applied equal sentences for being in possession of an amount of crack cocaine that was 1/100th the amount of powder cocaine (declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 2007), despite no evidence of difference in the drugs' chemical composition. The USSC report notes that, in 1993, 88.3 percent of convicted drug felons for crack cocaine were black, though blacks made up just 33.9 percent of all convicted drug felons that year. The government report writes:
To the extent that a comparison of the harms between powder and crack cocaine reveals a 100-to-1 quantity ratio to be an unduly high ratio, the vast majority of those persons most affected by such an exaggerated ratio are racial minorities. Thus, sentences appear to be harsher and more severe for racial minorities than others as a result of this law, and hence the perception of unfairness, inconsistency, and a lack of evenhandedness.
According to the New York Times, FBI data from 2006 reveal a continued disparity in drug-related arrests:
Two-thirds of those arrested for drug violations in 2006 were white and 33 percent were black, although blacks made up 12.8 percent of the population, F.B.I. data show. National data are not collected on ethnicity, and arrests of Hispanics may be in either category.
According to a recent AP article, 60 percent of people now facing trial in powder cocaine-related drug crimes are Hispanic, though federal agents have acknowledged they have "almost exclusively pursue[d] cocaine traffickers from South America and Mexico instead of end-of-the-line US consumers." The article, which contains the sub-headline 'Hispanic offender rate is on the rise,' implies that Latinos comprise a new 'reality of coke,' though does little to distinguish between drug users and convicted drug felons (a disparity outlined in the Human Rights Watch and Sentencing Project reports), and offers no data on increased use among the ethnic group.
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13 April 2011. Neurons have been successfully grown from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from people with schizophrenia, according to a study in Nature appearing online 13 April 2011. Fred Gage of the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, and colleagues report that, though these neurons resembled those from people without schizophrenia in many ways, they had deficits in forming connections with other neurons, and exhibited differences in gene expression—the researchers highlighted cAMP and Wnt pathway genes—when compared to control neurons. The connectivity and some gene expression aberrations could be "normalized" by treating the neurons with the antipsychotic loxapine.
The study adds schizophrenia to the few diseases that have so far been modeled using iPSCs derived from actual patients. With techniques to reprogram adult, readily obtainable tissue like skin cells into iPSCs, researchers can now try to generate cell types of interest from patient populations to better simulate at a cellular level what may be happening in a particular disease, even in a specific person. While recent studies of patient-specific iPSCs have focused on single gene disorders such as Rett’s syndrome (e.g., Marchetto et al., 2010), the new study marks one of the first attempts to study a disorder with heterogeneous genetic origins.
A brief report in Molecular Psychiatry in February described iPSCs derived from schizophrenia patients (Chiang et al., 2011), but the new study starts to get a handle on features potentially related to disease, comparing the connectivity patterns, synaptic markers, physiology, and gene expression profiles of neurons grown from iPSCs derived from control and schizophrenia subjects.
First author Kristen Brennand and colleagues started with fibroblast samples from four schizophrenia patients: one with childhood onset of the disorder, and three others with an affected parent. Control samples came from age- and ancestry-matched individuals with normal psychiatric evaluations. The fibroblasts were transformed into iPSCs using a lentivirus to introduce genes that reprogrammed the cells into a pluripotent state. The iPSCs were then differentiated into neural precursor cells, and then neurons, over the course of three months. Most turned out to express VGLUT, a marker of glutamatergic cells, about 30 percent expressed GABAergic neuron markers, and less than 10 percent were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme required to make dopamine.
Interconnected neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from schizophrenia patients. hiPSC neurons are shown expressing the neuronal proteins Beta-III-tubulin (red) and MAP2AB (green). Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Magnification is 20x. Image credit: Kristen Brennand, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
When grown with astrocytes in the dish, the neurons formed connections with each other. Using a modified rabies virus to trace the number of direct inputs received by a given neuron (Wickersham et al., 2007), the researchers measured a decrease in connectivity, with schizophrenia-derived neurons receiving inputs from about half the number of neurons as controls did. Treatment with a variety of antipsychotic agents with affinity for both dopamine and serotonin receptors did not affect connectivity, with one exception: adding loxapine, which targets both dopamine and serotonin receptors about equally (Kapur et al., 1997), to the dish for three weeks boosted connectivity in the schizophrenia neurons.
The researchers also measured slightly fewer neurites, the processes destined to become dendrites or axons, in the schizophrenia hiPSC neurons compared to controls—something the authors compare to the reduced dendritic arborizations found in postmortem brain. The neurons from individuals with schizophrenia also had less staining for PSD95—a protein involved in anchoring proteins at glutamatergic synapses—than control neurons did.
These changes did not seem to compromise synaptic function, however. The researchers report that the schizophrenia hiPSC neurons exhibited normal action potentials, spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity, and spontaneous calcium signals. This overall picture of decreased connectivity with normal synaptic function runs counter to the synaptopathic view of schizophrenia and other disorders (Südhof, 2008) in which the number of synapses is postulated to remain normal, but synaptic function is compromised. The authors suggest that further analysis may, in fact, reveal some functional differences in the neurons derived from individuals with schizophrenia.
With gene expression microarrays, the researchers detected deviations in expression of 596 genes in the schizophrenia neurons that were at least 1.3 times greater or less than the level found in controls. Of these genes, 25 percent had been previously linked to schizophrenia, either through genetic association or postmortem studies. The authors write that gene ontology analysis of the altered expression highlighted glutamate receptor genes, and cAMP and Wnt pathway genes. Other schizophrenia-related genes, including NRG1 and ANK3, had significantly elevated expression in schizophrenia-derived neurons compared to controls. Interestingly, the NRG1 increase was detected only in neurons, and not in fibroblasts or iPSCs from the schizophrenia patients, which argues that it is critical to look at the cell type relevant to a disease. Further study with qPCR verified patterns of altered expression for these and other schizophrenia suspects, and loxapine treatment usually boosted expression of these genes.
However, patients varied in their patterns of gene expression, which may reflect differences in the underlying genetic component contributing to each individual's schizophrenia. To address this, the researchers analyzed copy number variations (CNVs)—losses or gains of segments of DNA—which have been reported to substantially increase risk of schizophrenia (Walsh et al., 2008). They found 42 genes affected by CNVs among their four patients, none of which occurred at regions where CNVs have been previously associated with schizophrenia. Strikingly, only 12 of the genes affected by CNVs showed changes in neuronal expression that correlated with whether a copy of a gene was lost or gained. This suggests that compensatory mechanisms could be at work in these neurons, and indicates that neurons grown from iPSCs may deliver a reality check for ideas gleaned from human CNV studies, which often spur animal models based on an observed deletion or duplication of a particular gene.
Some of the results echo reported pathophysiology in schizophrenia; for example, NRG1 expression was elevated in the neurons grown from iPSCs derived from schizophrenia patients, similar to the increased levels found in postmortem brain tissue (see SRF related news story). Other results suggest new avenues of research, such as finding altered expression in genes related to axon guidance and NOTCH signaling (interestingly, NOTCH4 currently has a positive meta-analysis in SZGene).
A stem cell watershed
Despite the heterogeneous genetic risk factors likely at work in this small patient sample, it is interesting that some consistent results—such as the decrease in connectivity—were obtained. In fact, the authors predict that a narrower, more consistent pattern of expression changes affecting a smaller number of genes will emerge as the number of individuals with schizophrenia studied with iPSCs increases. This is consistent with a "watershed" model that proposes that a vast variety of gene malfunctions could contribute to schizophrenia by converging on the same key biological pathways.
The study marks the beginning of an era of stem cell research of schizophrenia. Future work will refine the description of these neurons and delineate how drugs may change them, and researchers will have to grapple with the interpretation of any results coming from the schizophrenia-derived neurons that happen to resemble, or diverge from, alterations noted in the brains of people with schizophrenia.—Michele Solis.
Brennand KJ, Simone A, Jou J, Gelboin-Burkhart C, Tran N, Sangar S, Li Y, Mu Y, Chen G, Yu D, McCarthy S, Sebat J, Gage FH. Modelling schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2011 April 13.
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E-readers 'more effective' for some dyslexic readers
- 19 September 2013
- From the section Health
Short lines of text on electronic devices may help some dyslexic readers increase their reading speed and comprehension, research suggests.
US scientists studied 100 pupils reading on paper and e-readers.
On the device, those who struggled most with sight-word reading read faster and those with limited visual attention spans had better comprehension.
The ability to display text in short lines with fewer words helped pupils focus on each word, they told Plos One.
Lead researcher Dr Matthew Schneps, from the Science Education Center at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, told BBC News: "The key factor that's important in the effect being helpful is that there's a few words per line.
"We think that could apply on paper, the blackboard or on any device."
He said dyslexia came in many varieties, but some people may be helped by adjustments to the text that were visual in nature.
"If people are struggling to read they may want to try to simply blow the text up in their small computer-like device to see if having fewer words helps," he said.
Commenting on the study, the British Dyslexia Association said e-book formats and readers were more accessible as they had a large range of font, size, spacing and colour options.
"They can also instantly provide definitions of words from built-in dictionaries," a representative said.
"Additional text-to-speech software can make them even more accessible and ensure that reading is less challenging and remove the stigma that is so often associated for those who can't read."
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Look! Up in the Sky!
It’s neither bird nor plane, but the king of the planets is a brilliant sight
The recent spate of clear, cool, dry weather combined with earlier sunsets has provided the perfect backdrop to showcase Jupiter in all its glory. The glowing giant stands out 10 degrees above the south-southwest horizon as dusk descends, 7:05pm and later this week. Over the next hour, Jupiter moves to the west, ablaze above the southwest horizon.
Star light, star bright, the first star you’ll see these nights is Antares, halfway between Jupiter and the horizon. Although a pin-prick of light compared to Jupiter’s mighty glare, Antares shines a distinct red. Notice, too, how the star twinkles, its light distorted during the 100-light-year journey to our eyes.
None of this lasts long. By 9:30, Antares disappears amid the skyline; another half-hour later, Jupiter follows suit. Over the next six weeks, the two appear fixed in place night after night before abruptly disappearing into the glare of the sun.
Mars rises in the northeast 90 minutes after Jupiter sets, but its red light pales in comparison. By 4:30am, Mars is high overhead as brilliant Venus rises in the east. An hour later, the morning star is joined by Saturn.
Fall is in the air, and it’s official at 5:51am Sunday, September 23, when the sun hovers for an instant over the equator, and all over the world the day is divided equally between light and dark. After the autumnal equinox, the sun dips farther south in its daily path through the skies of the northern hemisphere, taking with it almost a minute of daylight each morning and another minute and a half at night.
Illustration: © Copyright 1925 M.C. Escher/Cordon Art-Baarn-Holland; Graphics: © Copyright 2007 Pacific Publishers. Reprinted by permission from the Tidelog graphic almanac. Bound copies of the annual Tidelog for Chesapeake Bay are $14.95 ppd. from Pacific Publishers, Box 480, Bolinas, CA 94924. Phone 415-868-2909. Weather affects tides. This information is believed to be reliable but no guarantee of accuracy is made by Bay Weekly or Pacific Publishers. The actual layout of Tidelog differs from that used in Bay Weekly. Tidelog graphics are repositioned to reflect Bay Weekly’s distribution cycle.Tides are based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and are positioned to coincide with high and low tides of Tidelog.
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Over 60% of the words we use in English come from Latin. It is no surprise, then, that research bears out the connection between higher levels of literacy and the study of Latin. The subject is taught to Junior and Leaving Cert in Clongowes as well as in Transition Year. The Latin Department aims to generate an interest in the language and culture of Ancient Rome as well as an appreciation of the influence that this has had on the modern world. As our current Latinists will tell you, however, the subject is also great fun in its own right!
Students in first, second and third year follow the Cambridge Latin Course (Books I – IV). They also study the history of the Roman republic and Roman social life and civilisation. In 2013 the department launched its Latin Avatar Project, in which students work in groups to produce computer animations about Roman civilisation.
Transition Year students deepen their knowledge of Latin by studying both classical and modern texts, including extracts from Petronius and Livy as well as J.K. Rowling’s Harrius Potter. They listen to news items from Radio Finland’s Nuntii Latini and study Latin terminology in medicine, law and science. The history of Rome from the death of Julius Caesar to the death of Augustus is explored through Roman coins and inscriptions.
Students in fifth and sixth year study the history and literature of golden age Latin. They complete a close study of 500 lines of Virgil’s Aeneid and translate passages from Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, Caesar, Sallust, Livy, Horace and Catullus. They study the history of the Roman empire from Tiberius to Trajan and the art and architecture of the Roman world during this period.
In their final year of the Junior Cycle students take part in the Inter-Schools Latin and Greek Speech Competition in Trinity College Dublin. Students also have the opportunity to attend events organised by the Classical Association of Ireland Teachers, such as the Ides of March Table Quiz and Latin language study skills seminars.
In the past, the department has organised school tours to Rome for Rhetoric students to visit historical sites such as the Colosseum, the Roman Forum, the Ara Pacis, the Pantheon and Trajan’s Column. There are plans to organise a similar trip early next year.
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Yvo de Boer, executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, leaned into the microphone at a press conference the day before the 13th Conference of Parties began in the tropical resort area of Nusa Dua. Sporting a casual shirt, he proposed that the dress code for participants adapt to the warm and humid conditions in Bali.
Few suits and ties were seen over the next 11 days, in radical departure from convention. Otherwise, standard posturing and national self-interest prevailed. Negotiating positions did not adapt to the climate crises affecting human livelihoods and species’ habitats beyond the palm trees and beaches of Nusa Dua. Perhaps de Boer made a mistake in allowing the delegates to be comfortable. Perhaps if they sweated under jackets and buttoned-up shirts, the discomfort might have spurred more courageous and non-conventional willingness to put collective action above individual interests.
Adaptation to climate change was high on the agenda at Bali. Gina Ziervogel and Anna Taylor, in their article “Feeling Stressed: Integrating Climate Adaptation with Other Priorities in South Africa,” take on difficult questions about adaptation in areas that face other challenges. Should adaptation to climate change take precedence over daily development needs for access to food, water, and jobs? How might climate change place additional stress on these goals? And who decides on the priorities?
Water is another study in conflicting priorities, as Malin Falkenmark emphasizes in “Water and Sustainability: A Reappraisal,” part of Environment’s continuing series on the twentieth anniversary of Our Common Future. Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland’s World Commission on Environment and Development paid little attention to water. Today, availability of water to support development goals tops the list of impending crises. Even without climate change, burgeoning demands on water and increasing volumes of pollution make freshwater one of the biggest issues facing many countries and the world at large. Who will take decisive action on these issues? Can international conferences on water lead to action? In “Strengthening Global Water Initiatives,” Robert Varady and colleagues ask whether global water initiatives—massive gatherings to debate global water governance—are effective strategies for steering the world away from water shortages and inevitable conflicts for a scarce resource.
Water is only one of the many ecosystem services that nature provides free of charge, as Susan Mainka, Jeffrey McNeely, and William Jackson discuss in their article “Depending on Nature: Ecosystem Services for Human Livelihoods.” Biodiversity is at the core, providing the foundation for food, water, and other services that support human well-being. The notion that sustainable management of ecosystem services and development goals go hand in hand has become the new lexicon. But is this always the case? Does catching a fish for today’s dinner take precedence over preserving tomorrow’s fish stock?
The articles in this issue illustrate that climate change adds to the already-existing challenge of reducing poverty and improving livelihoods for millions of people. In Nusa Dua, developing countries voiced strong words that meeting development needs is at the forefront of the agenda. A post-Kyoto strategy emerged in the final hours of the conference, but tough hurdles remain for simultaneously improving livelihoods for the world’s poor, adapting to climate change, and stemming the stream of greenhouse gases. Suits and ties back in place, the discussion continues in Poland at next year’s Conference of Parties. Difficult discussions lie ahead on steering a course toward prosperity and a healthy climate.
Become a Subscriber
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Geochemistry and health and medical geology into the 21st century
Fordyce, Fiona. 2004 Geochemistry and health and medical geology into the 21st century. In: Abstracts of the 22nd SEGH European Conference. Brighton, UK, SEGH, 16.Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
Since ancient times man has known of the effects of environmental factors on health but it is only in the last 100 years or so that these links have been understood scientifically. Geochemistry in its strictest sense is the study of rock chemistry and at first it may seem there is little connection with human health. However, rocks are a major source of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements found on Earth. Approximately 25 of these are known to be essential to plant and animal life in trace amounts, including Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, P, N, S, Se, I and Mo. On the other hand, an over-abundance of these elements can cause toxicity problems. Some elements such as As, Cd, Pb, Hg and Al have no/limited biological function and are generally toxic to humans. Rocks break down to form the soils on which we grow our crops and raise animals and the water that we drink travels through rocks as part of the hydrological cycle.
|Item Type:||Publication - Book Section|
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes > Chemical and Biological Hazards|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Earth Sciences
Ecology and Environment
|Date made live:||09 Aug 2012 12:44|
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First | Previous | Next | Last | | Index | Home
Slide 31 of 56
The First Book of Nephi (the first book of the Book of Mormon) describes the family of Lehi, a descendant of Joseph, Son of Jacob, and his wife Sariah, who lived in Jerusalem about 600 B.C. The Lord warned Lehi to leave Jerusalem, because the people were seeking to kill him because he had prophesied concerning their iniquity. Lehi had four sons. Lehi’s youngest son, Nephi, was more righteous than Laman, the firstborn, so he became the leader.
Nephi was told to build a ship to travel to a new promised land. He and his brothers and their wives landed in the Americas ~592 B.C. From there, division arose among the brothers Nephi and Laman. The Nephites kept the law of Moses and constructed a temple. The unbelief of the Lamanites led God to put a curse of black skin on them, whereas the Nephites were described as “white, and exceedingly fair and delightsome.”
The Lamanites battled the Nephites and in 326 A.D. killed all of them except Moroni, who was given the account by his father Mormon, who wrote on gold plates and buried them at Cumorah Hill in New York State. Joseph Smith said that he was told about these plates, and spent three years translating them by the help of God. The accounts from these plates became the Book of Mormon.
The Book of Mormon and other standard works of the LDS church claim that the Lamanites, descended from the Hebrew Laman, were the principle ancestors of Native Americans. This claim can be tested directly through modern genetic studies...
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A mixed breed dog is just what it sounds like - a mix of one or more different types of breeds. For the most part, the history of a mixed breed dog’s ancestry is not known, but guesses can be made for the parent breeds based on the dog’s appearance. Tracing a mixed breed’s family tree back any farther than that is a difficult to impossible task.
A small-sized mixed breed dog weighs less than 20 pounds. Because dogs inherit characteristics from either or both parents, and in the case of a mixed breed dog the parents may be unknown, it is difficult to predict their temperament. Most small breed dogs tend to be gentle, kind and happy and incorporate into most households well, so it is probably fair to say that a small mixed breed dog will generally do the same.
Due in part to their “hybrid vigor,” mixed breed dogs tend to be less prone to as many genetic diseases as their full breed cousins, but they can still develop hereditary and congenital conditions, including knee problems such as patellar luxation, leg problems such as Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, liver issues such as portosystemic shunts, respiratory problems such as tracheal collapse and spine diseases such as intervertebral disc disease.
Thankfully, Petplan pet insurance covers all hereditary and chronic conditions as standard. Which means if your small mixed breed inherits a combination of trouble from his parents, you're covered.
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Eddie Feltes— 28 November 2007 — in California Condor Restoration ShareEach September we get a glimpse of what lies in the autumn months ahead, as condor foraging behavior progresses on the Kaibab Plateau and in the Kolob region of southern Utah. We see use of travel corridors increase and utilization for roosting and foraging spikes up dramatically during the month of September. This behavior shift in the condor population maintains a constant increase as we enter October, and comes to a peak in November, before the snowfall buries their foraging range.
The archery deer season in September, both in Arizona and Utah, plays a major role in subsidizing the free foraging condor population with food, and it does so in three major forms: gutpiles, unretrieved-wounded losses, and unwanted carcass remains left in deer camps after the useful meat has been removed and hauled away. This latter form has been the most occurring subsidy during this year’s archery hunt. GPS locations from several birds led our crew to many abandoned camps that hosted condor activity, due to the raven behavior serving as facilitator in foraging, and leaving usually just skeletal remains and a hide for the scavengers to clean up.
This serves as a great food source during these hunts, but becomes the exact opposite in October/November during the rifle hunts if lead ammunition is used as the harvesting agent. At the time of writing we are in the middle of our Arizona deer hunts, and our crew has been tracking, attempting to trap and test blood-lead levels, and collecting known sources of lead contaminated carcasses/gut-piles, and removing them from the field in hopes of minimizing lead exposure. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has been a great help in this lead reduction effort, as well as fellow hunters that have been bagging up gut-piles and bringing them to us, or just calling in and tipping us off to the location of any sources containing lead and any experiences of condor behavior they may have had while in the field hunting. This is always a great help and we are thankful for it.
We are currently anticipating the successful fledging of the other wild-produced chick this year (Condor 459) from the Vermilion Cliffs any day now. This condor was hatched a month later than Condor 441 and is looking ready to go based on activity observed around the nest cave. This brings our total wild population to 61 condors soaring in the skies of northern Arizona and southern Utah!
Our Conservation Projects
Species we work with
Where we work
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FIRST DAY OF SUMMER HAS COME: ENJOY THE SUMMER SUNSHINE WITHOUT PUTTING YOURSELF AT RISK
This week marks the official start of summer. People everywhere will be shedding their spring raincoats and spending time outdoors in the sun's rays. But, before basking in all the sunshine, it's important to practice skin sun safety. MoleSafe, (www.molesafe.com), a company that offers an advanced skin cancer early detection program, is encouraging the public to shield their skin from the summer sun and also remind those at risk to get their skin checked for suspicious moles and lesions.
Cancer survivor Elizabeth Moore describes her experience with melanoma (the deadliest skin cancer) and how the disease has changed her life. She stresses the importance of early detection and explains how it can save lives.
Skin Cancer Prevention Tips and Facts
- Examine your skin from head to toe every month
- The risk of developing melanoma doubles if you have had 5 or more sunburns
- Your chance of getting melanoma increases significantly if you've already had a previous melanoma, but also increases if you have had either basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, the more common forms of skin cancer
- Melanoma appears most frequently on the torso area in fair-skinned men and on the lower leg in fair-skinned women
- It is estimated that 20 percent to 40 percent of melanomas arise from an atypical mole
- Utilize services like MoleSafe that detect new, changing and/or suspicious lesions by monitoring and comparing the images over time
- Even after the summer, continue to monitor any changes in moles year-round including change in the size, shape, color, or feel; a black or blue-black area
Statistics/Data Skin Cancer
- More than one million new cases of skin cancer will be diagnosed in the United States this year
- One in 55 people will be diagnosed with melanoma during their lifetime
- Contrary to popular belief, 80 percent of a person's lifetime sun exposure is not acquired before age 18 – the number is closer to 23 percent
- Skin is the largest organ in the body; it helps regulate body temperature, prevents excess fluid loss, and aids the body in removing excess water and salt
- Survival rate for patients with early detection is about 99 percent. The survival rate falls between 15 and 65 percent or higher, depending on how far the disease has spread
“During the summer it is imperative for Americans to take full action to protect their skin from the sun. Additionally, early detection lowers the risk of melanoma, so the best thing you can do is get your skin checked for suspicious moles and lesions,” said Dr. Richard Bezozo, president of MoleSafe. “With the expansion of MoleSafe locations in the U.S., our company's advanced detection program will be readily available to more communities, ultimately saving lives from this deadly disease.”
MoleSafe (www.molesafe.com) is a state-of-the-art procedure involving the digital imaging, archiving and diagnosis of moles and other suspicious lesions. The procedure utilizes a combination of high resolution dermoscopy imaging technology that uses high intensity light to penetrate through the surface of the skin to show the structure of moles (and other lesions) and a dermatologist's expert evaluation of the images. In addition to the increased diagnostic accuracy associated with dermoscopy, MoleSafe is able to detect at an earlier stage any new, changing and/or suspicious lesions by monitoring and comparing the images over time. While MoleSafe has the ability to identify all skin cancers, its primary focus is on the early detection of melanoma.
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Why managing our carbon is important
Climate change must be tackled
Reducing the impact of climate change on Hampshire’s residents is the most pressing reason to manage our carbon emissions. Our climate change web pages give more information about why climate change is so important, and explains the commitments the County Council has made to tackle it, such as the Aalborg Commitment
However, there are also some short-term practical and financial reasons to explain why the Council is focusing on carbon management.
A national 'carbon tax'
The Government has introduced a carbon tax scheme for large organisations, such as retail chains, supermarkets, hospitals, universities and local authorities. The scheme is known as the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC).
From 2011, the organisations involved (including Hampshire County Council) will have to purchase carbon credits based on their emissions. The Government intends the CRC to reduce CO2 emissions from these large organisations by 8.5% per annum between 2008 and 2020 by limiting the number of credits available to the participating organisations.
£3.5 million to be saved on energy consumption
Reducing the use of energy is one of the principal ways to reduce carbon consumption. Although it can cost money to improve energy efficiency, this money can be recouped - either in savings on the County Council's energy bills, or in income generated from feed-in tariffs. In fact, our carbon management plan is expected to save £3.5 million over five years.
Being energy efficient to save money
The energy we use, such as heat, light and electricity, is the main source of our carbon emissions. Being energy efficient means minimising the amount of energy that gets used when we are delivering our services. This not only reduces our carbon footprint – it saves money too.
Hampshire is already performing well in terms of energy efficiency, but there are still improvements we can make.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
The Chiricahua National Monument is a part of the Chiricahua Mountains in the U.S. state of Arizona. The monument is made up of formations created by a volcanic eruption that occurred roughly 27 million years ago. Today, the area is a popular spot for hiking, climbing, and scenic drives.
Located in southeast Arizona, the Chiricahua rock formations were declared a national monument by the U.S. National Park Service in 1924. It is believed the landscape was formed during a volcanic eruption called the Turkey Creek Caldera eruption, a natural phenomenon that was about 1,000 times greater than the infamous Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980. It resulted in layers of ash and pumice 2,000 feet (about 610 meters) thick, which hardened over time to become the Land of the Standing-Up Rocks, as the Chiricahua Apaches called them. Pioneers referred to the formations as the Wonderland of the Rocks.
The original monument was just 4,238 acres (17,150,578 m2). Today, the site includes more than 11,985 acres (48,501,574 m2), including an eight-mile (almost 13 km) scenic drive and 17 miles (about 27 km) of hiking trails. Roughly 60,000 people visit Chiricahua National Monument every year. Some of the major attractions there include the Echo Canyon, a massive canyon located in the side of the mountains; Massai Point, a summit and viewing point; and Heart of Rocks, an area with interesting rock formations, such as Duck on a Rock, Balancing Rock, Thor's Hammer, and Kissing Rocks. The most common rock formations found in the monument are gray, column-like, volcanic rock monoliths that have been carved into their shapes by millions of years of erosion.
Since the Chiricahua Mountains sit higher than the deserts all around them, the climate is different and attracts unusual wildlife. This includes some rare birds, such as the Mexican chickadee, and animals not found elsewhere in the area, like javelinas and ocelots. Rattlesnakes and venomous coral snakes are not uncommon near the Chiricahua National Monument. Vegetation is also quite varied, from everyday pine trees to more typical desert plants, like cacti and yuccas.
The Chiricahua National Monument is so-named because the area was once home to a band of the Apache tribe called the Chiricahua, which included famous medicine man Geronimo. Some of their descendants still live in the area. Congress declared the site a wilderness in 1976, meaning no further development of any kind is allowed in the region of Chiricahua National Monument.
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Government Reports Reveal Toxic Legacy of Alaska Wildlife Refuge Oil Drilling
Kenai Oil Linked to Pollution, Deformed Frogs; Raises Questions On Arctic Drilling Push(03/01/2002) - WASHINGTON – Oil drilling in the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska has resulted in more than 350 spills, explosions and fires and is linked with abnormally high numbers of deformed wood frogs, according to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service studies released today by Audubon and Defenders of Wildlife. The groups’ report Toxic Tundra details a contaminants study and a frog study, which was obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. These studies point to the need for further study of damage caused by oil production in Kenai and other National Wildlife Refuges, as well as the importance of keeping industrial development out of the pristine Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
"In spite of all the industry’s promises, oil drilling in Kenai and other national wildlife refuges has left behind a disgraceful legacy of contamination, toxic chemical spills, and lasting damage to wildlife and wildlife habitat," said Robert Dewey, vice president for government relations at Defenders of Wildlife. "With such a sorry record, does anyone honestly believe the oil companies’ fatuous claims that they’ll do better next time, if we just throw open the doors to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?"
"Oil drilling in a national wildlife refuge is simply an awful idea, " said Lois Schiffer, Audubon's senior vice president for public policy. "There can be no question, in light of these studies, that oil drilling would be a disaster for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge." Copies of these studies are available by request.
Founded in 1905 and supported by 600,000 members in more than 500 chapters throughout the Americas, the National Audubon Society conserves and restores natural ecosystems, focusing on birds and other wildlife, and their habitats, for the benefit of humanity and the Earth's biological diversity.
Defenders of Wildlife is a leading nonprofit environmental advocacy organization with more than 500,000 members and supporters, especially recognized as one of the nation’s most progressive advocates for endangered wildlife, its habitat and biodiversity. Defenders uses education, litigation, research and innovation to advance its mission over the opposition of special interests. Visit our Web site at www.defenders.org.
Contact(s):Brad DeVries, Defenders of Wildlife, (202) 772-0237
Christine Romano, Audubon, (202) 861-2242
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- Scarlet Kingsnake
- Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides
- Hatchling: 5 - 7 in.
- Adult: 14 - 20 in.(normal) 27 in.(record)
- Dorsal: 17 - 19 near mid body
- Ventral: 152 - 194
- Sub caudal: 32 - 51
- Infra labial:7 - 10
- Supra labial: 7
- Anal Plate: Single
Photo courtesy Martin Schmidt
click to enlarge
Written by Gerald Keown
Red head with a black line across the posterior portion of the parietals.
Normally has 12 - 22 red rings, alternating with yellow and black.
This little snake is a mimic of the Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus
fulvius fulvius) which also occurs throughout the same range. The
Scarlet Kingsnake always has a red snout with the yellow rings being
seperated from the red rings by black. In the Coral Snake, the snout
is black and the yellow and red rings touch. In the northern portion
of their range, specimens tend to have narrower yellow rings than
those animals found further south. Some specimens from southern
Florida exhibit wider black rings, sometimes even bridging the red
The red, yellow and black ringed pattern normally crosses the belly.
- A small nocturnal kingsnake that is seldom found in the open except
at night after heavy rains. It is very secretive and is most commonly
found beneath logs and bark. .
The temperment of Scarlet
Kingsnakes varies, but most tend to be very nervous little animals, quickly
assuming a defensive posture when distrubed. While they generally
appear to adopt well in captivity, anyone keeping them should be
forewarned - they are true excape artists. In captivity, they are
best maintained on a substrate of pine bark or cyprus mulch and should
be provided some type of hide box. There is one record of a Scarlet
Kingsnake living for 21 years in captivity (Bowler, J.K. 1977.
Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections.
Soc. Stud. Amph. Rept. Misc. Publ. Herpetol. Cicr.(6) 1-32).
- Scarlet Kingsnakes are rather easy to breed in captivity; however,
few people seem to breed them, probably due to the small size of the
neotates. Scarlet Kingsnakes need a winter brumation period of 2 to 3
months at 55 - 65 degrees F, if they are to be sucessfully bred.
Breeding usually takes place in April or early May with 2 - 6 eggs
being laid in May or June. The incubation period for the eggs is 52
to 57 days.
- South Central Virginia southward to Key West, Florida and westward to
the Mississippi River. The species is more abundant along the Coastal
Plain but has been collected inland at altitudes of almost 2,000
feet. Specimens from Florida seem to
reach greater length that do those found further north.
- It prefers wooded areas containing pine
trees. This species is frequently collected during March and April in
decaying pine stumps just above ground level. The author once found
three of these "living jewels" under the bark of a single rotten pine
stump only inches apart. When searching for Scarlet Kingsnakes in
this type of habitat, collectors should excerise great care not to
destory habitat. One collector in Mississippi has told the author of
carefully removing the bark from pine stumps and collecting these
animals, then replacing the bark around the tree holding it in place
with twine, only to return each of the following years to find more of
these "jewels" in the same stump.
- Food typically includes lizards, other small snakes, baby mice, earthworms and possibly other insects. Lizards appear to be the
preferred food, especially skinks.
Photo by Troy Hibbitts
Click to Enlarge
Click to Enlarge
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Recent Milk Snake Forum Forum Posts
• Extreme Hypo Honduran gene, posted by MarcB
• hondos, posted by scotty44
• Honfos, posted by Scotty44
• Trade My Black Milk For Honduran, posted by adamjames86
• Milk Spends all her time in the water di, posted by arcone_a
• Wanted: Honduran Milk Snakes, posted by johnjohn15
• Young Milk Snake Shedding Frequency, posted by arcone_a
• My new gentilis, posted by gerryg
• Advice needed, posted by MarkHenry
• my new addition, posted by hoggman
• First clutch... polyzona, posted by gerryg
• Habitat photos, posted by AaronBayer
• Pueblan milk snake probing question, posted by imjustheather
• 2015 Hondo Hatchlings:, posted by mingdurga
• Gentilis, posted by Jcrawford
Recent Milk Snake Classifieds:
- Female Halloween Pueblan...
- Young adult sexed pair o...
- 2015 Vanishing Pattern H...
- 2015 Male Tangerine Albi...
- 2015 Exceptional male V...
- Honduran Milk Snakes Va...
- We Want Your Milk Snakes
- Albino Sinaloan Milk Sna...
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- Hypo Hondurans Apricot P...
- WANTED Your Captive Bre...
- APRICOT PUEBLAN MILK SNA...
- PUEBLAN MILK SNAKE L t c...
- Aberrant adult hethypo S...
- Male Honduran Milk Snake
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One of the overarching goals of the UN Decade for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is to reorient curricula from preschool to university, reforming education as a vehicle of knowledge, values and actions to build a sustainable world. A key challenge will be to assess whether changes in behaviour are, in fact, taking place as a result of the integration of sustainable development concepts and values into the learning process.
This is the second stage of research conducted in the province of Manitoba, Canada to develop and deploy standardized measures for assessing changes in knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that might be correlated to investments in ESD. Based on the results of a survey of 1,500 Grade 10 students, a composite index is presented at the conclusion of the paper.
Access the report here.
About the International Institute for Sustainable Development
The world is challenged by a changing climate, biodiversity loss, abject poverty and environmental degradation. What can make a difference? Good ideas. Creativity. Passion. Innovation. The achievement of change.
IISD is in the business of promoting change towards sustainable development. As a policy research institute dedicated to effective communication of our findings, we engage decision-makers in government, business, NGOs and other sectors in the development and implementation of policies that are simultaneously beneficial to the global economy, the global environment and to social well-being.
In the pursuit of sustainable development, we promote open and effective international negotiation processes. And we believe fervently in the importance of building our own institutional capacity while helping our partner organizations in the developing world to excel.
Established in 1990, IISD is a Canadian-based not-for-profit organization with a diverse team of more than 150 people located in more than 30 countries. Through our dynamic portfolio of projects, we partner with more than 200 organizations throughout the world. To learn more about our history, please visit the IISD Timeline.
Click here to learn more about our project work and programs, which are guided by our strategic institutional directions. And please visit our IISD Linkages site to follow our coverage of international negotiations on environment and development.
IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada, and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations and the private sector.
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Jesuit Terms L
- LaFarge, John
- Lainez, Diego
- Land O' Lakes Conference
- LeMoyne, Simon
- Liberal Arts Tradition, Education in the
- Liberation Theology
- Life and work of Apostolic Women Religious
in the U.S. after Vatican II
- Locatelli, Paul
- Lonergan, Bernard
- Lopez Quintanta, Amando
- Lopez y Lopez, Joaquin
LaFarge, John (1880-1963)
American Jesuit; editor, journalist, founder of the Catholic interracial movement in the U.S.
Spent 15 years in pastoral ministry in the Jesuit rural missions of St. Mary's County, southern Maryland, largely among African Americans.
From 1926 until his death, associate editor of America, the national Jesuit weekly review.
For more than 35 years, carried on his long apostolate for interracial justice in the pages of America, on the lecture platform, and principally through the formation across the country of the Catholic Interracial Councils and their organ, the Interracial Review.
Besides numerous journal articles and reviews, his published works include Interracial Justice (1937), The Race Question and the Negro (1953), The Manner Is Ordinary, his autobiography (1954), and An American Amen (1958).
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Lainez, Diego (1512-1565)
Spanish Jesuit; one of first companions; second superior general
Of Jewish descent (his great-grandfather was a convert) Lainez was one of the great men of Catholic reform especially through his work as papal theologian at the Council of Trent (3 sessions between 1545 and 1563). Two years after Ignatius's death, he was elected second superior general of the Society.
Lay person/lay people
The people of a religious faith as distinguished from its clergy; within Catholic circles, however, members of religious communities who are not ordained (i.e. "sisters" and "brothers") are often popularly associated with priests and bishops and not with lay people. (It would be more accurate to see them as neither, as having their own unique role and style of life; see "Religious Order/Religious Life.")
The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) understood the church inclusively--not just as hierarchy (bishops and pope) and clergy (priests and deacons), but as the whole people of God. It declared that all the baptized, by the very fact of their baptism, are called to holiness and to ministry. (Earlier, lay people were said to participate in the ministry belonging exclusively to clergy and hierarchy.)
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Land O' Lakes Conference (1967)
Just a few years after the close of the Second Vatican Council, twenty-some leaders in American Catholic higher education [including Theodore Hesburgh of Notre Dame and Paul Reinert of St. Louis] met on two different occasions and produced what is now commonly referred to as the "Land O'Lakes Statement," after the Wisconsin location of their meeting. The statement was an important preparation for the worldwide conference "The Catholic University in the Modern World" held in Kinshasa, Congo, the following year. That conference issued a brief declaration, many of whose points were taken from the Land O'Lakes statement. The two statements together informed the dialogue that ensued between American Catholic universities on the one hand and American bishops and the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education on the other. This dialogue led gradually into the composition of various drafts of Pope John Paul II's apostolic constitution on Catholic universities, which was published in final form in August 1990: Ex Corde Ecclesiae ("From the Heart of the Church")
--A Jesuit Education Reader, ed. George W. Traub ).
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LeMoyne, Simon (1604-1697)
French Jesuit; missioner to New France; peace negotiator
Simon LeMoyne arrived in Quebec city in 1638 and soon went to Wendake (earlier called the Huron territory), where John Brebeuf and other Jesuits and lay volunteers labored. He became proficient in the Wendat, Iroquois, and Algonquin languages. Indeed, among the 300 French Jesuits who would serve on the New France mission in the 17th and 18th centuries, he knew the native languages and the nuances of their oratory and diplomacy best (MacDonnell, Jesuit Family Album (1997).
LeMoyne survived the Mohawk destruction of the Wendat-French community (see "Brebeuf, John") and went on to negotiate peace (1654) with another branch of the Five Nations (Iroquois), the Onondagas, near the site of present-day Syracuse, NY. When the New York Jesuits established a school in Syracuse in 1946, they named it LeMoyne College in honor of Simon LeMoyne.
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Liberal Arts Tradition, Education in the
Liberal arts education (from the Latin liber meaning "free") means education that develops a truly free person, a person capable of living a life of wise and responsible citizenship. The concept goes back to classical Greece and Rome, but the content has changed somewhat over the centuries. Today such education would include study, not just of humanities like philosophy, theology, literature and history, but also mathematics and the physical and social sciences. It is broad education that enables the learner to use different methods of knowing and integrate different fields of knowledge. It is opposed to specialized education when that education is narrow and isolated from the larger world of a variety of disciplines and from human experience itself.
Christianity--especially but not exclusively Catholic Christianity--has had an important role to play in liberal arts education because of its conviction that faith and reason are not opposed to each other but complementary. Although professional higher education had its birth in Europe in the Christian Middle Ages, it was Muslim learning ("the Arabs") that brought the medieval university its foundational materials--classical Greek philosophy. In the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries), the humanists, reacting against the university's focus on objective knowledge (which does not touch the whole person), promoted (classical) literature as a holistic teacher of good morals and responsible citizenship. Jesuit education, which began in the mid-16th century and soon became the first worldwide system of schools, drew on the best of both traditions, medieval and humanist. Closer to our own time and place, the (mostly Protestant) liberal arts college played a significant part in 19th- and early 20th-century America, although too many liberal arts colleges lost their heart when they let go of their religious character, moving from seminary to lay education.
In the 21st century, liberal arts education has come under attack as never before for being irrelevant to securing well-paying employment--a claim asserted but not clearly substantiated. In this era of the Great Recession with high unemployment in general and a serious decline in the kind of jobs that enabled people in the second half of the 20th century to enter the middle class and thrive, it is hard to justify an expensive education that offers seemingly vague goals like living wisely and justly and being able to adapt and change more than it does earning a good living right now. Still, the two goals are not mutually exclusive.
While U.S. higher education may be going through a decline in interest in liberal arts programs, European universities (and some elsewhere) seem to be establishing them in increasing numbers. But here it must be remembered that England, France and Germany, for instance, with their traditional, highly selective, university-preparatory education programs (lycee, gymnasium) have long had liberal arts education (although only for the few) at the secondary level.
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A movement within Latin American Catholic theology and spirituality since the 1950s and 60s that reads the Christian gospel from the standpoint of the poor. In Latin America there is hardly a middle class, and 5% of the population controls 80% of the wealth. Liberation theology has the gospel and the Hebrew prophets address the unjust social, economic and political structures that keep the poor powerless. It claims that salvation is not just something that happens in the next life, but that it must bring freedom and dignity and a fair share of the world's goods in this life to all, especially those who suffer oppression.
Some means of bringing about liberation are small Christian base communities where the gospel is applied to the life situation of the poor, programs that teach reading and in the process self-esteem, and labor organizing to secure more just wages. Such activities have stirred up the powerful to new levels of repression including the killing of religious leaders who empower the poor.
The Vatican and the majority of local (Latin American) church leadership have been wary about liberation theology, seeing it as more Marxist than Christian and determined to uphold traditional church order (where many bishops come from and are aligned with the wealthy and powerful).
For a fuller treatment, click here.
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Life and Work of Apostolic Women Religious in the U.S. after Vatican II
See "Women Religious"
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From the Greek meaning "the peoples' work"
The term liturgy expresses an essential of worship as understood by the pioneers who prepared the way for the Vatican II document on the renewal of Catholic worship, namely, that it is not just something the priest does, but rather is the work of the whole congregation, all the people. In this, it is consistent with the later council document on the Church as not just the hierarchy but the whole people of God.
The Catholic liturgy includes all the sacraments, but especially the Eucharist, commonly called the Mass, now seen actually to have two parts--the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. In the former, people listen to God's word (scripture), what God has done for them; and in the latter people respond to God by joining Jesus in a great prayer of thanksgiving and praise, the Eucharistic Prayer.
Another part of liturgical worship is the Liturgy of the Hours, composed of psalms (and other songs) as well as readings from scripture and other religious writings. It is celebrated daily by the members of monastic communities (both women and men) at specified times throughout the day and night (the "Hours"). Individual parts of it, for example, evensong are also celebrated, usually on an occasional basis, in some parish churches.
American Jesuit; president of Santa Clara University; leader for Jesuit higher ed
After graduating in business from Santa Clara in 1960 and serving two years in the U.S. Army, Paul Locatelli entered the Jesuits in 1962. In addition to the regular Jesuit course of formation and education, he earned a doctorate in business (accountancy) from the University of Southern California. He joined the faculty of Santa Clara in 1974, was soon recognized as an outstanding teacher, and rose from dean of the Business School to academic vice president. In 1988 he became Santa Clara's 27th president. His 20 years in the role were marked by a rise in academic standards, prodigious fund raising, a 200% expansion of campus facilities, and a nearly ten-fold increase in the university's endowment.
Perhaps his greatest contribution came in his later years with his writing and speaking about the Jesuit Catholic mission in higher education. He is thought to have drafted the landmark address noted not just for content but for power of expression that Jesuit superior general Peter-Hans Kolvenbach gave to a national audience at Santa Clara in October of 2000. He followed this up with his own talk on solidarity at John Carroll five years later. In 2007, Kolvenbach appointed him to coordinate Jesuit higher ed internationally and only his premature death from pancreatic cancer halted what he might have accomplished here (in his last months he may have been the principal drafter of the address that the new superior general Adolfo Nicolas delivered to an international audience in Mexico City in April 2010).
>Kolvenbach, The Service of Faith and the Promotions of Justice in Jesuit Higher Education [a précis of the address can be found in Jesuit A to Z under Whole Persons of Solidarity for the Real World]
Nicolas, Depth, Universality, and Learned Ministry: Challenges to Jesuit Higher Education Today
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Lonergan, Bernard (1904-1984)
Canadian Jesuit; philosopher, theologian, interdisciplinary scholar of "method."
Concerned with the crisis caused by Christianity's difficulty in making the transition to modern society and culture ("Theology has somehow to mediate God's meaning into the whole of human affairs").
Inspired by what Thomas Aquinas did for Christianity in somewhat similar circumstances in the 13th century.
Professor of theology at Jesuit theologates in Montreal and Toronto (Insight: A Study of Human Understanding ), Rome, again Toronto (Method in Theology ), and finally at Boston College (work on an economics neither capitalist nor Marxist).
Conducted a now-famous Institute in the Philosophy of Education at Xavier University in August of 1959.
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Lopez Quintana, Amando (1936-1989)
See "Martyrs of the UCA"
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Lopez y Lopez, Joaquin (1918-1989)
See "Martyrs of the UCA"
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The House of Loyola's coat of arms
Loyola is a town in the Basque Country of northeastern Spain, where Ignatius (of Loyola) was born and raised. The name Loyola may be derived from the Spanish Lobo-y-olla, meaning "wolf and kettle." This image is found carved in stone on the castle where Ignatius was raised. The image reflects a legend that the family prepared enough food to feed themselves and the wolves in the area. It has become a symbol of hospitality and generosity. The coat of arms of the House of Loyola is depicted in the crests of many universities and schools.
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KILL(1) BSD Reference Manual KILL(1)
kill - terminate or signal a process
kill [-s signal_name] pid [...] kill -l [exit_status] kill -signal_name pid [...] kill -signal_number pid [...]
The kill utility sends a signal to the process(es) specified by the pid operand(s). If no signal is specified, SIGTERM is used. Only the superuser may send signals to other users' processes. The options are as follows: -s signal_name A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the default SIGTERM. -l [exit_status] If no operand is given, list the signal names; otherwise, write the signal name corresponding to exit_status. -signal_name A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the default SIGTERM. -signal_number A non-negative decimal integer specifying the signal to be sent instead of the default SIGTERM. The following PIDs have special meanings: -1 If superuser, broadcast the signal to all processes; other- wise, broadcast to all processes belonging to the user. -pgid Send the signal to all processes within the specified pro- cess group. Some of the more commonly used signals: 1 HUP (hang up) 2 INT (interrupt) 3 QUIT (quit) 6 ABRT (abort) 9 KILL (non-catchable, non-ignorable kill) 14 ALRM (alarm clock) 15 TERM (software termination signal) For a more complete list, consult the sigaction(2) manual page. A signal number of 0 (kill -0 pid) checks the validity of a certain PID, to see if it exists. An exit code of 0 means that the specified process exists. The kill utility exists as a built-in to most shells; they allow job specifiers of the form "%..." as arguments, so process IDs are not as often used as kill arguments.
Forcibly terminate process ID 1234: $ kill -9 1234 Send the inetd(8) daemon the hangup signal, instructing it to re-read its configuration from /etc/inetd.conf: $ sudo kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/inetd.pid)
csh(1), pkill(1), ps(1), sh(1), kill(2), sigaction(2)
The kill utility is expected to be IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") compati- ble.
A kill command appeared in Version 3 AT&T UNIX. It is actually an mksh builtin in MirOS #11. MirOS BSD #10-current February 11, 2011 1
Generated on 2016-04-09 18:24:16 by $MirOS: src/scripts/roff2htm,v 1.83 2016/03/26 23:38:28 tg Exp $
These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers;
their source is available at our CVSweb,
AnonCVS, and other mirrors. The rest is Copyright © 2002–2016 The MirOS Project, Germany.
This product includes material provided by mirabilos.
This manual page’s HTML representation is supposed to be valid XHTML/1.1; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.
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| 0.767918 | 718 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Margulies, Daniel and Sutter, Jenny M. and Hunt , Sharon L. and Olson, Robert J. and Scholey, Vernon P. and Wexler, Jeanne B. and Nakazawa, Akio (2007) Spawning and early development of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Fishery Bulletin, 105(2), pp. 249-265.
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In this study we describe the courtship and spawning behaviors of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), their spawning periodicity, the influence of physical and biological factors on spawning and hatching, and egg and early-larval development of this species at the Achotines Laboratory, Republic of Panama, during October 1996 through March 2000. Spawning occurred almost daily over extended periods and at water temperatures from 23.3° to 29.7°C. Water temperature appeared to be the main exogenous factor controlling the occurrence and timing of spawning. Courtship and spawning behaviors were ritualized and consistent among three groups of broodstock over 3.5 years. For any date, the time of day of spawning (range: 1330 to 2130 h) was predictable from mean daily water temperature, and 95% of hatching occurred the next day between 1500 and 1900 h. We estimated that females at first spawning averaged 1.6−2.0 years of age. Over short time periods (<1 month), spawning females increased their egg production from 30% to 234% in response to shortterm increases in daily food ration of 9% to 33%. Egg diameter, notochord length (NL) at hatching, NL at first feeding, and dry weights of these stages were estimated. Water temperature was significantly, inversely related to egg size, egg-stage duration, larval size at hatching, and yolksac larval duration.
|Title:||Spawning and early development of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)|
|Journal or Publication Title:||Fishery Bulletin|
|Page Range:||pp. 249-265|
|Issuing Agency:||United States National Marine Fisheries Service|
|Depositing User:||Patti M. Marraro|
|Date Deposited:||18 Jun 2012 09:33|
|Last Modified:||18 Jun 2012 09:33|
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Teaching Tolerance is pleased to announce a new partnership with the Orange County Asian and Pacific Islander Community Alliance in the online release of its interdisciplinary curriculum, Vietnamese Americans: Lessons in American History.
The curriculum guide — complete with timelines, maps and primary sources — offers eight lesson plans, organized around important thematic issues pertinent not just to Vietnamese Americans, but to all Americans. Themes include Immigrants and Refugees, Hate Crimes, Human Rights and Freedom of Speech.
This excerpt offers Lesson 3: Voice and Identity, which is appropriate for use with students in grades 8-12. The activity supports the national social studies standards, Strand IV: Individual Development and Identity.
LESSON: Voice and Identity
History, Language Arts, Creative Arts, Multicultural Education
This lesson is designed for students of all backgrounds to explore the difficulties of self-expression and self-identity. Students will learn how an individual's identity can be shaped by others and how it can be influenced by his or her various social characteristics.
Through an examination of a poem written by a Vietnamese American and an artistic, expressive collage assignment, students will have a chance to explore their own personal struggles with crafting and expressing self-identity, especially when mediated by ethnic, class, gender and other dynamics.
What You Need
2-3 class periods
"Silence" by Tu-Uyen Nguyen
How To Do It
Explain to the class the purpose of the lesson. Write the word "identity" on the board. Ask the students, "What is identity?" or "What is your definition of identity?"
Have students brainstorm definitions. Dictionaries have defined identity as "the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognized or known," or as "the set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group."
Engage the students in a class discussion about the issue of identity. By doing so, students will have the ability to craft and express their self-identities as well as to deal with external factors that affect their identities in a healthy and productive manner.
Ask students the following questions:
- How do you see yourself?
- How do others see you?
- What are some of the characteristics of your identity?
- Are you unsure of any of the characteristics of your identity? If yes, what are they, and why are you unsure?
- How do you express your self-identity and why?
- Why do we need to express our self-identities?
- How does our self-expression affect how others see us?
Remind the students that there are no right answers to these questions.
Bring out the idea that an individual's identity can be affected and shaped by:
- Social characteristics (age, race, gender, etc.);
- Where he/she lives;
- The conditions he/she lives in (socioeconomic status, etc.);
- His/her religious beliefs; and/or
- His/her positions on social issues.
Students should see how such beliefs, characteristics and conditions can affect how the individual identifies himself/herself and how others perceive him/her.
Students should also come to understand that one's identity is not simply self-constructed, but is also shaped or imposed upon by others, including families, friends, classmates, society and other social influences.
Next, explain how to create and use a dialectical journal. A dialectical journal is a way for students to get involved with and to find meaning in a text. They do this by asking questions, making observations, forming associations, seeing patterns and creating hypotheses about situations and events.
As students read a text, they keep two-sided or split-page journals. On the left side, they write down particular words, passages, lines, quotes or anything they find interesting. On the right side of the page, students react to each passage by writing down an emotional response, question, insight, personal connection or intellectual reaction.
Distribute "Silence", and read the poem out loud. Ask students to begin marking the poem. Allow time for them to copy important lines or phrases into their journals and to make comments. Ask students to consider the issues of identity and self-expression addressed in the earlier class discussion.
Divide students into groups of three or four to share their journals entries. After each student has shared, the group should choose a passage they feel is enlightening or provocative.
Groups share and then discuss insights with the entire class. The teacher ensures that the discussion does not wander away from interpretations that can be justified from the text.
1. An Exploration of "Silence"
Ask students to paraphrase the poem — to express, in their own words, the poem's plain prose meaning. Students should consider how the author sees herself.
- Did her self-perception change by the end of the poem?
- How did her personal experiences shape her identity?
- How do these experiences affect with whom or with which group(s) she identified?
- How did others see her? What external factors impacted the author's identity?
Also, ask students to explore the author's use of imagery. How do the images relate to the theme of identity? How does the imagery enhance the poem? Does it add emotional color or associations to the plain sense? Is the poet's use of imagery consistent? Why is the consistent or inconsistent use of imagery important?
2. An Identity Collage
Students will create pieces of art to express, as best as possible, how they see themselves and how others see them. This assignment allows students the opportunity for self-analysis and self-expression.
Using newspapers, magazines, paint, pen markers or other materials, for example, a student can create a collage that visually expresses his or her identity. These materials could convey the student's clothing style or brands of choice, pop culture items or favorite bands, in addition to items relating to families, friends, ethnic communities, etc. Materials could also express a student's concerns or interests in contemporary social issues, such as religion, economics, politics and the environment.
Remind the students that their artwork should also reflect how others perceive them.
Students can present their finished projects to the class and discuss them. Each student should share an evaluation of his or her own artwork.
Is the idea she wanted to show easy to see or understand? Did he show enough details to express what he had in mind? What moods does the finished product express? Could she make some part(s) more interesting or more expressive? Is he satisfied with his artwork? Did she enjoy making her artwork?
By this point, students have worked individually, in small groups and with the entire class. Give students time to reflect on their notes and homework. This reflection time is necessary for them to develop points of interests, a point of revelation or insight, a pattern or something they would like to explore further.
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Syracuse, N.Y. - Popular Science rates Syracuse as the 17th greenest city in America in its latest issue. Portland, Ore., was ranked No. 1.
Two other cities in New York made the top 50 listing. New York City was ranked No. 20. Rochester was No. 27.
The magazine said it used raw data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Geographic Society's Green Guide, which collected survey data and government statistics for American cities of over 100,000 people in more than 30 categories, including air quality, electricity use and transportation habits.
It then compiled the statistics into four broad categories, each scored out of either 5 or 10 possible points. The sum of these four scores determines a city's place in the rankings. Syracuse scored well on its use of renewable sources, including hydropower, for electricity; green living, which includes devoting areas for green space such as parks; and recycling.
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Accounting is an intrinsic part of any business, large or small--owners and other interested parties want to know whether they are making a profit or not. Many small businesses do their accounting manually and they are happy with this setup. Others may be considering using a computerized system, since accounting software is so affordable these days. Manual and computerized accounting systems perform basically the same processes; the accounting principles and concepts are the same with differences lying in the mechanics of the process.
The main difference between manual and computerized systems is speed. Accounting software processes data and creates reports much faster than manual systems. Calculations are done automatically in software programs, minimizing errors and increasing efficiency. Once data is input, you can create reports literally by pressing a button in a computerized system.
Another difference between manual and computerized systems is cost. Manual accounting with paper and pencil is much cheaper than a computerized system, which requires a machine and software. Other expenses associated with accounting software include training and program maintenance. Expenses can add up fast with costs for printers, paper, ink and other supplies.
A third difference between manual and computerized systems is the ease of backup of a computerized system. All transactions can be saved and backed up, in case of fire or other mishap. You cannot do this with paper records, unless you make copies of all pages--a long and inefficient process.
- mouse and keyboard image by PinkShot from Fotolia.com
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Food Science Notebook Feedback
"After looking at the food science experimental notebooks we wanted to provide you some feedback. We had 23 teams submit notebook forms. 15 received a zero primarily because they did not change the independent variable on each notebook page as specified in the national FAQ on 2/20. Many of these did one notebook page for each iteration of the independent variable.
For those teams that received more than 10/20 points I noticed primarily one error.
There seems to be a misconception between "Analysis" and "Conclusion". Our supervisor interpreted the analysis portion of the notebook as a place for students to discuss why the independent variable had the observed effect. Instead many students just wrote a conclusion of the results. This resulted in a 10% (0.1pt) penalty per page.
For example: school X changed sugar amounts in their ice cream. The team observed and concluded the tower height correlated with less sugar. But the team made no analysis (in terms of food chemistry) why this might be so. This may be difficult for students at this level to analyze chemically why the sugar content had the observed effect but a possible solution would be for the students to investigate less complicated food science problems. ( e.g. Why does pH affect curd formation? Why does amount of salt change ice cream?, why does the shaking time affect the butter production?)
I would stress that students should be guided to try to develop a hypothesis after looking at the science on production of the dairy product and create an experiment to test the hypothesis. The analysis should interpret the results and is also a good place to encourage students to formulate additional experiments to refine their hypothesis."
Building the Basic PVC Wind Turbine (US Dept of Energy)
Here is a website for constructing an inexpensive wind power device.
Building and Tools Policy
for constructed devices
"Founded in 1998, the Science Olympiad Student Center has grown to become one of the most important resources to Science Olympiad participants endeavoring to improve their scientific knowledge."
Science Olympiad YouTube channel - Check out the Science Olympiad TV YouTube Channel for devices in action, Event Supervisor interviews, National Tournament footage and more!
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Terms / Concepts
- eagles and jaguars
- "Warrior Knights of the Eagle and Knights Jaguar"
- associated with . . .
- day and night
- sun and darkness
- "A lake somewhere in northern Mexico,
land of the white heron, land of the Aztecs"
- "floating gardens"
- including modern-day Xochimilco
- patole (gruel)
- atole (gruel)
- Aztecs farmed insects and their eggs
- these were
- Aztecs pressed algae into cakes
- "These were some of the most productive fields in the
- natural environments (slides)
- "pathways to the world of the spirits"
- Cf., film: To Find Our Life: The Peyote Hunt of
the Huichols of Mexico (VC 3324)
- frog skins
- pulque (allcohol)
- strong tobacco
- world was destroyed four times before
- we are now in the fifth
- heart sacrifice
Aztec heart sacrifice
- "cult of death"
- eagle on cactus was foretold in myth
- sometimes said to have
a snake in its beak
- probably a Harris's Hawk
- The Aztecs wandered for 200 years
- "they were tested to the limit
for 10 generations"
- including 50 - 60 years in the desert
- and then came south
and into contact with the Toltecs
- then they entered the high plateau called "The Valley
- in 1311, after two centuries, the Aztecs arrived at Lake
- Aztec thought of themselves as "the chosen people, invincible,
indestructible," leading to a "truly imperial vision"
- important animals
- 3 - 4 times a year shed their skin
- the quetzal was the most important bird of all
- the eagle and jaguar were the most sacred animals
- more than 50 species of water birds migrated to the Valley
of Mexico for the winter
- including pelicans, ducks. . . .
- including those who died in war
- the most important nocturnal pollinator
- puma (mountain lion)
- mapachtli, "they take everything in
- mapache, "the bandit," "the thief"
- important plants
- maguey (agave; "century plant")
- used for
- pulque (the alcoholic drink
of the Aztec and pre-Aztec)
- agua miel ("honey water")
- there were more than 50 species of pines in the forests
around the Valley of Mexico
- Atkinson, Sonja. The Aztec Way to Healthy Eating. NY: Paragon House, 1992.
- wet / dry season
- ritual war
- the skilled warrior was judged by his ability to take captives
unmarked and in perfect condition
- 1487 -- thousands of prisoners were sacrificed at
the inauguration of a new church on Lake Texcoco
- by 1502 "the bloody empire extended from the Pacific
to the Atlantic Ocean"
- the maintenance of their empire required no garrisons or
- The Spanish made war in a new way
- they did not take prisoners
- they were not interested
in prisoners for sacrifice, just elimination
- They joined forces with the enemies
of the Aztec
- feathers (from rainforest areas) were the most cherished
- feathers may have been the force for the expansion of
the Aztec empire
- Quetzal feathers were highly prized
- turquoise (from the now-American Southwest) was highly prized
- it decorated their representtions of the gods
- gold = the color of the sun
- did not tarnish or fade
- 2 tons of gold were collected each year as tribute
- tzompantli (Aztec skull rack)
- in 1519 the Indian population = 20,000,000
- by 1608 it had declined
to about 1,000,000
- disease brought in by the Spanish eventually killed many more
- The Aztec calendar predicted the return of a fair-skinned God
at year "One Reed" (1519)
- The Aztec had more than 1000 gods
- they represented birth, death and rebirth
- many were decorated with skulls and snakes
- earthquakes and volcanoes reminded the Aztecs that the gods
controlled this world
- every night the earth goddess devoured the sun
- only human
blood offering would bring it back
- religious syncretism
- Dia de los Muertos
- the skull is not a mecabre representation, but a fact
of life, representing death and the promise of resurrection
Sites / Locations
- was abandoned more than 500 years before the arrival of the
- Aztec mythology was built around this mysterious city
- Lake Texcoco
- "The Venice of the Americas"
- in the early 1500s = 300,000
- four times the size of London of Henry VIII
- "One of the most spectacular cities on earth."
- Mochtezuma II
- Hernán Cortez
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We start at the beginning. In 1958, Vogel reported (DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19586150103) unexpected stereochemistry for ring opening of a cyclobutene, as shown below. Two electron arrows are involved and hence they are 4n systems (n=1).
A more modern approach to understanding photochemical reactions is to locate the conical intersection rather than the transition state.
This reveals that the suprafacial specificity is retained but that the plane of symmetry is not.
In fact, when first discovered in 1961, the origins of this stereochemistry rather baffled the authors (Havinga and Schlatmann, DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(61)80065-3), and the effect was not followed up.
Another in the category of missed Nobel prizes was the reaction Corey reported in 1963, where what is described as a key element in the synthesis of dihydrocostunolide was the ring opening shown below (10 in the article).
This is a 4n+2 electrocyclic photochemical ring opening which proceeds antarafacially with conrotation, followed by a thermal 4n+2 recyclisation proceeding suprafacially with disrotation. Had either of these pairs of authors spotted the stereochemical significance and commented on it, we might now be talking about the Havinga and Schlatmann or the Corey rules rather than the Woodward-Hoffmann rules!
One important aspect when counting electrons is to include only the cyclically conjugated system. In the example below (DOI: 10.1002/anie.196708701) for one valence-bond conformational isomer (with a Cs plane of symmetry and hence formally at least being a 4n-electron Hückel antiaromatic) of a annulene, the arrow pushing gives rise to two independently cyclic six electron (4n+2) electrocyclic reactions, and the electrons in the central double bonds are NOT counted in the process, since they are simply spectators and hence 4 of the 16 electrons do not participate (in what would otherwise be a forbidden π4s+π4s cycloaddition). The two outer rings are 4n+2 Hückel-aromatic transition states, the central ring is a Hückel 4n-electron anti-aromatic spectator. In fact, if the two electrocyclic reactions proceed consecutively rather than concurrently, the Hückel anti-aromaticity in the central ring is also avoided and this is actually what happens.
If the annulene is drawn as a different valence bond isomer, it can have a different conformation because the central C=C bond changes to a C-C bond and rotation about this bond can now occur at room temperatures. This new conformation has a C2 axis of symmetry instead of a plane, and so 4n-electron Möbius aromaticity takes over for both the annulene and the transition state for cyclisation, and one now gets a π4a+π4s cycloaddition with one antarafacial component in the central region. This time the dienes and their 8 electrons at each side are simply spectators (in what would otherwise constitute two dis-allowed conrotatory 4n+2 electron electrocyclisations). The central ring is a 4n-electron Möbius-aromatic transition state, the two outer rings are 4n+2-electron Möbius anti-aromatic spectators. In part because this mode has two (spectating) anti-aromatic rings, it is 14.8 kcal/mol less stable than the previous Hückel mode.
Plane of symmetry
Axis of symmetry
. A related story for the smaller annulene, which also has unexpected outcomes.
Carbanions contribute 2 electrons to the total count, the reaction proceeding suprafacially (DOI:10.1016/0040-4020(78)80226-9:)
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Autoimmune Disease in Dogs
Autoimmune disease refers to conditions in which the immune system does not work properly. Specifically, it mistakenly
sees some part of the body as foreign and starts to attack it. This page looks at the causes and different types of canine autoimmune disease.
The immune system is the dog's first line of defense system against foreign substances. It is made up of a complicated network of white blood cells, antibodies, and
other substances that patrol, reject, and eliminate foreign proteins (i.e. proteins that do not belong to the body, such as bacteria, viruses, pollen, etc.). This network of defense system is designed to distinguish "self" cells from "non-self" cells by "markers" found on the surface of every cell in the body. Simply put, by comparing the specific molecular features of foreign proteins ("non-self" cells) to the body's own proteins ("self" cells), the immune system can tell which ones are foreign and then work to reject or eliminate them from the body.
However, when the immune system fails, problems occur. The immune system can fail in several ways:
- The immune system sometimes reacts to the wrong thing (autoimmunity).
- It over-reacts (hypersensitivity).
- It does not react at all (immunosuppression and immunodeficiency).
This page looks at autoimmunity - An improper immune response that occurs when the immune system reacts to the wrong proteins and attacks the body itself, resulting in different types of autoimmune disease.
Different Types of Autoimmune Disease in Dogs
Autoimmune diseases can affect a single organ, or it can be systemic, i.e. sometimes the antibodies target not only one organ but multiple areas of the dog's body, causing problems to arise in more than one organ or body part.
Examples of canine autoimmune diseases include:
- Primary Addison's disease: In this disease, the adrenal glands are affected and they fail to produce sufficient corticosteroid hormones.
- Hypothyroidism: Most cases of hypothyroidism in dogs are caused by autoimmune thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease that results in the atrophy and destruction of the thyroid gland tissue, causing insufficient production of the hormone thyroxine. Dogs with this disease have metabolic rates that are below normal as a result.
- Pemphigus (Autoimmune Skin Diseases): In pemphigus, the walls of the skin cells are targeted by the antibodies. As a results, these cells lose their ability to remain attached and separate, forming pustules, blebs (irregular bulges in the plasma membrane of a cell), and vesicles (small fluid-filled blisters). There are four types of pemphigus in dogs - pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and pemphigus vegetans. Pemphigus folliaceus is the most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs.
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: This is a blood disease in which the immune system launches an autoimmune response against the body's red blood cells. Specifically, the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely by auto-antibodies that attack the antigens on the surface of the cells.
- Immune-Mediated Arthritis: Immune-mediate arthritis is a group of diseases in which antibodies attack the
dog's own connective tissue, resulting in either erosive arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis) and nonerosive arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, the cartilage and joint surfaces are destroyed. In nonerosive arthritis, there is inflammation with no tissue damage.
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE): This is a systemic autoimmune disease in which antibodies target and systemically affect different body organs (the skin, heart, kidneys, joints, nervous system). As such, a variety of symptoms can arise depending on which organ(s) the antibodies attack.
Causes of Autoimmune Disease in Dogs
The exact cause of canine autoimmune disease is not clear. However, it is widely believed that certain factors contribute to the development of autoimmune disease in dogs. Some of these factors include:
- Genetics: As some breeds of dogs are more prone to the development of certain autoimmune disease (e.g. German Shepherds are predisposed to systemic lupus than other breeds), it is believed that genetics is one of the factors that contribute to the development of some types of autoimmune disease.
- Over-vaccination: Some veterinarians believe over-vaccination, especially if multivalent modified-live vaccines are used, can overstimulate
the immune system, causing some autoimmune disease to develop in dogs.
- Certain drugs: Certain drugs, such as antibiotics and corticosteroids, may alter the molecular appearance of some cells, making them look "foreign", thus triggering the immune system to attack such cells.
- Toxins: Some veterinarians and immunologists also argue that toxins such as environmental pollutants or food preservatives such as ethoxyquin (an antioxidant found in most dog foods) can trigger autoimmune disease in dogs.
Immune System and Autoimmune Disease
As you can see, canine autoimmune disease comes in different forms and causes different symptoms depending on the parts of the body affected. However, no matter the form, autoimmune disease is a result of the dog's immune system going haywire. Although it is impossible to completely prevent autoimmune disease to occur in dogs, it is at least a good precaution to take care of the dog's immune system by keeping it strong and functioning properly.
Some ways to maintain a healthy immune system in dogs include feeding the dog a natural diet with no preservatives and addictives.
Supplements that are beneficial to the dog's immune system should be given. One such beneficial supplement is antioxidants
. Antioxidants are minerals and vitamins that
can help the immune system to get rid of free radicals and reduce oxidative stress without directly stimulating an immune response.
Common antioxidants include selenium, alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, carotenoids, and vitamins A, C and E.
In addition to a healthy diet, removing toxins such as environmental pollutants is equally important in the prevention of autoimmune disease in dogs.
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The latest news about environmental and green
technologies – renewables, energy savings, fuel cells
Posted: Nov 05, 2012
Carbon buried in the soil rises again
(Nanowerk News) A research team that includes a University of California, Davis, plant scientist has identified a source of carbon emissions that could play a role in understanding past and future global change.
While earlier studies have found that erosion can bury carbon in the soil, acting as a carbon sink, or storage, the new study published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that part of that sink is only temporary.
Roughly half of the carbon buried in soil by erosion will be re-released into the atmosphere within about 500 years.
“It’s all part of figuring out the global carbon cycle,” said co-author Johan Six, professor of plant sciences at UC Davis. “Where are the sources, and where are the sinks? Erosion is in some ways a sink, but, as we found out, it can also become a source.”
The researchers estimated that roughly half of the carbon buried in soil by erosion will be re-released into the atmosphere within about 500 years, and possibly faster due to climate change. Climate change can speed the rate of decomposition, aiding the release of the buried carbon.
As a case study, the researchers used radiocarbon and optical dating to calculate the amount of carbon emissions captured in soils and released to the atmosphere during the past 6,000 years along the Dijle River in Belgium.
The study’s long time scope — from 4000 BC to AD 2000 — allowed the researchers to notice the gradual reintroduction of buried carbon to the atmosphere. Significant agricultural land conversion — historically the largest source of global erosion — began primarily in the past 150 years, well under the researchers’ time frame of 500 years. Therefore, most carbon sequestered in the soil during the past 150 years of agricultural history has not been released yet but may become a significant carbon source in the future, with implications for soil management, the study said.
“Our results showed that half of the carbon initially present in the soil and vegetation was lost to the atmosphere as a result of agricultural conversion,” said study co-author Gert Verstraeten, a professor at KU Leaven, Belgium.
Six noted that erosion could be minimized by no-till and low-till agricultural methods, as well as by cover cropping, which can ensure that soil is not left bare.
“We need to know where and how much carbon is being released or captured in order to develop sensible and cost-effective measures to curb climate change,” said lead author, Kristof Van Oost, of the Universite catholique de Louvain in Belgium.
Source: UC Santa Barbara
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:
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It is impossible to prevent natural hazard events from occurring. However, specific measures can be taken to reduce the impact of such events on people, buildings and the environment. You can do your part by acting appropriately before, during and after natural hazard occurrences.
When a natural hazard event occurs, the relevant authorities do everything in their power to keep its impact on human life and material assets to a minimum. In order for this to happen, the correct behaviour of the public towards the natural event and its effects is a crucial factor. In the event of a natural hazard or other disaster or emergency occurring, the ability of each and every individual to help themselves and others becomes of the utmost importance. Everyone must therefore be in a position to protect him or herself to some extent. The specialist agencies provide recommendations on appropriate action to take in these circumstances. Preventative measures that can be taken before a natural hazard situation, strategies for coping during the situation, and remedial measures after the hazard has passed all differ according to the particular type of natural hazard. Please take note of the specific recommendations for action in the event of earthquake, frost, thunderstorm, heat, flooding, avalanches, mass movement, rain, snow, slippery road conditions, forest fires and wind.
If an event occurs in your vicinity, you should always follow the advice of the local authorities. In the event of an emergency, dial 112. Keep up to date on the current hazard situation via the radio, television and internet, and heed any warnings and alarm signals.
There are numerous simple measures that can be taken to prepare oneself generally for a natural hazard event. Make an emergency plan, check over your building once a year, and ascertain whether you are adequately insured. Here are some tips:
- Find out the general hazard potential of the places where you live and work. You can obtain this information from the cantonal hazard maps.
- Have the most important emergency numbers to hand at all times.
- Make sure you have a stock of emergency food (the availability of foodstuffs and water cannot always be guaranteed in the event of a natural hazard).
- Keep your medicine and first-aid cabinet stocked up.
- Check your building at least once a year for damage, and ensure that aerials, solar panels, satellite dishes, blinds etc. are well secured, and that awnings and porches are robust.
- Check whether the cantonal buildings insurance for your canton covers damage caused to your building by acts of God.
If there is no cantonal buildings insurance in your canton, it is recommended that you take out private buildings insurance.
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Pre-Service Teachers Engage in Family Literacy
Lisa Laurier, Ed.D
Assistant Professor of Elementary Education, Whitworth University
Ann Teberg, Ed.D
Associate Professor of Elementary Education, Whitworth University
Pre-Service Teachers Engaging in Family Literacy
In a cozy neighborhood coffeehouse, elementary pre-service educators engage children in an art project related to the story that was just read aloud. Parents look over a packet of literacy activities for home use designed by the college students while employees serve hot chocolate, coffee and cookies. This collaboration promotes the love of reading through the monthly Whitworth University Family Book Night events at a local Starbucks.
As the Family Book Night comes to a close, the children head home clutching a project they made themselves with the help of a new friend who hopes to be a teacher someday. They have a brand new book of their own to share with family members, and the adults have new ideas for assisting their children in becoming stronger readers.
In Literacy Acquisition
Parental involvement has been repeatedly found to be a strong predictor of early literacy acquisition (Bus, van Ijzendoorn & Pelligrini, 1995). More recently it has been found that parental involvement continues to result in higher academic achievement throughout the high school years (Desforges & Abouchaar, 2003). Parental involvement can be characterized in many ways. Research shows that reading to children can lead to greater attainment of reading skills and increased interest in reading (Snow, Burns & Griffin, 1998; Rowe, 1999). However, other types of parental involvement have begun to be studied. Baker and Scher (2002) explain that any way in which parents promote reading activity as valuable can increase a child’s motivation to read and the probability of the child reading for pleasure. Such activities include attending a story time at a library or bookstore, reading the newspaper or a magazine, purchasing books for the home and so on. Parental modeling of literacy skills is undoubtedly a significant asset to emergent readers, but parental attitude towards literacy can be an asset for a child’s lifetime. For most parents, the desire to help their child is strong, but knowing how best to be involved can be a confusing and even daunting task for many. This is particularly true for lower-income parents.
Low-income families often face particular challenges to be involved in their child’s academic success. These families may have fewer books and other resources for reading growth available in the home. The parents that head these households may have inadequate education to allow them to achieve higher paying jobs and to provide a variety of materials for modeling good literacy behavior in the home. Oftentimes, they are working very hard to survive and have less time and energy to read or talk with their children. Statistics show the results of these challenges on the academic lives of children. According to Head Start research (2005), roughly half of lower-income children starting first grade are up to two years behind their peers in preschool skills, have less exposure to books, and a more limited oral vocabulary. By kindergarten, middle to upper class children have experienced up to 1,700 hours of picture book reading while lower-income children have only experienced 25 hours of picture book reading on average. By first grade, these same children have a 5,000-word oral vocabulary versus the 20,000-word vocabulary of their more affluent peers. Looking at these statistics, it becomes very clear that failure to provide resources for these parents to help their children and to engage their interest in doing so is to consign these children to struggles throughout their academic lives. Indeed, low-income parents often have less contact with schools and teachers and need more support from the community-at-large to support their involvement in their children’s education.
With this in mind, during the spring and the fall of 2005, the Whitworth University School of Education partnered with a local Spokane Starbucks Coffee Company to create Family Book Nights. Once a month, a local Starbucks hosted the free event. During each Book Night, the elementary education pre-service teachers at Whitworth University selected a high quality children’s trade book to read aloud to participants. The children were then led through a related arts and crafts project. The adult participants were given a packet of literacy activities created by the Whitworth students and based on the highlighted book. The activities were multi-disciplinary and include a set of directions for parents and an explanation of purpose. Finally, each child was given a free book of his or her choice to take home. The books were purchased using Scholastic book points that were accrued during the year from orders made by the college students. During the event, participants were treated to free hot chocolate or coffee and cookies by Starbucks employees. The employees helped facilitate the event by assisting with the art project. During 2005, particular attention was paid to using Starbucks branches near lower-income schools as sponsors for these events. Contact was made with the school with the highest percentage of children qualifying for free and reduced lunch (94% in 2004-2005) to ensure their assistance in marketing the event to parents and in encouraging their attendance.
The project has grown in popularity since its inception. Several local schools and one community agency have contacted Whitworth University to request a Book Night in their neighborhood during 2006-2007. Many families have attended more that one Book Night and one family faithfully attended all of the Book Nights. These families have shared their experiences with the neighbors and encouraged them to attend the next Book Night. In November of 2005, nearly 50 children were listening and learning with 25 parents taking home the literacy packets. For the twelve-month period of this pilot program, over 200 families in the Spokane area attended a Book Night. For the final Book Night for 2005, it was apparent that the local Starbucks would not accommodate the large crowd. The event was moved to a local Community Center so as to accommodate 75 families. A book table was set-up with a variety of choices by age and genre. The parents were able to select the books for their children. Parents and grandparents consulted the pre-service teachers about appropriate materials for their children at varying levels of reading ability. The pre-service teachers were able to answer with confidence and professionalism. Parents expressed genuine appreciation for the opportunity to learn more about ways to be involved in promoting reading and the love of literacy in their homes. As the pre-service teachers reflected on the experience, they felt this added opportunity to interact with parents and the children was invaluable in preparing for their upcoming student teaching.
Interacting with Parents
In fact, students preparing to become elementary teachers in the state of Washington are expected to engage in effective interactions with families to support the learning and well being of children. However, opportunities for interaction are scarce for the developing teacher as they spend limited time in the classroom prior to student teaching. Learning to help children develop as young readers is a challenge that can be facilitated by reading and instruction in methods courses; however, learning to involve parents in this development is a much different challenge that is harder to address in the abstract. Many parents say they don’t know how to encourage their children to read (Handel, 1992). This project provides a venue for pre-service teachers to practice family collaboration in fostering literacy development. As the pre-service teachers gain confidence and experience in working with parents, they will increase their effectiveness with parents in their initial teaching years. This partnership provides opportunities for the pre-service teachers to think about the needs of parents and to “plan for collaborating with families to support student learning” (Performance-based Pedagogy Assessment, 2005).
Pre-service teachers who led Book Night events during 2005 had many positive things to say about their experience. Several commented that they acquired a better idea of how to develop materials for parents to use at home to strengthen home and school partnerships. Several made mention that the process of putting together the activity packet helped them to recognize the degree of specificity required when sending home work for parents. Without exception, the pre-service teachers commented, “It is becoming more and more obvious that parents play a significant part in their children’s education, and it is important for teachers to foster a relationship that will benefit children” (Session leader 1, 2005). Several made comments such as this one: “I realize now that small things such as this event can make a big difference in people’s lives. It is important to give your knowledge to others and they share their attention and enthusiasm with you – everyone benefits” (Session leader 2, 2005). Other pre-service teachers stated they learned that by developing community partnerships with local businesses and service groups, there is an opportunity to provide resources for families that might be outside the realm of what one teacher could do alone. One session leader stated that he had visited the Starbucks website after the event to learn how he could create partnerships for his own future classroom. This same session leader summed up the purpose of the Book Night projects well when he said:
I think it is important to participate in the community whether or not the kids attending go to my school. It is through events like these that some children get hooked on books and reading. This event let me reach out to the community and provide an example that some time and effort can make a big difference in the lives of others. (Session leader 3, 2005)
Rationale for the Project
Joyce Epstein, a noted educational researcher from Johns Hopkins University, identified six types of parental involvement that can impact a child’s academic achievement (1996). Two of those types form the basis of the Family Book Night Project. Specifically, Epstein noted that learning at home is limited for many families simply because caregivers do not know how to help. Learning at home is best enhanced when families are provided with information about how to help their students either with homework or with other curriculum-related ideas. The Project sought to do this through the activity packets and by providing current information on literacy to parents through informal exchanges with the college students that occurred before and after each event.
Collaborating with the community is another type of parental involvement that is often given inadequate attention. In this type, resources and services from the community are harnessed to support school programs and parent involvement in student learning. Starbucks is committed to this kind of community engagement and mandates community outreach activities for all of its branches. Indeed part of Starbucks’ mission statement specifies their intention to participate in building stronger communities. Their community and social responsibility programs encourage employee participation in school and literacy programs and in funding provided by the Starbucks Foundation for projects aimed at improving literacy skills among low-income children (Starbucks Foundation, 1997).
The Family Book Night project benefited from this commitment in the use of Starbucks facilities, employee volunteer time, and donated food and beverages. The choice of Starbucks as a venue provided participating families with the feeling that both adults and children were getting a special night out. In December of 2005, the event was moved to a community center in a lower-income neighborhood and Starbucks provided four volunteers to help man the event for 75 families and provided a toy for each child in addition to the book each received. Starbucks is demonstrating on-going support to the project in 2005-06.
The final Book Night for 2005 also benefited from support from a Whitney Foundation grant and a local Kiwanis group making this a true collaboration of community partners. Pre-service teachers benefit from seeing how such partnerships can be developed and sustained over time. Furthermore, the pre-service teachers benefit as they collaborate with parents and grandparents on literacy development. Preparation for these Family Book Nights requires that the pre-service teachers think about how to present material so that the children will enjoy it but also so the adults will learn to value reading. They must plan for activities parents will be able to understand and replicate at home. During the presentations, the pre-service teachers have the opportunity to informally talk with the parents thereby learning what kind of information is most helpful to family literacy development. After each Book Night, the pre-service teachers debrief the event as a group and each session leader completes a written self-evaluation that includes reflecting on the challenges and benefits of community engagement. This project helps the elementary pre-service teachers to think beyond the classroom and place themselves into the community as a source of support for developing young readers.
Baker, L., & Scher, D. (2002). Beginning readers’ motivation for reading in relation to parental beliefs and home reading experiences. Reading Psychology, 23, 39-269.
Britto, Pia Rebello (2001). “Family literacy environments and young children’s emerging literacy skills” Reading Research Quarterly; Oct./Nov./Dec. 346-347.
Bus, A.G., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., & Pelligrini, A.D. (1995). Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A meta-analysis of intergenerational transmission of literacy. Review of Educational Research, 65, 1-21.
Desforges, C., & Abouchaar, A. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A literature review. London: Department of Education and Skills.
Epstein, J.L., et al, (1996). Partnership – 2000 schools manual. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University.
Performance-based Pedagogy Assessment of Teacher Candidates (PPA) Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia, WA 2004
Rowe, K. (1991). The influence of reading activity at home on students’ attitudes towards reading, classroom attentiveness and reading achievement: An application of structural equation modeling. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 19-35.
Snow, K., Burns, M.S. & Griffin, P. (Eds.) (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Starbucks Mission Statement (2005). Retrieved on June 27, 2005 from http://www.starbucks.com/.
Starbucks Foundation (1997). Retrieved on June 27, 2005 from http://www.starbucks.com/.
The National Head Start Literacy Corps Mission Statement (2005). Retrieved on June 20, 2005 from http://national_head_start_1_/#A2885.pdf
Back to Community Engagement Home Page >>
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Mummified trees millions of years old—not
Researchers recently announced the discovery of mummified wood and other plant material in Quttinirpaaq National Park in the Canadian Arctic. The area is barren and icy, less than 8º south of the geographic North Pole. Local temperatures fall to −50ºC (−58ºF).
Acting on a tip-off from a local ranger, Ohio State University Earth scientist Joel Barker found “exquisitely preserved” broken tree trunks and branches “and even leaves”, that had emerged from underneath a glacier.1 He and his team said that the pine, spruce and birch trees had originally been buried in a landslide. Despite the amazingly fresh condition of the wood, Barker, a believer in long ages, recently announced the trees were somewhere between 2 and 12 million years old.2
The wood is still wood
Surprisingly, given such an old age being assigned to it, the wood is still completely woody, and readily burns. It has not been petrified (turned to stone). Even the most delicate structures such as leaves have been perfectly preserved. Now that it is exposed to the elements, the wood is beginning to rot.
Robert Blanchette, plant biologist with the University of Minnesota, was clearly impressed by the supposed age of the material. “Finding wood that is millions of years old in such good condition—almost as if you just picked it up from the forest floor … .”3 And as Barker puts it, “The dead trees look just like the dried-out dead wood lying outside now.”
How the wood was dated
How did Barker arrive at such a date? He began with the presupposition that the earth is billions of years old. He then used the following reasoning: Because pollen that disappeared about 12 million years ago (according to the long-ages time scale) is absent, the trees are probably no more than 12 million years old. And because ocean cores indicate that forests disappeared from the Arctic 2 million years ago (again, according to long-age assumptions), Barker believes that the wood is at least as old as that. Pretty simple conclusion? But there’s a terrible blind spot there to reality.
Difficult to believe
How can one believe that wood and leaves could survive in such a fresh state in a near-surface environment for even one million years, let alone up to 12 million years, even if surrounded by ice? Beautifully preserved, unaltered organic material such as this suggests a maximum age measured in hundreds or thousands of years at the most.
Barker said, “When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it’s millions of years old and that you can hold it in your hand.” Yes, surreal is a good word to describe it: as in unreal, and fantastic. The millions of years are held in his head, not in his hands.
References and notes
- Ancient forest emerges mummified from the Arctic, physorg.com/news, 15 December 2010. Return to text.
- Back to the future with mummified trees, physorg.com/news, 17 March 2011. Return to text.
- Inman, M., Mummified forest found on treeless Arctic island, National Geographic News, news.nationalgeographic.com/news, 17 December 2010. Return to text.
It just goes to show the power of the paradigm.
The paradigm is never questioned.
It is the source of the evolutionist's faith and it is a powerful source.
It seems there is almost nothing that they are not willing to believe in order to keep the paradigm intact.
70-million-year-old red blood cells? No problem!
2-12 million year old wood and leaves? No problem.
Fossilized dinosaur skin millions of years old? No problem!
Yet we are the ones accused of believing in miracles!
In the make believe world of evolution, the word "rational" takes on a whole different meaning.
Something is considered to be rational, if and only if, it supports the paradigm.
They do have a point. Laws of physics are just guidelines, anyway. [sarcasm]
I wonder if they even considered carbon dating? Surely that's more 'scientific' than looking at the 'absence of pollen' or dating marine core to come up with an estimated age?
Or, maybe they conveniently chose to ignore it because any carbon 14 found would disprove their Ma age assumption?
Love the 'Wayne's World' not! However that is most apt. The evolutionary paradigm is more Wayne's World, i.e:- a comedy set in a 'teenage' garage, than real science!
Amen! Awesome stuff. Agree with everything that's been said so far in the comments and article - it's psychological, not physical
It seems they do not "have the love of the truth so as to be saved", thus, God sends a delusion and they believe the lie of evolution. It is very difficult for someone to shed an ingrained presupposition. You put in a word that fits in the crossword puzzle and you are blocked. That word may be wrong even though it seems to fit the space and the definition. Yet, it is hard to see and you are blocked. Their presupposition is that there is no Creator.
Great stuff - It is amazing how as scientists their initial reaction to the evidence lines up with the evidence and immediately brings rational and logical questions - But then the power of the evolutionary paradigm overtakes the scientists' thinking.
When I was in school, somewhere during the dark ages, we were taught to be slaves to something called the scientific method. Any hypothesis had to be tested by the scientific method. That is, its effect had to be observable and repeatable. Since neither creation nor evolution can be subjected to the scientific method it is impossible to label either one "science." They are both, in fact, a belief system. The usual result when you point this out to an evolutionist is intense and and scathing rebuttal. It is to be expected because you have just assaulted his "religion." If you in turn, point this out (that evolution is his religion) his head may explode.
Prior to WWII theoretic science, ergo, consensus science was not much in vogue. Most scientist still clung to the tried and true scientific method. However, when it was found that straw houses built on consensus science often produced positive results (it just as often produced spectacular failures but those were just ignored) the modern method of taking a wild scientific guess and running with it became the norm. Since evolution is, by its nature, a very long process (according to its converts) they can extend forever the day of reckoning. However, according to my belief system, that day will come upon them suddenly, like a thief in the night. Unfortunately, they will perish still believing in the satanic religion of evolution. That is why articles like this one are so important. If, by patience, with love, we can show a few to the narrow path our days have not been wasted.
Mainstream science's extreme credulity is here exposed for what it is.
Testing for carbon 14 would be interesting. Or would this not be done as there should be none there and therefore the exercise would be pointless! A request should be made for such a test in a commercial lab without any knowledge of the origin of the wood.
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A SHROYER CHRONOLOGY
The Mercer County Shroyer family has a long paternal history in the United States, and it is
best understood by placing it in the context of time. To say that: “They came from the
Pennsylvania German area west and southwest of Philadelphia to western Ohio, and then
through southern Illinois before coming to Missouri.” --hardly does justice to the experience.
Fortunately, research in Germany and Pennsylvania has given us a good look at who they
were, and how their lives first unfolded here. That is reason enough for this monograph....
The chain of paternity looks like this:
Nicolaus > Christian > Hans Georg > Jacob (I) > Jacob (II) > John B. > John A. > Virgil
1710 Apr 22 Christian Schreier, son of the late Nicholaus Schreier, marries
Elisabetha Kröff (daughter of Heinrich Kröff of Alte Hosungen in
Ambts Wolfhagen, Hesse-Cassel1) at the Reformed Church in
Gönnheim2, Rhenish Palatinate.3
The town of Gönnheim lies in the Rhenish Palatinate, an area of much suffering and, hence,
much emigration in the course of German history. This region was visited by plague in the
1660s and 1670s, and in the War of the Grand Alliance (1689-97) French troops overran
much of the land. The Palatine Electors (to the Holy Roman Empire -- the post-Roman
confederation of most of the German states) responded to depopulation beginning in the
mid-17th century by offering inducements to new settlers, particularly from France and
Switzerland. Many who came were driven from their homes by religious oppression.
Here there was, for a time, refuge. Separatists, Pietists and other religious dissenters are
acknowledged in Palatine church books of the time. In 1705, the Palatine ruler extended
equal rights to both Catholics and Calvinists.
Swiss immigrants were often Mennonites. Just to the west of Gönnheim lies Friedelsheim
(on the road to Bad Dürkheim). And Friedelsheim has been the seat of a Mennonite
congregation since at least 1682. Does that mean the Shroyers came from Switzerland?
No, but it leaves the door open to that very possibility. [A 1798 census of Canton Berne
turned up more than a few men of the name SCHREIER or SCHREYER.] But in any
case, religious dissenters who had only recently come to the Palatine areas soon found
themselves in difficulty again when Karl Philipp became Elector of the Palatinate in 1716.
Notably, German emigration to Philadelphia begins in earnest about the year 1717 and
rises swiftly. Many of the residents of these two Palatine towns, both Mennonites and
1 Today this is the village of Alternhasungen, about 11 miles due west of Kassel.
But in order to locate it on a modern German road atlas -- I use the 1:300,000 scale “Euro-
Atlas” from the American Map Corp. of Maspeth, NY, available through Borders or Barnes
and Noble and the like -- one must have the name of the larger town through which the
village receives its mail. In this case, that is Wolfhagen, with German postal code 34466.
2 Gönnheim has its own post office and code (67161), and is located about 10 m.
WSW of Ludwigshafen am Rhein (across the Rhine River from Mannheim).
3 Annette Kunselman Burgert, “Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers”
(Myerstown, PA: AKB Publications, 2000)
Reformed Church members, settled in Conewago, in early York County, Pennsylvania --
as did the Shroyers.4
1716 Mar 15 Christian & Elisabetha’s son Hans Georg is baptized at the Reformed
Church in Friedelsheim. Later, from 1718 through 1725, three more
siblings are baptized at this same church. A fifth child’s baptism (that
of yet another Jacob) has not been found.5
He was named, apparently, for an uncle who did not come to America. Annette Burgert6
says that separate records were organized for Gönnheim and Friedelsheim, but that they
were kept in the same book. There are gaps in the records, so some baptisms and other
records may be lost to us. She feels the family arrived in Pennsylvania before the colony
began recording the names of German immigrants, in 1727. Another possibility is that they
came later and were either overlooked or their names misinterpreted. In the absence of
better records it is not possible to do more than speculate. And with the Germans, as
Tracey and Dern note, “there is a maddening gap of some years after their arrival in this
country during which time their whereabouts has not in all cases been established.”7
1733-38 Christian Schreyer was sponsor for three children (twice with his wife
Elisabetha) from the Huber and Müller families at the Trinity Lutheran
Church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1738, their only daughter
Catherina married Mattheis Märcker through the same church.8
At this time, Lancaster is the farthest west of the organized congregations in Pennsylvania,
so a record in the Lancaster Church Book merely indicates a presence in today’s southern
Pennsylvania. The City of Lancaster was only founded in 1730! 9
After 1733, the renowned Lutheran minister Johann Caspar Stöver performed several
baptisms in Pennsylvania. Three of these involve the Johann Georg Froschauer family of
Wachenheim an der Weinstrasse (west of Friedelsheim), which had arrived in Philadelphia
as a family of six in August 1732. My interpretation suggests that this family moved west
4 Sources for my first two explanatory paragraphs are as follows:
Burgert, Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers, above.
Wendy K. Uncapher, “Lands of the German Empire and Before” (Janesville, WI:
“The Mennonite Encyclopedia” (1956). See also: “Mennonite Quarterly Review
XXX” (1956), 133-54.
“Men of Bern: The 1798 Burgerverzeichnisse of Canton Bern, Switzerland”
5, 6 & 8 Burgert, Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers, above.
7 & 9 Grace L. Tracey & John P. Dern, “Pioneers of Old Monocacy: The Early
Settlement of Frederick County, Maryland, 1721-1743” (Baltimore: Genealogical
Publishing Co., Inc., 1987)
between February 1733 and November 1735; these dates represent the baptisms of an
older brother and sister of our Froschauer ancestor Johann Jacob.
The first of these baptisms was at the Augustus Evangelical Lutheran Church at Trappe, in
Montgomery Co., PA. [This is today the oldest Lutheran church in the country; it may be
visited, but has not held services for a century and a half.] The second was at Conewago
(the settlement bridging the South Fork of Conewago Creek, SW of today’s Hanover,
PA), on the border of York and Adams Counties, PA. [And this was followed five months
later -- also at Conewago -- by a baptism in which the favor of sponsorship was returned
by Mr. Froschauer to his daughter’s sponsor.] 10
This move by the Froschauer family may have followed -- and/or was influenced by --
Christian Schreyer’s settlement at Conewago. Possibly they even moved together, as we
don’t know the location of the Schreyer family between their implied pre-1727 arrival and
their 1733 appearance in the Susquehanna settlements. What we can say for sure is that
the Froschauer family was still in Montgomery County, some distance east of Lancaster and
the western settlements, in February 1733, while the Schreyer family had at the least
reached Lancaster by the year 1733.
1738 Sep 5 Augustus Scherer and Catharina Schreyerin sponsor at Monocacy
(“Manackesen”) a child of George Spengel baptized by Rev. Johann
1739 Feb 24 John Georg Schreyer’s eldest son is born at Conewago, per Rev.
Stöver’s records in the Trinity Lutheran Church’s record book,
Ms. Burgert tells us that Joh. Augustus Scherrer, a 1730 immigrant from Lachen-
Speyerdorf (9 miles SSW of Gönnheim), was -- like Christian Schreyer, whose will he
witnessed -- a resident of Conewago in 1742-44. “Catharina Schreyer” (the “in” is a
feminine surname suffix in German) could have been the wife of either Hans/John Georg
Schreyer or his brother Nicholas Schreyer.
So these two records are telling us that, by this date, Germans are equally a part of both
the Conewago and Monocacy communities -- Monocacy being the new settlement in
Maryland that lay astride the route from Pennsylvania into western Virginia. Tracy and Dern
tell us the Virginia back country had settled prior to the lands in western Maryland for the
reason that choice lands in Virginia had been easy to obtain by people of limited means,
such as immigrants. Maryland, on the other hand, had seen its choicest lands appropriated
10 The principal reference for this and the preceding paragraph is Appendix A in:
Jan A. Bankert, “Digges’ Choice, 1724-1800: A History of Land Transactions within a
portion of York and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania” (Camden, Maine: Picton Press,
11 Tracey and Dern, Pioneers of Old Monocacy, above.
12 Burgert, Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers, and Tracey and Dern,
Pioneers of Old Monocacy, above.
by speculators before the poorer settlers had arrived on the scene. Nevertheless, with so
many Germans arriving every month, it was only a matter of time before the new arrivals
pressed to take advantage of whatever appeared to be the path of least resistence in
obtaining the land they so much desired.
Tracey and Dern state that German settlers had crossed the Susquehanna River to the
west by 1731, and were even then “pressing toward Maryland.” Germans, they said,
“tended to select sites in and near the hills, which resembled so closely the hills they had
known in their Palatinate area of Germany.” 13 Enticements to settle in western Maryland
were offered by the Lord Proprietary in a proclamation of March 2, 1732/33, but the
Germans did not understand that accepting a “gift” of two hundred acres of land would
require certain payments, beginning three years after settlement. Inevitably, such a
misunderstanding would prove costly, and also tend to throw early settlers back on lands
purchased earlier. Perhaps a scenario such as this might explain the seeming dual
residency between Conewago and Monocacy.
The German Monocacy Road began at Conestoga, PA, and ran to the backwoods area of
Virginia, passing through Conewago, the Littlestown and Kingsdale areas, the present
Taneytown, MD, and into today’s Frederick County (bridging the river generally southwest
of today’s Keysville, MD). The road then followed several routes to Middletown, MD, via
Frederick (City) as it headed into Washington County, Maryland. The exact routes taken
often varied as one ford across the Monocacy River offered easier crossing over another.
It is easy to imagine Germans from the Conewago area moving into the Monocacy area to
claim new land, but retaining for a time their lands in Pennsylvania. In any case, Germans
continued to stream into Maryland despite the attractions of Virginia land and the hurdles
encountered in the Monocacy Valley. Tracey and Dern claim that, between 1738 and
1743, most of the land surveys north of Frederick (City) were made for German settlers.
1742 Nov 21 Christian Schreyer, living at the Conewago settlement, writes his will.
He names as his children sons Johannes, Jacob and Nicklaus. He
mentions son-in-law “Matteis Marger.” The will is witnessed by three
men, including Johannes Georg Froschauer and Augustus Scherrer.14
1743 Oct 18 Joseph Jennings, first rector of the newly formed All Saints’ Parish
(split away from Prince George’s Parish at Rockville to begin a new
religious division in what becomes Frederick County, Maryland),
provides communion at St. Anne’s Church in Annapolis for several
Germans seeking naturalization. These men were: “Andrew Shriver,
Peter Middlecave, Ludwick Shriver, Michael Will, Conrad Erhard,
David Young, George Shrier, Mark Pickler, John Shrier, Jacob
Shrier and Nicholas Shrier.”15
1744 Jan 18 Christian Schreyer’s will is filed at Lancaster. He has died.16
13 & 15 Tracey and Dern, Pioneers of Old Monocacy, above.
14 & 16 Burgert, Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers, above.
These three dates are not unrelated. In 1742, Christian Schreyer had been a resident of
the Colony of Pennsylvania approximately 15 years -- long enough for him to have
become a citizen. If he married in 1710, let us assume that he was born in the 1780’s and
that he was a man of about 55 years of age or more by late 1742. He probably knows he
will not live long, and his sons are not citizens. We do not know if Christian owned land, but,
if a British subject, he had a right to do so. His sons, however, clearly did not. This
probably explains why they sought naturalization together, as a group. Once they became
citizens, they could inherit freely from their father. Naturalization required that candidates be
inhabitants for at least seven years without having left the Colonies for over two months at
any one time, and that they had received the Lutheran (or other) Sacrament.
As mentioned above, these men likely have ventured south by this time from Conewago
into part of today’s Frederick County, Maryland. Tracey and Dern tell us that John “Shrier”
certified, along with Philip “Kince” (Küntz), that six of the men had received communion at
the newly formed Lutheran Church at Monocacy the previous month. Soon after the men
were naturalized, the “old man” died and his will was filed with the county court in
Now the sons were finally on a course to strike out on their own. But why had they sought
citizenship through Maryland? The answer is that, even if still living near the Conewago
settlement, they might have thought they were in Maryland. Mr. Mason and Mr. Dixon had
yet to draw their famous line, and the border of the two colonies was hotly disputed for
years. Land records for the same land in this area are frequently found filed, over the years,
in both states. To the Germans, this was all the same region, although we tend to think of
the “Pennsylvania Dutch” as coming from the Lancaster area and points east and west -- but
not from the contiguous areas in Maryland.
1746-49 Births of eldest children of each of Christian Schreyer’s four youngest
children -- all baptized at the Conewago Reformed Church. Georg’s
second through seventh children were baptized at St. Matthew’s
Church, Hanover, PA, but the dates are torn from the page.17
To summarize the story to this point, our Shroyers have arrived in Pennsylvania between
the years of 1725 and 1733 -- reaching at least Lancaster by the latter year -- and have
made a brief appearance in Frederick County, Maryland, by 1738. Tracey and Dern
observe that, while the Lutherans at Monocacy benefitted from visits by Rev. Stöver (the
proof of which survives in his records), any visits to Monocacy by Reformed ministers from
Pennsylvania that may have occured do not survive in the historical record. As the
Shroyers followed the Reformed Church, they could have been overlooked.
Likewise, Tracey and Dern’s work excludes mention of those who did not themselves own
land, but either lived with others or squatted. It is, therefore, possible that many if not most
of the Shroyers were living in Maryland, at least briefly, at a date far earlier than can be
established by land records. By 1743, the brothers have been naturalized in Maryland,
owing to church attendance in the Monocacy community. But, with the above baptisms
occuring exclusively in the environs of Conewago, it is now very clear that they had not, in
fact, cut their ties to Pennsylvania quite yet.
17 Burgert, Palatine Origins of Some Pennsylvania Pioneers, above.
1747 May 6 Fourteen baptisms were performed by Rev. Michael Schlatter at the
Conewago Church near Littlestown, PA. Two of them were four
children of Schreyer brothers (John and Nicholas) married to Rener
sisters (Maria Margaret, and Catherine, respectively). John Nicholas
Coblentz and wife were sponsors for the child of John & wife.18
Thank you, Rev. Schlatter, for recording the relationships in the church register (and for the
similar records you provided on the two more of those 14 baptisms that relate to the
Froschauer family and their ties to places in Germany -- even if they included some errors.
All it all, it was a big day for genealogists to follow! Anyhow, Ms. Burgert tells us the
Coblentz family was from Friedelsheim, but arrived only in 1743. The Coblentz’s had a
daughter the next year, whose sponsors at baptism were John Schreier and wife.
All of that didn’t seem to have precluded John Schreier from making a profit off his friends,
however. On the 2nd of June, 1762, “John Shier” bought 110 acres of land from “Charles
Carroll of the City of Annapolis, Barrister,” for 39 pounds current money. Carroll had a huge
tract of land bridging the two states, south of Littlestown and west of Emmitsburg. The 110
acres in question here was given the title -- land was named in Colonial Maryland -- of
“Shier’s Bottom,” and John turned around and sold it ten days later to “Philip Coplin”
(Koblenz in the German script) for 85 p.c.m.! Philip was very likely the son of the Nicholas
Coblentz with whom John had exchanged sponsorships in 1746-47.
1749 Nov 15 George “Shier” and his brother John “Shier” each buy land in “Digges’
Choice in the Backwoods” from “John Digges, Conewago, Baltimore
Co., MD, Gentleman.” George selected the 50-acre Tract #12, south
of the Pennville neighborhood of today’s Hanover, and paid £37 10
1760 Aug 11 John Shreier obtains a patent on 197+ acres known as Tract #57.
It adjoins his first purchase to the north. His cost is £30 10 shillings
1761 Aug 28 George Shreier obtains a patent on 106 acres known as Tract #46.
It adjoins his first purchase to the south. His cost is £16 18 shillings
John opted for what might have been poorer land, 100 acres for £20, numbered Tract #10
and due north of today’s Littlestown, PA. Or perhaps the choices reflected the fact that
John was a farmer, while George was listed as a Conewago tanner; tanners often work
close to population centers. The first German to buy land in Digges’ Choice was a man
from the Froschauer family’s town of Wachenheim, and he bought at what is now downtown
Hanover, and it must have been well on the road to a becoming a town by 1749. George
and John Shreier (& George Frush) appear on the 1749-50 Heidelberg Township tax list.
18 Donna R. Irish, Pennsylvania German Marriages: Marriages and Marriage
Evidence in Pennsylvania German Churches (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.,
19 to 21 Jan A. Bankert, Digges’ Choice, 1724-1800: A History of Land
Transactions within a portion of York and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania, above.
1764 Jun 6 John “Shrier” sells the 100+ acre Resurvey of Tract #10 to Conrad
1765 Oct 12 John Schreyer of Germany Township, York Co., PA, sells the 197+
acre Tract #57 to Conrad Dotterer.23
1769 Aug 19 George Schreier, Heidelberg & Manheim Townships, York Co., PA,
yeoman, and his wife Catharina, sell Tracts #12 and #46 to a Reading,
PA, yeoman and shopkeeper.24
Now the ties to Pennsylvania are finally being cut. But before we leave the area, be aware
that one may stand on these lands today, owing to the research of those who were willing
to match the original metes and bounds land descriptions to a modern topographical map of
the area. For eldest son George’s land, start in downtown Hanover and point your vehicle
southwest along the Hanover Pike, to Littlestown. As soon as you reach the city limits,
some of the land on the south side of the road will be the northernmost point of Tract #12.
As you cross Plum Creek and near State Road 2006, you will be entering Tract #46. At
the intersection of the Hanover Pike and SR 2006, you will be surrounded by his land. As
you continue on towards Littlestown, look for Whitehall Road. Turn right -- it is a “T”
intersection -- and proceed to SR 2019, the “Old Littletown Hanover Road.” Whitehall
Road beyond this point is SR 2002, and where 2002 meets 2019 lies squarely in the
midst of the land of George’s brother John. It may be the site of the Pleasant Hill School,
but you are still just a short distance removed from Littlestown, which lies due south.
From this point forward, it becomes a simple matter to “dump” the various dates I have
collected on this family into a chronological format. We are now dealing with people who
are no longer “pioneers,” but who have become respected citizens of reasonably wellestablished
[The footnotes will continue on for a time, but will be discontinued as we reach Ohio....]
1763 George purchases a 50 acre tract named “Spillman’s Discovery” in
Frederick County, Maryland.25
This is roughly two years after he’d purchased more land at Conewago, and a year before
his brother starts selling land there. To my mind, this marks the approximate time of the shift
into Maryland -- although clearly the Shroyers and related families maintained a presence in
each place both before and after this date.
Allow me to illustrate by featuring just the continuing Shroyer-and-close-associate presence
in one church in Hanover, PA. On the same day in August 1764, two Schreyer men were
married at St. Matthew’s Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hanover, and then Susanna
(Froschauer) Shroyer’s aunt Maria Magdalena married Jacob Kuntz at the same church in
July 1765. [Jacob Kuntz was surely a kinsman of the Philip Küntz who, with John Shrier,
22 to 24 Jan A. Bankert, Digges’ Choice, 1724-1800: A History of Land
Transactions within a portion of York and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania, above.
25 Stefanie R. Shaffer, Inhabitants of Frederick County, Maryland.
Vol. 2 (Westminster, MD: Willow Bend Books, 2001)
attested to several of the October 1742 naturalization candidates having taken communion
at Monocacy. The Küntz family had an early presence in Frederick County.] A George
Schreyer announced for Holy Communion in the church in 1792, but by that date it would
seem that most of this now widespread family had ventured on to Maryland and
elsewhere. Now work back from this date, and remember that this is the church of Jacob
(son of Georg) Schreyer’s baptism -- in 1746!
about 1770-71 Nicholas’s son Jacob (I) Schreyer marries Elisabeth Fisher, probably
in Frederick Co., MD. She is the daughter of Thomas Fisher, Sr.
This man was one of the founding trustees of St. John’s Lutheran Church, southwest of
Littlestown. In 1760 he had purchased land in this area from Jacob Schreyer, brother of
George and John, which Jacob had received from the Penn Proprietaries seven years
earlier.] In the Revolution, Thos. Fisher served on the York County Committee of Safety,
and -- to add a further patriotic note -- he sold land in 1780 to John Ross Key, the father of
Francis Scott Key (born near Emmitsburg, MD) !!
The wife of Thos. Fisher, Sr., was Maria Eva König, born 17 Jan. 1728 in Hunspach, in the
Zweibrücken District of Kleeburg, Alsace. This region is now French, of course, and
Hunspach may be found due south of the French border city of Wissembourg (formerly
Weissenburg). The French post office for this village is at 67250 Soultz-sous-Forêts.
Maria Eva’s father Abraham König was the town tailor at Hunspach, but the family
emigrated in 1751 and he founded the town of Kingsdale, Adams Co., PA. Ancestor
Nicholas Shrier, brother of George and John, was a neighbor there, and John may have
had interests there as well.
1780 Jan 25 George’s son “Ludwick Shrier” serves as a Frederick County jury
1782 Aug 25 Jacob (II) Shroyer is born near Middletown, Frederick Co., MD. He is
baptized a month later at the Lutheran Congregation of Zion Church
in Middletown. His sponsors are Adam and Anna Maria Schreyer --
Adam being the son of Nicholas, and thus an uncle. Five younger
siblings were born here as well, through 1796.27
1784 Jul 4 George’s son Jacob serves as a Frederick County jury member
from Toms Creek Hundred. His name appears as “Shroyer.” He
moved to this area around Middletown about a year previous,
accompanied by the Coblentz family.28
See mention of the Coblentz family in connection with the baptisms of 1747, and the
subsequent land transactions of 1762....
26 and 28 Stefanie R. Shaffer, Inhabitants of Frederick County, Maryland.
Vols. 1 & 2 (Westminster, MD: Willow Bend Books, 1999 & 2001)
27 Patricia A. Fogle, Frederick County, Maryland, Church and Cemetery Records,
Vol. 3 (Westminster, MD: Willow Bend Books, 2000)
1790 The first census of the United States reveals ten separate “Shroyer”
families residing within Frederick County, Maryland.
1800 The Frederick County census shows George’s son Jacob Shroyer;
he is 45 & over, and has seven children and young adults living with
him. Frederick County has what appear to be at least four other
Shroyer families. But movement is afoot; Shroyer families are now
found in far western Maryland as well.
1804 Apr 24 Jacob (II) Shroyer & Susanna Froschauer are married at the Monocacy
Church, in Frederick County, Maryland.
She is the daughter of Johann Jacob Froschauer and Anna Maria Gernhardt, who were
most likely married in Frederick County about 1760. She was born in Frederick County on
18 Sept. 1783, and baptized two months later at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in
Frederick, with sponsors Heinrich and Susanna (Dotterer) Gernhardt -- Heinrich being her
uncle. Johann Jacob Froschauer was the fifth son and ninth child of old Johann Georg
Froschauer, of whom we have heard previously. Johann Jacob was probably born at
Conewago about 1739. He had died intestate in Frederick before 1800, and the Chancery
Court had listed 325 acres of land in four surveys as his estate.
about 1810 Jacob (II) Shroyer moves to Ohio with his brother Johannes, or John.
“Traveling by wagon along the Cumberland Trail, they arrived in Wheeling, where they sold
the wagon and put everything on three packhorses. Continuing on Zane’s Trace they
followed the Little Miami River to Dayton. John met the David Worman family who had
come from Frederick, MD in 1806.”29 The Cumberland Trail later became the National
Road, and is reasonably approximated today by old U.S. Hwy. 40, running from Frederick,
MD, to Zanesville, OH, for our purposes. At that point the route of the Zane’s Trace -- little
more than a bridle path in that day -- turned southwesterly and ran through Lancaster and
Chillicothe on its way to the Ohio River across from present Maysville, KY. Traveling down
river to the mouth of the Little Miami would have put them just east of today’s Cincinnati.
John ended up marrying David Worman’s step-daughter in 1817; he settled south of
Dayton, and part of his eventual 410 acres became a major portion of the current city of
Oakwood, OH. Our Jacob began buying land in the area, but later moved to Shelby
County, Ohio. Their father died on a visit to see them, but did not settle in Ohio.
1813 Jan 6 John B. Shroyer is born. He is the second son and fourth child of
eight, and all but the eldest child were seemingly born in Ohio.
It has been said that some of the children were born in Pennsylvania, but it would be most
unusual for a mother-to-be to travel that far to be “back home” for the birth of a child.
1820 The census of Montgomery County shows Jacob (I) Shroyer on
Page 134A of Dayton Twp. (1 male and 1 female, both aged 45 &
over). Jacob (II) Shroyer is on Page 136 of Dayton Twp. (a couple
aged 26-45, with a girl 10-16, and 2 girls and 3 boys under 10).
29 Harry G. Ebeling, presentation on the Shroyer and other historic families to a
community group, “Let’s Talk Oakwood,” 23 March 2004.
1830 This year, the census places Jacob (I) in Dayton Twp., but Jacob (II)
has moved to Bethel Twp. of Miami County, where his name is
spelled “Schroyer.” There are other family units in both locales.
1835 Jan 20 John B. “Sawyer” (Shroyer!) and “Marian” (Mary Ann!) Sullivan are
married in Montgomery County, Ohio, probably in Dayton.
She was born in Maryland on 18 July 1816, the daughter of the half-German Jacob
Sullivan and the full-German Elizabeth “Betsy” Hoffman. Her grandfather Cornelius was
said to have been Irish-born, hence the name. But his wife was a Carroll County, Maryland
“Boone” -- anglicized from Bohne and as German as German can be! Note that this is the
first known instance of a Shroyer in this branch of the family marrying a girl who is not fully
German, and John B. is a great-great-grandson of the immigrant!
Some say her birth took place at Baltimore and, while that may be true, it has also been
shown that her father was born and died (1848) in Frederick County. The connection with
Baltimore may arise from the fact that her paternal grandparents were living at Westminster,
Carroll Co., MD; this is at least closer to Baltimore.... Assuming she was at least raised in
Frederick County, that would explain how she ended up marrying a Shroyer in western
Ohio in 1835 when the family was still in “Fredericktown.” The families probably knew each
other, and it was not uncommon for a young man to send a proposal of marriage back East.
After her father’s death -- he had been a coffin maker, it is claimed -- the widow and
remaining family travelled to Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio. This was the last
home of Jacob and Susanna Shroyer, and as the Sullivan family settled near Brandt, OH, I
am taking this to be the seat of both families. Brandt lies on old US Hwy. 40, just a short
jog from Interstate 70, for those who might wish to visit briefly.
1838 Oct 21 Jacob (I) Shroyer dies, aged 92, and is buried at the David’s Church
Cemetary, Van Buren Township, Montgomery Co., OH.
1840 The Bethel Twp., Miami County census has Jacob (II) listed as Jacob
“Sawyer,” and he and his wife are aged 60-70 and have two
teenaged girls living with them. Son John B. appears as John
“Shroger,” with the household consisting of a couple in their ‘20s and
two boys under 5 years of age.
Jacob (I) died while on a visit to see his sons, which now included a brother Joseph, and a
brother or nephew named Thomas Shroyer. Besides his parents, young John B. has his
sisters, and aunt by marriage and a cousin John all living within the same township. Uncles
and cousins are still at Dayton. This is a thriving German community, judging by just the
1848 Dec 3 John Albert Shroyer is born, probably at Dayton, the sixth child of
eleven born between 1835 and 1861.
1850 The census finds the John B. Shroyer family residing at Bloomfield
Township, Logan County, Ohio. There are six children, all sons.
His father and mother have remained in Bethel Twp., Miami Co.; the census notes
that Jacob (II) is illiterate, but he can still farm -- and is doing so.
1862 Dec 3 Jacob (II) Shroyer dies in Bethel Township (2.5 mi. N of Brandt),
Miami County, Ohio, and is buried in the Bethel Cemetery.
1867 Aug 18 Susanna (Froschauer) Shroyer dies in Miami County, Ohio, and is
buried in the Bethel Cemetery.
1870 The John B. Shroyer family moves to Girard, Macoupin County, IL.
1873 Sep 21 John Albert Shroyer and Mary Ann Hamilton are married in Macoupin
She is the daughter of John Hamilton and the former Rhoda George, both from the Knox
County, Tennessee, area. She is as “Anglo” as he is Germanic, but she has lived her
entire life near Girard and his home had been rural western Ohio -- so both are a step
removed from their “roots.” With this marriage, the Shroyer family becomes “American” in
1876 The John A. Shroyers move to Mercer County, Missouri, a place first
visited by her father in 1851.
There was a cousin in Appanoose Co., IA, about this time. John Albert Shroyer’s aunt
Mary (Mrs. Cyrus) Jacobs had a son Jacob L. Jacobs who died there just after New
Year’s, 1879. This Jacobs family has a long connection with both Centerville, IA, and
Unionville, MO, but it is not known to me that there was ever any contact between this
family and the Shroyer family of Mercer County, MO. There have been contacts, however,
with John Albert Shroyer’s brother Levi’s family. They were in Anthony, Harper Co., KS,
and Alva, Woods Co., OK, both southwest of Wichita. But these western outposts of the
larger Shroyer family, descendants of Jacob (II) and Susanna (Froschauer) Shroyer, are
now geographically much removed from the overwhelming majority who remain in Ohio.
about 1877 Mary Ann Shroyer converts to the Missionary Baptist Church.
1880 The census finds the John A. Shroyer family living in Princeton, on
1894 Feb 14 John B. Shroyer dies at Girard, Macoupin County, Illinois.
1894 Oct 29 John Albert Shroyer dies at or near Haw, Mercer County, MO.
He was a farmer and railroad laborer. He leaves behind seven children, aged four to
nineteen (the infant Edgar having died that year). Virgil Wayman Shroyer is but seven
years old. A last child, Zola Marie, is born the following February. John Albert Shroyer is
laid to rest in the Lowry-Snyder Cemetery.
1909 May 19 News item in the Princeton Telegraph : “At the Shroyer home may
be seen a fine orchard. Miss Jennie is a raiser of chickens and
turkeys.... They also have hogs, cattle and sheep. In their flock may
be seen 27 young lambs.”
1913 Apr 5 Mary Ann (Sullivan) Shroyer dies at Girard, Macoupin County, Ill
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Expressing breast milk by hand in the first days after birth is better for boosting breastfeeding rates among poorly feeding newborns than the use of a breast pump, indicates a small study published online in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
Currently, either method may be recommended for newborns who latch or suck poorly to encourage them to breastfeed, say the authors.
They base their findings on 68 mums whose newborns were latching on to the nipple or sucking poorly 12 to 36 hours after birth.
The mums were randomly assigned to either 15 minutes of using a breast pump or 15 minutes of manual breast milk expression in a bid to encourage their babies to breastfeed.
Afterwards, the amount of milk produced and suckled, pain levels, and confidence in breastfeeding were assessed. Breastfeeding rates were then monitored when the babies were 1 week, 1 month, and 2 months old.
There was no difference in the volume of breast milk expressed, pain levels, or confidence in breastfeeding between the two methods.
But mothers who expressed manually said they were more comfortable being seen to do so than mothers who used a breast pump.
And by the age of 2 months, breastfeeding rates were higher among those babies whose mums first expressed their breast milk by hand than those who first used a breast pump.
Almost all the mothers (97%) assigned to manual expression were breastfeeding compared with just under 73% of those assigned to the breast pump.
Most who used a breast pump at 2 months said they did so to store milk for occasions when they would be unable to feed their child in person. Just 15% said they did so to boost their milk supply.
The authors point out that breast pumping is a fast efficient method of milk expression, once the milk supply is established. But they add: "Providers should consider teaching hand expression instead of pumping to mothers of healthy term newborns feeding poorly after birth in cases where either method of expression might be appropriate."
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Q: As we approach the tenth anniversary of Sept. 11, 2001, I think it is time to tell my 7-year-old son about what happened. I want to talk to him myself, before he is exposed to confusing images or stories in school, or from a friend. Any suggestions on how to make this conversation less scary?
A: It is a good idea to talk to your son about the events of Sept. 11, before he hears about it from another source, which could cause stress, the Help for Families panel says.
Remember to keep your own stress level down when you talk to him, the panelists agree.
"Your child will absorb your level of anxiety," says panelist Rochelle Freedman. "Be calm as you explain it. He will look to you for clues as to how you feel."
Let your son take the lead in the conversation, says panelist Denise Continenza.
"Let him tell you what he wants to know," she says. "Ask open-ended questions. It was a significant date for everyone who experienced it, and it triggered all types of reactions from hyper patriotism to conspiracy theories. Just tell him the unvarnished truth. Answer his questions with facts."
Your child may react in a variety of ways, from boredom to anxiety, says panelist Marcie Lightwood.
"There is no right reaction," she says. "Remember this will seem like ancient history to a child."
The most typical reaction is fear, Freedman says. Your son will want to feel that he and his family will be all right. "Offer him comfort and assurance," she says.
However, you need to be honest. You can't keep planes from coming again, but you can let him know you will do all you can to protect him, Lightwood says.
"Empower him to do something that would make him feel more secure," she says. "Make sure he has memorized your phone numbers."
This is a perfect time to talk about your family emergency plan, Continenza says.
"Talk about what you would do and it will give him a sense that there is a plan in place to take care of him in case of emergency," she says.
Be prepared for questions about why someone would do this.
"You may have to say, "Sometimes bad people do violent things,' " Freedman says. "But make sure he knows violence is never the answer."
You also can talk about the heroes and how people came together after the attacks, Continenza says.
In addition, there are teachable moments concerning prejudice and racial profiling, Lightwood says.
"Be prepared to change focus if the conversation causes too much anxiety," Freedman says. "It can be helpful if you give him time to process everything."
Take a cue from President Obama, who is asking Americans to volunteer on Sept. 11, for the National Day of Service.
"Make it a special day for you and your son to do something for someone else," Continenza says.Read/Post Comment
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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| 0.984242 | 631 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Wendy Kopp: Even Steve Jobs realized computers couldn't solves societal problems
- She says in education, teachers make the difference when kids excel against the odds
- A CNN.com article presented idea that kids could learn mainly with computers
- She says research shows kids with one effective grade school teacher achieve on many levels
Tech visionary Steve Jobs understood better than anyone the impulse to believe that technology can solve our most complex societal problems. "Unfortunately it just ain't so," he said. "We need to attack these things at the root, which is people and how much freedom we give people. ... I wish it was as simple as giving it over to the computer."
That's certainly true when it comes to education, particularly in impoverished communities.
As a founder of two organizations that recruit top college graduates to expand educational opportunity, I've spent a lot of time examining what's at work in successful classrooms and schools over the past two decades. In every classroom where students are excelling against the odds, there's a teacher who's empowered her students to work hard to realize their potential. Whenever I ask the leaders of successful schools their secret, the answer is almost always the same: people, people, people. They are obsessed with recruiting and developing the best teams.
Research confirms that great teachers change lives. Students with one highly effective elementary school teacher are more likely to go to college, less likely to become pregnant as teens and earn tens of thousands more over their lifetimes. Faced with the choice between giving every child in a school his or her own laptop or putting 30 of them in a classroom with one exceptional teacher, there's no question which is the better investment.
So it's disappointing to see more and more people herald technology as an educational panacea while dismissing the indispensable role of people.
In a recent article on this site, Richard Galant asked whether we'd be better off ditching teachers, giving kids computers and leaving them to their own devices to teach themselves and each other. The idea is based on the work of Sugata Mitra, an education professor who set up an experiment in India where he gave children in the slums access to a "computer in the wall" and found that without guidance, they were soon using it to learn on their own.
Galant's piece could leave the impression that teachers are obsolete and that their main function is to enforce discipline and administer tests. (Instead of spending money on teachers, Mitra recruits cheerleading "grannies," older women from the UK who offer the kids words of praise and encouragement via Skype.)
The idea that computers can ever replace teachers and schools reveals a deep lack of understanding about the role leadership plays in student success.
When Anam Palla started teaching ninth and 10th grades at an all-girls school in Pakistan, her students were performing four years behind grade level and many considered themselves nalaiq (incapable). She set a mission that each of her girls would gain the skills and self-confidence to become contributing members of society.
"My first task was to build a sense of responsibility in the girls towards their own learning and success, which would be achieved by collaborating with other members of the class and the community at large," she says. Today, here students are not only thriving academically, they are empowered and independent young women.
Now, I'm no Luddite. Technology has enormous potential to address educational needs more efficiently, help teachers improve their performance and enrich and individualize student learning. Indeed, in places such as India that face massive underserved populations and a shortage of qualified teachers, it's hard to imagine making a dent without leveraging technology in a big way.
But we must be wary of concluding that we should focus our energy on technology rather than people.
Computers cannot create a culture of excellence and push students to meet high expectations.
Computers cannot visit students' homes to get to know their families and engage them in their progress.
Computers cannot raise money and organize college visits to show students who have never left their communities what they're working toward.
Technology is a tool, not a silver bullet. And like all tools, it can be helpful or harmful depending on how we use them.
Rocketship Education, a high-performing charter network that serves low-income students in California, uses technology to enhance -- not replace -- the work that teachers are doing. Students spend up to two hours a day in a computer learning lab mastering basic math and reading skills through exercises and puzzles, freeing up teachers to spend their time on advanced skills and concepts. The schools invest the money they save through computer learning back into teacher salaries and coaching. At Rocketship, technology strengthens the personal ties between students, parents and teachers that are the key to its success.
Children growing up in poverty need all the support and nurturing from adults that they can get. If we want a real revolution in education, we should make an all-out effort to attract and keep our best people in our schools. Technology can be a powerful force in that effort when guided by leaders who understand what students and teachers need to do their best.
We can't outsource the human connections at the heart of the learning experience. Transforming the lives and learning of our children will take more than machines. It will take the best of our human resources.
Follow @CNNOpinion on Twitter.
Join us at Facebook/CNNOpinion.
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http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/08/opinion/kopp-kids-real-teachers/index.html?hpt=li_c2
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en
| 0.97475 | 1,110 | 2.65625 | 3 |
One-hundred and fifty years ago, the USS Hatteras, a 210-foot, iron-hulled Navy ship, was sunk by a Confederate ship about 20 miles off the coast of Galveston, Texas. The Hatteras was the only Union warship sunk in combat in the Gulf of Mexico during the Civil War.
Today, the ship sits 57 feet underwater and is largely intact, though mostly trapped by mud and sand.
Last September, however, hurricanes and storms moved some of the sand and sediment that covered the wreckage.
A team from the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration hustled to get three-dimensional sonar scans of the vessel before it was buried again.
In addition to giving the public an unprecedented 3-D view at the wreck, the more detailed view will help archaeologists plan for the ship's long-term preservation.
The Hatteras, located in federal waters administered by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, is still U.S. Navy property. The shipwreck is protected by the Sunken Military Craft Act as a war grave since two Hatteras crew members that went down with the ship are still thought to lie inside the vessel.
The 3-D scans show that most of one paddlewheel survived and that the ship's stern and rudder are sticking up from the sand.
It also plots damage "to engine room machinery and the ship's paddlewheel shaft, which seems to have bent when the ship capsized and sank after being shot full of holes," according to a NOAA press release.
"The engine room spaces were a dangerous place in the battle," James Delgado, director of maritime heritage for NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries said in a statement. "Cannon fire severed steam lines and filled these spaces with scalding steam. Fires broke out, and yet the crew stayed at their post to keep the ship running and fighting, and in here, two of them paid the ultimate price."
Check out a 3-D sonar video of the shipwreck below. The colors are used to differentiate between various types of machinery, Delgado tells us.
Head over to NOAA to see more photos of the Hatteras.
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<urn:uuid:bcc816b2-01bf-46c4-8b9c-edb8effb7fe9>
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http://www.businessinsider.com/3-d-sonar-scans-the-uss-hatteras-2013-1
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en
| 0.967309 | 452 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The acid-insol. metal sulfides FeS2, MoS2, and WS2 are chem. attacked by iron(III) hexahydrate ions, generating thiosulfate, which is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Other metal sulfides are attacked by iron(III) ions and by protons, resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur via intermediary polysulfides. Sulfur is biooxidized to sulfuric acid. This explains leaching of metal sulfides by Thiobacillus thiooxidans.
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en
| 0.853444 | 114 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Now that we’ve said a lot about individual operators on vector spaces, I want to go back and consider some other sorts of structures we can put on the space itself. Foremost among these is the idea of a bilinear form. This is really nothing but a bilinear function to the base field: . Of course, this means that it’s equivalent to a linear function from the tensor square: .
Instead of writing this as a function, we will often use a slightly different notation. We write a bracket , or sometimes , if we need to specify which of multiple different inner products under consideration.
Another viewpoint comes from recognizing that we’ve got a duality for vector spaces. This lets us rewrite our bilinear form as a linear transformation . We can view this as saying that once we pick one of the vectors , the bilinear form reduces to a linear functional , which is a vector in the dual space . Or we could focus on the other slot and define .
We know that the dual space of a finite-dimensional vector space has the same dimension as the space itself, which raises the possibility that or is an isomorphism from to . If either one is, then both are, and we say that the bilinear form is nondegenerate.
We can also note that there is a symmetry on the category of vector spaces. That is, we have a linear transformation defined by . This makes it natural to ask what effect this has on our form. Two obvious possibilities are that and that . In the first case we’ll call the bilinear form “symmetric”, and in the second we’ll call it “antisymmetric”. In terms of the maps and , we see that composing with the symmetry swaps the roles of these two functions. For symmetric bilinear forms, , while for antisymmetric bilinear forms we have .
This leads us to consider nondegenerate bilinear forms a little more. If is an isomorphism it has an inverse . Then we can form the composite . If is symmetric then this composition is the identity transformation on . On the other hand, if is antisymmetric then this composition is the negative of the identity transformation. Thus, the composite transformation measures how much the bilinear transformation diverges from symmetry. Accordingly, we call it the asymmetry of the form .
Finally, if we’re working over a finite-dimensional vector space we can pick a basis for , and get a matrix for . We define the matrix entry . Then if we have vectors and we can calculate
In terms of this basis and its dual basis , we find the image of the linear transformation . That is, the matrix also can be used to represent the partial maps and . If is symmetric, then the matrix is symmetric , while if it’s antisymmetric then .
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https://unapologetic.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/bilinear-forms/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=55e0e6033e
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| 0.919104 | 608 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A few weeks ago, I attended the Stargaze Camp for All and the Blind, an annual event organised by the Social Welfare Department in partnership with non-profit bodies and volunteers from the private sector. To me, this camp is a highlight among the many events I attend, because it helps its participants challenge old, tired thinking on "disability" and "possibility".
As the name suggests, a central feature of the event is stargazing for the blind. How can people who are blind gaze at stars, you may ask. The answer: through a Braille star map jointly produced by the Space Museum and the Shine Skills Centre of the Vocational Council. Narratives on the various stars were provided in Cantonese, with interpretation in sign language and English available.
So with some ingenuity and collaboration, the line between the possible from the impossible was redrawn under a starry sky.
What is preventing us from making this a permanent reality? Too often, people with disabilities still face significant barriers in accessing equal opportunities. This stems, in part, from lingering stereotypes and prejudices about disability.
An Equal Opportunities Commission survey conducted in 2010 indicated there was still a strong belief that having a disability implied a form of incapacity or dependence on others. For instance, one in four respondents felt people with a physical impairment would not be able to enjoy a happy and fulfilling life. More than half indicated that only simple, repetitive tasks were appropriate for workers with disabilities.
Such misconceptions have serious implications for their employment prospects. The stereotypes persist despite the remarkable success achieved by people with disabilities, from Hong Kong's own outstanding Paralympians to physicist Stephen Hawking.
Revealingly, only about six per cent of the survey respondents have regular contact with disabled people. The lack of interaction not only makes people cling on unchallenged to their outdated beliefs, but also limits their exposure to the many technological advancements that have transformed the disability landscape.
With assistance from technology, tasks that were unimaginable are rapidly becoming an ordinary, everyday affair. For instance, a research team at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the United States is developing a prototype of a car for blind drivers. The potential for such technology, and its mainstream application, is endless.
This is where we need to change our thinking. Our society has yet to see people with disabilities as a potential resource. But just like everyone else, they have their individual talents. Their views, needs and experiences can add an invaluable perspective, which can catalyse creative thinking and innovation. For instance, the voice command feature found on smartphones and in many cars has its roots in technology for people with visual and mobility disabilities.
We would be tapping another pool of talent if we make available to them fair opportunities for training and jobs. The government must remove barriers to education, employment and key services such as public transport. It must take the lead to in hiring their people with disabilities. This could have an enormously positive effect in setting an example to the rest of society.
Events such as Stargaze camp show what we can achieve towards a truly inclusive society. By coming together with the right mindset, we can get there.
Lam Woon-kwong is chairperson of the Equal Opportunities Commission
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http://www.scmp.com/print/news/hong-kong/article/1080191/stargazers-camp-puts-blindness-new-light
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| 0.964192 | 657 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Map of New Technologies and Nanotechnology
Please find enclosed a report
from Greenpeace Environmental Trust surveying the 'emerging' technologies of
nanotechnology , artificial intelligence and robotics. The report was commissioned
from Imperial College, London. It integrates technological assessment with identification
of the leaders in development and commercialisation efforts, and flags up genuine
concerns, as distinct from hype.
Greenpeace has looked particularly at nanotechnology. We conclude the following:
- Nanotechnology is fundamentally about making new things or making them in
a different way - about uses of resources and creation of wastes. So it will,
sooner or later, have some impact on our environment.
- There is the prospect of valuable new innovations, especially on energy
use, but also concerns over some possible impacts, especially of nanoparticles.
- The first products are relatively mundane like faster computers and diagnostic
Nanotechnology is the first major new technology to potentially impact society
since GMOs became controversial. This leads to insights about new technologies
that can also be applied specifically to nanotechnology:
- The interests of those who govern the new technologies -ownership and control
- determine the use to which new technology is put.
- People ask good & valid questions about new technologies including:
Are there benefits? Do the risks and benefits fall to the same people? With
what certainty? Who takes responsibility for resultant problems?
- These questions can only be properly answered by meaningful public dialogue
environmental and social goals from the start of the R&D process.
- Ignoring concerns could lead to political controversy and market rejection.
Dr Douglas Parr
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<urn:uuid:2b31f83b-29d2-4a6b-acd0-f86556f08271>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.nanotec.org.uk/evidence/88Greenpeace-Parr.htm
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| 0.912104 | 336 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Conservation Showcase - Elk River EWP
Stream Projects Benefits Thousands in Southwestern Missouri
They may not know it, but each day passengers in the 2,000 cars that travel Highway H about two miles west of Pineville benefit from a USDA program that reduces risks to life and property.
In the fall of 2009, the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provided about $230,000 in cost-share funds from its Emergency Watershed Program (EWP) to rebuild the bank of the Elk River, which had eroded to the point that it was no longer stable.
"It was at the point where we were about to lose the road into the river," says Steve Campbell, Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDot) resident engineer.
NRCS engineers designed a project to rebuild and stabilize the bank. The agency provided the technical assistance to design the project and 75 percent of the cost of materials and labor, with MoDot contributing 25 percent. MoDot also administered the contract.
"We built a new slope from the roadway to the river, with a rock bench that starts at the water line and extends 10 feet out into the river," says Harold Deckerd, NRCS assistant state conservationist for water resources. "Then there is another, underwater slope that extends from the bench another 30 feet out into the river channel."
Lynn Jenkins, NRCS district conservationist in McDonald County, says keeping Highway H open was important to area residents. It's a major route from Southwest City and Noel to Highway 71, and many motorists also use it to get to the county seat of Pineville and to jobs at a poultry processing plant at Noel. Before the repairs were made, heavy rains often made the road dangerous to travel.
"People coming into that area during a flood were in trouble before they knew it," Jenkins says. "Loss of life was a concern."
Jenkins says there are other benefits resulting from the project. The amount of soil that was eroding from the streambank was adversely affecting water quality in the river and its watershed, and maintaining access at the site was critical to a local canoe-rental business. He adds that the improvements to the river have made the area more aesthetically pleasing, and they also have created good fish habitat.
Deckerd says it didn't take long to realize that the project was a success.
"They had a flood four days after the project was completed, and the water never got onto the roadway. And there was no damage to the new rock-lined bank. Without the repairs in place, one lane of the highway likely would have been gone after that flood."
Jerry Davis, MoDot project manager, says without the EWP assistance, MoDot would not have been able to take preventative measures.
"We didn't have funds available for that," Davis says. "We probably wouldn't have done anything until the road fell into the creek."
NRCS State Conservationist J.R. Flores says EWP is a good program because it can be implemented quickly in response to problems caused by natural events.
"This is a good example of what we can do by working cooperatively with local sponsors," Flores says. "A project like this helps so many people."
For more information on Missouri news items or publications, please call Public Affairs, (573) 876-0911.
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| 0.976991 | 699 | 2.625 | 3 |
Revision as of 02:42, 12 May 2010; view current revision
←Older revision | Newer revision→
2 Goals of an Investigation Writeup
3 Structure of an Investigation Writeup
4 Foundation of Accurate, Reliable Investigations
5 Bullshido.org Evidentiary Standards
5.1 Reliable Facts
5.2 Recommended Sources
5.3 Thoroughness and Accuracy
5.4 Different Types of Evidence
5.5 Use of Personal Testimony From Yourself or Others
6 The Investigative Flowchart
7 General Investigative Tips
7.1 Basic Tips
7.2 Gathering Information
7.3 Investigative Resources
7.4 Legal Warnings
This post is intended to provide suggestions to a would-be author of an investigation writeup. It is not a set of rules for performing investigations on Bullshido.net. It applies strictly to writeups to appear on the Bullshido.org wiki.
In this post, we discuss the goals of an investigation writeup, the structure such writeups generally follow, some general investigative principles regarding evidence, and helpful investigative tips, including a helpful flowchart one can follow during an investigation.
Goals of an Investigation Writeup
An investigation writeup should achieve the following goals:
To summarize the findings of fact regarding an investigation subject.
To explain the reason why the subject is being investigated in a professional and businesslike manner.
To provide a clear explanation of the facts which explains the writeup's conclusions.
To provide links and other evidence which illustrate, or when possible prove, the validity of the facts asserted in the article.
To provide a record of a subject's reponse to the investigation, and where appropriate, an invitation to the subject to provide any information that is relevant to the investigation.
Structure of an Investigation Writeup
The most common mistake made by beginning authors of an investigation writeup is to concentrate on narrating the events in an investigation. Such events are of great interest to the investigators, but they're not directly relevant to our goals. We need to present some narrative to the reader so that the discussion doesn't come out of thin air, but if the result reads like a recap of the thread, it's probably a bad writeup.
The second most common mistake is to fail to link to evidence of the events in the writeup. People have no reason to believe that someone said something just because we claim it is so. If they said it in a medium where we can link to it, we should link to it. If not, we should provide the best evidence available to us, bearing in mind that anything not on this website can be taken off the web or altered. The Internet Wayback Machine is not a bad source, if it has cached a page, but they have been known to take down cached pages upon the request of the site owner. A web archive or screenshot is also good; it could theoretically be faked, but it carries credibility.
Most investigations should follow this outline:
A brief statement of the subject's identity, an itemized list of their claims, and a summary conclusion regarding the factual conclusions regarding the claims.
Background of Bullshido's Interest in Subject
Briefly explain: How did we become aware of this person? Why are they of interest? We need this to compel interest in the subject. This section should generally not exceed a few paragraphs.
Claims Made By Subject
Break out the above itemized list of claims into detailed descriptions of the claims. If we have evidence of the claims being made, link to the best evidence available. Follow each claim with the factual evidence regarding that claim. Provide sources and methods wherever possible and appropriate to enhance the credibility of the results.
Subject's Response to the Investigation
Describe the opportunities the subject has been given to address the conclusions of the investigation, and their response to those opportunities. Redacted websites, contradictory explanations, or even total silence are all worth noting as responses.
An itemized list of the claims, again, with a summary of the factual conclusions about each claim based on the evidence.
This structure may require some adjustment to fit the narrative of a particular investigation. For example, in the Claims section, it may be necessary to summarize the context in which claims occurred, and to avoid unnecessary repetition of narrative detail. However, there should be a clear link between the itemized list of claims, the detailed explanation of claims, and the evidence for and against each claim.
When editing your article, be aware of what the weakest, or most inconclusive section of your article may be. It is almost always better that this weakest link be cut before publication.
Foundation of Accurate, Reliable Investigations
Bullshido.org's investigations strive for, and achieve, accuracy and reliability because:
Our evidence is presented to our peers and the public for scrutiny and disagreement.
There may be a prediction of how an investigation will turn out, but the eventual conclusions are based on the evidence, rather than evidence being based on a desired conclusion.
No datum or information is falsified.
The methods and standards used for investigations will be directly relevant to the topic at hand, results can be duplicated or confirmed, and results are relevant to the question at hand.
Investigators and reporters will indicate where conclusions are less reliable or evidence is potentially inconclusive.
Bullshido.org Evidentiary Standards
At Bullshido.org we encourage investigations into questionable claims made by martial artists about their martial arts skills, achievements, and arts. We also encourage investigations regarding possible criminal and/or fraudulent behavior by a martial artist which is relevant to their role teaching, or participating in the martial arts.
Please use reliable facts. Facts which are reliable are dependable and trustworthy. Facts are something that actually exist, or are an actual or alleged event or circumstance.
Facts that are offered in the investigation will be relevant and tend to prove or disprove a particular point at issue. For example, if I am attempting to prove that David Bannon did not kill a man on the tenth floor of the Byron Hotel in London, the fact that this hotel only has five floors and a basement is relevant.
Only with enough reliable facts can the article writer reach reliable conclusions.
Information from different types of sources are usually considered reliable. These include:
For example, arrest warrants or court transcripts.
Newspaper accounts of events.
See Yellow Bamboo and other "ki experts".
Firsthand testimony by recognized experts in martial arts or other topical areas.
Pictorial evidence accompanied by an explanation of what is being shown.
Websites under the control of the person being investigated.
Good for establishing what the person is actually claiming.
Firsthand testimony by an identified witness.
Obviously, the reliability of different types of evidence will change from one investigation to another. For example, videotape can either show a clear picture or be shot with poor lighting and focus. Court documents can be informative, or baseless and self-serving. Some newspaper articles are reliable and well-written, others are not worth the paper they are printed upon. Each of the above sources will need to have their reliability evaluated on an individual basis before being used. In some cases Bullshido.org may use the testimony of anonymous witnesses in an article on a specific issue, if we can corroborate their testimony, but articles should not be wholly or mostly dependant on the testimony of such witnesses.
Thoroughness and Accuracy
To make sure your article is as accurate as possible, consider all evidence, including conflicting facts and perspectives.
To test the accuracy of your investigation, ask yourself if a reasonable person would come to the same conclusion you did when presented with all of the evidence.
Different Types of Evidence
There are several different types of evidence that can be used in an investigation.
Direct evidence is based on personal knowledge or observation and, if true, proves a fact without inference or presumption. "I saw Master Coldcash charge each student $500 to learn to levitate." This evidence is also called testimonial evidence.
Documentary evidence is evidence supplied by a writing or other document which should be traceable to its source so it can be proven that it is real. "I obtained a copy of this document from the Federal Court at . . ."
Circumstantial evidence is based on inference and not on personal knowledge or observation. Sometimes circumstantial evidence can be extremely strong. For example fingerprint evidence is circumstantial because it relies on a print that was recovered from a crime scene rather then a witness seeing the suspect there. I infer from the print that Joe was present.
Negative evidence is evidence suggesting that a fact does not exist, such as a witness testifying that he or she did not see an event occur when they should have. Negative evidence is often considered weaker then other forms of evidence, so be careful to explain why something should have been observed but wasn't.
Use of Personal Testimony From Yourself or Others
Testimonial or direct evidence is extremely powerful, but has the limitations of all eyewitness testimony. Eyewitnesses have been known to be biased or simply wrong about what they have seen. Before using eyewitness testimony the writer should attempt to find out if the witness has any biases or hard feelings towards the person being investigated. Such feelings do not automatically or usually invalidate the witnesses's testimony, but they are important to determine whether the witness is credible.
Similarly, the witness may be completely honest but unable to provide reliable information. For example, a white belt leaves a McDojo and reports his teacher performed Kata poorly. Perhaps the student is correct and the teacher could not even lift his foot above knee level, but the writer should be careful that he does not repeat conclusions reached by the student about the mechanics of the art that he simply does not have the background to reach.
Testimony from unnamed sources is always inferior to testimony from people willing to provide their real names. If using an unnamed source, please attempt to use this evidence in conjunction with documentary evidence, testimonial evidence from named people, expert opinion, newspaper accounts of events, video evidence, etc. Whether the eyewitness is anonymous or not, please provide as much relevant information about this witness and their relationship to the party in question. This allows the reader to assess the witnesses' credibility.
'Note: Many of the definitions used above were borrowed from Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition (St Paul, Minn: West Publishing, 1999).
The Investigative Flowchart
To throw out a few examples with this flow chart:
Example 1 - Subject claims to be able to throw chi balls.
The claim is specific.
The claim can be disproved as is, but the subject could be able to provide additional evidence.
The subject is encouraged to provide all his supporting evidence (testimonials, videos, etc), and a demonstration is arranged.
A conclusion is drawn on all the evidence gathered.
Example 2 - Subject claims to have been an Olympic coach.
The claim is not specific, so we must determine what sport, country, and year(s) this claim refers to.
This claim cannot be proven or disproven as is, so additional evidence gathering is necessary.
A conclusion is drawn on all the evidence gathered.
General Investigative Tips
Ensure that such claims are as specific and detailed as possible by answering the basic questions - Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.
When starting an investigation it is crucial to establish that the subject did in fact make the claims that are attibuted to him. Please document such claims as much as possible, for example, through screen captures.
Don't let personal bias interfere with an investigation - the evidence will speak for itself.
Review all relevant evidence and information. If it could prove or disprove a claim, it should be checked out. Don't refuse to acknowledge what could be legitimate information because it contradicts other evidence.
Once a particular claim is verified or disproved, lay out your evidence in a simple, easily readable manner.
Example: "Bob claimed to have coached the US Olympic TKD Team from 1962-64. SinceTKD became a 'recognized' Olympic sport in 1980 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo#Organizations
), there was no US Olympic TKD team in the years Bob claimed."
Investigations are constantly changing as additional information in gathered. Evidence that comes in about certain claims may identify additional claims that should be investigated.
Background information should be gathered first. Check the subject's books, websites, comments on forums, et cetera.
Information can be gathered covertly or openly. A covert approach is usually best applied at the beginning of an investigation to gather the details of a subject's claims (by pretending to interested in taking classes from the subject, for example). At some point, it is generally preferable to inform the subject of the investigation and invite them to provide information directly, perhaps by inviting them to Bullshido.
Request information from people as professionally as possible. Blunt questions may be necessary; angry, profanity-ridden demands for explanations aren't going to help the investigation.
When making requests for information, it is useful to ask about the claim in context. For instance, "Bob, on page 29 of your book 'Mastering Bullshido,' you indicated that you were the coach for the US Olympic TKD Team from 1962-68. Is that true?" Please note that this example also serves to allow the subject to verify the claim.
Keep notes of your investigative activity. This can be done as posts or through a personal information and should include ways in which another member can check the information. This should include:
Links to information on the internet
Title, author, and page number for books (at a minimum)
Name and phone number for witness contacts. Phone numbers should be included for 'agency' contacts (such as a police department), but not included for personal contacts (such as the subject's ex-wife). For personal contacts, save the phone number but don't post it without permission.
Taking Screen Shots. This is useful for capturing a picture of a website. If you use Windows as an operating system and want to take a picture of the 'active' window, press press and hold ALT while you press PRINT SCREEN (PrtScn). If you want to take a picture of the entire screen (including the task bar), press PRINT SCREEN. Then open Microsoft Paint and either press and hold CONTROL while pressing V or right click with your mouse and select "Paste."
Please save all relevant e-mails and replies you received. If you are leading an investigation please try to compile such e-mails for the future writeup.
In the US, Information about a subject's ownership of a business can usually be obtained through the Division of Corporations or Secretary of State for the state in question.
In the US, property ownership can be established though the county Property Appraiser's Office. There can be certain exemptions (such as law enforcement) and the leasee of rental property is usually not indicated in this resource.
Google is, of course, a huge source of information. There are several features that stand out with Google:
Google Cached Websites - If a website is taken offline, it still may be viewable through Google's "Cached" function. Under an individual Google search result, click the link on the bottom left that reads, "Cached." This will pull up an old version of the website (the date of the 'capture' is the top of the page)
Google News Archives
The Internet Wayback Machine is another source of information.
Many jurisidictions in the US allow a search of public records, including jail records, legal filings, et cetera. Sometimes you will have to make a Freedom of Information Act Request. If requesting such information from the state you will need to find out that particular state's name for their FOIA or open record legislation.
"Social engineering" (the practice calling a company and pretending to be the subject of your investigation so you can get information about them) is illegal. Don't do it.
Don't publish people's social security numbers which could result in the theft of their identity.
Do not encourage people to contact the subject of any investigation at inappropriate hours or for prank purposes. We are not 4chan.
If you want your investigation writeup to be successful, to be approved for publication, and to carry your byline, it is best to follow these guidelines. Investigation writeups which significantly fail to meet standards will not be placed in bullshido.org's Investigations category, and may be removed from the wiki altogether. Investigations which deviate from good investigative technique may result in missed opportunities to get the facts.
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Teaching children about healthy financial practices can be a challenge. Although there are good ways to give children an incentive to save money, it can be much harder to explain the value of saving.
Among the resources available to help parents with this task is “Money As You Grow,” a website created by the President’s Advisory Council on Financial Capability and launched by the White House in May 2012.
The “Money As You Grow” website helps parents to teach financial literacy to their children. Written in easy-to-understand language, it seeks to remove some of the complications and unease that often surround money issues. The website has segments for five separate children’s age ranges: 3-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-13 years, 14-18 years and 18-plus years.
Here are some of the money tips for kids and lessons that the “Money As You Grow” website offers:
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| 0.947794 | 196 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Louisiana Court Records
This entry was originally written by Beth A. Stahr, CGRS and Sharon Sholars Brown for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
Under the French regime provincial power was held by the governor and the superior council, while the cabildo, or council, served the Spanish. A group of men was appointed to serve on the council who acted in a manner similar to a court of law but did not have the power of legislature. Most of the records created by, or sent to, the cabildo are still in New Orleans and are part of four collections:
Superior Council Records. Housed at the Mint Building in New Orleans, this collection, from the French period, is an important resource for families in all corners of the colony. The files contain not only the judicial records of the city of New Orleans, but also those of all the outposts whose cases were appealed to New Orleans. Translated and very brief abstracts of these records were serialized in volumes 1-23 of the Louisiana Historical Quarterly.
Spanish Judicial Archives. This is a group of legal suits prosecuted at the various settlements and sent to New Orleans for final disposition in the Spanish era. These records are located in the Louisiana State Museum in the Old U.S. Mint Building at New Orleans. Between 1923 and 1949, translated abstracts of these records were published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly.
Black Boxes. This is another Spanish collection housed at the Louisiana State Museum. Americans acquired these documents in 1803 and packed them away in black wooden boxes, hence the name. The museum has translated abstracts to these records, and a guide to this collection was printed over several years in the quarterly New Orleans Genesis.
Minutes of the Cabildo. These are the records created by the Spanish governing body. Translations of these documents are available at most major libraries (public and university) in Louisiana. Some of the original records belonging to this collection can be found at the New Orleans Public Library, Tulane University, and Louisiana State University.
For a better understanding of the court system and its laws of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, see Albert Tate Jr., “The Splendid Mystery of the Civil Code of Louisiana,” Louisiana Review 2, no. 2 (1974). See also Coleman Lindsey, The Courts of Louisiana (n.p., n.d.). To conduct genealogical research in the parish courthouse, it is necessary to know that the clerk of court’s office has most of the records needed: notarial, marriage, divorce, will, succession, deeds, civil suits, discharge papers, and so on.
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Sitting in his office on the fourth floor of Kline Biology Tower, Craig Crews, professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, explains his initial curiosity that led him to research at Yale. TNP-470, a small molecule of interest that seemed to prevent the growth of blood vasculature, had “been found in humans, but we had no idea how it worked — which surprised me. So in 1995 I began my Yale career examining that question.”
Crews’ natural inquisitiveness proved useful. In the 13 years since, work originating in his lab has played a crucial role in advancing understanding of angiogenesis — the development of blood vessels — as well as delivering what scientists working alongside Crews call key breakthroughs for use in the establishment of a related anti-cancer regimen.
[ydn-legacy-photo-inline id=”12004″ ]
But what is the link between blood vasculature and cancerous growth, and how does TNP-470 play in to it?
One of the first experiments Crews completed at Yale showed that when TNP-470 enters the human body, it selectively binds to and inhibits a protein called methionyl aminopeptidase 2, more commonly known as MetAP-2.
The blocking of MetAP-2 from its usual activities disrupts key signaling pathways for the communication among endothelial cells along an incipient blood vessel. These cells, which must “coordinate their polarities” relative to the neighbors in a highly ordered fashion, according to Crews, are thus left without the framework they need to grow correctly. The end result is deformation and the inability to form new arteries, capillaries and veins.
Most recently, Pasquale Cirone, a postdoctoral fellow in the Crews lab, has definitively linked this process of cell orientation with angiogenesis. This discovery allows the scientific community to formalize the experimentally proven link between TNP-470 and the inhibition of cancerous growth, he said, because blood-vessel development is vital for the sustained growth of a tumor.
Once cells are even just fractions of millimeters away from the nearest blood source, it is impossible for them to participate in carbon-oxygen exchange, and they cannot absorb nutrients. For a tumor to reach a size that would be considered dangerous, therefore, it needs a new supply of blood.
While all of this has been examined at a detailed level and is generally resolved as a scientific question, Cirone noted one last piece to the puzzle: how the inhibition of MetAP-2 actually works to prevent cell coordination in blood vessels. “For us,” he said, “completely understanding the MetAP-2 pathway is a Holy Grail of sorts.”
Cirone is not exaggerating. Once the particular mechanism that MetAP-2 utilizes is uncovered, scientists will have a nearly complete understanding of the entire cascade that TNP-470 incites to prevent new vasculature from sprouting up.
Moreover, such a discovery would provide critical insight into why only endothelial cells in blood vessels are targeted by TNP-470.
Although trials on cancerous growth in mice and other model organisms have been promising, some researchers voice a visceral reaction that scientists should be wary of putting it into a human body without fully knowing why it acts the way it does.
There could, potentially, be a large number of unexpected long- or short-term side effects if TNP-470 is used clinically without precisely understanding how it functions, Crews said. While working against blood-vessel development on one end, he surmised such trials might also put the user at risk of suffering from unforeseen, perhaps less immediately obvious problems.
Those concerns have not stopped Ofra Benny-Ratsaby of Children’s Hospital Boston from looking to drug development based on TNP-470.
One of the initial problems with using this molecule for cancer treatment is that the molecule crossed the proverbial blood-brain barrier, impairing neural function. While this problem was later overcome, the newly formulated compound had to be delivered intravenously at a clinic — which would not only be very costly, but inconvenient as well, Benny-Ratsaby said.
Benny-Ratsaby’s latest work, published early this summer, addresses these issues. After a long period of research, the Children’s researcher formulated a compound she named “Lodamin,” which inhibits vascular development like TNP-470, does not cross the blood brain barrier and can be administered orally.
Lodamin is both “very active” and “very potent,” she said. It is currently undergoing later stages of pre-clinical trials.
Still, Benny-Ratsaby admits, “There’s a lot of room for understanding the acting mechanism of the drug.”
Sustained research, like that being done by Crews and Cirone, might offer just the information needed to fill in this last gap.
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| 0.956646 | 1,043 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The debate over raising the federal minimum wage has heated up in the past few years.
Those against raising the wage argue that a higher minimum wage could lead businesses to raise their prices or to cut jobs and benefits in an attempt to offset the cost.
Meanwhile, those in favor of raising the wage argue that raising the minimum wage above the current $7.25 per hour federal standard would improve living standards, and would enable consumers to spend more. That increased spending would then give a nice healthy boost to an economy that still shows some slack several years after the Great Recession.
In light of this debate, Pew Research Center shared a chart showing the nominal (non-inflation adjusted) and real (adjusted for inflation to 2014 dollars) federal minimum wage since 1938.
According to the chart, the real federal minimum wage peaked in 1968 at $8.54 in 2014 dollars. Moreover, the Pew report noted, "since it was last raised in 2009, to the current $7.25 per hour, the federal minimum has lost about 8.1% of its purchasing power to inflation."
And as a final note, the Pew Research report also cited a study from The Economist stating that "one would expect America... to pay a minimum wage around $12 an hour" based on how rich the US is and the pattern among other advanced economies in the OECD.
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Systematics Section / ASPT
Harbaugh, Danica T. , Baldwin, Bruce G. .
Unraveling the complex history of sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae).
THE sandalwoods, commonly known for their use in the fragrance industry, comprise the genus Santalum (Santalaceae), which includes approximately 15 extant species, 14 varieties, and 1 extinct species, ranging from India, Australia, Indonesia, the South Pacific, and the Bonin and Hawaiian Islands. Phylogenetic analysis of all currently recognized taxa in the genus reveals a complex history of hybridization and long-distance dispersal. Sequence data from ITS, ETS, 3ítrnK and waxy confirm the presence of several allopolyploid taxa in the genus, and provide evidence for broad-scale historical biogeographic patterns. A well-supported basal grade of taxa from Australia supports an origin of the genus on that continent. Multiple long-distance dispersal events from Australia must be postulated to account for the distribution of Santalum in India and the Pacific. Results support the earlier hypothesis of two independent colonizations of the Hawaiian Islands. Subsequent dispersal from Hawaii to the Bonin Islands and French Polynesia contradicts the common view of Hawaii as a sink rather than a source for dispersal events.
Log in to add this item to your schedule
1 - University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. #2465, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
Presentation Type: Oral Paper:Papers for Sections
Location: 144/Performing Arts Center
Date: Tuesday, August 1st, 2006
Time: 2:15 PM
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Skin cancer is usually noticed when a mole changes size, color, shape, or texture, or when a skin wound does not heal. Skin cancer may appear as a dark, multi-colored spot, a spot with irregular borders, shiny bumps, or a large mole. Some carcinomas may appear smooth, shiny, and could be pearly, red, purple, blue, or brown. If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor right away to have the skin spot examined. Follow the links below to find WebMD's comprehensive coverage about symptoms of skin cancer, the ABCDEs of melanoma, and much more.
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An ambitious project to build a highway under downtown Seattle has been stalled since early December, and it will be quite a while before work resumes.
The idea of the $3.1 billion project is to demolish the Alaskan Way Viaduct, a waterfront highway that was damaged in a 2001 earthquake.
Drivers will go the two miles underground instead.
But the $80 million tunneling machine charged with making that happen has broken down 60 feet below the surface, and repairs are going to take months.
Now some are wondering if it's time to give up on the centerpiece of the $3.1 billion Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement program.
Known as Bertha, the world's largest tunneling machine weighs 7,000 tons and measures 57.5 feet in diameter. It began work in July 2013 and broke down in early December, after digging just 1,023 feet out of the planned 9,270.
The problem, according to the state's Department of Transportation, is a damaged seal, which protects the bearing that allows the cutterhead to spin.
With Bertha 60 feet down, making repairs is complicated.
According to Crosscut, a Seattle-based news outlet, the only way to fix the seal is to dig a shaft to reach the front of the machine, or access it through the back of the rig. Either way, the work will take months, and workers still don't know what caused the problem in the first place, the WSDOT says.
In a post on Seattle Transit Blog, Ben Schiendelman argued there are better ways to use the $800 million the state has left in its project budget, like fixing the street grid to make the highway less crucial, and improving public transit:
It’s important, though, to consider the massive opportunity cost of spending this much money on such a high risk single project. The tunnel was justified over and over by proponents by asserting that surface/transit/I-5 couldn’t cover the required trips. Even at this late date, there is still enough money to address those problems, and dramatically improve the city’s environmental footprint and many other measures we care about.
Crosscut reports that when asked if it's time to pull the plug on Bertha, Washington Governor Jay Inslee said, "I don't think we're at that point."
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| 0.953374 | 487 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Advances in operating system
(The following programs can be executed on any available and suitable platform)
Design, develop and execute a program using any thread library to create the number of threads specified by the user; each thread independently generates a random integer as an upper limit, and then computes and prints the number of primes less than or equal to that upper limit along with that upper limit.
Rewrite above program such that the processes instead of threads are created and the number of child processes created is fixed as two. The program should make use of kernel timer to measure and print the real time, processor time, user space time and kernel space time for each process.
Design, develop and implement a process with a producer thread and a consumer thread which make use of a bounded buffer (size can be prefixed at a suitable value) for communication. Use any suitable synchronization construct
. 4. Design, develop, and execute a program to solve a system of n linear equations using Successive Over-relaxation method and n processes which use Shared Memory API.
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| 0.914517 | 216 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The fewer words introduced at the beginning of the learning experience, the more quickly your class will engage in DOING the geometry activity. The classroom teacher's aim is to motivate learning new words when students see they are necessary.
Effective teaching requires the teacher to carefully select which words are to be given at the outset, and which should flow out of what is produced by members of the class and the group as a whole.
As with any new material, you as the teacher will not know what the student pool of knowledge is until the lesson is presented. The heuristic approach (learning by finding out) obliges the teacher to highlight student knowledge for official recognition. Any relevant vocabulary then offered by individuals becomes the property of the class.
Student work used as visuals can be a useful tool for highlighting vocabulary concepts. Examples of student art work cited to draw attention to vocabulary are more effective than teacher-made or textbook-derived data. Visual comparisons of student-made constructions and designs are even better.
Discussion and analysis of geometric properties are best done when finished student art work is on display in the classroom.In the ongoing process of making geometrical constructions and designs, what a student perceives, understands, and needs to know can be readily observed, not only in the way the tasks on hand are engaged, but in the comparative stages of accomplishment of student work. To decide what vocabulary to offer and when, a teacher may ask: Will the word introduced help remove what's preventing the student from engaging or discovering geometric properties and relationships? Will it overcome a block the learner may be experiencing? Some students may need certain words simply to make clear what they could not visually perceive.
Because the approach we are using is so heavily visual and kinesthetic, vocabulary is intrinsic only insofar as it is needed by students to deal with doing geometry and making art.Vocabulary is best when given on a need-to-know basis.
On to Hands-On Activities
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.
Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help
Web page design by Sarah Seastone 4 November 1995
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| 0.937418 | 438 | 4.28125 | 4 |
The crescent Moon will be in the eastern sky at first light tomorrow. Venus, the “morning star,” is close to the upper left of the Moon, while Spica, the brightest star of Virgo, is a little farther to the lower left of the Moon.
Unless otherwise specified, viewing times are local time regardless of time zone, and are good for the entire Lower 48 states (and, generally, for Alaska and Hawaii). Check out last week's tips if you missed a night.
The planet Saturn is quite low in the east about 45 minutes before sunrise tomorrow. It looks like a moderately bright star, close to the left of the crescent Moon. Brilliant Venus, the “morning star,” stands well above them.
A total solar eclipse takes place tomorrow, as the new Moon passes directly between Earth and Sun. Unfortunately for North American skywatchers, it is visible only from Australia and a narrow strip of the Pacific Ocean.
The Moon is new today, as it crosses between Earth and Sun and is lost in the Sun’s glare. Tomorrow, the Moon will be closest to Earth for its current orbit. The combination of new Moon and close approach will create especially high and low tides.
Mars is passing in front of the center of the Milky Way galaxy this week. The planet looks like a modest orange star in the southwest in early evening, above the “spout” of teapot-shaped Sagittarius. The galaxy’s center is about 27,000 light-years beyond Mars.
The planet Mars has parked itself in the evening sky. It is quite low in the southwest as night falls, and sets a couple of hours after sunset. Tonight, it’s to the upper left of the crescent Moon. It looks like a modestly bright orange star.
The Leonid meteor shower should be at its best tonight, producing perhaps a dozen or so “shooting stars” per hour. The best view comes in the wee hours of the morning, as your part of Earth turns most directly into the meteor stream.
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| 0.920556 | 432 | 2.84375 | 3 |
St. Francis of Assisi came to Arezzo in the early years of the 13th century and found a city torn with internal strife. With one of his many miracles, Francis brought peace to the community and blessed it with the vision of a great golden crucifix spreading its arms across the sky. As a result, his friars were allowed to congregate in a small community outside the walls and preach their message of love and salvation.
By the early fifteenth century, the Franciscan friary had moved into town where it built an imposing church dedicated to its founder. The apse end, rebuilt after a fire, was awaiting decoration. It was the custom in such establishments--always in need of financial support-- to lease out space within the buildings to families to use as burial grounds. This privilege brought the friars monetary contributions for upkeep and/or enhancements of paintings, sculpture, and other church furnishings. The chapels on either side of the main apse had already been painted in the late 14th century, but the chancel itself, the Cappella Maggiore, which had been leased to the local Bacci family, was still without decoration.
After complaints from the friars in the 1440s, the Bacci sons sold a vineyard and other real estate to acquire the cash to begin paying for a campaign of fresco painting. As was usual, the administrators of the church, the Franciscans, were the ones who chose the appropriate subject matter, in this case, a subject dear to St. Francis's devotion to the cross of Christ, the Legend of the True Cross. The apocryphal narrative was set on the three vertical walls of the chapel, with paintings on the triumphal arch and the vault creating a scheme of redemption under the authority of Papal Rome. Bicci di Lorenzo, an aging artist from Florence, was hired to do the work, and he and his workshop started at the top (frescoes are always painted from the top down because of dripping), and completed the Last Judgement high up on the entrance arch, and the four Evangelists on the webs of the ribbed vault. Sometime during this operation, Bicci di Lorenzo grew ill and returned to Florence where he died in 1452. Members of his shop continued the work for a short while, painting most of the decorations of the ribs and other structural members and at the least two standing figures of the four Fathers of the Church that are just below the vault. Then they too left Arezzo. Only after this sequence of events was Piero della Francesca called in to complete the project.
Ever since the early 20th-century when European artists took Piero as their favorite, he has gained the reputation as the one Renaissance painter whose calm, forceful, and supremely imposing figures could be enjoyed by everyone without regards for their religious content. His high-toned colors, his geometrically perfect forms and spaces, his mesmerizing light flows and volumetric shadows satisfied the current visual hunger for simplicity, purity, and strength. In this vein, one critic even called him "the first Cubist". In the 15th century, however, it was a different matter. Piero's work, like that of almost all mid-15th century artists, served a religious purpose. As a result, there is no separation between what he represented and the way he represented it, between his form and his content. Moreover, while he was recognized as a maestro of painting, he was also honored as a great mathematician. The three important treatises he wrote (on algebra, geometry, and perspective for painters) are acknowledged as among the most important of his time. These interests are reflected in his paintings and may, to some extent, explain his appeal to the modern eye.
In spite of his current fame, it is somewhat surprising to find that there are no documents recording his Arezzo commission. We do not know when Piero was engaged (only that is was after 1452). We do not know what he was told to do (only that it was to paint the Legend of the True Cross, a subject used in many other Franciscan churches). We do not know who or how many men worked under him (although at least the name of one assistant, Giovanni di Piamonte, is knows from other sources). And we do not know when he finished the job; we know only that in 1466 the frescoes were referred to in the past tense, and so we may assume that they were complete. Thus all the information we have comes the frescoes themselves. And they are some of the most challenging paintings of the Early Renaissance.
THE LEGEND AND ITS DISPOSITION:
One of the most demanding aspects of the cycle is the way Piero arranged the scenes on the walls. Although the story of the Cross is of longue duré ---a compilation of medieval legends beginning in the time of Genesis and progressing to the 7th century A.D.---it follows a simple chronological sequence. One might expect such a narrative told visually to "read" like pages in a book, that is, to start on the left at the top; move from left to right, and proceed down the walls, tier after tier. Piero chose not to tell the story in this manner, but to rearrange the sequence in a dramatic way. He placed his Genesis scenes not on the left, but on the right wall at the top and made them read "backwards" from right to left. He put the next episodes on the second tier and reversed the order to read left to right. He then had the story jump to the second tier of the right side of the altar wall and progress diagonally down to the lowest tier on the left side, and so on. Diagram 1 shows how the "Narrative Sequence" continues in this "irregular fashion," ending, not at the bottom but at the top tier of the left wall!
The legacy of Piero's "rearranged" chronology has two parts:
1) Jumping around the space reminds one of the chaotic rhythms of a medieval romance; the Romance de la Rose, for example. Such stories, which apparently St. Francis loved when he was a boy, are full of adventure with stalwart knights and ladies fair, and always a moral overtone and religious goal. Their structures are full of surprising stops and starts, changes of directions, and what the modern mind considers to be irrational time changes. The Legend of the True Cross, as it developed, came out of this very tradition, and Piero did not want his viewers to forget this fact.
2) At the same time, the arrangement makes the story take on another character, one that is abstract in nature and serious in its implications. The two lunettes at the top of the side walls match, showing the beginning and the end of the story, each centered in the wood of the cross. The second tiers match; they express the power of royal women who are divinely inspired to recognize the holy wood. On the altar walls, the top tiers show matching prophets; the second tiers represent comic relief with serious undertones. The bottom tiers also match. Both are scenes of annunciation: one of the birth of Christ, the other the birth of Christianity. The bottom tiers on the side walls match. They are battles scenes. One is a bloodless victory over fellow Romans at the sign of the cross, and the other is a bloody battle for victory over the blasphemous infidels. Diagram 2 shows the "Thematic Balance." The new arrangement produces the effect of symmetry and balance, gravity and dignity required by Aristotle and Horace for creating epic poetry. By dint of his re-organized disposition, Piero achieved what might be called the first modern epic.
This page presents the fresco cycle's "pattern of disposition" in the traditional manner, that is, with diagrams. The benefit of the Interactive Computer Model is that the viewer can move through the space of the chapel not only viewing the paintings in detail but also following the sequence(s) as Piero conceived them. Remember, he never had a chance to see the frescoes in this manner. While he was working, the chapel was full of scaffolding and he would have had no way to step back for a general view. And even Piero couldn't fly.
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| 0.974795 | 1,717 | 2.515625 | 3 |
(MHz) Millions of cycles per second. The unit of frequency used to measure the clock rate of modern digital logic, including microprocessors.
Last updated: 1994-10-27
Better Than TripAdvisor
- Holiday destination reviews, hotel information,
pictures, sightseeing advice and food reviews.
Updated: Fri Jul 1 12:31:54 2016
No longer supported by Imperial College Department of Computing
Copyright Denis Howe 1985
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| 0.791318 | 91 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What If a Sugar Pill Was Just as Effective As Psychotherapy?
Yum, sugar pills! We talk about them all the time in science, where they have a much more formal and less appetizing name — placebos.
A placebo is simply something used in research to act as a treatment equivalent, so as to not bias either the research subjects or the researchers themselves in how they perceive and react to the experimental treatment. In research on drugs, this often means giving one group of patients pills that look just like the medicine being studied, but lacking any active ingredient.
In recent years, new research has emerged looking solely at the studies that were used to gain FDA approval of antidepressant medications (some of which were never published). When taken together, the studies found that antidepressant medications may not be as effective as previously thought (but what any patient who’s ever tried them could’ve told us decades ago). This recent research found effect sizes of just 0.31.
Which got some researchers to wonder… If antidepressant drug treatment effect sizes might be lower than we had thought, could the same be true for psychotherapy effect sizes too?
Could, in fact, a sugar pill offer as much change in one’s depression as months or years of intensive psychotherapy?
A research study’s effect sizes tell us how different the treatment group is from the control group — the folks taking placebos. A larger effect size means the treatment really worked, a small effect size tells us the treatment isn’t that much different from a sham treatment.
The studies re-examing the data on antidepressants demonstrated new effect sizes that were smaller than we thought they would be. We thought antidepressants had an effect size of anywhere from 0.60 to 0.40. Now we find out their effect size might be as little as 0.31 — a significant difference.
This means that antidepressants — as a class of drugs — simply aren’t as effective as most of us once thought.
“C’mon Doc… Surely psychotherapy — which seeks to make real changes to a person’s thoughts and belief processes — couldn’t fare any worse when compared to a sugar pill, could it?”
Answering this question is tricky, because there are so few studies that have been conducted comparing psychotherapy treatment with a pill placebo control group. That’s because a pill isn’t really equivalent to psychotherapy as a treatment method. It’s like comparing apples to oranges, so in psychotherapy research, the control group is most often what’s called a “wait list” control group.
But you can look at studies that examined an antidepressant medication, a pill placebo, and a psychotherapy treatment group. And there just so happens to be a few such studies out there.
Cuijpers et al. (2013) combed the psychological and psychiatric research literature and found ten studies that compared psychotherapies with pill placebo. In total, 1,240 patients were included in these studies. They pooled the data and ran their statistical meta-analyses on the resulting data.
Here’s what they found:
At the end of clinical trials, the effect size for psychotherapy compared to pill placebo was g = 0.25.1
If we translate that into practical terms of Number Needed to Treat (NNT), 7.14 psychotherapy patients had to be treated in order to get assured of getting one who did better than getting a pill placebo.
Patients in the psychotherapy conditions scored 2.66 points lower on the Hamilton depression rating scale than those assigned to pill placebo. These differences are well within the range of the differences found between antidepressants and pill placebo in the FDA registered trials.
Essentially, when compared to pill placebo, psychotherapy did as well or, if you’d like, as poorly as an antidepressant. So, inferring that psychotherapy is the preferred treatment based simply on the basis of the small differences between antidepressants and pill placebos is not warranted.
In other words, when we look at what limited data we have — and 10 studies of just over 1,000 patients over the course of 20 years isn’t a lot — psychotherapy doesn’t really come out ahead of antidepressant medications.
In fact, according to this one study, it’s actually worse than antidepressants (0.25 versus 0.31), and really not much better than a person taking a sugar pill for treatment (because these effect sizes are so small, they suggest there’s not a significant difference between the placebo and treatment groups).
James Coyne suggests, “both sides should recognize that neither psychotherapy nor meidcation [sic] have the efficacy that we would like to obtain from them in treating depression.” No new antidepressant medication breakthroughs are on the horizon, he notes, nor have any new psychotherapies taken hold in the past twenty or thirty years.
Which leaves us with the knowledge that while the treatments we have may not be as effective as we would like them to be, they remain the best tools we have to combat depression. What research can’t capture or comment upon is the amount of trial-and-error effort that goes into finding the right, effective treatment for each individual. A process that — while frustrating — usually results in the person suffering from depression to find some relief and hope.
For a very lengthy, in-depth discussion of these issues, see: Is psychotherapy for depression any better than a sugar pill?
P. Cuijpers, E. H. Turner, D. C. Mohr, S. G. Hofmann, G. Andersson, M. Berking and J. Coyne. Comparison of psychotherapies for adult depression to pill placebo control groups: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, available on CJO2013. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000457.
- In research, it’s generally accepted that a small effect size is around 0.2, a medium effect size is 0.5 and a strong or large effect size is 0.8. [↩]
Grohol, J. (2013). What If a Sugar Pill Was Just as Effective As Psychotherapy?. Psych Central. Retrieved on June 27, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/06/26/what-if-a-sugar-pill-was-just-as-effective-as-psychotherapy/
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| 0.936418 | 1,353 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Nutrition Tips for Young Athletes
Pass these tips along to parents and team players about proper eating habits before,
during and after a soccer game:
- Eat far enough ahead so food doesn't make you sick to your stomach during the soccer
Eat a healthy meal about 3 or 4 hours before your practice or match.
- If you must snack, eat only a small quantity of a complex carbohydrate.
Foods such as cereal, English muffins, pasta or a piece of toast. Make sure it's no
less than an hour before the game.
- Three hours before any sport activity, drink a couple of glasses of water (12 oz.
Don't gulp! Sip the water slowly. One hour before game time, drink a little more water.
During the match, drink a little water every 15 minutes or so. Drinking fluids is
- After the game, drink more water.
Thirty minutes after any competition, eat a meal high in complex carbohydrates to help
restore your body's blood sugar (glycogen levels).
Source: Institute for the Study of Youth Sports
Goal Safety on the Soccer Field
You have nothing to fear from a quiet, unassuming portable soccer goal, right? Its
importance as the focus of a child's goal-kicking effort outweighs any possible danger,
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has reported 26 deaths and hundreds
of injuries since 1979 resulting from soccer goal accidents. Most of these injuries occur
when children climb on top of an unsecured goal, causing it to either break from the
strain (in the case of many homemade goals) or simply flip over onto an unsuspecting
victim. You only need to review some of the descriptions of injuries and deaths addressed
in the CPSC report to become saddened by this easily-preventable problem.
The bottom line is this: Goal safety is
everyone's job and your volunteers and parents need to be aware of the dangers.
The problem with goals is their shape. There is nothing in front of the goal to prevent
its tipping forward. The only way is to keep the back from lifting up.
Many portable goals are not professionally manufactured, and use the same heavy
materials for the front face (goal mouth), back and bottom. Using lighter materials for
the front and heavier materials for the bottom can help reduce the risk of goal
Still, even when they're properly built, securely anchoring the bottom
and back of portable goals is the most important step you can take to prevent soccer goal
injuries. Several anchoring methods are shown on the reverse of this flyer.
Part 2: Ways to Make Your Goal Safer
Properly anchored goals are less likely to cause an accident, but that's not the only
preventive measure you can take.
In several cases, children climbing on goals or getting underfoot while they are being
moved has resulted in serious accidents. Additionally, high winds may cause goals to tip
over. Therefore, never allow children to play on goals, and always exercise caution when
Most accidents don't happen during a game situation, but when kids are playing nearby
on a non-soccer day and get the idea to hang on the goal. So be sure goals are properly
stored when not in use, and disassemble them completely for the off-season.
The CPSC is working with manufacturers to address risks presented by
goals and to make movable soccer goals more stable. However, there are actions you can
take now to prevent accidents:
- Securely anchor or counter-weight portable goals at all
- Never climb on the net or goal framework.
- Remove nets when goals are not in use.
- Tip unused goals onto their goal face, or chain them face-to-face.
You can also chain unused goals to nearby fence posts or other sturdy fixtures.
- Check all connecting hardware before every use. Replace damaged or
missing fasteners immediately.
- Use warning labels and make sure they are clearly visible.
- Fully disassemble goals for off-season storage.
To get free safety labels, write
200 Castlewood Drive
North Palm Beach, FL 33408 or call any of these soccer goal manufacturers: BSN Sports,
Goal! Sporting Goods, Inc., (800) 334-4625
Kwik Goal Ltd., (800) 531-4252
Anchoring Your Goal
A properly secured/anchored goal is much less likely to tip over and cause injury.
Stake or auger anchors are best to secure movable goals. If using auger-type anchors, use
at least two. More may be necessary depending on the weight of the goal, soil conditions,
or manufacturer's specifications.
Pegs or stakes should be at least 10 inches in length and hammered in at an angle. If
top of stake is not flush with the ground, it should be clearly visible to persons playing
near the goal. If the base of the goal does not have pre-drilled holes, you can use J-Hook
Another type of anchor is called "semipermanent" A permanently secured base
is buried in the ground, and the portable goal is attached to it by a tether or
Net pegs are only meant to secure the net. They are not anchors!
Sandbags or other counterweights may be used where the surface does not allow for
conventional anchoring (such as an indoor facility).
Warning stickers are available FREE through several
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| 0.930885 | 1,152 | 3.4375 | 3 |
American Indian languages
American Indian tribes
What's new on our site today!
Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Language Family
In the past, this language family was simply known as the Athabaskan language family, which is the
name recognized by most speakers of these languages (the spelling "Athabascan" is more preferred
today, but both spellings are still commonly used, and "Athapaskan" can occasionally be seen as
well.) But once it was discovered that
non-Athabascan languages (like Tlingit, Eyak, and possibly Haida) were also related, linguists
began using the new term to refer to the language family instead.
The name Na-Dene Na-Dene was created by combining the word na, which means "people"
in Tlingit and "home" in Haida, with the word dene, which means "people" in several
The Na-Dene languages are spoken from northwestern Canada and Alaska south to the Rio Grande.
Northern Athabaskan Languages
Central Alaska-Yukon Athabascan Languages
Southern Alaskan Athabascan Languages
Central British Columbia Athapaskan Languages
Dakelh (Carrier, Yinka Dene)
Northwest Canadian Athapaskan Languages
Kaskan Languages (Nahanni)
Dene Tha (Slavey)
Dene Suline (Chipewyan)
Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee)
Pacific Coast Athabaskan Languages
Oregon Athabaskan Languages
California Athabaskan Languages
Our Athabaskan Language Features
Words in various Athabaskan languages.
Links to Other Athabaskan Language Resources
Na-Dene Language Family:
Ethnologue of Athabaskan languages.
Overview of the Athabaskan Indian languages, their history and distribution.
Athapascan Family of Indians:
Article on the Athabaskan Indian tribes and their languages.
The Athapaskan Languages of British Columbia:
Resources about Canadian Athabaskan languages.
Athabaskan Language Materials Available Offline
The Athabaskan Languages:
An excellent overview of the syntax, phonology, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics of the Athabaskan language family.
Bibliography Of The Athapascan Languages:
Pilling's venerable survey of Athapascan linguistic study.
Athabaskan Language Studies:
Sixteen essays on Athapaskan linguistics.
Word Formation in the Athapaskan Verb:
Book on the morphology of verbs in Athabaskan languages.
Bekk'aatugh Ts'uhuney: Stories We Live By: Traditional Koyukon Athabaskan Stories:
Bilingual presentation of Alaskan Athabaskan legends.
Culture and History of the Athabascan Indians
Northern Athapaskan Art: A Beadwork Tradition:
Beautiful book on Canadian and Alaskan Athabascan art and beaded clothing, with many photographs.
Cold River Spirits: The Legacy of an Athabascan-Irish Family from Alaska's Yukon River:
Interesting family history of a mixed-race Alaskan Athabascan woman.
Crow Is My Boss: The Oral Life History of a Tanacross Athabaskan Elder:
Compelling autobiography of an Alaska Athabascan man.
Coquelle Thompson, Athabaskan Witness: A Cultural Biography (Civilization of the American Indian Series):
Life story and traditional history of an Athabaskan Indian from Oregon.
The Crooked Stovepipe: Athapaskan Fiddle Music and Square Dancing in Northeast Alaska and Northwest Canada (Music in American Life):
History of the songs and dances of the northern Athabaskan Indians.
Back to the Amerindian Language Families
Go on to Native American Culture and History
Go on to our Native American Websites for kids
Indian housing types
Indian dog names
Would you like to help support our organization's work on the Athabascan language family?
Native Languages of the Americas website © 1998-2015 Contacts and FAQ page
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| 0.796307 | 905 | 3.515625 | 4 |
spent nuclear fuel
Fuel is withdrawn from a nuclear reactor following irradiation and has undergone at least one year's decay since being used as a source of energy in a power reactor. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) has not been chemically separated from its constituent elements by reprocessing. SNF includes the special nuclear material, by-product material, source material, and other radioactive materials associated with fuel assemblies.
Related category• RECYCLING AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Science • Contact
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| 0.920234 | 116 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Candles and Lamps.
just before setting. If this be done over-night, the candles will come out in the morning without difficulty. But, if you are obliged to make many at a time, then, after the tallow has been poured in, the mould should be dipped in cold water to cool it : and then when the tallow has set, the mould should be dipped for a moment in hot water to melt the outside of the newly-made candle and enable it to be easily extracted. By this method, the candles are not made so neatly as by the other, though they are made more quickly. It is well to take, if not to make, a proper needle for putting the wicks into the moulds. It should be a hooked piece of wire, like a crochet needle, which catches the wick by its middle and pulls it doubled through the hole. A stick across the mouth of the mould secures the other end. When the tallow is setting, give an additional pull downwards. A gunbarrel, with a cork or wad put the required distance down the barrel, has been used for a mould. Pull the candle out by the wick after heating the barrel. Two wads might be used; the one strongly rammed in, to prevent the tallow from running too far, the other merely as a support for the wick. Perhaps, even paper moulds might be used ; they could be made by gumming or pasting paper in a roll.
Dip Candles.-Candles that are made by "dipping," gutter and run much more than mould candles, if they have to be used as soon as made. The way of dipping them is to tie a number of wicks to the end of a wooden handle, so shaped that the whole affair looks much like a garden-rake-the wicks being represented by the teeth of the rake; then the wicks are dipped in the tallow, and each is rubbed and messed by the hand till it stands stiff and straight; after this they are dipped all together, several times in succession, allowing each fresh coat of tallow to dry before another dipping. Wax candles are always made by this process.
Substitute for Candles.-A strip of cotton, lz foot long, drenched in grease, and wound spirally round a wand, will burn for half an hour. A lump of beeswax, with a tatter of an old handkerchief run through it, makes a candle on an emergency.
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| 0.966344 | 520 | 2.75 | 3 |
Big data tutorial: Everything you need to know
A comprehensive collection of articles, videos and more, hand-picked by our editors
“Big data” is a term that’s been used, and probably overused, to describe compute environments with extreme requirements that are, to some extent, unmet by traditional IT infrastructures. This inadequacy is driving people to search for alternative solutions. In this tip, we’ll look at the challenges to existing storage infrastructures brought about by big data and some big data technologies that present opportunities for VARs.
By submitting your email address, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant topic offers from TechTarget and its partners. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Contact TechTarget at 275 Grove Street, Newton, MA.
One definition of big data, surrounding the concept of big data analytics, was tied to large pools of randomly accessed files or in some cases databases that performed high-performance (often real-time) analytics, such as those involving financial transactions, Internet-facing applications, scientific analysis, event logging, etc. These use cases typically involved very large numbers of small data objects that had to be made available for this high-speed analysis.
There’s another definition of big data, one we refer to as “big data archive.” These reference archives need to keep very large numbers of (typically) large files available, usually supporting sequential processing workflows, such as technicians analyzing remote sensing data or video specialists working on different steps in motion-picture post-production.
These data sets have high retention requirements, since many of the files created represent a salable finished product or are subject to regulatory compliance and must be kept for many years.
These archive use cases have a performance component as well, exemplified by the death of a celebrity. In the case of Whitney Houston or Michael Jackson, for example, large numbers of video files needed to be pulled from years’ worth of archives to support news stories and features in a short time. In big data analytics, meanwhile, this performance challenge comes into play in providing the IOPS required to keep the real-time analysis engines supplied with data. For both use cases, consistency of performance can be the critical factor, since traditional storage infrastructures can have problems maintaining predictable performance as they grow.
While capacity, per se, isn’t the defining characteristic for a big data use case, it’s part of the reason there’s a big data discussion in the first place. Essentially, the dramatic growth of data sets has outstripped the abilities of traditional storage infrastructures to provide the performance required to support them. And its sheer size has made storing big data a costly undertaking. The storage infrastructures must scale affordably, often into the multiple-petabyte range.
Now let’s take a look at some big data technologies and products that attempt to address these issues.
If you can reduce the amount of data stored, everything else seems to get better, and this may be especially true in a big data environment. Compression and deduplication are two examples of this strategy, but applying these technologies to databases can be more complicated than with file data.
One company that has tackled this problem is RainStor. It has developed big data technology, also called RainStor, that provides this data reduction in a structured environment. It can deduplicate and store large sections of a database, providing up to 40-to-1 reduction in the process. It can then allow users to search this compressed database without “rehydrating” the data, using standard SQL query access. The company recently released an edition of its product for the Hadoop environment. It runs natively in the Hadoop cluster on Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) files, providing similar data reduction performance and management efficiencies using SQL queries or MapReduce analytics.
In the area of database performance, GridIron has developed a block-based cache appliance, called TurboCharger, that leverages flash and DRAM to provide application acceleration up to 10 times in high-performance environments such as Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC). Compared with traditional caching methods, which use file system metadata to make caching decisions, GridIron creates a “heuristics-driven map” of billions of data blocks on the back-end storage. This enables TurboCharger to run predictive analysis on the data space and place blocks into cache before they’re needed.
As a true cache, the TurboCharger can reduce storage system workloads by as much as 90% and improve write performance up to four times. The system installs on the network, transparent to applications on the front end or storage systems on the back end. It requires no changes to storage volumes and can be scaled out by adding more appliances as bandwidth demands increase.
In big data archiving, the challenge can be managing the file system environment and scaling it to accommodate very large numbers of files. Quantum’s StorNext is a heterogeneous SAN file system that provides high-speed, shared access among Linux, Macintosh, Unix and Windows client servers on a SAN. In addition, a SAN gateway server can provide high-performance access to LAN clients.
Also part of StorNext is the Storage Manager, a policy-based archive engine that moves files among disk storage tiers and, if implemented, a tape archive. StorNext also supports asynchronous replication of directories between SAN-based clients for data protection as well as integrated deduplication to reduce storage and bandwidth usage.
Big data opportunities
Generally speaking, existing storage infrastructures are not keeping up with the performance (IOPS and streaming), economical capacity and flexibility requirements presented by big data, both in the analytics and archive use cases. Given the scope of the problem, the big data technologies these customers settle on will usually include components from multiple vendors. This means users need VARs and system integrators that can represent a broad spectrum of technologies and integrate them into the most effective solutions. For these reasons, big data can present some big opportunities for VARs.
Eric Slack is a senior analyst with Storage Switzerland.
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The event will highlight the effects of climate change on agricultural sustainability and safety, and agricultural trade trends between developed and developing countries, with a focus on standards and regulatory systems as they relate to animal, plant, and human safety.
The first day of the two-day event will look more generally at the effects of climate change on agriculture sustainability and impacts this will have on global trade flows and poverty.
The second day will take a more technical approach to analyzing the specific sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) risks associated with climate change in the developing world.
|Tuesday, September 22nd|
|9:00 - 9:15 a.m.||Opening Remarks|
Ann Harrison, Research Manager, Trade and International Integration, Development Research Group, World Bank
Gretchen Stanton, Senior Counsellor, Agricultural and Commodities Division, World Trade Organization
|9:15 - 11:00 a.m.|
How Do Climate Change, Poverty, and Trade Relate?
Chair: Ann Harrison, Research Manager, Trade and International Integration, Development Research Group, World Bank
This session will examine how agricultural trade policy reform can mitigate the poverty effects of climate change in the developing world. The impact of increases in global food prices and agricultural productivity losses as they relate to rural poverty will be examined. Finally, new detailed analysis that simulates the effects of agricultural protection on trade flows in the face of climate change will be presented.
S. Amer Ahmed, Rural Development, Development Research Group, World Bank
William Martin, Manager, Rural Development, Development Research Group, World Bank
Gerald Nelson, Senior Research Fellow, Int’l Food Policy Research Institute
|11:15 - 12:30|
Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Trade Trends and the Resulting Political-Economic Effects
Chair: Bernard Hoekman, Director, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit - Trade Department, World Bank
This session will highlight the link between climate change, and effects on agricultural trade and the political-economic consequences of these impacts. Analysis of modelling climate change impacts and mitigation options will be discussed in regard to changes in trade flows between the developed and developing economies. The differing regional impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity will be presented, as will possible effects on the sectoral composition of economies around the world. Emphasis will be placed on the possibility that large developing countries (i.e.: China, India) will have to significantly increase imports from developed markets. The implications this many have on trade policies and sectors (i.e.: manufacturing, services etc.) will also be addressed.
Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, Lead Economist, Development Prospects Group, World Bank
|2:00 - 3:30 p.m.||The Legal Framework for Food Safety in a Changing Global Climate |
Chair: John S. Wilson, Lead Economist, Development Research Group, Trade and International Integration, World Bank
This session will address the current state of international legal frameworks as they relate to climate change and food safety. It will survey adaptations to current legal and standards frameworks that will likely be necessary to deal with the effects of climate change in regions of the world that are likely to be the most heavily affected. An overview of relevant World Trade Organization case study law in this area will be presented as a part of this discussion.
Caoimhín MacMaoláin, Lecturer in Law, Trinity College
Gary Hufbauer, Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute
|4:00 - 5:30 p.m. ||Moving Forward: The Operational and Research Agenda|
Chair: Michael A. Toman, Research Manager, Development Economics Research Group, World Bank
This session will discuss ongoing climate change research and adaptation programs currently in progress. Policy reform and adaptation programs will be discussed within the context of their implications for global trade flows, trade facilitation activities in developing economies, and the need for new international standards and regulatory regimes. This session will also address methods used by Bank operational staff to conduct economic assessments of potential adaptation investments in agriculture. Knowledge gaps in existing research and ways by which to enhance the future research agenda on trade and climate change will also be discussed in this closing session of the event’s first day.
Alejandro Deeb, Environmental Specialist, SustainableDevelopment, Latin America & Caribbean, World Bank
Ann Tutwiler, Senior Advisor, Research, Education, and Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture
|Wednesday, September 23rd|
|9:30 - 11:00 a.m.|
Implications of Climate Change for SPS Risks
Chair: Marlynne Hopper, STDF Secretariat
This session will highlight studies on the expected effects of climate change on the evolution of plant and animal pests/disease and food-borne disease etc., as well as the uncertainties inherent in the prediction models. Evidence regarding the potential implications of these changed health risks on animal and crop production and trade, as well as on food safety risks, will be presented, and the gaps in knowledge highlighted.
Renata Clarke, Food Quality and Standards Service (AGNS), FAO
Peter F. Black, Principal Research Scientist, Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry / OIE Rapporteur for the Technical Session on Climate Change
Matthew Ayres, Dartmouth University
|11:15 - 12:30 p.m. |
Addressing SPS Risks Related to Climate Change
Chair: Julian Smith, The Food and Environment Research Agency, UK
This session will examine the range and types of measures, which are considered necessary to control these risks, especially for developing countries, and make recommendations in the regard. Members of the panel will provide comments on the presentations delivered during the previous session, followed by open discussion.
John S. Wilson, Lead Economist, Development Research Group, Trade and International Integration, World Bank
Stéphane Forman, Livestock Specialist, Agriculture and Rural Development Department of the Africa Region World Bank
Allen Auclair, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Bryan Dierlam, Director, Federal Government Relations, Cargill
|2:00 - 3:30 p.m.|
Future Needs in SPS Technical Cooperation
Chair: Jean Kamanzi, Senior Livestock Specialist, World Bank
This session will look into technical assistance needs in food safety, animal and plant health. It will identify future research required to generate the data for prediction of the impacts of disease/pest evolution on development and trade. It will identify needs of developing countries for capacity to cope with emerging risks and diseases.
Jaime Cardenas, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Colombia
Richard Sikora, Chairman, CGIAR Systemwide Programme on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM), University of Bonn
Dr. Kerstin Silvestre Garcia, GTZ
|3:45 - 5:15 p.m. ||Mainstreaming Climate Change and SPS in Policy-Making|
Chair: Steve Jaffee, Lead Economist, World Bank
This session will focus on how climate change and related SPS problems can be tackled at policy level, with examples from countries that have established multidisciplinary dialogues at national level to ensure that integrated approaches are taken for adaptation. Information will also be provided on programmes and actions taken at regional/international levels to facilitate strategic planning and policy-making in the area of adaptation to climate change.
Michael Scannell, Adviser to Director of the Animal Health and Animal Welfare Directorate, DG SANCO, European Commission
Ian D. Campbell, Director, Integrated Natural Resources, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
|5:15 - 5:30 p.m. ||Concluding Remarks|
World Bank and STDF Secretariat
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We determine types of decision making by looking at outcomes and the impacted entity. At the highest level we have chosen to categorize decisions into three major types: consumer decision making, business decision making, and personal decision making. We make this specific choice for the purpose of improving decision making by first identifying the types of decision making in a way that helps establish the context for decisions being made. In our decision making model, establishing the types of decisions makes it possible to identify the related decisions that will influence, constrain and be influenced and constrained by a specific decision.
Using these three major types puts you in a position to reuse the knowledge created through previously made decisions. Generally, decisions are made in the context of the individual, or an organization or business. While consumer decision making is made in both an individual and business environment, we have chosen to make this a separate type because of the common knowledge elements that can benefit decisions made in either domain.
We recognize that types of decision making can include a number of additional categories. An easy example, and one that might be included later, is government decision making. For now, we will work on the premise that a business decision making network will expose many of the same decisions and enable access to the knowledge that can be reused for improved decision making.
Additional types of decision making that could be considered based on outcomes include financial, legal, strategic and tactical decision making. All are possible valid types, but we will consider them as sub-types in the context of the person or business impacted. In other words, personal decision making will include financial, legal, and strategic sub-types of decisions that impact the person or individual.
Summarizing our major decision making types:
Unfortunately, language is not precise, and creates the opportunity for confusion that can contribute to information overload, or worse, information noise. This is one of the reasons we include a glossary, and try to ensure that we provide clarity for the terms we use around our decision making topics. Linguistics exists as a formal area of study to address this issue, with sub-topic areas specifically focused on addressing meaning (semantics and pragmatics).
Above we have provided our specific meaning for types of decision making. To add clarity to our meaning here is how we distinguish some related, but possibly confusing, terms. When we researched this topic we found many sources that are unclear about decision making types particularly with respect to the following:
Approach, method, technique, process, style, and sometimes type, are words that are often used interchangeably. Within our website and related tools we will attempt to use these words consistent with the distinctions we have made, and we welcome feedback that would improve clarity and consistency. Clarity of meaning and understanding can overcome a number of decision making mistakes, particularly in group settings. Take the time to develop common meaning and clear distinctions and see your decision outcomes improve.
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Ki Tetzei contains more laws than any other parshah in the Torah, and it is possible to be overwhelmed by this embarrass de richesse of detail. One verse, however, stands out by its sheer counter-intuitiveness:
“Do not despise an Edomite, because he is your brother. Do not despise the Egyptian, because you were a stranger in his land.” (Deut. 23: 8)
These are very unexpected commands. Understanding them will teach us an important lesson about leadership.
First, a general point. Jews have been subjected to racism more and longer than any other nation on earth. Therefore we should be doubly careful never to be guilty of it ourselves. We believe that God created each of us, regardless of color, class, culture or creed, in His image. If we look down on other people because of their race, then we are demeaning God’s image and failing to respect kavod ha’briyot, human dignity.
If we think less of a person because of the color of his or her skin, we are repeating the sin of Aaron and Miriam – “Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married, for he had married a Cushite woman.” (Num. 12: 1)
There are Midrashic interpretations that read this passage differently but the plain sense is that they looked down on Moses’ wife because, like Cushite women generally, she had dark skin, making this one of the first recorded instances of color prejudice. For this sin Miriam was struck with leprosy.
Instead we should remember the lovely line from The Song of Songs: “I am black but beautiful, O daughters of Jerusalem, like the tents of Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon. Do not stare at me because I am dark, because the sun has looked upon me.” (Song 1: 5)
Jews cannot complain that others have racist attitudes toward them if they hold racist attitudes toward others. “First correct yourself then [seek to] correct others,” says the Talmud (Bava Metzia 107b). Tanach contains negative evaluations of some other nations, but always and only because of their moral failures, never because of ethnicity or skin color.
Now to the two commands against hate, both of which are surprising. “Do not despise the Egyptian, because you were a stranger in his land.” This is extraordinary. The Egyptians enslaved the Israelites, planned a program against them of slow genocide, and then refused to let them go despite the plagues that were devastating the land. Are these reasons not to hate?
True: but the Egyptians had initially provided a refuge for the Israelites at a time of famine. They had honored Joseph and made him second-in-command. The evils they committed against them under “a new king who did not know of Joseph” (Ex. 1: 8) were at the instigation of Pharaoh himself, not the people as a whole. Besides which, it was the daughter of that Pharaoh who had rescued Moses and adopted him.
The Torah makes a clear distinction between the Egyptians and the Amalekites. The latter were destined to be perennial enemies of Israel, but not the former. In a later age Isaiah would make a remarkable prophecy, that a day would come when the Egyptians would suffer their own oppression. They would cry out to God, who would rescue them just as he had rescued the Israelites:
When they cry out to the Lord because of their oppressors, he will send them a savior and defender, and he will rescue them. So the Lord will make himself known to the Egyptians, and in that day they will acknowledge the Lord. (Isaiah 19: 20-21)Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks
About the Author: Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, former chief rabbi of the British Commonwealth, is the author of many books of Jewish thought, most recently “The Great Partnership: Science, Religion, and the Search for Meaning.”
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If you promote any foreign religions, gods or messiahs, lies about Israel, anti-Semitism, or advocate violence (except against terrorists), your permission to comment may be revoked.
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Women in combat
Women in combat are not only less effective than men, but they reduce the effectiveness of the men they serve with. This has been proven in Poland and in Israel.
When campaigning against the ERA, Phyllis Schlafly pointed out that the nation was threatened by, "groups more interested in social experimentation and appeasing pressure groups than in building a fighting force."
Arguments against women in combat
- It is known that, by nature, women are weaker than men in regard to physical strenght and endurance. To hide this, military entry phyiscal requirements for women are greatly diminished in every country that allows women to serve. This of course means that, if a female soldier fights a male soldier in close quarters, she will inevitably succumb, just as a female martial arts practitioner tried to fight a male, equally trained, counterpart. While there are separate sport tournaments for women, this cannot be, obviously, replicated in war. The strength difference between men and women is acknowledged by all sports associations, including the Olympics.
- An official scientific study of the British Ministry of Defence, published in May 2002, stated that only the top 1% of the female soldiers match the strenght, endurance and military quality of the average male soldier. Furthermore, the study also noticed how mixed-sex units experienced a lesser level of espirt de corps and unit cohesion.
- Also, the Royal Armed Forces found out that women enrolled in co-ed basic training course suffered far more injuries - expecially pelvis fractures - than men. An Army doctor was quoted as saying: "It is common sense that women are not as strong as men, and if you put them up against men they will suffer" and that "but if they are recruited to join the infantry and you put them into a combat situation they are obviously going to let the side down because they are not strong enough." Women were eight times as likely as men to be discharged from basic training due to overuse injuries.
- Women also anatomically have specifical hygienic needs that may not be met in war situations, thus leading to illnesses and distress on their part. These illnesses include, but are not limited to, urinary tract infections and gynecological disorders. US Army regulations explicitly advise female soldiers to wash more often and with more water than men.
- Female soldiers may deliberately get pregnant in order to avoid hazardous duty. If a man tried to render himself medically unsuitable for combat, he would be subjected to punishment. Aside from being morally questionable, this frequently used-trick can severely harm a unit's capability to operate by removing hardly replaceable skilled military personnel. For this reason, US Major General Anthony Cucolo, commander of the Northern Iraq zone, enacted in 2009 a policy prohibiting women from getting pregnanty, allegedly with the threat of "court martial" and "jail time." However, he was soon forced to back down when four Democrat Senators and the Natonal Organization of Women fiercely attacked him on political correctness grounds. The general reduced the penalty to a mere and symbolical "admonishment".
- Men's instinct of protection towards women is ill-suited to war: Lt. Col. Dave Grossman's famous book "On Killing" stated that the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) banned women from combat for a tactical reason: when women got killed, wounded or anyway under danger, male soldiers would completely lose control over themselves in an uncontrollable, protective, instinctual aggression, severely degrading the unit's combat effectiveness. In the same book, Lt. Col. Grossman also noticed that Islamic fighters rarely if ever surrender to female soldiers. The same happens in today's wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where civilians and fighters alike aren't intimidated by women.
- Israeli military historian Martin Van Creveld published a paper named "The Great Illusion: Women in Combat" where he explains, among many other arguments against women in combat, how hardly any "true" war around the world has been fought by women and that even legendary accounts of Soviet female soldiers are greatly inflated.
- An "elephant in the room" of the US Military is the - alleged - rape rate of female soldiers: more than 30% of them - nearly one third, one out of three - experience some form of sexual harassment. This further gets out of control overseas, where a woman is far more likely to be raped by fellow soldiers than to be killed by enemy fire.
- Phyllis Schlafly's Battle Against the ERA and Women in the Military
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Twenty-six historic buildings within walking distance of Trade and Tryon streets represent a full range of post-Civil War Charlotte culture. The way we lived and worked is represented by five late nineteenth-century homes, a pair of turn-of-the-century public buildings, ten commercial buildings (with an emphasis on 1920s modernism), a cemetery, a crossroads and an array of churches. Download the list of buildings or view the online interactive tour.Download PDF
The best way to know your community and encounter its history is to walk around. Printable PDF guides are provided to help you explore and enjoy the city’s tangible past.
Center City Spectrum
Pinewood / Elmwood Cemetery
In the Pinewood / Elmwood Cemetery, Charlotte has three adjacent burial sites that summarize the diverse racial and socioeconomic history of a true southern city.
Located in historic Fourth Ward, Pinewood / Elmwood Cemetery is 72 acres of rolling, tree-filled green space in the heart of Charlotte. Today the graves of people of civic importance are nestled among the thousands of others who lived, worked, worshipped, and died in Mecklenburg County, making Elmwood / Pinewood an important historic and cultural resource. The cemetery is maintained by the Joint Committee to Preserve Elmwood / Pinewood Cemetery.Download PDF
Rural Hill Burying Ground
Just a few miles north of uptown Charlotte, Rural Hill Farm is a peaceful retreat from the activity of the city. The farm is the historic homestead of John Davidson, son of a Scottish immigrant who settled the plantation about 1760. His wife, Violet Wilson Davidson was interred at Rural Hill on January 3, 1818, the first of more than 60 family members to be laid to rest in the bucolic setting. A self-guided walking tour of Rural Hill’s Davidson family burying ground illustrates the story of a remarkable clan whose members have contributed to their community for more than 250 years.Download PDF
Walk eight blocks along Tryon Street to see twenty-two buildings expressing seven distinct mid-century modern architectural styles. Download the walking tour to learn about the architects, uses and storied histories of these visually arresting buildings.Download PDF
Charlotte is more than a vibrant uptown. One of our favorite ways to learn about the extended community is through these driving tours. On shady lane or multilane highway, these tours will take you down memory lane.
African American Heritage Driving Tour
Spend a leisurely day exploring the culturally rich and fascinating history of the African American experience in and around Charlotte. The tour, which meanders through neighborhoods to give a true sense of the community, is about 55 miles and will take up to three hours, without stops.
Download the tour; each site number corresponds to a picture on the inside of the brochure with a note about the historical significance. The tour begins at Latta Plantation located 15 miles north of Charlotte and ends at the W.T. Alexander Slave Burial Ground.Download PDF
Roadside Wonders Driving Tour
Across the paved American landscape is a trove of roadside wonders — commercial buildings and signs built to catch the attention of motorists as they took to the highways in our flourishing post-World War II economy. Enterprising business owners wanted these millions of travelers as customers and so let their imaginations rule when it came to roadside advertising.
In and around town, along major thoroughfares, are excellent reminders of that era, from drive-ins, movie theaters, and diners to motels, gas stations, and billboards. So hop in your car and take a spin around town to see Charlotte’s bounty of vintage signs and roadside wonders using this guide and map.
Help increase appreciation for the beauty and ingenuity of these cultural resources. If you have a favorite sign or roadside wonder not featured here, send information to HistoricCharlotte@gmail.com.Download PDF
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, June 25, 2016
Inherited Disorders and Birth Defects
I once read something about a genetic disease in which two of the symptoms were curved fingers and large pores. My index and middle fingers on each hand curve significantly towards the ring finger and I have huge pores on my face and back. I have both and was wondering if you had ever heard of anything like this.
The term cliniodactyly is used to describe fingers that curve or bend. The most commonly affected finger is the 5th finger - the pinky, which usually curves toward the thumb. Clinodactyly is usually caused by abnormal growth and development of the small bones in the fingers during fetal development. If these bones deviate in direction during development, it can change the shape of the bone and cause the finger to curve.
Clinodactyly seems to be very common - it is estimated that 10% of the general population may have some form of clinodactyly. It can also run in families. It can also be seen in many genetic syndromes, however, these usually have other abnormalities present as well.
I do not know of any association of clinodactyly and large pores.
Anne Matthews, RN, PhD
Associate Professor of Genetics
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
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Introduction to the Web Version
Approximately two decades of intermittent labors brought this work to its present state. Naturally, the author's hands are the ones that have been most applied over this span of years. The paper version was published simultaneously as a special issue (Volume 15) of The Thoreau Quarterly and as the last volume (by coincidence the fifteenth volume) of the paperback edition of Thoreau's Journal (Peregrine Smith Books) in 1985. It has long been out of print.
The generous efforts of the editors of The Thoreau Quarterly (which suspended publication in 1986) were instrumental in bringing the original manuscript (only slightly changed here with some corrections) into print, shaping its appearance and improving it with numerous constructive suggestions. These editors, Dr. John M. Dolan, Dr. Wendell Glick and Dr. Sandra Menssen, generously allowed this work to appear as a web document.
Lastly, the efforts of Bradley P. Dean and Austin Meredith played a key role in bringing this work into electronic form. Mr. Dean approached the author and one of the editors with the aim of making available the Index in electronic form to scholars and visitors at a Thoreau research center (planned at that time and now operational as the Thoreau Institute in Lincoln, Mass.). Mr. Meredith managed to rescue a nearly final electronic version of the text from some obsolete computer diskettes and spent much time working to format the text for one of his anticipated projects.
The present text was put into HTML format by the author and enhanced with last minute corrections that made it into print after the final electronic draft and with post-publication corrections to the text. An additional feature incorporated into the web version is a set of links between the superscripted notes references and the notes themselves.
With the advent of web documents it is now possible for an author's work truly to be a living work in progress. In view of this the author welcomes any additional corrections that have been detected by users of this Index. It is most convenient for such corrections to be transmitted by e-mail to the author at the address shown below. It is hoped that in this new incarnation the Index will continue to serve as a fruitful resource for Thoreau enthusiasts and botanists alike.
Thoreau's Climbing Fern Rediscovered Vascular Flora of Concord, Massachusetts Concord Area Trees and Shrubs Edward S. Hoar revealed Author's Home Page
http://www.ray-a.com/ThoreauBotIdx/ -- Revised: Dec. 30, 2012
Created by: Ray Angelo
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Updated on 23 April 2013
Excess of brain neurotransmitter, glutamate, causes transition to psychosis in schizophrenic patients
Singapore: An excess of the brain neurotransmitter, glutamate, may cause a transition to psychosis in people who are at risk for schizophrenia, reports a study from investigators at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). The study has been published in the current issue of Neuron.
The findings suggest a potential diagnostic tool for identifying those at risk for schizophrenia and a possible glutamate-limiting treatment strategy to prevent or slow progression of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
"Previous studies of schizophrenia have shown that hypermetabolism and atrophy of the hippocampus are among the most prominent changes in the patient's brain," said senior author Dr Scott Small, Boris and Rose Katz Professor of Neurology at CUMC. "The most recent findings had suggested that these changes occur very early in the disease, which may point to a brain process that could be detected even before the disease begins."
The Columbia researchers used neuroimaging tools in both patients and a mouse model for their research. First they followed a group of 25 young people at risk for schizophrenia to determine what happens to the brain as patients develop the disorder. In patients who progressed to schizophrenia, they found a particular pattern. First, glutamate activity increased in the hippocampus, then hippocampus metabolism increased, and then the hippocampus began to atrophy.
To see if the increase in glutamate led to the other hippocampus changes, the researchers turned to a mouse model of schizophrenia. When the researchers increased glutamate activity in the mouse, they saw the same pattern as seen in the patients. The hippocampus became hypermetabolic and, if glutamate was raised repeatedly, the hippocampus began to atrophy.
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| 0.933995 | 350 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Clinton is a town located on Long Island Sound in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 13,260 at the 2010 census. The town center along the shore line was listed as a census-designated place (CDP) by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 2000 census.
Clinton traces its history from 1663 when the land between Guilford and Saybrook, as they were then bounded, was known as Hammonasset. In this year a committee was appointed by the General Court at Hartford to lay out this area as a plantation. In 1667 the settlement was designated a town and named Kenilworth. By the middle of the eighteenth century, through changes in usage, this name became Killingworth. In 1838 the southern portion was incorporated by the General Assembly as the Town of Clinton, the northern portion retaining the name of Killingworth. The town was named after New York Governor DeWitt Clinton. The line marking the division between the towns of Killingworth and Clinton was the same as that which divided the first and second ecclesiastical societies, or, as they were later known, "school societies," which were established in 1735.
As in most small New England shore towns, life centered about fishing, farming, shipbuilding, and the church. One of the early leaders of Clinton's church was Abraham Pierson. In 1701, when the General Court of the Colony in Hartford granted a charter for "the founding of a collegiate school within His Majesty's Colony of Connecticut, " its founders chose Pierson as its rector. The first classes were held in his parsonage in Clinton. In later years the school was moved to Saybrook and then to New Haven, where it eventually became Yale University. A story entitled "The Birth of Yale" can be found at the town's website and was authored by Clinton resident Peggy Adler.
In the 20th century, Clinton prospered as a suburban bedroom community of New Haven.
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| 0.988419 | 404 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Research shows teens spend 44 percent more hours driving each week in the summer than during the school year. Sixteen-year-olds have higher crash rates than drivers of any other age. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 15-to 20-year olds.
The Insurance Information Institute (III) recommends taking the following steps to ensure the safety of your teen: Pick a safe car, trucks and SUV’s should be avoided.
Also, have your teen take a driver’s education course. And most importantly, talk to your teen about the dangers of combining driving with alcohol, drugs, lack of sleep and distractions.
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| 0.951461 | 131 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The term "population dynamics" refers to how the number of individuals in a population changes over time. Biologists study the factors that affect population dynamics because they are interested in topics such as conservation of endangered species and management of fish and wildlife. A population is a group of individuals who live together in the same habitat and are likely to interbreed. Each population has a unique physical distribution in time and space.
Related Journals of Population dyanamics
Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species, Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production, Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences, Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, Population Ecology, Theoretical Population Biology, Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, Nutrient Cycling in AgroecosystemsInternational Journal of iodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services and Management, Ecosystem Services.
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| 0.828626 | 195 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Sol LeWitt Prints 1970-1995
There are several ways of constructing a work of art. One is by making decisions at each step, another by making a system to make decisions. -Sol LeWitt
Sol LeWitt's art is about ideas, not form. The ideas that inform a system become the content of his work. Beginning in the mid-1960s, with a simple artistic vocabulary of lines and cubes, LeWitt (born 1928) used systems to devise an art free from previous stylistic associations. In three-dimensional work, these generated austere serial structures that belied the artistic mark. When LeWitt began drawing directly on the wall and using a team of assistants to execute his written systems, he overturned traditional assumptions about the permanent, unique, and autographic nature of art. LeWitt's work has always been characterized by a tension between the perceptual beauty of his objects and the rigor of the concepts behind them.
LeWitt's first New York solo exhibition was in 1965, and he executed his first wall drawing in 1968.(2) While he had made woodcuts and lithographs in college and contributed to a Xerox book project in 1968, his first published prints were issued in 1970. An audacious beginner, LeWitt had made three major print projects by 1971, each in a different medium and at a different workshop. His imagery in over 170 printed projects has developed alongside that of his sculptures and wall drawings. The ease with which elements of a print can be altered-by changing colors or adding layers-has allowed LeWitt to expand his serial work beyond the scope of sculpture or drawing. For LeWitt, the printmaking technique becomes a component of his art through a systematic manipulation of its tools and a broad exploitation of its possibilities.
One of LeWitt's first serial drawings, Drawing Series 1, with its twenty-four possible permutations, appeared in printed form in a 1968 artist's book known as the Xerox Book.(3) This contains LeWitt's first printed serial statement and predicts how he would use printmaking to fully explore his sequential ideas. LeWitt acknowledges that a wide range of serial work has influenced his thinking, from Eadweard Muybridge's motion-study photographs and Josef Albers's Homage to the Square series, to Frank Stella's black paintings and Jasper Johns's grids of alphabets and numbers. In particular, one thinks of Johns's 0-9 lithographs of 1960-63 as the quintessential serial printed project: a porttolio of ten images with a single digit on each sheet.(4) Turning the pages of LeWitt's section of the Xerex Book, one experiences a powerful narrative sense in anticipation of the next stage in the visual progression. He has said, "I thought that narration was a means of getting away from formalism: to get away from the idea of form as an end and rather to use form as a means."(5)
Among LeWitt's earliest prints after the Xerox Book were rigorous serial projects. In 1971, encouraged by publisher Robert Feldman of Parasol Press, LeWitt went to Oakland, Calllornia, to make etchings with Kathan Brown at Crown Point Press. Because etching is inherently reductive and its basic element is the line, it was an ideal medium for LeWitt. That year he completed a set of etchings entitled Bands of Color in Four Direclions & All Combinations. LeWitt mastered etching's subtleties in this early series, making all sixteen images from only two plates: one with a band of parallel lines with pointed ends, printed in red and blue, the other with flat ends, printed in black and yellow. The entire set was accomplished by rotating and layering the two plates, changing the ink color as needed. LeWitt devised this sophisticated printing system himself, an indication of his precocious understanding of the medium.(6)
LeWitt's "hands-on" approach to etching differs greatly from his approach to the screenprint technique, which he began in 1970 with the printer John Campione. LeWitt provided Campione with a template of parallel lines in black ink, which he wouid use for over twenty editions by 1972. For each screenprint, LeWitt made a sketch of the composition and numbered each component to indicate color and line direction. He restricted his palette to red, yellow, blue, and black, and the lines' orientations to vertical, horizontal, and the two diagonals. Campione was responsible for making the screens from LeWitt's template.(7) This printmaking system is analogous to LeWitt's method of creating wall drawings, which draftsmen execute based on his instructions and diagrams.
According to LeWitt, "Ideas may also be stated with numbers, photographs, or words or any way the artist chooses, the form being unimportant."(8) For him, words and lines carry equal weight as expressions of an idea. In his early work, a lengthy written description accompanied every piece, often installed on the wall as a verbal equivalent. Working again with etching printers at Crown Point Press in 1975, LeWitt made his most important printed statements about the role of language in his art. In a series of five prints entitled The Location of Lines, words and phrases become part of the work, not merely parallel to it. This creates an interdependence of language and image: words describe the position of lines, and lines demarcate the placement of words. Words occupy more and more of each successive sheet; in the fifth print, they dominate the composition. An undercurrent of chaos exists, a sense of the machine gone out of control. LeWitt may be mocking Conceptual art's dependence on text or his own now famous quotation, "The idea becomes a machine that makes the art."(9) Such tension between an ordered system and its potential for disorder is an underlying theme in LeWitt's work.(10)
By the early 1980s LeWitt was relaxing the rigor of his systems. His series no longer exhausted all possible variants, and he allowed certain subjective decisions to intrude. The work of these years shows an increasing interest in tone and surface. In 1981, LeWitt began using gray ink washes in the wall drawings, and by 1982, broad areas of aquatint appeared in his prints. In an elaborate aquatint series entitled Forms Derivad from a Cube (1982), LeWitt chose to depict only twenty-four of the almost limitless possible forms within the structure of a cube and used different shades of gray to depict each plane.
In this series, LeWitt also shifted his focus from the depiction of the two-dimensional to the creation of flattened, isometric renderings of three-dimensional forms. The Forms Derived from a Cube and the subsequent Pyramids series marked a turning paint in LeWitt's work. In each there is a tension between a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional reading of the image. In the Pyramids, color determines the degree of illusionism of the forms. Moreover, this series has no system, evidence of the growing role of personal artistic choice-a trend that continues in series of the 1990s.
While LeWitt had used mixed colors rather than pure red, yellow, and blue for several series in 1983,(11) he began layering colors the following year in Forms Derived from a Cube in Color (Simph & Superimposed) & Black & Gray, a series of six large screenprints.(12) This series was printed by Jo Watanabe, a former wall drawing assistant and specialist in screenprint, who became LeWitt's principal printer in the mid-1970s and remains so today. Watanabe's understanding of LeWitt's work and his masterful craftsmanship made him indispensable to LeWitt's printmaking. Watanabe has developed an impeccable sense of LeWitt's color and compositional systems that allows the artist to simply sketch and diagram his ideas as he does for his wall drawings. So central has Watanabe become to LeWitt's printmaking that when the printer's Brooklyn facilities expanded to include etching and woodcut, LeWitt in turn devoted increasing efforts to these mediums.
LeWitt's prints of the last ten years, composed of sumptuous surfaces and layered colors, have taken on a new exuberance accompanied by a softening of the geometry. For instance, the interlocking webs of triangulated facets in the Complex Forms prints, derived from the structure of the Pyramids, resemble stained-glass windows and glisten in their vibrant 1990 screenprint version. As is customary with LeWitt, this motif was also explored in etching, as well as in both color and black-and-white. LeWitt's interest in an allover composition, evident throughout his career, culminates in the shimmering equilibrium of these images. Unlike LeWitt's sculptural interpretations of the motif, the printed versions do not conform to a system. Subjective choices have largely replaced theoretical constructs. The aesthetic balance has been tipped, and in his most recent prints of richly colored, undulating curves, perception prevails over conception. It is a testament to LeWitt's vigorous mind and artistic integrity that he has allowed his work to evolve from tightly conceived and often austere to open-ended and luxuriant.
The collaborative nature of printmaking, in which artists create in tandem with printers, is intrinsic to LeWitt's working method. It has fostered his twenty-five-year involvement with graphic mediums and has made these techniques central to the development of his artistic thought. Along with other pioneers of Conceptual art, LeWitt has irrevocably altered our understanding of what constitutes a work of art and has creatively employed printmaking in this aesthetic revolution.
Department of Prints and lllustrated Books
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NASA has discovered the first evidence the solar system has a tail. Scientists assumed there was a tail, but this was the first observation of it and its structure.
NASA was able to observe the solar system’s tail, called a heliotail, by combining three years of data collected by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer, IBEX. NASA’s IBEX is a small satellite tasked with studying the boundary between our solar system and the interstellar space, the space not occupied by stars or planets, of the Milky Way galaxy. The discovery was published in the Astrophysical Journal.
Many space objects have tails, such as stars and comets, NASA notes, that could be observed using a telescope, but observing the tail produced by the sun proved difficult. The material making up the tail and the heliosphere, the space in the solar system that is affected by the sun, do not shine nor reflect light and cannot be picked up by telescopes. Lead author David McComas, IBEX principal investigator at Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, said IBEX was able to image neutral particles, which allowed for the observation of the solar system’s tail.
IBEX can take images of these neutral particles, particles that have no electric charge and are created by collisions at the boundary of the solar system, through energetic neutral atom imaging, NASA reports. Many models have suggested the heliotail might look like this or like that, but we have had no observations. We always drew pictures where the tail of the solar system just trailed off the page, since we couldn't even speculate about what it really looked like,” McComas said. The neutral particles are not affected by the solar magnetic field, which means they travel in a straight line allowing IBEX to determine their origin and what is happening at the edge of the solar system.[[nid:1340889]]
The tail consists of slow and fast neutral particles in the shape of a four-leaf clover, NASA reports. The slow-moving particles form loops to the side of the tail’s structure. The fast-moving particles are on top and below of the slow-moving particles. The tail’s structure is due in part to solar winds, faster moving winds at the poles and slower wind from the equator, NASA notes. The solar system’s tail is rotated slightly due to the effect of another galaxy’s magnetic field and the weakened influence of the solar magnetic field.
Continue Reading Below
Future research could determine how long the streams out from the solar system. A video of the solar system's tail, courtesy of NASA, can be viewed below.
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| 0.950501 | 540 | 4.6875 | 5 |
Gaza is situated at the crossroads between Africa and Asia. Famous for its beautiful beaches, delicious seafood, and archaeological treasures, Gaza has been a trading port and cultural center for thousands of years. Alexander the Great conquered Gaza in 332 B.C.E. Later it was ruled by the Romans. In 637, Gaza became part of the Islamic Empire. The Crusaders
invaded Gaza in 1100 and were defeated by Saladin in 1187. The Ottomans took control of Gaza in 1517 and stayed in power for more than 400 years. Napoleon Bonaparte came to Gaza on his route through Palestine in 1799. During World War I, Gaza was the scene of famous battles, and today there is a serene, beautifully landscaped British war cemetery in the city.
Gaza City is rich with history. The Great Omari A1osque is in the cityís Daraj Quarter. This famous mosque was built in the seventh century on the site of a Roman temple and is named after the Islamic second caliph Omar Ibn Khattab.
Just around the corner from the mosque is the famous Souq Dhahab, one of the oldest gold markets in the world. Another interesting site in Gaza is the Church of St. Porphyrus. This fifth-century Greek Orthodox church has an ornate ceiling and a striking collection of icons.
Gaza also is known for its rich archaeological resources. Byzantine ruins and tombs have recently been excavated in the northern part of Gaza. One can visit these archeological sites and see splendid mosaics with colorful animal and plant figures. Another must-see in Gaza is the Arts and Crafts Village. A beautifully designed gallery inspired by traditional Islamic architecture, the village offers for sale embroidery, copper, rugs, and pottery. It also exhibits modern art from renowned national and international artists. And donít forget that the Gaza Strip includes other towns, such as Khan Younis, Rafah, and Deir Balah, rich with unique cultural and historical sites.
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| 0.971319 | 413 | 2.5625 | 3 |
"Children, in particular, have small stomachs, so they need to eat frequently," she said. "Plan a snack to take the edge off hunger, but not spoil the appetite for the upcoming meal."
Procter suggested fresh or dried fruit, whole grain crackers, cheese, veggies with low-calorie dip or nuts as healthy, yet satisfying snacks.
"Supervise children when eating and particularly when eating in the car," said Procter, who also is a registered dietitian and coordinator of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in the state.
More information on food, nutrition and health is available at local or district K-State Research and Extension offices, as well as on Extension's Web site: www.oznet.ksu.edu (click on "Nutrition and Health").
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
SheKnows is making some changes!
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| 0.950468 | 195 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The history of Indo-Pak sub-continent witnessed courageous women whose strength and will power made them role model for the Muslim women of 20th century. Without mentioning their contributions, portrayal of freedom movement is incomplete. Their active participation in pre-independence politics spread the freedom movement of Pakistan throughout the sub-continent.
One such marvellous woman was Amjadi Bano Begum, widow of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar. Amjadi Begum belonged to a prominent family of Rampur. She was the daughter of Azmat Ali Khan who was an eminent officer in the state of Indore. A historian writes, "She lost her father during her childhood and was brought up by her grandmother. In the absence of suitable institutions for the education of Muslim girls at that time, she was educated at home.
In 1902, she was married to Maulana Muhammad Ali. She was fortunate in having in her husband a passionate lover of his country and a great Muslim leader." This outstanding woman of her times always remembered as the first Muslim political leader of British India. She started her political career at that time when Muslim women of sub-continent were restricted to their homes and their main apprehension was to take care of their household and children. She was the first Muslim woman to break the barriers and joined her husband and mother-in-law to support the Khilafat Movement in first decade of twentieth century.
She was greatly inspired by Maulana Johar's philosophical and political principles. She went along with the Maulana in every journey, meeting and other activities. She accompanied her husband during his tour to London to attend Round Table Conference in 1930. She did not discontinue her mission and struggle even after the sad demise of her husband.
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah understood the importance of women's participation in politics. He once said "No nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you; we are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live."
Quaid had great admiration for Amjadi Bano Begum. Quaid realised that women like Amjadi Bano Begum could bring consciousness to Muslim women. She proved her abilities by hard work promoted political consciousness amongst Muslim women and brought them under the League banner. She herself was a leading representative of the UP's Muslim women during the freedom movement.
Keeping in mind abilities of Amjadi Bano Begum, Quaid appointed her as a member of working committee of Pakistan Muslim league. She had pride of being the only woman among 25 members of working committee. All-India Muslim League's Twenty Seventh annual session held at Lahore, from 22nd to 24th March 1940. The resolution drafted by the AIML's First Working Committee, then presented, and unanimously approved at the general public session on 23rd March. Being a member of the committee, she attended meeting and participated in the drafting of the historic resolution of Pakistan.
Earlier, during the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held at Lucknow, she formed a separate section of the Muslim women to work under the All-India Muslim League. This was just a beginning of women's participation in politics. It was in 1938 that the All-India Muslim League organised a women's central sub-committee and presided over the first annual session of the women's central sub-committee in 1940.
A Turkish woman Halide Edib visited India after the death of Molana Mohammad Ali. She found her very significant. She writes "The intermediary between me and purdah club was Begum Mohammad Ali. She has remained true to her husband's teachings and as definite, a character as one may meet anywhere. To me she was the type of those Turkish women of twenty-eight years ago who threw themselves into the service of their country, especially in the social side. She will not be hustled. She wants change but in her own good timer. If Muslim women want to do things they must do it without leaving Purdah. She herself mixed with men, though she kept her veil, which is that of Turkish women of 1908 of middle class."
She adds, "In the lecture hall of the Jamia, there were two types of women audience: one who sat on the same side with men and second, those who sat behind the stretched curtain. She sat alone on the platform at the backward. She is neither with those who has surmounted the barriers nor with those who remained where they are. I think her seat at the lectures was symptomatic of her attitude.
She motivated many Muslim women of prominent families to participate in political activities. One such woman was Noor-us-Sabah Begum who belonged to Sherpur family. It is said that Noor-us-Sabah Begum joined the Khilafat Movement with her husband's support and changed her lifestyle inspired from the personality of Amjadi Bano Begum. It was the motivation of Amjadi Begum which gave Noor-us-Sabah Begum courage to spread freedom movement's message to common women of Old Delhi.
Amjadi Begum died on 28 March 1947. On her death, Quaid-i-Azam declared that her death was undoubtedly a great loss for the nation in particular and the Muslim women in general. The great contribution of this brave lady should be brought to the knowledge of our present generation.
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|Alan Hitchcox editor firstname.lastname@example.org|
One of my favorite toys as a pre-teen was a tape recorder, which brought many, many hours of creative entertainment. After, of course, recording various bodily function noises (some genuine, others fabricated) toilet flushings, etc., my friends and I graduated to making parodies of TV and radio commercials, TV shows, and even made our own skits. But my first tape recorder also taught me my first lesson in drive design, although I’m getting ahead of myself.
My first tape recorder was a real cheapie, and quite primitive. We’re talking about the old reel-to-reel jobs — early sixties, just before cassettes fell into favor. This machine drove a takeup reel at a constant rotational speed to pull the tape past a record and playback head. The trouble is, as more and more tape wound around the takeup reel, its effective takeup diameter increased, so the tape at the beginning of the reel traveled at a slower linear speed than tape did at the end.
This simple setup posed no problem as long as I recorded and played back tapes on the same machine. However, I noticed a big difference when I got my second reel-to-reel machine. The new one worked great, but when I played back tapes that had been recorded on the old machine, the speed was off. The beginning of tapes played too fast, and the end of tapes played too slow. Further study revealed the problem.
The new reel-to-reel machine used what I later learned is called a capstan drive. Capstans were used by most reel-to-reel machines — at least the good ones — and many years later I learned that they are used extensively in industry. They serve as an effective way to maintain constant linear speed of material winding onto or unwinding from a spool or reel.
Unlike my first tape recorder, the second one’s motor didn’t drive the tape takeup spindle directly. Instead, it drove the spindle through a torque-limiting clutch. The clutch transmitted just enough torque to spin the takeup reel and apply tension to the tape. The tape itself got pinched between a pair of rollers (the capstan) spinning at a constant speed. This allowed the tape to run at a constant speed, regardless of how much tape was on the takeup reel.
The takeup reel didn’t control tape speed, it just spun and kept tension on the tape to pull it onto the takeup reel. Too little tension, and the takeup reel would stall, allowing the tape to become a tangled mess. Too much tension could stretch or break the tape.
So even though this wasn’t my first lesson in fluid power, it did provide an important lesson in drive design and motion control. I just didn’t call it that.
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The members of the Australian Parliament assembled for the first time in Melbourne on 9 May 1901. One hundred and eleven members, comprising 36 senators and 75 members of the House of Representatives, had been elected in polls held in all states on the 29th or 30th March.
Some of these men were already well-known in their states or Australia-wide, while others made names for themselves in the first years of the Commonwealth. A number were virtually unknown at the time of the first election, and have now faded from public memory.
The members of the first Parliament were all men. Although women were eligible to stand for election in South Australia, no woman did stand for federal Parliament until the election of 1903.
The members of the first Commonwealth Parliament included some of the most prominent men in Australia at that time. Between them, they had a wealth of political experience. A considerable number were ‘founding fathers’, having participated in the framing of the Constitution, and having led Australia to federation. Ten had been at the National Australasian Convention of 1891, and 25 at the 1897/8 Convention.
Of the 111 members of the first Parliament, 87 had previously served in a colonial parliament (29 senators and 58 members of the House of Representatives). Fourteen of these had been colonial premiers. Four serving premiers—Lyne (NSW), Holder (SA), Turner (Vic.) and Forrest (WA) resigned their positions to take up places in the first Commonwealth Parliament.
The men of the first Parliament continued to lead Australia for almost a quarter of a century. Every prime minister up to 1923 had been a member of the first Parliament.
THE TYPICAL FIRST PARLIAMENTARIAN WAS BORN IN AUSTRALIA, WAS AGED AROUND 48, AND WAS LIKELY TO BE A LAWYER WHO HAD SERVED IN A COLONIAL PARLIAMENT
Where did they come from?
Fifty-seven of the first members were born in Australia. Only three were born in Queensland and just one man, Sir John Forrest, was born in Western Australia.
Of those born overseas, 26 were born in England or Wales, 17 in Scotland and seven in Ireland. Only four were born outside Australia or the British Isles. James Cook was born in New Zealand, and Senator Simon Fraser was born in Nova Scotia, Canada. There is doubt about the remaining two: John Christian Watson was reputedly born in Valparaiso, Chile. King O’Malley claimed to have been born in Canada, but was probably born in the USA. If these two members of the House of Representatives were not in fact British subjects they were technically ineligible to sit in the Parliament.
The average age of the first parliamentarians was 48 (50 in the Senate and 47 in the House of Representatives). The oldest, at 71 years and 9 months, was Sir Edward Braddon, and the youngest was Senator Keating, of Tasmania, who was 28.
The length of their service varied from four months (William Henry Groom) to 51 years (William Morris Hughes).
They were drawn from a wide range of social backgrounds, education and occupations. Twenty-eight were lawyers, but they also included labourers, tradesmen, union officials, journalists, farmers, a clergyman, and a doctor.
Backbench parliamentarians in 1901 received a salary of 400 pounds per year. While they were entitled to free rail travel throughout Australia, initially they had no entitlement to free travel by sea, or to allowances to cover the expense of accommodation or food while attending Parliament. Their families were not entitled to any travel expenses or allowances.
Serving in the first Parliament created financial difficulties for many of the first members. The great majority were not wealthy men. It is probable that a number left the Parliament poorer than when they entered it.
Images taken from:
Caricatures by Low. Tyrell's Ltd, Sydney, 1915
The Bulletin (Sydney), 18 June 1898, 22 September 1900, 9 February 1901
and 18 May 1901
Australasian, 26 February 1898
O'Malley by Hal Gye, National Library of Australia
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You probably have one, either through an app on your smart phone or tablet, or a specific device that you bought and keep in your glove box. You probably already know that these systems are satellite based and, if you use one, you probably wouldn’t want to drive without one ever again. Read on as we get into the nuts and bolts of GPS.
But, where did this GPS technology come from?
All started with the Sputnik, the first Russian satellite that was launched in 1957. Scientists found out that they could track the satellite’s orbit by listening to changes in radio frequency. In the 1960s, the US Navy developed the TRANSIT navigation system that relied on six satellites (later, ten) to keep track of submarines. Military personnel had to wait several hours, though, to gather information from these signals.
Meanwhile, the Defense Department saw the advantages of having constant navigation information and developed the NAVSTAR system in 1973. By 1978, the first satellite was launched and the system was completed in 1995. Of course, the military have since found countless additional uses for the GPS technology; for example, it is used today in guiding missiles and bombs.
The GPS navigation system uses twenty-four 2,000-pound satellites that send radio signals to Earth about:
• their locations
• precisely when a particular signal was sent
When a GPS receiver on the ground receives information from four or more satellites, it can provide information about its own location (plus its speed and elevation).
The history of GPS systems took a giant leap forward in 2000, when civilian use became practical.
That’s when the military stopped scrambling signals from satellites, previously done for security reasons. Industries such as commercial fishing or freight hauling could then begin relying on GPS technology. Meteorologists use these signals to measure wind speed, while geologists count on these systems to monitor earthquakes. GPS is now vital in multiple industries.
At the same time, more and more consumer products began using this technology as the size and price of GPS devices dropped.
Inevitably, GPS devices and systems found their way into cars.
Early on, companies scrambled to be the first to craft a system that was practical for cars, with Mitsubishi Electric and Pioneer proclaiming success in 1990. That same year, a device called PageLink appeared in a patent application; PageLink provided real-time maps for vehicular use.
In 1994, Oldsmobile offered a GPS system for people who purchased an Oldsmobile Eighty Eight. In 1995, more innovations took place, with Magellan offering a vehicle-based system and Oldsmobile unveiling GuideStar, which was also a GPS system for cars.
Then, in 2000, when the military ended its practice of fuzzing the satellite’s signals, GPS devices became much more available and affordable.
Watch this blog for our next installment on GPS: about the development of GPS technology in cars.
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Jill Buck, Founder of the Go Green Initiative, joins Rod Adams for a discussion of the environmental benefits of nuclear power
You are going to enjoy this show! Jill Buck is an energetic community leader with a vision for a cleaner world and she has been working for a number of years to make that vision a reality. As the founder of the Go Green Initiative she is having a measurable effect on the lives of thousands of school children in more than 30 states and 10 countries outside the US. By some measures, it is the world’s largest environmental education organization. Here is what her organization believes:
- People care about protecting children’s health and safety through environmental stewardship.
- People will do the right thing when given trustworthy information, expert training and simple tools.
- People appreciate a program like the Go Green Initiative, which provides a framework for success, many options and the freedom to choose the options that work best for them.
- People want a panoramic, three-dimensional approach to environmental education, which will equip young people with the skills necessary to manage the environmental impact inherent in all activities.
I found Jill’s organization because her blog had an entry that caught the attention of my Google alert on “new nuclear power plants”. Here is the entry that caught my attention:
Electricity: While I saw many remaining coal-fired electricity plants, I saw numerous nuclear power plants as I peered out the tour bus window. Coal is abundant and inexpensive in China, but contributes to poor air quality. More nuclear power plants will create a clean energy source that will fuel China’s growing economy without depleting natural resources, or creating air pollution. According to Chinese sources, in Nov. 2007, the State Council approved the National Medium- and Long-term Nuclear Development Plan (2005-2020) submitted by National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). The plan sets clear goals for nuclear power development as follows: by 2020, the installed capacity of nuclear power will reach 40 million kilowatts and the capacity under construction in 2020 will reach 18 million kilowatts. The percentage of electricity generated by nuclear power will increase from less than 2% today to 4% in 2020, with the annual amount of electricity reaching 260-280 billion kilowatts.
I decided right then that I needed to try to get Jill on as a guest of The Atomic Show.
During our chat we spent a lot of time talking about her trip to China and about the overall benefits that a renewed focus on nuclear power development could bring to the US and to the world. I think you are going to like this show.
You might even end up doing what I did after learning more about Go Green Initiative – visit the organization’s donation page and provide a few dollars to support its mission.
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One of the main reasons that judges do not automatically award equal parenting in custody decisions is because of their concern about the conflict between the parents and the harm it will do to the children. In previous work, (see blog post on this work) researchers at Arizona State University found that the general public generally favors custody decisions that award both parents equal time in custody decisions, but many custody battles involve conflict between parents. When conflict persists among divorcing parents, most judges and custody evaluators have recommended against shared parenting in order to keep children out of the conflict.
To examine these questions, the researchers developed hypothetical cases that described a low conflict scenario and two types of high conflict scenarios. In the low conflict case, the parents were described as reasonably good parents who are involved in the children's lives. There were two types of high conflict cases, one in which both parents were described as extremely angry at each other and fight in front of the children. In the second case only one parent was angry. Half the time this was presented as the father and half the time as the mother.
These cases were presented to citizens who had been summoned to serve on a jury panel in an Arizona community. About 250 people participated in this study. The participants were given the hypothetical cases, and then asked to imagine themselves as the judge deciding these cases based on the merits of the cases and what was best for the child. In each case they were asked how much time the child should spend with each parent.
In both the case of low conflict and high mutual conflict, the participants in this study favored awarding both parents equal time (about 65%). This finding indicates that almost two-thirds of the public still favors equal parenting time even in cases in which there is continued conflict. There was not complete consensus on this arrangement however. The remaining one-third of the participants were more likely to favor having the children live with the mother and reduce the amount of time that the dad got time with the children. This group of participants favored awarding more parenting time to the mother in conflicts in which both parents were described as angry and fighting.
When the cases were presented in which one parent was described as the cause of the conflict, then participants recommended that the parent causing the conflict should get less parenting time. The participants did not differ in their judgments about mothers and fathers. Regardless of whether it was the mother or the father was the source of the conflict, participants thought they should get less time with the child if they were angry, fighting and causing conflict.
These views of custody in high conflict divorces run counter to the views of most professionals. When families are embroiled in conflict during the divorce, they recommend that children be given primary custody with one parent. This is based on the evidence that conflict between parents is one of the most damaging factors in children's well-being during a family breakup. Professionals assume that the parents will not be able to resolve their conflicts resulting in the children being continually exposed to angry, bitter altercations. The findings in this study indicate that the general public does not hold this view. The researchers conclude, "Family lawmakers need to confront that equal custody enjoys genuinely great popularity among the citizenry."
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The Etymology of the Word Artichoke
Food words have some seriously gnarly roots, but follow them far back enough, and you can see culinary history all tangled up in a few short syllables. Welcome to
Eat Your Words
From the prickly kaktos did the artichokes bloom (Credit: Erik Peterson)
Aristotle called the artichoke a “cactus,” but it wasn’t a case of ancient Greek botany gone wrong. Back then, the word for an artichoke–or at least its closest relative, a kind of wild artichoke that’s now called a “cardoon”–was kaktos. But the story of how that became the “artichoke” is about as thorny as they come.
The ancestor of our word “artichoke” comes from the opposite side of the Mediterranean from Greece: Arab-occupied Spain. There, the western Arabic word for an artichoke-y plant, al-karsufa (al in Arabic just means “the”), turned into the Spanish alcarchofa. This worked its way to Northern Italy, where it got turned into articiocco, most likely because ciocco was the local word for “stump,” and arti– was a version of our prefix “arch,” meaning “high” (and the artichoke plant does have a big stumpy mass up high).
Articiocco then worked its way into English, and like the Italians before them, English speakers tended to make up associations for the word. Some called it a “hartichoke,” since it looked like a heart; others assumed that the “choke” part had something to do with the hard-to-breathe meaning of “choke,” either because you’d choke if you ate the middle of the plant, or because it grew so fast that it would choke out all the other growth around it. All of this was wrong, of course, since it really came from Arabic via Italian. But facts rarely get in the way of a common-sense folk etymology.
So what about the kaktos? We can thank the boneheadedness of an otherwise very smart guy, Carl Linnaeus, for that. If you’re a little fuzzy on your history, Linnaeus invented our modern system of naming species in the 1700s. It was he who lumped in the thorny, succulent cacti with artichokes, giving the whole family the name kaktos. So kaktos became the name for the spiky desert cacti, and artichokes just kept on being artichokes.
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Whether we are talking humans, dogs, or tortoises, animal brains develop better when they are challenged, tested, given problems to solve and opportunities to be creative.
are those things that keepers do to help make
their animal’s days more fun, stimulating, and interesting. Enrichments for tortoises can come in many
variations, limited only by the creativity of the keeper and the real
needs and safety of the tortoise. Here are some examples of things we
Note: All enrichment activities must be appropriate to the species and size of the animal. Not all ideas here are appropriate for all tortoises. There is also a lot of individual response- some tortoises will play with a ball, for example, and others will not. Also remember that over-stimulation is stressful- don't overdo it!
- Offering whole foods
that are a little awkward for the tortoise to eat, like tomatoes, melons, pumpkin, kiwi, corn on the cob, etc.
- Hide foods- tuck
mushrooms, strawberries, or cat kibble in unusual places.
- Hang bundles of
greens from a clip or hook, as if they were hanging in nature. (This also seems to encourage a lot of interesting, natural behaviors.)
- Let them graze from safe potted plants when indoors.
- Release worms and isopods (aka wood lice, pill bugs, sow bugs...) in the
habitat that the tortoises can eat (or that will eat wastes in the
- Vary the amounts of
the feeding- heavy days, light days, fasting days, and normal days
on an irregular schedule.
- Offer unusual but OK
foods by looking for left-overs, day-old, bruised, and other samples
of foods you usually cannot afford or by offering things like
organic junior baby foods (the chunky stuff), sardines or other
small fish with bones, leftover cooked chicken, brow or whole wheat bread, safe to eat flowers,
‘holiday-themed’ meals, like:
- Thanksgiving- cooked
turkey, sweet potatoes, greens, apple (pie), pumpkin (pie)
- Halloween- pumpkin,
organic dried fruit snacks, apples
- Birthdays or
anniversaries- use slivers of carrots for candles on top of cakes
made from things like mushroom caps, or pineapple cores.
- For most species of tortoise, the best enrichment are others of the same species, assuming you have the room and resources.
- Consider a 2-story habitat by combining a hide under a ramp to a second level.
- Replace as much of the habitat as possible with more natural options, like...
- A hide under leaves, branches, a simulated uprooted tree, a simulated burrow.
- A hide under a piece of living sod- grasses, clover, grazing plants, etc. A example of this can be found at Moist Root Shelter.
- A sunken water dish molded to simulate a natural puddle
- Hills, valleys to climb- many tortoises love to clamber on hills.
- Different walking surfaces, like bark, rocks, etc.
- Live plants, in the substrate or pots.
- A more organic, natural substrate, like the Bioactive Substrate in the Substrates section.
- Some tortoises seem
to enjoy moving things around their habitat- plastic boxes, balls
too big to eat, etc. (I think it would be hilarious to watch a
tortoise push around a kid’s toy bulldozer, but I have a weird
sense of humor.)
- Give them a challenge- put a visible food treat somewhere they can only get to it by doing a simple maze, using a ramp, etc.
- Consider training
them. You can use operant conditioning to train them to do a
variety of simple tasks. It takes a while and you have to think
about what to use for a signal and rewards, but it can be done.
After all- they quickly learn to identify when you are going to
- Some sample stimuli
would include tapping the wall of the pen, tapping the shell
lightly, offering an obvious hand signal (hand out flat, or held in
the ‘stop’ pose)
- Some sample rewards
would include bits of banana or strawberry or Superworms
- Some tricks to
- Come for food
- Reach up and
‘beg’ when your hand is held over their head
- ‘Shake’ by
putting their leg in your outstretched hand
- Give them access to
a bigger world if they are usually kept indoors, Create a ‘daytime
pen’ or some bigger space they can be in when the weather is
nice. ‘Free-roaming’ a house is usually a bid idea, but a room
or area that has been carefully checked for hazards and offers the
right environment is a possibility.
- Let them out in a
warm summer rain, or simulate a warm rain in their habitat if
- Set up a slow drip into the water dish or a small waterfall for motion, noise, and humidity.
- If it seems to enjoy it, stroke it's head or chin.
- Offer them a 'spa' experience of a soak in a pool of warm water they can easily get into and out of. Ideally, this is set up in their main habitat.
- House them with other animals. This takes some research, but some examples include"
- Hermit land crabs with Red-foot Tortoises
- Geckos or anoles in larger, enclosed habitats to eat flies and other common pests.
ResourcesEdited 8-15-2012 (C) Mark Adkins
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You want to get your (actual) butt in shape? Try loading a wheelbarrow with 100 lbs and then pushing it up a steep hill. Then do it a few more times, and repeat the following day. This is what I did over the weekend, as I tried to create a planting bed around my house. It turns out that I am an absolute expert when it comes to gardening the hard way. The last time I worked on the landscape, I planted a few shrubs and thought that I could easily dig up the ground. WRONG. Digging up our compacted, rocky soil turned out to be a lot of hard work. I remember my arms and shoulders being sore for days afterward. I vowed to do it “the easy way” next time. So when I read an article about making a “lazy bed,” I was on board. The technique involves laying down newspaper and then covering it with soil, compost, and mulch. Then you wait a few months while the newspaper decomposes and the compost loosens up the ground below. By the end of the season, your bed is ready for planting. Sounds easy, right? Once again, WRONG.Perhaps I should have considered:
- Trying this technique with a smaller bed
- The constant wind we get because we live on a big hill (keeping the newspapers from blowing away before I could cover them was harder than I thought)
- The hours and hours and hours that would be involved from start to finish
- Ten or so wheelbarrow trips would–literally–bust my butt! (I was so sore!!)
I did, eventually, complete my project. But it certainly wasn’t the easy route.As a fellow ADDer, you’re probably all too familiar with situations like mine. You get a great idea, dive in, and then find that your idea will require more time, energy, and resources than you thought it would. The options you’re left with are 1) quit 2) burn yourself out to finish or 3) make a plan to finish over time. (The third option is often the hardest for adults with ADD.) And no matter which option you choose, the most important thing you can do is to learn from your mistakes. It’s tempting to get down on yourself after experiences like these. Despite your best intentions and careful planning, “the easy way” can turn out to be very difficult. And while this may feel like failure, it’s really just a learning experience. It doesn’t matter how hard your project turns out to be. It doesn’t matter how many ways you miscalculated your plans. If you’re open to learning, then you can’t fail.
Each mistake you make brings you one step closer to a solution. Sometimes, you have to make a lot of mistakes to get to where you want to go. But if you’re willing to learn from your mistakes, then you’ll always be moving forward.
So the next time your “easy” project turns out to be harder than you thought, DON’T beat yourself up about it. Just take a trial-and-error approach. I guarantee you’ll be much more successful!
As for me and my landscaping projects, I now know that digging doesn’t work, and lazy beds are anything but lazy. I think it’s time to rent a rototiller.
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If you want to know whether Spring is on the way, don’t look to groundhogs for the answer. Instead, listen for the frogs.
Certain species of frogs, such as the wood frog, begin singing even when there is still snow on the ground. They interpret cues from nature, including slight rises in temperature, that it’s time to travel to vernal pools and ponds and begin breeding. At the breeding sites, huge numbers of frogs sing to attract mates and the sound can be deafening. Puxataneuny Phil often gets things wrong, but a chorus of spring peepers rarely misses the mark on spring.
Before you head to the parks, take a few minutes to learn more about three common early spring frogs. If you want to hear the different frog calls, visit eNature.com.
Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica):
Wood frogs are one of the most amazing animals in nature. Not only can they freeze their entire body, but they also stop their heart beat for days and weeks at a time!
In the late fall, wood frogs bury themselves under leaf litter and prepare for winter. The frog moves water from the vital internal organs and into open spaces of the body where it freezes. The rest of the body survives by having a natural sugar-based anti-freeze pumped into the cells. At the end of the process, the wood frog is more dead than alive. But come Spring, it takes the frog less than a day to completely defrost, come alive and prepare to breed.
By being close to the surface and freezing itself, wood frogs can survive in very cold places, such as Alaska, and they are one of the first frogs to emerge and breed.
Wood frogs call with a quacking sound, almost like a duck. They are about 1½ to 3 inches in length. The most noticeable features of the wood frog are the black “mask” that runs across the mouth and the two ridges down the back.
The range of the wood frog includes the northeastern United States and Alaska. They are very common in Alaska. Wood frogs breed in temporary vernal pools in early spring.
Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer):
If you look closely at a spring peeper, you’ll realize how the frog got its scientific name. They are small frogs, less than 1½ inches long. A black 'X' covers the spring peeper’s tan back, and from many angles it looks like a cross. Along with its song, the 'X' is one of the main identifying characteristics of the spring peeper.
Spring peepers sing with loud, “preep” whistle. A chorus of spring peepers sounds like jingling bells.
Spring peepers emerge from their winter hibernation in early January to early April depending on where you live. The farther south, the sooner they are heard. Spring peepers breed in ponds, marshes, swamps and temporary pools. Listen for spring peepers throughout the eastern half of the United States.
Pacific Treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla):
Pacific treefrogs call so early in spring, they are sometimes heard in December in California. Depending on your location, Pacific treefrogs can sing from late December until August. They’ll even call during the day, making the Pacific treefrog one of the most heard and well-known amphibians in the western United States.
The Pacific treefrog is one of the rare frog species that actually calls with a “ribbit”. The two-part musical song, became the most familiar frog call, because Pacific treefrogs were often recorded as background noise in movies. Even people who have never been to the West Coast know the call of the Pacific treefrog.
Pacific treefrogs are about 1 to 2 inches long with sticky toe pads used for climbing. They can be a variety of colors including green, gray, tan or brown. The most noticeable characteristics of the Pacific treefrog are two dark markings on the face. The first marking is a brownish-black line that runs from the shoulder through the eyes. The second marking is a dark triangle shape on the back of the head.
The range of the Pacific treefrog extends from southern California to British Columbia and east to Nevada. Despite being a treefrog, Pacific treefrogs are often found on the ground or on low vegetarion. They breed in ponds and vernal pools, especially in areas with no fish to prey on the young. In the non-breeding seasons, Pacific treefrogs venture far from ponds to wet meadows, streams, and even your backyard. They will go wherever it is damp!
Traveler trivia, two bits:
Technological breakthroughs have resulted in the development of tiny (.61 g) radio transmitters. Radio collars have long been used to understand the habitat use and movements of larger animals such as elk, bears, and bighorn sheep. Radio telemetry is a relatively new tool for studying frogs.
Since frogs don’t really have necks to hold a collar, the radio transmitters are attached to a “belt” consisting of fine elastic thread strung with green glass beads. The “inventor” of the wood frog radio belt, Dr. Erin Muths, first experimented with the belts on captive frogs in her Fort Collins lab (Dr. Muths is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey.) After the experimental collars were put on, the animals were checked frequently for behavior changes, weight loss, or injuries. After Dr. Muths was satisfied that the transmitter assembly (belt, radio transmitter, antenna) was safe she submitted records of her experiment to the USGS Animal Care and Use Committee for review. Such committees provide oversight of animal handling and marking techniques. Rocky Mountain National Park requires this type of independent review before issuing a research permit.
The belts were first deployed on park wood frogs in 2003. Wood frogs are of interest because their park population is disjunct (separated in space) from other populations. They occur in Canada, the eastern U.S., in a limited area in Colorado, and in one small population in Wyoming. While other frogs species have been ravaged by disease and mysterious disappearances, wood frogs seem to be holding their own.
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Q: What are the sources of income to the Social Security Administration?
A: The Social Security Administration has three basic sources of income: payroll taxes, federal income taxes on a small portion of SSA benefits and interest paid to the SSA trust funds.
Quoting from the Financing section of the recently published Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security, 2013:
“Social Security is largely a pay-as-you-go program. Most of the payroll taxes collected from today’s workers are used to pay benefits to today’s recipients. In 2012, the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds collected $840.2 billion in revenues. Of that amount, 83.8% was from payroll tax contributions and reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury and 3.2% was from income taxes on Social Security benefits. Interest earned on the government bonds held by the trust funds provided the remaining 13.0% of income. Assets increased in 2012 because total income exceeded expenditures for benefit payments and administrative expenses.”
Income to Social Security in 2012 totaled approximately $840.2 billion consisting of about 704.1 billion from payroll taxes and General Fund of the Treasury reimbursements, about 26.9 billion from income taxes on Social Security benefits, and about 109.2 billion in interest earned by the trust funds. More about each of these follows.
Payroll taxes: Employers, employees and the self-employed pay Social Security payroll tax up to a an annual yearly limit. This limit is $113,700 in 2013. The 2013 tax rate is set by statute at 6.2 percent for employees and employers, each. Thus, an individual with wages equal to or larger than $113,700 would contribute $7,049.40 to the Social Security program in 2013, and his or her employer would contribute the same amount. The 2013 payroll tax rate for self-employment income is 12.4 percent.
General Fund reimbursements in 2012 were largely due to the temporary payroll tax reduction for employees and the self-employed. Legislation establishing the 2 percent payroll tax reduction also provided for transfers from the General Fund of the Treasury to the Social Security trust funds to offset lost revenues that would have otherwise been received by Social Security.
Income taxes: Based on overall taxable income, some people have to pay federal income taxes on Social Security benefits. Most beneficiaries do not pay income tax on their benefits, some pay on up to 50 percent of benefits and some on up to 85 percent of benefits. No one pays federal income tax on more than 85 percent of his or her Social Security benefits. This income is designated for Social Security.
Trust Funds: There are two Social Security Trust Funds, the Old Age & Survivors Trust Fund and the Disability Trust Fund. Find Trust Fund information, including transactions, holdings and interest rates, at the About Our Agency tab (solvency section) of www.socialsecurity.gov.
In 2012, the combined income of about $840 billion exceeded total expenditures of about $786 billion so agency reserves grew by about $54 billion. Under intermediate assumptions, the Trustees Report anticipates growth until approximately 2021 for the combined SSA Trust Funds although the Disability Trust Fund is the weaker of the two. Overall expenditures will exceed overall income by about 2021. (See Highlights section of the 2013 Annual Trustees Report.)
For more information:
Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security, 2013 (see financing section)
2013 Trustees Report (see Highlights Section for summary)
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