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Notes on Walt Whitman
individual poem explicationsWhen I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
When I heard the Learn'd AstronomerWHEN I heard the learn'd astronomer;
When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me;
When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them;
When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room,
How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick;
Till rising and gliding out, I wander'd off by myself,
In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time,
Look'd up in perfect silence at the stars.
Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" dramatizes the difference between a scientific knowledge of the cosmos and a direct human experience of the stars. Whitman's persona is noticing an essential difference between intellectual knowledge of a subject and the sensory/emotive experience of it. The first way of knowing (represented by the astronomer) excludes emotion, the second (embodied in the speaker) invites it. The intellectualized experience of life marks and organizes life into proofs, figures, columns, charts, diagrams that allow the thinker to make use of them, expressed here in quantitative terms of addition, division and measurement. This kind of knowing is popular, socially acceptable, and reputations can be built on it. Yet our speaker is rendered unaccountable. Something is lost. Something cannot be counted here. And it affects the speaker somatically: he is sick and tired of it. Sneaking away, he wanders off, away from the crowd, isolated as an individual consciousness confronting the object of the astronomer's lecture. Without the mediation of the intellect, he experiences, "in the mystical moist night-air," a kind of existential peace beyond words, beholding the firmament in a "perfect silence," No mediation, no understanding is needed beyond the direct apparation through the senses of the wonder of it.
There are times when practicing the art of criticism that we feel as if we are picking apart the remains of literature as in a morbid autopsy. We may feel more like the pedantic learn'd astronomer than the Walt Whitman persona. At those times, it is prudent to remind ourselves that despite all the analysis and fancy interpretations, reading literature should always return to that fundamental experience of the text, the play of language upon us, something analogous to Whitman's direct observation of the night sky.
texts for comparison: "London" by William Blake, "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" by John Keats, "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara
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en
| 0.935888 | 553 | 2.6875 | 3 |
If you are familiar with climate change regimes such as the Kyoto Protocol, or even the tenuous Copenhagen Accords, you'll know that there is a differentiation between the countries of the world. (We do this anyway, calling parts of the world "New" and others "Old", "developing" and "developed", "North" and "South", "capitalist" and "communist".) In the Kyoto Protocol, countries are either Annex I (industrialised, OECD countries) or non-Annex I (industrialising) countries. The responsibility of a country to scale back its greenhouse gas emissions depends on what bin the country is placed in--Annex I countries tend to have greater responsibilities than non-Annex I countries. There has been great debates about some of the countries placed in the non-Annex I bin--countries like India, China, Mexico, Brazil, and South Africa--because these countries, while spewing tremendous amounts of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere, will have fewer responsibilities. Countries like the US, Canada, and Australia fight tooth and nail to have such countries assume greater burdens, while at the same time not really wanting to do much themselves.
As you can tell, it matters what you are binned as and called. Being called a "small employer" allows you tax incentives and loopholes. Being called an engineer allows you to do engineering things that non-engineering people, who may be fully experienced and qualified, cannot do. Calling oneself an "individual" is the first step to throwing your hands up in the face of systemic problems. So people will go to considerable lengths to come up with ways to obfuscate responsibility. Divide the population of the country with some non-sense economic statistic, multiply that number by some other made up metric, and raise that to the power of some voodoo polynomial, and WALA! Your country is no longer responsible for its actions. The number says it, not me!
This is exactly what two researchers, Michael Sivak and Brandon Schoettle, at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and Sustainable Worldwide Transportation have just done in the widely circulated and read American Scientist magazine. Their piece, titled Accounting for Climate in Countries' Carbon Dioxide Emissions (which also appalled my advisor) is exactly the kind of work that will continue to allow people, institutions, and organisations to get away with ecological degradation and environmental injustices. They found a way to use the number of days people in various countries have to use heating and cooling to live comfortably. These, they claim, are a sort of sunk cost. (Fair enough, I might be able to agree only to a certain degree with that.) But the key to their findings is the following figure:
|The rankings for countries by their carbon dioxide emissions can shift considerably when the variable of climate is incorporated. The first column above shows the 15 lowest (top) and highest (bottom) emitters in a set of 157 countries based on emissions per capita. The second column shows the rankings that result when each country’s emissions per capita are divided by that country’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; countries that move into the top or bottom 15 under this index are shown in yellow. The rankings for the third column are calculated by dividing the results found for the second column by the average number of heating and cooling degree days each country experiences, a measure of how much typical temperatures vary from a set point. Countries that move into the far ends of the spectrum when all three factors are included are shown in purple. Under this measure, Jordan (which has a relatively mild climate) joins the heaviest emitters, and Sweden (which has a relatively cold climate) joins the countries with the lowest emissions. The numbers in parentheses show each country’s relative emissions, normalized to the lowest emitter. For instance, when population, GDP and climate are included, South Africa, the highest emitter, produces 60.8 times more emissions than does Chad, the lowest emitter. From here.|
Our results suggest that taking climate into account makes a significant difference in how countries fare in carbon dioxide emissions rankings. Because people respond to the climate they live in by heating and cooling indoor spaces, an index that incorporates climate provides a fairer yardstick than an index that does not. We hope that our approach will stimulate others to further refine this index to reflect even better the complexities involved in ranking countries on emissions (emphases added by me...of course).Let's feel good about living the lifestyles we do! The Earth and its oppressed peoples be damned!
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| 0.945172 | 936 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans on Trial
In the Civil War, it was called soldiers heart or nostalgia. In WWI, it was known as shell shock. These days, it's known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD. Talk to any veteran and they'll tell you: war changes you.
Some come back to their families and re-integrate with no problems. But two million veterans have served in Iraq and Afghanistan and mental health professionals are seeing more PTSD than ever before. Today, we'll talk with author Barry Schaller about his book, Veterans on Trial. Schaller says PTSD is not an individual disorder, but a public health problem that needs to be better addressed to avoid an epidemic in the years to come.
We'll also hear from a veteran who dealt with PTSD while navigating the judicial system. And we'll find out exactly what programs exist to help them. Are you or a family member a veteran with PTSD? What can be done in the military and medical profession to improve support for servicemembers?
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| 0.979769 | 211 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The following article about getting FBI files was written by Bryan Mulcahy, M.L.S., Reference Librarian for the Ft. Myers – Lee County Public Library:
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has maintained files on millions of Americans over the decades. Official records cover the period from 1908 to the present. FBI files initiated since 1956 have been computerized. Files for the time period prior to 1956 are in manual format. Some materials exist prior to 1908 but they are incomplete and significant gaps exist. While these files are considered public records, the FBI has imposed stringent rules concerning guidelines for access to files due to security measures in response to the post 9/11 era, coupled with the dramatic rise in identity theft. All requests for FBI records must be submitted using the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
If you have reason to believe that one of your ancestors may have been the subject of an FBI profile, researchers are advised to visit the following links to obtain the most current guidelines, fees, and protocol for obtaining copies of records. The request letter link includes specific instructions and what types of information are mandatory for processing all requests.
In general, all requests for information must include the following:
1. Full name or names of the person whose file you wish to receive
2. Date and place of birth
3. Date and place of death
4. Photocopy of the death certificate or some other certified legal proof of death
5. Your full name and current address
6. Reason for wanting this information
Proof of death is a mandatory requirement for anyone initiating requests for information other than the person whose file is sought. Proof can be established using any of the following:
1. Newspaper obituary or death announcement showing the newspaper name, date, page number.
2. Citation from Who Was Who in America
3. Death Certificate
4. Biographical reference showing the title page of the source, name of person, date, place of
5. Encyclopedia or magazine article on the person which includes details, date, place of death.
6. Declaration that the person was born over 110 years ago.
Proof of death is not required if the person was born over 110 years ago, and you can document that fact, because they assume anyone over the age of 110 is probably deceased. However, you must be able to provide some evidence to document your claim including the exact birth date. If the file in question originated prior to 1956, you must inform them of this fact and specify that a manual search is required. You should follow the same correspondence procedures for both manual and computerized (post 1956) files.
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| 0.927171 | 538 | 2.5625 | 3 |
PHILADELPHIA--(Feb. 12, 2016)--When breast cancer becomes advanced and spreads to other organs, patient survival is drastically reduced, prompting the need to explore the genes that may cause tumor cells to metastasize.
Now, scientists from The Wistar Institute have shown that one gene that was once thought only to be found in the brain is also expressed in breast cancer and helps promote the growth and spread of the disease. Additionally, they showed how a version of the gene with edited RNA prevents metastasis. The findings were published online by the journal Nature Communications.
If breast cancer is caught in its earliest stages, all patients who are treated successfully are alive five years after treatment, according to the National Cancer Institute. However, when breast cancer metastasizes, or spreads from the breast to other organs, only about one in five patients survive more than five years. This significant gap in survival underscores the need to determine what causes breast cancer to spread. The causes of metastasis in breast cancer at a molecular level are not very well understood, so identifying regulatory genes that prompt this behavior could have a tremendous impact on survival, from early detection to the design of better treatment strategies.
"Metastatic breast cancer is ultimately what kills patients," said Qihong Huang, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor in the Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program at The Wistar Institute and lead author of the study. "While early detection is critical, it does not help patients whose disease has spread, and so we wanted to determine what was causing this to happen."
The researchers analized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified 41 genes inversely correlated with survival in breast cancer. Huang and colleagues focused on one gene in particular: GABAA receptor alpha3 (Gabra3). The gene was particularly intriguing, since prior to this study, researchers believed that Gabra3 was only found in brain tissue.
There were three main reasons the researchers determined it was worth studying. First, it's highly expressed in cancer tissues, but not in healthy breast tissues. Second, it's a cell surface molecule and therefore something that could be potentially targeted by a drug. Finally, drugs that target Gabra3 are already available for treating other diseases like insomnia. The researchers showed that cells expressing Gabra3 were better at migrating and invading than their control counterparts, and Gabra3 showed metastasis-promoting activity in vivo, and animal models injected with the activated gene all developed metastatic lesions in their lungs. It does so by activating the AKT pathway, a cellular pathway essential to cell growth and survival in many types of cancer including breast cancer.
In some instances, though, certain types of Gabra3 are actually able to suppress breast cancer metastasis. This is closely linked to the RNA of the gene. RNA is a type of molecule similar to the DNA that encodes our genes, and recent discoveries have shown that RNA has a complex role in regulating how genes are turned on or off. In a phenomenon known as "RNA editing," small changes can be made to RNA nucleotide sequences even after they've been generated.
Huang and colleagues found that Gabra3 that had undergone RNA editing was found only in non-invasive breast cancers. When the RNA is edited, it suppressed the activation of the AKT pathway required for metastasis, meaning that breast cancer with this specific type of Gabra3 was unable to spread to other organs. This is particularly encouraging since signaling proteins called interferons can increase RNA editing activity and could therefore prevent Gabra3 from activating the AKT pathway.
"We believe this is the first time that anyone has demonstrated the importance of RNA editing in breast cancer," Huang said. "A combination strategy that that involves targeting Gabra3 while also upregulating the expression of RNA editing molecules could be an effective strategy for managing metastatic breast cancer."
In addition to further studying the role of Gabra3 in breast cancer metastasis, Wistar is actively seeking collaborative development partners to advance the targeted use of existing GABA-A receptor antagonists in Gabra3 overexpressing tumors. Furthermore, Wistar is interested in collaborations to develop blood-brain barrier impermeable GABA-A receptor antagonists as next generation oncology therapeutics.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R01CA148759, R01CA142776, 15 R01CA190415, R01-GM040536, and R01-CA175058, the Doctors Cancer Foundation, the Breast Cancer Alliance, W. W. Smith Foundation, Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Foundation, ACS-IRG, National Natural Science Funds 81572834 and the Macular Vision Research Foundation. Core facilities support was provided by the Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) CA010815 to The Wistar Institute.
Other co-authors of this study from The Wistar Institute include Kiranmai Gumireddy, Anping Li, Andrew V. Kossenkov, Masayuki Sakurai, Louise Showe, and Kazuko Nishikura. Additional co-authors include Jinchun Yan from the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle; Yan Li from Dalian Medical University in China; Hua Xu from Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology in China; Jian Wang from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in China; and Paul J. Zhang and Lin Zhang from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
The Wistar Institute is an international leader in biomedical research with special expertise in cancer research and vaccine development. Founded in 1892 as the first independent nonprofit biomedical research institute in the country, Wistar has held the prestigious Cancer Center designation from the National Cancer Institute since 1972. The Institute works actively to ensure that research advances move from the laboratory to the clinic as quickly as possible. On the Web at http://www.
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en
| 0.952137 | 1,217 | 3 | 3 |
Common Name: Asparagus Fern
Scientific Name: Asparagus densiflorus 'Sprengeri'
Lighting: Bright Light
The Asparagus Fern is characterized by bushy, delicate lacy like foliage that looks very similar to asparagus, thus the name. It has trailing / climbing like stems radiating from the center. The Asparagus Fern is actually not a fern at all. It is an asparagus, therefore unlike other ferns; the Asparagus Fern prefers bright light and occasional dryness. This fern will look its best when used in a cascading appearance or hanging basket.
The Asparagus Fern prefers bright light however will tolerate lower light levels. Keep in mind that in lower light environments, this fern will not grow as well so new growth will be limited. Aim to keep near a window providing bright light, but it can be filtered light.
The Asparagus Fern prefers low to moderate water levels. If your fern begins to drop needles, it may not be receiving enough water. Yellowing of the foliage can signal under watering as well. Aim to keep the soil semi moist allowing to somewhat dry in-between watering, but not completely. Keep in mind, that even after you have corrected the watering schedule, the yellowing foliage will not turn green again, so you may prune those fronds out.
This fern is also poisonous if eaten, so please use caution around children and pets.
This house plant can be split however you may need an axe. The root ball of this house plant can be a woody ball, therefore tough to break. You will need to trim / prune this plant in order to keep it under control and looking its best.
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en
| 0.930068 | 360 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Shoelaces tied together
A form of bullying used against a person during a break or in physical education classes. It started in 1790 after the invention of shoelaces.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Although assault cases by girls are also known to occur, the offenders mostly target boys by accusing them of playing “girly” games. It is believed that this abuse started with the first toys.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Backpack loaded with garbage
A form of classmate humiliation, showing disrespect and threatening the privacy and personal belongings of the victim, destroying their sense of security. The first cases were noted in Lithuania during the twentieth century.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
School chair with writing on it
This is a form of gossip and slander used at schools, highlighting the victim’s real or imaginary character traits and appearance, making them unacceptable or revolting. It emerged during the eighteenth century.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Chewing gum in the hair
This involves double damage: humiliation experienced after getting spit in their hair and terror experienced when cutting away the hair contaminated with chewing gum.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Sweater with spilled paint
A deliberate attack by bumping or running into a person, spilling paint on the victim “accidentally”.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Bullying is often directed against new players and girls in spoken form, by saying mean things to them and as part of conversations or actions, hindering or even kicking them out of the game. This appeared in the beginning of the twenty-first century with the growing popularity of online games.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Items thrown in the toilet
This is something that is common in schools. A group of people all act against one person, snatching away his belongings and destroying them, hiding them or throwing them away.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
This is cruelty against those with poorer vision. Wearing glasses is mocked, thus making the person feel bad. This type of bullying was already reported back in the thirteenth century.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
The victim becomes a spittoon during class lessons and is attacked by small balls made from paper and saliva launched at them.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
A form of electronic bullying, common in social networks and news portals. It appeared in the twenty-first century when the technology became part of social life.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
An unpleasant encounter with bullies in the cafeteria when the food becomes a weapon by “spicing” it up or spilling it on the floor.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Soiled school uniform
A collective form of bullying. A group of people are cleaning their hands and pushing the victim around.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Offenders harass the victim with evil, demeaning phone messages or threats. This method began during the twenty-first century, when mobile telephones became popular.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
The victim’s talents are made fun of during bullying: mocking their talents, and making fun of or destroying things they have made.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
A child’s backpack is a real treasure to them, so it is very painful when it ends up in the rubbish bin with all its cherished contentsDonated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
This is one of the forms of bullying where an offender or a group of them operates secretly. School binders, notebooks or drawing materials are damaged in order to mock, intimidate or demonstrate power.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Deflated or damaged ball
This is a form of rejection, where the group’s rejection is shown by interfering with, refusing to engage in activities, or by destroying the game equipment. Its use started in the thirteenth century.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Note on the back
An offensive trick, often disguised as a friendly gesture – it happens as a hug, a tap on the shoulder, or during a conversation. It is believed that this method of bullying appeared in schools after the invention of adhesive tape in 1930.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
Cutting of braided hair
Long hair is a part of self expression. When a hairstyle is violently damaged a person feels humiliation and sadness. When the hair is cut bullies start telling ugly jokes about a persons new hairstyle and threaten that the situation shall be repeated.Donated 953 Eur | Goal 32768 Eur
How can YOU help turn bullying into past history?
For children suffering from bullying, it is very important to get support and help. Children often do not tell their experiences to family members, as they do not want to, or are afraid of their inadequate response. Confidential and anonymous conversations with Vaikų Linija consultants encourage children to open their hearts and share their painful experiences of being bullied. Right now, Vaikų Linija is able to respond to 1 in 7 calls from children. The Museum of Bullying aims to raise funds that could allow them to answer more than 40,000 calls from children a year. Help us to help you! Help turn bullying into past history!
How to react to bullying?
Bullying includes different kinds of aggressive and unpleasant actions generally intended to humiliate another child and cause him emotional pain. In a bullying situation, we usually see an imbalance of forces – the bullied child cannot defend himself because of the physical or psychological advantage of his abusers. Therefore, in a bullying situation, it is very important to help the victims – it is really difficult to overcome the bullying alone.
How to help a bullied child
- Talk with the child about the bullying and listen to him without criticism or accusations. It is important for the child to feel heard and accepted.
- Discuss with the child about how he could avoid bullying at school or in cyberspace – how he could respond to being attacked by his peers, where he could be safer, how he could reply to electronic bullying, etc.
- Encourage your child to contact, or contact the staff of the educational institution yourself if the offenders are from the child's school environment: class teacher, administration, school specialists.
What to do if you see bullying taking place among children
- Do not pass by indifferently or ignore it if you see children bullying each other. Your indifference can be interpreted as approval of such behaviour.
- If you are not sure whether the children are just playing or actually insulting each other – ask them what they are doing. If you see someone who looks like he is suffering, offer him your help. Sometimes, simple adult attention to children is enough to stop the bullying.
- To stop bullying, you must:
- Come close to the child behaving improperly.
- Prevent inappropriate actions (for example, stand between the offender and the victim).
- Speak in a loud, clear and firm voice that they should stop doing it.
About Vaikų Linija
Vaikų Linija provides free and anonymous emotional support over the phone and Internet for children and adolescents experiencing various difficulties. 130 consultants, of whom 120 are volunteers, together with children and young people, look for answers to their questions, listen to them, provide much-needed support and help them find possible solutions to their problems. Every day, in answering more than 300 calls from children and teenagers, the Vaikų Linija is sometimes the only place where children dare to share, confide and reveal their most painful experiences.
More information: www.vaikulinija.lt
WITHOUT BULLYING campaign
Every 4th child in Lithuania is being bullied by their peers and each year, the Vaikų Linija receives more than 2,000 calls about this problem. The Vaikų Linija has initiated a WITHOUT BULLYING campaign and has been carrying it out for twelve years. It is aimed at creating a safer environment for children and adults, and to raise public awareness and participation in response to bullying.More about campaign – www.bepatyciu.lt
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en
| 0.951527 | 1,724 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Acute myeloid leukemia
(AML) has many other names, including acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. “Acute” means that this leukemia can progress quickly if not treated, and would probably be fatal in a few months. “Myeloid” refers to the type of cell this leukemia starts from. Most cases of AML develop from cells that would turn into white blood cells (other than lymphocytes), but some cases of AML develop in other types of blood-forming cells.
AML starts in the bone marrow (the soft inner part of certain bones, where new blood cells are made), but in most cases it quickly moves into the blood. It can sometimes spread to other parts of the body including the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and testicles. It occurs in both adults and children and affects about 18,000 people each year in the U.S.
Related Journals of Acute Myleoid Leukemia
Journal of Leukemia
, Cancer Clinical Trials, Cancer Medicine & Anti Cancer Drugs, Oncology & Cancer Case Reports, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia, Hematological Oncology, International Journal of Clinical Oncology, Acta Oncologica, Cancer Control, Seminars in Oncology
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http://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/acute-myleoid-leukemia-journals-articles-ppts-list.php
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en
| 0.899419 | 299 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Revista médica de Chile
versión impresa ISSN 0034-9887
DIAZ A, Iris et al. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children of Yukpa Ethnia in Toromo, Zulia State, Venezuela. Rev. méd. Chile [online]. 2006, vol.134, n.1, pp.72-78. ISSN 0034-9887. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872006000100010.
Background: Yupkpa community in Perijá Sierra does not have drinking water or sewage elimination systems. Thus it becomes a propitious place for infection with intestinal parasites. Aim: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children, ages 0 to 14 years, in the Yukpa ethnic population of Toromo in the Perijá Mountains, Zulia State, Venezuela. Material and Methods: Ninety one fecal samples were analyzed by the following coproparasitologic methods: saline solution and lugol fresh mount, formalin-ether concentration (Ritchie), and Kinyoun stain for intestinal coccidians. Results: Overall parasite infection prevalence was 83.5%. The most frequently observed parasites were: Ascaris lumbricoides (57.1%), Trichuris trichiura (20.8%), Hymenolepis nana (14.2%), Blastocystis hominis (51.6%), Giardia lamblia (30.7%), and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex (21.9%). Coccidians were nont observed in any of the stool samples. Conclusions: The large number of infected people is directly related to the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the population studied
Palabras clave : Indians, South American; Parasites; Parasitology; Venezuela.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-98872006000100010&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en
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en
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Explore Earth’s changing atmosphere. Discover how our ever-changing atmosphere transports substances around the globe, protects life from destruction, and supports millions of chemical reactions. Find out how scientists track changes in the atmosphere and why they matter to everything that breathes.
This web site incorporates images and information from the Atmosphere: Change is in the Air exhibition developed by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, which was on display at the Museum through November 2006. The exhibition explores the chemistry, properties, and significance of earth’s atmosphere—the invisible envelope that surrounds and affects us all.
Meet Your Atmosphere
Once living things evolved the ability to carry out photosynthesis, they began to remake the atmosphere.
Atmosphere’s hitchhikers can travel thousands of miles, altering air quality and transforming life across continents.
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Stories from DEP is a collection of feature articles
published in DEP's internal newsletter, Weekly Pipeline.
This article was originally published March 13, 2012.
Building a Better Water Supply System Is No Pipe Dream
While the phrase Water for the Future may evoke science fiction, it actually describes a DEP project that will secure the reliability of New York City’s drinking water supply through repairing some of its most critical infrastructure, while also seeking innovative methods of preventing service interruptions from occurring as an unintended — and unacceptable — side effect. Maintaining the infrastructure responsible for serving more than nine million residents is not easy, and the project represents years of research, planning, and outreach before the commencement of operations.
Responsible for carrying roughly half the city’s drinking water to more than eight million people, the Delaware Aqueduct transmits approximately 500 million gallons per day. The city identified two leaks in the Rondout-West Branch Tunnel section of the aqueduct, one under the Town of Wawarsing in Ulster County and another under the Town of Newburgh in Orange County. To repair these leaks, a new 3-mile tunnel will be built under the Town of Newburgh to bypass the leaking portion while repairs are conducted under Wawarsing from within. To connect this bypass tunnel after its construction, the Rondout to West Branch portion of the Delaware Aqueduct will need to be taken offline from the water supply for an extended period of time.
“Obviously, we’re dealing with an extremely critical component of the water supply infrastructure,” said Project Director Sean McAndrew. “Millions of New Yorkers rely on the Delaware Aqueduct, and removing that piece for any period of time is an extremely complex process.”
That process involves securing the approval of DEP partners in local towns, while also communicating with state and federal regulators, and taking geological borings to help plan the tunnel construction.
However, as befits a program with a name awash in promise, Water for the Future involves more than simply fixing a leaky aqueduct. Several conservation measures are underway that will help DEP avoid service impacts during the shutdown and connection phases, most notably the effort to more effectively and accurately track water consumption through installation or replacement of meters for high-volume consumers. The conservation effort will partner DEP with both public and private consumers to explore and implement fixture replacements and water re-use options. DEP is also investigating the reactivation of the former Jamaica Water Supply infrastructure in southeast Queens, a series of groundwater wells that can potentially serve as a supplemental source.
Another project involves work in the Catskill Aqueduct to increase its capacity by 10%. The exploration of supplementary supply during shutdown is even expanding beyond New York’s borders, as conversations are underway with neighboring New Jersey. The Garden State partnership would potentially connect Staten Island with purveyors such as Middlesex Water Company and New Jersey American Water, as well as supplies from the North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. An interconnection with the Western Nassau Groundwater System is also being pursued. Discussions are also underway with DEP’s upstate customers to create ways to take them off the system to allow more water to reach the city during the shutdown.
In other words, Water for the Future seeks to repair infrastructure from yesterday while securing today’s well-being and building a sustainable tomorrow. The program is a multi-faceted effort requiring the many talents of DEP staff across various bureaus and specializations. With the program now fully underway, one thing has become eminently clear: Water for the Future is no pipe dream.
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Washington, DC--Children’s National Health System praised the new Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, which urges a number of steps to fill existing knowledge gaps and to change the culture of youth sports regarding concussions. The report notes a rise in reported sports concussions in youth, perhaps due to greater awareness. It also notes the lack of comprehensive data on the incidence, diagnosis, management, and long-term health effects of sports-related concussions in youth.
The report was developed by an expert committee that included Joseph Wright, MD, MPH, Senior Vice President of the The Child Health Advocacy Institute and an Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services physician at Children’s National.
The authors say they “came to have a growing appreciation for the role of ‘culture’ in the current recognition and management of concussions in young athletes”—one that “can cause athletes to feel that they should jeopardize their own individual health as a sign of commitment to their teams.”
Children’s National concussion and emergency medicine experts recommend that coaches, parents, young athletes, athletic associations, school nurses, and other medical professionals work together to improve recognition of concussions and to change the current culture of “playing through” a brain injury. They advise that children and teens take their time before returning to contact sports after a concussion.
The IOM report urges college and high school athletic associations to help address the cultural issues that actively or implicitly encourage young athletes to continue playing after a concussion.
“To ensure that athletes younger than high school age are protected, I would also encourage the National Governing Bodies of Youth Sports to take active steps to develop, implement, and evaluate efforts to increase knowledge about concussions and to help change the rules and culture of youth sports,” said Gerard Gioia, PhD, Neuropsychology Division Chief and Director of the Safe Concussion Outcome Recovery & Education (SCORE) Program at Children’s National, who provided expert testimony to the IOM committee’s deliberations. “Taking brain injuries seriously in young athletes can help prevent more serious injuries or complications, so they can continue to participate in sports and to have long, healthy lives.”
The Children’s National SCORE Program provides extensive education and training to parents, coaches, schools, athletic organizations and healthcare providers to better recognize signs of concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries, to coordinate and monitor treatment and to share safety information. The program offers smart phone apps to help youth coaches, parents, and healthcare professionals recognize and respond to concussions.Contact:
Emily Hartman or Caitlyn Camacho at 202-476-4500.
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THIS PAGE HAS BEEN RETRIEVED FROM www.johnworldpeace.com/budjesus.html WHICH APPEARS TO BE OFF-LINE.
IT IS OFFERED BY JNE IN LIEU OF AN OFF-SITE LINK.
Comparative Sayings of the Buddha and Jesus
From: The Original Jesus: The Buddhist Sources of Christianity
by Elmar R. Gruber & Holger Kersten
There can be little doubt that many of the important sayings of Jesus were uttered by the Buddha five hundred years before Jesus. The Catholic church has tried to deny this for the last 2000 years but the time has come to acknowledge the truth about Jesus.
The above book is a very good one and I will add more excerpts to this particular page as time permits.
August 26, 2002
NOTE: GDh = Gandhari Dharmaphada; Ud = Udanavarga; Dh = Dhammapada; Q = Quelle ('source' in German. The source document for the four gospels of the New Testament.)
Saying of the Buddha
Sayings of Jesus
Man does not purify himself by washing as most people do in this world Anyone
who rejects any sin, larger and small, is a holy man because he rejects sins
Evil is done through the self; man defiles himself through the self. Evil is made good through the self; man purifies himself through the self (Dh 12:9).
Do not ye yet understand, that whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth into
the belly, and is cast out into the draught. But those things which proceed
out of the mouth came forth from the heart; and they defile the man.
For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies. These are the things which defile a man; but to eat with unwashen hands defileth not a man (Matthew 15:17-20).
Happily shall I live without possessions among those who possess much; among
possessors live without possessions.
Happily shall I live without struggling anxiously among the strivers live without striving (GDh 167).
How fortunate are the poor; they have God's kingdom. How fortunate the hungry;
they will be fed. How fortunate are those who are crying; they will laugh (QS
Happily shall I live without hostility among the hostile; among the hostile
live without hostility (GDh 167).
O let us live in joy, free of hatred, among the spiteful; among the spiteful let us live without hatred.
O let us live in joy, free of suffering, among those who suffer; among those who are sore troubled let us live without suffering.
O let us live in joy, free of avarice, among those filled with greed; among those who are avaricious let us live without greed.
O let us live in joy, we who are free of hindrances. Let us be like the 'Radiant Ones' who are nurtured with love (Dh 15:1-4).
Whoever counters the malicious with malice can never be pure, but he who feels no maliciousness pacifies those who hate. Hate brings misery to humanity so the wise man knows no hatred (Ud 14:12).
I am telling you, love your enemies, bless those who curse you, pray for those
who mistreat you.
If someone slaps you on the cheek, offer your other cheek as well. If anyone grabs your coat, let him have your shirt as well
Give to anyone who asks, and if someone takes away your belongings, do not ask to have them back.
As you want people to treat you, do the same to them.
Hostility is never conquered by hostility in this world; hostility is conquered
by love. That is the Eternal Law (Dh 1:5).
Surmount hatred by not hating, surmount evil with good; surmount greed through generosity, surmount lies with truth; speak what is true, do not succumb to anger, give when you are asked.
Through those three steps you will come close to the gods (GDh 280-281).
Whosoever does no harm to living creatures, whosoever does not kill or participate in killing, is to be called a holy man.
Whosoever is tolerant with the intolerant, whosoever patiently tolerates punishment, and whosoever shows compassion to all creatures, is to be called a holy man (Ud 33:45-46).
If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? Even tax collectors
love those who love them, do they not? And if you embrace only your brothers,
what more are you doing than others? Doesn't everybody do that? If you lend
to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even wrongdoers
lend to their kind because they expect to be repaid.
Instead, love your enemies, do good, and lend without expecting anything in return. Your reward will be great, and you will be children of God.
For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good; he sends rain on the just and on the unjust (QS 9).
Judge not the mistakes of others, neither what they do or leave undone, but
judge your own deeds, that just and the unjust (GDh 271-272). Don't judge and
you won't be judged. For the standard you use (in judging) will be the standard
used against you (QS 10).
O Vasettha, those brahmins who know the three Vedas are just like a line of blind men tied together where the first sees nothing, the middle man nothing, and the last sees nothing (Tevijja-Sutta, Dighanikaya, 13:15). Can the blind lead the blind? Won't they both fall into a pit? A student is not better than his teacher. It is enough for a student to be like his teacher (QS 11).
The faults of others are more easily seen than one's own, but seeing one's
own failings is difficult. The failings of others are winnowed like chaff in
the wind, but one conceals one's own faults like a cheating gambler (Dh 18:18).
The faults of the others are more easily seen than one's own. They are more easily seen because they are winnowed like chaff in the wind, but one's own failings are difficult to see. It is like a cheat concealing his own dice while showing his opponent's, drawing attention to the other's inadequacies and constantly thinking of bringing accusations against him. Such a man is far from seeing what is right, and very much worsens his unfortunate lot (Ud 27:1).
How can you look for the splinter in your brother's eye and not notice the
stick in your own eye? How can you say to your brother, 'Let me remove the
splinter in your eye', when you do not see the stick in your own eye? You hypocrite,
first take the stick from your own eye, and then you can see to remove the
splinter that is in your brother's eye (QS 12).
No matter what a man does, whether his deeds serve virtue or vice, nothing
lacks importance. All actions bear a kind of fruit (Ud 9:8).
The bad person speaks falsely, chained by his words. He who speaks ill and rejects what is truly just is not wise (Ud 8:9).
A good tree does not bear rotten fruit; a rotten tree does not bear good fruit.
Are figs gathered form thorns, or grapes from thistles? Every tree is known
by its fruit.
The good man produces good things from his store of goods and treasures; and the evil man evil things. For the mouth speaks from a full heart (QS 13).
Just as rain penetrates a badly-covered house, so passion enters a dispersed
mind. Just as rain does not penetrate a well-covered house, so too does passion
not enter a well-developed mind (Dh 1:13-14).
Why do you call me, 'Master, master', and not do what I say?
Everyone who hears my words and does them is like a man who built a house on rock. The rain fell, a torrent broke against the house, and it did not fall, for it had a rock foundation.
But everyone who hears my words and does not do them is like a man who built a house on sand. The rain came, the torrent broke against it, and it collapsed. The ruin of that house was great (QS 14).
Those who aspire are ever striving; they do not stay in one place. Like swans
leaving a lake, they move from house to house.
The only source of refuge for those who do not accumulate possessions and are careful about what they eat is unconditional freedom, knowing as they do the void of transience. Their way is difficult to follow like that of birds in the sky (Dh 7:2-3).
Whosoever has laid aside human ties, leaving behind the powers of attraction of the gods, free of all bonds, that man I call holy (Ud 33:52).
When someone said to him, 'I will follow you wherever you go,' Jesus answered,
'Foxes have dens, and birds of the sky have nests, but the son of man has nowhere
to lay his head.'
When another said, 'Let me first go and bury my father,' Jesus said, 'Leave the dead to bury their dead.'
Yet another said, 'I will follow you, sir, but first let me say goodbye to my family.' Jesus said to him, 'No one who puts his hand to the plow and then looks back is fit for the kingdom of God' (QS 19).
People must store up reserves of faith since true merits cannot be taken away
and no one need fear thieves. Happy are the disciples who have gained faith,
and happy is the wise man when he meets such a believer (Ud 10:11). Sell your
possessions and give to charity (alms). Store up treasure for yourselves in
a heavenly account, where moths and rust do not consume, and where thieves
cannot break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will
also be (QS 40).
In this world the wise man holds onto faith and wisdom. Those are his greatest treasures; all other riches he pushes aside (Ud 10:9). Seek after the treasure which does not perish, which endures in the place where no moth comes near to devour, and no worm ravages (Thomas 76).
The heirs are quarrelling over his property, but the King's being accords with his deeds. None of his possessions follow the dead man: no sons, wives, money, or power. Long life is not achieved through money, and old age is not frightened off by riches. Wisdom is thus better than money since it leads to perfection (Rathapala-Sutta, Majjhimanikaya 82).
'These children and these riches belong to me,' thought the fool, anxiously. But since no one possesses even himself, what is the point of 'my children and my riches'?
The law of humanity is that, even if people accumulate hundreds and thousands of earthly goods, they nevertheless succumb to the power of death. All stores are scattered; what was built is torn down; everything that comes together must end in separation; and life must terminate in death (Ud 1:20-22).
Someone from the crowd said to him, 'Teacher, tell my brother to divide the
inheritance with me.' But he said to him, 'Sir, who made me your judge or lawyer?'
He told them a parable, saying, 'The land of a rich man produced in abundance,
and he thought to himself, "What should I do, for I have nowhere to store
my crops?" Then he said, "I will do this. I will pull down my barns
and build larger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods. And
I will say to my soul, Soul you have ample goods stored for many years. Take
it easy. Eat, drink, and be merry." But God said to him, "Foolish
man? This very night you will have to give back your soul, and the things you
produced, whose will they be?" That is what happens to the one who stores
up treasure for himself and is not rich in the sight of God' (QS 38).
A wandering monk should neither despise what he has received nor should he
envy what others get. The envious monk does not achieve deep contemplation
The wise man does not make friends with the unbelieving, greedy, slanderous or quarrelsome. The wise man avoids the evil (Ud 25:1).
Go. Look, I send you out as lambs among wolves.
Do not carry money, or bag, or sandals, or staff; and do not greet anyone on the road.
Whatever house you enter, say, 'Peace be to this house!' And if a child of peace is there, your greeting will be received. But if not, let your peace return to you. And stay in the same house, eating and drinking whatever they provide, for the worker deserves his wages. Do not go from house to house.
And if you enter a town and they receive you, eat what is set before you. Pay attention to the sick and say to them, 'God's kingdom has come near to you.'
But if you enter a town and they do not receive you, as you leave, shake the dust from your feet and say, 'Nevertheless, be sure of this, the realm of God has come to you' (QS 20).
Whosoever is free of worries, holding onto truth and the Dharma, will cross
the sea of life, will put an end to suffering (Mahaparinibbanasutta 3:66).
It is difficult to follow the path of those who have accumulated nothing and live from right nourishment, those whose only refuge is unconditional freedom in recognition of the void of the transient. Their path is like that of birds in the sky. It is difficult to follow the path of those whose appetite is satisfied and are not attached to consumption, those whose only refuge is unconditional freedom in recognition of the void of the transient. Their path is like that of birds in the sky (Dh 7:3-4).
I am telling you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat, or about
your body, what you will wear. Isn't life more than food, and the body more
Think of the ravens. They do not plant, harvest, or store grain in barns, and God feeds them. Aren't you worth more than the birds? Which of you can add a single day to your life by worrying?
And why do you worry about clothing? Think of the way lilies grow. They do not work or spin. But even Solomon in all his splendor was not as magnificent. If God puts beautiful clothes on the grass that is in the field today and tomorrow is thrown into a furnace, won't he put clothes on you, faint hearts?
So don't worry, thinking, 'What will we eat?', or 'What will we drink?', or 'What will we wear?' For everybody in the whole world does that, and your father knows that you need these things.
Instead, make sure of his rule over you, and all these things will be yours as well (QS 39).
When a mendicant monk, although still young, yokes himself to the Buddha's
teachings, the world is illuminated like the moon freed of clouds (Dh 25:23).
He who wishes to follow me must know himself and bear my yoke.
To anyone who leaves behind this world without having recognized his own real world, that is of as little use as the Veda he has not studied or some work he has avoided (Brihad-Aranyaka-Upanishad). Jesus said: He who would know everything, but fails to know himself misses the knowledge of everything (Thomas 67).
Whosoever has heard the law of virtue and vice is as a man who has eyes and carries a lamp, seeing everything. He will become completely wise (Ud 22:4)
Just as a lotus blossom, scented and beautiful, can blossom on a dunghill at the side of a road, so too radiates the wisdom of the Buddha's pupils who have realized the Dharma, while normal mortals are blind (GDh 303-304).
No one lights a lamp and puts it under a bushel basket, but on a lampstand.
And those in the house see the light.
The lamp of the body is the eye. If your eye is good your whole body will be full of light. But if it is bad your whole body will be full of darkness. If the light in you is darkness, how great is that darkness (QS 33).
The wise man should renounce the way of darkness and follow the way of light
This world is veiled in darkness; few there can see. Only a few enter into the realm of bliss, just as only a few birds escape the net (Dh 13:8).
Because of that I say this: Whoever is emptied will be filled with light;
but whoever is divided will be filled with darkness (Thomas 61).
Life is easy for someone who is shameless like a crow, slanderous and presumptuous,
boastful and corrupt.
Life is difficult for someone modest who always strives for purity, detached and reticent, immaculate in life and clear in understanding (Dh 18:10-11).
Strive to enter by the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will try to enter
by it and will not be able. Once the owner of the house has locked the door,
you will stand outside, knock at the door, and say, 'We ate and drank with
you, and you taught in our streets.' But he will say to you, 'I do not know
where you are from. Get away from me, all you unrighteous people' (QS 47).
One way leads to worldly gain and the other to Nirvana. Let the mendicant monk, the Buddha's pupil, seek wisdom, not worldly honours (Dh 5:16). No man can serve two masters. Either he hates the one and loves the other, or he is loyal to one and despises the other. You cannot serve God and wealth (Mammon) (QS 55).
(Buddha had withdrawn to a forest hut at Kosala in the Himalayas for solitary reflection.) Then Mara, The Evil One, knew the thought that had arisen in the Enlightened One, so he went to the Buddha: 'O Lord, may the Enlightened One reign as King, may the Perfected One reign with justice, without killing or ordering killings, without being oppressive or serving oppression, without suffering form pain or causing pain to others.' The Buddha answered: 'What doest thou have in mind, O Evil One, that thou speakest thus with me?' Mara responded: 'The Enlightened One, O Lord, has assumed the fourfold might of miracles. If the Enlightened One so wished, he could command the Himalayas, the king of mountains, to become gold, and the mountain would become gold.' The Buddha turned him away: 'What would it help the wise man to own a mountain of gold or silver? Whosoever has recognized the cause of suffering, how should he succumb to desires?' Then replied Mara, the Evil One: 'The Enlightened One knows me, the Perfected One knows me,' and, grieved and discontented, he went away (Marasamyutta from the Samyuttanikaya II 10). Then Jesus was led into the wilderness by the spirit for trial by the accuser. He fasted for forty days and was hungry. The accuser said, 'If you are the son of God, tell this stone to become bread.' But Jesus answered, 'It is written, "No one lives by bread alone."' Then the accuser took him to Jerusalem and placed him at the highest point of the temple and said to him, 'If you are the son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, "He will command his angels to protect you", and "They will carry you with their hands so that your foot will not strike a stone."' But Jesus answered him, 'It is written, "You shall not put the lord your God to the test."' Then the accuser took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor, and he said to him, 'All these I will give you if you will do obeisance and reverence me.' But Jesus answered him, 'It is written, "You shall reverence the lord your God and serve him alone."' Then the accuser left him (QS 6).
The Evil One spent six difficult years, constantly following the Bohdisattva,
always looking for, seeking, an opportunity to get the better of him, but he
never succeeded. When he did get a chance, he had to leave frustrated and wrathful
(Lalitavistara XVIII). And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he
departed from him for a season (Luke 4:13).
Better than reigning supreme over the earth, better than ruling heaven, better
than dominating all worlds, is the reward of the sotopatti way (Dh 13:12).
For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself,
or be cast away (Luke 9:25).
For What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? (Matthew 16:26; Mark 8:36).
You fool! Of what use are your long locks? Of what use your clothing of hides?
Within yourself darkness is at home. Only outwardly you clean yourself (Ud
Of what use is your matted hair, O fool! Of what use your clothes made of animal hides? Within yourself is a jungle, but outwardly you adorn yourself (Dh 26:12).
Shame on you Pharisees! For you clean the outside of the cup and the dish,
but inside you are full of greed and incontinence. Foolish Pharisees! Clean
the inside and the outside will also be clean. Shame on you Pharisees! for
you love the front seats in the assemblies and greetings in the marketplaces.
Shame on you! for you are like graves, outwardly beautiful, but full of pollution
inside (QS 34).
The blind saw and the deaf could hear...The ill were healed. The hunger and thirst of the deprived were stilled. Drunkenness was taken away from the drunken. The mad regained reason. The blind could see again, and the deaf hear (Lalitavistara VII). Jesus said, 'Go and tell John what you hear and see: the blind recover their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor are given good news' (QS 16).
How can we manifest peace on earth if we do not include everyone (all races,
all nations, all religions, both sexes) in our vision of Peace?
The WorldPeace Banner
The WorldPeace Sign
To the John WorldPeace Galleries Page
To the WorldPeace Peace Page
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Tomatoes are fairly easy to grow but there a few common problems for new gardeners to deal with and one of them is tiny black spots that develop on the tomato fruit and eventually merge to form larger spots. Here is a photo of what I am talking about.
IF YOU HAVE LARGE ROTTEN SPOTS or yellow leaves go to this post HERE
In my book eBook, Growing Juicy Delicious Tomatoes I review this and most other problems you might encounter but here is a short explanation and solution for the black spots on tomatoes.
So what are these little black spots? Most likely these lesions start out as little black spots on the tomatoes fruit that look like little dimples and are slightly indented. They eventually increase in size and can become the size of a dime or larger.
Does this sound like what you have on your tomatoes? The most likely culprit is, Pseudomonas syringae also known as Bacterial Speck.
So what is the solution to these black spots on your tomatoes?
This is a disease that is spread when water splashes onto the fruit.
One partial solution is to minimize water on the plant. Never squirt the plants with the hose when watering. Instead, water by drip or flood irrigation. This should reduce the cause. If you want complete eradication of these little black spots on your tomatoes you will need to resort to chemicals….yes you heard me right. Copper Sulfate is the one to use, but this one is okay and in fact is actually considered an organic remedy. Copper Sulfate is available in most garden centers in various forms.
An application of Copper Sulfate will help clear up the black spots on your tomatoes. It must be sprayed on, be aware that it will also kill many beneficial insects so my suggestion is to do it late at night when most of the good bugs are not active. By the time morning arrives the spray will be dry and less harmful to the insects.
Oh and feel free to eat the tomatoes with the black spots, they are fine to eat and can be added to a batch of tomato sauce without any problems.
Another common tomato problems are cracks and splits in your tomato fruit. If that’s your concern read my earlier post HERE
For my post on TOMATO END ROT click HERE
If you need more details and my methods for growing great tomatoes, check out my eBook HERE.
Thanks for stopping by,
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10 Best Canadian History Movies
These ten best Canadian history movies share the rich past of Canada. The stories span the whole country from the prairies to the coast and to the arctic wilderness. Watch these movies to educate yourself on various Canadian historical themes such as the fur trade, the mounted police, and the Inuit.
“Castles in the North: Canada’s Grand Hotels.” With its accompanying hardcover book, this film spans the history of those majestic buildings we call hotels. You’ll be surprised by how the ins-and-outs of hotels can tell us a lot about Canadian history.
“The Voyageurs.” Take yourself back to the nineteenth century during the boom of the fur trade in Canada. This short film follows the men who were responsible for paddling the canoes carrying the cargo.
“The Romance of Transportation in Canada.” This short film is a fun, animated take on Canada’s transportation system back in the day. Learn how the earliest settlers made their way across the land.
“The Other Side of the Ledger: An Indian View of the Hudson’s Bay Company.” The Hudson’s Bay Company was the reason Canada thrived, but you should also know the other side of the story. The Indians who were made to work at the trading posts present their point of view that’s in sharp contrast to how many remember those times.
“Canada Vignettes: News Canada.” This history movie is part of the “Canada Vignettes” series. It takes us through time in news transmissions.
“Wolfe and Montcalm.” The Battle of Quebec was a decisive campaign between the British and the French. Hear the stories of the two powerful generals, James Wolfe of the British and Louis-Joseph de Montcalm of the French.
“Minoru: Memory of Exile.” Although Canadian land was untouched during World WarII, the Japanese Canadians certainly felt the war in an atmosphere of racism as they were rounded up and forced into internment camps or forced out of the country. This Canadian history movie tells the story of Minoru Fukushima and his family, and their resilience during this time period.
“The Days of Whiskey Gap.” The legendary Royal Canadian Mounted Police all started with the North-West Mounted Police in the North-West Territories. Learn about how it all started as they fought to make Canada a law-abiding country.
“Rosies of the North.” The Canadian women of World WarII should never be forgotten. In this movie, you’ll hear about the lives of the thousands of women who worked in the factories to replace the men and support the war effort.
“Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner.” A large part of Canadian history involves the Inuit of the far north. This history movie tells of an Inuit legend and is filmed entirely in Inuktitut, the language of the Inuit.
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Technology is Cause of Obesity Say Harvard Economists
Posted on Nov. 10, 2003, 11:31 p.m. in Weight and Obesity
David Cutler, Edward Glaeser, and Jesse Shapiro, a team of economists from the Institute of Economic Research at Harvard University have come up with a new reason as to why America has such a problem with obesity. While most people blame the nation's weight problem on fatty food and a couch potato lifestyle Cutler et al say that the real culprit is technology. Their theory suggests that advances is technology have made food more varied and convenient, so much so that our rather feeble will-power is unable to cope with the temptation. They also dismiss the idea that portion sizes have got bigger, saying that we simply eat more often instead. Furthermore, convenience food means that less time, and thus less calories, are spent preparing food. Put all these findings together, and the Harvard study suggests that food producers' innovations were the direct cause of obesity. Thus, while such advances may have made our lives easier in the short-term, they may also be making our lives shorter as well.
SOURCE/REFERENCE: Reported by www.bbc.co.uk on the 17th January 2003
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Get your 5th grader in the Olympic spirit with this fun bobsled math worksheet. He'll calculate each country's average run time, then award the winners!
Boost your fifth grader's practice with division and geometry by challenging her to complete this Olympics-themed math worksheet.
Playing Olympic judge is easy with this imaginative worksheet. Ask your fifth grader to determine this ski jumper's final scores using algebraic formulas.
This colorful worksheet challenges your fifth grader to find the total length of an Olympic ski trail using her division skills and geometry knowledge.
Your child gets to play Olympic judge in this 5th grade math worksheet. She'll calculate each country's average score in order to find the winner!
Introduce your fifth grader to basic algebra with this Winter Olympics-themed math worksheet. He'll use an algebraic formula to find each ski jumper's score.
This Olympics-themed worksheet challenges your fifth grader to use his geometry and division skills to find the total length of the ski trail diagram.
Your child gets to play Olympic judge as he completes calculations to find each ski jumper's final score in this 5th grade math worksheet.
Improve your fifth grader's division and geometry skills with this fun Olympics-themed printable!
Who will take home Olympic bronze, silver, and gold? Your fifth grader's algebraic ability is needed!
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An ongoing study examining the health effects of manganese on children in the Marietta area could soon have a new tool, with University of Cincinnati researchers developing a sensor that could provide faster, more comprehensive results.
Erin Haynes, an environmental health researcher with the University of Cincinnati, said she's been working closely with Ian Papautsky, an engineering professor at the college, on the development of the sensor. Chemistry professor William Heineman is also involved with the project.
"In the clinic setting and in research, we're drawing blood on the pediatric population and measuring them for metals. In the clinic setting, the turnround time (for results) can be 48 hours and in research studies, sometimes the families won't get results back for six to nine months," Haynes explained. "I was thinking it would be great to develop a diabetes-type sensor for metals and (Papautsky) embraced the concept and he received federal funding to conduct the development."
Papautsky said the sensor has many advantages besides providing data in just a few minutes.
He said instead of collecting the conventional five milliliters of blood to test manganese levels, the sensor will collect only 100 microliters - or about one drop - of blood.
"It would be more of a child friendly platform because it uses less blood," he said.
Papautsky added that the sensor will also allow researchers to detect more than just manganese in the blood.
"We demonstrated we can do a measurement of manganese, lead and cadmium and we can use a single sample - a drop of blood - and do a measurement of all three metals on the same sample," he said.
Haynes said the university has provided funding in "small amounts" to get the project off the ground but a $275,000 federal grant awarded earlier this year is enabling further development of the sensor.
"Once it's been determined safe and effective, then we would be applying it in the CARES (Community Actively Researching Exposure Study) in the future," she said. "I don't want to test it on children - it will be tested on adults in Cincinnati."
"There's a lot of work to be done before it is used on children," Haynes added.
It was announced in April 2008 that $2.6 million in federal funding had been secured for the CARES study, which is looking at the possible effects of manganese on neurological and cognitive development in children.
There has been little research completed on the health effects of manganese, which is required at a low level in human bodies. Some studies have linked high levels to tremors or movement disorders in children.
Manganese is emitted into local air by Eramet, on Ohio 7 outside Marietta, the only manganese refinery in the U.S. and Canada.
Eramet spokeswoman Joy Frank-Collins said the plant is making efforts to reduce emissions.
"In the past three years since we announced our vision for transformation of the facility, there has been $40 million invested in the Eramet Route 7 facility in infrastructure changes and upgrades to equipment that has improved the operational output of the facility," she said. "We have additional projects that we're looking at on the horizon that will continue to move the plant down this path."
She added that Eramet "follows closely any serious scientific study that's conducted on products that we use and work with every day."
Haynes has partnered with Marietta College to complete the local study.
"We have roughly over 250 (already tested) and with those we have scheduled up through the fall, we'll be at nearly 75 of our target enrollment," she said. "We hope to have 300 from Wood and Washington Counties participate and hopefully 100 from Guernsey County."
Children ages 7 to 9 who live in those counties and whose mothers lived in those counties while pregnant with the child may apply. Families will receive $125 for participating.
"All of the testing takes place at the Center for Families and Children on campus," said Marietta College psychology professor Mary Barnas.
Parents interested in including their child in the study should contact research assistant Jody Alden at 1-866-AIR-3305.
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Backgrounder: The Agricultural Census, Jun 2001
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Backgrounder: The Agricultural Census
This census is directed towards Australia's 160,000 farmers. It is not to be confused with the Census of Population and Housing which occurs on the 7th of August and involves every Australian household.
The Agricultural Census is a vital part of ABS's statistical work. Its results provide the basis for informed decision making in government, business and the rural community.
The despatch of the Agricultural Census form to farmers and other agricultural businesses who are in the scope of the census began on 11 June and is expected to be completed by 20 June.
It is important that the rural community be informed about the census, and are encouraged to support it. Preliminary results will be available in October 2001, with final results being available in August 2002.
The Agricultural Census, in one form or another, has been conducted for over 140 years, and in fact is one of the oldest collections undertaken by the ABS. Early on, data was collected annually by each colony and reported back to England. Following Federation in 1901, data continued to be collected by each State. Much of these data are held in the ABS archives, some in consolidated leather bound books inscribed by hand with ink dipped pens on pages with hand drawn lines. These books provide a wonderful insight into the development of this vast country.
In some States in the early years, the job of "Census collector" was undertaken by the local police, and needless to say, response rates were excellent. Over the years, the State collections have become more integrated and now the census is conducted as a National collection, by mail. Concepts and definitions are consistent across all States to assist comparison and aggregation of data.
The census has seen many changes over the years, however basic information such as the number of livestock and volume of crops have continued to be collected on a consistent basis. The scope of the collection has changed slightly from time to time, largely in relation to the size of small farms to be excluded. Currently all farms with an estimated value of agricultural operations (EVAO) of $5000 or more are included.
While a set of core data has been consistently collected, a small number of questions are added and removed from the form as the ABS and its clients requirements change over time. Recent years has seen an increase in the number of questions relating to environmental issues and management practices.
A major change in recent years is the change in the frequency of the collection. Up to and including 1996/97 the Agricultural census was conducted annually at the end of March. At this time the ABS, driven largely by concerns relating to the effort on respondents to complete census forms, and to a lesser extent budget pressures, moved to its current strategy of an Agricultural census every five years with Agricultural Commodity Surveys in intervening years. The first Agricultural Commodity Survey was conducted in 1997/98. This census, originally planned for 2002, has been brought forward by twelve months to 2001, so that it coincides with the Census of Population and Housing from 2001 and onwards. This will facilitate analysis utilising data from the two collections.
Another very significant change is in relation to the reference period. Up until the 1999/2000 Agricultural Commodity Survey the collection reference period was 1 April to 31 March. In 1999/2000 it was decided to adopt a financial year reference period to reduce the burden on the farming community and to align the agricultural collections with other collections undertaken by the ABS. This change has proved popular with those farm businesses contacted as part of last years survey, and this year, as well as future years, will use the new reference period 1 July - 30 June.
Additional background is on Agricultural Census Home Page.
Copyright-free photographs (for Agricultural Census use only), audio clips, and media releases are at www.aapmedianet.com.au
These documents will be presented in a new window.
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- By Bob Nellis
Mayo Clinic Discovers African-Americans Respond Better to Rubella Vaccine
Findings May Help Make Immunizations More Effective
ROCHESTER, Minn. — Feb. 27, 2014 — Somali Americans develop twice the antibody response to rubella from the current vaccine compared to Caucasians in a new Mayo Clinic study on individualized aspects of immune response. A non-Somali, African-American cohort ranked next in immune response, still significantly higher than Caucasians, and Hispanic Americans in the study were least responsive to the vaccine. The findings appear in the journal Vaccine.
“This is fascinating,” says Gregory Poland, M.D., Mayo Clinic vaccinologist and senior author of the study. “We don’t know why these groups reacted so differently to the vaccine — that’s a subject for further studies — but this new information will help us as we design the vaccines of the future. It will ultimately change how we practice medicine.”
The researchers studied a sample of 1,100 healthy children and young adults in Rochester, as well as over 1,000 participants from the U.S. Naval Health Research Center in San Diego as the control group. The Navy members, aged 18 to 40, were all healthy and recently vaccinated, and represented a cross-section of ethnic groups. The study also looked at a subset of a recent immigrant population from Somalia in Rochester. The Minnesota case studies were done in cooperation with the Rochester Epidemiology Project.
The researchers hypothesized that race, sex or ethnicity might contribute to differences in immune response. They found no difference in gender—a surprise, says Dr. Poland, because in most studies women consistently have a better immune response to vaccines than men.
“The significance of the findings is that in the future we may be able to create vaccines for specific groups or even individuals based on their genomic and other characteristics,” says Dr. Poland. “That may mean adjusting doses for some or being able to treat larger populations with the same vaccine if the dosage is less.”
The research team includes first author Iana Haralambieva, M.D., Ph.D., Hannah Salk, Nathaniel Lambert, Ph.D., Inna Ovsyannikova, Ph.D., Richard Kennedy, Ph.D., Nathaniel Warner, and V. Shane Pankratz, Ph.D., all of Mayo Clinic.
The research was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-National Institutes of Health, and by Mayo Clinic.
Dr. Poland is the chair of a Safety Evaluation Committee for non-rubella vaccine trials being conducted by Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Poland offers consultative advice on vaccine development to Merck & Co. Inc., CSL Biotherapies, Avianax, Sanofi Pasteur, Dynavax, Novartis Vaccines and Therapeutics, PAXVAX Inc., and Emergent Biosolutions. Drs. Poland and Ovsyannikova hold two patents related to vaccinia peptide research. These activities have been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and are conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and was conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies.
About Mayo Clinic
Recognizing 150 years of serving humanity in 2014, Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit worldwide leader in medical care, research and education for people from all walks of life. For more information, visit 150years.mayoclinic.org, http://www.mayoclinic.org and newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org.
Bob Nellis, Mayo clinic Public Affairs, 507-284-5005, [email protected]
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Fortunately, you do not have to resort to prescription drugs or chemical concoctions for relief. All you need to do is be patient, eat right for the condition, avoid trigger foods and use a little home remedy knowledge.
What Causes Reflux Flare-ups
Before we get to the Rules, it might be helpful to understand what causes this painful buildup of stomach acids. Our stomach contains acids that aid in the breakdown of the foods we eat.
Acid reflux occurs when these digestive liquids leak or “reflux” back up into the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter. This acidic liquid can cause inflammation and can even cause severe damage to the lining of the esophagus.
Rule #1: Acid Reflux Trigger Foods
The first food Rule is to know what foods trigger acid reflux.
Main Acid Reflux Trigger Foods:
- Fatty foods – especially deep fried
- Caffeinated beverages
- Citrus fruits
- Sugary foods
- Red and processed meats
These trigger foods cause the esophageal sphincter muscle to relax and let the stomach contents move freely upward.
Rule #2: Eating For Your Condition
The second Rule is eating right for the condition. You should eat a predominantly low fat, vegetarian diet, choosing acid reducing proteins such as fish, eggs, legumes, wild rice and non-wheat flours.
Other important foods you will want to put into your regular diet are:
- Probiotics: Probiotic acidophilus bifidus combats the acid imbalance in your body, take powder capsules as needed and heartburn should subside within 30 minutes.
- Yogurt: Yogurt also contains acidophilus bifidus.
- Raw Apple Cider Vinegar: Take 2-4 tablespoons before each meal.
Only YOU can do what it takes to make the change. Include these lifestyles changes, if necessary, to avoid acid reflux flare-ups:
-Avoid or limit alcohol
-No greasy fast food
-Loose weight, if needed
-Drink only between meals
Portion control is a very important remedy of a low acid diet. Eat smaller meals (portions should be no larger than the size of your fist) and make sure you eat your last meal of the day at least 3 hours before bedtime.
Rule #3: You Are Your Best Tool
The third Rule is you. You know and understand your body better then anyone and you alone can distinguish trigger foods from safe foods. Keeping a journal of foods that constantly cause you pain will help you understand what is causing your acid reflux flare-ups. Other triggers can be stress, certain exercise routines and sleeping habits. Find them, learn them and make sure you exclude them from your daily diet and daily activities.
For recipes that are acid reflux free please get our Reflux Remedy Tasty Recipes book. You can get that for free by clicking here:
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Scientists from Stanford University and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have discovered that crude oil interrupts a cellular pathway that allows fish heart cells to beat effectively.
The toxic consequence is a slowed heart rate, reduced cardiac contractility and irregular heartbeats that can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death.
The research, published in the Feb. 14 issue of Science (see footnote), is part of the ongoing Natural Resource Damage Assessment of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
While crude oil cardiotoxicity in developing fish is well-known, the physiological mechanisms underlying its harmful effects were unclear. Stanford and NOAA scientists studying the impact of crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill on tuna discovered that it interrupts the ability of fish heart cells to beat effectively.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of chemicals, some of which are known to be toxic to marine animals. Past research has focused in particular on “polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons” (PAHs), which can also be found in coal tar, creosote, air pollution and stormwater runoff from land. In the aftermath of an oil spill, PAHs can persist for many years in marine habitats and cause a variety of adverse environmental effects.
The researchers report that oil interferes with cardiac cell excitability, contraction and relaxation—vital processes for normal beat-to-beat contraction and pacing of the heart.
Their tests revealed that very low concentrations of crude oil disrupt the specialized ion channel pores—where molecules flow in and out of the heart cells—that control heart rate and contraction in the cardiac muscle cell.
This cyclical signaling pathway in cells throughout the heart is what propels blood out of the pump on every beat. The protein components of the signaling pathway are highly conserved in the hearts of most animals, including humans.
The researchers found that oil blocks the potassium channels distributed in heart cell membranes, increasing the time to restart the heart on every beat. This prolongs the normal cardiac action potential, and ultimately slows the heartbeat. The potassium ion channel impacted in the tuna is responsible for restarting the heart muscle cell contraction cycle after every beat, and is highly conserved throughout vertebrates, raising the possibility that animals as diverse as tuna, turtles and dolphins might be affected similarly by crude oil exposure. Oil also resulted in arrhythmias in some ventricular cells.
“We’ve known from NOAA research over the past two decades that crude oil is toxic to the developing hearts of fish embryos and larvae, but haven’t understood precisely why,” said coauthor Nat Scholz, leader of the Ecotoxicology Program at NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle. “These new findings more clearly define petroleum-derived chemical threats to fish and other species in coastal and ocean habitats, with implications that extend beyond oil spills to other sources of pollution such as land-based urban stormwater runoff.”
The new study also calls attention to a previously underappreciated risk to wildlife and humans, particularly from exposure to cardioactive PAHs that also exist at relatively enriched levels in air pollution.
The research was funded by NOAA, Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation.
[notification type=”help”]Fabien Brette, Ben Machado, Caroline Cros, John P. Incardona, Nathaniel L. Scholz, Barbara A. Block (2014). Crude Oil Impairs Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Fish Science, 343 (6172), 772-776 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242747[/notification]
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rutherfordium (rŭħˌərfôrˈdēəm) [key], artificially produced radioactive chemical element; symbol Rf; at. no. 104; mass number of most stable isotope 265; m.p., b.p., and sp. gr. unknown; valence +4. It is the first transuranium element beyond the actinide series, thus being the first of the transactinide elements. Situated in Group 4 of the periodic table, it has properties similar to those of hafnium and zirconium.
In 1964 a Soviet team led by G. N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna announced the discovery of element 104. They claimed to have isolated an isotope with mass number 260 and a half-life of 0.3 sec by bombarding plutonium-242 atoms with neon-22 ions. Subsequently, they suggested that element 104 be named kurchatovium (symbol Ku) to honor Igor Kurchatov, a Soviet pioneer in nuclear physics. In 1969, an American research team led by A. Ghiorso at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced that, while they had been unable to confirm the Dubna group's results, they had identified at least two isotopes of element 104 different from the one identified by the Soviet scientists. They bombarded californium-249 atoms with carbon-12 and carbon-13 ions to creates isotopes with mass numbers 257 (half-life of 4.8 sec), 259 (half-life of 3 sec), and possibly 258 (half-life of 13 msec). Disputing the Soviet claim of discovery, the Americans suggested the name rutherfordium to honor the British physicist Lord Ernest Rutherford. An international committee set up to resolve such disputes decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. The syntheses of at least 10 isotopes of rutherfordium, with half-lives ranging from 0.5 msec (Rf-254) to about 13 hr (Rf-265), have been confirmed.
In 1994 a committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), convened to resolve naming disputes for the transactinide elements, recommended that element 104 be named dubnium in recognition of the work done at the Dubna laboratory. The committee also recommended that element 106, which had been called seaborgium by the American team that discovered it, be called rutherfordium. In 1997, however, the name rutherfordium for element 104 was recognized internationally.
See also synthetic elements.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Compounds and Elements
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Which region in the U.S. boasts the heaviest people?
According to a recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the folks with the highest Body Mass Index (BMI) live in the South. The obesity rate among southern residents is 29.5 percent, reports USA Today. Following them were the Midwest with a rate of 29 percent, the Northeast (25.3 percent) and the West (24.3 percent).
When the CDC did a breakdown of which states had the worst obesity rates, eight of the top ten states were in the South, too. Mississippi came in at number one for the sixth year in a row, with a 34.9 percent obesity rate. The other states that made the list included Louisiana (33.4 percent), West Virginia (32.4 percent), Alabama (32 percent), Michigan (31.3 percent), Oklahoma (31.1 percent), Arkansas (30.9 percent), Indiana (30.8), South Carolina (30.8), Kentucky (30.4) and Texas (30.4 percent).
While Colorado had the thinnest Americans (20.7 percent were obese), sadly, not one state in the U.S. had an adult obesity rate lower than 20 percent.
This data matters to us for many reasons.
First, it’s not a secret that African-Americans bear the brunt of the obesity epidemic. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22.4 percent of African-American children ages 6 to 17 are obese. In terms of adults, according to the Office of Minority Health, African-American women have the highest obesity rates in the country — a whopping 50 percent are obese. And 37 percent of Black men over the age of 20 are obese.
Second, the Midwest and the South, the areas with the highest obesity rates, are areas with larger Black populations. The Office of Minority Health states that the 10 states with the largest Black population in 2010 were New York, Florida, Texas, Georgia, California, North Carolina, Illinois, Maryland, Virginia and Ohio. And of the cities with more than 100,000 African-Americans, Detroit and Jackson, Mississippi, rank in the top two. Those two states ranked high in the obesity data the CDC released.
And while many factors, such as poverty, not having health insurance and lack of access to healthier foods, can be blamed for the higher rates of poor health among African-Americans, obesity plays a serious role as well. But there is some good news: Our weight is something we can control.
Being active for 30 minutes a day for 3-5 days a week along with strength training came make a huge difference in maintaining a healthy weight. Eating less fried, salty and fatty foods and eating more fruits, vegetables, lean meats and fiber can help as well. Most important, just losing 10 percent of your body weight can significantly lower your risk of developing diabetes, cancer, heart disease and hypertension.
To learn more about losing weight, go here.
BET Health News - We go beyond the music and entertainment world to bring you important medical information and health-related tips of special relevance to Blacks in the U.S. and around the world. Click here to subscribe to our newsletter.
(Photo: Getty Images/moodboard RF)
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Structural Biochemistry/Antibodies that target tumor cells
By understanding how antibodies work scientists have developed ways to prevent the spread of cancer cells. Two therapeutic monoclonal antibody have been developed that has aided in the fight against cancer.
Rituxan was the first therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets tumor cells passed by the FDA. It targets the tumor fingerprint on the surface of immune cells known as B cells in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Heceptin is the other therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets breast cancer cells. How it works is that it binds to the cell receptors of the breast cancer and acts as a signal to lure immune cells to kill the cancer cell. This function helps prevent breast cancer from spreading to other organs.
1. Medicine by Designs NIH Publication No. 06-474 Reprinted July 2006 http://www.nigms.nih.gov
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Girls in the UK were better at identifying scientific issues
Boys outperform girls in school science in the UK more than in any other developed country, a study shows.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) analysed results from 57 countries in its 2006 "Pisa" study of 15-year-olds.
This showed the gender gap was the other way round in Turkey and Greece.
There was no overall significant difference between boys and girls, but some marked differences in various science competencies and knowledge.
Stereotyped notions were "simply not true", the OECD said. Girls did not score more highly in life sciences as many would have expected.
They were better at questions in which they had to "identify scientific issues" but boys were better at "explaining phenomena scientifically".
The analysis of the 2006 Pisa (Programme for International Assessment) results showed boys in the UK scored on average 10 points higher in the science tests than girls. The average was two points.
In Turkey, girls outperformed boys in science by 12 points and in Greece by 11 points.
Pride and complacency
The study considered research about gender differences more widely and found the structure of education systems and educational policies may play a role, along with "pressures operating outside the school".
OECD secretary-general Angel Gurria said: "Many countries have reason to be proud that boys and girls are now performing equally well in key school subjects.
"However, we cannot be complacent in the face of continuing gender stereotypes.
"Attitudes such as 'reading is not for boys' or 'maths is not for girls' must not be allowed to persist: they are too costly in terms of lost human potential."
The OECD concluded that the extent to which males and females have different outcomes in education and the labour market involves "an extremely complex discussion".
There were significant differences in many areas.
"The evolution of these differences provides some challenging issues for parents and educators."
The influence of cultural beliefs in a country and the effect of the media were not considered in this report "but are influences which cannot be ignored".
The study did consider the "vexing" question of whether males and females are better being schooled in single-sex or mixed-sex surroundings, but concluded that caution was needed because of the relatively small numbers of students involved.
"In a number of previous studies of secondary students it has been found that, in general, females do more homework than males. The results from 2006 support this observation in all subject areas."
A spokesman for England's Department for Children, Schools and Families said: "We know that more needs to be done to engage girls in science, which is why we are working to change attitudes and get more of them involved.
"We are bringing scientists and engineers into schools so they can share their enthusiasm for science, as well as getting more teachers who are skilled at engaging girls in science."
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Can money buy happiness?
Norton said at a recent TED talk that spending money on yourself does not make you happier, but spending money on others -- no matter how it is spent, or how much -- could improve your mood.
"If you think money can't buy happiness, you're not spending it right," Norton said. "You should stop thinking about which product to buy for yourself, and try giving some of it to other people instead."
"The reason that money doesn't make us happy is that we’re always spending on the wrong things, and in particular that we’re always spending it on ourselves," he said.
Norton said that in numerous studies, "people who spent money on other people got happier; people who spent money on themselves, nothing happened. It didn’t make them less happy; it just didn't do much for them."
In nearly every country in the world, people that give to charity are happier, according to research by Gallup cited by Norton.
Norton said that in a study at the University of British Columbia, students that were given money and spent it on others became happier, while students that were given money and spent it on themselves were not any happier. Norton said that the same effect was found in Uganda.
Taking your peers out for a drink after work isn't wasted time, Norton said. In fact, work teams that spend money on happy hours perform better at work, according to research cited by Norton.
"Money often makes us feel very selfish and we do things only for ourself," Norton said, but "spending on other people has a bigger return for you than spending on yourself."
And buying a small gift for your mom can make you just as happy as giving to an ambitious charity project.
"The specific way that you spend on other people isn't nearly as important as the fact that you spend on other people in order to make yourself happy," Norton said. "You don't have to do amazing things with your money to make yourself happy. You can do small trivial things and yet still get these benefits from doing this."
Norton's research is not the first to find that money leads to happiness, up to a certain point. People in households that earn more than $50,000 per year are more satisfied with their quality of life than people in households that earn less than $50,000 per year, according to a recent Marist poll.
A study by Princeton University also found that a larger paycheck leads to a happier life, up to an income of $75,000 per year. After earning that amount, money has no effect on happiness, according to the study.
Of course, the happiness threshold is higher in cities with a higher cost of living, according to The Wall Street Journal. That threshold was $163,000 per year in New York City in 2010, compared to $62,000 in Pueblo, Colo., according to the WSJ.
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A new study reports that seed beetles may be seeking out intimate moments not to increase their chances of becoming fertilized, but for hydration. "We were curious about the behavior of these females—males are known to inflict damage during mating, and yet the females keep going back for more," said study lead author Claudia Ursprung.
We wanted to find out whether females were getting food or drinks from the ejaculated fluid," said Ursprung, whose research appears in a recent issue of the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Ursprung and her colleagues kept 79 female seed beetles in enclosures for eight days. Some were given food and water, some just food, and some just water. In the absence of water but not food, females were much more likely to try breeding. Being given water, however, left the females with little appetite for sex.
The beetles probably evolved this bizarre tactic because the species lives in a dry environment, the researchers suspect. "It is kind of like a bribe for mating, a way of ensuring that the female will produce offspring," said co-author Darryl Gwynne, also at the University of Toronto.
Storyteller: Claudia Ursprung of the University of Toronto Mississauga.
Source: Love Thirsty Beetles
Of course algorithms are biased
4 hours ago
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August 16, 2004 No Comments
In a very short period of time, school will be back in full swing, students will busily cracking the books and writing papers, and figuring out math problems. (At least we hope they will be). Today’s Family First site can help with the boring task of history research and getting ready for that big test.
Called Common-Place, this site is an online magazine of life in early America. This site consists of eye-opening articles that are presented in a way that is entertaining, educational and informative. For example, there is an interesting piece on whether early Americans owned their guns. There are online tours, such as the Mashantucket Pequot Museum, as well as reviews of books on history, both fictional and non-fictional. The site tries to be more informal that a scholarly journal, but a little more informative that a traditional mainstream magazine. There is quite a bit of material here for both the young student and the older adults who are interested in finding out about the past.
This is a wonderful site to spend some time at. It has a lot of good reading material, but is easily understood. Have a wonderful stop and pass it on to a friend..
Tags: boring task, full swing, guns, history research, mainstream magazine, mashantucket pequot museum, math problems, older adults, period of time, reading material, scholarly journal, short period, task of history, time school, traditional mainstream, writing papersHistory
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One hundred years ago, 30-ton steamboats made their way up the mouth of the Colorado. Now, at low tide, there is no longer enough water flowing downriver to float the Cucapa's 20-foot-long pangas and their cargo. For all his hard work, Figueroa ended the day mired in the nearly dry riverbed, a mile short of his destination, his fish losing much of their freshness and value.The US overallocated the Colorado years ago (setting a baseline that was too high), and -- as today's "high flows" equal yesterday's "average flows" -- those allocations are even more imbalanced. Mexico, as the recipient of "left-overs" is getting less and less, with terrible environmental, economic and social consequences that do not make the gringos look like good neighbors.
"Malo viento," he kept saying. But it was the river, not an "evil wind," that had let him down.
Dams, drought, climate change, urban growth, industrial agriculture and politics on both sides of the border are to blame, and none of those adverse conditions will reverse any time soon.
Reservoirs have been drawn down to historically low levels, and some scientists predict that under the influence of climate change, the river's annual flow could drop by 50% over the next 40 years.
Despite heavy snowfall in the central Rocky Mountains this year, river managers in the U.S. continue to advise the states that depend on the Colorado River to prepare for water shortages within five years.
Measures to shore up U.S. reserves, meanwhile, are likely to make water even more scarce in Mexico.
For many years, Mexico has benefited from an unofficial surplus over its meager original allotment of river flow. The extra water comes from a combination of underground seepage from an unlined diversion canal in California, and storm runoff that makes its way south of the border.
The U.S. is in the process of stanching the fugitive flow by lining much of the All American Canal, a 90-mile-long irrigation ditch in California's Imperial Valley. Plans also are underway to build a small reservoir to catch 60% to 70% of the surplus surface water before it reaches Mexico.
The extra water has been a boon to crops in the arid Mexicali Valley and a godsend to the Colorado River Delta, where the Cucapa and hundreds of other poor fishermen eke out a living. Marine biologists believe that the corvina and other fish rebounded from the brink of extinction largely as a result of periodic high flows that flushed through the mouth of the river.
"To the extent it survives at all, the environment down there lives off the slop, off unplanned releases," said Peter Culp, a water lawyer and consultant to the Tucson-based Sonoran Institute, a nonprofit group that has been working on delta restoration.
Across the city, shiny black and blue barrels dot the rooftops of new housing developments, barrels in which residents store water for use when none is flowing through their faucets. Often, the shutdowns last days.
In Lomas de la Presa, a middle-class neighborhood where some houses cost the equivalent of $40,000, resident Raul Natzu said the water flows about four hours a day. "There's enough for essential uses, but no water for flowers or anything outside."
In ramshackle neighborhoods like Puesta del Sol, where people erect makeshift dwellings from plywood, cinder blocks and surplus garage doors, water doesn't flow at all. Instead, residents buy what they can afford from roving trucks. They store the water in rain barrels and dole it out as needed to bathe, flush toilets, and wash dishes and clothes.
Bottom Line: As water in the west gets scarcer, the weak will suffer.
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PLANS to preserve the dying days of the coalmining industry in the North-East are being made as Beamish Museum has revealed it will revive the tensions of the the miners’ strike in future.
Part of the living museum dedicated to the 1980s mean visitors will be able to chart the rise and fall of the region’s industrial past, culminating in the acrimonious clashes between union leaders and Margaret Thatcher’s Government, as well as pitmen and the police.
Museum director Richard Evans unveiled the idea as part of a £25m 12 year strategy for the visitor centre, near Chester-le-Street in County Durham.
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He said: “People will come with their own memories of the 80s and their own experiences and we will talk to them and they will be recorded.
“The 80s is clearly a very emotional and difficult time for a lot of people and we do not underestimate that.”
The more modern section is unlikely to be ready before 2025, when people who would have been young men during the strike, are grandparents.
The time scale fits in with Beamish Museum’s ethos that three generations of the same family will be able to come and take something different away from the experience.
For school parties of the future, the displays will offer a history lessons but for former miners who lived through the years of industrial action between 1984-85, it will be a trip down memory lane.
As well as stories from the picket lines, there will be artifacts reflecting social history, how people lived and the icons of the days such as Rubik’s cubes and Sony walkmans.
Beamish currently features Pockerley Hall, which is set in the 1820s, when deep coal mining was becoming widespread, and the Edwardian town and village of 1910-13, which is set amid the industry’s heyday.
Mr Evans said part of the open air site dedicated to the 50s could be open in around five years and will feature a cinema, theatre, trolley bus and shopping arcade, but the 80s section would take considerably longer.
He said: “We are talking about continuing the history of the North-East past the First World War, but doing it in the same style to tell the story of the region on through time.
“The 80s will be recorded in a way that records the fact that it was clearly a very important decade in terms of Britain’s industrial history, and especially the North-East’s history.”
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Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine have found that particular strains of a food-borne bacteria are able to invade the heart, leading to serious and difficult-to-treat heart infections.
The study is available online in the Journal of Medical Microbiology.
The bacteria Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soft cheeses and chilled ready-to-eat products. For healthy individuals, listeria infections are usually mild, but for susceptible individuals and the elderly, infection can result in serious illness, usually associated with the central nervous system, the placenta and the developing fetus.
About 10 percent of serious listeria infections involve a cardiac infection, according to Nancy Freitag, associate professor of microbiology and immunology and principle investigator on the study. These infections are difficult to treat, with more than one-third proving fatal, but have not been widely studied and are poorly understood.
Freitag and her colleagues obtained a strain of listeria that had been isolated from a patient with endocarditis, or infection of the heart.
"This looked to be an unusual strain, and the infection itself was unusual," she said. Usually with endocarditis there is bacterial growth on heart valves, but in this case the infection had invaded the cardiac muscle.
The researchers were interested in determining whether patient predisposition led to heart infection or whether something different about the strain caused it to target the heart.
They found that when they infected mice with either the cardiac isolate or a lab strain, they found 10 times as much bacteria in the hearts of mice infected with the cardiac strain. In the spleen and liver, organs that are commonly targeted by listeria, the levels of bacteria were equal in both groups of mice.
Further, the researchers found that while the lab-strain-infected group often had no heart infection at all, 90 percent of the mice infected with the cardiac strain had heart infections. The researchers obtained more strains of listeria, for a total of 10, and did the same experiment. They found that only one other strain also seemed to also target the heart.
"They infected the heart of more animals and were always infecting heart muscle and always in greater number," Freitag said. "Some strains seem to have this enhanced ability to target the heart for infection."
Freitag's team used molecular genetics and cardiac cell cultures to explore what was different about these two strains.
"These strains seem to have a better ability to invade cardiac cells," she said. The results suggest that these cardiac-associated strains display modified proteins on their surface that enable the bacteria to more easily enter cardiac cells, targeting the heart and leading to bacterial infection.
"Listeria is actually pretty common in foods," said Freitag. "And because it can grow at refrigerated temperatures, as foods are being produced with a longer and longer shelf life, listeria infection may become more common. In combination with an aging population that is more susceptible to serious infection, it's important that we learn all we can about these deadly infections."
|Contact: Jeanne Galatzer-Levy|
University of Illinois at Chicago
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This is part seven of the nine-part series from the Project Happiness curriculum. We are looking at important factors that influence the happiness and social and emotional learning of elementary school age children, helping students learn life skills, manage emotions, and increase empathy. Each blog post features one letter of the acronym HAPPINESS:
- H = Happiness
- A = Appreciation
- P = Passions and Strengths
- P = Perspective
- I = Inner Meanie/Inner Friend
- N = Ninja Mastery
- E = Empathy
- S = So Similar
- S = Share Your Gifts
In this post, we will explore Empathy.
Why is it important to "walk in someone else's shoes?" According to a study by the Brookings Institution, "Higher curriculum standards don't correlate to higher student achievement; empathy does." Empathy is also gaining attention as an important component of emotional intelligence and as a way to reduce bullying. When a person learns to understand and share the feelings of another, the pro-social behavior that results shows up in better relationships, closer friendships and stronger communities -- it's that important!
Here are five steps to cultivate empathy:
- Watch & Listen: What is the other person saying, and what is his or her body language?
- Remember: When did you feel the same way?
- Imagine: How does the other person feel? And how would you feel in that situation?
- Ask: Ask what the person is feeling.
- Show You Care: Let him or her know that you care through your words and actions.
(You can find lesson plans and additional resources about this at projecthappiness.org.)
How is Empathy Being Developed in Schools?
There are many approaches to teaching empathy. Here are ten interesting ways that aspects of empathy are being introduced:
- Start with Teachers: At a recent EduCon Conference, an important issue came up. Teacher burnout increases when teachers are expected to be supportive but receive no emotional support at all. One teacher summarized it well: "How can I have empathy for my students when no one will have empathy for me?" The solution one school adopted was to have regular staff meetings in which everyone sat in a circle and shared how things were going. Teachers felt closer to one another in creating a more supportive environment where others cared about how everyone was feeling.
- Infants as Educators: Roots of Empathy is a program that brings a neighborhood infant and parent to visit the classroom every three weeks over the school year. Students are taught to observe the baby's development and discuss his or her feelings, which opens the door to students identifying their own feelings and advocating kindness for the baby and for each other.
- Validation and Trust: Making sure students have a voice -- and that all voices are heard -- is a building block for empathy. One teacher states:
The students learn that I trust them to be kind, loving and intelligent. And they are learning to trust that I will think of them that way. We learn to trust each other . . . help each other if we fall . . . and use our voices to make change. When children first start to use their voices in the classroom, it provides for a test as to how they may be received. Will they be listened to? Will they be laughed at? Are they important?
- Power of Teamwork: Working in teams to affect the greater good is a great way to creating a culture of empathy. At AXL Academy, each child is assigned to a "crew" for two years. Inspired by Outward Bound founder Kurt Hahn's quote, "We are not passengers in life, we are crew," students learn to work together and create close bonds with one another and their teacher.
- Grading on Character: The school also grades students on character, with big questions like, "What makes a good friend?" broken down into learning outcomes; and with performance targets, which teachers and students use to collaboratively evaluate students' progress.
- Practice Emotional Literacy: Having students learn what feelings are (including reading people's faces and body language) as well as how to name those feelings are necessary steps to empathy. If they can learn how to express their feelings and how to interpret when others express feelings, they have important tools for life.
- Befriending the "Other": To teach empathy, one school is helping students learn to initiate relationships by becoming friends with students who are different, have a disability, or are new. The motivation is friendship and better relationships.
- Students as "Changemakers": When teachers guided students to identify school problems and encouraged them to work together to come up with solutions, this caused a shift in the school culture. In one fourth grade class, the oldest grade in the school decided to create reminders for the younger grades about how to treat each other well. Because of the project, the older students began to see themselves as role models and empathic leaders for the younger kids.
- Service-Learning: In Georgetown Elementary Day School, students do grade-wide service-learning projects. In pre-school and first grade, for example, students made sandwiches for a local nonprofit's family support programs. By the fifth grade, students could choose their own service project culminating in four days of service and advocacy.
- Encourage Empathy at Home: Empathy is reinforced at home when parents model it. When parents positively demonstrate sharing their feelings in authentic, engaged and non-judgmental ways, kids (influenced by mirror neurons) tend to imitate or mirror the intention and emotional state of what they see. Empathy is a family affair!
Do you see this as an important issue? In what ways have you cultivated empathy in your classroom?
In This Series
- Activities to Build Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: The Power of Appreciation
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: Passion and Strengths
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: The Power of Perspective
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: Inner Meanie and Inner Friend
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: Emotional Management
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: Empathy
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: So Similar
- Building Social and Emotional Skills in Elementary Students: Share Your Gifts
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ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Episode 38 — Math + Reading = Fun!
|Grades||K – 5|
|Podcast Series||Chatting About Books: Recommendations for Young Readers
See all episodes in this series
|Original Air Date||Published September 01, 2011|
Music in this podcast is provided by Freeplay Music.
Author: Loreen Leedy
Publisher: Henry Holt, 1997
Lisa’s math class is learning about measurement. Lisa must choose something to measure and then measure it in as many ways possible as she can. And of course, her dog Penny is a perfect “something” to measure! Lisa explores her Boston Terrier, Penny, in a multitude of ways that will really get kids thinking of measuring and all the different ways that we measure in our world. This book is engaging and will probably spark some measuring curiosity with kids who read it.
It's Probably Penny
Author: Loreen Leddy
Publisher: Henry Holt, 2007
Lisa’s math teacher is at it again; this time her class is learning about probability. Their teacher gives them an assignment to predict three events that will, might, and can’t happen; think of two events that have a tiny or impossible chance of happening; tell about an event that has equal possible outcomes; and write about an event that has unequal possible outcomes. For this assignment, there is only one way that Lisa can possibly finish it…and that is by using her dog, Penny. Readers are taken through Lisa’s assignment as she explores all the possibilities and impossibilities of her bulldog’s life. I predict that kids will like this book and will probably learn a lot about probability!
The Lion’s Share: A Tale of Halving Cake and Eating It, Too
Author: Matthew McElligo
Publisher: Walker and Company, 2009
Every year King Lion invites several animals to eat dinner with him. This year Ant gets invited. Ant is nervous to eat with the king and uses her best manners but notices that the other animals do not. When it comes time for dessert, Lion passes the cake to Elephant who decides to take half. And as the cake is passed down the table, each animal continues to take one half until there are only two crumbs left. Ant is mortified that there is not a slice left for Lion and offers to bring him a cake the next day. But the other animals, greedy and jealous, try to outdo the Ant. Beetle offers to make two cakes, Frog says he’ll make twice as many (four), and each animal continues to double the cakes from the animal before until Elephant is left to make 256 cakes. This is not only an interesting take on doubling and halving but also a fablelike story that leaves the reader with a nice message about sharing and manners.
One Potato, Two Potato
Author: Cynthia DeFelice
Illustrator: Andrea U’Ren
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006
One Potato, Two Potato is a fresh look at the folktale about the magic pot that doubles everything. Mr. and Mrs. O’Grady are poor and have only one of everything until one day Mr. O’Grady comes upon this magic pot. At first the O’Gradys don’t know what they will do with the pot, but then they discover that whatever they put into the pot it comes out double. They start out simply: doubling the number of candles, hairpins, and potatoes, and then they soon turn to gold coins. Everything is going well until the day that Mrs. O’Grady falls in the pot and doubles herself. What will the O’Gradys do? You will have double the fun reading to find out!
Author: Matthew McElligot
Publisher: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2007
Two bugs, Ralph and Flora, are out picking beans. When Flora picks the thirteenth bean, Ralph tells her that thirteen is an unlucky number. Flora thinks that Ralph is being silly, but when they get home to divide the beans, Flora sees that thirteen is indeed a very strange number. No matter how they divide, there is always one bean left over: BEAN THIRTEEN! This book is a fun, first look at prime numbers and factoring!
Author: Becky Birtha
Illustrator: Nicole Tadgell
Publisher: Albert Whitman & Company, 2010
Marshall is tired of beans, beans, beans for dinner. But unfortunately for his family during the Great Depression, beans are the cheapest and best way to fill everyone’s tummy. However, a local contest to estimate how many beans are in the jar makes Marshall appreciate beans in a new way. Marshall uses what he’s been learning in class about measuring and estimating to help his mother make a smart guess about the number of beans in the jar. Kids will be impressed with Marshall’s logical thinking and maybe want to put his strategy to the test with their own jar of beans to estimate!
Whole-y Cow! Fractions Are Fun
Author: Taryn Souders
Illustrator: Tatjana Mai-Wyss
Publisher: Sleeping Bear Press, 2010
In this book, one whole cow has many adventures that provide the perfect learning opportunity for fractions. For example, while balancing on a peg, one whole cow breaks her leg. What fraction of her legs are hurt? What fraction are not? For kids who are intimidated by fractions and for parents who have trouble explaining it in easy-to-understand language, this book will be a big hit!
Listen in as Taryn Souders, the author of Whole-y Cow! Fractions Are Fun, shares engaging and hands-on math tips for parents and kids. If you are a parent listening, get your spare change jar ready and your measuring cups out!
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HRSA Programs Related to Women's Health
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is the Federal agency responsible for improving access to health care services for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. HRSA’s mission, “To improve health and achieve health equity through access to quality services, a skilled health workforce and innovative programs,” supports the Affordable Care Act which will provide Americans with better health security, expand health insurance coverage, and enhance the quality of care.
- HRSA’s Office of Women’s Health (OWH) is the agency lead for women’s health policy and programming. OWH engages with Bureaus and Offices to enhance HRSA programs through collaborations focusing on reducing sex and gender- based disparities and supporting the HRSA mission. Priorities include violence prevention coordination; mobile health; and the HRSA-supported Women’s Preventive Health Service Guidelines under the Affordable Care Act. In 2013, the office launched the “Care Counts: Educating Women and Families Challenge” to support enrollment in the health insurance marketplace.
- The Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) supports access to comprehensive women’s health care to improve their health across the life course through the Title V MCH Block Grant, Home Visiting, and Healthy Start Programs. MCHB is focused on reducing maternal morbidity and mortality through the integration of the life course model by addressing women’s health before, during, and after pregnancy. The Bureau is also supporting the provisions under the Affordable Care Act to promote primary preventive health services for women, primarily through its community-based Home Visiting and Healthy Start programs.
- The HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) provides resources and services for individuals living with HIV/AIDS through the Ryan White Program; Part D specifically addresses the needs of women, infants, children and youth, and their families. HAB funds two Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) which include Enhancing Access to and Retention in Quality HIV/AIDS Care for Women of Color and Enhancing Engagement and Retention in Quality HIV Care for Transgender Women of Color. Given the intersection between interpersonal violence and HIV/AIDS, HAB grantees with significant numbers of female clients are more likely to provide screening, counseling, and referrals to domestic violence and shelter services.
- The Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC) aims to improve the health of the Nation’s underserved communities and vulnerable populations by assuring access to comprehensive, culturally competent, and quality primary health care services. In 2012, BPHC-supported health centers served 9 million women aged 18 and older, representing 63 percent of all health center patients aged 18 and older. Find more on Women Served by Community Health Centers.
- The Bureau of Clinician Recruitment and Service (BCRS) administers the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) and NURSE Corps programs, which provide loan repayment and scholarships to clinicians working in underserved communities. The NHSC consists of nearly 10,000 clinicians in practice or in training. Nearly 62 percent of NHSC in practice and nearly 71 percent of NHSC students are female. The NURSE Corps has about 3,250 registered and advanced practice nurses in practice or in training. More than 62 percent of NURSE Corps in practice and nearly 85 percent of NURSE Corps students are female.
- The Bureau of Health Professions (BHPr) provides policy leadership and health professions training grants in support of workforce quality and culturally appropriate care in medically underserved areas. Initiatives include promoting interprofessional teams and integrating population health into training programs. BHPr supports women’s health continuing education programs and discipline-specific degree and residency programs to address early detection and prevention across the life span on topics such as prenatal health, breastfeeding, breast and cervical cancer.
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To symbolize the clergy and the pulpit’s role of leading a congregation during worship, Baptist pulpit robes are worn by them together with other church vestments. What do robes symbolize as a sacred liturgical clothing?
For many religious associations around the globe, it has already been a tradition for them to make use of different kinds of ensembles including church vestments in order for them to be unique from one another. Each of the members of a particular religion which include the ministry or the pulpits, priests and pastors are most commonly seen wearing robes of different colors and styles during a liturgical celebration.
Even during the earliest days of Christianity, the robes have already been associated with holiness and religion. The apostles were the ones who served as references of the wearing of the various robes. Since then, in a religious context, robes have served many timeless roles in worship practices. Also, the wearing of the robes has been continued by a lot of preachers and clergy members at the present.
One of the commonly used types of a robe is the Baptist pulpit robe. By definition, a pulpit robe is a garment worn by ministers in the Christian churches who are already ordained. The robe is considered a clerical gown with wide sleeves. When it comes to the making of the robes, it is made from heavy materials. It usually has double-bell sleeves with a cuff and velvet facings. The primary purpose why the pulpits wear different robes is for each of them to convey authority and solemnity during their duty on spreading the words of the Lord to the worshippers. The pulpit robes symbolize the user’s position in various religious associations. Most commonly, the pulpits are seen wearing Baptist pulpit robe which is black.
Pulpit robes are often associated with the term Geneva gown or preaching robe. Among the ecclesiastical clothing that the members of the church wear, the pulpit robe is just one of them. The robes are of various styles and colors. And during these days, the pulpit robes can already be worn by ordained women. Just like the old times, the robes are worn by clergies and other church leaders because the robes are associated with their role in leading the congregation. The robes symbolize and honor religious traditions, deliver solemnity and show the authority of the clergies to lead the congregation.
A robe is indeed one of the most useful and important liturgical vestments that is worn by clergies and priests during a liturgical celebration. Surely, there will be the advantage of buying pulpit robes wholesale. In doing such, one gets to pay a lesser amount compared to buying robes by piece. One just needs to find the best shop where he/ she could buy the best sets of pulpit robes that are available for wholesale. To those who use robes in their profession and who are planning to buy robes, the best piece of advice that I could give you is to buy the robes wholesale. Not only do you lessen your effort but you also do save money.
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One of the ocean’s largest predators, male orcas can grow to 9.5 m (32 ft) in length, while females are slightly smaller at 8 m (23 ft). They live primarily where the water is cold but can live anywhere from the polar regions right up to the equator. This massive range makes orcas the most widespread of all sea creatures.
True to their name, killer whales are effective hunters. They prey on seals, sea lions, fish, sea birds, turtles, octopuses, and squid. Orcas will even attack other whales, including the enormous blue whale which can measure over three times their size. They have also been known to breach the surface to grab sea lions and seals, even partially jumping onto ice floes to reach their target.
Killer whales hunt in pods, or groups, in a way similar to wolves. They circle their prey and force them into smaller areas before attacking. Once cornered, the orcas take turns biting and ramming their prey.
Sending sound waves that travel underwater, killer whales use echolocation as a means for hunting. The reverberating sound provides information about an object’s location, size, and shape. Echolocation is also used as a form of communication. Each pod has a distinctive sound it uses to communicate among its members.
There are thought to be three types of pods: transient, resident, and offshore. Transient pods are constantly on the move following food sources. Resident pods generally stay in one area close to shore, while offshore orcas prefer the open waters. Currently, scientists are not clear as to why there are contrasting pod behaviors. Some believe it is because there are actually several species of orca, but more research must be conducted in order to test that theory.
In resident pods, killer whales of both genders will live with their mothers for their entire lives, forming matrilines. In this way, resident pods consist of very tight, stable bonds and can comprise of 10-50 whales. Offshore pods are also large, made up of 30-60 whales. Transient pods, on the other hand, tend to be smaller (around 2-5 whales), as offspring will generally leave the group when a sibling is born.
When females reach 6-10 years old, they are ready to bear young. Males need to be older to breed, roughly around 10-13 years of age.
Mating can take place at any time of year and only occurs between members of different pods to avoid interbreeding. After 17 months of gestation, calves are born in the water tail first. Female orcas can give birth every 3-10 years.
Newborns are very carefully protected within the pod. Often younger females will help new mothers protect their calves. Killer whales are also known to shelter injured or ill members of their pod from danger.
At present killer whales are not endangered. They have not been widely hunted by humans but are susceptible to some of the same threats as other marine mammals, including pollution, overfishing of their prey, and habitat infringement. They live an average of 30 to 50 years in the wild.
What You Can Do to Help
You can help orcas by spreading awareness about their special abilities to hunt, communicate, and live cooperatively. Write to your legislator about preserving their ocean habitat and keeping it free from pollution.
- American Cetacean Society’s Orca (Killer Whale) Page
- National Geographic’s Killer Whale (Orca) Page
- Marine Bio’s Orca Page
- National Parks Conservation Association’s Killer Whale Page
- IUCN Red List’s Orcinus orca Page
You Might Also Like
Blog Posts about the Killer Whale
- Featured Animal: Killer Whale (aka Orca) - November 3, 2013
Last updated on August 24, 2014.
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Drawing Out Cancer With Biomarkers
There is seemingly no shortage of markers for cancer cells in vitro. Every week brings a new antigen, genotype, morphology, or molecule for identifying some particular cancer cell line or behavior. The tools available for identifying additional markers are also improving.
High-throughput assays such as next-generation sequencing, cDNA and protein microarrays, and ELISA/purification-assisted mass spectrometry provide a better look into the molecular world of cancer biology. At the same time, computing resources permit analysis across more data sets (different cell lines) and data types (proteins, mRNA, epigenetic modifications, and genomes), generating even more hits.
Cancer Then and Now
While the equipment and procedures for identifying these hits was improving, so too did the understanding of cancer behavior. The immense complexity and diversity of cancer was highlighted as more genotypes and phenotypes were found in patient cells.
Tumors, once thought to be monocultures of malignant cells, actually turned out to be micro-ecosystems consisting of several populations of cells including cancer stem cells. The concept of the tumor microenvironment came to the forefront, and models of metastasis changed as nonmetastatic populations of circulating tumor cells were found.
This new understanding of cancer is immensely helpful in further research, but it does not bode well for individual use of biomarkers. The complicated behavior of so-called cancerous cells has forced questions of how to precisely define cancerous for the purposes of screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
In an editorial in the May 5, 2010, edition of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Drs. Laura Esserman and Ian Thompson discuss overdiagnosis of cancer: They suggest that, considering approximately 75% of biopsies produce negative results, more focus should be given to distinguishing aggressive cancers from indolent ones rather than widespread nonspecific screening.
One much-maligned biomarker serves as an excellent example: prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Both the American Cancer Society and the NCI admit that the harm of overtreatment and cost of doing PSA screening outweigh the benefits of the test.
A Plethora of Proteins
It is the complex interplay of normal and cancerous cells that defines future research into biomarkers for cancer progression. The search for a single biomarker to measure or even detect the presence of cancer is over.
Clinical approaches haven’t yet caught up, though, diagnosis and measurement of progression use a multimodal approach, these modes are generally limited to imaging, biopsy, and a few biomarkers. More robust measurements, especially noninvasive types integrating data from several biomarkers, are trickling onto the market.
In late 2009, the FDA approved OVA1 (Vermillion and Quest Diagnostics), a 5-protein serum assay for ovarian tumor malignancy. Genetic tests for risk factors have become more commonplace, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests exist for tumors to determine mutations and thus treatment susceptibility.
The ultimate biomarker-based assay for cancer diagnosis and progression would not only measure circulating tumor cells (as existing product CellSearch, from Veridex and Quest Diagnostics, does) but also check the composition of those tumor cells; certain mutations turn circulating tumor cells into cells with complete capabilities for founding new tumors elsewhere.
Cancer is also an opportunistic disease. Indicator compounds such as abnormal protein levels and metabolites are important but so are indicators of normal function. By connecting large pools of data (as microarray and other multiplex assays become cheaper and easier), a fuller, more individualized picture of cancer pathology can be generated, and treatments can be appropriately tuned.
A treatment that shrinks a tumor but fails to kill its stem cell population will lead to eventual recurrence but may still be useful in making those cancer stem cells more vulnerable to other agents. If your test shows that those stem cells are still alive (or worse, circulating), then different treatments can be applied.
In essence, the rise of highly-multiplexed assays makes single biomarker tests outdated, and makes less-specific/less-sensitive biomarkers more useful as part of a portfolio to account for the myriad ways in which cancer can manifest itself in the body. A 2008 study in Clinical Cancer Research described how measuring six proteins could provide an ovarian cancer assay with 95% sensitivity and 99% specificity, versus 72% sensitivity and 95% specificity for one protein alone.
By improving sensitivity, the fraction of false negatives decreases; by increasing specificity, the fraction of unnecessary biopsies falls as well. It is time for us to use all of our molecular tools side-by-side in diagnosing and measuring the progression of cancer.
© 2016 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, All Rights Reserved
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Fabrication of Unusual Art Forms
Michael W. Davidson
Employing an assortment of classical and non-classical microscopy techniques I have succeeded in constructing a series of photomicrographs designed to resemble unusual and/or alien landscapes. I have termed these photomicrographs "microscapes" and have assembled a collection of approximately 1000 such photographs. By applying the techniques described in this article, the interested microscopist can create virtually an unlimited variety of microscapes.
Photomicrography has long been employed as a medium for the recording and communication of scientific data in a broad spectrum of disciplines. Introduction of new transparency films with improved emulsions coupled to the progress made in optical coatings technology and computer-assisted exposure monitors has enabled the hotomicroscopist to acquire high quality photomicrographs which are deeply color-saturated and high in contrast. This has, in part, led to an explosion in the utilization of photomicrography throughout many new scientific areas previously unexplored by visible light microscopy. The growing interest in photomicrography as an art form is partially evidenced by the increasing number of photomicrograph contests held each year both on a domestic and international basis (1). Additionally, increased competition in the scientific trade journal and arbitrated scientific periodical market has resulted in a dramatic increase in the use of photomicrographs appearing on periodical front covers as an eye-catcher (2).
My interest in microscopy has led me to explore the possibilities of multiple exposure color photomicrography using crystals grown from a wide variety of chemicals, biochemicals, polymers, thin films, and biological macromolecules. The basic construction of these photomicrographs involves the classical microscopy techniques of brightfield and darkfield illumination, in addition to the now-standard methods of cross polarization, differential interference contrast, and Rheinberg illumination assisted by basic visible light color-filtering processes. This effort has resulted in the generation of a portfolio of images which I have termed microscapes. Microscapes consist of multiple exposures (so far from 2 to 9) fashioned on a single frame of 35mm transparency film. They are intended to resemble unusual and/or alien-like landscapes (see Figures 1-8) and are designed to have the highest contrast and color saturation currently available with commercial processing techniques. Other portfolios in my collection (3-5) contain images of various chemicals, biochemicals (sugars, vitamins, drugs, etc.), biological macromolecules, integrated circuits, memory devices, high-temperature superconductors, minerals, and thin films, however this discussion will center exclusively on the fabrication of microscapes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All photomicrographs were recorded on Fujichrome 64T 35mm transparency film operating at approximately ISO 64 when exposed to 3200° K color balanced light. Photomicrographs were exposed in either a Nikon Optiphot-pol polarizing transmitted light microscope equipped with a UFX-II exposure monitor or an Olympus BHSP reflected light microscope operating in the differential interference contrast or polarizing modes and operated by a PM-10AD exposure monitor. Exposures were usually made 1-3 f-steps below the recommended exposure on both the Nikon and Olympus monitors and Kodak E-6 processing was done in house. Slight modifications were made to the chemistry of the first and color developers to enhance contrast and color saturation. In addition, processing in the first developer was extended 25-30% over Kodak-recommended values to further enhance contrast and color saturation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The microscape collection of photomicrographs is centered around multiple exposure photography and utilizes a variety of both classical and non-classical microscopy techniques. Each micrograph was fabricated using both 4x (Nikon microscope or 5x on the Olympus microscope) and 10x objectives in a composite of multiple exposures on a single frame of 35mm film. Selective masking of previously exposed areas is critical to avoid undesirable overlap and washing out of successive exposures.
The first step in microscape construction is the exposure of a foreground which consists of a selected recrystallized chemical usually imaged with polarized light using the lower power objective and positioned so that only the bottom 30-50% of the film is exposed. Color transparency film is black when unexposed so the top half of the film remains black (unexposed) due to the crossed polarizers. A mask is cut (from a portion of black posterboard) to follow the profile of the first exposure and is placed directly on the field lens to selectively cover and prevent the first exposure from receiving any additional light.
The second exposure can be an additional overlap on the first exposure (see Figure 3, for example), a crystalline formation resembling mountains (Figure 1), a seascape created with filters, or simply a simulated sky. Mountains can be simulated using a variety of recrystallized chemicals, although certain formations are more realistic than others. For instance, the snow-covered mountain effect illustrated in Figure 1 is obtained from a concentrated liquid crystalline solution of the polysaccharide xanthin in water. Another useful mountain background can be produced using crystals made from the organic buffer HEPES (3). Figure 5 is an example were the foreground and mountain were composed in a single crystal formation using HEPES.
There are a variety of methods which can be applied to form diverse sky effects. After carefully cutting a mask to cover previous exposures, the microscope can be placed in the brightfield mode and a blue filter inserted into the lightpath (see Figures 1, 4, 5, and 7). A filter with very light intensity will work best because the color saturation of the sky can be controlled by reducing or increasing exposure times. Very short exposures yield a very dark blue sky while long exposures create a much lighter sky. It is very important here that the mask conforms to the topography of all previously exposed regions of the film. On exceedingly irregular boundaries like the mountains in Figure 1, a very short exposure time will result in a deep blue sky and avoid overlap of blue regions in the white mountains. A spectacular alternative to the blue filter technique involves cutting a 1 x 2 cm portion of a polyethylene sandwich baggie and stretching it to approximately 1 x 3 cm. This action tends to align the chain-like polyethylene molecules which enhances their birefringence. When viewed through cross polarizers, the aligned molecules combined with the thickness gradient created by the stretching induces the sheet of polyethylene to generate a prism-like effect. When the field is defocused, the sharp lines diffuse resulting in a yellow=>red=>blue morning sky effect as illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. A third effect which I take advantage of is the stormy bluish-purple cloudy sky outcome obtained by defocusing a bead of epoxy resin when imaged in polarized light with a 530 nm retardation plate positioned between the sample and the analyzer (Figure 8). Light diffracted by the mask accentuates the highlights producing an uncanny storm-like appearance. A blue filter can be added at the edge of the mask to make the effect more realistic (Figure 6).
At this point, a sun or moon can be added to the micrograph. This is accomplished by closing the field diaphragm of the microscope until the desired sun or moon diameter is reached. Next, the image of the shutter leaves is defocused until they merge to form a complete circle. After placing the appropriate filter (usually orange, yellow, or red) in the lightpath, the image of the field diaphragm can be relocated to any position in the viewfield simply by adjusting the centering thumbscrews on the substage condenser. Placing a mask over the bottom portion of the image will create a rising sun effect as illustrated in Figures 2, 3, and 8. With a yellow or orange filter, the exposure time length determines the outcome of color distribution. Very short exposures produce images with a reddish perimeter and a saturated yellowish interior (Figures 1 and 2, for instance) while longer exposure times tend to wash out the image to yield more of a moon-like effect shown in Figure 4. Long exposure times when using a red filter will cause a yellowish center (not shown), while shorter times result in an even color effect (Figures 6 and 8).
To simulate the reflection of the sun or moon on water, two methods can be applied. After the diaphragm image is correctly placed, a diffraction grating can be inserted into the lightpath to spread out the image and shift the image colors to longer (redder) wavelengths (illustrated in Figure 2). I typically use Polachrome HC instant 35mm transparency film exposed to intense daylight because the manufacturing process for this film results in a series of very finely space lines which serve as an excellent diffraction grating when the film is greatly overexposed. Alternatively, a fine tooth comb inserted into the lightpath will produce the effect shown in Figure 3.
The new moon impression depicted in Figure 7 is produced simply by inserting the tip of a ball-point in the lightpath. A yellow filter used here instead of orange produces a more realistic appearance.
Generation of stars and/or clouds (not shown) is the final exposure in the series. After the field diaphragm exposure is complete, a sealed microscope slide containing a solution of small liquid crystalline spherulites of the polypeptide polybenzyl-l-glutamate is placed on the microscope stage. At low magnifications (10x), the spherulites appear as point-sources of light (Figure 2). By leaving the field diaphragm closed, an area on the slide can be located which is devoid of spherulites and this area is placed directly over the previously exposed diaphragm image area. This prevents stars from being imaged in the center of the moon or sun. After recentering and fully opening the field diaphragm, the exposure is made. Clouds are produced by defocusing colorless birefringent crystals of Cibachrome bleach. These crystals are usually imaged in the top-most portion of the viewfield and exposed for long times to wash out all color.
Perhaps the most difficult shot is the beach scene (Figure 3) where the morning sky and ocean are created in a single exposure. This is accomplished by placing a blue filter over the mask at the field lens and defocusing the microscope until a sharp boundary occurs at the junction of the blue filter and the stretched polyethylene image. Correct positioning of the field diaphragm image to create a rising sun effect can be especially difficult when attempting to construct beach scenes.
It is not necessary to follow this outline exactly in order to obtain nicely formed microscapes. For instance, when I observe an unusually promising crystalline formation I usually compose enough images to fill several 24-exposure magazines of film. In this case, I proceed through the sequence as outlined above for the first series of exposures (to produce the intended microscape), then reverse the procedure constructing another very similar microscape thus minimizing the number of substage condenser centering operations. Because the sun or moon is not relocated during recording of the two successive microscapes, almost identical copies are obtained. This is especially beneficial if the resulting arrangement of exposures is optimal. With the proper equipment on hand for the assembly of microscapes, the interested microscopist is limited only by the boundaries of his own imagination.
1. The following contests are held each year to promote photomicrography and provide an expanded base of marketing images for the sponsors.
NIKON SMALL WORLD CONTEST, held by Nikon Inc. Instrument Group, 623 Stewart Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530.
POLAROID INTERNATIONAL INSTANT PHOTOMICROGRAPHY CONTEST, held by the Polaroid Corporation, 575 Technology Square, 9P, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY MEDICAL PHOTOGRAPHY COMPETITION, sponsored by Nikon, Inc., held by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 2100 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
OLYMPUS VISIONAGE INTERNATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY CONTEST, held by the Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., San-Ei Bldg., 22-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, 1-Chome, Sinjuku-Ku, Toyko 163-19, Japan.
BETHESDA RESEARCH LABORATORIES' Life Sciences Photography Contest, held by the Bethesda Research Laboratories and Life Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 6009 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877.
INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTO ANNUAL, held by Industrial Photography Magazine. PTN publishing Co., 210 Crossways Park Dr., Woodbury, New York 11797.
Royal Microscopical society micrograph competition, 3738 St. Clements, Oxford OX4 1AJ, England.
2. The following is a partial list of periodicals which have recently adopted photographs and photomicrographs on the front covers:
3. Article entitled "My Dreams Are of Landscapes Made with Vitamin C" in FOTO CREATIV #3, May/June 1990, a West German photography magazine. A photomicrograph with a HEPES-generated mountain is featured on the front cover and a four page illustrated interview with the author appears on pages 72-75.
4. Michael W. Davidson and Randolph L. Rill, "Photomicrography. Common Ground For Science and Art", MICROSCOPY and Analysis May 1989, issue #11 pages 7-12.
5. Michael W. Davidson, "Fantastic Photography With A Simple Light Microscope", PHOTOgraphic Magazine in press (1990).
Questions or comments? Send us an email.
© 1995-2015 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners.
This website is maintained by our
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On the centenary of the Ghadar Party—which formed in North American to fight colonialism in British-controlled India—it's time to revisit the Air India to analyze political factors that contributed to the crime.
Twenty-eight years ago today, two Air India flights were targeted by bombers, leaving 331 people dead.
The June 23, 1985, crime was blamed on Sikh separatists, who were seeking revenge for ugly political events in India in 1984.
The Indian army had stormed the Golden Temple Complex, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs, in Amritsar that year to flush out religious extremists who had brought weapons into the place of worship.
As a result of this operation, then-Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards.
That led to a well-organized anti-Sikh pogrom engineered by officials in Gandhi's Congress party, which enraged Sikhs around the world.
Sikh extremists in Canada openly called for revenge, boycotting Air India flights. The prime suspect in the bombings, Talwinder Singh Parmar, said that Air India planes will fall from the skies. Parmar later died at the hands of the Indian police in 1992.
The only man convicted in the crime, Inderjit Singh Reyat, is serving time for perjury. He lied under oath and did not reveal the identity of any other suspects.
If the political leadership of India had followed principles enunciated by the Ghadar Party, which was formed in 1913, the incidents of 1984 and subsequent Air India bombings would not have happened.
The party was established by South Asian immigrants who settled on the Pacific Coast of North America and it had a very big following in Vancouver.
These immigrants had moved to this part of the world for a better livelihood. Most came as British subjects, yet the British government never came to their rescue whenever they endured racism and discrimination.
They soon realized that the root cause of their sufferings in an alien land was slavery back home. These experiences transformed them into social-justice activists who formed the Ghadar Party.
Ghadarites were true secularists and staunchly opposed religious sectarianism. They kept religion and politics apart and denounced caste-based discrimination.
When India gained independence and was partitioned on sectarian lines in 1947 to create the Muslim country of Pakistan, Ghadarites risked their lives by saving Muslims from Hindu and Sikh fanatics.
A towering Ghadar leader, Sohan Singh Bhakna, received death threats for doing this. Ironically, Sikh separatists are trying to appropriate the Ghadar movement as a Sikh movement, whereas Ghadarites did not believe in theocracy. They never committed crimes against humanity.
Although a majority of Ghadarites were Sikhs, the party also had members from other communities.
However, the popular leadership of India, including the so-called secular Congress party, indulged in religion-based politics. In fact, the dangerous cocktail of religion and politics led to the emergence of Sikh extremists.
Both the Congress and the Akali Dal, a mainstream Sikh party of Punjab tried to use this element to outdo each other, and allowed the fortification of the Golden Temple.
The Congress's brand of communalism is more secular as compared to other theocratic political groups. It played both Sikh and Hindu cards as the situations demanded to attract votes.
These experiments not only divided people but culminated into the Air India tragedy.
The lesson to be learned is to disassociate religion and politics permanently. That's as true in India as it is in Canada—and Canadian politicians should desist from indulging in this dangerous cocktail.
Gurpreet Singh is a Georgia Straight contributor, and the host of a program on Radio India. He's working on a book tentatively titled Canada's 9/11: Lessons from the Air India Bombings.
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Java Ordered Collections: Trees and Skip Lists
Using this first rule, the tree shown in Figure 1 could have been created by adding values to an empty TreeSet in this order: 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 1, 9, 3, 7. Figure 2 shows the organization of the binary tree after each value is added.
Using just the one rule worked well when the values are added (or removed from) the tree in an arbitrary order. To find something in this tree requires at most four comparisons. For example, to find 3 in this tree, the TreeSet would look at the four nodes shown in red in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Nodes looked At When Searching for 3
The tree produced using just the one rule is not as fast to search when values are added to the tree in sorted order. For example, adding the same values to the TreeSet in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 produces a binary tree that is internally organized, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Adding Values in Ascending Order
Page 2 of 4
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The concepts of Kosher and Halal are codes to followers of Judaism and Islam about what food products are good and which are bad for them. The market for Halal food for Muslims in the West is a multibillion dollar industry with cut-throat competition.
American Muslims are one of the most racially diverse religious groups in the United States according to a 2009 Gallup poll. As other Muslims in the West, they may disagree about many things, but one thing they agree upon is that their meat is properly slaughtered or Halal and not Haram or improper.
What is Halal?
Here is a video of a properly done Halal slaughter. Warning: Gruesome and shocking to watch!
Since carrion or eating dead animals is forbidden, the jugular vein, carotid artery and windpipe are severed with a razor sharp knife by a single swipe, to cause minimal pain. Further, all the blood should naturally drain away and the meat kept away from Haram meat like pork.
One county in Ohio, USA has a 2005 law against selling or producing food mislabeled “Halal”, which does not meet Islamic dietary standards. Halal Monitoring Committee in the UK tries to provide comprehensive certification.
The Australian government regulates all Halal slaughter, but in France there are as many certification bodies as France has varieties of cheese. Halal Industry Development Corporation, based in Malaysia has tried to create a global Halal certification standard but not succeeded.
The market for Muslim food in the West is about $650 billion globally. Big European chains have been quick on the pursuit of this catch. The French Carrefour, the second largest retailer in the world, the British chain Sainsbury sells Halal meat and they even sell Halal chocolate at Tesco.
Are there any reasons for opposing the practice of halal and kosher?
- Animal rights groups, even if they might eat meat themselves, object to the Halal method of slaughter as the animal should be alive when the throat is slit and the animal does feel pain.
- Immediately after coming to power, the Nazis outlawed Jewish ritual slaughter (very similar to Halal). Mussolini followed suit. As the Allies liberated Europe, these bans were revoked except in Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
- Some countries like New Zealand insist on specific methods of stunning before ritual slaughter as a compromise.
I asked a Muslim friend of mine about his family's vegetarianism, and he replied "The one overall guideline on food that the Prophet gave was: Eat of what is halâl and what is agreeable to you. That says it all."
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-Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), p.312.
- “Unless there is an obvious reason to do otherwise, most of us passively accept decision problems as they are framed and therefore rarely have an opportunity to discover the extent to which our preferences are frame-bound rather than reality-bound.”
- “Contrary to the rules of philosophers of science, who advise testing hypotheses by trying to refute them, people (and scientists, quite often) seek data that are likely to be compatible with the beliefs they currently hold.”
- “People who are taught surprising statistical facts about human behavior may be impressed to the point of telling their friends about what they have heard, but this does not mean that their understanding of the world has really changed. The test of learning psychology is whether your understanding of situations you encounter has changed, not whether you have learned a new fact. There is a deep gap between our thinking about statistics and our thinking about individual cases. Statistical results with a causal interpretation have a stronger effect on our thinking than noncausal information. But even compelling causal statistics will not change long-held beliefs or beliefs rooted in personal experience. On the other hand, surprising individual cases have a powerful impact and are a more effective tool for teaching psychology because the incongruity must be resolved and embedded in a causal story. That is why this book contains questions that are addressed personally to the reader. You are more likely to learn something by finding surprises in your own behavior than by hearing surprising facts about people in general.”
- “Most of us view the world as more benign than it really is, our own attributes as more favorable than they truly are, and the goals we adopt as more achievable than they are likely to be. We also tend to exaggerate our ability to forecast the future, which fosters optimistic overconfidence. In terms of its consequences for decisions, the optimistic bias may well be the most significant of the cognitive biases. Because optimistic bias can be both a blessing and a risk, you should be both happy and wary if you are temperamentally optimistic.”
- “Be warned: your intuitions will deliver predictions that are too extreme and you will be inclined to put far too much faith in them.”
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Clipping with Surfaces
Nothing in the above description of the clipping process restricts the polygons to two dimensions or the clipping function to two variables. The process may be used to clip one surface by another. This extends a function in the Wickham-Jones package that clips a surface with a plane. Here are three examples.
Figure 7 shows the Monkey Saddle, , plotted over the square , . The three-fold symmetry of the surface may be emphasized by clipping it to the inside of the cylinder . The clipped surface is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 7. .
Figure 8. Clipped by .
Clipping a plane by a surface gives a section of the surface. An application of this idea is shown in Figures 9 and 10. The Gaussian and mean curvatures of a surface at a point may be defined in terms of the curvature of the curve of intersection of the surface with a plane through the point and containing the surface normal. Figure 9 shows a surface () and a sampling of planes containing the normal to the surface at a fixed point. Clipping the planes by the surface reveals the normal sections. Figure 10 shows the sections with maximal and minimal (signed) curvature. The package contains a utility, Grid, to generate planes to be clipped.
Figure 9. Normal planes.
Figure 10. Normal sections.
In Figure 11 the surface is generated by rotating a limaçon about its line of symmetry. A hole has been punched in the surface to reveal the inner lobe. Figure 12 indicates how the clipping was accomplished. The figure shows a cross section (clipped by a plane) of the rotated limaçon together with the surface used to punch the hole. The punch surface is also a surface of revolution. The profile curve is rotated about its axis of symmetry—yielding —and then moved into position by an appropriate geometric transformation.
Figure 11. Rotated limaçon.
Figure 12. Punch in position.
Copyright © 2002 Wolfram Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
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From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
“Should have used Clear Eyes...”
Red eye is a serious medical condition of the eyeballs which has irritated and annoyed Mankind ever since the beginning of time itself. The modern diagnosis of this near-fatal disease became possible only with the development of Kodak™ colorized film and the exploding light bulb.
edit Medieval history
In medieval history, the disease was known as Ye Evil Eye, and was oft attributed to demonic possession brought about by clinical masturbation. Old-fashioned treatments included things such as fervent prayer, application of live leeches directly to the affected area, or the drilling of small holes into the sides of the eyeballs with hand-held electric drills for the purpose of allowing sundry evil spirits and alarming quantities of excess blood to spurt out.
When the private possession of demons and power tools was finally outlawed by all civilized nations in 1903, the incidence of red eye in the general public skyrocketed dramatically. This counterintuitive result prompted the United States Federal Government to take drastic emergency measures, such as throwing enormous amounts of taxpayer money at the problem.
edit Classic symptoms of red eye
- Drunken behavior
- Scary red eyes
- Elevated levels of photogenicity
- Emitting powerful laser beams
- Speaking in tongues
- Watching Fox News from 3 a.m. to 4 a.m.
edit Sensitivity to environmental stimuli
Victims of red eye usually display extreme sensitivity to environmental stimuli, such as blinding strobe lights and sudden loud popping noises. Recent
unethical medical experiments also demonstrated that they are also strongly affected by wavelengths much farther down into the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as microwaves. Direct exposure to intense microwave radiation often cause red-eyed sufferers to scream incessantly and claw at their inflamed bleeding eyes, which only exacerbates their pitiful condition.
edit Prevalence and denial
Today, in spite of the medical community's best efforts, the unrelenting plague of red eye is continuing to increase amongst babies and young children alike. Many misinformed parents of infected children are in a state of abject denial, and surreptitiously falsify photographic proof of their children's grievous affliction with powerful image-editing software.
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The government has announced plans to introduce a phonics progress test in all schools throughout England for children in Year 1. A pilot will take place in 2011, with the aim of rolling it out nationally in the summer of 2012.
The purpose will be to identify those children who have gaps in their knowledge of letter-sounds and difficulties with blending them to read words. It will therefore enable the school to target those in need of extra support.
The proposed test will include ‘non-words’ so that children will have to decode the word to read it, rather than relying on their visual memory of known whole words or using clues such as pictures or context to guess the words.
Inevitably, this has already led to criticism from anti-phonics lobbyists, who believe that phonics should be taught alongside other methods, rather than on its own - they argue that it will not test other reading skills such as overall vocabulary or comprehension of what they are reading.
Yes – these critics are correct – it will only test whether the child has reached the required level of phonics decoding – that is the point. Once children can decode properly with phonics early on, they can then move on to higher order reading skills.
Currently, one in six 7-year-olds and one in five 11-year-olds still fail to reach the standard expected of them in reading. Some time ago I read this analogy that sums this up very well:
‘There is an education bus and it stops to pick up passengers all the way to Year Three. After this, the bus accelerates and it gets much more difficult to get on. Unfortunately, many children never manage to get a seat on this bus and get left behind, unable to access the school curriculum properly.’
I think this new test could be an important bus stop to help make sure all our young children get a seat on that bus.
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We have all been warned about them, but how many of us actually make an effort to protect ourselves from germs?
We do not want to seem overprotective, but in all actuality, germs can be very harmful!
Listed here are several fun and interesting ways to beat the germs while not going overboard.
SIX MOST UNEXPECTED GERM HAVENS!
1. Bath Towels: Experts have shown that sharing bath towels is how many infections are spread, such as staph infection. Even your own family can spread germs to you. One idea to keep your family from sharing towels is to color code them! Give everyone in your family a color, and get both individual hand and bath towels for each of them.
2. Computer Keyboard: Keyboards have been found to harbor 60 times more germs than a toilet seat! That is about 150 times above the advisable limit of germ levels. In order to keep your keyboard as germ free as possible, try washing your hands before and after you use your computer, and keep some alcohol-based wipes near your desk.
3. Washing Machine: Though their primary purpose is to clean your clothes, they actually have quite a few germs in them. This is mainly because of washing clothing in cold water for part of the cycle. The cold water does not remove any germs. To help kill the bacteria on your clothing, try washing some loads in hot water. The hot water will actually ‘zap’ the germs, leaving your clothes fresh and completely clean!
4. Cell Phone: How many of us actually wash our hands before and after we use our cell phones? If we are being honest, few of us do, if any. Because of this, everything we come into contact with during the day will also contact our phone. Studies show that cell phones carry bacteria from food, doorknobs and even pets! One way to decrease the amount of bacteria on your cell phone is to wash your hands several times through out the day. Try using soap with hot water, and sing “Happy Birthday” 2 times in your head.
5. Toothbrush: Most people keep their toothbrushes in a cup beside their sink for easy accessibility. However, studies have shown that flushing your toilet when your toothbrush is within at least 6 feet of the toilet can spread germs to your toothbrush. Do you want to brush your teeth with a toothbrush full of those germs? It is recommended that you change your toothbrush after you are sick, when the bristles begin to bend and show wear, or after 3 months.
6. TV Remote: Your remote is considered one of the most germ-infested places both in your home and outside of it. How many times have you changed channels while eating? That is just one example of the many different origins of the remote’s bacteria. One simple way to kill the germs on your remote is by using alcohol-based wipes at least once a week.
When dealing with germs, it is very easy to go overboard and get into a cleaning frenzy. However, there are simple things you can do to substantially decrease the amount of germs you are exposed to in your home.
- Wash your hands several times a day. Using hot water and soap, and washing for at least 20 seconds, can help you get rid of most of the germs on your hands that you acquire throughout the day.
- Vacuum your home often. Vacuuming up the germs and bacteria is helpful, but only when you change the bag or empty the canister consistently. Without emptying the canister, the germs that your vacuum picks up from the floor can grow bigger and stronger. Prevent that by emptying out your vacuum and by wiping down the vacuum handles on a regular basis.
- Take off your shoes before you enter your home. If possible, taking your shoes off and leaving them outside can stop you from tracking in all of the germs your feet picked up throughout the day.
- Wipe all faucets and handles in your home on a regular basis with an antibacterial solution. This keeps the germs to a minimum and helps keep them from spreading to others.
- Close the toilet lid before flushing. This can drastically minimize the amount of bacteria that gets flushed into the air.
- Open your windows for a few hours a week to let fresh air in and germs out.
Germs are everywhere, but that is no reason to go into a cleaning frenzy. By following those simple ways to reduce germ exposure, you can make your house a safer haven from those pesky germs.
JERRY JAQUESS – FLAVOR INFUSION LLC
“TURNING AN ORDINARY BEVERAGE INTO EXTRAORDINARY”
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"The whole battle is hotting up," declared Ken Ham to The New York Times (12/1/99). A disillusioned science teacher turned creationist, Ham opposes the theory of evolution. He proposes instead a literal reading of the first chapter of the Book of Genesis: God created the world in six days. This interpretation has broader implications, for there is "a culture war hotting up in America between Christian morality and relative morality, which is really the difference between a creation-based philosophy and an evolution-based one." To a creationist like Ken Ham, even the common conservative view that a "day" in Genesis 1 stands for a time-span of eons is unacceptable, for it would attribute error to the Bible and reduce morality to human whim.
Creationists, who have been in and out of the public eye since the Scopes trial in 1925, had some major successes last year. In August 1999 the Kansas Board of Education deleted almost every mention of evolution from the state’s science curriculum, and in October the Kentucky Board of Education voted to substitute the phrase "change over time" for "evolution" [see "Darwin in Kansas," Am., 9/18/99]. Oklahoma officials recently decreed that textbooks must include a disclaimer on the certainty of evolution.
What, then, should be thought of creationism? Is it a courageous stand for open-mindedness toward the Bible in an educational culture that excludes the biblical perspective? Or is it an attempt to impose an idiosyncratic view of the Bible and of science? At first glance, the creationist proposal seems reasonable: Present students with two theories, evolution and creationism, and let them make up their own minds. A second look, however, shows that the proposal contains two assumptions that virtually all professionally trained biblical scholars and scientists completely reject: that Genesis 1, interpreted literally, is the only or at least the standard biblical creation account, and that the six-day creation story in Genesis 1 is a rival to the modern theory of evolution. These assumptions show that creationism fundamentally misunderstands the Bible and the relation of science and religion.
The majority of biblical scholars, theologians of the mainstream churches, and philosophers of science hold an alternative view that will be summarized here under three headings: creation in the Bible, the differences between biblical and modern views of creation and the relation of religion and science.
Creation in the Bible
The strongest biblical argument against creationism is that Genesis 1 is only one of many creation accounts in the Bible, and these biblical accounts are too distinctive to be harmonized. The cosmogony found in the second and third chapters of Genesis tells a very different story than Genesis 1. Here are a few of these differences. Creation in Genesis 2 proceeds at an unspecified pace that surely lasts longer than a week, whereas in Genesis 1 all takes place within six days. In Genesis 1, the man and the woman are created at the same time, whereas in Genesis 2 the man is created earlier than the woman. In Genesis 1, the animals are created before the man, which is the opposite of the order in Genesis 2.
Other creation accountsin the Psalms, Isaiah 40-66, Job and Proverbsalso differ from one another and from Genesis 1. Psalms 77, 89 and 93, for example, depict creation as a cosmic battle with the forces of chaos; God’s victory is the act of creation. Isaiah 40-55 uses creation-by-combat to interpret the reconstruction of Israel after the sixth-century exile. Israel’s new creation is portrayed through a grand analogyjust as in olden times God brought Israel into being by vanquishing Sea (the Red or Reed Sea) and bringing the people to Canaan, so today he is bringing Israel into being by vanquishing Desert and bringing the people to Zion (see especially Isa. 43:16-21). Creation-by-combat is common in the Bible (and in the literature of Israel’s neighbors). The creation-by-word in Genesis 1 is unique in the Old Testament and to make it the biblical standard, as creationists do, is gratuitous on purely biblical grounds.
Biblical and Modern Views of Creation
As the above examples suggest, creation in the Bible differs markedly from modern conceptionsa point that is neglected by creationism. There are important differences in the process, in the world that emerges and in the manner of reporting.
1. The process of creation. Ancient Near Eastern writers imagined creation on the model of human making or of natural activity. For example, the gods formed the world as an artisan works clay, or as a king’s word makes things happen, or as a warrior defeats an enemy. Biblical writers did not draw the modern dichotomous distinction between "nature" and human beings, and they used psychic and social analogies to explain non-human phenomena. Today, influenced by scientific and evolutionary thinking, we understand creation as the (impersonal) interaction of physical forces extending over eons.
2. The product or world that emerges. For the ancients, creation issued in a populated universe. Human society was normally the term of biblical accounts. Ancient cosmogonies explained the institutions and practices of contemporary society. The first appearance of a reality was a privileged time when the imprint of the divine maker was freshest. Hence, to know the origin of a thing was in some sense to know its essence. For moderns, on the other hand, creation is usually thought of in terms of the planets and stars. If life is mentioned, it is usually life in its most primitive forms. Human society and culture do not usually come into consideration.
3. The manner of reporting and the criteria of truth. The Bible often describes creation as a drama, whereas contemporary thinkers write scientific reports. The description in each case follows upon a particular conceptualization of creation, either "impersonal" or "dramatic." Each has its own criteria of truth. Scientific reports explain new data by new hypotheses, discarding old hypotheses when they do not adequately explain the data. There can be only one true account. Ancients, on the other hand, had many cosmogonies. They were not bothered, for example, by the impossibility of harmonizing the first and second chapters of Genesis. Their only requirement was verisimilitudedoes the cosmogony make sense as a story? Ancients were less interested in how creation happened than in what the gods or God intended.
The Bible must be read in light of its difference"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there." Biblical cosmologists were not scientists or historians in the current meaning of those terms. They were people of faith seeking understanding by exploring the origins of their world. Instead of using the genre of the scientific essay that we would employ, they told and retold stories of origin, altering details or even recasting them entirely for the one purpose of explaining the world that God made. To read their stories of origins as if they were modern scientific reports is to misinterpret both the Bible and science.
Relation of Science and Theology
The third problem with creationism is that it reads biblical cosmogonies and scientific reports with the same literalness. Ian G. Barbour, who is professor of physics, professor of religion and Bean Professor of Science, Technology and Society at Carleton College in Minnesota, criticized such undifferentiated reading in his Gifford Lectures of 1989-91, published as Religion and Science: Historical And Contemporary Issues (1997, Part II, No. 4). Barbour argues that the models for relating science and religion are ultimately four: 1) conflict, 2) independence, 3) dialogue and 4) integration. Under the conflict model, Barbour groups both creationism and its great nemesis, the scientific materialism that holds that the scientific method is the only method and that matter is the fundamental reality. Each of these claims that science and theology make competing literal statements about the same domain, the history of nature. But, says Barbour, this mixes different levels of discourse. Scientific materialism starts from science but ends up making broad philosophical claims without acknowledging its shift. Biblical creationism moves from theology to make claims about science, again without recognizing its jump to a new level of discourse. Neither school owns up to its shifting methodology.
The models most commonly used in mainstream Christian theology are the third and the fourth, dialogue and integration. It turns out that dialogue is the model favored by many contemporary Roman Catholic thinkersfor example, John Paul II, Ernan McMullin, David Tracy, and the late Karl Rahner. Dialogue notices the presuppositions and the limit-questions of each area, and it is careful about methodology. Integration goes a step further, seeking some kind of integration between the content of theology and the content of science. The writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) provide examples of this model. Whether we prefer the model of dialogue or integration, we have to be aware of the differences between the aims and methods of science and of theology. We cannot flatten out these differences as creationists do, nor can we do away with the differences between biblical literature and our own.
Value of Creationism
What ought one to think, then, of creationists and their project? First of all, we should recognize that creationists are human beings like ourselves, who earnestly seek religious meaning in the Bible. Moreover, if we are to be practical, we need to be aware that criticizing them will likely have no effect whatsoever. Creationists are constantly attacked and have become inured to it. The best approach, therefore, is positiveto show how a non-fundamentalist reading of the creation accounts can be religiously meaningful. Biblical creation stories reveal a God who is intent on making the world beautiful for the human race and also reveal what the world will be like at the end of time. God defeats chaos and is shown as the God of life, order and beauty.
Nonetheless, we must criticize the creationist project, even as we recognize its sincerity. This criticism will have a political dimension in addition to its epistemological one. As George Marsden has pointed out in Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925 (1980), American fundamentalism has a political goalthe preservation or restoration of a nondenominational conservative Christian culture. It is clear from the pressure they have exerted on state school boards that creationists share that political agenda. Opponents of creationism must, therefore, not only criticize it as an idea but also actively oppose creationists’ strategy of imposing their religious views on others.
The debate about creationism in public schools can, however, have a happy outcome. American public education has traditionally excluded the Bible and religion from its curriculum. This exclusion of so central an aspect of human life and history has always been indefensible on purely academic grounds. The attempt to force schools to teach creationism can be a wake-up call to public educators. In November 1999 the National Bible Association and the First Amendment Center, with the support of 20 national organizations, ranging from the American Association of School Administrators to the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, published a booklet on teaching the Bible in public schools. Avoiding what it calls "two failed models"advocacy of one religion or making schools into "religion-free zones"the booklet suggests an approach in which "public schools neither inculcate nor inhibit religion but become places where religion and religious conviction are treated with fairness and respect." That approach is the best response to creationism.
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The foundation stone of the National Gallery of Ireland.
The Earl of Carlisle opening the National Gallery of Ireland (from the Illustrated London News, February 1864)
A sign for the National Gallery and National Portrait Gallery, c.1884. | The origins of the National Portrait Collection date back to the 1870s. The galleries to the rear of the Sculpture Hall, originally intended to house Marsh’s Library, had remained vacant and unfinished since 1864. Doyle proposed using this space for a National Historic and Portrait Gallery and, despite the lack of financial support from the Treasury, he proceeded with his plan; the National Portrait Gallery opened in 1884. Today known as the National Portrait Collection, this collection has grown over the years with the acquisition of paintings, drawings, watercolours, sculpture and most recently photographs, depicting Irish men and women who have contributed to the political, social, and cultural life of the nation.
An auction at Christies, The Graphic, 10 September 1887. | In this engraving, Henry Edward Doyle (1827–1892), Director from 1869 to 1892, and his great friend, Lord Powerscourt, a long serving and influential member of the Board, are shown in top hats, to the left and behind the auctioneer. As Director, Doyle frequently travelled to London to purchase works of art at auction.
Photograph of the Sculpture Hall looking towards the entrance, c.1890 Attributed to Robert French (1841-1917) [Lawrence Collection, National Photographic Archive.] | A view of the Sculpture Hall, now known as the Shaw Room, as it was in the 1890s. Louis Pedreschi, who was responsible for the care of the ninety casts on display in the great room, has been identified as the seated attendant. On the left, is a cast of a Caryatid from the Erechtheum in Athens, and visible further back is a cast of the Apollo Belvedere; the original is in the Vatican Museum in Rome. The large windows on the left-hand side allow light into the hall. These were blocked-up in the 1950s and will be re-opened as part of the Gallery’s current refurbishment programme.
Detail of casts on display in the Sculpture Hall, Lower Dargan, c.1900. [Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland]
Photograph of Sculpture Hall looking towards the stairs, c.1900 [National Photographic Archive] | This photograph shows the Sculpture Hall with antique casts positioned along the walls. The image was taken at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the removal of the gas lighting. Of particular note are the statue of the Laocoön on the left, and the casts of ancient Greek bas-reliefs on the wall behind.
Keyhole view of the Portrait Gallery, early 1900s.
Exterior of the National Gallery of Ireland, c.1903. The building of the Milltown Wing and new entrance portico was completed in 1903.
A view of the Milltown Wing, early 20th century.
A decorative panel design for the east elevation of the Gallery by Francis Fowke.
A view through the doorway of Room X, c.1929.
North wall of the Main Gallery in 1864 wing, c.1930.
The Italian Rooms.
South wall of the Main Gallery in 1864 wing, c.1930.
Photograph of Room 10 looking into Room 11, Upper Dargan Wing, c.1930.
A view of the Gallery's stairwell, 1968.
Moving works for the Yeats exhibition, 1972.
Gallery Chairman, William Finlay with Lady Clementine and Sir Alfred Beit and the Gallery Director, Homan Potterton, December 1986.
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http://www.nationalgallery.ie/en/aboutus/Gallery_150/150-Years-Photographs.aspx?sc_lang=ga-IE
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en
| 0.947874 | 796 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Extinction of operant conditioning as described by Pavlov and elaborated on by Skinner refers to the discontinuation of the conditioned response in a subject. Extinction occurs at some point after the positive reinforcement or rewarding is ceased. In other words the subject no longer exhibits the conditioned response. These notions do not apply with conditioning created by negative feedback reinforcement.
The time it takes for the conditioned subject to experience extinction is directly dependant on reinforcement modality; more specifically, reinforcement interval. Upon cessation of regular reinforcement intervals extinction occurs relatively quickly, with random reinforcement intervals or partial reinforcement, as it is also called, a much longer period is needed after cessation of reinforcement for conditioning extinction to occur.
Neurologists have observed differences in brain responses using PET Scans between normal individuals and those with addictive or obsessive compulsive personalities that correlate with conditioning extinction. Extinction may not occur in the latter groups with specific conditioned responses such as gambling, such that the subject will continue with a conditioned behaviour thoughout their life with minimal reinforcement.
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<urn:uuid:04a3b751-f729-444a-8d32-708fdb52f048>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://everything2.com/title/conditioning+extinction
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en
| 0.941247 | 205 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Causes of Eating Disorders - Cultural Influences
Particularly in modern Westernized countries, models, the media and dieting fads currently influence women and girls to be as thin as possible. Sociologists studying the development of eating disorders across time have noted that the ideals of beauty have changed and that thinness wasn't always considered attractive. Until the 1950's, curvy and plump bodies were the accepted body type. Now, an average US child watches 15-20 hours of television per week and is thus bombarded with approximately 30,000 television commercials each year. In these television images, approximately 23% of the female characters are underweight. In contrast, men are depicted as strong and powerful. Young girls and adolescents are influenced to think that the women portrayed in television, movies, and magazines are of normal weight and body shape. They often begin to believe that being thin makes them popular, successful and happy. The media thus presents a highly idealized and very much unrealistic fantasy version of reality to consumers. These images are unconsciously or passively ingrained in our minds,even when we know that the images are idealized. Less critically inclined individuals are at even greater risk of internalizing what they see on television as their personal standard of reality.
In 1999, a study was published about the effects of exposing a culture to Western television for the first time. Prior to the television viewing, the people of Fiji believed that the ideal body was plump, round, and soft. Interviews after 38 months of exposure to Westernized shows suggested a sharp decrease in self-esteem and an increase in symptoms of eating disorders in teenage girls.
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<urn:uuid:b38effdc-7538-4037-b9b0-3da92416fb81>
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http://www.amhc.org/46-eating-disorders/article/11752-causes-of-eating-disorders-cultural-influences
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en
| 0.979826 | 328 | 3 | 3 |
Drainage Basins Field Lab
Cal Poly Pomona University, Geological Sciences Dept.
This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Exemplary Teaching Collection
Resources in this top level collection a) must have scored Exemplary or Very Good in all five review categories, and must also rate as “Exemplary” in at least three of the five categories. The five categories included in the peer review process are
- Scientific Accuracy
- Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments
- Pedagogic Effectiveness
- Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)
- Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page
For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This activity has benefited from input from faculty educators beyond the author through a review and suggestion process.
This review took place as a part of a faculty professional development workshop where groups of faculty reviewed each others' activities and offered feedback and ideas for improvements. To learn more about the process On the Cutting Edge uses for activity review, see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This page first made public: May 2, 2008
Used this activity? Share your experiences and modifications
This field activity and follow-up assignment explores the geomorphology of drainage basins in an active tectonic setting. It introduces basic concepts of drainage basin structure and landscape analysis using morphometric indices.
undergraduate course in geomorphology
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
topographic maps, topographic profiles
How the activity is situated in the course
second exercise in the course (following topo maps and air photos) and first field activity in a series of exercises in the same general field area.
Content/concepts goals for this activity
recognizing form and function of drainage basins, analyzing drainage basin morphology and equilibrium, calculating morphometric indices, interpreting landscape response to tectonics
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
recognizing sensitivity of fluvial networks to landscape forcing (tectonics/climate), interpreting geometric significance of quantitative measurements, synthesizing several data sets to formulate hypotheses on landscape evolution (especially with respect to active tectonics)
Other skills goals for this activity
students must write a report that presents their results and interpretations
Description of the activity/assignment
This exercise begins with a field trip to the San Gabriel Mountain foothills near our campus. Students are given a set of topographic maps and asked to follow our progress as we hike into a small drainage basin in the Claremont Wilderness Park. Through interactive discussion, we explore regional landscape and the geomorphic form, function, and processes of a drainage basin system. Students are expected to complete their assignment on drainage basin analysis during the following week, working from the maps provided. Students are asked to identify the basic landscape units in the San Gabriel Mountain foothill region, delineate a set of drainage basins, and analyze the geomorphic characteristics of these basins using longitudinal profiles and morphometric indices. From this information, they are expected to draw basic conclusions about the geomorphic processes affecting this landscape system, and its relative state of equilibrium.
Designed for a geomorphology course
Determining whether students have met the goals
examine maps, illustrations, and final report. Rate these relative to classmates
More information about assessment tools and techniques.
Download teaching materials and tips
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<urn:uuid:ad2c0aa9-46fb-4f17-bcc7-434b50af0134>
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http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/geomorph/activities/23468.html
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| 0.89404 | 730 | 2.625 | 3 |
^=exponent X=multiply x=variable 4^(-2)
Solve for x:
Anyone know how to solve these???
Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+
Remember that x^(-1) = 1/x
Also remember that x^0 = 1
so 4^(-3) = 1/(4^3)
can be rewritten as 1/16
can you take it from there?
3^(2x+1-x+2)=3^(x2-x) take log_3 of both sides to render the equation
2x+1-x+2 = x2-x, did you mean x^2 instead of x2 anyway you can take it from here I'm sure.
BTW we usually use * for multiply to avoid confusion with the variable x
you can also learn latex and write stuff like this
click on it to find out what I did.
View Tag Cloud
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/905-rational-exponents-plz-help.html
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| 0.839091 | 202 | 3.125 | 3 |
Artificial sweetener in gums, breath mints, candy, and other human food sources.
Many dogs like sweet foods, and can be attracted to human foods containing xylitol. Xylitol is toxic in several ways in dogs. It can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and it can be very toxic to the liver of dogs, causing acute liver failure. The liver failure can in turn cause bleeding episodes.
One or two pieces of xylitol-sweetened gum could cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in a 20 lb. dog. As little as 5 pieces of gum could cause acute liver failure in a 10 lb dog.
Signs of hypoglycemia may include weakness, lack of energy, incoordination, and sometimes seizures. The hypoglycemia may not occur until 12-18 hours after ingestion. Signs of liver failure from xylitol toxicity may include vomiting, depression, weakness, lack of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the gums and inner eyelids), blood in the feces, and other bleeding.
Induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention.
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, and gastric lavage is performed. Activated charcoal is not effective for xylitol toxicity.
Supportive treatment: Intravenous fluids will be started and blood glucose levels will be monitored for several days and tests for liver disease will be performed. In cases of vomiting, medications to control the vomiting may be given. In liver failure, antibiotics and medications to support the liver may also be given.
Specific treatment: Unavailable.
Recovery from hypoglycemia is likely if treated. The prognosis for dogs with liver failure is guarded.
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<urn:uuid:a3cd1d52-6d70-455b-ae05-7a0619b99f84>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1677&aid=3586
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| 0.895986 | 357 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Starting in the early 1990s many emerging economies have embraced financial sector reforms and liberalization. As a consequence, they have become more financial globalized, triggering an important debate about the pros and cons of this process and its relation to financial crises. Notwithstanding all the attention, there are different dimensions of globalization, which are many times not clearly defined and which might add noise to the discussion.
In a recent World Bank policy research working paper and VoxEU column, we argue that there are at least two interconnected, albeit essentially distinct facets of financial globalization. The first one is financial diversification, that is, the cross-country holdings of foreign assets and liabilities. The second one is financial offshoring, that is, the use of foreign jurisdictions to conduct financial transactions. While the former focuses on who holds the assets, the latter deals with where the assets are transacted.
During the period 2000-09, emerging countries continued their process of financial globalization through diversification. Foreign assets and liabilities increased, as domestic residents invested more abroad and foreigners invested more at home. Moreover, the nature of the integration into the global financial system changed in several important respects. Emerging countries in particular reduced the extent of credit risk, making themselves less vulnerable to external financial shocks.
Despite this increase in diversification, the extent of offshoring did not expand as consistently across markets or across emerging countries. Whereas in the 1990s emerging countries increased their use of international markets for their financial transactions, in the following decade mixed patterns were observed. There is significant heterogeneity in the trends regarding the use of foreign markets as a percentage of GDP as well as relative to the use of domestic markets. For example, while the corporate sector of many countries increasingly used foreign debt markets, governments started using domestic debt markets more intensively. Domestic equity markets in some regions, but not in others, also gained more relevance.
The continuing integration of emerging countries into the global financial system poses many questions to policymakers. What are the net effects of globalization? On the one hand, it allows agents to diversify risk and tap into other investment opportunities. It also allows firms and governments to reduce the cost of capital by accessing funds that would otherwise be hard to obtain. On the other hand, globalization has several potential negative spillovers, which need to be understood in more detail (let alone netted out from the benefits). One possible negative spillover is the migration of activity to international markets, thereby reducing the financing and trading activity at home. Since not all companies can access international markets, this migration can generate negative domestic spillover effects. However, the underdevelopment of local markets is unlikely due to the globalization process alone.
Does financial globalization entail more risk? On the equity side, the answer appears to be negative. On the debt side, globalization might entail exchange rate risk, though in some cases it might reduce maturity risk. Hence to reduce exchange rate risk, domestic markets seem to play an important role. Moreover, what is the relation between domestic and international markets? Do domestic and international capital markets act as complements or substitutes? The evidence suggests that they are complementary.
More broadly, though, what is the driver of the globalization process? Is it just a search for more and cheaper capital from segmented markets? Is it a quest for better corporate governance? The literature puts forward arguments supporting both, and some evidence suggests that the former cannot be rejected. Furthermore, because several of the trends are similar across countries, what is the role for domestic policymaking given these secular forces? These questions remain unanswered and call for further research.
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<urn:uuid:1f915626-b22c-4962-ba35-51eef49c9585>
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http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/financial-globalization-in-emerging-countries-diversification-vs-offshoring
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en
| 0.949184 | 719 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Jana Foggan and edited by Alexandra Hedrick and Terri Taylor
Everyone knows the catchy tune of “Dixieland” as a song of pride of the South. When skies begin to thicken with strong storms, hail and bubbling, dark green clouds, anyone can bet that once the few sirens or severe weather alerts ring, they definitely would not wish they were "away down south in Dixie.” The reason that people feel this way about incoming severe weather in the southern part of the country can be described in two words: Dixie Alley, located in the southeastern United States.
Dixie Alley, located in the southeast, appears to be the latest target for tornadoes in the United States. The name Dixie Alley derived from a devastating tornado outbreak that occured in 1971 in the Mississippi Delta, which caused several tornadoes to rip through the Southeast.
Dixie Alley is relatively smaller in size compared to Tornado Alley and is located in the heart of the Southeast. The area includes Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and the upper Tennessee valley in northern Alabama, all of which comprise Dixie Alley's "hot spot."
Another quality of Dixie Alley is that on average, more tornadoes touch down in this region than anywhere else in the country. According to ABC 33 meteorologist James Spann, Dixie Alley has twice as many killer tornadoes in the region which may be based on the inhabitants of the area.
Dixie Alley also sees more tornadoes year-round. However, these tornadoes are mainly in the fall and winter months due to intense frontal systems that pass through the area, causing a great deal of damage and cooler temperatures.
A vast majority of the country hears about tornadoes touching down or being spawned off of supercell thunderstorms in Dixie Alley more frequently than those that occur in the plains of Tornado Alley. In the Southeast alone, there were more reports of EF-5 tornadoes, the strongest and most violent on record from a scale of zero to five, between January 1950 and October 2006.
Forrest Lambert from Extreme Stormchasing said, “There’s three, not four ingredients. The thunderstorm is the so-called mom to the tornado. That would be called the thunderstorm offspring. The three ingredients are moisture, instability and lift.”
When it all comes down to it, Dixie Alley really is not all that different from the midwestern Tornado Alley. The main differences are the locations of the two, their population barriers and time of year that tornadoes are apparent.
Spann said the number of the most violent tornadoes ranging from EF-3 to EF-5 is about the same in both regions. Both have frequent tornadoes during November and December and strong tornadoes that occur at any time, especially during the evening and overnight.
“Dixie Alley sees more powerful tornadoes in the fall and wintertime than Tornado Alley sees in the spring and summertime,” Lambert said.
One of the most important factors that come with severe storms and tornadoes is the devastation left behind. Most tornadoes strike in Dixie Alley during the late night hours and catch several people off guard. Tornadoes are most likely to strike where there are manufactured homes in densely populated areas, leading to higher fatalities with little or no warning.
Even though Louisiana is not known for tornadoes and severe weather besides hurricanes, it is still important for the public to learn more about the atmosphere as well as the area they live in, especially down in Dixie Alley. Tornadoes are also likely to strike even when there is a slight chance for them to occur in the area.
Whether the time of year is at the dead heat of the summer or with the ever -- changing fall weather, people in Dixie Alley can really afford to let their guard down. Once residents of Dixie Alley become more aware and make the proper preparations for these dangerous storms, they will enjoy life “living in the land of cotton.”
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<urn:uuid:7cf1c06f-36c1-4d27-b9e6-b1a4d87f58cf>
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http://blog.nola.com/SELU/2009/09/its_not_just_kansas_anymore.html
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| 0.963842 | 820 | 2.8125 | 3 |
From disappearing natural resources to costly medical care, humanity's problems lie out of human hands, according to the researchers at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. To prove it, they're using their team of 300 faculty and students and their $50 million annual budget to build bots that will explore everything from Mars to your mouth--and perform surgery when they get there.
One of their flagship efforts is a lunar rover concept vehicle called Scarab, which may be the forebear to future generations of robots that will scour the moon for concentrations of hydrogen, water, and volatile chemicals that would be critical for supporting a lunar colony.
Much of its prospecting will go on deep inside lunar craters, where it can't rely on solar panels and cameras like most spacecraft. So Scarab has to be able to power itself and navigate in complete darkness at temperatures down to -385 degrees Fahrenheit. A radioisotope generator in its trunk provides heat and propulsion, and experimental laser-based sensors operate like visual sonar, reading distortions in their beams and allowing the massive articulated axles to react to the terrain.
Associate research professor David Wettergreen demonstrates how Scarab will squat its 550-pound body close to the lunar surface and employ a Canadian-made drill to pierce the regolith (moon rock) and analyze the soil below it. Because Scarab isn't meant to return home, it will have to analyze soil itself; samples are fed into its reactor, where they are cooked and analyzed for makeup and concentrations.
If that sounds time-consuming, don't worry: Scarab's power plant would keep it roving the moon's surface for nearly a decade, albeit at a poky .2 miles per hour. Funded through NASA's In Situ Resource Utilization program, Scarab is part of a generation of autonomous robots meant to take human risk out of prospecting for resources in increasingly hostile, remote locales.
For bots like Scarab to be able to explore hostile planets completely unsupervised, researchers must write its complex behavioral software here on earth and then test it to see how it works. For that there is Zoe, a survey rover that researchers have dispatched several times to the Atacama Desert in Chile alone. "We just drop her there and leave," says Wettergreen, who describes Zoe as a giant fluorescence-imaging camera that searches the desert soil for microorganisms.
To navigate autonomously, it uses a panoramic imager made of a triplet of high-resolution cameras mounted on a necklike pan-tilt mechanism. With these cameras, Zoe can not only traverse obstacles but also establish waypoints and create maps of the nearby terrain that help it make decisions about steering and direction.
While in the Chilean desert, Zoe receives daily exploration goals and uses its planning software to schedule its day (video) to maximize discoveries and minimize energy use. And it does it all without GPS or compass; neither would be available in space.
If its software continues to prove its worthiness in the Atacama, which was chosen for its alien-planet-like dearth of life, it could be included in a 2009 Mars rover that will evaluate that planet's wind, sun, and moisture conditions to find areas with the highest probability of life.
After September 11, it became painfully clear that some disasters are beyond the scale of human relief efforts--but not beyond the reach of the lowly snake. Flexible, powerful, and incredibly versatile, the slithering bots being developed at the Robotics Institute's snake robot lab can not only work through high-density rubble but can also climb poles (video), worm their way up (video) the insides of pipes, and roll like a wheel to move efficiently across flat areas.
Equipped with a camera at its head, this snake could also be retrofitted with a waterproof skin and on-board batteries for all-condition remote operation in disaster-relief scenarios, where it would be used to locate victims before responders started digging blindly. The snakes are also being tested in industrial applications, where they can evaluate interior damage to complex machinery without time-consuming and expensive disassembly.
Imagine having major surgery without any exterior incisions at all. That's the promise of this half-inch-wide snake robot, seen here navigating a model human heart. It enters into a patient's mouth and then travels down into the body cavity, through the wall of the stomach before removing, say, the gall bladder. With a reduced chance of infection, quicker recovery time, and less anesthesia required, snake robot operations would stand to greatly reduce the cost and malpractice liability of vital procedures.
Surgery-by-snake isn't as far-fetched as it sounds. While prototype snake robots were being demonstrated to journalists at the Robotics Institute, a live pig was undergoing cardiac surgery from a prototype snake robot at nearby University of Pittsburgh hospital. Associate professor Howie Choset, who runs the snake robotics lab, was observing the procedure remotely from a live feed on his laptop.
Fortunately for the squeamish, some snake robots will be put to medical use outside the body. This concept model of a robot-equipped LSTAT stretcher could be used in battlefield scenarios where the speed of medical attention is the primary factor in preventing fatalities. Fixed to a sliding chassis, this triage robot would work its way up and down the body of a wounded soldier, taking vital signs and inspecting wounds in the crucial moments between injury and treatment.
The world's hunger for exploration, both bodily and extraterrestrial, is dwarfed only by its hunger for entertainment. With a prize of $20 million--nearly half the Robotics Institute's annual budget--the Google X-Prize is an opportunity CMU's researchers can't pass up.
To win it, they'll have to transport a rover to the moon and send back a series of transmissions, the most difficult of which will be high-definition video of the lunar surface. Hence the dish atop this X-Prize prototype, which can rotate on a gimbal to track Earth and keep its video transmitting clearly.
Named P2, this iteration of the X-Prize concept rover has vertical solar panels to absorb energy even at sunrise and sunset and sports a white band around its shell that will act as a radiator during the intense heat of lunar midday. Beneath its solar panel skirt, P2 looks a lot like its bigger brother, Scarab, with articulated axles that will allow it to traverse the moonscape and find the site of Apollo 11. There, the rover will accomplish its primary feat: transmitting video of the original lunar landing site back to Earth.
The lander's thrusters, designed by Raytheon and seen here next to their propellant tanks, will allow the rover to descend vertically to within 10 feet of its target landing coordinates near the Sea of Tranquility. It's an ambitious design, on an even more ambitious timeline: The team plans to launch its rover to the moon inside of 18 months.
The dusty corners of the Robotics Institute serve as retirement spots for robots who've paved the way in their technological fields. This is Nomad, an autonomous bot that preceded Zoe in the Atacama Desert and was later used to search for meteorites in Antarctica. In the late '90s, its in-wheel propulsion, transforming chassis, and hi-res stereo vision were cutting edge; now it waits for the company of robots like Scarab and the X-Prize robot in the afterlife.
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<urn:uuid:4bb230fb-1805-41f0-89ff-d07846f40eff>
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http://discovermagazine.com/galleries/zen-photo/h/hands-on-at-the-nations-largest-robot-skunk-works
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| 0.948977 | 1,534 | 3.6875 | 4 |
As we're in the process of auditing and redoing our introductory talk-throughs, we find ourselves discussing the different approaches to teaching variables and debating which analogies make variables the most approachable to newbies.
There are a few aspects of variables that we’d ideally like new learners to understand:
- A variable has both a “name” and a “value”.
- A variable can be used multiple times throughout the code.
There are some aspects that maybe they don’t need to understand at first, but it’d be a nice bonus if they did:
- Variables can hold data of different sizes.
- Variables can be different types.
- Multiple variables can point at the same value (more true in the case of objects than primitives).
We’ve considered a few analogies ourselves, and I asked around to find out what other folks use. Here’s a round-up of them, with scribbles approximating how one might visualize them on a whiteboard. It’s not always necessary to be able to visualize an analogy, but it helps.
We currently use this analogy in our first talk-through on variables. We don't love it, however - we don’t usually think of buckets as having labels in the real world, so this analogy doesn’t help reinforce the important idea of variables being labels for containers that hold values.
We like this analogy because drawers are often labeled as to their contents, and the idea actually maps nicely to what happens behind the scenes in a computer too, with the registers. Kevin Henney points out that the “labeled boxes” analogy also works nicely for introducing “arrays (a row or column of boxes) and objects (a group of boxes).” Ikai Lan likes how “box size is a good analogy for type discussions later on.”
Similar to drawers, envelopes often have something on the outside (a name or address) and a value on the inside (the letter). An envelope can also be different sizes, which lends itself nicely to talking about storing data types. But, the address doesn’t map perfectly to variable names, and I prefer using the envelopes analogy to explain concepts like HTTP requests or message sending systems.
“You should imagine variables as tentacles, rather than boxes. They do not contain values, they grasp them ― two variables can refer to the same value.”
“Name tags” / “Names”
This analogy really emphasizes the named aspect of variables. Want to refer to something by name? Then slap a name tag on it!
“Code like a Pythonista” uses this analogy extensively with diagrams demonstrating what happens when you re-assign a variable and assign two variables to the same value. They specifically stress that in Python, variables “are not labeled boxes.”
“Values in disguise”
Math.com describes algebraic variables with interesting wording:
“In algebraic expressions, letters represent variables. These letters are actually numbers in disguise. In this expression, the variables are x and y. We call these letters "variables" because the numbers they represent can vary—that is, we can substitute one or more numbers for the letters in the expression.”
The notion of disguise is fun and playful, and it's nice how they've attempted to correlate the actual word "variable" to its meaning. We often forget in programming how weird some of our terminology is, and that it might help learners to connect the words to their meaning.
Which should we use?
Of all of those, we will likely be going with “labeled boxes” for future lessons, because it’s a familiar concept and the analogy covers many aspects of variables.
We’ll keep trying out approaches and seeing how students respond. In the meantime, we’d love to hear what your experience with teaching and learning variables. What worked? What made it click? What didn’t work?
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Harsh winter conditions can be cruel to your prized ornamental
tree or expensive shrub. The following measures can help protect
your investments. You just need a few supplies, some time
and a bit of work.
The Effects of Dehydration
Winter desiccation of trees and shrubs is a primary cause of their poor health during the
growing season. Evergreens, both coniferous and broadleaved, are particularly susceptible
to the effects of drying wind. Unlike deciduous plants, they never lose their leaves or go
completely dormant. They continue to transpire moisture from foliage all winter long. If
they lose moisture above ground and donít have adequate reserves to draw on at root level,
they get winter burn (brown foliage), branch dieback, and brittle branches that are easily
broken in strong wind. New trees and shrubs in your landscape are also prone to drying out
in strong prevailing winds since their newly transplanted roots may not be well established
before winter arrives.
Before putting away your hose for the season, give your trees
and shrubs a good soak. Keep track of autumn rainfall and
check to see that the ground is moist, but not soggy at the
plantís root level (you may need to dig down). During the
winter, top up water reserves by shoveling salt-free snow
off decks and paths onto the ground surrounding trees and
shrubs. Set up snow fences to purposely create snowdrifts
around important specimen plants.
Broadleaved evergreens (rhododendrons, mahonia and holly) growing in exposed locations benefit
from temporary windscreens made of burlap or snow fencing. Think tent rather than overcoat when
making these shelters Ė they are meant to reduce wind velocity hitting the shrubs, not keep them warm.
Ideally, plant trees and shrubs prone to winter burn in natural shelterbelts such as the leeward side
of buildings or hedges.
The Detriments of Salt
Salt damage can kill woody plants in a single season. Road salt is sprayed onto plants by passing cars.
It then leaches into the soil during a thaw. Symptoms include brown foliage and branch dieback.
In locations close to a busy road, try not to plant anything that will stick up above the snowline.
Alternatively, grow salt-tolerant plants like cotoneasters, rugosa roses, or common honey locust
in these areas.
Offer the physical protection of a burlap mummy wrap to trees and shrubs that arenít salt tolerant.
Donít use plastic wraps Ė shrubs will cook inside them on a sunny winterís day. Be sure to remove
wraps as soon as the road-salting season is over and rinse the plants. Water the surrounding ground
to dilute any salt accumulation.
On paths located near your plants, provide pedestrians with traction by using salt alternatives such
as coarse sand, unused kitty litter (the non-clumping kind) or the new salt-free commercial ice melters.
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Kids will love playing Dr. Seuss's What's in Cat's Hat game. Each player will take a turn hiding a common household object in cat's red and white striped hat. The other players will use clues, questions and senses such as smell and touch, to figure out what's hiding in cat's hat.
Each hat features a special flap to keep the designated item hidden while other players try to guess what it is. For example, what room does it belong in? Can you eat it? Designed to increase deductive reasoning skills, as well as creativity, children will get hours of entertainment from this unique game.
What's in Cat's Hat comes with one hat, 33 exploration cards and instructions. This game has been the recipient of many honors including the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award and the 2010 Creative Child Game of the Year Award. Recommended for ages three and up, two to four players can participate in this game.
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A Billion Years In The Future, This Disc Containing 100 Images Will Tell Our Story
Think you could tell the story of the human race in only 100 pictures?
That's the challenge that MIT resident artist Trevor Paglen tackled when he conceived The Last Pictures five years ago. The goal of the project is to record a montage of human life and achievements onto a medium that can last until intelligent life in the distant future discovers it, even if it takes a billion years for them to find it.
The aim isn't simply to create a visual history of humanity necessarily, but a collection that synergistically offers more depth and narrative about human civilization. As Paglen describes it: "The Last Pictures isn't really an archive so much as a kind of silent film or visual poem."
Now on November 20, the special archival disc dubbed "the Artifact" with the images etched onto it is scheduled to launch into space onboard the EchoStar XVI communications satellite, which will reside in a geosynchronous orbit for the next 15 years until it is retired into a satellite junkyard. There it will sit potentially until Earth is no longer habitable and humans are either far away or extinct.
Paglen has recently released a book about The Last Pictures that tells its story and implications as well as commentaries from image contributors and all of the images included in the collection. The book itself is an archive of the archive that will float in orbit.
Here's a video providing an overview of the project:
Proposing a project of this scope is one thing, accomplishing it is another. Even before thinking about how to get something like this into space, the first challenge is which images to select, and for that, Paglen turned to the crowd...specifically, a crowd of specialists who could offer their suggestions and insights.
After consulting with artists, philosophers, scientists, and anthropologists for insight into the most important pictures to include, leading a research team that proposed thousands of possibilities, and finally discussing selections with artists and Creative Time curator Nato Thompson (who commissioned the project), Paglen whittled down the image pool from an initial 10,000 to the final 100 through an aesthetic decision-making process.
According to Paglen, the majority of the images are from the the last century or so, or "the historical moment that geostationary spacecraft come from." But the images aren't necessarily limited to that time period. The collection includes more historical pictures such as cave paintings and trains, but there was "no effort to make something comprehensively historical."
After all, it would be difficult to properly reflect achievements across all human endeavors evenhandedly in 100 snapshots.
As he stated in an email:
The collection is meant to function in a much more hesitant, impressionistic manner. All the images were selected for various historical or conceptual reasons, but the final collection works very much like a montage. Moreover, there wasn't really any effort to describe the “current state of technology” either – there are only 100 images, and they’re black and white (for technical and aesthetic reasons).
I wanted the Artifact to feel anachronistic at the outset, something that has the feel of a relic in the first instance. There are formal relationships, motivic relationships, and thematic relationships that span the collection. Some themes have to do with the anthropogenic transformation of the earth’s surface and biosphere, histories of vision and knowledge, pictures about pictures, fragments of the state, and so on.
The Last Pictures is in no way meant to be a grand representation of what-humanity-is-all-about. It’s much more limited in scope, having to do with an uncertain relationship to “progress,” technology, the environment, and the future itself.
Finding a way to store the images was another challenge, one that proved to have some technical hurdles as well. Working with engineers at MIT, the Artifact was designed to avoid loss of image resolution, and so silicon was chosen to minimize the diffusion of atoms, which will occur even in a solid material within this time frame. The images have been etched onto the disc's surface (as shown in the image above) and protected in the gold-plated casing for potentially billions of years.
"There are no other images I know of (including other space-artifacts such as the “golden records” onboard Voyagers 1 and 2) that are atomically stable enough to last anywhere near that long," Paglen said. He added, "Considering the stability of The Last Pictures and the fact that species such as our own are also not permanently here on Earth, I think it’s not too controversial to say that at some point there will be few if any traces of human activities on the earth’s surface, but The Last Pictures will remain in more or less perpetual orbit."
And now the final stage of the project is about to be realized as the disc enters orbit strapped to the Echostar satellite. As the launch approaches, the artist notes, "For me, The Last Pictures is partly a reminder of life’s impermanence." Knowing that even a small part of human history is permanently recorded somewhere up there for aliens in the distant future to discover is an encouraging thought.
Below are just a portion of the images that are part of the collection:
Latest posts by David J. Hill (see all)
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- This Week’s Awesome Stories From Around the Web (Through June 11th) - June 11, 2016
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Owen thanks for the correction. That's the problem looking at old books, I should have checked current taxonomy.
Pseudocydonia sinensis (Chinese Quince), the only species in the genus Pseudocydonia, is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the family Rosaceae, native to eastern Asia in China. It is closely related to the east Asian genus Chaenomeles, and is sometimes placed in Chaenomeles as C. sinensis, but notable differences are the lack of thorns, and that the flowers are produced singly, not in clusters. It is closely related to the European Quince genus Cydonia, but one notable difference is the serrated leaves.
In China, the species is called "mugua", while in Korea, it is called "mogwa" (hangul: ??; Chinese/hanja: ?? - not to be confused with "papaya", whose Chinese transliteration is also called ??) which is used for medicine or for making beverages. In Japan, it is known as "karin - ??" (? - a flower, ? - a pear of an Asian round variety that is called "nashi").
It grows to 10–18 m tall, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 6–12 cm long and 3–6 cm broad, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 2.5–4 cm diameter, with five pale pink petals; flowering is in mid spring. The fruit is a large ovoid pome 12–17 cm long with five carpels; it gives off an intense, sweet smell and it ripens in late autumn.
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Fill a glass with water. Use a rubber band to hold a handkerchief or bandanna tightly over the top. Over a sink, quickly turn the glass upside down. The water should stay in the glass.
Use a finger to press upward gently on the handkerchief. The pressure will cause water to trickle out and air to flow in, with bubbles rising through the water.
What keeps the water from running out of the glass?
Photo by Guy Cali Associates, Inc.
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|Books & Reports|
Do you have a question?
Trends in Staff Development for Adult ESL Instructors
Miriam Burt and Fran Keenan
English as a second language (ESL) instruction has become an important part of the adult education field in the final decades of the 20th century. U.S. Department of Education statistics (1997) indicate that nearly as many ESL learners enrolled (1,439,237) in adult education as did adult basic education (ABE) learners (1,509,065). What is more, 70% of the adult education programs across the country offer some ESL instruction (Fitzgerald, 1995). Because of these high numbers of adults learning English, the need for qualified teachers is strong and projected to continue.
What do instructors need to know?Instructors need to know how to work with a learner population that is diverse in race, culture, native language, economic status, motivation for learning the language, and educational background. The population includes highly educated professionals from Europe or Latin America, farmers and nomadic tribes members from the Middle East or Southeast Asia who have never been to school and who are illiterate in their own language, and many who fall in between the extremes (Shank & Terrill, 1995). At the same time, ESL teachers need to know the following things:
1. How adults learn best and how instruction can best facilitate this learning. Some principles of adult learning include:
3. How to teach others from a variety of cultures. Research about how to teach English language and literacy to adults shows the need for a variety of instructional approaches to meet the needs of very diverse learners (Peyton & Crandall, 1995; Wrigley & Ewen, 1995). Few practitioners have been trained in all three areas: adult learning theory, the "complexities of second language acquisition," and in how to teach individuals from another culture (U.S. Congress, 1993, p. 171).
What is effective staff development?A study done for the U.S. Department of Education (Kutner, 1992) found that the most successful training for teachers and volunteers working with adult learners was "ongoing, extensive," had a "solid theoretical basis," and was that which the teachers themselves helped "plan, implement, and evaluate" (p. 2). Another study showed that the highest success rate for staff development occurred when participants tried out the new skill on the job with their students and received feedback and peer coaching from a support group (Joyce & Weil, 1996).
Literature on staff development for adult educators has pointed to the need for adequate time for inquiry, reflection, and teacher collaboration (Foucar-Szocki, et al., 1997; Kutner, 1992). An evaluation study of the Virginia adult education professional system found that "practitioners consistently say that they want to learn with others" (Foucar-Szocki, et al., 1997, p. 78). Teachers want to be part of a learning community.
These concerns are addressed in an inquiry-based model of staff development, which uses teacher research or "systematic, intentional inquiry by teachers about their own school and classroom work" as a central activity (Lytle & Cochran-Smith, 1992, p. 471). With this model, teachers have the opportunity to share with other teachers what they have learned from their research (Drennon, 1994). They also have opportunities to "experience, reflect, and apply what they learn" (Bingman & Bell, 1995, pp. 31-32).
What are some national efforts and policies?In the 1991 National Literacy Act amendments to the Adult Education Act, Section 353 mandates that states set aside 15% of their Basic State Grant funds for teacher training and demonstration projects and that two-thirds of this amount must be used for teacher training. In Fiscal Year 1994, for example, states distributed $ 11 million dollars to adult education programs, community colleges, and other organizations for 353 projects. A little more than seven million dollars of it went to teacher training (RMC Research Corporation, 1995).
The advent of adult education system reform efforts such as program quality indicators (required by the National Literacy Act), the Office of Vocational and Adult Education's (OVAE) Results-Based Reporting System (development of a national reporting system of outcome measures that document student performance), and the National Institute for Literacy's (NIFL) Equipped for the Future (grassroots standards-based system reform which looks at what adult learners need to know in their roles as family members, workers, and community members) have focused considerable attention on the need for improved staff development. These efforts demand increasingly sophisticated adult education program accountability and this, in turn, depends on well-trained teachers.
State literacy resource centers (SLRC) have also been a vehicle for professional development. They are a network of information and technical assistance centers that were established by the National Literacy Act to coordinate adult education and adult ESL resources and promote staff development. Unfortunately, federal funding for these centers was discontinued by Congress in 1995; those still in operation struggle to secure state and private funding and continue their activities.
What are some activities in key states?In 1996, the states with the highest enrollments of adults studying English as a second language were, in descending order, California, Florida, Texas, New York, and Illinois (U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Some staff development activities in these and other states are described below.
California, the state with the greatest number of adult ESL learners, provides technical assistance, communication linkage, and information to adult educators through its Outreach and Technical Assistance Network (OTAN). OTAN is funded by Section 353 monies. It facilitates the educational use of software and technology in the adult education classroom. The Staff Development Institute of California, another 353 project, provides training to ABE and ESL teachers and administrators on such topics as cultural diversity in the literacy classroom, essential elements of ESL instruction in adult education, and planning an ESL multilevel lesson. More information is available on their website at www.otan.dni.us/webfarm/sdi/.
In Illinois, the Adult Learning Resource Center (ALRC) in Des Plaines offers staff development to adult ESL programs throughout the state. Twice a year, the ALRC provides a variety of adult ESL staff development activities for teachers and administrators through regional workshops. Staff development workshops for ESL instructors include teaching non-literate ESL students, cultural awareness in the classroom, and Internet basics. The ALRC also provides on-site workshops, staff consultations by phone or in person, materials, software bibliographies, and library resources. The ESL page of the ALRC website (www.center.affect.org/ALRC/index.html) lists resources and discusses classroom activities such as using pictures with pre-literate learners. The site also has links to other ESL websites.
In Texas, the Adult Education Professional Development and Curriculum Consortium has been funded by 353 grants since 1993. Each organizational member focuses on one aspect of staff development (for example, one might provide training in assessment techniques, another in curriculum development). According to Patricia DeHesus-Lopez of consortium member Texas A&M University, the group tries to ensure that staff development is thorough, ongoing, effective, and accessible to practitioners statewide. It also tries to integrate distance learning and technology and professional development. Its web address is www.cdlr.tamu.edu/tcal/liaison.htm.
One consortium training initiative is Project IDEA (Institute for the Development of Educators). Its goal is to develop local capacity for reflective, inquiry-based teacher training. For educators and administrators involved in this training, Project IDEA is a year-long process that begins with a three-day institute after which participants chose a topic to research. Through the year, participants work on their individual projects, communicating with one another and with their facilitators in person and through listservs.
Other professional development is implemented through the state system for interactive video, made available through the Texas Educational Television Network (TETN). TETN broadcasts trainings to the regional service centers on such subjects as family literacy or legal and technical information for administrators. Consortium advisory council meetings have been held through interactive video via TETN.
Although Massachusetts does not rank among the top 5 states in numbers of adult immigrant learners, urban areas such as Boston have many ESL learners. It is estimated that more than 12% of the adult population may need ESL services (Chisman, Wrigley, & Ewen, 1993). Further, in Massachusetts, unlike in most states, staff development is a paid and required activity for adult educators: Massachusetts mandates that full-time educators receive 50 hours per year of paid release time for staff development and this is pro-rated for part-time instructors.
The umbrella for staff development in Massachusetts is the 353-funded System for Adult Basic Education Support (SABES). SABES is a comprehensive professional-development and technical-assistance initiative. Through a central resource center at World Education and five regional support centers at community colleges, it offers workshops, consultation, mini-courses, new teacher orientations, practitioner research groups, teacher sharing groups, a statewide newsletter featuring practitioners' writing, and other professional development. Because one-time-only trainings are not as effective as those that are ongoing and based on the expressed needs of the educators, needs assessment of teachers is done regularly. One of these centers, the Adult Literacy Resource Institute (ALRI), a joint effort of Roxbury Community College and UMASS Boston, maintains an extensive website of ABE and ESL resources for practitioners and a large lending library of resource materials. This website can be reached via the SABES website at www.sabes.org.
Massachusetts has used distance education for staff development. In 1994, the state funded a series of interactive cable programs and videos for adult ESL staff development that were produced by the Massachusetts Corporation for Educational Television (MCET) working with SABES.
Also based in Massachusetts, Eastern LINCS (Literacy Information Communication System)--one of four regional technology hubs funded by NIFL--has the goal of supporting the adult literacy community's effort to access and use the Internet. One of Eastern LINCS's projects promotes ESL staff development by training teachers to publish resources on the Eastern LINCS website at http://hub1.worlded.org/.
Like many other states, Virginia is now focusing its staff development for adult educators on building learning communities through practitioner networks. The state uses 353 monies to fund the following staff development activities. The Center for Professional Development plans and offers training at the local and state level. The Adult Education and Literacy Resource Centers has a lending library of over 10,000 titles including videos, software, and non-commercial materials, as well as a website of information about professional development and links to other adult education web pages. The Virginia Adult Institutes for Lifelong Learning (VAILL) are two-day statewide summer institutes for adult educators. One of these institutes has an ESL focus. The Virginia Adult Educators' Research Network supports practitioner research by offering technical assistance and a stipend to practitioners to pursue their own research questions. A quarterly publication, the Progress for Adult Learning in Virginia provides information about state, regional, and local training activities (Foucar-Szocki, et al., 1997). The Resource Centers have recently completed a project that will be used in staff development for adult ESL educators. The ESL Starter Kit provides information on registration procedures, learner assessment, needs assessment, and working with multilevel classes and will be available online later this year at www.vcu.edu/aelweb/.
What are some challenges to good staff development?In 1993, a federal report entitled Adult Literacy and New Technologies: Tools for a Lifetime (U.S. Congress) outlined the following challenges to good staff development: "minimal state and local policies and certification requirements; limited in-service requirements; the part-time nature of adult education teachers and volunteer instructors; the high rate of staff turnover; the lack of a unified research base on best practices; and limited financial resources for training" (p. 171). All of this is especially true for those adult educators who teach English as a second language (Crandall, 1993; Florez, 1997).
Minimal Certification Requirements
State by state, requirements for teaching adult ESL vary, however, most states require far less training of those who teach adults than they do of those who teach children (U.S. Congress, 1993). Some states require an elementary or secondary school teaching certificate, and some, only a Bachelor's degree. Many do not require any coursework on adult learning theory. At the same time, a scarcity in degree programs that offer a concentration in adult ESL education (Florez, 1997) makes it impractical to require specific academic qualifications of adult ESL teachers.
Part-time Nature of Adult Instruction
For most adult ESL teachers, staff development or training tends to consist of voluntary attendance at one- or two-day workshops, conferences, or seminars rather than participation in long-term professional development or teacher-researcher activities (Crandall, 1993; Kutner, 1992). Adult educators are not unlike the adult learners in their classrooms. They frequently have busy lives and find it hard to pursue additional training or education. Unlike most K-12 educators, teaching is often not their only or even their main job. In fact, 90% work part time, are paid on an hourly basis, and do not receive benefits (U.S. Congress, 1993). Some are full-time K-12 educators by day and part-time adult educators by night. Others use several classes, taught throughout the day and evening at different locations, to create a full-time position. Some may have an unrelated primary job and teach adults in the evening for extra funds. Still others have the primary responsibility of a home and family during the day and evening, with minimal hours to devote to teaching, let alone their own professional development. It is likewise difficult for programs to make many demands of a part-time work force.
Given that a majority of adult ESL instructors work without contract or benefits, a high rate of staff turnover is not surprising (Crandall, 1993). Adult ESL programs are continually hiring new teachers, who, of course, need training.
Limited Research Base
Until the middle of this century, little attention was given to the differences between adults and children as learners. Then, in the 1960s, educator Malcolm Knowles coined the word, and hence the field, of andragogy, a theory of adult learning which suggests that "adults expect learner-centered settings where they can set their own goals and organize their own learning around their present life needs" (Donaldson, Flannery, & Ross-Gordon, 1993, p. 148). However, within adult education overall, much remains to be researched about how adults learn best. There is still debate in the field about the need for different approaches for teaching adults and children, and some educators maintain that all good teaching, whether for children or adults, is responsive in nature (Imel, 1995).
Although much is known about language and effective practice, many unanswered questions remain. An ESL research agenda has recently been developed by The National Center for ESL Literacy Education (NCLE) and the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy with input from the field (NCLE, 1998). It sets forth clear priorities for research that will improve the effectiveness of adult ESL programs. One of the major categories addressed is teacher preparation and staff development.
The major federal source of funding for staff development in adult education is the 353 monies. A study of adult education programs (RMC Research Corporation, 1995) found that Section 353 funds were virtually the sole source of support for staff training and program improvement in FY 91-94.
What practices are promising?Professional development opportunities via distance education--in the form of online Internet courses and seminars--have been multiplying in the last several years for many disciplines including ESL education (Warschauer, 1995). Several institutions are offering online courses in ESL methodology including Brigham Young University (Utah), the New School for Social Research (New York City), the University of Southern Florida, and the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Extension program. All of these courses are part of graduate or certificate programs.
The Internet, with its listservs, newsgroups, and electronic mail, and the World Wide Web (with its audio and video capabilities) make possible the building of communities in electronic space. This capability may be a key component in developing effective online adult ESL staff development.
ConclusionThere is a clear need for staff development for adult ESL instructors. Limitations of time and resources for this training exist. The use of technology in distance education as well as the proliferation of reflective inquiry staff development initiatives are promising practices that may begin to overcome the challenges and meet the need.
ReferencesBingman, B.& Bell, B. (1995).Teacher as learner: A sourcebook for participatory staff development. Knoxville, TN: Tennessee Literacy Resource Center, Center for Literacy Studies. pp.H1, H4.
Chisman, F., Wrigley, H.S., & Ewen, D. (1993). ESL and the American dream: Report on an investigation of English as a second language service for adults. Washington, DC: Southport Institute for Policy Analysis. (ERIC No. ED 373 585)
Crandall, J.A. (1993). Professionalism and professionalization of adult ESL literacy. TESOL Quarterly, 27 (3), 497-515.
Dewar, T. (1996). Adult learning online http://www.cybercorp.net/~tammy/lo/oned2.html.
Donaldson, J., Flannery, D., & Ross-Gordon, J. (1993). Triangulated study comparing adult college studentsÕ perceptions of effective teaching with those of traditional students. Continuing Higher Education Review 57 (3), 147-165.
Drennon, C. (1994). Adult literacy practitioners as researchers. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Fitzgerald, N. (1995). Findings from a national evaluation. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Florez, M. C. (1997). The adult ESL teaching professionToday. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Foucar-Szocki, D., Erno, S., Dilley, S., Grant, S.P., Hildebrandt, N., Leonard, M.S., & Smith, G. (1997). We are now in the driver's seat: Practitioner evaluation of the Virginia adult education professional development system. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Association of Adult and Continuing Education.
Holt, G.M. (1995). Teaching low-level adult ESL learners. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Imel, S. (1995). Myths and realities: Teaching adults: Is it different? Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. (ERIC No. ED 381 690)
Joyce, B., & Weil, M. (1996). Models of teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kutner, M. (1992). Staff development for ABE and ESL teachers and volunteers. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Lytle, S., & Cochran-Smith, M. (1992). Teacher research as a way of knowing. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 447-474.
National Center for ESL Literacy Education. (1998). A research agenda for adult ESL. Washington, DC: Author.
Peyton, J., & Crandall, J. (1995). Philosophies and approaches in adult ESL literacy instruction. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
RMC Research Corporation. (1995). National Evaluation of the section 353 set-aside for teacher training and innovation in adult education. Portsmouth, NH: Author.
Shank, C., & Terrill, L. (1995). Teaching multilevel adult ESL classes. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1993). Adult literacy and new technologies: Tools for a lifetime. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (ERIC No. ED 361 473)
U.S. Department of Education, Division of Adult Education and Literacy. (1997, September). Adult education and literacy fact sheet. Washington, DC: Author.
Warschauer, M. (1995). Email for English teaching. Alexandria, VA: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
Wrigley, H., & Ewen, D. (1995). A national language policy for ESL. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education.
Websites mentioned in this document
The Adult Education Professional Development and Curriculum Consortium:
This document was produced at the Center for Applied Linguistics (4646 40th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016 202-362-0700) with funding from the U.S. Department of Education (ED), Office of Educational Research and Improvement, under contract no. RR 93002010, The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of ED. This document is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
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Phillips students write about Underground Railroad
Phillips School students, teachers and guests who learned more about the Underground Railroad and its connection to the Morning Glory Inn on the South Side included: (front row, from left) Susan Smith, Phillip Bova Nikki Pitts, Erik Rauterkus, Jamie Tyree, Anna Tarka-DiNunzio; (second row, from left) Colleen Pilarski, Haley Adams, Bethan Daffern, Zachary Galuska, Erica Harding, Taylors, Stacy Kamumbu, Barbara Rudiak; (back row, from left) Renee Coyner; Lee Phillips, Beverly Haines, David Eschelman, Jennifer Reubi.
Many hands make light work. The students at Phillips Elementary School experienced this saying firsthand as they worked on an African American History Essay Contest sponsored by National City Bank and the Young Preservationists Association of Pittsburgh.
Students were asked to answer the following question: Select a building in your community, or in the Greater Pittsburgh area, that has had an influence on African Americans. What is special about the building – its history, the person or persons who built or designed it, and what does it mean to the neighborhood? Is there a need to preserve it or renovate it as a landmark? Why is this building important to you?
The students received community and school support. Louise Sturgess, executive director of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, brought the contest to the attention of Dr. Barbara Rudiak, principal of Phillips Elementary School. Ms. Sturgess knew that some of the students were familiar with the Morning Glory Inn and its possible connections to the Underground Railroad.
She hoped that they would be interested in writing about it. Upon learning about the contest, the Phillips teachers encouraged their students to participate. But first, they required the students to write an essay explaining why they wanted to enter the contest. The Greater Pittsburgh area winners will be receiving a $500, $250 or $100 savings account at National City Bank.
Twenty-four students in grades 3, 4, and 5 were selected to participate. In addition, Ms Tarka-DeNunzio asked that her second grade students be involved. With Ms. Sturgess, they visited the Morning Glory Inn and spent time with David Eschelman, the owner, who showed the students the inn, especially the basement tunnel and room believed to have been part of the Underground Railroad. The adults provided a lot of information about the history of both the building and the Underground Railroad.
The students wrote and revised their essays based on their teachers' suggestions. The teachers then evaluated their writings using criteria provided by the contest organizers. They chose ten winners – five in the 6 – 9 age category and five in the 10 – 13 age category. In addition to the essays being sent to National City for the contest, the students received $50 savings bonds from UPMC South Side. All students who completed an essay on time received a certificate of achievement from the school and they will also receive a certificate from National City and the Young Preservationist Association of Pittsburgh.
On Friday, Feb. 27, Beverly Haines, vice president of patient care at UPMC South Side, presented the following students with the savings bonds: Stacy Kamumbu, Jamie Tyree, Bethany Daffern, Haley Adams, Zachary Galuska, Erica Harding, Phillip Bova, Sadik Roberts, Erik Rauterkus, Nikki Pitts and Taylor James. The students were also acknowledged by Dr. Rudiak, Louise Sturgess, Lee Phillips, community relations coordinator at UPMC South Side, David Eschelman and Renee Coyner, branch manager at National City, South Side office.
In addition, the teachers, Colleen Pilarski, Jennifer Reubi, Susan Smith, Stacy Riggle, and Anna Tarka-DiNunzio were commended for the commitment they made to the contest. They each received a certificate and $50 towards school supplies.
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During the 1960s, the Soviet Union and United States raced to become the world leader in space exploration. The winner would be able to claim technological superiority over the other. The Soviet Union had the early edge: In 1957, it launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite. In 1961, the Soviet Union dealt the American space program another blow when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. But, according to the Judica-Cordiglia brothers from Italy, Gagarin wasn't the first.
The brothers set up a listening station in Italy to intercept communication transmissions between ground operations and spacecraft for both American and Soviet missions. Weeks before Gagarin's successful flight, the brothers claimed to have detected and recorded radio transmissions of a cosmonaut slowly dying while adrift in space. The Soviet Union denied the brothers' claim. Supporters of the theory believe the Soviet government hid the cosmonaut's death to preserve the country's reputation as a leader in space exploration. The truth remains a mystery, though the recordings are available online, if you're curious to hear for yourself.
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| 0.948653 | 227 | 3.671875 | 4 |
What are collocations?
The term collocation refers to conventional word combinations. They are usually easy to understand, but not so easy for a foreign learner to produce correctly. Some examples of collocations are given below:
A burning desire (BUT NOT a blazing desire)
A blazing row (BUT NOT a burning row)
A heavy smoker (BUT NOT a devoted smoker)
A devoted mother (BUT NOT a heavy mother)
Thanks a lot (BUT NOT Thank you a lot)
Change one’s mind (BUT NOT change one’s thoughts)
A golden opportunity (BUT NOT a golden chance)
Formation of collocations
Collocations are typically governed by conventions. In a sense they are idiomatic. You can, for example, think of many adjectives that can be used with the noun smoker to say that somebody smokes a lot. It just happens that English speakers use heavy, and not big, strong, fierce, hard or mad. A learner has to know these correct combinations in order to express the idea correctly.
A foreign learner who uses wrong combinations may still be understood, but he or she will not sound natural.
By situational language we refer to those expressions that are typically used in everyday situations.
check the oil (But not usually ‘inspect the oil’)
Keep somebody waiting (More natural than ‘make somebody wait)
Is it a direct flight? (More natural than ‘Does the plane go straight there?’)
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How to Calculate a GAAP Margin
Original post by Matt McGew of Demand Media
Generally accepted accounting principles calculate a company's margin as revenue minus the cost of goods sold divided by revenue. This margin demonstrates the percentage of the company's revenues retained after deducting the costs directly associated with the revenue. You can manually calculate this GAAP margin using information from the company's financial statements.
Determine the company's total sales revenues. For example, assume a company's revenues for the accounting period are $200,000.
Determine the company's cost of goods sold. These represent the direct costs associated with the revenues. For example, assume the cost of goods sold is $100,000.
Subtract the cost of goods sold from the sales revenue. Continuing the same example, it would be $200,000 minus $100,000 equals $100,000.
Divide the figure from Step 3 by the sales revenue. Continuing the same example, $100,000 divided by $200,000 equals 0.50, or 50 percent. This figure represents the GAAP margin for the company.
- "Principles of Accounting"; Belverd Needles et al; 2010
About the Author
Since 1992 Matt McGew has provided content for on and offline businesses and publications. Previous work has appeared in the "Los Angeles Times," Travelocity and "GQ Magazine." McGew specializes in search engine optimization and has a Master of Arts in journalism from New York University.
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| 0.921749 | 308 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lesson 2: Sounds, Breathing, Syllables
055. The English approximations to the sounds of Greek given in §050 are more or less arbitrary and designed only to provide a reasonably consistent method of pronunciation. The student should learn to distinguish the sound as well as the sight of the language. The former can be achieved by pronouncing each word encountered and by regularly reading the text in Greek before, or instead of, translation. Reading a text not yet understood may seem like an empty gesture, but it will pay dividends in the long run.
056. Consonants require little special attention as their English equivalents are generally adequate.
056.1 γ is usually hard (as in go); before κ, γ, χ or ξ it has the nasal sound of ng, as in sing: ἄγγελλος = Latin angelus = English angel (in Greek and Latin, unlike English, the sound approximates the ng in finger, i.e. the g is hard).
056.2 ζ had the dz sound earlier (as in adze), but in the hellenistic period had been reduced to simple ζ (zone).
056.3 ξ is sounded with a slight explosion of the breath; a close English approximation is the x in hex.
056.4 ρ has both the simple r and the rh sound (cf. ῥητωρική = rhetoric). ρ was in the process of losing its aspirated sound (=rh) in the hellenistic period (Bl-D §11).
056.5 σ is voiceless or 'sharp' s (as in sit). There is evidence that σ also had a soft (voiced) sound before certain voiced consonants (e.g. β, μ), as in is (Bl-D §10).
056.6 χ is closely approximated by German ch in ich, machen (certain dialects), or Scottish ch in loch.
057. There are seven vowels: α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω. ω is the long form of ο; ε and ο are always short, η and ω always long. This list, omitting η and ω, corresponds to the English a, e, i, o, u. α, ι, υ are sometimes long and sometimes short; the long and short forms are not distinguished by separate characters. The sounds are indicated in §062.
058.1 A diphthong (δίφθογγος, two sounds) is two vowel sounds fused into one. The second is always ι or υ. The diphthongs are:
|αι||ai in aisle||ἀρχαῖος||cf. archaeology
|ει||ei in freight||εἰκών||cf. icon or eikon|
|οι||oi in oil||οἰκουμενικός||cf. ecumenical
|υι||we or ui in colloquial||υἱός|
|αυ||ow in cow||ναῦς||cf. nautical|
|}||eu in eulogy||εὑρίσκω
|ου||ou in group||οὔρανος||cf. uranium|
The Greek sound of the diphthong is rarely preserved in the related word in English (last column) . The Greek sounds are indicated in §063.
058.2 A long vowel combined with ι forms an improper diphthong: ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ. The iota is written subscript (called iota subscript) and no longer affects the sound. When α, η, ω are written as capitals, the iota must be written on the line (called iota adscript): Αι , Ηι, Ωι.
058.3 All diphthongs are theoretically long, but final αι, οι are considered short for the purposes of accent, except in the optative.
059.1 Every initial vowel or diphthong is marked for breathing. Rough breathing (spiritus asper) is marked with (῾), smooth breathing with (᾿). (῾) has the value of h pronounced before the vowel: Ἕλλην = Ηellene; ἕν (henotheism). Initial υ always has rough breathing: ὑπό (cf. hypodrome). (᾿) has no effect on the sound: ἄνθρωπος (cf. anthropology).
↓ 059.2 The signs for breathings are derived from H, which originally had the value of h. H came to be used for ēta, with the result that new marks were created out of the old sign by dividing it into two parts, |- and -| , one to indicate smooth, the other rough, breathing. These marks were printed as ’ and ‘ respectively.
059.3 Initial ρ is also given rough breathing and is pronounced rh: ῥέω (cf. rheostat).
↓ 059.4 Medial double ρ (ρρ within a word) is sometimes written -ῤῥ- to indicate that the first lacks, the second has, breathing. (Cf. Bl-D §11(1).
060. Every Greek word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs: τε-θέ-α-μαι.
060.1 A single consonant goes with the following vowel: λό-γος.
060.2 A cluster of consonants which can begin a word, or a consonant with μ or v, goes with the following vowel: έ-σκη-νω-σεν; τέ-κνον.
060.3 A cluster of consonants which cannot begin a word is divided: ἄν-θρω-πος. Doubled consonants are divided: ἐ-γεν-νή-θη-σαν.
060.4 Compounds are divided where they are joined: κατ-έ-λα-βεν, ἔμ-προσ-θεν.
061. Familiarity with the sight and sound of Greek can best be achieved by constant use of a Greek text. Especially at the beginning it is important to read and pronounce aloud, preferably with the instructor or a fellow student at hand to correct. The sounds of vowels and consonants are more readily learned, of course, in the context of the common phonetic patterns in Greek. For this purpose the words in any Greek text are suitable for practice.
062. The Vowels
062.1 α is pronounced like the a in
father. πάλιν (Jn 8:12),
σάρκα (Jn 8:15), κατὰ (Jn 8:15)
062.2 ε is pronounced like the e in
ἔλεγεν (Jn 8:31), ἐστε(Jn 8:31), γνώσεσθε (Jn 8:32)
062.3 η is pronounced like the a in
μὴ (Jn 8:12), τῆς ζωῆς (Jn 8:12), τὴν ἀρχὴν (Jn 8:25)
062.4 ι is pronounced like either i in
ĭntrīgue. When ι has the circumflex accent (~), it is
long, i.e. pronounced like the second i in
ὅτι (Jn 8:33), ὑμῖν (Jn 8:34), ἐστιν (Jn 8:34)
062.5 ο is pronounced like aw in
ὁ (Jn 8:12), τὸ (Jn 8:12), ὅτι (Jn 8:14), πόθεν (Jn 8:14)
062.6 υ is pronounced like German ü or French
u (with lips rounded attempt the ee sound in
μαρτυρία (Jn 8:13), ὑπάγω (Jn 8:14), δύο (Jn 8:7)
062.7 ω is pronounced like the ο in
λέγων (Jn 8:12), ἐγώ (Jn 8:12), φῶς (Jn 8:12)
0620. Observe the following distinctions:
0620.1 Between ε and η
ἐλάλησεν (Jn 8:12), ζητήσετέ (Jn 8:21)
0620.2 Between α and ο
αἰῶνας (Rom 1:25) / αἰῶνος (Jn 9:32)
0620.3 Between ο and ω
λόγον (Jn 8:43) / λόγων (Jn 7:40)
0620.4 Among α, ο, ω in:
ὑποκάτω (Jn 1:51), ἄνθρωπον (Jn 8:40)
063. The Diphthongs
is pronounced like ai in aisle.
μαθηταί (Jn 8:32), αἰῶνα (Jn 8:35), δαιμόνιον (Jn 8:52)
is pronounced like ei in freight or a in
ἔιπον (Jn 8:13), μαρτυρεῖς (Jn 8:13), ἔξει (Jn 8:12)
is pronounced like oi in oil.
αὐτοῖς (Jn 8:12), oἰ (Jn 8:13), οἶδα (Jn 8:14)
is pronounced like ui in colloquial.
υἱὸν (Jn 8:25)
is pronounced like ow in sow.
αὐτοῖς (Jn 8:12), ἐμαυτοῦ (Jn 8:14), ταῦτα (Jn 8:28)
063.6 ευ and ηυ are pronounced like eu in
πιστεύσητε (Jn 8:24), εὐαγγέλιον (Rom 1:1), ηὐχόμην (Rom 9:3)
063.7 ου is pronounced like ou in
κόσμου (Jn 8:12), οὐ (Jn 8:12), οὖν (Jn 8:13)
0630. Observe the following similarities and distinctions:
0630.1 The pronunciations suggested for η and ει (§§062.3, 063.2) are identical. The first and second vowels in μείνητε (Jn 8:31) will therefore sound alike. In such cases, the eye must distinguish what the ear does not.
0630.2 The pronunciation suggested for ευ and ηυ (§063.6) means that these two diphthongs are indistinguishable. There will be a tendency, moreover, to confuse ευ and ηυ with simple υ (§062.6), especially as French u and German ü is an unfamiliar sound in English. This difficulty may be avoided by giving a true diphthongal sound to ευ and ηυ: ευ may be pronounced like ew in Edward without the intervening d, and ηυ may be pronounced like ayw in wayward.
0630.3 The difficulty of maintaining an un-English pronunciation of υ may produce confusion with ου: υ will tend to take on the sound of ου.
0630.4 The possibility of confusing υ, ευ, ου (§063.2-3) may be lessened by keeping the following catchwords in mind and exaggerating the distinctions between and among the vowels and diphthongs:
|υ/ου||νῦν||(Jn 8:40) / νοῦν (Rom 1:28)|
0630.5 The following words may also be helpful in fixing distinctions:
064. Consonants. The Greek consonants offer little difficulty and the approximations suggested in §§050, 056 are generally adequate to distinguish them from each other.
064.1 κ and χ. χ can be confused with κ unless it is remembered that the breath is not entirely cut off with χ; the emission of breath should produce only a strong h.
Contrast χρῆσιν (Rom 1:26) with κρίσιν (Jn 7:24)
Observe the distinction in καύχησις (Rom 3:27)
064.2 γ before γ, κ, χ, ξ is called γ-nasal (§056.1).
γγ is pronounced like ng in finger: ἄγγελος (Mt 1:20)
γκ is pronounced like rik in think: συγκαλεῖ (Lk 15:6)
γξ is pronounced like nx in Sphinx (σφίγξ): ἐλέγξει (Jn 16:8)
γχ is pronounced like γκ only with more breath: ἐλέγχει (Jn 8:46) .
064.3 Other consonants in combination retain the sound they have separately; no consonants in Greek are silent. Note the following:
|pn:||πνεῦμα||(Jn 1:32); cf. pneumatic|
|phth:||φθόγγος||(Rom 10:18); cf. δι-φθόγγος (diphthong)|
|chth:||ἐχθρόν||(Mt 5:43); cf. χθόνιος (chthonic)|
065. The eye should be trained to observe rough breathing (initial υ always has rough breathing, §059.1) and thus the vowel preceded by an h-sound, e.g. ὁ (Jn 8:12), ἕξει (Jn 8:12), οἱ (Jn 8:13), ἡ (Jn 8:13), ὅτι (Jn 8:14), ὑπάγω (Jn 8:14), ὑμεῖς (Jn 8:14).
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What are the goals of agricultural science? What should the goals of agricultural science be? How do and how should the practitioners of agriculture address complex ethical questions? These questions are explored in this monumental book so that those in agriculture will begin an open dialoge on the ethics of agriculture.
Discussion of foundational values, of why we practice agriculture as we do, should become a central, rather than peripheral, part of agricultural practice and education. If agricultural scientists do not venture forth to understand and shape the ethical base of the future, it will be imposed by others. Largely autobiographical, this book covers topics such as scientific truth and myth, what agricultural research should be done, an introduction to ethics, moral confidence in agriculture, the relevance of ethics to agriculture, sustainability, and biotechnology.
* Written by an expert who has been engaged in agricultural education and research for over 35 years
* Content is easily understandable by non-philosophers
* The concepts of scientific truth and myth are contrasted and compared
* Chapter sidebars highlight important concepts and can be used to engage students in further discussion
* Companion website will accompany the book with further teaching aids and a discussion board
Number Of Pages: 272
Published: 26th July 2010
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| 0.908796 | 250 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Converting Constant to Variable Volume
Variable-Volume Conversion Can Offer Significant Energy Savings
Converting constant-volume package rooftop units to variable-volume operations can have a significant impact on energy consumption. Since their creation, package rooftop units (RTUs) have been designed to operate at either zero or 100 percent.
An RTU is defined as an air handler that is designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs. The science of these units has remained basically unchanged since the invention of electromechanical cooling by Willis Carrier back in 1902. Although the idea isn’t much different than having forced air blow over coils to condition the indoor air while removing humidity, the design of the air handler has changed over time. Most of the units now include steel framing, insulated panels and filters, heating/cooling elements, a mixing chamber, and a supply fan. Almost all units incorporate fresh air to combat sick building syndrome, and high carbon dioxide levels indoors. This is typically accomplished using a basic damper or an economizer controlled with air sensors.
Although the types of refrigerants have changed (a lot) since the inception of what we call air conditioning, the actual refrigeration cycle is arguably the same as it was in the beginning. Consisting of a condensing coil, metering device, evaporator coil, and compressor, the refrigeration cycle is a little more than a mechanical device of energy transfer.
The process of energy transfer is a combination of all of the components of both the air handler itself and the refrigeration cycle. This harmony of mechanically operating devices and the physics of the refrigerant is what keeps us comfortable every day. The
last part is the most important. Without that reliable level of comfort, our modern world would be thrown into disarray. Air conditioning was once considered a luxury, but the days of when we worked in hot buildings all year long are over. It is now a necessity, especially in commercial buildings without operable windows. Without it, people would be passing out daily from heat exhaustion and a lack of fresh air. It would be absolute chaos. So if the process of air conditioning is so great, and if it has remained virtually unchanged since it was first created by Carrier, than why change it at all?
One could start by making the old argument, “If it ain’t broke then don’t try to fix it.” This argument was once a crowd pleaser and an easy out for anyone who just didn’t care. It was the best way to tell others that what they have is good enough so just accept it and move on. Well, those days are gone, too. We have a great and many things to worry about now beyond what were considered problems in the days of our parents. One thing, for instance, is energy consumption or the reduction thereof.
Global warming and climate change are becoming household terms. The science of each has been proven by more than 98 percent of all who have researched the topics. Is it us causing these problems or are they natural occurrences? I could make arguments for both, but the fact is that globalization and over population is speeding up the process. So I ask you, what’s the solution? If the problem is bigger than you and I, what can we do to help? Actually, in the HVACR industry, we can do a lot. We can do more than most, actually.
Mechanical cooling units consume up to 50 percent of the total energy used by commercial buildings. More than two-thirds of these buildings are conditioned with RTUs. The vast majority of these buildings with RTUs were built more than 30 years ago during a time when the informal norm was, “hey, if we need one, let’s throw in two.” This may sound anecdotal, but studies have shown that some buildings from those days have RTUs that are nearly 75 percent oversized, and waste far more energy than I’d like to admit. People have been literally throwing money out the window for generations, and we are finally making a move to put a stop to it.
It all starts when we consider how much mechanical cooling is needed to condition a space. We can figure this out based on occupancy and temperature. When it’s determined how much cooling is needed to satisfy the space temperature during the peak occupied schedule, we can compare those values to the existing design.
One important factor that we need to remember before getting into energy reduction is how much fresh air is needed at any given time. Local codes always overrule any suggested design standards, but for argument’s sake, minimum settings of 10 percent outside air with 30 percent supply fan speed is a safe bet.
Taking into consideration the desired space temperature, occupancy levels, outside air, and static pressure minimums, we can now begin to consider the option of cycling down the RTU to save energy without sacrificing the personal climate of the occupants.
So where do we begin? How do we go about creating savings when taking all this into consideration? The most tested and proven method is to convert a constant-volume unit into a variable-volume unit. This can be done to virtually any RTU that isn’t on the verge of falling apart. By installing a variable-frequency drive (VFD) on the blower motor, you can safely slow down the fan speed. Although this sounds relatively easy to do, it isn’t. There are companies out there who have devoted countless engineering hours and research dollars to design retrofit devices that accomplish this goal, but these devices include far more than just a VFD.
Slowing down the fan is just a single variable in the equation. You also have to take into account the amount of static pressure it takes to move the air to the end of the ducts, supply/return/mixed air temperatures, and compressor staging. Some companies out there are building RTUs with compressors that can be converted to variable-speed operation. Most of the older RTUs use one or more compressor(s) and stage them accordingly. Controlling the compressor staging can be a highly difficult task, but the science is there, and it’s been heavily tested.
Converting a constant-volume RTU to variable volume can save anywhere between 20-50 percent in energy savings if done correctly. There have even been documented cases of up to 70 percent savings in some applications. The market seems to be primed and ready for these changes to take hold. The problem is most people don’t understand the benefits just yet, which means it’s up to us to raise awareness by educating our customers about the benefits of energy-saving techniques. Without this change awareness, the equipment we service will essentially be stuck in a short cycle.
Publication date: 11/4/2013
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Often the news -- even local or hyperlocal news -- is in the numbers. But as recent election coverage showed, data illiteracy is a problem for many journalists. Here are some ways to sharpen you data analysis skills in order to create stronger, more compelling community news coverage.
First of all: What is data literacy? According to the Data Journalism Handbook (an excellent book available for free online), data literacy is: "The ability to consume for knowledge, produce coherently and think critically about data. It includes statistical literacy but also understanding how to work with large data sets, how they were produced, how to connect various data sets and how to interpret them.
Data literacy breaks down to a set of basic skills, including:
- Learning key statistical terms, like the difference between mean and median; or why a standard deviation or margin of error might matter.
- Knowing what questions to ask about data or a statistic to gauge its potential relevance, quality or reliability.
- Performing basic statistical calculations -- nothing fancy, just enough to do a quick reality-check whether you're understanding the story that a dataset might be telling.
- Putting data in context, such as considering the local unemployment rate in the context of Census data for your community, or local vs. state/national crime statistics.
Reading or taking an online or in-person course are probably the best ways to start boning up your data literacy skills. In addition to the Data Journalism Handbook I mentioned, the Data Literacy blog by social psychologist Barton Poulson offers many succinct and fun lessons, examples and resources.
To get up to speed on basic statistical concepts and issues, start with Statistics for Journalists, a brief resource by Robert Niles of Online Journalism Review. Also see Statistical terms used in research studies; a primer for journalists, by Leighton W. Klein. For more statistics resources see this guide from the Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas.
Also, even though it's nearly 20 years old, out of print, and not available as an e-book, John Allen Paulos' 1995 book A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper is an entertaining and compelling collection of essays that also walks you through some of the basic calculations. Especially intriguing for community news publishers is section 2, where Paulos explores how to define "local" by relevance to your community, or groups within your community -- something that could influence which types of data you seek or data comparisons you make.
If looking at numbers makes your eyes glaze over, try using data visualization tools to help you ask questions of, and see patterns in, data.
If you want to move beyond data literacy into doing data journalism, you'll want to learn some additional skills, such as:
- Finding relevant datasets. Who's gathering data about (or relevant to) your community? What form is this data in, and how can you get it?
- Searching data. Asking useful questions and getting useful answers by manipulating databases or spreadsheets.
- Cleaning data. Most datasets are "dirty" in some way -- inconsistent, incomplete, not well organized for your purposes, or containing a lot of extra stuff you don't need. The trick is to decide which datasets can be cleaned up, and how to do that without destroying or skewing their value.
- Visualizing data. There are many tools for turning numbers into pictures that tell stories -- charts, infographics, interactive data visualizations, and more. (See Placeblogger founder Lisa William's recent KDMC webinar, Diving into Data)
For finding and starting to play with datasets, Lisa Williams recommends: "Go to Data.gov and find a small dataset that interests you -- something that you could load into a spreadsheet. It doesn't necessarily need to be about your community, just something interesting. If it has less than 10 columns or says 'summary,' it's promising. Export and download it, and then upload it into Many Eyes."
Many Eyes is a free set of online data visualizations tools from IBM. You can create several different views of your data there -- from word clouds and bar charts to maps, scatter plots, and more. Experiment to get a feel for which types of visualizations tend to highlight patterns in which kinds of data. There are also many datasets already uploaded to Many Eyes by its users that you can explore with visualization tools. (Remember: any data you upload to Many Eyes is publically visible, so don't upload confidential or personal information there.)
Remember that data which is relevant to your community need not be necessarily directly about your community. Comparing local statistics to statewide or national trends, or to statistics from communities elsewhere that share certain characteristics, can be illuminating. But in order to judge the relevance, usefulness, and value of data -- even well enough to confidently cite statistics in news stories, let alone create interactive data visualizations -- basic data literacy is required.
Fortunately, you can get started today. What were the five statistics your community news outlet cited most recently? What were their sources? What context can you place those numbers in, and do they seem to add up? What might you see if you turn those statistics upside down, to reveal complementary questions? (For instance if there's a 8% drop in local unemployment, does that really more local people found jobs?) Can you access the data behind those statistics? Tracking down and exploring at least one dataset for a statistic you previously cited might yield an interesting followup story.
The Community News Leadership 3.0 blog is made possible by a grant to USC Annenberg from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.
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A new image from the Australia Telescope Compact Array reveals a spectacular series of knots strung along a jet.Sometimes a beast can produce beauty. This image* shows bright knots in a powerful jet rocketing out of a distant supermassive black hole. The object, called PKS 0637–752, was the first observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory when it launched in 1999 and was supposed to be a pointlike object the team could use to focus the telescope’s mirrors. Chandra instead revealed strong X-ray emission from the extended jet, kick-starting the study of such emission and its underlying physics.
The new image, taken by an international team using the Australia Telescope Compact Array, shows a series of brilliant knots along the jet. Trains of regularly spaced knots appear in other galaxies’ jets, but those sources usually only have three or four such knots. PKS 0637 has nine before the jet curves, covering several hundred thousand light-years in all.Astronomers aren’t sure what causes these knots. One theory is that they’re similar to shock diamonds in jet plane exhaust. Shock diamonds form when the exhaust flow shooting out of the engine has a lower pressure than the surrounding atmosphere, which then causes the flow to contract, increase its pressure, and bounce back out again in a repeating pattern until the two pressures equalize.
For PKS 0637, the atmosphere would be the halo material surrounding the jet, implying the material is pretty uniform. It’s not clear how likely such uniformity is, but the model’s simplicity makes it attractive — plus, the jet power suggested by this interpretation is exactly what’s expected for this kind of source, says study coauthor Leith Godfrey (Curtin University, Australia).
Another option (one slightly more favored by the team), is that the swirling gas disk feeding the black hole is somehow unstable and feeds the beast at an irregular rate. One possible cause of instability would be a second supermassive black hole that sweeps down through the disk as it loops around the main object.
Reference: L.E.H. Godfrey et al. “Periodic Structure in the Megaparsec-scale Jet of PKS 0637–752.” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2012 October 20. Full paper.
*There should be an image on this page. However, sometimes our “image gremlin” attacks. If you do not see an image on this page, type a ? at the end of the URL for this page and hit Enter. If that doesn’t work, type 1=1 after the ?, and hit Enter again. We hope to fix this problem, but gremlins are notoriously difficult to catch.
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1. (Science: botany) a low shrub (erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute evergreen leaves, and handsome clusters of pink flowers. It is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. It is also called heather, and ling. Also, any species of the genus erica, of which several are European, and many more are south african, some of great beauty.
Origin: oe. Heth waste land, the plant heath, as. H; akin to D. & g. Heide, Icel. Heir waste land, dan. Hede, Sw. Hed, goth. Haipi field, L. Bucetum a cow pasture; cf. W. Coed a wood, Skr. Kshtra field.
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So, where did Christmas come from?
There are a lot of traditions around "Christmas" that are as old as America itself. One is not going to church on Christmas Day. The Puritans considered that "too Papist," so the day itself didn't even figure on their religious calendar. Not surprisingly, the observance of Christmas day services still lingers only among those churches closest to the Roman Catholic (well, in the Western traditions), and in rural areas (the German country church I pastored in seminary continued the tradition;we "revived" it with a "communion" of hot chocolate and cinnamon rolls; a cause of some concern in the seminary community, by the way.). And, when the holiday was observed, it was seldom done in a "religious" manner, or for religious reasons.
The fact is, few holidays were celebrated in America as late as 1832 (glancing through Penne for this; this post is not a scholarly review). And actually the Christmas we observe now (or wish we observed) is made almost entirely of nostalgia, formed of unequal parts of Dickens' four Christmas novels, and Washington Irving's essays on a "traditional" English Christmas. Dickens and Irving appealed to a sense of a "family" holiday, instead of a communal one (the first Thanksgiving, for example, went on for 3 days. It takes a village to throw that kind of party). And that appeal slowly turned the tide, just as the middle class was beginning to rise in both Europe and America (at the same time as the Romantic movement became mainstream, and for the same reasons. It's no accident the Christmas tree is first observed in Germany by Coleridge, and comes "quickly" to England and America.)
The other culprit that helped: Moore's "Night Before Christmas." Remember Santa, the peddlar from whom nothing is to be feared? That was Moore domesticating the holiday, making it safe for middle class families.
Obviously, it's complicated, and this isn't doing the subject justice. But the very idea that Christmas was once a religious holiday that's been corrupted by the world is wrong. It has always been a "worldly" holiday; which was the main reason the Puritans objected to it. Cotton Mather (who really wasn't all that bad), asked: "Can you in your consciences think that our holy saviour is honored by mirth, by long eating, by hard drinking, by lewd gaming, by rude revelling, by a mass fit for none but a Saturn or a Bacchus, or the light of Mahametan Romandon?" Sound familiar? And to at least some of that, my answer (given the actions of the Jesus of the Gospels), would be: "Yeah!"
There's more to be said about it; especially how the holiday was "domesticated" by Clement Moore. But there has always been a "battle for Christmas," even over the name "Christmas" (Xmas?), and probably there always will be. And it will always be two different holidays: one for gifts, one for observant Christians. It is, really, the point at which the two coincide and, largely, reconcile.
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Article as word file
March Village Green Corner
Time to Build the Ark Again
Floods. Hurricanes. Drought. The outlook for the world's weather
isn't good. All over the world, we're beginning to see the effects
of a dramatic rise in average temperatures - commonly known as
global warming. The climate is changing, and the effects could
Of course, climate change is nothing unusual. It's a natural phenomenon,
part of the process by which the earth maintains the equilibrium
that allows it to sustain life. What is unusual, however, is the
rate at which the climate is changing at present. Natural climate
change is normally a slow process, happening over thousands of
years. It gives the earth's inhabitants a chance to adapt or migrate.
In comparison, this new change - provoked not by natural forces,
but by human activity - is happening at breakneck speed; and it
is precisely that speed which makes it such a serious threat to
the future of life on earth. The journal Nature reports that up
to a third of the world's species may be doomed to extinction
Humans, the source of global warming, potentially face the same
threat as all other species. But not all humans are equally affected.
Our ability to escape the effects of climate change is proportional
to the technological and financial resources we have at our disposal.
So the rich world, which is responsible for the overwhelming majority
of the pollution that causes climate change, gets off relatively
scot-free (albeit with increased insurance premiums), while the
poor pay the price as the increasingly unstable climate makes
it ever harder to eke out a living from the land.
This is why climate change is a Gospel issue, and one that all
Christians should take seriously. Jesus' "manifesto commitment",
in Luke 4.18, is "to bring good news to the poor"; and
the Bible is full of evidence of God's passion for justice for
the poor. To destabilise the climate as we are doing is an affront
to the Creator of this wonderful world; and that the poor should
bear the brunt of its effects is an outrage, which Christians
But what can ordinary folk like you and I do about it? It's easy
to feel helpless in the face of the powerful economic and political
forces, which are at the root of global warming. But a journey
of a thousand miles starts with a single step; and Operation Noah
offers each of us the chance to take a few simple steps in the
1. You can tell the government that you think this is important:
Sign the Climate Covenant and add your voice to the growing call
for political action on climate change. But crucially the Climate
Covenant is also an undertaking to take action oneself.
2. You can take action yourself: There are plenty of simple things
you can do to cut down on the greenhouse gases you create. The
most effective is to switch your electricity supply to one of
the renewable energy products available on the market. Changing
supplier is quick and easy - it just takes a phone call, and it
needn't cost any more than your existing supplier.
3. You can spread the word: Tell your family, friends and work
colleagues about Operation Noah, and encourage them to get on
board. You can download our free "Ark in a Box" campaign
pack from www.christian-ecology.org.uk/noah.
You can pick up a leaflet from the back of [your
local church] that will take you through these
steps, or you and your household can just sign the Climate Covenant
The Climate Covenant
"World leaders must act to avert dangerous climate change,
and give everyone fair access to energy in a sustainable world
We ask the UK government to lead negotiations.
We will take action personally to reduce greenhouse gas emissions."
Signed: Name (s):
Postcode: ......... Date: ..........
( Magazine name and date)
Please cut out this form and send it to: Operation Noah, FREEPOST
SE8672, 9, Nuthatch Drive, Earley, Reading, RG6 5ZZ.
Operation Noah is named after the man who, in the face of seemingly
overwhelming odds, chose to co-operate with God and answer his
call. Through Noah's obedience, life on earth was preserved. Humanity
today stands before a similar challenge, this time from global
warming. Join us in answering the call, and take a stand against
Operation Noah is a project of Christian Ecology Link, registered
charity number 327844, and of Churches Together in Britain and
Ireland. This article was contributed by Jeremy Hicks.
Replace the two phrases in bold itallic before you reproduce
this in your magazine.
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About Data Highlighter
Data Highlighter is a webmaster tool for teaching Google about the pattern of structured data on your website. You simply use Data Highlighter to tag the data fields on your site with a mouse. Then Google can present your data more attractively -- and in new ways -- in search results and in other products such as the Google Knowledge Graph.
For example, if your site contains event listings you can use Data Highlighter to tag data (name, location, date, and so on) for the events on your site. The next time Google crawls your site, the event data will be available for rich snippets on search results pages:
Note that Data Highlighter can only access pages that have been crawled by Google recently. If Google hasn't crawled or can't crawl some of your pages, such as pages behind sign-in forms, you can't use Data Highlighter for those pages.
Supported data typesYou can use Data Highlighter to teach Google about the following types of data on your site:
Organizing pages into page sets
To tell Data Highlighter which of the pages on your site contain data, you create one or more page sets. A page set is a collection of pages on a site that display data consistently (possibly generated from the same template) and are organized so that URLs follow a simple pattern. Data Highlighter will only teach Google about pages that are in a page set.
If your site organizes data in different ways (such as using different templates for music and speaking events), you can create a page set for each organization.
For example, consider a site that contains information about music and speaking events in the following pages:
Pages one and two could be in one page set because they both describe music events and their URLs follow a simple pattern:
www.example.com/events/music/*/* (where each * is a wildcard for a single URL component).
Likewise, pages three and four could be in another page set because they both describe speaking events and their URLs follow a simple pattern:
Detecting changes in a page set
Each time Google crawls pages on your site, Data Highlighter extracts data and makes the data available for rich snippets. If you make significant changes to the way your pages display information or to the site's URLs, you should delete the original page sets and teach Data Highlighter about the new structure of your site.
Ready to get started?
To start using Data Highlighter, create a page set.
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There are a few differences, we have a few more of this, a few less of that, but they are the same genes and a lot of them are in the same order. Which really surprised us, we thought they’d be completely scrambled, but they’re not, there’s great chunks of the human genome which is sitting right there in the kangaroo genome.
It was a surprise because under evolution humans and kangaroos must be quite distant relatives. Evolutionists believe a small mouse-like species split into two lineages—the marsupials and the placentals—about 150 million years ago. And according to evolutionists that mouse-like species eventually turned into, among other things, a kangaroo in the one lineage and into a human in the other.
With that much evolutionary distance the kangaroo and human genomes should have evolved substantial differences. Sometimes evolution gets it right but often the theory, which evolutionists claim is mandatory for making sense of all of biology, just looks foolish.
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Navigating the spectrum
Mizzou takes on autism
To commemorate Autism Awareness Month, Tigers gathered on the Quad April 2, joining Autism Speaks in the global Light It Up Blue movement to raise awareness about autism spectrum disorders. Photo by Ryan Gavin.
April is Autism Awareness Month, and Mizzou is lighting it up blue.
Home to the Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders and world-class interdisciplinary programs, Mizzou engages in research, education and services to help improve the lives of people affected by autism spectrum disorders. Take a look at some of our current undertakings.
Events and Research News
The two-day conference, held April 19-20 in Columbia, aims to educate and support parents of children with autism and people with autism spectrum disorders as well as professionals who work with ASD clients and patients.
Micah Mazurek, an assistant professor in the School of Health Professions and researcher at the Thompson Center, has found that children and teens with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) use screen-based media, such as television and video games, more often than their typically developing peers and are more likely to develop problematic video game habits and addictions.
Researchers in the MU Department of Psychological Sciences have found that the prescription anti-anxiety drug propranolol could help improve the working memory of people with autism spectrum disorders, helping them better retain, recall and utilize information.
Coulter grant recipients Gang Yao, a professor of biological engineering, and Judith Miles, a professor of child health-genetics, have found that infants' eyes can show early signs of autism. The team has developed a new technique to study pupil constriction as a biological marker of autism.
Stephen Kanne, who became executive director of the Thompson Center last September, plans to expand autism interdisciplinary research among MU faculty and develop the center’s training component.
The Thompson Center at Mizzou is a national leader in confronting the challenges of autism and other developmental conditions through collaborative research, training and service programs.
The Thompson Center's ASD Youth Coalition helps teens who have autism spectrum disorders make the transition to adulthood.
Autism Master‘s Program
Mizzou offers a master’s degree in special education with an emphasis in learning and instruction and a focus in autism, preparing special educators to effectively support students identified with autism spectrum disorders. Take courses online or on campus.
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Digging deeper into the earliest Acheulean01 Sep 2011
I’ve been ranting on Twitter all day about the new paper on the “earliest Acheulean” by Christopher Lepre and colleagues
What actually bothered me more was the lack of any discussion at all about why the assemblage is Acheulean as opposed to, say, Developed Oldowan. The word Oldowan appears only in the context of saying that many localities within the same Kokiselei site complex have only Oldowan-typical assemblages. This started bothering me less as I ran through the citations to earlier work on the Kokilelei localities. But that raised another point of irritation: This Acheulean locality was briefly described already, a long time ago. Why is this news? And given that both descriptions are so superficial, where’s the fuller account?
I had to stop and think about why I was finding this all so irritating. I mean, it’s a paper about dating an archaeological locality. It’s a perfectly good paper about dating an archaeological locality, full of details about the local geology, methods of sampling and analysis. My reactions weren’t a criticism of the paper, really – although if you’re going to write a high-profile paper about your site, maybe you should actually feature the archaeology of the site?
I’ve been digging through references all afternoon, trying to get straight exactly why this paper doesn’t mention the Developed Oldowan at all. I’m not saying I favor the Developed Oldowan – just that we deserve some kind of thoughtful review of what constitutes an “earliest Acheulean” site. Is it a purely typological definition based on the presence of bifaces made on large flakes, or is there something more here? That’s going to take me a bit longer to review, so I’ll just report on some of what I found.
This isn’t news. Hélène Roche and colleagues reported on this locality in 2003, in Comptes Rendus
This paper adds precision to the earlier estimate, and it’s really important to do this well. But if you’ve been reading about the archaeology of Plio-Pleistocene Africa, finding a date of 1.76 million years for this locality with an Acheulean assemblage is totally expected.
Roche and colleagues
The KS4 assemblage (Supplementary Fig. 2) is characterized by the presence of pick-like tools with a trihedral or quadrangular section, unifacially or bifacially shaped crude hand-axes, and a few cores and flakes, all derived from the same mudstone bed. A single subsurface, in situ origin for KS4 is ensured by excavations at the main test trench that recovered several spectacular sets of refitted lithic artefacts (Supplementary Fig. 3). To the exception of a few cores made on basalt, the rest of the assemblage has been knapped from large cobbles or tabular clasts of locally available aphiric phonolite.
The supplementary information does include photos of three bifacial artifacts and two refits. But there is no technical analysis of the artifacts beyond the paragraph above. There’s not even a summary of the number of artifacts found at the site.
Roche and colleagues added more details (my translation of the French):
Kokiselei 4 is a highly eroded site in which a series of more or less extensive trenches (total 19 m2) were dug. Among these only one (KS4A) yielded in situ artifacts in sufficient numbers to form an archaeological horizon, with a vertical dispersion limited to only fifteen centimeters, and no faunal remains. Some objects, distributed in a more diffuse fashion, were found in two other test pits (KS4B and KS4C); these are lower in elevation than the main horizon. In parallel to the test pits, a systematic surface collection across 104 m2 (metric grid) was performed, which comprises the total sample of lithic material from KS4 (n = 167). It is characterized by robust, rough pieces of varying sizes, often very large, some scrapers and notches made on cobbles or flakes, by very large cores, by proto-bifaces or bifaces, and by picks with a trihedral section. Two thirds of the proto-bifaces or bifaces are manufactured on oblong pebbles, relatively flat, some quite large, whole or broken into two in the middle according to the major axis and very few retouched. Only a few are free of cortex and / or shaped enough to be called bifaces, the proto-bifaces in turn are made more coarsely, as if the concept of an elongated shape and sharp point was well integrated, but the operating scheme was inadequately implemented. All the tools characterizing a very early Acheulian are present, and it is to this cultural period that we attribute KS4.
Roche and colleagues also described the other localities, all Oldowan, at a similar superficial level of detail. The conclusion that Acheulean and Oldowan were two industries overlapping at the same time in this area was suggested in that paper.
That, obviously, leads to the real scientific story here. How could there be two different stone tool traditions overlapping across some fairly large area for more than 300,000 years? If we count Developed Oldowan, that makes three. Some people would count two Developed Oldowans A and B!
I’m inclined to think that the scenario is false. These really aren’t distinct cultural traditions. Archaeologists have created definitions of archaeological assemblages, and the definitions have changed over time. Initially the definitions were entirely typological – you have a handaxe, you’ve got Acheulean. Over time, the definitions have become less typological and more inclusive of technical elements – you make bifacial artifacts on very large flakes, you’ve got Acheulean. But these technical categories are not unique or necessarily difficult to invent, and may have been repeatedly invented in different groups, just in the way that different groups of chimpanzees have invented nutcracking and termite fishing methods. For these early assemblages, we don’t have any way of telling who made what – the only hominin fossils from Kokilelei, for example, are teeth of A. boisei. We don’t know how many different kinds of hominins there were. Maybe there was only one.
Early Homo is a bundle of mysteries, in other words, and the archaeology doesn’t help. Can we make any sense of the development of early stone tool technology, from its initial beginnings to the handaxe-dominated assemblages? What does it mean that both Oldowan-like and Acheulean-like industries dispersed widely throughout the Old World? This is a really interesting scientific problem, involving information transfer, emergent sets of behaviors, invention and creativity, and their effects on survival.
The paper by Lepre and colleagues discusses the problem of Oldowan and Acheulean coexistence briefly, reviewing the idea that Homo erectus may be tied to Acheulean, leaving open the question of whether more than one toolmaking species existed before 1.5 million years ago. The paper is noncommittal, but I would frame the question very differently. It’s self-evident that Acheulean cannot have been a culture, because no human or animal culture exhibits its spatial and temporal properties – appearing episodically across three continents over a span of 1.5 million years. The real question is whether we can make sense of the many different Acheuleans, and whether other Oldowans (possibly Developed Oldowans) might have similar heterogeneity. Asking whether an Oldowan-bearing population in Africa first dispersed to Dmanisi is begging the question.
Finding these answers is surely a lot more interesting than what the press has done with this article.
That’s probably what irritates the the most about this: how boring the article and reporting seem to make this topic. When I did the Google News search this afternoon, there are no fewer than 165 news articles worldwide. Nature made its cover image this week a photo of one of the bifaces. You can’t get much more of a press push than that for an archaeology story. None of the stories go beyond the very simple “oldest Acheulean” story. Now, I’m used to seeing the “oldest X” storyline a lot in paleoanthropology, it’s a perennial favorite of journalists who can’t think of anything more interesting to write. But in this case, it’s the worst angle – because it’s the part that isn’t actually news!
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Author and kindergarten teacher (and MacArthur Genius Grant recipient) Vivian Paley tells the story of an experiment she conducted in her classroom to make children less cruel to each other. She instituted a rule: "You can't say 'You can't play.'" In other words, if two children are playing, and a third child comes over and wants to join them, they can't tell him or her to get lost. They can't reject him or her. This is the cause of unending pain in most classrooms and playgrounds. The experiment was a remarkable and immediate success. (11 minutes)
Jun 21, 1996
Stories about kids being mean to each other... including a mysterious handbook for bullies, a surprising experiment conducted by a teacher who wants to make kids be nice, and a story of youthful backstabbing told by David Sedaris.
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1492 Dec 24-1492 Dec 25, The
Santa Maria under Columbus ran aground on a reef off Espanola on
Christmas eve, and sank the next day. With the remains of the Santa
Maria, Columbus built a fort and called it La Navidad
1493 Jan 2, Columbus left 40
crew members on La Navidad, Hispaniola, and sailed eastward along
the coast. He left behind instructions for the crew to obtain gold
and find its source. When he returned on his 2nd voyage he found the
town burned and all the Spaniards dead.
1493 Jan 16, Columbus aboard
the Nina departed Hispaniola along with the Pinta to return to
1493 Nov 22, Christopher
Columbus arrived at Hispaniola.
1493 Nov 28, Christopher
Columbus arrived La Navidad, Hispaniola. He found the fort burned
and his men from the 1st voyage dead. According to the account of
Guacanagari, the local chief who had befriended Columbus on the
first voyage, the men at Navidad had fallen to arguing among
themselves over women and gold.
1493 Dec 8, Christopher
Columbus and his crew of 1,500 built the town of La Isabela on the
northern coast of the Dominican Republic. It was abandoned within 5
years due in part to poor relations with the Taino Indians. This
area was part of the chiefdom of Higuey.
1496 Mar 10, Christopher
Columbus concluded his 2nd visit to the Western Hemisphere as he
left Isabela, with 2 ships for Spain. He returned to Spain to ask
for more support for his colony on Hispaniola.
1522 A massive slave rebellion,
the first of dozens, was crushed in Hispaniola.
1537 Maria de Rojas y Toledo,
widow of Christopher Columbus' son Diego, was allowed to send the
bones of her husband and his father to the cathedral in Santo
Domingo for burial. There they lay until 1795, when Spain ceded the
island of Hispaniola to France and decided Columbus' remains should
not fall into foreigners' hands. A set of remains that the Spaniards
thought were Columbus' were then dug up from behind the main altar
in the newly built cathedral and shipped to a cathedral in Havana,
where they remained until the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898
and Spain brought them to Seville. But in 1877, workers digging
inside the Santo Domingo cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing
13 large bone fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed
"Illustrious and distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The
Dominicans said these were the real remains of Columbus and that the
Spaniards must have taken the wrong remains in 1795.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC,
1697 Sep 20, The Treaty of
Ryswick was signed in Holland. It ended the War of the Grand
Alliance (aka War of the League of Augsburg,1688-1697) between
France and the Grand Alliance. Under the Treaty Franceís King Louis
XIV (1638-1715) recognized William III (1650-1702) as King of
England. The Dutch received trade concessions, and France and the
Grand Alliance members (Holland and the Austrian Hapsburgs) gave up
most of the land they had conquered since 1679. The signees included
France, England, Spain and Holland. By the Treaty of Ryswick, a
portion of Hispaniola was formally ceded to France and became known
as Saint-Domingue. The remaining Spanish section was called Santo
1743 May 20, [Francois D]
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian leader, was born on the Breda
plantation in Santo Domingo.
(MC, 5/20/02)(AP, 4/7/03)
1772 Jun 6, Haitian explorer
Jean Baptiste-Pointe DuSable settled Chicago. [see Mar 12, 1773]
1773 Mar 12, Jeanne Baptiste
Pointe de Sable settled what is now known as Chicago. [see Jun 6,
1780 Oct 10, A Great Hurricane
killed 20,000 to 30,000 in Caribbean.
1785 Apr 26, John James Audubon
(d.1851), American naturalist, bird watcher (ornithologist) and
artist, was born in Haiti and educated in France. The engraving of
America's indigenous turkey, which Benjamin Franklin nominated as
the national bird, appeared in John James Audubon's classic work
"Birds of America," a book of 435 hand-colored engravings prepared
from his wildlife paintings begun in 1820. An artist and naturalist,
Audubon was one of the first to study and paint American birds in
their natural surroundings. Audubon came to America at 18 and failed
in several business ventures.
(440 Intíl. internet,4/26/97, p.5)(AP,
4/26/98)(HN, 4/26/98)(HNPD, 7/15/98)
1790 Oct 23, Slaves revolted in
1791 Aug 14, Haitian slaves,
led by voodoo priest Boukman Dutty, gathered to plan a revolution.
(SFCM, 5/30/04, p.9)( http://tinyurl.com/yun3k3)
1791 In St. Domingue Toussaint
LíOuverture joined the slave rebellion against plantation owners and
later led a colonial revolt against France. In 1995 Madison Smart
Bell authored "All Souls Rising," a novel set in this period.
(SFEC, 1/26/97 BR, p.10)(SSFC, 4/8/01, BR
p.4)(SFCM, 5/30/04, p.10)
1793 Aug 29, Slavery was
abolished in the French colony of Santo Domingo (Haiti).
(HN, 8/29/98)(MC, 8/29/01)
1793 Sep, The 1st British
soldiers came ashore at St. Domingue.
(SFCM, 5/30/04, p.10)
1794 Feb 4, Franceís First
Republic (Convention) voted for the abolition of slavery in all
French colonies. The abolition decree stated that "the Convention
declares the slavery of the Blacks abolished in all the colonies;
consequently, all men, irrespective of color, living in the colonies
are French citizens and will enjoy all the rights provided by the
Constitution." Slavery was restored by the Consulate in 1802, and
was definitively abolished in 1848 by the Second Republic, on Victor
1794 Feb 4, Slaves in Haiti won
(AP, 4/7/03)(WSJ, 3/1/04, p.A16)
1794 May 6, In Haiti Toussaint
Louverture (LíOuverture), Haitian rebel leader, ended his alliance
with the Iberian monarchy and embraced the French Republicans. An
order followed that led to the massacre of Spaniards.
1794 Jun 4, British troops
captured Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
1794-1801 In 2001 Madison Smart Bell authored
"Master of the Crossroads," a novel set in this period.
(SSFC, 4/8/01, BR p.4)
1795 Jul 22, Spain signed the
Peace of Basel, a treaty with France ending the War of the Pyrenees.
The treaty ceded Santo Domingo to France.
1795 A set of remains that the
Spaniards believed to be of Christopher Columbus were dug up from
behind the main altar in the newly built cathedral of Santo Domingo
and shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they remained until the
Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, when Spain brought them to
Seville. In 1877 workers digging inside the Santo Domingo cathedral
unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone fragments and 28
small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and distinguished male,
don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said these were the real
remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards must have taken the wrong
(SFC, 1/18/05, p.A8)
1796 Apr 2, Haitian revolt
leader Toussaint LíOuverture commanded French forces at Santo
1797 Mar 4, Vice-President John
Adams, elected President on December 7, to replace George
Washington, was sworn in. Adams soon selected Timothy Pickering as
his secretary of state. Pickering extended aid to Haitian slaves in
their ongoing revolt against French colonists. This policy was
reversed under Jefferson.
(HN, 3/4/99)(SSFC, 11/2/03, p.M6)
1798 Oct, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture negotiated a secret peace
agreement in which the British renounced all claim to the colonyís
lands in exchange for the right to trade freely on an equal basis
(ON, 2/10, p.7)
1799 Apr 27, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture signed a treaty of
friendship with the US under Pres. John Adams. Certain elements were
kept secret in order not to alienate France.
(ON, 2/10, p.8)
1799 May, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture signed a trade agreement
with Britain. Certain elements were kept secret in order not to
(ON, 2/10, p.8)
1799 Jul 3, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture formally declared Gen.
Andre Rigaud, the leader of a revolutionary army in the south and
west of Saint-Domingue, a rebel.
(ON, 2/10, p.8)
1800 May 20, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) forces under Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture cornered Gen.
Andre Rigaud near the town of Acul.
(ON, 2/10, p.9)
1800 Jul 29, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Andre Rigaud, defeated by Gen. Dessalines, set
sail for France.
(ON, 2/10, p.9)
1800 Dessalines, a lieutenant
of Haitian rebel leader Toussaint L'Ouverture (Louverture),
butchered many mulattoes (the estimates range from 200 to 10,000).
(http://tinyurl.com/22xwby)(WSJ, 1/19/07, p.W4)
1801 Jan, Toussaint Louverture,
ignoring the commands of Napoleon Bonaparte, overran Spanish Santo
Domingo, where slavery persisted.
1801 Jul 7, A new constitution,
drafted by a committee appointed by Toussaint Louverture
(LíOuverture), went into effect and declared independence of
Hispaniola. The constitution made him governor general for life with
near absolute powers. LíOuverture seized power in Haiti from French
1802 Feb, Napoleon sent a large
army under his brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, to regain control of
St. Domingue. Thousands of soldiers died mainly to yellow fever and
French control was abandoned so as to support military ventures in
Europe. Toussaint L'Ouverture turned to guerrilla warfare inspired
by the ideals of the French Revolution and its motto of "Liberty,
(CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(AP, 4/7/03)
1802 May, In Saint-Domingue
(later Haiti) Gen. Toussaint LíOuverture surrendered to French
forces. Many of his generals continued to wage a guerilla campaign
against the French.
(ON, 2/10, p.9)
1802 Jul 8, Toussaint
L'Ouverture, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti) general, was sent to
France in chains.
1802 Aug 7, Napoleon ordered
the re-instatement of slavery on St. Domingue (Haiti).
1802 Aug 25, Toussaint
L'Ouverture was imprisoned in Fort de Joux, Jura, France.
1803 Apr 7, Francois D.
Toussaint L'Ouverture (Louverture), Haitian revolutionary, died in a
dungeon at Fort Joux in the French Alps. In 2007 Madison Smartt Bell
authored ďToussaint Louverture: A Biography."
1803 Nov 18, The Battle of
Vertieres was fought. Jean-Jacques Dessalines (b.1758), Haitian
rebel leader, led his army to decisive victory over the French with
his slogan "Cut off their heads and burn down their houses."
(HFA, Ď96, p.42)(AP,
1804 Jan 1, Jean-Jacques
Dessalines proclaimed the Republic of Haiti and declared
independence from France. Documentation of his speech was then lost
and only re-discovered in 2010 by a Canadian graduate student
searching in the British National Archives.
(WSJ, 3/1/04, p.A16)(SFCM, 5/30/04, p.19)(SFC,
1804 Apr 20, Jean-Jacques
Dessalines, Haitian rebel leader, commanded a massacre of the French
at town of Cape Francois. It is generally thought that Dessalines
had around 20,000 French slaughtered in early 1804.
1804 Oct 6, Jean-Jacques
Dessalines (b.1758) had himself crowned James I, Emperor of Haiti.
He was murdered two years later in a conspiracy under Christophe and
1806 Oct 17, Jean-Jacques
Dessalines (b.1758), Emp. Jacques I of Haiti, was assassinated.
1810 Dec, Gen. Andre Rigaud
(1761-1811) returned to Haiti yet a third time, establishing himself
as President of the Department of the South, in opposition to both
Alexandre Petion and Henri Christophe.
1825 A French emissary of
Charles X demanded that Haiti pay 150 million gold francs in
exchange for recognition as French warships cruised over the
horizon. The deal required 5 annual payments of 30 million and
required a loan from a French bank for the 1st payment. Haiti
renegotiated the debt in 1838.
(WSJ, 1/2/04, p.A1)
1838 France agreed to reduce
Haiti's 1825 "debt" to 60 million fold francs to be paid over 30
years. The final payment was made in 1883. Payments on loans made to
repay France continued to 1947.
(WSJ, 1/2/04, p.A6)(Econ, 3/12/11, p.47)
1844 Feb 27, Dominican Republic
rebels, under the leadership of Francisco del Rosario Sanchez and
Ramon Mella, launched their uprising and gained independence from
Haiti (National Day). [see Nov 6]
1844 Nov 6, The first
constitution of the new Dominican Republic was signed in San
Cristobal. Pedro Santana, fearing political instability, controlled
revisions to the newly written constitution that allowed him to stay
in power, and declared himself president of the nation, a post he
would hold from 1844-1848, 1853-1856, and 1858-1861. Spain granted
independence to the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic won
independence from next door Haiti after 2 occupations. [see Feb 27]
5/16/96, p.A-9)(Econ, 2/20/10, p.35)
1883 Haiti made its final
payment to France of the 1825 "debt," renegotiated in 1838. In 2004
Haiti demanded nearly 22 billion in restitution.
(WSJ, 1/2/04, p.A1)
1907 Apr 14, Francois "Papa
Doc" Duvalier, dictator of Haiti, was born.
c1913-1997 Simone Duvalier, wife of Francois "Papa
Doc" and mother of Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier.
1915 Jul 28, The United States
occupation of Haiti began as 330 US Marines landed at Port-au-Prince
on the authority of President Woodrow Wilson to safeguard the
interests of US corporations. Roger Gaillard (d.2000 at 77),
historian, later wrote a multi-volume chronicle of the US Marine
occupation of Haiti from 1915-1934.
1915 Sep 4, The U.S. military
placed Haiti under martial law to quell a rebellion in its capital
1916 Feb 28, Haiti became the
first U.S. protectorate.
1934 Aug 16, US ended its
occupation of Haiti (begun in 1915).
1937 Mar 6, Jose Pena Gomez
(d.1998 at 61), advocate for the poor and later mayor of Santo
Domingo, was born in Valverde, Dominican Republic, to Haitian
immigrants. According to Jose Pena Gomez, a Dominican massacre of
Haitians forced his parents to flee back to Haiti. Jose was adopted
by a Dominican family.
(SFC, 5/12/98, p.A21)
1937 Thousands of Haitian
immigrants were massacred in the Dominican Republic under dictator
Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. An estimated 30,000 Haitians and black
Dominicans were rounded up at gunpoint and executed, often by
machetes (to give the impression that peasants had committed the
murders). In 1998 the novel ďThe Farming of Bones" by Edwidge
Danticat was based on this event.
(SFEC, 12/13/98, BR
1939 Simone Ovide, illegitimate
daughter of Jules Faine, a mulatto merchant and scholar, married
Francis Duvalier, a young doctor.
1939 The Dominican Rep. and
Haiti in their ďAgreement on Migration" said that all Haitian
descendants in the Dominican Rep. are Haitians as provided in the
(Econ, 1/4/14, p.11)
1947 Haiti completed loan
payments incurred in 1825 to pay reparations to France following its
(Econ, 3/19/11, p.47)
1949 Francois Duvalier became
the minister of public health and labor.
1953 Jul 15, Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, president of Haiti (1991, 1994-1995 ), was born.
1953 Felix Morisseau-Leroy
(d.1998 at 86) premiered his play "Antigone" in Port-au-Prince. It
was the first serious play in the native Creole language.
(SFC, 9/7/98, p.A21)
1954 Sep 25, Francois "Doc"
Duvalier won the Haitian presidential election.
1957 Sep 22, In Haiti Francois
Duvalier (1907-1971) won the election for the presidency. He spent
14 years in office. His reign of terror exceeded the ruthless
American occupation (1915-1934).
1963 Oct 4-1963 Oct 8,
Hurricane Flora, killed some 7-8,000 people in Cuba and Haiti.
(SFC, 11/30/98, p.A2)
1963-1975 Rene Preval lived in exile from Haiti,
while it was ruled by the Duvalier dictatorship.
(WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-10)
1966 In 2007 researchers said
HIV was brought to Haiti by an infected person from central Africa,
and then came to the United States in about 1969. The researchers
think an unknown single infected Haitian immigrant arrived in a
large city like Miami or New York, and the virus circulated for
years, first in the US population and then to other nations.
1968 Marie Vieux-Chauvet
(1916-1973) published her Haitian trilogy ďLove, Anger, Madness." It
was withdrawn soon after publication France following a government
warning that it would endanger the authorís family. It was released
again in France in 2005 and in English in 2009.
(Econ, 8/15/09, p.78)
1968 Jean Dominique (d.2000)
purchased the lease on Radio Haiti Inter and initiated broadcasts in
Creole. Dominique was forced in to exile in 1980, but returned in
(SFC, 4/30/04, p.E6)
1971 Apr 21, In Haiti Francois
"Papa Doc" Duvalier (b.1907) died. He was succeeded by his teenage
son Jean-Claude "Baby-Doc" Duvalier (19), under the guidance of
Simone Duvalier, aka "Mama Doc."
1980 Aug 5, Hurricane "Allen"
battered the southern peninsula of Haiti, leaving more than 200 dead
in its wake. Hurricane Allen went on to hit the southeastern US.
(AP, 8/5/00)(SFEC, 6/6/99, p.A17)
1980 Jean-Claude Duvalier
married Michele Bennett in a lavish wedding ceremony.
1980 In Haiti Journalist
Richard Brisson (d.1982) was sent into exile under the rule of
dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier.
(SFC, 10/20/98, p.C12)
1982 Jan, In Haiti journalist
Richard Brisson was murdered. He was part of a small group of
guerrillas attempting to overthrow dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier.
Brisson died in detention between Jan. 11 and March 26 after
interrogation by the military. The manager of his station, he was
arrested with two others on Jan. 11 and charged with attempting to
topple the government of then-President Jean-Claude Duvalier.
1985 Apr, Students in Gonaives,
Haiti, began a popular uprising that led to the fall of the Duvalier
family dictatorship. After protests by religious groups against
Duvalier's leadership, bloody confrontations are sparked between
anti-government demonstrators and Duvalier's private militia, called
(Econ, 2/14/04, p.33)(AP, 1/17/11)
1985 Nov 27, In Haiti 3
students were slain by security forces in Gonaives in the first of
several bloody confrontations with anti-government demonstrators.
1985 Dec, Protests broadened
across Haiti. Duvalier ordered a significant reshuffle of his
1986 Jan 31, Following weeks of
unrest, White House spokesman Larry Speakes announced the collapse
of the Duvalier government, a report that was later denied by
Haitian and US officials.
1986 Jan, In Haiti Duvalier's
administration closed schools and universities and forbade radio
stations to report on the turmoil engulfing the country. More than
50 people were killed in disturbances, most by Tonton Macoutes.
Duvalier declared 30-day state of siege.
1986 Feb 1, In Haiti 2 days of
anti-government riots in Port-au-Prince resulted in 14 dead.
1986 Feb 7, Haitian
President-for-Life Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier was ousted from
power and fled his country, ending 28 years of family rule. He fled
to France with his wife and mother. Henri Namphy became leader of
Haiti. Duvalier and his cronies reportedly embezzled some $500
million during his last decade of rule.
(TMC, 1994, p.1986)(SFC,12/31/97, p.A17)(AP,
2/7/97)(WSJ, 4/16/03, p.A1)
1986 Feb 10, In Haiti a
provisional government, headed by Namphy, named a 19-member Cabinet.
It dissolved the Assembly and Tonton Macoutes, reopened schools,
freed political prisoners, and sought to recover Duvaliers' assets.
US aid resumed after being halted because of Duvalier abuses.
1987 Mar 29, Haitiís
Constitution barred Duvalierists from candidacy for 10 years. The
new Constitution also abolished the death penalty.
(SFC, 9/21/00, p.C6)(AP, 1/17/11)
1987 In Haiti Paul Farmer,
American doctor and anthropologist, helped create a community-based
health care system called Zanmi Lasante (Partners in Health).
Partners In Health (PIH) was founded by Farmer, Thomas J. White, and
Todd McCormack to support activities in Cange. In 2003 Tracy Kidder
authored ďMountains Beyond Mountains," the story of Dr. Farmer. In
2004 Farmer authored ďPathologies of Power."
p.61)(www.pih.org/whoweare/history.html)(SFC, 2/8/08, p.E1)
1988 Jan 17, Haiti held a
presidential election run by the military-led junta that was
boycotted by the opposition.
1988 Jan 24, The government of
Haiti declared Leslie Manigat winner of that country's presidential
election. However, Manigat was overthrown by Haiti's military
leader, Lt. Gen. Henri Hamphy, the following June.
1988 Feb 7, Leslie Manigat was
sworn in as Haiti's president. However, he lost power the following
1988 Sep 17, Haitian President
Henri Hamphy was ousted in a coup; Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril declared
himself president the following day.
1988 Sep 11, In Haiti 12
people died when the San Juan Bosco Church was burned.
1988 Some 4,000 tons of toxic
ash from an incinerator in Philadelphia, that wandered the oceans
since 1986, was dumped in Lapierre, Haiti.
(SFC, 3/14/98, p.A10)
1989 In Haiti Guy Francois
(d.2006), commander of the feared Dessalines Battalion in
Port-au-Prince, was accused of conspiring with other officers in a
failed attempt to topple dictator Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril. The plot
was foiled and Francois fled to Venezuela. He later returned.
1990 Mar 10, Haitian ruler Lt.
Gen. Prosper Avril resigned during a popular uprising against his
1990 Dec 16, Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, a left-leaning former Catholic priest, was elected
president of Haiti in the countryís first democratic elections. He
was overthrown in a military coup in 1991, but was later restored to
(SFC, 3/9/99, p.A12)(AP, 12/16/00)
1991 Jan 7, Loyalist troops in
Haiti crushed a coup attempt that had threatened the transition of
power to the countryís first freely elected president, Jean-Bertrand
1991 Feb 7, The Rev.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide was sworn in as Haiti's first democratically
1991 Sep 30, In Haiti the
military under Lt. Gen. Raoul Cedras overthrew Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, the country's first freely elected president. He was later
returned to power. The Prime Minister, Rene Preval, managed to
escape to the French embassy hidden in the trunk of a car.
(WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-10)(AP, 9/30/01)(ST, 3/2/04,
1991 Oct 1, President Bush
strongly condemned the military coup in Haiti, suspending U.S.
economic and military aid and demanding the immediate return to
power of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
1991 Oct 2, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide asked the Organization of American
States in Washington to send a delegation to his homeland to demand
that the newly installed military junta surrender power immediately.
1991 Oct 4, Pres. Bush signed
Executive Order 12775 which prohibited certain transactions with
respect to Haiti.
1991 Oct 29, The US
suspended all trade with Haiti, excluding basic foods and medicines
and commercial flights, and ordered home all nonessential US
government employees and their dependents.
1991 Nov 23, The bodies of 35
drowned Haitian refugees were recovered off the coast of eastern
1991 Haitian refugees fled to
the US base at Guantanamo, Cuba. Hundreds were refused further
passage to the US, many because of HIV infection.
(SSFC, 1/20/02, p.A7)
1991-1994 Emmanuel "Toto" Constant headed the
Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti. He was also a paid
US CIA agent and members of FRAPH were believed responsible for many
of the 3,000 political killings over this period. Louis-Jodel
Chamblain co-founded FRAPH.
(SFC, 6/21/96, p.A14)(ST, 3/2/04, p.A3)
1992 Feb 2, The U.S. Coast
Guard shipped home 250 more Haitian refugees from the Guantanamo Bay
Naval Base in Cuba, a day after repatriating a shipload of about 150
1992 May 21: The Coast Guard
announced that high-seas interdiction of Haitian refugees was being
drastically scaled back because refugee camps at the U.S. naval base
at Guantanamo, Cuba, were filled.
1992 May 23, Pres. Bush issued
Executive Order 12807 authorizing the repatriation of Haitian
refugees interdicted by the Coast Guard.
1992 May 26, The White House
announced that the Coast Guard was returning a group of Haitian
refugees picked up at sea to their homeland under a new executive
order signed by Bush.
1992 Jun 19, Marc Louis Bazin
(1932-2010) became prime minister of Haiti and served for one year.
1992 Aug 1, The US Supreme
Court permitted the Bush administration to continue returning
Haitians intercepted at sea to their Caribbean homeland.
1993 Feb 16-1993 Feb 17, An
overcrowded ferry carrying up to 1,500 people sank between Jeremie
and Port-au-Prince, Haiti, killing an estimated 500-700 people; only
285 people were known to have survived.
(AP, 2/17/98)(AP, 2/3/06)
1993 Mar 16, President Clinton
met with ousted Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide; afterward,
Clinton announced he was sending a special envoy to Haiti to seek a
return to democracy.
1993 Jun 16, The UN authorized
an arms and oil embargo against Haiti.
1993 Jun 21, The US Supreme
Court ruled that Haitian boat people could be stopped at sea and
returned home without asylum hearings.
1993 Jul 3, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Haiti's military chief, Lt.
Gen. Raoul Cedras, separately signed an accord designed to return
Aristide to power.
1993 Aug 27, The U.N. Security
Council suspended 2 1/2-month-old economic sanctions against Haiti
to spur the country's return to democracy. They were reimposed the
1993 Aug 30, Robert Malval was
installed as prime minister of Haiti during a ceremony at the
Haitian Embassy in Washington.
1993 Sep 11, Antoine Izmery, a
prominent supporter of exiled Haitian President Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, was shot and killed outside a church in Port-au-Prince;
the UN mission accused Haitian armed forces of involvement.
Louis-Jodel Chamblain was later convicted in absentia for his role
in the murder.
(AP, 9/11/98)(SFC, 3/24/04, p.A9)
1993 Oct 11, In Haiti,
army-backed toughs prevented American troops from landing as part of
a U.N. peace mission and drove away U.S. diplomats waiting to greet
1993 Oct 12, Hundreds of
militant right-wingers in Haiti cheered as an American warship
retreated in a major setback for a U.N. mission to restore
1993 Oct 13, The U.N. Security
Council voted to reimpose sanctions on Haiti unless military leaders
there stopped violating a U.N.-brokered accord.
1993 Oct 14, In Haiti, gunmen
assassinated Justice Minister Guy Malary, a supporter of ousted
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
(SFEC, 10/13/96, p.A15)(AP, 10/14/98)
1993 Oct 15, President Clinton
sent six warships to the waters off Haiti to enforce trade sanctions
in the face of defiant Haitian military rulers.
1993 Oct 16, The U.N. Security
Council endorsed the deployment of U.S. warships to block arms and
oil shipments to Haiti in an attempt to increase pressure on Haiti's
1993 Oct 19, The United States
intercepted its first ship bound for Haiti since an oil and weapons
embargo was reimposed by United Nations.
1993 Oct 28, A US CIA report
mentioned FRAPH and Emmanuel Constant in connection with the killing
of Justice Minister Guy Mallory. The report says the Haitian juntaís
chief of staff, Gen. Philippe Biamby and his associates coordinated
(SFEC, 10/13/96, p.A15)
1993 Oct 28, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, speaking at the United Nations,
called for a trade blockade to Haiti to force out its military
1993 Oct 30, A United Nations
deadline for ousted Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to
return to power passed with the country's military still in control.
1993 Nov 5, Talks on restoring
ousted Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power collapsed
when military representatives failed to attend.
1994 Feb 15, US asked Aristide
to adopt a peace plan for Haiti.
1994 Apr 22, In Robateau,
Haiti, a shantytown of Gonaives city, soldiers and paramilitary
burst into dozens of homes and beat and killed a number of people.
In 2000 16 ex-soldiers and cohorts were found guilty of the
massacre. Another 38 people, charged with masterminding the killings
and all living in exile, were scheduled for a later trial. Another
37 defendants were tried in absentia and sentenced to life in
prison. Louis-Jodel Chamblain was among those convicted in absentia
for his role in the murders.
(SFC, 11/11/00, p.A14)(SFC, 11/17/00, p.D6)(SFC,
1994 May 22, A worldwide trade
embargo against Haiti went into effect to punish Haiti's military
rulers for not reinstating the country's ousted elected leader,
1994 Jun 10, President Clinton
intensified sanctions against Haiti's military leaders, suspending
U.S. commercial air travel and most financial transactions between
the two countries.
1994 Jun 27, U.S. Coast Guard
cutters intercepted 1,330 Haitian boat people on the high seas in
one of the busiest days since refugees began leaving Haiti following
a 1991 military coup.
1994 Jul 5, In an attempt to
halt a surge of Haitian refugees, the Clinton administration
announced it was refusing entry to new Haitian boat people.
1994 Jul 11, Haiti's
army-backed regime ordered the expulsion of international human
1994 Jul 31, The U.N. Security
Council authorized member states to use "all necessary means" to
oust the military leadership in Haiti.
1994 Aug 1, Supporters of
Haiti's military rulers declared their intention to fight back in
the face of a U.N. resolution paving the way for a U.S.-led
1994 Sep 10, President Clinton,
Vice President Al Gore and top national security advisers met to
discuss intervention in Haiti, but made no final decisions.
1994 Sep 18, Haiti's military
leaders agreed to an Oct. 15 departure deadline, thereby averting a
U.S.-led invasion to force them from power.
1994 Sep 19, Some 3,000 U.S.
troops peacefully entered Haiti to enforce the return of exiled
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The US operation Uphold Democracy
began in Haiti and ended Mar 31, 1995. They cost $1.1 billion and
left 4 US casualties with 3 wounded.
1994 Sep 22, The United States
stepped up its military control of Haiti, breaking up heavy weapons,
guarding pro-democracy activists and giving U.S. troops more leeway
to use force.
1994 Sep 24, A firefight
erupted between U.S. Marines and a group of armed Haitians outside a
police station in the northern coastal city of Cap-Haitien; 10 of
the Haitians were killed.
1994 Sep, Pres. Clinton ordered
20,000 US troops into Haiti to restore a democratically elected
government and to stop the flow of boat people to Florida.
(SFC, 8/27/99, p.A14)
1994 Oct 2, U.S. soldiers in
Haiti detained several leaders of the country's pro-army militias as
part of an effort to dismantle armed opposition to restoration of
1994 Oct 3, U.S. soldiers in
Haiti raided the headquarters of a hated pro-army militia.
1994 Oct 4, Exiled Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide vowed in an address to the U.N.
General Assembly to return to Haiti in 11 days.
1994 Oct 10, Lt. Gen. Raoul
Cedras resigned as commander-in-chief of Haiti's armed forces and
pledged to leave the country.
1994 Oct 11, U.S. troops in
Haiti took over the National Palace.
1994 Oct 15, Haitian President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned to his country, three years after
being overthrown by army rulers. The U.N. Security Council welcomed
Aristide's return by voting to lift stifling trade sanctions imposed
against Haiti. The US had led an invasion, Operation Restore
Democracy, to restore Pres. Aristide. Emmanuel "Toto" Constant left
Haiti for the US when Jean-Bertrand Aristide was reinstated as
president. The US invasion was described in 1999 by Bob Shacochis in
"The Immaculate Invasion." Shacochis served there for 18 months as a
Special Forces noncombatant.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A10)(SFC, 6/21/96, p.A14)(SFEC,
2/14/99, BR p.1)(WSJ, 2/18/99, p.A20)(AP, 10/15/99)
1994 Oct, US Pres. Clinton
cited FRAPH as a primary reason for US military intervention.
(SFC, 6/21/96, p.A14)
1994 Nov 8-21, Hurricane Gordon
caused 1,137 deaths in the Caribbean and eight in the United States.
The storm hit Nicaragua, Cuba and Haiti before striking Florida.
1994 Nov 14, Heavy rains and
flooding from Tropical Storm Gordon swept across Haiti, killing
several hundred people.
1994 Police chief Lt. Col.
Michel Francois fled to the Dominican Republic 2 weeks after the
arrival of US troops.
(SFC, 3/8/96, p.A10)
1994 Susie Scott Krabacher,
Miss Playboy for May 1983, organized the construction of a
health-care center and food-kitchen for abandoned children in Haiti.
(WSJ, 3/1/04, p.A1)
1995 Jan 6, Haitians housed at
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba were sent home by the U.S.
military against the refugees' will and over protests of refugee
1995 Jan 12, In Port-au-Prince,
Haiti, an American soldier was killed and another wounded during a
shootout with a former Haitian army officer who also was killed.
1995 Feb 6, Pres.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide disbanded the Haitian army and replaced it
with a civilian police force.
1995 Feb 23, Former U.S.
President Jimmy Carter arrived in Haiti to help prepare for peaceful
1995 Feb 25, Former President
Jimmy Carter wound up a 54-hour visit to Haiti, denying he'd been
given a chilly reception by Haitians whom he'd helped save from a
potentially bloody U.S.-led intervention.
1995 Mar, The UN began a
mission to train a new Haitian police force to replace the
(SFC, 8/27/99, p.A14)
1995 May 13, Army Capt.
Lawrence Rockwood was convicted at his court-martial in Fort Drum,
N.Y., of conducting an unauthorized investigation of reported human
rights abuses at a Haitian prison. Rockwood was dismissed from the
military the next day.
1995 Nov 23, A wave of violence
in Haiti claimed at least 3 more deaths following President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Nov. 7 call for a disarmament campaign.
1995 Nov, Port-au-Prince, a
member of Haiti's Parliament was shot dead and another seriously
(WSJ, 11/7/95, p.A-1)
1995 Nov, Aristide agreed to
step down on Feb. 7, 1996 and the elections would be held on Dec.
17, 1995. Last week 47 boat people drowned trying to get to the US.
(WSJ, 11/28/95, p.A-1)
1995 Dec 17, Low voter turnout
marked the elections and Rene Preval appears to have won in the
field of 14 candidates.
(WSJ, 12/18/95, p.A-1)
1995 Dec 23, Rene Preval,
Aristide's protege, was elected president. Term limit prohibited
Aristide from running.
1995 The home of presidential
candidate Leon Jeune was sprayed with bullets. He was a front runner
against the incumbent party, Lavalas, whose candidate was Rene
(WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-17)
1995 In Haiti Jean Jean-Pierre
produced the First Int'l. Haitian Roots Music Festival.
(NH, 12/98, p.8)
1996 Apr 2, More than 100
Haitians died when a ferry sank.
(WSJ, 4/3/96, p.A-1)
1996 May 31, Residents of a
small town were enraged at the slaying of their mayor in
Port-au-Prince and stormed a rural police station where 7 suspects
were being held and hacked them to death.
(SFC, 6/1/96, p.A12)
1996 Mar, More than 100 people
were drowned when a ferry sank off the southwest peninsula.
(SFC, 9/9/97, p.A10)
1996 Jun 21, The US refused to
return Emmanuel "Toto" Constant to Haiti to face charges of leading
a terror campaign against pro democracy forces while being paid as a
(SFC, 6/21/96, p.A14)
1996 Jun 26, At least 30
children died of acute kidney failure after taking contaminated
liquid acetaminophen made by a company in Haiti. Another 38 were
being treated for acute kidney failure. Glycerin from China was
contaminated with diethylene glycol as it was shipped to Haiti. It
was then used in children's medication that killed 86 people from
(SFC, 6/26/96, p.A9)(AP, 10/27/06)
1996 Jun 28, The UN Security
Council voted to extend the peacekeeper force in Haiti for 5 more
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A10)
1996 Aug 12, The unemployment
rate hovered at 80%.
(SFC, 8/12/96, p.A14)
1996 Aug 19, In Haiti about 20
former soldiers attacked the Port-au-Prince police headquarters. One
person, a shoeshine man, was killed and several injured.
(SFC, 8/20/96, p.A10)
1996 Aug 20, Two conservative
politicians were killed in drive-by shootings.
(SFC, 8/21/96, p.A9)
1996 Sep 26, The US announced
the return to Haiti of documents confiscated 2 years ago from the
Haitian army and pro-military party.
(SFC, 9/27/96, p.A13)
1996 Oct 1, It was confirmed
that a plot to undermine the government was squelched. The Committee
of Soldiersí Demands, representing former soldiers, had plotted to
destabilize the government. More US trained Haitian-American police
officers and money from the IMF was expected before the expiration
of the current UN mandate.
(SFC, 10/2/96, p.A7)
1996 Nov 30, The current UN
mandate in Haiti expired. It was extended one year.
(SFC, 10/2/96, p.A7)(SFEC,11/30/97, p.A20)
1996 The Aristide Foundation
was founded to low-cost loans and assistance to the Haitian people.
(SFC, 3/9/99, p.A12)
1997 Jan 9, Former Pres.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide began forming a new political party called
the Lavalas Family. Lavalas means flash flood and is synonymous with
(SFC, 1/10/96, p.A15)
1997 Jan 16, Strikes swept the
country and protestors demanded the resignation of premier Rosny
Smarth and an end to IMF-backed austerity measures..
(WSJ, 1/17/97, p.A1)
1997 Mar 7, The former Haiti
police chief, Lt. Col. Michel Francois, was arrested in Honduras for
helping to smuggle 33 tons of Columbian drugs through Haiti into the
US. Francois had fled to the Dominican Republic in 1994.
(SFC, 3/8/96, p.A10)
1997 Jun 9, Premier Rosny
Smarth resigned over differences in the legislative voting of Apr 6
that many observers say was rigged. At stake was an intíl. austerity
plan supported by Smarth and opposed by Aristide.
(SFC, 6/10/97, p.A16)
1997 Jul 17, Disney
sub-contractor H.H. Cutler announced that it would terminate its
business in Haiti due to slumping sales of childrenís clothes. Some
2,300 jobs would be lost. Intíl. activists had criticized the
operations for wages as low as $.28 per hour. The unemployment rate
was at 80%.
(SFC, 7/18/97, p.A12)
1997 Sep 8, In Haiti the ferry,
Pride of Gonave, sank in the Saint Marc Channel off Montrouis. The
60-foot vessel was chartered for only 80 passengers. The recovered
bodies numbered 170. A Haitian ferry, the Pride of Gonave, capsized,
killing about three-quarters of the 200 people aboard.
(SFC, 9/9/97, p.A10)(SFC, 9/10/97, p.A10)(WSJ,
9/17/97, p.A1)(AP, 9/8/98)
1997 Nov 5, It was reported
that falling orders for H.H. Cutler, a contractor for the Walt
Disney Corp., left some 800 employees without jobs. The minimum wage
was quoted as $2.12 per day.
1997 Nov 30, The UN mandate for
peace-keeping forces ended and 1,170 soldiers prepared to leave.
1997 Dec 26, Simone Duvalier,
wife of Francois "Papa Doc" and mother of Jean-Claude "Baby Doc"
Duvalier, died in France.
1998 Jan, In the Dominican
Republic the 6-month sugar cane harvest began and thousands of
Haitians were entering the country illegally to work.
(SFC, 1/21/98, p.A9)
1998 Apr 4, During a visit to
Haiti, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright urged leaders to stop
political infighting that had paralyzed the Caribbean nation for
nearly a year.
1998 Jun 9, Some 30 Haitians
drowned when police in the British Turks and Caicos Islands fired on
a boat jammed with about 100 refugees.
(WSJ, 6/10/98, p.A1)
1998 Jun 30, In Haiti Theodore
Beaubrun, a leading comedian, died at age 79.
(SFC, 7/4/98, p.C2)
1998 Sep 15-Oct 1, Hurricane
Georges caused 602 deaths in the Caribbean and four in the United
States. The storm hit the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Puerto
Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe, St. Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla and British
and U.S. Virgin Islands before striking Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Florida.
1998 Sep 23, The death toll
from hurricane Georges reached 110. 17 people were killed in Haiti
and 17 in the Dominican Republic as the storm hit Cuba.
(SFC, 9/24/98, p.A12)(WSJ, 9/24/98, p.A1)
1998 Sep 24, The death toll
from Hurricane Georges reached 172.
(SFC, 9/25/98, p.A16)(SFC, 10/3/98, p.A11)(SFC,
1998 Oct 16, In Haiti a former
judge, Luckner Pierrex, was arrested for the 1982 slaying of
journalist Richard Brisson.
(SFC, 10/20/98, p.C12)
1999 Jan 11, Pres. Preval
announced that he would bypass the Parliament and appoint a new
government by decree.
(SFC, 1/13/99, p.A10)
1999 Jan 12, In Haiti 2 gunmen
on motorcycle opened fire on a vehicle carrying the sister of Pres.
Rene Preval. She was seriously wounded and her driver was killed.
(SFC, 1/13/99, p.A10)
1999 Mar 1, In Haiti Senator
Jean-Yvon Toussaint (47) was shot in the head in Delmas.
(SFC, 3/2/99, p.A9)
1999 Mar 6, Some 40 Haitians
were apparently drowned when 2 boats loaded with refugees sank.
There were 3 survivors.
(SFC, 3/8/99, p.A4)
1999 Mar 15, In Haiti a UN
helicopter crashed in the mountains and 13 people were killed. They
included 6 Argentines, 6 Russians and 1 American.
(SFC, 3/16/99, p.A9)
1999 Mar 25, In Haiti Pres.
Preval appointed a new government by decree.
(WSJ, 3/26/99, p.A1)
1999 Aug 19, Guy Durosier,
Haitian born singer, composer, saxophonist and organist, died at his
home in Seattle at age 68.
(SFC, 8/25/99, p.B2)
1999 Aug 26, US officials
reported that its permanent military presence in Haiti would be
replaced by temporary missions.
(SFC, 8/27/99, p.A14)
1999 Dec 23, In Haiti violence
began when a customer was killed trying to cash in a winning lottery
ticket. 50 tin-roofed shacks were torched in Cite Soleil.
(SFC, 12/24/99, p.A20)
2000 Jan 10, The child slave
system in Haiti was described. Jean-Robert Cadet examined the slave
children system of Haiti known as restavek, a Haitian term meaning
"staying with" in his book "Restavec: From Haitian Slave Child to
Middle-Class American," an account of his personal experiences.
(SFC, 1/10/00, p.A10)
2000 Feb 25, It was reported
that the number of HIV infected people in the Caribbean region
ranged from 500,000-700,000. Cases in Haiti were estimated to be
330,000 and 150,000 in the Dominican Republic
(SFC, 2/26/00, p.A10)
2000 Mar 3, Haiti postponed
elections that were scheduled for Mar 19 due to organizational chaos
that left 1 million voters unregistered.
(WSJ, 3/6/00, p.A1)
2000 Apr 3, Jean Dominique
(69), radio journalist, was killed by 2 gunmen as he drove in for a
morning newscast in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In 2004 Jonathan Demme
debuted his documentary film "The Agronomist," a paean to Dominique.
(SFC, 4/4/00, p.A12)(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A1)(SFC,
2000 Apr 8, Violence broke out
following the funeral of Jean Dominique and Aristide supporters set
fire to offices of the Confederation of Democratic Unity in
Port-au-Prince. The government continued to delay elections.
(SFEC, 4/9/00, p.C13)
2000 Apr 21, Some 224 migrant
Haitians landed in the Bahamas.
(SFC, 4/28/00, p.D4)
2000 Apr 26, Some 122 migrant
Haitians landed on Inagua, the southernmost island of the Bahamas.
15 Haitians were arrested when they landed near Key Biscayne,
(SFC, 4/28/00, p.D4)
2000 Apr 27, Some 288 migrant
Haitians were rescued from Flamingo Cay in the Bermuda Islands after
their boat ran aground. 2-14 of the migrants died of exposure and
dehydration while awaiting rescue.
(SFC, 4/28/00, p.D4)(SFC, 4/29/00, p.A12)
2000 May 6, Ary Bordes, a
prominent physician, was shot and killed by gunmen in a traffic jam.
(SFC, 5/27/00, p.A26)
2000 May 21, In Haiti elections
began for 7,625 positions. The Family Lavalas party of former Pres.
Aristide won 14 of 19 senate seats. The international community put
millions in foreign aid on hold until results are revised.
(SFC, 5/22/00, p.A11)(SFC, 5/27/00, p.A13)(SFC,
5/31/00, p.A13)(AP, 2/11/04)
2000 May 26, Haitian rights
activists denounced the arrests of dozens of opposition candidates
following the apparent victory of the Lavalas party. Most of the
arrested opposition candidates were soon released.
(SFC, 5/27/00, p.A13)(SFC, 5/31/00, p.A13)
2000 Jun 18, Leon Manus (78),
the top election official, refused to approve the results of the
election and fled to the US.
(SFC, 6/19/00, p.A9)
2000 Jun 19, Militant
supporters of Pres. Aristide shut down the 3 largest cities and
demanded the release of election results. The Elections Council in
response announced that Aristideís party won control of the Senate.
(SFC, 6/20/00, p.A12)
2000 Jul 9, Voters in Haiti
cast ballots for 44 seats of the 83-member Chamber of Deputies. Most
voters ignored the balloting and intíl. observers called the
elections "fundamentally flawed."
(SFC, 7/10/00, p.A9)(WSJ, 7/14/00, p.A1)
2000 Sep 18, Clausel Debrosses
(85), chief justice of the Supreme Court, died.
(SFC, 9/21/00, p.C6)
2000 Nov 22, 7 bombs exploded
around Port-au-Prince. One teenage boy was killed and 14 people were
injured as weekend elections approached.
(SFC, 11/23/00, p.D6)
2000 Nov 23, An explosion in
Carrefour killed a 7-year-old girl on her way to school and injured
2 other people.
(SFC, 11/24/00, p.D8)
2000 Nov 26, Major opposition
parties boycotted the presidential elections and charged that
legislative actions favored the candidates of Jean-Bertrand
Aristide. Aristide won 92% of the votes.
(SFC, 11/27/00, p.A8)(SFC, 11/30/00, p.A18)
2000 Nov, A Haitian court
sentenced Emmanuel "Toto" Constant to life in prison following his
conviction for in absentia for the 1994 massacre of slum dwellers
loyal to Pres. Aristide.
(SFC, 12/26/00, p.C6)
2000 Dec 4, It was reported
that a mutated oral polio vaccine infected at least 3 people in the
Dominican Republic and Haiti. That standard vaccine appeared to work
against the mutated strain.
(SFC, 12/4/00, p.E2)(WSJ, 4/16/02, p.A1)
2001 Jan 9, In Port-au-Prince
Paul Raymond, a militant priest of the Little Church Community read
a statement that threatened death to 80 establishment politicians,
journalists and clerics opposed to Pres. Aristide.
(SFC, 2/3/01, p.A8)
2001 Feb 6, The 15-party
opposition alliance Convergence named Gerard Gourgue as the
countryís provisional president.
(SFC, 2/7/01, p.A12)
2001 Feb 7, Pres. Aristide took
power in Haiti for a 2nd term and offered a series of national
reforms with plans for new schools, roads, electricity systems and
an independent court in each of the countryís 565 townships.
(SFC, 2/8/01, p.C3)(AP, 2/11/04)
2001 Mar 20, Violence flared in
Port-au-Prince as Aristide supporters attacked an opposition party
office with firebombs.
(SFC, 3/21/01, p.A13)
2001 Apr 5, Marc Ashton, a US
businessman, was kidnapped in front of his home near Port-au-Prince.
(SFC, 4/6/01, p.D6)
2001 Jun 26, A bus crash near
St. Louis du Sud left 41 people dead.
(SFC, 6/28/01, p.A10)
2001 Dec 17, In Haiti 33
gunmen, ex-members of the disbanded military, attacked the national
penitentiary, were rebuffed and moved on to the National Palace. At
least 10 people were killed. Opposition buildings were attacked in
response. Pres. Aristide called the attack a failed coup. Opposition
called the attack a staged event to crush dissent. A captured former
soldier later said the attack was a coup attempt and that fellow
conspirators included a former colonel and 2 former police chiefs.
Former Col. Guy Francois was accused of helping plot the attack
and spent two years in prison for his alleged role despite
maintaining his innocence.
(SFC, 12/18/01, p.A3)(SFC, 12/19/01, p.A4)(WSJ,
12/18/01, p.A1)(SFC, 12/21/01, p.A3)(AP, 12/17/02)(AP, 9/15/06)
2001 Dec, Fearing a mass exodus
of Haitian boatpeople, the Bush administration made a secret
decision to keep Haitian asylum seekers jailed until their cases are
2002 Jan 21, Haitiís prime
minister quit amid political and economic woes. The government of
Jean-Marie Cherestal was bedeviled by doubts of legitimacy in the
(WSJ, 1/22/02, p.A1)
2002 Jan 25, A boat full of
Haitian migrants capsized near the Bahamas and at least 14 people
(SFC, 1/26/02, p.AA8)
2002 May 10, A crowded Haitian
boat capsized as it was approached by a US Coast Guard cutter and 12
(SFC, 5/11/02, p.A12)
2002 Jun 1, In Haiti many
co-ops shut down and the owners vanished with the depositors'
savings. Many lost their life savings and property to a cooperative
banking scheme that left untold thousands across Haiti in despair.
2002 Jul 5, In Guyana the
Caribbean Community trading bloc wrapped up a summit that was marred
early on by violence and admitted Haiti as its 15th member.
2002 Jul, Government-endorsed
cooperative banks collapsed across Haiti, losing the life savings of
thousands, amid allegations the accounts were used to launder drug
money. Violent protests ensue and more Haitians try to reach U.S.
2002 Aug 2, In Gonaives, Haiti,
gunmen broke through the wall of a prison, freeing Amiot
Metayer, a former presidential supporter and head of the Cannibal
Army, a militant communal group. 159 of 221 inmates escaped.
2002 Aug 10, A UNICEF report
said about 2,500 Haitian children are smuggled illegally into the
Dominican Republic each year to work as manual laborers or beggars.
2002 Oct 29, More than 200
illegal Haitian migrants jumped overboard and rushed onto a major
Miami highway, bringing attention to the plight of a people
desperate to escape the unending violence created by Haiti's
politics and poverty.
2002 Nov 28, Thousands of
Haitians demonstrated against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide's
government and clashed with whip-wielding Aristide supporters.
2002 Edwidge Danticat authored
"After the Dance: A Walk Through Carnival in Haiti."
(SSFC, 8/25/02, p.M2)
2002 Derek Walcott authored
"Haitian Trilogy," an attempt to capture Haitian history in verse.
(SSFC, 5/19/02, p.M4)
2003 Jan 24, In Haiti thousands
of business leaders, taxi drivers and doctors held a general strike,
clamoring for a better life in the poor nation.
2003 Apr 3, Haiti's government
officially sanctioned voodoo as a religion, allowing practitioners
to begin performing ceremonies from baptisms to marriages with legal
(AP, 4/10/03)(AP, 2/11/04)
2003 Apr 14, A boat off the
coast of the Dominican Republic loaded with more than 100 Haitian
migrants struck a reef and capsized after drifting nearly a week,
killing 4 passengers.
2003 May 12, Haiti agreed to
cut spending and stabilize its currency in a deal with the
International Monetary Fund.
2003 Jul 9, Haiti paid $32
million in arrears to the Inter-American Development Bank, nearly
wiping out its foreign reserves in its effort to resume frozen
2003 Jul 21, In Haiti a high
tension wire snapped and fell, electrocuting 15 people who were
gathered to watch the final match of a basketball game in
Petit-Goave. All 15 died.
2003 Jul 25, In Haiti gunmen
ambushed a delegation from the Interior Ministry on a central
highway, killing 4 and seriously wounding one.
2003 Jul 26, In Haiti a
4-day Voodoo religion pilgrimage, ended. It began with rituals to
Ogou, the god of war, and ended with rites to the goddess of love,
Erzuli. This year's crowd of more than 10,000 was half the turnout
of last year.
2003 Aug 24, A twin-engine
turboprop Let L-410 crashed in Haiti and 21 people were killed.
2003 Aug 29, In Haiti's
west-coast city of St. Marc torrential rains burst river banks, left
at least 24 people dead and destroyed dozens of flimsy riverside
(AP, 9/2/03)(AP, 9/11/03)
2003 Sep 22, In Haiti the
bullet-riddled body of Amiot Metayer (39) was found, more than a
year after he escaped from prison and allegedly went on a rampage
terrorizing government opponents. 3 days of protests followed the
(AP, 9/23/03)(SFC, 9/26/03, p.A3)
2003 Oct 2, In Haiti police
trying to raid a shantytown touched off a gunfight that killed five
men in the city of Gonaives.
2003 Oct 5, In Port-Au-Prince,
Haiti, landslides caused by heavy rains swept down on poor areas of
the capital, killing at least 12 people and leaving dozens of others
2003 Oct 14, In St. Marc,
Haiti, protesters hurled rocks at police and blocked streets with
flaming tire barricades for a 2nd day, demanding President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide's resignation.
2003 Oct 26, In western Haiti
anti-government protesters loyal to a slain gang leader attacked a
police station. Gunfire killed a girl on her bicycle and wounded the
police chief and 2 officers.
2003 Oct 27, In Haiti police
raided Raboteau, a slain gang leader's seaside slum, and arrested a
dozen of his cronies in retaliation for a police station attack the
day before. At least one person was killed.
2003 Nov 13, In Haiti hundreds
of government opponents protested in Port-au-Prince, calling for the
resignation of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide because of deepening
poverty and insecurity in the Caribbean country.
2003 Nov 14, In Haiti riot
police fired tear gas at thousands of rock-throwing protesters as a
demonstration against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was
overpowered by throngs of supporters of the Haitian leader.
2003 Dec 11, In Haiti police
fired tear gas and warning shots at thousands of students calling
for President Jean-Bertrand Aristide's ouster, as four private radio
stations shut down because government supporters called in death
(AP, 12/11/03)(SFC, 12/12/03, p.A3)
2003 Dec 16, In Haiti a strike
to press for the ouster of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide closed
down schools, stores and banks in Port-au-Prince.
2003 Dec 17, Haiti police
stormed and shut down a pro-opposition radio station, smashing
studio equipment in what they said was a search for weapons.
2003 Dec 22, In Haiti an armed
gang opened fire on anti-government protesters during a clash that
killed one man and left President Jean-Bertrand Aristide facing
growing unrest. A radio station later reported that the death toll
rose to eight.
(AP, 12/22/03)(AP, 12/25/03)
2003 Dec 30, Haiti police
hurled tear gas and fired warning shots in Port-au-Prince to break
up a protest by thousands of government opponents, wounding at least
2003 Robert Fatton Jr. authored
"Haitiís Predatory Republic: The Unending Transition to Democracy."
(WSJ, 4/11/03, p.A11)
2003 Tracy Kidder (b.1945)
authored ďMountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr Paul Farmer, A
Man Who Would Cure The World" the story of Dr. Farmer (b.1959) and
the health clinic Farmer founded in Haiti in 1987.
2004 Jan 1, President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide pledged to improve life for his impoverished
nation as police blocked thousands of anti-government demonstrators
during celebrations marking Haiti's 200th anniversary of
independence from France. More than 15,000 Aristide supporters
rallied outside the National Palace as more than 5,000 government
opponents massed in the capital's streets and faced off with police
and government partisans.
(AP, 1/1/04)(AP, 1/2/04)
2004 Jan 1, Pres. Thabo Mbeki
of South Africa joined Pres. Aristide for Haitiís independence
(WPR, 3/04, p.29)
2004 Jan 7, Haiti university
students marched against Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, sparking
clashes that left at least 2 dead amid a swelling opposition
movement against the leader.
2004 Jan 18, Marches in
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, continued against Pres. Aristide. Gunmen
hiding inside a state-run TV station killed at least one marcher and
wounded several other.
(SFC, 1/19/04, p.A3)
2004 Jan 28, In Haiti one
student was shot and killed as protests mounted against President
2004 Feb 1, Tens of thousands
of government opponents marched peacefully to demand President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide's resignation. A day earlier Aristide vowed
to disarm politically affiliated gangs, reform the police force and
implement other measures to end the country's recent unrest.
2004 Feb 5, In Haiti an armed
opposition group, led by Butteur Metayer, seized control of
Gonaives, Haiti's fourth-largest city, burning a police station,
freeing prisoners and leaving at least four people reported dead and
20 wounded in clashes with police.
(AP, 2/5/04)(ST, 3/2/04, p.A3)
2004 Feb 7, In Haiti police
reinforcements fought bloody battles with gunmen as they tried to
retake Gonaives from rebels who seized it. At least 7 police and 2
militants were killed.
2004 Feb 9, In Haiti government
police retook 2 of nearly a dozen towns seized by rebels as the
death toll in the violent uprising rose to at least 40.
(SFC, 2/9/04, p.A5)(AP, 2/9/05)
2004 Feb 10, In Haiti
government supporters in Cap-Haitien, the second largest city, built
flaming barricades to keep rebels out. UN aid officials warned of a
looming humanitarian crisis.
2004 Feb 11, In Haiti
pro-Aristide supporters killed up to 50 residents of St. Marc.
2004 Feb 16, Ex-soldiers took
Haiti's rebellion to the key central city of Hinche, torching the
police station and freeing prisoners.
2004 Feb 17, In Haiti pres.
Aristide said the nation is in the throes of a coup attempt and
appealed for international help.
(WSJ, 2/18/04, p.A1)
2004 Feb 20, The US and a
host of other countries urged Haitian President Jean-Bertrand
Aristide and opposition leaders to form a broad-based government as
a move toward ending weeks of bloody conflict. Haiti's poorly
trained and equipped police put up little resistance as rebels moved
against the government.
2004 Feb 22, In Haiti rebels
attacked the government's last major stronghold in the north,
Cap-Haitien, and witnesses reported hearing gunfire on the outskirts
of the city.
2004 Feb 23, Rebels who overran
Haiti's second-largest city began detaining people identified as
supporters of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and said they soon
will attack Haiti's capital. Fifty combat-ready U.S. Marines were on
their way to Port-au-Prince to secure the U.S. Embassy and its
2004 Feb 27, French Foreign
Minister Dominique de Villepin held talks with leaders of Haiti's
government on how to end a three-week rebellion.
2004 Feb 28, In Haiti anarchy
spread across the capital as residents looted warehouses, government
loyalists attacked passers-by and rebels advanced closer to the seat
2004 Feb 29, Haiti's Pres.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigned and flew into exile. The capital
fell into chaos, and the US said international peacekeepers,
including Americans, would be deployed soon. Boniface Alexandre, the
Supreme Court Justice, took over as interim president. PM Yvon
Neptune continued as head of the government. Guy Philippe (36), head
of a band of former exiled soldiers, said his forces would stop
(AP, 2/29/04)(ST, 3/2/04, p.A3)
2004 Mar 1, In Haiti rebels
rolled into the capital and were met by hundreds of residents
dancing in the streets and cheering the ouster of Pres.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide. U.S. Marines and French troops moved to take
control of the impoverished country as Aristide arrived in South
Africa. There were reports of reprisal killings.
(AP, 3/1/04)(WSJ, 3/2/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 1, Jean-Bertrand
Aristide from the Central African Republic said in a telephone
interview that he was "forced to leave" Haiti by U.S. military
(AP, 3/1/04)(SFC, 3/02/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 2, Haiti rebel leader
Guy Philippe declared himself the new chief of Haiti's military,
which had been disbanded by ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
2004 Mar 3, Haitian looters
found rotting stacks of cash, estimated at $350,000, stashed in a
tunnel beneath former Pres. Aristide's mansion.
(WSJ, 3/4/04, p.A14)
2004 Mar 3, In Petit Goave,
Haiti, an armed posse tracked down Ti Roro. They beat him with
sticks, took him to the morgue to identify his alleged victims,
ringed him with gasoline-soaked tires and burned him alive. As he
was burning, he admitted to all of the 15 people he killed in the
2004 Mar 5, In Haiti some 3
thousand supporters of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide marched on
the U.S. and French embassies, shouting their anger at his ouster. A
seven-member council met for the first time to help form a
2004 Mar 7, In Haiti U.S.
Marines shot and killed one of the gunmen who fired at a huge
demonstration of protesters celebrating the flight from Haiti of
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. That raised the toll to six dead
and more than 30 injured in the protest.
2004 Mar 8, In Haiti US Marines
shot and killed the driver of a vehicle speeding up to a military
2004 Mar 9, In Haiti Gerard
Latortue (69), a lawyer and economist, was named as interim prime
(SFC, 3/10/04, p.A8)
2004 Mar 10, U.S. Marines shot
and killed at least two Haitians in overnight gun battles.
2004 Mar 12, Haiti's new prime
minister, Gerard Latortue, was sworn into office. US Marines killed
two men during a patrol in Haiti and said they were gunmen who had
previously fired on the Marines, although their weapons were never
recovered. Witnesses said the dead were bystanders.
(AP, 3/14/04)(AP, 3/12/05)
2004 Mar 14, In Haiti French
troops took over patrols in a slum where U.S. Marines killed at
least two people.
2004 Mar 15, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide left his temporary exile in Africa
and flew to Jamaica despite opposition to his presence in the
2004 Mar 27, The 15-nation
Caribbean Community withheld recognition from Haiti's U.S.-backed
interim government as leaders closed a summit renewing calls for a
U.N. investigation into the ouster of President Jean-Bertrand
2004 Apr 3, A U.S.-led
multinational force trying to bring stability to Haiti helped detain
Jean Robert, a rebel sympathizer and gang leader accused of
terrorizing supporters of Aristide.
2004 Apr 7, A U.S.-led
multinational force trying to bring stability to Haiti helped
detain Wilford Ferdinand, a top rebel figure.
2004 Apr 19, Chilean troops
prepared to take up posts in central Haiti, extending the
peacekeeping presence where as many as 400 rebels still hold sway.
2004 Apr 22, In Haiti
Louis-Jodel Chamblain, a rebel commander convicted of killing
supporters of ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, surrendered
to justice officials.
2004 May 4, In Haiti a
provisional council was sworn to oversee fresh elections.
2004 May 24, Heavy rains left
as many as 2000 people dead across the island of Hispaniola. Health
officials feared up to 1,000 people could be dead in the Haitian
town of Mopau. Floods wiped out villages across Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. The final toll was over 3,300 dead.
(AP, 5/27/04)(SFC, 5/28/04, p.A3)(AP,
2004 May 30, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide left Jamaica for South Africa,
saying it would be his "temporary home" until he could return to
2004 May 31, Ousted Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his family received a
first-class diplomatic welcome from South Africa, his new home in
2004 Jun 1, In Haiti US
commanders began turning over authority to a UN force under Gen.
Augusto Pereira of Brazil.
(SFC, 6/2/04, A1)
2004 Jun 19, It was reported
that AIDS was the leading cause of death in Haiti, killing about
30,000 people a year. It had orphaned 200,000 children.
(Econ, 6/19/04, p.39)
2004 Jun 22, In Haiti a fire
ripped through a downtown section of Port-au-Prince, destroying more
than 30 businesses.
2004 Jun, Yvon Neptune, former
prime minister, was imprisoned for his alleged role in a massacre in
St. Marc. In 2005 he was still not charged and began a hunger
(Econ, 5/14/05, p.42)
2004 Jul 27, NYC Mayor Michael
Bloomberg visited a slum in Haiti and met interim leaders.
2004 Aug 17, In Haiti a jury
acquitted Louis-Jodel Chamblain, the leader of a paramilitary group
blamed for killing some 3,000 people, after a 14-hour murder trial.
2004 Sep 13, In Haiti at least
three people were killed from Hurricane Ivan. Some 73 homes were
destroyed, mainly in the south by surging seas and battering waves.
2004 Sep 19, Floodwaters
brought by Tropical Storm Jeanne killed at least 90 people in Haiti.
2004 Sep 21, The death toll
across Haiti from Tropical Storm Jeanne topped 700, with some 500 of
them in Gonaives. Officials expected to find more dead.
2004 Sep 22, In Haiti, the
death toll from Tropical Storm Jeanne topped 1,000.
2004 Sep 23, Haiti officials
said the death toll from Tropical Storm Jeanne rose to more than
1,070 and could double again.
2004 Sep 26, Haitians
surrounded by the destruction of Tropical Storm Jeanne prayed for
the 1,500 dead during church services and gave thanks their lives
were spared, while the UN rushed more peacekeepers in to stem
looting in the ravaged city of Gonaives. Tropical Storm Jeanne wiped
out 7% of Haitiís GDP.
(AP, 9/27/04)(Econ, 2/14/09, p.45)
2004 Sep 30, In Haiti at least
3 people were killed as Port-au-Prince police battled Aristide
backers. Lack of security kept hurricane aid locked in warehouses.
(WSJ, 10/1/04, p.A1)
2004 Oct 2, In Haiti
authorities recovered the decapitated bodies of three policemen,
among at least seven people killed in a 2nd day of violence.
Aristide supporters demanded his return from exile in South Africa,
launching what they called "Operation Baghdad."
(AP, 10/2/04)(AP, 10/6/04)
2004 Oct 4, Officials in Haiti
said they have found hundreds more bodies, raising the death toll
from Tropical Storm Jeanne to nearly 2,000 people. Later estimates
put the death toll at 3,000.
(AP, 10/4/04)(AP, 11/1/07)
2004 Oct 7, In Haiti 2 beheaded
bodies, one wrapped in tires and set ablaze, turned up
2004 Oct 10, Gerard
Pierre-Charles (b.1935), a prominent Haitian intellectual and
politician, died of heart failure in Cuba, where he was receiving
emergency treatment for a lung infection. Pierre-Charles was an
economist, who wrote at least 16 books, and a longtime communist
whose ideology shifted toward the center after the fall of the
2004 Oct 11-12, Records at
Haitiís Port-au-Prince hospital showed 17 people with gunshot wounds
died, eight of them in the Cite Soleil seaside slum.
2004 Oct 15, The US State
Department said "restrictions on arms exports" to Haiti remained in
place but promised to "consider requests from the interim
2004 Oct 26, In Haiti residents
of Port-au-Prince said 13 people were executed by police.
2004 Nov 5, Latin American
leaders wrapped up a two-day summit in Brazil with a pledge to help
rid Haiti of political violence and grinding poverty.
2004 Nov 6, In northwestern
Haiti an armed group fired on a police station, prompting officers
to flee while prisoners escaped and more than 100 people started a
flurry of looting.
2004 Nov 29, Butteur Metayer, a
street gang leader who led the rebellion that forced Haiti's
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to flee, was arrested in Miami.
2004 Dec 1, A prison riot
followed other violence that left at least 11 people dead and scores
wounded as Secretary of State Colin Powell visited with Haitian
leaders in an effort to stop the country's bloodshed.
2004 Dec 6, In Haiti gunfire
erupted in a stronghold of ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide
overnight, leaving at least three dead.
2004 Dec 14, Shootouts erupted
between residents of a slum outside Haiti's capital and UN troops
after hundreds of international peacekeepers stormed the stronghold
of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in an attempt to control
flashpoints of violence. 4 people were killed.
2004 Dec 18, In Haiti bands of
former soldiers and armed residents looted police arsenals, set
bonfires and fired shots into the air amid escalating chaos.
2004 Dec 28, Haitiís government
agreed to give 10 years back pay to rebel soldiers, who helped
overthrow Aristide, in a bid to end their insurrection.
(WSJ, 12/29/04, p.A1)
2005 Jan 4, Doctors at Haiti's
largest public hospital extended a weeklong strike to protest
2005 Jan 14, Assailants robbed
and severely beat two reporters for Haiti's largest newspaper while
the journalists were covering a cleanup effort by U.N. peacekeepers
in a slum.
2005 Feb 10, In Haiti police
hunting a rebel leader stormed a compound used by the disbanded
army, exchanging gunfire with defenders. A grade school girl was
killed in the crossfire.
2005 Feb 19, In Haiti heavily
armed gunmen attacked the national penitentiary, killing one guard
in a shootout that allowed some 500 prisoners to escape.
2005 Feb 26, In Haiti a
Brazilian peacekeeper was wounded and the charred body of a man
apparently burned alive with a tire around his neck lay in the
deserted street of a slum where shots rang out and people peered
fearfully from barred windows.
2005 Mar 18, World donors
approved $1 billion in aid projects for Haiti, promising to repair
its roads and rebuild its battered power grid, in an effort to help
the Western Hemisphere's poorest nation as it prepares for fall
2005 Mar 20, UN forces raided a
police station occupied by armed former soldiers in Petit-Goave, 45
miles west of Port-au-Prince, setting of a gunbattle that killed two
former soldiers and one Sri Lankan peacekeeper.
2005 Mar 22, Gunmen in
Port-au-Prince opened fire on the house of Haiti's justice minister,
killing a police officer in a brazen attack that underscored the
country's shaky security climate.
2005 Mar 28, In Haiti gunmen
with assault rifles ambushed a group of police in Port-au-Prince,
spraying their car with bullets in a bold daylight attack that
killed 2 officers and a driver.
2005 Apr 9, Haitian police shot
and killed Remissainthe Ravix, a prominent rebel leader, who helped
force former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide into exile last year.
2005 Apr 14, In Haiti a
Filipino soldier was killed as U.N. forces pushed into a volatile
slum controlled by heavily armed gangs loyal to deposed President
2005 Apr 18, The annual Goldman
Environmental Prizes were awarded in San Francisco. Recipients
included Chavannes Jean-Baptiste of Haiti, founder of the Peasant
Movement of Papay, for teaching sustainable agriculture and economic
(SFC, 4/18/05, p.B2)
2005 Apr 20, Haiti's former
national police commander agreed to plead guilty to two of eight
counts in a federal indictment accusing him of smuggling drugs and
2005 Apr 21, Haiti's Supreme
Court overturned the convictions of 38 army and paramilitary leaders
who were sentenced for their roles in a mass slaying a decade ago.
The men had been sentenced in 2000 in connection with a 1994 raid on
the seaside shantytown of Raboteau.
2005 Apr 21, It was reported
that the US has quietly given thousands of guns to the Haitian
National Police and was moving to approve the sale of thousands more
despite a 14-year arms embargo and allegations the force is corrupt,
brutal and responsible for unjustified killings.
2005 Apr 27, Police fired on
protesters demanding the release of detainees loyal to Haiti's
ousted president, killing at least five demonstrators.
2005 May 31, In Haiti a fire
burned through a large market in Port au Prince moments after a gun
fight erupted that killed at least one man.
2005 Jun 1, In Haiti gunmen
killed Paul-Henri Mourral (53), a French diplomat, in Port-au-Prince
and stole his car.
2005 Jun 4, In Haiti police
killed at least 4 people and burned 12 homes during raids against
gang members in a slum filled with supporters of ousted President
2005 Jun 8, In Haiti Butteur
Metayer (34), a gang leader who started the uprising that led to the
ouster of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, died of kidney failure.
2005 Jun 16, Officials said the
Peace Corps has suspended operations in Haiti and evacuated its 16
volunteers because of increasing violence.
2005 Jun 17, In Haiti police
raided a slum of Bel Air teeming with gangs loyal to ousted
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Residents accused the officials of
killing two people, including a 17-year-old girl.
2005 Jun 22, The UN Security
Council voted to temporarily enlarge the peacekeeping mission in
Haiti by more than 1,000 troops and police in the run-up to
elections set for later this year.
2005 Jun 29, In Haiti hundreds
of UN peacekeepers raided a slum filled with gangs loyal to ousted
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, killing six gunmen.
2005 Jul 29, In Haiti a worker
for the International Committee of the Red Cross was kidnapped. Joel
Cauvin, a Haitian, was abducted and found dead near his home the
2005 Jul 4, A UN official said
boat carrying dozens of migrants fleeing Haiti sank off the island's
coast, killing two people and leaving 11 others feared dead.
2005 Jul 6, In Haiti hundreds
of peacekeepers stormed Cite Soleil, part of an effort to clamp down
on politically aligned gangs that have been accused of waging a
campaign of violence to destabilize Haiti ahead of October and
November elections. Gang leader Emmanuel "Dread" Wilme was killed in
2005 Jul 7, Hurricane Dennis, a
Category 4 storm with 135-mph winds, left 10 people dead in
Haiti and some 100 missing.
2005 Jul 10, Hurricane Dennis
swamped homes, ripped off roofs and felled power lines and trees
when it hurtled into northwest Florida and Alabama with 120-mph
(190-kph) winds. The storm left at least 16 dead in Haiti. Dennis
killed at least 16 people in Cuba, damaged or destroyed 15,000 homes
and caused an estimated $1.4 billion in property damage.
(Reuters, 7/11/05)(WSJ, 7/11/05, p.A1)(AP,
2005 Jul 13, Rudy Therassan,
Haiti's former national police commander (2201-2003), was sentenced
to almost 15 years in prison. He was accused of protecting Colombian
cocaine shipments through his destitute homeland. He pleaded guilty
in federal court in April to conspiring to import at least 22 pounds
of cocaine into the US and laundering money.
2005 Jul 14, The body of
Jacques Roche, a well-known Haitian journalist, was found shot to
death with signs of torture, 5 days after he was seized while
driving in the capital.
2005 Jul 29, The U.N. mission
to Haiti said it will receive 750 more peacekeeping troops to help
control the violence that threatens to undermine fall elections.
2005 Aug 5, Haitiís American
ambassador said the US will provide Haitian police with firearms and
tear gas to aid the fight against militants ahead of elections this
2005 Aug 10, In Haiti police
stormed a volatile slum in Port-au-Prince in an attack on well-armed
gangs that witnesses said left at least five people dead.
2005 Aug 11, Louis-Jodel
Chamblain, a Haitian rebel leader who once led a paramilitary group
accused of killing and torturing thousands of people, was released
2005 Aug 20, In Haiti
black-uniformed riot police ordered all participants to lie down and
allowed hooded attackers to hack to death as many as 20 people
during a soccer tournament in the slum of Martissant.
(Econ, 9/3/05, p.36)
2005 Aug 25, Haiti recalled its
top diplomat to the Dominican Republic after 3 Haitian migrants were
beaten and burned to death in an attack that has added to growing
tensions between the uneasy Caribbean neighbors.
2005 Sep 16, In Haiti
investigative Judge Cluny P. Jules decided that former PM Yvon
Neptune and 29 others should stand trial for the February 2004
massacre in the western town of St. Marc. A list of calls from
Neptune's cell phone showed that he had spoken for at least 350
minutes with the alleged perpetrators of the killings from Feb. 7 to
Feb 13, when the killings were either being organized or taking
place at St. Marc.
2005 Sep 23, In Haiti Dumarsais
Simeus (65), owner of a Texas-based food services company, was
rejected as a presidential candidate because he has US citizenship.
Simeus appealed the decision.
2005 Sep 28, In Haiti Rev.
Gerard Jean-Juste, a jailed Catholic priest who was suspended from
his religious duties for political activities, appealed to church
authorities to reverse a punishment that supporters claim was
intended to halt his growing influence in the Western Hemisphere's
2005 Oct 11, Haiti's highest
court ruled that Dumarsais Simeus, a Haitian-born U.S. businessman,
may run for president. Simeus said this marked a turning point in
the roles expatriate Haitians could play in their homeland.
2005 Oct 12, In Port-au-Prince,
Haiti, kidnappers shot and killed businessman Archange Honore, on a
busy street after he resisted being taken, then sped off in his car
with his wife and 2 children.
2005 Oct 17, The European Union
unblocked $87 million in development aid for Haiti, ending a freeze
imposed almost five years ago because of allegedly flawed elections
in the Western Hemisphere's poorest nation.
2005 Oct 19, Hurricane Wilma
swirled into the most intense Atlantic storm ever recorded, a
Category 5 monster whose 175 mph winds and heavy rains were blamed
for killing at least 11 people in Haiti and one in Jamaica as it
bore down on Central America.
2005 Oct 22, In Haiti Muhammed
Khalaf (32), a UN peacekeeper from the Jordanian army. was
shot while on patrol near the volatile Cite Soleil slum of
Port-au-Prince. He died 2 days later.
2005 Oct 24, Alpha, the
Atlantic season's record-breaking 22nd named storm, left at least 10
people dead in Haiti and the Dominican Republic before moving north
into the Atlantic Ocean.
2005 Nov 2, Haiti's interim
government filed a federal lawsuit against former Haitian President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, accusing him of stealing millions from the
Haitian treasury and state-owned telephone company.
2005 Nov 3, In Haiti
demonstrators marched out of two slums and across the capital in
support of former Pres. Rene Preval's bid to regain the presidency
in Dec elections.
2005 Nov 8, Haiti's police
chief said 14 police officers will face charges for their alleged
involvement in the Aug 20 slayings of at least 11 civilians at a
2005 Nov 15, In Haiti UN
peacekeepers and gang members traded gunfire in the volatile Cite
Soleil slum of the Haitian capital, leaving at least four people
2005 Dec 5, UN peacekeepers at
a checkpoint in Port-au-Prince opened fire on a car full of Haitian
police officers wounding two.
2005 Dec 9, Haiti's interim
government said it has removed five of the 10 judges from the
Supreme Court, another move in a tense power struggle ahead of next
month's national elections.
2005 Dec 12, In Haiti
protesters angry over the treatment of Haitian migrants in
neighboring Dominican Republic clashed with police during a visit by
the Dominican president, and at least three people were wounded by
2005 Dec 20, A Canadian police
officer serving as a UN peacekeeper in Haiti was shot to death near
a volatile slum on the outskirts of the capital.
2005 Dec 24, In Haiti a UN
peacekeeper from Jordan was shot to death while on patrol in Cite
Soleil, a slum that has seen almost daily violence since the ouster
of President Aristide.
2005 Kathie Klarreich authored
ďMadame Dread." Her first-person tale of love, voodoo and civil
strife in Haiti covered her years in Haiti under the rule of Pres.
(WSJ, 10/28/05, p.W6)
2006 Jan 1, In Haiti 2
kidnapped American journalists, who said their captors threatened to
kill them, were freed after friends and family assembled a ransom
for their release.
2006 Jan 5, The leader of
Haiti's largest business association called for a general strike
next week to protest the wave of kidnappings that has sparked fear
in the capital and contributed to the chaos that prompted
authorities to postpone elections.
2006 Jan 7, In Haiti Brazilian
Lt. Gen. Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar, commander of UN
peacekeepers, was found dead in an apparent suicide in a room at the
Montana hotel in Port-au-Prince.
2006 Jan 9, In Haiti business
ground to a halt in a general strike called to protest a wave of
kidnappings that has terrified people and cast a shadow over already
troubled efforts to restore democracy.
2006 Jan 10-2006 Jan 11, The
bodies of 24 Haitian migrants, who apparently suffocated crossing
the border in a sealed truck, were found in the Dominican Republic.
The victims were among 69 Haitians, mostly adult men, who were
driven across the border illegally at the northern Dominican town of
2006 Jan 11, In Haiti clashes
between gangs and UN peacekeepers reportedly killed one person and
wounded at least 17.
2006 Jan 17, In Haiti gunmen
killed two Jordanian UN peacekeepers and seriously wounded a third
at a checkpoint in Cite Soleil, a slum in Port-au-Prince.
2006 Jan 20, In Haiti a judge
dropped charges against Rev. Gerard Jean-Juste (59), a supporter of
ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, in the death of a
journalist, but indicted him on two lesser counts.
2006 Jan 23, Brazilian Gen.
Jose Elito Carvalho de Siqueira (59) took command of the UN
peacekeepers in Haiti, vowing to make the impoverished nation secure
for elections on Feb. 7.
2006 Jan 25, In Haiti 2 French
missionaries and two Haitians were kidnapped near Cite Soleil, a
volatile slum outside Port-au-Prince. Last month, there were 162
reported kidnap cases in Haiti, and January has seen 37 so far. The
actual number is probably much higher because victims' families
often prefer to negotiate with kidnappers rather than notify police.
2006 Jan 27, Three French
citizens and a Haitian who were kidnapped near a volatile slum
outside of the capital were released unharmed.
2006 Feb 4, Dumarsais Simeus
(65), a presidential candidate whose name was dropped from the
ballot despite two Haitian Supreme Court rulings, said the interim
president, the prime minister and the electoral council should be
2006 Feb 7, Haitians jammed
polling stations as UN peacekeepers fanned out to guard the
country's first presidential election in nearly six years.
2006 Feb 9, Rene Preval took a
strong lead in Haiti's presidential election, with most of the first
votes counted going to the former president who is seen as a
champion of the poor.
2006 Feb 13, In Haiti election
results showed the former president Preval slipping further below
the 50 percent needed to avoid a runoff.
2006 Feb 15, Rene Preval was
declared the winner of Haiti's presidential election under an
agreement between the interim government and electoral council.
(AP, 2/16/06)(Econ, 2/18/06, p.35)
2006 Feb 19, Jacques Bernard,
the head of Haiti's electoral council, fled the country after
opponents threatened his life and burned down his farmhouse nearly
two weeks after disputed elections.
2006 Mar 1, Two Haitian
security guards employed by the US Embassy were shot to death near
the American ambassador's official residence.
2006 Mar 2, Haiti's newly
elected Pres. Rene Preval met with Dominican Republic President
Leonel Fernandez in Santo Domingo amid rising tensions between their
countries over immigration and security.
2006 Mar 5, Jacques Bernard, a
top election official who fled Haiti under threat, returned to help
organize a legislative runoff needed to form a new government.
2006 Mar 25, In Haiti 17 human
skulls were found in a trash-strewn wooded lot outside
Port-au-Prince, including at least some discovered inside a
container that had been tossed from a passing car.
2006 Mar 27, In Haiti
scavengers found 10 human skulls in a trash heap, the second such
grisly find in as many days in Port-au-Prince, where authorities
speculated that the bones may have come from a Voodoo ritual.
2006 Apr 10, Haiti's interim
leader PM Gerard Latortue announced a probe into the finances of all
government agencies amid allegations of corruption by state
officials in the aftermath of a bloody revolt that toppled the
2006 Apr 21, In Haiti polling
stations were nearly empty in a crucial legislative runoff. Hundreds
of candidates from more than a dozen parties sought 127 legislative
2006 Apr 24, In Haiti partial
results indicated that President-elect Rene Preval's party had won
at least 11 of 30 senate seats in the parliamentary runoff.
2006 May 14, Rene Preval was
sworn in as Haiti's president for the second time in a decade.
Prisoners rioted at Haiti's main prison, with gunfire heard within
its walls and scores of inmates massing on the roof and holding what
appeared to be two dead bodies.
(AP, 5/14/06)(AP, 5/14/07)
2006 May 22, Haitiís President
Rene Preval said he has nominated former Cabinet member and close
ally Jacques Edouard Alexis as prime minister. UN Secretary-General
Kofi Annan appointed Edmond Mulet (b.1951) of Guatemala as his
Special Representative in Haiti and Head of the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Mr. Mulet succeeded Jķan Gabriel Valdťs
2006 Jun 6, Haiti's president
Rene Preval appointed a coalition government in an effort to unite
the impoverished nation.
2006 Jun 17, In Haiti
kidnappers seized Ed Hughes, a Canadian missionary, from his
residence and demanded $45,000 in ransom. After 5 days the ransom
was lowered to $10,000. Hughes lost an arm in December 2005 trying
to stop the abduction of Haitian-American missionary Daniel
Phelusmar. Hughes was shot and badly wounded in the arm. Phelusmar
was held hostage for four days.
2006 Jun 24, In Haiti Ed Hughes
(72), a Canadian missionary, was released after kidnappers received
a ransom raised by his friends and colleagues.
2006 Jul 6, Emmanuel "Toto"
Constant (49), an elusive former strongman from Haiti, accused of
sanctioning rape to silence dissent there in the early 1990s, was
arrested in a mortgage fraud scheme on Long Island, NY.
2006 Jul 7, UN peacekeepers in
Haiti found the bodies of 16 people believed killed in a surge of
2006 Jul 15, In Haiti thousands
of demonstrators demanding the return of ousted president
Jean-Bertrand Aristide marched to the National Palace, pushing past
riot police in a dramatic show of support for the exiled former
2006 Jul 22, In Haiti a new
rash of kidnappings has raised fears that well-armed, politically
aligned street gangs are seeking to destabilize the new government,
threatening UN-led efforts to restore security 2 1/2 years after a
crippling revolt. At least 30 people have been kidnapped so far in
July, about the same number for all of June.
2006 Jul 27, Former Haitian PM
Yvon Neptune was released from jail, more than two years after his
arrest on charges of orchestrating the killing of political
opponents at the start of a rebellion that engulfed the country.
2006 Jul 28, In Haiti hundreds
of people fled their homes in a hillside slum of Port-au-Prince to
escape fierce fighting between gangs that has killed at least 30
people in the past 2 months.
2006 Aug 3, UN
Secretary-General Kofi Annan, making his first trip to Haiti, called
for strengthening the national police force to stem an upsurge in
kidnapping and lawlessness.
2006 Aug 7, Gunmen in Haiti
killed Guido Vitiello (67), an Italian businessman, and kidnapped
his wife, Gigliola Martino (65), amid a spate of violence in the
impoverished Caribbean nation. Martino was released Aug 10.
(AP, 8/8/06)(AP, 8/11/06)
2006 Aug 15, The UN Security
Council voted unanimously to extend the UN peacekeeping mission in
Haiti for six months and urged its troops and police to help fight
gang violence and kidnapping.
2006 Aug 21, In Haiti Amaral
Duclona, the leader of a major gang, defied President Rene Preval's
orders to disarm, saying his followers would give up their weapons
only if UN peacekeepers stop conducting raids in the slums.
2006 Aug 28, Tropical Storm
Ernesto hit Cuba west of the US naval air base at Guantanamo after
killing 2 people in Haiti.
(AP, 8/28/06)(AP, 8/29/06)
2006 Sep 11, In Haiti 3 gang
members surrendered their guns in the first handover of weapons in a
UN-led effort to disarm hundreds of Haitian criminals.
2006 Sep 14, Ex-Col. Guy
Francois, former army commander twice accused of plotting to
overthrow Haiti's government, was shot to death in an upscale suburb
of the capital.
2006 Oct 10, The US Embassy in
Haiti said the US has partially lifted a 15-year-old arms embargo,
allowing Haiti to buy weapons for police battling violent, and often
better armed, street gangs.
2006 Oct 27, Hundreds of
protesters marched peacefully through Haiti's largest slum to demand
the withdrawal of UN peacekeepers, accusing the troops of killing
civilians during gunbattles with street gangs.
2006 Nov 6, Transparency
International, a watchdog group, reported that nearly three-quarters
of 163 countries ranked in a new survey suffer from a perception of
serious corruption, while in nearly half it is seen as rampant.
Finland, Iceland and New Zealand ranked as the least corrupt, while
Haiti, Guinea and Myanmar ranked as most corrupt.
(AP, 11/6/06)(Econ, 11/11/06, p.69)
2006 Nov 11, In Haiti 2 UN
peacekeepers from Jordan were shot to death in Port-au-Prince after
coming under attack by gunmen. Jordan counted about 1,500 troops in
the force of some 8,800 peacekeepers. Nine peacekeepers have been
killed since the force arrived in June 2004.
2006 Nov 17, Sonia Pierre (43)
received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award at a ceremony in
Washington, a prize of $30,000 and a promise from the center founded
in honor of the late senator to help her cause. Her tireless work
securing citizenship and education for Dominican-born ethnic
Haitians has made her the target of threats at home, but has earned
her recognition from overseas as a fierce defender of human rights.
2006 Dec 3, Haitians cast
ballots in municipal and local elections that were billed as the
final step in the troubled country's return to democratic rule
following a bloody February 2004 revolt that toppled former
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
2006 Dec 4, In Haiti as many as
30 inmates escaped through a small hole in a prison wall in the
latest of several breakouts from the overcrowded National
2006 Dec 5, In Haiti at least 8
people were killed over the last few days in the Martissant slum
during a gang feud set off by the Dec 3 murder of a police officer.
The officer's killing reignited an ongoing battle between the rival
Grand Ravine and Ti Manchet gangs.
2006 Dec 13, In Haiti gunmen
abducted 10 children after hijacking a school bus and another car in
brazen daylight assaults. 7 of the children were released the next
(AP, 12/14/06)(AP, 12/15/06)
2006 Haitiís numbered some 8.5
million people with a police force of about 6,000. Foreign aid
accounted for over 65% of the state budget.
(Econ, 2/10/07, p.35)
2007 Jan 24, In Haiti UN troops
traded gunfire with armed gangs after seizing an abandoned primary
school that had been used to stage attacks on the peacekeepers.
Witnesses said one person died and five were injured.
2007 Jan 30, The United Nations
said it will send 350 more peacekeepers to Haiti in the latest
effort to flush out armed gangs from the capital's slums.
2007 Feb 4, Armed kidnappers
seized an American missionary as he left his church near Haiti's
capital and have demanded a ransom for his release.
2007 Feb 9, Hundreds of UN
peacekeepers raided Haiti's largest and most violent slum, seizing a
portion of it in a six-hour gunbattle that left a gang member dead
and two soldiers wounded.
2007 Feb 28, A boat carrying
Haitian migrants caught fire off the coast of the Dominican
Republic, leaving at least eight passengers dead and 44 missing.
2007 Mar 12, Venezuelan
President Hugo Chavez shadowed his political foil President Bush on
a tour of Western Hemisphere nations, stopping in Haiti after
passing through Jamaica to promote aid packages and discuss
2007 Mar 16, The Inter-American
Development Bank announced it would forgive $4.4 billion in debt
owed by five of the poorest countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean. The bank excused the foreign debts of Bolivia, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Haiti and Guyana in an announcement ahead of its annual
2007 Apr 28, President Hugo
Chavez said that Venezuela is ready to become the sole energy
supplier to Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Haiti, presenting the
countries with his most generous offer yet of oil-funded diplomacy
in the region.
2007 May 4, A boat loaded with
Haitian migrants capsized while being towed by a police boat from
the Turks and Caicos Islands. 78 of some 160 people survived.
Haitian migrants later claimed a Turks and Caicos naval vessel
rammed their crowded sailboat twice before it capsized.
(AP, 5/4/07)(SFC, 5/5/07, p.A8)(AP, 5/8/07)
2007 May 16, In northwestern
Haiti gunmen killed journalist Alix Joseph (38), shooting him 11
times outside his fiancťís house.
2007 May 18, Haitian President
Rene Preval declared a "war without end" against corruption, calling
crooked state officials traitors who rob the deeply impoverished
nation of vital investment and jobs.
2007 May 31, Haitian
authorities arrested 10 people, including four police officers, who
were allegedly transporting 925 pounds of cocaine in two vehicles
with government license plates.
2007 May, A Geneva court
temporarily blocked the release of some of the US$6.2 million
stashed in Switzerland by Duvalier. Many in Haiti considered the
money to have been stolen from public funds before Duvalier was
2007 Jun 12, Haitian police and
UN peacekeepers killed a suspected gang leader wanted in the
kidnap-slaying of a French businessman.
2007 Jul 16, Haitian radio
reported that US Drug Enforcement Administration agents arrested Guy
Philippe (39), a former rebel leader and presidential candidate with
alleged ties to drug traffickers.
2007 Aug 18, Hurricane Dean
barreled across the eastern Caribbean and took aim at Hispaniola,
Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, with forecasters saying it
could turn into a monster Category 5 storm within 72 hours. Dean
claimed at least six lives as it began sweeping past the Dominican
Republic and Haiti.
2007 Aug, The Swiss government
extended a freeze on Duvalier's funds for a year. Many in Haiti
considered the money to have been stolen from public funds before
Duvalier was ousted.
2007 Sep 1, A US Navy hospital
ship Comfort brought state-of-the-art medical care to Haiti during a
regional goodwill mission aimed at countering leftist Venezuelan
President Hugo Chavez's influence.
2007 Oct 12, In Haiti a
rain-swollen river flooded a town killing at least 20 people.
(WSJ, 10/13/07, p.A1)
2007 Oct 15, The UN Security
Council voted unanimously to extend the UN peacekeeping mission in
Haiti for a year, noting significant improvements in security in
recent months but saying the situation remains fragile.
2007 Nov 1, Floodwaters and
mudslides spawned by Tropical Storm Noel killed at least 143 people
including 84 in the Dominican Republic and 57 in Haiti. By this
evening Noel was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane and rains
continued to pound the area.
(AP, 11/1/07)(AP, 11/4/07)
2007 Nov, In Haiti 108 Sri
Lankan soldiers were recalled after investigators found they had
paid for sex with Haitians, some of whom were underage.
2007 Dec 12, Tropical Storm
Olga soaked portions of the Caribbean, triggering floods and
landslides that killed at least 38 people in the Dominican Republic,
Haiti and Puerto Rico.
(AP, 12/12/07)(AP, 12/13/07)(WSJ, 12/15/07, p.A1)
2008 Feb 4, Dominican merchants
closed a popular border market that caters to Haitians, punishing
their impoverished neighbor for banning Dominican poultry and egg
imports following an outbreak of avian flu.
2008 Feb 9, In Haiti a man
blamed for kidnappings in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Petionville
was pummeled with rocks and killed by neighbors in the seaside Cite
Soleil slum. The next day UN and Haitian police rescued a suspected
kidnapper (27) from a mob in downtown Port-au-Prince.
2008 Feb 22, Canadian Foreign
Minister Maxime Bernier pledged $555 million in fresh aid to Haiti,
as he wrapped up a three-day visit to the impoverished Caribbean
2008 Apr 4, At least three
Haitians were killed and 25 others injured amid food riots and
clashes with UN peacekeepers.
2008 Apr 7, In Haiti protesters
angered by high food prices flooded the streets of Port-au-Prince,
forcing businesses and schools to close as unrest spread from the
countryside. Witnesses said at least one person was killed by hotel
security guards during a protest in the southern city of Les Cayes.
2008 Apr 8, In Haiti hungry
protesters stormed the presidential palace throwing rocks and
demanding the resignation of Pres. Rene Preval over soaring food
(SFC, 4/9/08, p.A4)
2008 Apr 9, In Haiti a
desperate appeal from Pres. Preval failed to restore order to
Port-au-Prince, and bands of looters sacked stores, warehouses and
2008 Apr 12, Haitiís President
Rene Preval announced a drop in the price of rice in a bid to defuse
anger of rising food prices that fueled days of deadly protests and
looting. Haitian lawmakers dismissed PM Jacques Edouard Alexi,
hoping to defuse widespread anger over rising food prices.
2008 Apr 20,
The US Coast Guard recovered the bodies of 20 migrants, 19
Haitians and one Honduran, from the sea near the Bahamas after their
boat apparently capsized.
2008 Apr 27, President Rene
Preval chose Ericq Pierre, an international banking official, to be
the troubled country's next prime minister.
2008 May 10, In Haiti an
overloaded ferry capsized off the southern coast, killing at least
2008 May 12, Haitian
legislators rejected President Rene Preval's pick for prime
minister, extending a monthlong period without a functioning
government. International banker Ericq Pierre (63) lost a vote that
ended his candidacy 51 to 35, with nine abstentions.
2008 May 27, UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon said the UN will investigate
allegations by a leading children's charity that UN peacekeepers are
involved in widespread sexual abuse of children. The report by Save
the Children UK was based on field research in southern Sudan, Ivory
Coast and Haiti.
2008 Jun 4, In Haiti thousands
of protesters, bearing photographs of victims and with fists thrust
in the air, marched through Port-au-Prince to demand that officials
crack down on a kidnapping scourge. UN police said more than 157
people have been kidnapped this year in Haiti, up 10 percent from
2008 Jun 26, Cuts in Haitian
gasoline subsidies pushed the price of fuel to $6.14 a gallon,
further burdening the people as the government redirected money to
2008 Jul 26, In southern Haiti
at least 29 people were killed when a large truck carrying people
and merchandise collided with three pickups east of Cavailon.
2008 Jul 29, Hundreds of armed
former soldiers from Haiti's disbanded army stormed an old barracks
and civilian prison to demand the force be reinstated.
2008 Jul 31, Haitian lawmakers
ratified Michele Pierre-Louis to be the country's prime minister,
ending more than three months of political bickering and deadlock in
2008 Aug 5, The EU said it will
give Haiti $4.6 million to help pay for food in the world's poorest
2008 Aug 16, Tropical Storm Fay
lashed Haiti and the Dominican Republic with torrential rains and
floods that killed at least 18 people including at least 14 people
in Haiti, feared to have died aboard a bus that tried to cross a
(AP, 8/17/08)(AP, 8/18/08)
2008 Aug 26, Hurricane Gustav
hit Haiti and triggered flooding and landslides that killed 15
people before weakening to a tropical storm.
(AP, 8/27/08)(SFC, 8/28/08, p.A2)
2008 Aug 28, Tropical Storm
Gustav bore down on Jamaica after leaving 67 people dead on
Hispaniola, including 59 in Haiti and 8 in the Dominican Republic.
(SFC, 8/29/08, p.A2)
2008 Sep 3, Tropical Storm
Hanna drenched flood-plagued Haiti, adding to the miseries of a
country that has lost more than 100 lives to mudslides and flooding
2008 Sep 4, Tropical Storm
Hanna roared along the edge of the Bahamas ahead of a possible
hurricane hit on the Carolinas, leaving behind at least 137 dead in
2008 Sep 7, In Haiti at least
58 people died as Ike's winds and rain swept the impoverished
Caribbean nation. Officials also found three more bodies from a
previous storm, raising Haiti's death toll from four tropical storms
in less than a month to 319. A Dominican man was crushed by a
falling tree. Ike damaged most of the homes on Grand Turk island as
it roared onto the Bahamas and threatened the Florida Keys on its
way to Cuba as a ferocious Category 4 storm.
(AP, 9/7/08)(AP, 9/8/08)
2008 Sep 19, Haiti said its
system of agriculture has been destroyed by the last 4 tropical
storms, Fay, Gustav, Hanna and Ike. The storms killed 425 people in
less than a month. On Oct 3 authorities said the official death toll
from four storms that ravaged Haiti this summer nearly doubled to
(SFC, 9/20/08, p.A10)(AP, 10/3/08)(Econ, 2/14/09,
2008 Oct 14, The UN Security
Council voted unanimously to renew its peacekeeping mission in Haiti
for another year.
2008 Nov 7, In Petionville,
Haiti, the collapse of a school killed at least 94 children and
teachers. There may have been hundreds of students in La Promesse
school when the concrete building collapsed. Fortin Augustin, the
preacher who owns and built College La Promesse in suburban
Port-au-Prince, was arrested Nov 8 and charged with involuntary
(AP, 11/8/08)(AP, 11/9/08)(AP, 11/11/08)(SFC,
2008 Nov 19, In Haiti Max Cosci
of Doctors Without Borders said at least 26 children had died over a
two-week period in the remote, southeastern area of Baie d'Orange.
The UN World Food Program says it is sending medical and food aid to
2008 Nov 24, A Haitian teen
shot and killed a classmate in a rare outbreak of school violence in
the troubled country.
2008 Nov 30, In Haiti a dozen
men in T-shirts declaring "I am gay" and "I am living with HIV/AIDS"
marched with hundreds of other demonstrators through St. Marc in
what organizers called the Caribbean nation's first openly gay
2009 Jan 12, In Haiti Police
Commissioner Philippe Jean Raymond of Port-de-Paix was poisoned
after several million dollars of cash seized from the uncle of a
prominent drug smuggler went missing.
(Econ, 2/14/09, p.46)(http://tinyurl.com/dz7gcq)
2009 Jan 19, Some 25 people,
most of them Haitians, were aboard an overloaded boat that was
illegally traveling the 100-mile (160-kilometer) passage from the
Dutch territory of St. Maarten to the British Virgin Islands. They
were apparently island-hopping in hopes of eventually reaching US
shores when the boat hit a reef, pitching passengers into the ocean.
13 migrants were rescued by a passing fishing boat.
2009 Apr 19, In Haiti
clear-plastic ballot boxes were nearly as empty as Port-au-Prince's
unusually deserted streets as few voters turned out for Senate
elections in which candidates from a major populist party were not
allowed to run. Supporters of ousted former President Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, whose Fanmi Lavalas party was disqualified from the
election by Haiti's provisional electoral council, had urged an
estimated 4 million registered voters not to participate.
2009 May 13, Off of Florida an
overloaded boat capsized and sank with about 30 people aboard,
mainly Haitian immigrants fleeing their country's crushing poverty.
At least 9 people were dead. 17 survivors were pulled from the
waters. On May 18 Jimmy Metellus (33) of Haiti was charged with
(AP, 5/14/09)(SFC, 5/14/09, p.A4)(SFC, 5/19/09,
2009 May 19, UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon formally named Bill Clinton as its
special envoy to Haiti.
2009 May 22, Haiti's civil
protection department said floods have killed at least 11 people
this week as heavy rains swamp towns still rebuilding from last
2009 May 25, The US Coast Guard
cutter Venturous intercepted a smugglers' boat near the Haitian
barrier island of La Tortue and took on board 35 of the
approximately 100 illegal passengers. 6 armed smugglers threatened
other passengers and prevented them from getting on the Coast Guard
ship, instead fleeing with them aboard the vessel in shallow water.
2009 May 27, The Rev. Gerard
Jean-Juste, a champion of the poor in Haiti and close supporter of
Aristide, died in Miami following complications from a stroke.
2009 Jun 18, In Haiti a
confrontation between UN peacekeepers and mourners for Rev. Gerard
Jean-Juste, a popular priest allied with former President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, left one person dead. A video showed
marchers throwing rocks at UN soldiers, who periodically turned and
fired their assault rifles into the air.
2009 Jun 21, Haiti held Senate
run-offs elections. Fed up with chronic poverty and unresponsive
leaders many stayed away from the elections, ignoring government
efforts to improve on the paltry voter turnout that undercut the
first round of voting in April.
2009 Jun 29, Haitiís President
Rene Preval's party won five of 11 contests to fill open Senate
seats, according to preliminary results released by the provisional
electoral council. Turnout in the latest voting was even lower than
the 11 percent tallied in the first round. No official percentage
has been reported for the June 21 elections.
2009 Jul 2, Canada said it has
forgiven C$2.3 million in debt owed by Haiti as part of a plan that
aims to relieve the world's poorest countries of C$1.3 billion in
2009 Jul 8, In Haiti Bill
Clinton said a lack of coordination among aid groups and Haitian
leaders is hurting efforts to ease poverty in the Caribbean nation,
as he wrapped up his first trip here as a special UN envoy.
2009 Jul 11, A ferry capsized
off Haiti's southern coast, killing at least five people.
Authorities said it wasn't clear how many people were on board, but
as many as two dozen could be missing.
2009 Jul 27, An overloaded
sailboat carrying an estimated 200 Haitian migrants sank off the
Turks and Caicos Islands and as many as 85 people were missing.
2009 Aug 4, Haitiís lawmakers
voted to more than double the minimum wage after long hours of
debate and clashes between police and protesters, who complained
they can't feed and shelter their families on the current pay of
about $1.75 a day.
2009 Aug 11, Former US
President Bill Clinton appointed the physician and Harvard
University professor Paul Farmer as the UN Deputy Special Envoy to
Haiti to assist in advancing the economic and social development of
the impoverished Caribbean nation.
2009 Aug 14, A Swiss court
backed the government's plan to give aid agencies 7 million Swiss
francs ($6 million) seized from bank accounts linked to Haiti's
former dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. The Duvalier
family, which wants to reclaim the money, can now appeal the case to
Switzerland's highest court. The accounts have been blocked since
2009 Sep 24, The Clinton Global
Initiative announced $258 million in aid projects for Haiti. The 21
projects included a $2 million pledge by actor mat Damonís Water.org
to get water and sanitation to 50,000 people.
(SFC, 9/25/09, p.A2)
2009 Oct 8, Leaders of the
Dominican Republic and Haiti agreed to cooperate in a campaign aimed
at eradicating the last vestiges of malaria from the islands of the
Caribbean by 2020.
2009 Oct 9, In Haiti 11 UN
peacekeepers were killed when a CASA C-212 surveillance flight
slammed into a mountain. The victims were Uruguayan and Jordanian
troops serving with the 9,000-strong UN peacekeeping force that has
been in Haiti since 2004.
2009 Oct 30, Haitian lawmakers
ousted PM Michele Pierre-Louis in a power struggle that threatens to
undermine a campaign to attract foreign investment to the
impoverished country. President Rene Preval turned to Jean-Max
Bellerive, the minister of planning and external cooperation, as
nominee to be the next premier.
2009 Nov 10, Haitiís lawmakers
overwhelmingly gave final approval to Jean-Max Bellerive as the new
prime minister, making him the sixth person to hold the post since
2009 Nov 27, Haiti's UN
peacekeeping mission urged local officials to provide a
justification for banning 17 political groups from participating in
next year's legislative elections.
2009 Dec 5, In Haiti Francesco
Fantoli (54), an Italian journalist, was mortally wounded by gunmen
who may have tried to rob him outside a bank in Port-au-Prince. He
recently founded a soccer school in the southern city of Jacmel,
where he often lived.
2009 Dec 22, The Pan American
Development Foundation reported that poverty has forced at least
225,000 children in Haiti's cities into slavery as unpaid household
servants, far more than previously thought.
2010 Jan 12, A powerful 7.0
earthquake hit Haiti and crushed thousands of structures, from
schools and shacks to the National Palace. Thousands of people were
believed dead and untold numbers were trapped. An estimated 3
million people were in need of emergency aid. The quake left over
200,000 people dead. Some 4,500 prison inmates escaped during the
earthquake. By April they were terrorizing neighborhoods and
fighting turf battles. The UN later estimated 222,570 people were
killed and 300,572 injured. In 2011 a report commissioned by USAID
contended that between 46,000 and 85,000 people were killed by the
quake, far below the Haitian government's death toll of 316,000.
(AP, 1/13/10)(SFC, 3/11/10, p.A2)(SFC, 4/8/10,
p.A2)(Econ, 3/19/11, p.46)(AFP, 6/1/11)
2010 Jan 12, Switzerland's
highest court ruled that $4.6 million seized from bank accounts
linked to Haiti's former dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier
can be handed over to his family. The decision was not published
until Feb 3. Many in Haiti considered that money to be stolen from
public funds. Duvalier was ousted in 1986.
2010 Jan 14, In Haiti planes
carrying teams from China, France and Spain landed at
Port-au-Prince's airport with searchers and tons of food, medicine
and other supplies, with more promised from around the globe. Tens
of thousands were feared dead in the Jan 12 earthquake and the
international Red Cross estimated 3 million people, a third of the 9
million population, may need emergency relief.
(AP, 1/14/10)(Econ, 1/16/10, p.38)
2010 Jan 15, In Haiti the UN
and other aid organizations struggled to get food and water to
stricken millions. Fears spread of unrest among the people in their
fourth day of desperation. France urged Haitiís creditors to cancel
the nationís debt.
(AP, 1/15/10)(SFC, 1/16/10, p.A2)
2010 Jan 16, President Barack
Obama declared one of the largest relief efforts in US history to
help Haiti four days after an earthquake killed up to 200,000 people
and devastated the Caribbean nation's capital.
2010 Jan 16, Senegal offered
free land to Haitians wishing to "return to their origins" following
this week's devastating earthquake, which has destroyed the capital
and buried thousands of people beneath rubble.
2010 Jan 17, UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon flew to Haiti to support earthquake
relief efforts and to visit his staff's devastated headquarters in
what the agency is calling the most challenging disaster it has ever
2010 Jan 18, The European Union
said some 200,000 people may have been killed in the magnitude-7.0
quake, quoting Haitian officials who also said about 70,000 bodies
have been recovered so far.
2010 Jan 19, Troops in Haiti
struggled to control looters in Port-au-Prince a week after the
devastating earthquake, as rescuers continued to pull women and
babies from the rubble and kept alive hope of finding more
survivors. A riot in a prison in Les Cayes began when some of the
400-plus prisoners tried to escape a week after the Jan 12
earthquake, because they were terrified of aftershocks in the
overcrowded prison. Police were later accused of then rushing into
the building and opening fire killing at least 10 prisoners. In 2011
13 officers faced trial for murder, attempted murder and other
crimes. On Jan 19, 2012, eight police officers were convicted for
their role in the prison riot.
2010 Jan 20, A 6.1 aftershock
struck Haiti, shaking more rubble from damaged buildings and sending
screaming people running into the streets eight days after the
country's capital was devastated by an apocalyptic quake.
2010 Jan 21, A Dutch airlift
brought 106 children from quake-ravaged Haiti to new lives in the
Netherlands and Luxembourg, as anxious families waited to hug
children they had been in the process of adopting for months.
2010 Jan 22, Aid officials said
Haitians are fleeing their quake-ravaged capital by the hundreds of
thousands, as their government promised to help nearly a
half-million more move from squalid camps on curbsides and vacant
lots into safer, cleaner tent cities.
2010 Jan 23, Haiti's government
declared the search and rescue phase for survivors of the earthquake
over, saying there is little hope of finding more people alive 11
days after much of the capital was reduced to rubble.
2010 Jan 24, Haitiís
communications minister said the confirmed death toll from the Jan
12 earthquake has topped 150,000 in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan
area alone, with many more thousands dead around the country or
still buried under the rubble.
2010 Jan 25, A Saudi foreign
ministry spokesman said Saudi Arabia has donated $50 million in
relief to Haiti to cope with the devastating earthquake that hit the
country nearly two weeks ago, making it the largest donation from
the Middle East to date.
2010 Jan 27, In Haiti teenager
Darlene Etienne (17) was rescued from a collapsed home near St.
Gerard University, 15 days after a great earthquake killed an
estimated 200,000 people, It was the first such recovery since Jan
23, when French rescuers extricated a man from the ruins of a hotel
2010 Jan 29, In Haiti US
soldiers halted a violent confrontation between looters and a
private security guard who shot and killed one man inside an
appliance store and appeared poised to shoot others.
2010 Jan 30, In Haiti about 20
armed men blockaded a street and attacked UN a convoy carrying food
from the airport. Ten American Baptists were detained for
trying to take 33 children across the border into the Dominican
Republic without documentation.
(AP, 2/2/10)(AP, 2/5/10)
2010 Jan 31, Ten American
Baptists were being held in the Haitian capital after trying take 33
children out of Haiti at a time of growing fears over possible child
trafficking. Doctors skirted a bureaucratic logjam to save the life
of two critically ill child victims of Haiti's earthquake, flying
them to US hospitals on a private jet to avoid a military suspension
of medical evacuation flights.
2010 Feb 1, Many schools in
Haiti's outlying provinces reopened for the first time since an
earthquake devastated the nation, though it may take a month or more
to open classrooms in the quake-crushed capital.
2010 Feb 6, G7 finance leaders
met for a 2nd day in Iqaluitís legislative building of Canada's
Arctic territory of Nunavut. A senior official said Europe was
determined to solve its problems without the International Monetary
Fund. G7 countries told earthquake-ravaged Haiti that any debts it
owes them needn't be repaid and international lenders should do the
2010 Feb 8, In Haiti the UN
warned that it will cut off shipments of free medicine beginning
immediately to any Haitian hospitals that it finds are charging
patients. Evans Monsigrace (28), a rice vendor, survived 27 days
trapped under the rubble of a flea market following the devastating
Jan 12 earthquake.
(AP, 2/8/10)(AP, 2/10/10)
2010 Feb 15, Canada PM Harper
began a 2-day visit to Haiti and said his country will build the
Haitian government a temporary base.
2010 Feb 16, Jorge Puello, who
surged into the spotlight by providing food, medicine and legal
assistance to the 10 Americans jailed in Haiti, acknowledged in a
phone interview from the Dominican Rep., that he is named in a 2003
federal indictment out of Vermont that accuses him of smuggling
illegal immigrants from Canada into the United States. He was
already being pursued by authorities in the Dominican Republic on an
Interpol warrant out of El Salvador, where police said he led a ring
that lured young women and girls into prostitution.
2010 Feb 17, In Haiti 8
American missionaries were freed from jail and left for Miami,
nearly three weeks after being arrested trying to take 33 children
out of the earthquake-stricken country. Group leader Laura Silsby
and her former nanny Charisa Coulter remained in jail.
(AP, 2/17/10)(SFC, 2/19/10, p.A4)
2010 Feb 17, France's Pres.
Nicolas Sarkozy made the first visit ever by a French president to
Haiti, once his nation's richest colony. Sarkozy said France will
cancel Haitiís 56 million in debt and pledged hundreds of millions
in aid for the catastrophic Jan 12 earthquake.
(AP, 2/17/10)(SFC, 2/18/10, p.A3)
2010 Feb 18, Haitiís PM
Jean-Max Bellerive said the government will appropriate land to
build temporary camps for earthquake victims. The decision was
potentially explosive in a country where a small elite owns most of
the land in and around the capital.
2010 Feb 21, Haitiís Pres. Rene
Preval said the death toll from his country's earthquake could reach
300,000 once all the bodies are recovered from wrecked buildings.
2010 Feb 24, Chilean President
Michelle Bachelet said a group of South American nations has
committed to providing $100 million in aid for earthquake-ravaged
2010 Feb 27, Haitian officials
said eight people were killed and two missing after heavy rain
pounded the southwest and caused widespread flooding.
2010 Feb, In a reversal,
Switzerland's top court said at least US$4.6 million in Swiss bank
accounts previously awarded to charities must be returned to the
family of Duvalier. Many in Haiti considered the money to have been
stolen from public funds before Duvalier was ousted.
2010 Mar 8, In Haiti US
missionary Charisa Coulter (24), held for more than a month on
kidnapping charges, was released from prison, while Laura Silsby
(40), the leader of her Baptist group, remained in custody.
2010 Mar 10, In Haiti
kidnappers freed two female European aid workers, one from the Czech
Republic and the other Belgium, snatched off the streets of the
capital and held for five days.
2010 Mar 10, Pres. Obama met
with Haitiís Pres. Rene Preval and assured him that the US was
committed to Haitiís recovery and reconstruction following the
devastating January 12 earthquake.
(SFC, 3/11/10, p.A2)
2010 Mar 16, In Haiti two
off-duty officers were shot to death near an open-air market in the
capital. Such shootings have increased since thousands of prisoners
escaped during the Jan. 12 earthquake.
2010 Mar 19, In Haiti one of
the heaviest rainfalls since the Jan. 12 earthquake swamped homeless
camps, sweeping screaming residents into eddies of water,
overflowing latrines and panicking thousands.
2010 Mar 19, Japan said it will
boost its aid to quake-hit Haiti to 100 million dollars as the
country's foreign minister prepared to visit the impoverished
Caribbean nation this weekend.
2010 Mar 21, A small earthquake
struck northern Haiti, collapsing an apartment building and killing
at least three people.
2010 Mar 22, Former US
Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton visited Haitiís capital
to raise aid and investment in the country reeling from the Jan 12
(SFC, 3/23/10, p.A2)
2010 Mar 31, Nearly 50 donors
pledged $9.9 billion in reconstruction aid for Haiti at a UN donor
conference, but leaders and businessmen stressed private investment
would be the key to improving the lot of the hemisphere's poorest
2010 Apr 13, First lady
Michelle Obama made a surprise visit to the ruins of the Haitian
capital, a high-profile reminder that hundreds of thousands remain
in desperate straits three months after the earthquake.
2010 Apr 16, In eastern Haiti 4
soldiers died in the fiery crash of a Spanish military helicopter in
the rugged mountains of the Fond Verrettes area.
2010 Apr 26, A Haitian judge
said he has dismissed kidnapping and criminal association charges
against 10 American missionaries detained for trying to take a
busload of children out of the country after the Jan. 12 earthquake.
2010 May 10, In Haiti police
fired tear gas outside the ruins of the national palace to control
2,000 demonstrators calling for President Rene Preval's resignation
in the largest political protest since the Jan. 12 earthquake. The
driver for the Pan-American Development Foundation was kidnapped
along with a British contractor. The contractor was released after
four days. The body of the driver was found dead on May 15.
(AP, 5/10/10)(AP, 5/15/10)
2010 May 17, Haitian protesters
marched to the collapsed national palace for a second straight
Monday to criticize President Rene Preval, saying he failed the
nation in the aftermath of its catastrophic earthquake. Laura
Silsby, the last of 10 Americans detained while trying to take 33
children out of Haiti after the Jan. 12 earthquake, was freed when a
judge convicted her but sentenced her to time already served in
(AP, 5/18/10)(SFC, 5/18/10, p.A2)
2010 May 18, Haitian President
Rene Preval pledged to step down as scheduled next year, rebuking
critics who say he is using the post-earthquake emergency to hold
2010 Jun 9, The Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation pledged 10 million dollars to coax
telecommunications and finance companies to set up mobile phone
banking services for Haiti's poor.
2010 Jun 16, In Haiti Marc
Louis Bazin (b.1932), former prime minister of Haiti (1992-1993),
died. He lost Haiti's first free presidential election in 1990.
2010 Jun 18, In Haiti UN and
Haitian police raided a crowded earthquake survivor camp to capture
30 criminal suspects in the biggest law-enforcement operation since
the Jan. 12 earthquake.
2010 Aug 3, Time magazine
reported on that Haitian-American music star Wyclef Jean (37) will
announce his bid for president of earthquake-ravaged Haiti this
week. A three-time Grammy award-winner, Jean was a founding member
of the hip-hop trio The Fugees and won wider fame for his
collaboration with Colombian pop star Shakira. He released a song
two years ago called "If I Was President". Haitiís ruling Unity
party nominated ousted ex-Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard Alexis to
lead the earthquake-ravaged nation.
(Reuters, 8/4/10)(AP, 8/4/10)
2010 Aug 5, Haitian hip-hop
star Wyclef Jean registered as a presidential contender, in a move
into politics that generated an outburst of popular enthusiasm in
his poor, earthquake-ravaged homeland.
2010 Aug 20, Singer Wyclef
Jean's high-profile bid for Haiti's presidency ended after election
officials on the earthquake-ravaged Caribbean nation disqualified
his candidacy. The singer has not lived in Haiti for the past five
years as required.
2010 Sep 24, In Haiti a freak
storm blasted through the capital, killing at least five earthquake
survivors as it tore down trees, billboards and tent homes.
2010 Oct 1, In Haiti gunmen
killed Pierre Richard Denis (42), an engineer supervising the
building of shelters at the Corail-Cesselesse relocation camp for
Haitian earthquake survivors, forcing construction to be suspended
on part of the site. Denis worked for International Organization for
2010 Oct 6, Former US president
Bill Clinton returned to Haiti to participate in a meeting on
rebuilding the quake-ravaged nation, as his foundation pledged
500,000 dollars to a huge tent city.
2010 Oct 13, In Senegal
dancers, traditional praise singers and leaders of three African
nations greeted 163 Haitian students who left their
earthquake-ravaged country and flew to Senegal, where victims of the
calamity are being offered free housing and scholarships.
2010 Oct 17, In Haiti 2 inmates
were shot to death trying to escape from the roof of the
quake-damaged national penitentiary. A third was trampled to death
inside during a prison riot. Police officials familiar with the
prison said some inmates had escaped.
2010 Oct 18, In Haiti civil
protection officials said steady rains toppled hillsides and turned
streets into rivers in Port-au-Prince over the weekend, leaving at
least 12 people dead and three missing.
2010 Oct 22, In Haiti aid
groups rushed in medicine and other supplies to combat a suspected
cholera outbreak. At least 135 people had already died in the rural
Artibonite region, host to thousands of quake refugees.
2010 Oct 23, In Haiti 194 dead
were confirmed dead of cholera in the poor Caribbean nation's worst
health crisis since the Jan 12 quake. Authorities said more than
2,000 people were sick. Experts were investigating possible cases in
Croix-des-Bouquet, a suburb of the capital, and radio reports said
there were two dozen cases of diarrhea on Gonave island.
(AP, 10/23/10)(SFC, 10/23/10, p.A3)
2010 Oct 24, In Haiti a cholera
outbreak, that already left 250 people dead and more than 3,000
sickened, was at the doorstep of an enormous potential breeding
ground: the squalid camps in Port-au-Prince where 1.3 million
earthquake survivors live.
2010 Oct 25, In Haiti gunmen
shot up and robbed a bus carrying journalists covering the campaign
of a presidential candidate, killing the driver and injuring a
2010 Oct 26, UN officials
counted 3,769 cases of cholera in Haiti and raised the death toll to
(SFC, 10/27/10, p.A2)
2010 Oct 29, In Haiti the death
toll from the cholera epidemic rose to 330, as medical teams
desperately sought to contain the outbreak.
2010 Nov 5, Haiti was lashed by
heavy rains and wind from Hurricane Tomas. Leaders of the quake-hit
nation called for mass evacuations from tent cities. 6 people were
killed. Tomas weakened the next day and was downgraded from a
hurricane to a tropical storm as it passed over the Turks and Caicos
(AFP, 11/5/10)(AP, 11/6/10)
2010 Nov 8, Haiti health
officials said the cholera epidemic has spread into the capital,
imperiling nearly 3 million people living in Port-au-Prince, nearly
half of them in unsanitary tent camps for the homeless from the Jan.
12 earthquake. The outbreak had already killed at least 544 people.
2010 Nov 12, The UN asked for
$164 million to fight the cholera outbreak in Haiti, as the death
toll reached 724 with 10 of the deaths and 278 cases in the capital
2010 Nov 15, Haiti's cholera
toll rose above 900, including dozens of deaths in the teeming
capital, as the epidemic showed no sign of abating just two weeks
ahead of presidential elections. Anti-UN riots spread to several
cities and towns, as protesters blaming a contingent of Nepalese
peacekeepers for a deadly outbreak of cholera barricaded roads and
exchanged gunfire with UN soldiers in clashes that lasted late into
the night. Protests in Cap Haitien left at least 2 people dead.
(AFP, 11/15/10)(AP, 11/16/10)(AFP, 11/18/10)
2010 Nov 17, Haiti's health
ministry said that 1,100 people have now died from cholera. In
Cap-Haitien anti-UN riots disrupted international efforts to tackle
a spreading cholera epidemic, increasing the risk of infection and
death for tens of thousands of poor Haitians in the north.
2010 Nov 22, In Haiti clashes
between political factions left two dead as growing violence and a
raging cholera epidemic raised fears of wider unrest ahead of key
2010 Nov 27, In Haiti at least
one person was killed and several wounded when gunmen opened fire on
a rally for presidential candidate Michel Martelly.
2010 Nov 27, The British
government said it is paying for more than 1,000 medical staff to
work in Haiti as part of an aid package worth more than 5.6 million
pounds to help combat a deadly cholera outbreak there.
2010 Nov 28, Haiti held
elections. 96 contenders competed for 11 Senate seats and more than
800 sought to fill the 99-seat lower house. Within hours, ballot
boxes were ripped to pieces, protesters were on the streets and
nearly every presidential hopeful was united against the government.
12 of the 19 presidential candidates appeared together at a news
conference to accuse Pres. Rene Preval of stealing the election and
installing his chosen candidate, Jude Celestin. Haitian radio
reported one man was shot to death at a polling place in rural
Artibonite. Electoral officials said another was killed in southern
Haiti. On Dec 7 officials announced that government protege Jude
Celestin and former first lady Mirlande Manigat would advance to a
runoff in presidential elections.
(AP, 11/28/10)(AP, 11/29/10)(SFC, 11/29/10,
2010 Nov 29, International
election monitors declared Haiti's vital post-quake elections valid,
while two leading presidential candidates rowed back on allegations
the polls had been rigged.
2010 Dec 3, The death toll in
Haitiís cholera epidemic reached nearly 1,900 people since erupting
less than two months ago. The Health Ministry said there have been
more than 80,000 cases since it was first detected in late October.
The Pan-American Health Organization projected it could sicken
400,000 people within a year.
2010 Dec 4, In Haiti 17 people
died when a group taxi slammed into a truck on a blind curve in the
southern peninsula town of Aquin.
2010 Dec 6, Haitian medical
sources said fully 140 people have died of cholera in recent days in
the southwest, a region that had been largely spared the epidemic
that has killed more than 1,880 people since mid-October.
2010 Dec 6, A motorboat
overloaded with mostly Haitian migrants slammed into a reef off the
British Virgin Islands and capsized as it tried to evade
authorities. At least 8 people were killed, including two infants.
25 people were rescued. Police in St. Maarten arrested three
Haitians and said they will be charged with human smuggling in the
(AP, 12/7/10)(AP, 12/8/10)
2010 Dec 7, In Haiti furious
supporters of an apparently eliminated candidate set fires and
manned barricades in the streets of Port-au-Prince after officials
announced that government protege Jude Celestin and former first
lady Mirlande Manigat would advance to a runoff in presidential
2010 Dec 7, An expert report
submitted to the French foreign ministry said respected French
epidemiologist Professor Renaud Piarroux conducted a study in Haiti
last month and concluded the epidemic began with an imported strain
of the disease that could be traced back to the Nepalese base.
2010 Dec 8, In Haiti Michel
"Sweet Micky" Martelly urged his backers to nonviolently protest
results from Nov 28 presidential elections that demonstrators say
were rigged. His campaign manager later said they would formally
challenge the tallies released the previous evening to Haiti's
Provisional Electoral Council. Thousands of protesters rampaged in
Haitian towns, torching buildings in armed clashes that left four
dead after election results triggered bitter accusations of
(AP, 12/9/10)(AFP, 12/9/10)
2010 Dec 14, In Haiti Michel
"Sweet Micky" Martelly, the popular singer-turned-presidential
candidate, called for the electoral commission to be replaced and
the vote redone with all the original candidates involved. His
apparent loss in flawed elections helped spark days of rioting.
2010 Dec 22, Haitian officials
said angry mobs have lynched at least 45 people in recent weeks,
accusing them of spreading a cholera outbreak that has killed over
2,500 people across the country.
2010 Dec 22, In France 113
children arrived from Haiti to start new lives with adoptive parents
in time for the holidays.
2010 Dec 29, In Haiti Paul
Waggoner, an American aid worker, was released from a notoriously
overcrowded Haitian prison after a judge apparently cleared him of
allegations that he kidnapped an infant from a hospital where he
worked as a volunteer. Waggoner had been in custody for 18 days
while authorities investigated the allegations of Frantz Philistin,
a Haitian man whose infant son was treated at a hospital in
Petionville in February.
2011 Jan 3, The Dominican
Republic launched its first major crackdown on illegal Haitian
immigrants since last year's devastating earthquake, rounding up and
deporting hundreds of people in recent days. Human rights groups
criticized the deportations, accusing authorities of stopping and
questioning people based on their physical appearance.
2011 Jan 12, Pope Benedict XVI
named a new archbishop for the Catholic church in Haiti on the first
anniversary of the devastating earthquake that killed the bishop's
predecessor along with dozens of other priests, seminarians and
nuns. The Vatican said that Monsignor Guire Poulard, bishop of Les
Cayes, is the new archbishop of Port-au-Prince.
2011 Jan 13, Dominican Republic
authorities resumed mass deportations of Haitian migrants after a
brief lull, and government officers began demanding passports at bus
stations as the country deals with a cholera scare.
2011 Jan 14, In Haiti violence
flared in Port-au-Prince with witnesses reporting gunfire. The
trouble flared the morning after international election experts
formally handed over a report calling for Jude Celestin to withdraw
from the delayed runoff round in the presidential race, because of
alleged vote-rigging. A 30-year-old Haitian was killed during a
gunbattle between police and protesters.
(AFP, 1/14/11)(AP, 1/14/11)
2011 Jan 16, Jean-Claude "Baby
Doc" Duvalier (59) returned to Haiti after nearly 25 years in exile.
The human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
issued statements urging Haiti to hold Duvalier accountable for the
torture and killing of civilians during his 15-year rule.
2011 Jan 18, Haitian
prosecutors slapped a slew of corruption charges on Jean-Claude
"Baby Doc" Duvalier, under 48 hours after the ex-dictator's
unexpected return to his homeland. He remained free after four hours
2011 Jan 20, The United States
resumed the deportation of Haitians for the first time since the
devastating earthquake that struck the poor Caribbean nation last
2011 Jan 21, The US State
Department said it has revoked the visas of about a dozen Haitian
officials, increasing pressure on the government to drop its favored
candidate from the presidential runoff in favor of a popular
contender who is warning of renewed protests if he is not on the
2011 Jan 26, Haiti's ruling
party announced that President Rene Preval's chosen successor, Jude
Celestin, is withdrawing from the disputed race for president under
pressure from the US, the Organization of American States and local
2011 Feb 1, Switzerland blocked
Haiti ex-dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier's frozen Swiss
millions under new legislation that came into force today to ease
their return to the impoverished country. The "Duvalier law" was
rushed through parliament last year to ease the restitution of
assets stolen by corrupt or greedy politicians to their home
2011 Feb 3, Haitian electoral
officials dropped Jude Celestin, the government-backed candidate
from the upcoming presidential runoff, ending a standoff with
international powers over the results of a first-round of voting
that was marred by fraud and disorganization. Former first lady
Mirlande Manigat and musician Michel Martelly will contest a
presidential run-off next month as the country moved ahead with its
dispute-plagued elections process.
(AP, 2/3/11)(Reuters, 2/3/11)
2011 Feb 7, In Haiti President
Rene Prevalís chief of staff said Preval will stay in office for
three more months as his country chooses a successor in a delayed
election. An emergency law passed by members of Preval's former
party in an expiring Senate allowed him to remain in office for up
to three more months because his 2006 inauguration was delayed. The
Haitian government issued a new passport to former president
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, enabling him to end his exile in South
Africa and return to Haiti.
(AP, 2/7/11)(AFP, 2/8/11)
2011 Feb 9, In Haiti Radio
Kiskeya journalist Garry Desrosiers was fatally shot on a busy
street in Port-au-Prince after withdrawing about $1,000. An off-duty
police officer fatally shot one gunman. Two other suspects escaped.
2011 Feb 18, In Haiti several
thousand supporters of ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide
protested in the capital, waving photos of their exiled leader and
vowing to derail a runoff election next month unless he returns.
2011 Mar 6, In Haiti raucous
crowds danced in the streets of the capital as the city celebrated
its first Carnival since last year's earthquake forced the
cancellation of the annual festivities.
2011 Mar 15, In Haiti Danny Pye
(29), a Christian pastor who runs an orphanage with his wife in the
southern city of Jacmel, was released from jail held after being
held without charges for five months. Judge Maxon Samdi initially
jailed Pye last October over claims he took property from another
group of missionaries.
2011 Mar 17, American actor
Danny Glover arrived in South Africa to escort former Haitian
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide home.
2011 Mar 18, In Haiti former
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide received celebrity treatment
following his arrival after seven years in exile.
2011 Mar 20, Haiti held a
presidential runoff election between Mirlande Manigat, the former
first lady, and Michel "Sweet Micky" Martelly, a star of Haitian
compas music, the top two finishers in a first-round vote in
November. Martelly captured nearly 68 percent of the vote.
(AP, 3/20/11)(AP, 4/5/11)
2011 Apr 20, In Haiti election
officials declared Michel Martelly, a popular singer known by the
stage name "Sweet Micky," to be the earthquake-devastated country's
next president. The final election results were released late in the
day giving victories to 17 Chamber of Deputies candidates and one
Senate candidate who ended up with far more votes than they had when
preliminary returns were announced April 4. Demonstrations popped up
in the countryside and some turned violent. The ruling Unity Party
expanded its presence in the Chamber of Deputies, taking 46 of the
99 positions, and gained an absolute majority in the upper Senate
with 17 of the 30 seats.
(AP, 4/21/11)(AFP, 4/22/11)
2011 Apr 22, Haiti's
president-elect Michel Martelly urged the international community to
"not recognize the results of legislative elections" tainted by
fraud to benefit the ruling party.
2011 Apr 27, In the Bahamas
more than 100 people were left homeless after a fire wrecked a
crowded shantytown on Abaco Island filled mostly with Haitian
2011 May 8, Haitian lawmakers
amended an article in the old constitution to do away with a law
banning dual nationality. It would become official after it is
published in The Monitor, a government publication.
2011 May 11, Haitian officials
reversed their findings on election results for all but four of 19
legislative races contested by the international community because
of concerns about possible fraud.
2011 May 14, In Haiti Michel
Martelly took the oath of office as the new president, assuming the
leadership of an impoverished country still in ruins from one of the
most destructive earthquakes of modern times.
2011 Jun 2, In Haiti relief
organization Oxfam said clinics in the Carrefour area west of
downtown Port-au-Prince are seeing a sharp rise in cholera, with
over 300 new cases per day.
2011 Jun 7, In Haiti 7 days of
heavy rains led to 23 deaths as mudslides and floods battered parts
of the south.
2011 Jun 21, Haitian lawmakers
rejected Daniel-Gerard Rouzier, President Michel Martelly's choice
for the next prime minister of Haiti, plunging the chronically
troubled country into political uncertainty as a new government
struggles to get its footing.
2011 Jun 27, In Haiti high
waves flipped a ferry over after it left La Gonave about 50 miles
(80 km) west of Port-au-Prince. 5 people died, 7 people were
missing, and five people were rescued.
2011 Jun, In Haiti the number
of cholera cases each day spiked to 1,700 in Mid-June.
(SSFC, 7/10/11, p.A6)
2011 Jul 15, In Haiti four
pilgrims died when a boulder fell on them on the peak day of a
three-day Voodoo festival at the sacred site of Saut d'Eau.
2011 Jul 20, In Haiti a man
(18) was sexually assaulted by peacekeepers from Uruguay on a UN
base along the southern coast. The alleged attack only became public
in late August when a video taken by cell phone was circulated and
the UN announced an investigation. The six Uruguayan marines were
expelled from Haiti in September and jailed at home while military
and civilian prosecutors investigated allegations. The former
peacekeepers were freed in January, 2012, pending a military trial
on charges of violating rules against fraternizing with civilians
inside military bases.
(AP, 9/6/11)(AP, 1/9/12)
2011 Jul 26, In Haiti a
sailboat that sank off the country's northern coast killing at least
12 people. Police rescued at least 19 people, but 21 passengers
2011 Aug 2, Haitian lawmakers
rejected President Michel Martelly's second pick for prime minister.
16 senators voted against the nomination of Bernard Gousse, a
controversial former justice minister. The rest of the 30-member
Senate refrained from voting.
2011 Aug 4, Tropical Storm
Emily brushed the southern coast of Hispaniola leaving one person
dead in Haiti and three in the Dominican Republic.
2011 Aug 5, In Haiti
Jean-Claude Bajeux (79), a former culture minister, scholar and
steadfast human rights activist who targeted both Haiti's
long-ruling family dictatorship and the governments that followed,
2011 Aug 26, Haitian notary
Emile Giordani was snatched while driving his BMW on a sidestreet
near downtown Port-au-Prince. Passers-by found his body the next
morning dumped on a hilly road in the Canape Vert neighborhood of
(AP, 8/27/11)(AP, 8/31/11)
2011 Sep 4, Haitian President
Michel Martelly "vigorously condemned" an alleged sexual assault by
UN troops against an 18-year-old man. The incident aggravated
mistrust between Haitians and the peacekeeping mission. The UN was
investigating allegations that five Uruguayan naval personnel at a
UN base in the south sexually molested an 18-year-old man in an
attack reportedly captured by a cell phone camera.
2011 Sep 14, In Haiti
protesters calling for the withdrawal of UN peacekeepers clashed
with police outside the earthquake-damaged Haitian National Palace.
2011 Sep 20, In northern Haiti
3 people died when a small, twin-engine turboprop aircraft used by a
domestic Haitian airline crashed while trying to land during heavy
rain. The single passenger was a regular customer from
2011 Oct 4, Haitiís Senate
approved Garry Conille as prime minister, hopefully jump-starting
stalled earthquake reconstruction efforts.
2011 Oct 7, Spain's Queen
Sophia started a rare royal visit to Haiti to see some of the aid
projects that her country has helped finance in the
2011 Oct 10, In Haiti an
official with Doctors Without Borders said the number of cholera
cases seen in Port-au-Prince has jumped about threefold in recent
2011 Oct 13, Haitian President
Michel Martelly said he's determined to move forward with a
controversial plan to bring back the army to the Caribbean nation.
2011 Oct 18, In Haiti Dr. Paul
Farmer said the local cholera outbreak is now the worst in the world
with over 6,000 people killed and over 450,000 people sickened.
(SFC, 10/19/11, p.A2)
2011 Oct 21, Haitian
authorities closed the Son of God orphanage where the director was
accused by US missionaries of not feeding children and selling
2011 Oct 25, In Florida Joel
Esquenazi (52), the former boss of Terra Telecommunications Corp.,
was sentenced to 15 years in jail for paying over $890,000 in bribes
to Haitiís national telephone company (2001-2005). He and executive
Carlos Rodriguez (55) were convicted on Aug 4. Rodriguez was
sentenced to 7 years.
(Econ, 11/5/11, p.72)(http://tinyurl.com/7tdxara)
2011 Nov 8, The Boston-based
Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti said it has filed
claims with the United Nations seeking damages on behalf of more
than 5,000 Haitian cholera victims and their families.
2011 Nov 11, Haitian Culture
Minister Choiseul Henriquez (51), a former journalist and newly
appointed, died of a brain hemorrhage while in Canada.
2011 Nov 27, Haiti hip hop star
Wyclef Jean said he's proud of the way his charity responded after
the earthquake almost two years ago. His comments followed reports
published by The New York Post saying his foundation collected $16
million in 2010 but less than a third of that went to emergency
2011 Dec 24, A boat carrying
Haitian migrants sank off Cuba's eastern coast. 38 migrants were
killed and 87 others rescued by Cuban civil defense forces.
2011 Dec 27, UN human rights
officials in Haiti issued a report accusing the national police
department of excessive force, saying there is evidence officers may
have killed at least nine people in the capital.
2011 Paul Farmer, UN Deputy
Special Envoy to Haiti, authored ďHaiti: After the Earthquake."
(Econ, 7/30/11, p.78)
2012 Jan 10, Brazilís Justice
Minister Jose Eduardo Cardozo said Brazil will grant work visas to
2,400 Haitians who are stuck in two Amazon border towns. He said
another 1,600 Haitians in Brazil have been given visas already.
2012 Jan 16, In Haiti 29 people
died and 67 were injured after a truck's brakes failed and the
vehicle crashed on Route Delmas, one of the busiest streets of
2012 Jan 18, In Haiti the
driver for a French journalist was killed in a robbery. Haitian
driver Maxime Alcius died of gunshot wounds but Anthony Lapeyre and
his wife escaped unharmed.
2012 Jan 19, A Haitian judge
convicted seven police officers on a range of charges for their role
in a prison riot in which at least 10 prisoners were shot to death
on Jan 19, 2010.
2012 Jan 20, In Haiti Pakistani
peace-keepers raped a 14-year-old boy in Gonaives. In March a
Pakistani military tribunal convicted two soldiers and sentenced
them to one year in prison.
(Econ, 4/28/12, p.41)
2012 Jan 25, The Haitian
government and European Union signed an agreement for building a
road to connect the capital with the country's second largest city.
2012 Jan 31, Haitiís Pres.
Michel Martelly awarded actor Sean Penn the honor of ambassador at
(SFC, 2/1/12, p.A2)
2012 Feb 1, In Haiti visitng
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff said Brazil will offer 6,000
visas to Haitians over a five-year period as one of several efforts
that look to help the troubled Caribbean nation get on its feet.
2012 Feb 24, Haitian PM Garry
Conille abruptly resigned his post, giving the country a new
political crisis that is likely to distract the government and
further delay efforts to rebuild from the devastating January 2010
earthquake. His resignation was thought to have stemmed from
disagreements with Pres. Martelly and his inner circle.
2012 Feb 29, In Haiti thousands
of supporters of two-time President Jean-Bertrand Aristide rallied
in the capital on the eighth anniversary of the former leader's
ouster. The demonstrators accused current President Michel Martelly
of not doing enough to improve their lives and pressed for the
departure of the country's UN peacekeeping mission.
2012 Mar 6, In Haiti Venel
Joseph, a prominent banker whose son recently pleaded guilty in a US
federal bribery case, was shot and killed in Port-au-Prince. Joseph
was director of Haiti's Central Bank during former Pres.
Jean-Bertrand Aristide's 2nd term from 2001 to 2004.
2012 Apr 16, Haiti, the United
States and international partners launched a nationwide vaccination
campaign seeking to curb or prevent infectious diseases.
2012 Apr, Prospectors in Haiti
found the first significant silver ever reported there: between 20
million and 30 million ounces. A flurry of exploratory drilling in
the past year has found precious metals worth potentially $20
billion below the ridges in the country's northeastern mountains.
2012 Jun 1, In the Dominican
Rep. new work requirements took effect, but the government said the
rules won't be enforced until month's end. A large number of Haitian
workers were particularly impacted.
2012 Jun 19, In southern Haiti
a bus overturned in a rain-swollen river. Officials differed about
the number of people who died. Local civil protection officials were
said to have recovered the bodies of 40 people. The bus owner said
there were 27 people aboard and that only eight people are missing.
2012 Jul 23, In Haiti 4
squatters were shot to death as police and other officials forced
them to vacate a woodland in La Visite National Park. Haiti was down
to about 2% of its original forest cover.
(SFC, 8/31/12, p.A4)
2012 Aug 25, Tropical Storm
Isaac swept across Haiti's southern peninsula killing 8 people and
another two in neighboring Dominican Republic.
(AP, 8/25/12)(AP, 8/26/12)
2012 Sep 30, In Haiti thousands
of people in Port-au-Prince, complaining of the high cost of living
and alleged corruption, protested against the government of Pres.
(SFC, 10/1/12, p.A2)
2012 Oct 13, In Haiti visiting
Nobel peace laureate Mohammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi banker, announced
that his pro-business development group is financing several
endeavors through a mix of loans and equity.
2012 Oct 24, Hurricane Sandy
crossed over Jamaica. An elderly man was killed by a boulder that
crashed into his clapboard house. Sandy killed 51 people in Haiti.
At least 65 people were left dead as Sandy left the Caribbean.
(AP, 10/25/12)(AP, 10/26/12)(AP, 10/28/12)
2012 Nov 16, Haitian officials
confirmed 3,593 cases of cholera and 837 more suspected cases since
Hurricane Sandyís passage.
(SFC, 11/17/12, p.A2)
2012 Dec 21, Haitiís government
announced that it has awarded permits for the first time in its
history to allow two companies to openly mine for gold and copper.
(SFC, 12/22/12, p.A2)
2012 Laurent Dubois authored
ďHaiti: The Aftershocks of History."
(Econ, 2/18/12, p.85)
2012 Jonathan Katz authored
ďThe Big Truck That Went by: How the World Came to Save Haiti and
Left Behind a Disaster."
(SSFC, 12/30/12, p.F1)
2013 Jan 25, In Haiti up to 20
people were killed after their truck plunged into a canal.
(SSFC, 1/27/13, p.A4)
2013 Feb 18, US Attorney
General Eric Holder discussed regional crime with Caribbean leaders
during a summit in Haiti.
2013 Feb 21, A Haitian judge
summoned Jean-Claude Duvalier (61) to appear in court after the
former dictator defied an order to attend a hearing to determine
whether he should again face charges for human rights abuses
committed during the nearly 15 years of his brutal regime.
2013 Mar 11, The Clinton
Foundation announced that grants for over $700,000 will go toward
efforts in Haiti to plant trees, build a coffee farm and train
farmers. Heineken NV announced that it would invest $40 million to
expand a brewery and help farmers who supply it with sorghum.
2013 Mar, Deaths from Haitiís
cholera epidemic, which began in 2010, reached 8,205.
(Econ, 3/2/13, p.38)
2013 Apr 3, George Corvington
(88), a prominent Haitian historian, died in Port-au-Prince. His
8-volume, French-language "Port-au-Prince Through the Ages"
chronicled the political and social history of Port-au-Prince, from
its founding under French colonial rule in 1749 to the departure of
President Paul Magloire in 1956.
2013 Apr 23, Amnesty
International said Haiti has violated international human rights
obligations by failing to protect people who have been forced to
leave the impromptu settlements that sprang up in the Caribbean
nation after the 2010 earthquake.
2013 Apr 25, In Haiti Richard
Joyal (62), a Catholic missionary from Manitoba, Canada, was shot to
death as he left a bank in Port-au-Prince.
2013 Jun 3, Haiti brought in
mining experts from around the world in hopes of developing precious
metals in one of the world's poorest countries. Testing has
indicated that gold, copper and silver in the country's northeastern
mountains could be worth $20 billion.
2013 Jul 1, Connecticutís
Fairfield Univ. and others that supported a charity, designed to
help feed and educate boys in Haiti, reached a $12 million
settlement with children who were sexually abused by Douglas
Perlitz, a founder of the group. Perlitz was sentenced to
nearly 20 years in prison in 2011 for the assaults at the Project
Pierre Toussaint School.
(SFC, 7/2/13, p.A4)
2013 Jul, Haitiís government
signed a deal with Vietnam to expand cooperation in energy,
textiles, food and electronics.
(Econ, 8/24/13, p.36)
2013 Sep 26, The Dominican
Republic's Constitutional Court stripped citizenship from thousands
of people born to migrants who came illegally, a category that
overwhelmingly includes Haitians brought in to work on farms. The
court retroactively stripped the citizenship of people born after
1929 to parents without Dominican ancestry.
(AP, 9/26/13)(SSFC, 12/1/13, p.A22)
2013 Oct 16, A boat with more
than dozen people, including Jamaicans and Haitians, capsized off
the coast of South Florida. 4 women died and 11 people were taken
(SFC, 10/16/12, p.A7)
2013 Nov 18, In Haiti police
fired tear gas in the two main cities to disperse thousands of
protesters demanding better living conditions and the resignation of
President Michel Martelly.
2013 Nov 24, Dominican Rep.
soldiers expelled 244 Haitians following the deaths of 3 people
killed near the border.
(SFC, 11/25/13, p.A2)
2013 Nov 25, A sailboat passing
through the southern Bahamas islands with about 150 Haitian migrants
on board capsized after running aground, killing up to 30 people and
leaving the rest clinging to the vessel for hours.
2013 Nov 29, Thousands of young
Haitians demonstrated in several cities demanding that President
Michel Martelly step down.
2013 Dec 25, A boat capsized
off the Turks and Caicos islands and 17 Haitian suspected illegal
migrants died. 33 people were rescued.
(AFP, 12/25/13)(SFC, 12/26/13, p.A2)
2014 Jan 11, Sean Pennís 3rd
annual Help Haiti Home benefit in Beverly Hills raised nearly $6
(SFC, 1/13/14, p.A4)
2014 Jan 17, In Haiti a judge
concluded the investigation into one of the countryís most notorious
political assassinations, accusing nine people of having a hand in
the 2000 killing of radio journalist Jean Dominique, including
several close associates of former Pres. Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
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| 0.921477 | 39,053 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Medical Definition of tracheal ring
: any of the 16 to 20 C-shaped bands of highly elastic cartilage which are found as incomplete rings in the anterior two-thirds of the tracheal wall and of which there are usually 6 to 8 in the right bronchus and 9 to 12 in the left
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up tracheal ring? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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| 0.953136 | 99 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Ancient defense studied as way to fight HIV
An ancient defense mechanism used by plants, worms, and other lower species to fight off viruses may be effective in helping humans to fight off HIV, Reuters Health reports. Called RNA interference, the process uses small pieces of RNA that interfere with and degrade messenger RNA, the genetic materials that translate DNA instructions for synthesizing proteins. The process could be used in human cells to specifically target and degrade messenger RNA that contains instructions for making key HIV proteins, thereby preventing the cell from being able to copy the virus.
"We thought it would be a good idea to harness it to combat viral infection--in particular, HIV," said Judy Lieberman of the Center for Blood Research in Boston, who has conducted similar research on RNA interference.
Researchers are now expanding their work to examine how to get bits of interfering RNA into human cells and to keep the genetic snippets stable until they're needed to shut down HIV protein replication. The full study appears in the October 24 edition of The New England Journal of Medicine.
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| 0.946469 | 207 | 3.171875 | 3 |
National ITS Architecture
The National ITS Architecture provides a common framework for planning, defining, and integrating intelligent transportation systems. It is a mature product that reflects the contributions of a broad cross-section of the ITS community (transportation practitioners, systems engineers, system developers, technology specialists, consultants, etc.).
The architecture defines:
- The functions (e.g., gather traffic information or request a route) that are required for ITS
- The physical entities or subsystems where these functions reside (e.g., the field or the vehicle).
- The information flows and data flows that connect these functions and physical subsystems together into an integrated system.
If you would prefer a summary document that you can print and read over coffee, a brief document is available that presents the key architecture concepts.
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| 0.866728 | 161 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Investigation 3: The Nile: a sustainable resource?
|Extensions and Enrichment||
Students analyze data and make graphs to explore the relationship between population, water resources, water stress, and sustainable economic development. Students consider the perspectives of 10 countries within the Nile River Basin in a simulated meeting of the Nile River Basin Initiative.
9-12 Module 1 Investigation 3 in .pdf format
Investigation 3 Student Materials in .pdf format
|Teaching Tips and Strategies|
Grades K-4 Modules | Grades 5-8 Modules | Grades 9-12 Modules | Mission Geography Control | MG On Line
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| 0.790228 | 131 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Early Earth may have been more vulnerable to catastrophic glaciationPublished On: Tue, Dec 6th, 2011 | Geology | By BioNews
Early earth may have been more vulnerable to catastrophic deep freezes than previously thought, a new study has revealed.
University of Colorado Boulder researchers adapted a three-dimensional, general circulation model of Earth’s climate to a time some 2.8 billion years ago when the sun”s output was only 70 to 80 percent of that today but the geologic evidence indicates that the climate was as warm or warmer than now.
According to Eric Wolf, the new 3-D model of the Archean Eon on Earth that lasted from about 3.8 billion years to 2.5 billion years ago, incorporates interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice and hydrological cycles.
“The inclusion of dynamic sea ice makes it harder to keep the early Earth warm in our 3-D model,” Wolf said.
“Stable, global mean temperatures below 55 degrees Fahrenheit are not possible, as the system will slowly succumb to expanding sea ice and cooling temperatures. As sea ice expands, the planet surface becomes highly reflective and less solar energy is absorbed, temperatures cool, and sea ice continues to expand.”
Wolf and CU-Boulder Professor Brian Toon are continuing to search for the heating mechanism that apparently kept Earth warm and habitable back then, as evidenced by liquid oceans and primordial life forms.
While their calculations show an atmosphere containing 6 percent carbon dioxide could have done the trick by keeping the mean temperatures at 57 degrees F, geological evidence from ancient soils on early Earth indicate such high concentrations of CO2 were not present at the time.
The CU-Boulder researchers are now looking at cloud composition and formation, the hydrological cycle, movements of continental masses over time and heat transport through Earth”s system as other possible modes of keeping early Earth warm enough for liquid water to exist.
In the new 3-D model, preventing a planet-wide glaciation requires about three times more CO2 than predicted by the 1-D models, Wolf asserted.
For all warm climate scenarios generated by the 3-D model, Earth’s mean temperature about 2.8 billion years ago was 5 to 10 degrees F warmer than the 1-D model, given the same abundance of greenhouse gases.
“Nonetheless, the 3-D model indicates a roughly 55 degrees F mean temperature was still low enough to trigger a slide by early Earth into a runaway glacial event, causing what some scientists call a ‘Snowball Earth,’” Wolf added.
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| 0.928583 | 540 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Posted by: Loren Coleman on May 30th, 2008
What is it? Sasquatch? Bear? A person?
How important are trail cams? They are having more and more impact in discovering elusive known animals and adding to the enigma of cryptids.
One region of the world where trail cams routinely document rare creatures like tigers and rhinos is South Asia.
Below is footage released May 29, 2008, of a female Javan rhino from Indonesia’s Ujung Kulon National Park, captured on video attacking a trail camera. No one knows why she decides to launch an assault on the cam, but wildlife experts say she apparently sensed that the lens was a threat to her calf.
The rhino video, with sound, can also be seen here.
Trail cams can image the mundane…but beautiful…
(Please click on image for full-size version.)
Or the highly unusual:
The extremely rare large-antlered muntjak (Muntiacus vuquangensis) had never been captured on film before, and yet it (above) and unidentified poachers (below) were photographed in the Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area, Laos, by trail cams in 2007. The photo of this muntjak confirms its Laotian location, as it was first known only from skulls in Vietnam.
The Sumatran striped rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) was also captured for the first time ever on a trail cam.
The potential of trail cams is unheralded.
Something could soon happen to either push that potential onward, into the next level, or completely muddy the waters.
While only a hint of what’s behind it, with a “Coming Soon” sign denoting more details later, Bushnell Trail Cameras has posted a notice that you can “Win $1,000,000” from them by capturing “a verifiable photo of Sasquatch with your trail camera.” The mini-alert on their site shows two of the iconic “peas-in-a-pod” Bigfoot tracks (and thus unfortunately, examples of probable Ray Wallace fakes, I must acknowledge).
…some trail cam photos can be extremely unique and weird, without even bringing cryptids into the picture, so to speak.
Bushnell Corporation (also known as Bushnell and Bushnell Outdoor Products) is an American company specializing in optics and imaging. Its products include binoculars, spotting scopes, telescopes, night vision equipment, GPS devices, laser-guided rangefinders, riflescopes, holographic gun sights, and other high-end optical equipment. The company also sells Bollé ski goggles and sunglasses, H20Optix water sports sunglasses, and Serengeti all-purpose sunglasses. It was founded in 1948 by David P. Bushnell, during his time in Allied-occupied Japan.
One of the best little trail cam models to use is Bushnell’s new camouflage Trail Scout Pro 5.0 night vision digital camera, which is designed to be mounted to a tree in the forest. It automatically snaps 5-megapixel digital photos of anything that crosses its path.
In a review of this trail cam, Technabob says, “In addition to being able to shoot night vision pics, the $270 (street price) camera switches into a full color mode during daylight. You can also set it up to snap 15-second movie clips instead of high-res photos if you’re trying to capture that elusive Sasquatch in action. The battery powered camera is supposed to work for about 30 days on a single set of batteries, since it’s not wasting any juice unless it’s triggered.”
It appears to be a trail cam in such demand, the price is actually gone up to over $360, even for used models. See here.
The infamous “Pennsylvania Young Sasquatch” photographs of what was also called “Jacob’s Creature,” were taken with a trail cam. Specifically the camera used was none other than a Bushnell model. Even though the object of the trail cam (left) was probably a bear (right), it generated a lot of attention for the use of trail cams in the American woods.
Below is a trail cam photo from Mt. Hood of a probable bear manipulating its body into a weird position (similar to the Jacob’s Creature?), taken on June 7, 2007, at 7:11 p.m.
I’ll post an update as soon as I obtain more details on Bushnell’s Sasquatch trail cam photo contest.
If my experience with being the consultant to the “One Million Dollar Prize” for a Bigfoot or similar cryptid photo, first floated in 2005, from Wizards of the Coast, is any indication, watch for a good deal of media attention to this one too. Bushnell is in for a stampede of interest and, perhaps, a bit of a revision of their full contest rules before we hear the final version unveiled.
Still, indeed, we do live in interesting times.
Loren Coleman is one of the world’s leading cryptozoologists, some say “the” leading living cryptozoologist. Certainly, he is acknowledged as the current living American researcher and writer who has most popularized cryptozoology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Starting his fieldwork and investigations in 1960, after traveling and trekking extensively in pursuit of cryptozoological mysteries, Coleman began writing to share his experiences in 1969. An honorary member of Ivan T. Sanderson’s Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained in the 1970s, Coleman has been bestowed with similar honorary memberships of the North Idaho College Cryptozoology Club in 1983, and in subsequent years, that of the British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club, CryptoSafari International, and other international organizations. He was also a Life Member and Benefactor of the International Society of Cryptozoology (now-defunct). Loren Coleman’s daily blog, as a member of the Cryptomundo Team, served as an ongoing avenue of communication for the ever-growing body of cryptozoo news from 2005 through 2013. He returned as an infrequent contributor beginning Halloween week of 2015. Coleman is the founder in 2003, and current director of the International Cryptozoology Museum in Portland, Maine.
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| 0.94954 | 1,349 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Genomes and Genes
Mark A Parker
Affiliation: Harvard University
- Neural stem cells injected into the sound-damaged cochlea migrate throughout the cochlea and express markers of hair cells, supporting cells, and spiral ganglion cellsMark A Parker
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Hear Res 232:29-43. 2007..Moreover, they suggest that cells of this neural stem cell line may derive some information needed from the microenvironment of the cochlea to differentiate into replacement cells in the cochlea...
- Biotechnology in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss: foundations and future of hair cell regenerationMark A Parker
Emerson College, Boston, MA, USA
J Speech Lang Hear Res 54:1709-31. 2011..Next, the author presents a review of stem cell and gene therapy and provides a critical appraisal of their application to hair cell regeneration. The methodologies used in these approaches are highlighted...
- TAK1 expression in the cochlea: a specific marker for adult supporting cellsMark A Parker
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA, USA
J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 12:471-83. 2011..While the role of TAK1 in the inner ear is unclear, TAK1 expression may be used as a novel marker for specific sub-populations of supporting cells...
- Expression profile of an operationally-defined neural stem cell cloneMark A Parker
Department of Otolaryngology, EN41, Children s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Exp Neurol 194:320-32. 2005..Furthermore, when operational definitions are employed, a common set of stem-like genes does emerge across both embryonic and somatic stem cells of various organ systems, including the nervous system...
- Regeneration and replacement in the vertebrate inner earJonathan I Matsui
Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Hearing Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Drug Discov Today 10:1307-12. 2005..Current research efforts are focusing on gene manipulation, gene therapy and stem cell transplantation for repairing or replacing damaged mammalian cochlear hair cells, which could lead to therapies for treating deafness in humans...
- The potential use of stem cells for cochlear repairMark A Parker
Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA
Audiol Neurootol 9:72-80. 2004..The potential use of several types of stem cells, including embryonic, neural and hematopoietic stem cells, as agents for cochlear repair is examined...
- Cell contact-dependent mechanisms specify taste bud pattern during a critical period early in embryonic developmentMark A Parker
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA
Dev Dyn 230:630-42. 2004..Furthermore, our findings are consistent with specification of taste buds by means of lateral inhibitory signaling, which we hypothesize results from cell contact-dependent or short-range diffusible signals...
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| 0.836551 | 681 | 2.53125 | 3 |
August 29, 2011
Cigarette Smoking Causes More Arterial Damage In Women Than In Men
The harmful effects of tobacco smoke on atherosclerosis, one of the driving forces of cardiovascular disease, are greater in women than in men. This result emerges from the large European epidemiological study (Carotid Intima Media thickness and IMT-PROgression as predictors of Vascular Events: the IMPROVE study), funded by EU (Vth Framework Program — Contract n. QLG1-CT-2002-00896). In the IMPROVE study, authors examined 1694 men and 1893 women from Finland, Sweden, Netherlands, France and Italy, and used ultrasound technology to assess the presence of wall thickening and plaques in the carotids, the arteries that bring blood to the brain.
The research shows that the amount tobacco exposure during the entire life significantly correlates with the thickness of carotid arterial walls (an index of atherosclerosis) in both genders. However, the impact is more than doubled in women than in men. Similarly, the effect of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on the progression of the disease over time is more than five-fold in women than in men. These associations are independent from other factors that may affect atherosclerosis, such as age, blood pressure, cholesterol level, obesity and social class.Elena Tremoli, Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Milan, Italy, and scientific director of the Monzino Cardiology Centre in Milan who led the study, says: "This is a particular relevant finding, especially in view of the fact that educational campaigns carried out in the last years have been less successful in reducing the number of smokers in women than in men".
According to WHO, while in most European countries a significant proportion of men has quit smoking, in many countries (e.g. Italy and Finland) the percentage of women smokers remained roughly constant in the last three decades, whereas in others (France, Spain) it even increased.
"The reasons for the stronger effect of tobacco smoke on women's arteries are still unknown, but some hints may come from the complex interplay between smoke, inflammation and atherosclerosis", says Prof. Tremoli.
Researchers found that other factors, besides smoking, have a differential effect on the arteries of men and women. One of these is education, a well known index of social class: while men who have studied less showed a greater thickening of arterial walls than those who have studied more, the same was not true for women. Similarly, women, in contrast with men, seem to be protected against the harmful effects of systemic inflammation. Indeed, in the IMPROVE study, the relation between arterial wall thickening and the levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBC) counts, two indexes of inflammation, is very strong in men, but absent in women.
"It is important to mention, however, that, when women smoke they lose their protection against the harmful effect of inflammation. In particular, if we stratify the female population according to smoking habits, we see that in the group of women who smoke, especially in heavy smokers, the relationship between CRP and arterial wall thickening becomes similar to that observed in men", says Prof. Tremoli.
"We all know that women are 'naturally' protected against cardiovascular disease, particularly before menopause, and this has led to less attention of health professionals and researchers in regard to this disease in women. Women themselves tend to think that they are less susceptible to the damages of cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure and cholesterol, a diet rich in saturated fats and, finally, tobacco smoke. Our results indicate that, at least for the latter, this is not true", concludes Prof. Tremoli.
On the Net:
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TCP Connection Termination
This page describes the TCP connection termination process.
TCP Connection Termination is implemented as follows:
- One computer sends a FIN packet to the other computer including an ACK for the last data received (N).
- The other computer sends an ACK number of N+1
- It also sends a FIN with the sequence number of X.
- The originating computer sends a packet with an ACK number of N+1. The connection is closed.
Another way to close the connection is for one computer to send a packet with the RST (reset) bit set which will tell the other computer to immediately terminate the connection.
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Standard heel-stick test ineffective at screening for CMV in newborns, UT Southwestern researchers find
DALLAS – May 4, 2010 – A national study involving a UT Southwestern Medical Center neonatologist and pediatric infectious diseases specialist suggests that a screening test routinely performed in newborns is not very good at identifying cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, a leading cause of hearing loss in children.
The findings, published in the April 14 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, suggest that testing blood drawn from a newborn’s heel has limited value in detecting CMV infection.
The heel-stick procedure involves pricking a newborn’s heel and drawing a small amount of blood that is then absorbed onto a filter paper and dried. The dried blood is analyzed for several diseases including sickle cell disease. Because the procedure already is used to test for several metabolic and genetic disorders, researchers hoped it would be a good candidate for a universal screening program for CMV.
“Our findings tell us that if we rely on the standard heel-stick test to detect CMV, more than half of the babies who are infected will be missed,” said Dr. Pablo Sanchez, professor of pediatrics at UT Southwestern and a co-author of the study. “The fact that this screening test is virtually ineffective has major public health implications because congenital CMV infection is the most common nongenetic cause of hearing loss in the United States.”
Each year, 30,000 to 50,000 U.S. infants are born with CMV, the most common infection passed from a mother to her unborn child. Although only about 10 percent of infected babies have any clinically detectable abnormalities, half of those with clinical signs and 10 percent to 15 percent of those who appear well are at risk for developing hearing loss.
The study is part of a multicenter investigation seeking to find the most effective screening test for CMV infections in newborns and study the natural history of hearing loss among these babies. Currently, the only way to identify accurately a CMV infection is to culture a urine or saliva sample collected from the patient, a process unlikely to be widely adopted because it is labor-intensive and requires a tissue culture facility.
Prior research has shown that dried blood spots can be used to identify CMV infection. Because no studies have compared it to the gold standard CMV rapid culture test, however, researchers have been unable to say whether the heel-stick method is effective at identifying all infected babies.
For the study, the researchers used a new molecular diagnostic technique, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to analyze dried blood samples obtained using the heel-stick procedure from more than 20,000 infants born between March 2007 and May 2008 at seven medical institutions nationwide, including Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas. Parkland has one of the country’s largest and busiest obstetrics services, with about 16,000 births a year. Attending physicians are faculty members of UT Southwestern’s obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics departments.
Of the more than 20,000 babies screened in this study, 92 were confirmed to have congenital CMV infection. The CMV rapid culture method identified all but one of those children.
In contrast, of the 11,422 children screened with a basic version of the diagnostic test of dried blood spots, only 17 out of 60 infected children were identified. Eleven out of 32 infected babies were identified in a group screened with a slightly more sensitive test.
The next step, Dr. Sanchez said, is to determine whether using the molecular technique to analyze saliva samples rather than blood spots is as effective as the CMV rapid culture test.
The project is part of the ongoing CMV and Hearing Multicenter Screening (CHIMES) Study. The other participating centers are the University of Alabama at Birmingham; Saint Peter’s University Hospital in New Brunswick, N.J.; the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson; the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, N.C.; the University of Pittsburgh and the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh; and the University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.
The study was funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, part of the National Institutes of Health.
Visit www.utsouthwestern.org/pediatrics to learn more about UT Southwestern’s clinical services in pediatrics.
Media Contact: Kristen Holland Shear
To automatically receive news releases from UT Southwestern via e-mail,
subscribe at /*\"+\"Email\"+\"\";")/*]]>*/
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The U.S. military is making strides toward reducing its dependence on foreign oil by increasing its use of renewable energy such as advanced biofuels. The Air Force wants to use alternative aviation fuels for 50 percent of its domestic aviation needs by 2016, and the Navy plans to use alternative energy sources to meet 50 percent of its energy needs by 2020.
Why is this so important to the military and our country? For every $0.25 rise in the price of jet fuel, the Department of Defense (DoD) must come up with an extra $1 billion each year, which is diverted from training, maintenance, and other mission-essential programs. The Pentagon spent $17.3 billion on petroleum in 2011, a 26 percent increase from the previous year with practically no change in the volume purchased. In fiscal year 2012 alone, the $30 increase in prices of oil resulted in more than $3 billion in additional, unplanned costs to DoD. Our economic and national security is at stake and it is vital to reduce our dependence on foreign oil.
The economic impact the military biofuels program could have is huge. A new study commissioned by Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2) reveals that the military’s plan for biofuels use would generate at least $10 billion in economic activity and create more than 14,000 jobs by 2020. The economic and job impacts will be broadly distributed across the country, with states that create strong incentives for biorefineries receiving the greatest benefits.
Military use can also drive private sector use and investment, as it has done for other budding technologies such as GPS and the Internet. It sets an important signal for the market and can help biofuels become more cost competitive, thus increasing production. Spurring the private industry leads to even more job creation and economic impact. An earlier study by bio-era in 2009 using the same economic analysis model shows direct job creation from advanced biofuels production could reach 190,000 by 2022, and total job creation could reach 807,000 by 2022 in the United States.
The study also shows investments in advanced biofuels processing plants alone would reach $12.2 billion by 2022, and direct economic output from the advanced biofuels industry, including capital investment, research and development, technology royalties, processing operations, feedstock production and biofuels distribution, is estimated to rise to $37 billion by 2022.
The military’s shift to alternative energy sources is a necessary strategic move, given the worldwide shifts in energy production. The 2012 World Energy Outlook looks at how global energy markets will evolve by 2035 and shows that while fossil fuels will remain the principal sources of energy worldwide, renewables will see rapid growth driven by incentives, falling costs and rising fossil fuel prices. The report also shows OECD energy demand in 2035, while only 3 percent higher than in 2010, experiences a major shift as fuel substitution sees the collective share of oil and coal drop 15 points down to 42 percent.
Continuing the military biofuels program and policy stability are essential to continued private investment and growth of the advanced biofuels industry. New biorefineries are under construction in nearly every state across the country. The industry is poised to provide a bright future for both our economic and national security.
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Browsing 10 - 17 results of 17 programs for category - History of Science
In this short film Frank Oppenheimer gives us some of his visions for what he is creating in the beautiful Palace of Fine Arts. This film dates back to 1969, the year that the Exploratorium was founded. Jon Boorstin's 1974 film, Exploratorium, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. This film explores the museum through imagery and sound, without a narrative voice-over. Shortly after Frank Oppenheimer's death, Exploratorium staff share their experiences working with Frank, and tell us why staff retention at the Exploratorium was never an issue. Dr. James Watson is the President of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and the co-discoverer of the double helix, for which he won a Nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1962. Dr. Watson was also the first director of the Human Genome Project. He talks with us about early discoveries in molecular biology, the Human Genome Project, and what makes Cold Spring Harbor a unique scientific institution. In 1963 Benoit Mandelbrot introduced the fractal concept. Fractals are shapes or behaviors that have similar properties at all levels of magnification. Just as the sphere is a concept that unites raindrops, basketballs and Mars, so fractal is a concept that unites clouds, coastlines, plants and strange attractors.
Dr. Mandelbrot dropped in for a visit during our 2001 series of webcasts about Antarctica. We took some time out from the freezing cold to interview him.
Join us for an interactive webcast that includes a visit to Museo La Specola in Florence, Italy. The museum houses a collection of exquisite life-sized wax medical models that in the late 18th century represented the cutting edge of 3-dimensional imaging technology. We'll also talk with Dr. Hugh Patterson, Chief Anatomy Professor at UCSF, about how today's medical students study anatomy, and with John Murray of 3-D Systems, about the latest developments in solid object imaging. This episode of Sedge Thomson's West Coast Live radio variety show links up with the Exploratorium's Revealing Bodies exhibition and series of webcasts. In this webcast, author Betty Ann Kevles discusses her book "Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century," performance artist Scott Serrano portrays Wilson Quain, a nineteenth-century "self-dissecting" anatomist, +4db (an a capella jazz group) sings, naturalist Claire Peaslee speaks, and house pianist Gini Wilson performs.
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Lots of labels are being bandied about in this presidential election year. Two of the most commonly uttered and most basic to the American political environment are “conservative” and “liberal.” What does each mean in the context of 2012?
Part two of this two-part series by Transylvania University political scientist Don Dugi focuses on the term “American liberal.”
Since the majority of the presidential primaries are done, the focus will be shifting to the general election this fall. A lot, perhaps most, of the “discourse” will focus on the differences between liberals and conservatives. While conservatism has been discussed earlier, it is appropriate to ask what constitutes liberalism.
The roots for modern liberals as well as libertarian conservatism are found in classical liberal thought. (As to the latter, yesterday’s liberalism is today’s conservatism.) Indeed, coupled with capitalism, classical liberalism is the basis for the political ideology of the United States. Liberalism was the first modern ideology and facilitated the transition from feudal to commercial societies. Early iterations in the 17th century met with great resistance — witness the names attached to the movements, e.g., “Levellers,” which was a term of opprobrium coined by their opponents who wished to maintain a status society (obviously, this trend of liberals being defined by their opponents continues to color understanding of the term). Liberalism was born of the need to re-conceptualize the individual in society and society itself. For John Locke and most liberal thinkers, the political community is the product of human construction (artificial, created by the “social contract”), which is established on the basis of equal freedom and whose primary purpose is to maximize the well-being of individuals. So the first wave of liberalism was aimed at securing political and economic liberty.
By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, some liberals (labeled “reform liberals”) began to argue for social or moral liberty — witness Thomas Jefferson on religion: “But it does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are 20 gods or no God. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg” (Notes on Virginia, Query 17), or John Stuart Mill’s “marketplace of ideas” (On Liberty). Subsequently, the fractures in liberalism occurred on its two key concepts, freedom and equality. The older version equated liberty with property rights. In the second half of the 19th century in the United States, a radical conflation of this view of liberty coupled with a rewriting of the capitalist notion of “freedom of enterprise” into “free enterprise” resulted in a laissez-faire attitude toward government, a departure from John Locke and Adam Smith, who both saw a legitimate role for government. This reformulation of liberalism followed from the work of Herbert Spencer, which laid the base for social Darwinism and valorization (and validation) of the so-called “robber barons” of the late 19th century. It became the enabling ideology for the industrial revolution in the United States. It is radical because the notion of equal liberty was abandoned. It is this version that underpins libertarian conservatism.
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A while back I read a news report about a new NASA project which plans to send human beings to Mars and have them settle there by the year 2036. I remember shuddering when I read that, not imagining in a million years that I’d willingly board a spaceship -it has to be, a rocket just wouldn’t do now would it?- and stay cooped inside for months on end until it reaches nothing but a bare red land with man-made colonies to live in, in another planet, forever!
I’m still shuddering at the thought, therefore you can imagine my surprise when I read in Alqabas newspaper this morning quoting a post on Arabian business website about a similar project where 1,259 Gulf residents already applied to go and live all the way in Mars, 142 of which are Kuwaitis!
When did this happen exactly? Where did they apply and sign up, and what did they sign up for? What kind of life would they expect to live in Mars? What would they do all day long? Would they work? Of course they would, but do what? Can they drive somewhere? Take vacations? Contact their loved ones home? Surf the internet or even have a Martian internet of their own we could surf? What about food? Would they grow it or depend on supplies from Earth once every 9 months? What if they began craving something unavailable in Mars? What would that mean to us? Having people we might know -or not know- living in another planet all together? Would we want to visit? Or gloat that my friend who now lives in planet Mars sent me this plant that can only be grown in Mars and tastes like chocolate mousse?
What if they wake up one day and find out other planet inhabitants visiting? Or not happy about them living in Mars and started a war? What if they wanted to live next to the human colonies? Could creatures from other planets be neighbours with our human ones and live in peace?
The prospect is very big and perhaps one day someone from the future would read this and laugh at my speculations, dismissing them as ignorance of the stone-internet age where people were limited to one planet and their idea of travel involved getting on an air plane and visiting another content. But I’ve grown up watching Star Trek every Friday and I for one promised myself, a very long time ago, to never set foot inside a space ship or a rocket or whatever they call them. There is no guarantee I’m coming back and there is nothing out there but darkness and millions of stars. If anything should go wrong, Apollo 13 or Challenger style, then that’s it. I’m not that adventurous, thank you very much, and I don’t expect a ticket to Mars is within my financial capabilities, and the no-return clause would just seal my no-way deal. I love Earth too much.
So, what do you think? Would you sign up to go on a no-return trip to planet Mars, if you could afford it that is? Maybe you are one of the 142 Kuwaitis who did already, and why?
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Recently State Library digitised a series of notebooks compiled by Archibald Meston.
Archibald Meston (1851-1924) was originally a journalist and politician but is best known for his role as the Protector of Aborigines for Southern Queensland 1897-1904. Meston was also the author of the ‘Report on the Aboriginals of Queensland’ which later formed the basis for the Aborigines Protection Act, 1897 (Queensland).
In his role as Protector, Meston visited many Aboriginal communities and camps across Queensland and as an amateur ethnologist and linguist documented Aboriginal culture and language. Meston collected words and wordlists from sites across Queensland – these were later collated into various notebooks and cuttings.
OM64-17 is ‘a collection of press cuttings, notes, correspondence relating mainly to Aborigines in Queensland, in particular, to language’. Of particular interest to community language workers and language researchers is a series of Vocabulary Notebooks compiled by Meston during the period 1898-1903. Notebooks 5, 6, 7 and 8 were the focus of this initial digitisation project and includes a broad selection of Aboriginal words gathered from across Queensland. For example, the extract above shows a listing of native birds and their Aboriginal names as collected by police officers in various Queensland locations. From this page we can see that the Aboriginal language word for ‘pelican’ at Tinaroo is bilwarra; bombon at Montalbion; while at the Pine River it is cooloocan.
In the Notebooks, Meston does not always identify the name of the specific language, so the challenge for language workers is to cross-reference words to other materials. Tinaroo, located on the Atherton Tablelands, is an area where several languages and dialects meet, including Djabugay and Dyirbal. Further research using the State Library collections would help identify the specific language or dialect. Similarly for Montalbion, located on the Western Atherton Tablelands, further investigation is needed to identify the particular Dyirbal dialect this word belongs to.
As well as Meston’s own material, the notebooks also draw upon other sources collated by Meston for further study; for example, Vocabulary Notebook 7 includes a listing of 250 words that were later published in James Devaney’s The Vanished Tribes [J A823.2 DEV]. Other wordlists included those compiled by Thomas Petrie from the Brisbane area in the 19th Century. In some instances, Meston has made comments or notes in the margins to these wordlists for his own reference for follow-up. Other language material included in the Notebooks refer to placenames of Aboriginal origins – another interest for Meston who often wrote articles for the various newspapers on the meanings of placenames. The image below is from Notebook 7 and identifies placenames for sites in the Bunya Mountains.
In addition to language, Meston also documented cultural information including notes on individuals and families in the sites he visited. Often his notes would document Aboriginal families, outlining their traditional language names as well as English names – these are valuable pieces of information for Aboriginal families and communities. Through his writings, notebooks and other materials, Meston also provides a social commentary on events, people and other happenings in Queensland at the turn of the century. For example, the image below from Notebook 5 is a set of notes regarding theories of the origin of man.
These notebooks are valuable research material and provide an insight into the Indigenous languages of Queensland. Further information on Queensland’s Indigenous languages can be found at State Library’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages webpages.
OM64-17 Archibald Meston Papers.
J A823.2 DEV Devaney, J. (1929) The Vanished Tribes.
API-3 Archibald Meston Photograph Album ca. 1904.
Des Crump – Indigenous Languages Researcher, State Library of Queensland
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The Moon during an eclipse in 1993.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of Andy Steere
Total Lunar Eclipse
News story originally written on May 15, 2003
There will be an eclipse of the Moon on Thursday night, May 15, 2003. It will be the first eclipse in 2003. This eclipse is a total eclipse of the Moon, which means the Moon will pass through the darkest part of Earth's shadow.
During the eclipse, the Moon will look dark red. Even the darkest part of Earth's shadow lets a little light through. The light that gets through passes through Earth's atmosphere, which blocks out the light that isn't red. That's why the Sun looks red at sunset, too.
The main part of the eclipse will last about 50 minutes. Check out the link to NASA's site (below) to find out when the eclipse can be seen from where you live.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
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Since 1 January 1901, Australia has been a federation of six states. In 1911 two territories, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, were transferred to the Commonwealth from New South Wales and South Australia. Commonwealth Government, with authority based on a written constitution and centred in Canberra
This federal system of government is based on British-derived parliamentary institutions (the Westminster system) and American-derived federal arrangements. Under this system, government in Tasmania is exercised at three levels:
State Government, with residual powers (powers not reserved for the Commonwealth), and centred in Hobart
local government, with authority derived from state Acts, and operating in 29 subdivisions of the state.
Source: Department of Education; Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia; Parliament of Australia; and Department of Premier and Cabinet.
SUMMARY GOVERNMENT STATISTICS, Tasmania - 2005
12 Tas. representatives
|House of Representatives |
5 Tas. representatives
Mr William Cox
Mr Paul Lennon
|Legislative Council |
|House of Assembly|
|Local government authorities|
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From the two Bulls of Pope Clement VI (21 November 1342) we know that the negotiations were not easy to conduct and that the money paid for the Sanctuaries was no trifling amount. Likewise, the negotiations were not only for one Sanctuary, but for the four important ones. The dealings with the Sultan were not concerned with minor affairs of short duration as in previous years. This time they were negotiations for a perpetual and fixed accord. They were definitive negotiations for the exclusive and legal possession of the Cenacle (where there were no government doorkeepers or Eastern Clergy) and for the legal, albeit conditional, possession of the other three Sanctuaries.
The delay in arriving at a solution was probably caused by a number of factors:
1. the prudence of the Egyptian government (the Mameluke government at Cairo) in dealing for the first time out of their own political and Moslem traditions with the same Western Christians against whom they had been waging so many wars;
2. they were in the process of creating a new chapter of juridical history for the Holy Places whose intentions were favorable to Christians, some of whom still professed to be direct enemies of Egypt;
3. the Pope had not yet removed the prohibition (at least certain strong restrictions) of free trade with Egypt; and
4. the King of France was still promoting another Crusade.
Without doubt the negotiations also involved the tricky game of how much money to give to the Sultan and his ministers for the various Sanctuaries. The Sultan and his ministers (and this would prove to be even more of a problem later at Constantinople) demonstrated a kind of native weakness - an insatiable appetite for money, especially Christian money. These men were skilled at displaying their weakness on certain occasions when they wished to let their victims know that the matters under discussion were not solvable with empty hands.
Exactly what were the financial intrigues of the negotiations? How much money had the Sovereigns of Naples been forced to pay in order to obtain these four Sanctuaries? The only testimony available comes from two pilgrims. The first source was a German Franciscan Friar, "The Anonymous One" of 1427. Either he had been able to see the document of the agreements between the contracting parties in the archives of the Cenacle or he had heard about it from his confreres on Mt. Sion. He makes reference to the payment to the government of Cairo of twenty thousand ducats, certainly in gold.(*52)
The second source is a German Dominican Friar, "Fabri" who is noted for his voluminous travel diary written during his second voyage to the Holy Land in 1483. He wrote that King Robert had given thirty-two thousand gold ducats ("of the exact weight") for the four Sanctuaries. The discrepancy between the two sums is explained by the fact that the Franciscan brother was speaking only about the Church of the Holy Sepulchre while the Dominican spoke about all of the four Sanctuaries and their convents.(*53)
We pause here to respond to certain objections concerning these transactions. There were some people who were scandalized by the conduct of the Sovereigns of Naples. The sum, of course, was certainly enormous, indeed, fabulous for those times. However, it is actually a very small sum when one considers what the cost would be to maintain a Crusader army of thousands of soldiers and knights who would have been fighting a war whose outcome was uncertain. How can one calculate the inestimable value of human lives which would have been lost in warfare, not to mention the great personal sacrifices and sufferings of those who remained at home or the difficulties of the military traveling great distances over land and sea!
Secondly, the money paid by the Sovereigns of Naples was not given, as some maliciously claimed, with the intention of corrupting the government authorities in order to harm a third party. The historical fact is that for two hundred and sixty-two years (1071-1333) the Holy Places were considered by various Turkish, Arab, and Christian governments as objects of conquest. The victors could do with them as they pleased. In practice the government of En-Naser considered any property within its territory, whether public or private, as belonging to the government. In practice the Sultans have considered the Churches of the Holy Places national monuments and the Sultans reserved the right to entrust them to definite Christian religious institutes, but not without compensation. After the Sovereigns of Naples had obtained legal possession of the Holy Places they gave them over to the Franciscan Friars. These Friars had not taken anything from the clergy of the Eastern Rites or from any Western Religious Order which might have had previous custody of the same Sanctuaries. This can be confirmed by the juridical sentence publicly given in the Cathedral of Mantova on January 7, 1421 by Bishop Giovanni Delfin, the Patriarch of Grado. The decision was given at the conclusion of the juridical process initiated by Pope Martin V on July 9, 1420. The process resolved the dispute regarding the legality of the possession (custody and liturgy) of the four Sanctuaries by the Franciscan Friars.(*54)
The dispute had been raised by a certain Western Religious Order a long time before the Easterners (the Georgians) had started to contest the Franciscan possession with their false accusations and acts of violence.(*55)
*53 - Golubovich, Biblioteca Bio-bibliografica, IV, 43.
*54 - Fortunately we have all the Acts of an extensive process, done by a notary and published in the Diarium Terrae Sanctae (1910, 10-24). It is an indirect testimony to the negotiations of 1333. It is a very important document for the civil authorities and the religious . Here are the principal words of the final sentence: "Nos Ioannes Patriarcha Gradensis, necnon Commissarius et Delegatus ac Executor Apostolicus antedictus, sedentes pro tribunali in maiori Ecclesia cathedrali Sancti Petri gloriosae civitatis Mantuae... definitive pronunciamus in hunc modum, videlicet: Quia comperimus ac Nobis plenissime constat, per dicta et attestationes supranominatorum testium legitimorum ac plenissima fide dignorum, quod Conventus et habitatio dictorum locorum Montis Sion, et Bethlehem, ac Sepulchri Dominici, necnon Ecclesiae Beatae Mariae Virginis in Valle Iosaphat, a dictis Fratribus Minoribus Ordinis Sancti Francisci, nedum per quinquaginta, sed per sexaginta annorum spatium, et ultra, et ab inde citra, et de praesenti, dicta loca... ad ipsos fratres et eorum Ordinem pleno iure spectare et pertinere... Nihilominus Fratribus ipsis oblationes et eleemosynas quascumque et proventus... per eorum procuratores seu commissarios... recipi et recolligi faciendi... eadem Auctoritate Apostolica, plenissimam licentiam elargimur... Anno Domini millesimo quadrigentesimo vigesimo primo... die Martis septimo mensis Ianuarii".
Apropos of the same process of Mantova (Italy) in 1778, Joseph Anthony of Milan made the following clarification: "Anno Christi 1420, moventur lites, Episcopus (Latin Titular of) Bethlehem praetendebat praesepium Domini; Canonici Regulares (of St. Augustine) Monten Sion (that is, the Cenacle); Benedictini Vallem Iosaphat (that is, the church of the Tomb of the Madonna) cum omnibus sanctuariis" (Le Missioni Francescane in Palestina ed in altre regioni della terra, 1896, 67).
*55 - The Georgians raised the question of the legality of the Franciscan possession of the southern part of Calvary. Suriano (1450 and after 1529) succeeded in regaining the second part of Calvary in 1514 which the Latins had lost during their imprisonment in Cairo from September 1510 to June 1512. This is his description of the Georgians of that period: "sono pessimi heretici... bella gente, ma superbissima... vivono in grande miseria; sono grandi bevitori di vino; gente ruza et villana. Sono nostri grandi e capitali nemici" ( F. Suriano, Treatise on the Holy Land, Jerusalem 1949, c. 27, p. 87 and note a; for the Calvary, p. 51, note a).
For the documents possessed by the Franciscans, cf. Golubovich, Biblioteca Bio-bibliografica, NS., IX, 110-112. The following declaration from 1605 suffices to explain the problem of Calvary: "l'interprete dei Georgiani ha dichiarato e confessato che la natione giorgiana non aveva titoli, né scritture autentiche, come il detto Calvario fusse di loro; ma ben aveva lettere e scritture concessegli dagli Prencipi e Re di Gierusalemme di possedere il detto Monte Calvario" (G. Golubovich, Biblioteca Bio-bibliografica, NS., X, Quaracchi 1936, 56). On the other hand, the Franciscans could show the juridical title which proved that the Holy Places were their possession. This was a title which was recognized and upheld by the Moslem Government.
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