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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20Island
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Hope Island
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Hope Island may refer to:
Places
Antarctica
Nadezhdy Island (Hope Island)
Australia
Hope Island, Queensland, a suburb of Gold Coast City
Hope Island (Tasmania)
Hope Islands (Queensland), islands that form part of Rossville, Shire of Cook
Hope Islands National Park, a national park on these islands
Canada
Cape Hope Islands, Nunavut
Hope Island (Ontario)
Greenland
Kangeq, Greenland, a settlement formerly known as the Island of Hope ()
India
Hope Island, India
Kiribati
Arorae (formerly called Hope Island)
Norway
Hope Island, Norway, also called Hopen
United States
Hope Island (Maine)
Hope Island (Rhode Island)
Hope Island State Park (Mason County, Washington)
Isle of Hope, Georgia
Fiction
Hope Island (TV series)
Home of Gaia in the series Captain Planet and the Planeteers
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13119326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne%20and%20Orchids
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Champagne and Orchids
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Champagne and Orchids is an American variety show broadcast on the now defunct DuMont Television Network. The network series ran from September 6, 1948, to January 10, 1949. Champagne and Orchids was a variety show hosted by Adrienne Meyerberg, billed simply as 'Adrienne', who sang in English, French, and Spanish.
The musical program, produced and distributed by DuMont, aired live at 8 pm EST on Monday nights on most DuMont affiliates. The show had premiered on Dumont's New York station in December 1947. The network series was cancelled in 1949. DuMont replaced the series with Newsweek Views the News.
Episode status
Despite airing during a time when few TV networks preserved much of their programming, at least two episodes survive at the UCLA Film and Television Archive, however the film print of one of these episodes is deteriorating.
See also
List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network
List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts
1948-49 United States network television schedule
References
Bibliography
David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004)
Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980)
Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964)
External links
DuMont historical website
1948 American television series debuts
1949 American television series endings
1940s American variety television series
Black-and-white American television shows
DuMont Television Network original programming
English-language television shows
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69249364
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nonmetal%20monographs
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List of nonmetal monographs
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The purpose of this annotated list is to provide a chronological, consolidated list of nonmetal monographs, which could enable the interested reader to further trace classification approaches in this area. Those marked with a ▲ classify the following 14 elements as nonmetals: H, N; O, S; the stable halogens; and the noble gases.
Steudel R 2020, Chemistry of the Non-metals: Syntheses - Structures - Bonding - Applications, in collaboration with D Scheschkewitz, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, . ▲
Twenty-three nonmetals, including B, Si, Ge, As, Se, Te, and At but not Sb (nor Po). The nonmetals are identified on the basis of their electrical conductivity at absolute zero putatively being close to zero, rather than finite as in the case of metals. That does not work for As however, which has the electronic structure of a semimetal (like Sb).
Halka M & Nordstrom B 2010, "Nonmetals", Facts on File, New York,
A reading level 9+ book covering H, C, N, O, P, S, Se. Complementary books by the same authors examine (a) the post-transition metals (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb and Bi) and metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and Po); and (b) the halogens and noble gases.
Woolins JD 1988, Non-Metal Rings, Cages and Clusters, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, .
A more advanced text that covers H; B; C, Si, Ge; N, P, As, Sb; O, S, Se and Te.
Steudel R 1977, Chemistry of the Non-metals: With an Introduction to Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding, English edition by FC Nachod & JJ Zuckerman, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, . ▲
Twenty-three nonmetals, including B, Si, Ge, As, Se, Te, and Po.
Powell P & Timms PL 1974, The Chemistry of the Non-metals, Chapman & Hall, London, . ▲
Twenty-two nonmetals including B, Si, Ge, As and Te. Tin and antimony are shown as being intermediate between metals and nonmetals; they are later shown as either metals or nonmetals. Astatine is counted as a metal.
Emsley J 1971, The Inorganic Chemistry of the Non-metals, Methuen Educational, London, . ▲
Twenty nonmetals. H is placed over F; B and Si are counted as nonmetals; Ge, As, Sb and Te are counted as metalloids.
Johnson RC 1966, Introductory Descriptive Chemistry: Selected Nonmetals, their Properties, and Behavior, WA Benjamin, New York. ▲
Eighteen nonmetals. H is shown floating over B and C. Silicon, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po and At are shown as semimetals. At is later shown as a nonmetal (p. 133).
Jolly WL 1966, The Chemistry of the Non-metals, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. ▲
Twenty-four nonmetals, including B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and At. H is placed over F.
Sherwin E & Weston GJ 1966, Chemistry of the Non-metallic Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford. ▲
Twenty-three nonmetals. H is shown over Li and F; Germanium, As, Se, and Te are later referred to as metalloids; Sb is shown as a nonmetal but later referred to as a metal. They write, "Whilst these heavier elements [Se and Te] look metallic they show the chemical properties of non-metals and therefore come into the category of "metalloids" (p. 64).
Phillips CSG & Williams RJP 1965, Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 1, Principles and non-metals, Oxford University Press, Clarendon. ▲
Twenty-three nonmetals, excluding Sb, including At. An advanced work for its time, presenting inorganic chemistry as the difficult and complex subject it was, with many novel insights.
Yost DM & Russell Jr, H 1946 Systematic Inorganic Chemistry of the Fifth-and-Sixth-Group Nonmetallic Elements, Prentice-Hall, New York, accessed August 8, 2021.
Includes tellurium as a nonmetallic element.
Bailey GH 1918, The Tutorial Chemistry, Part 1: The Non-Metals, 4th ed., W Briggs (ed.), University Tutorial Press, London.
Fourteen nonmetals (excl. the noble gases), including B, Si, Se, and Te. The author writes that arsenic and antimony resemble metals in their luster and conductivity of heat and electricity but that in their chemical properties they resemble the non-metals, since they form acidic oxides and insoluble in dilute mineral acids; "such elements are called metalloids" (p. 530).
Appleton JH 1897, The Chemistry of the Non-metals: An Elementary Text-Book for Schools and Colleges, Snow & Farnham Printers, Providence, Rhode Island
Eighteen nonmetals: He, Ar; F, Cl, Br, I; O, S, Se, Te; N, P, As, Sb; C, Si; B; H. Neon, germanium, krypton and xenon are listed as new or doubtful elements. For Sb, Appleton writes:
"Antimony is sometimes classed as a metal, sometimes as a non-metal. In case of several other elements the question of classification is difficult—indeed, the classification is one of convenience, in a sense, more than one of absolute scientific certainty. In some of its relations, especially its physical properties, antimony resembles the well-defined metals—in its chemical relations, it falls into the group containing boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, well-defined non-metals." (p. 166).
Appleton JH 1888, Beginners' Hand-book of Chemistry: The Subject Developed by Facts and Principles Drawn Chiefly from the Non-metals, Chautauqua Press, New York.
Fifteen nonmetals including B, Si, As, Sb and Se (the six noble gases were not then known; Ge had only been discovered in 1886). Te is shown in a list of the chemical elements but not mentioned elsewhere.
Gmelin L 1849, Handbook of Chemistry, vol. 2, Non-metallic elements, H Watts (trans.), Cavendish Society, London.
Twelve nonmetals (then called "metalloids"): H, B, C, N, O, F, P, S, Cl, Se, Br, I.
Monographs
Chemistry-related lists
Lists of science textbooks
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4415233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening%20statement
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Opening statement
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An opening statement is generally the first occasion that the trier of fact (jury or judge) has to hear from a lawyer in a trial, aside possibly from questioning during voir dire. The opening statement is generally constructed to serve as a "road map" for the fact-finder. This is especially essential, in many jury trials, since jurors (at least theoretically) know nothing at all about the case before the trial, (or if they do, they are strictly instructed by the judge to put preconceived notions aside). Though such statements may be dramatic and vivid, they must be limited to the evidence reasonably expected to be presented during the trial. Attorneys generally conclude opening statements with a reminder that at the conclusion of evidence, the attorney will return to ask the fact-finder to find in his or her client's favor.
Opening statements are, in theory, not allowed to be argumentative, or suggest the inferences that fact-finders should draw from the evidence they will hear. In actual practice, the line between statement and argument is often unclear and many attorneys will infuse at least a little argumentation into their opening (often prefacing borderline arguments with some variation on the phrase, "As we will show you..."). Objections, though permissible during opening statements, are very unusual, and by professional courtesy are usually reserved only for egregious conduct.
Generally, the prosecution in a criminal case and plaintiff in a civil case is the first to offer an opening statement, and defendants go second. Defendants are also allowed the option of delaying their opening statement until after the close of the prosecution or plaintiff's case. Few take this option, however, so as not to allow the other party's argument to stand uncontradicted for so long.
The techniques of opening statements are taught in courses on trial advocacy. The opening statement is integrated with the overall case strategy through either a theme and theory or, with more advanced strategies, a line of effort. Specific tactics that can be incorporated in an opening statement are audio-visual elements, a clear overview of the coming presentation, and using deposition testimony to highlight key information they can expect of upcoming witnesses.
See also
Closing argument
References
External links
Differences Between Opening Statements and Closing Arguments
Statements
Legal procedure
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1829675
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)
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Yeovil is a constituency created in 1918 represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It has been represented since 2015 by Marcus Fysh, a Conservative.
Boundaries
1918–1974: The Municipal Boroughs of Yeovil and Chard, the Urban Districts of Crewkerne and Ilminster, and the Rural Districts of Chard, Langport, and Yeovil.
1974–1983: As 1918 but with redrawn boundaries.
1983–1997: The District of Yeovil wards of Blackdown, Chard North East, Chard North West, Chard Parish, Chard South East, Chard South West, Chinnock, Coker, Crewkerne Town, Dowlish, Egwood, Hazelbury, Houndstone, Ilminster Town, Lynches, Mudford, Neroche, St Michael's, South Petherton, Stoke, Windwhistle, Yeovil Central, Yeovil East, Yeovil North, Yeovil Preston, Yeovil South, and Yeovil West.
1997–2010: The District of South Somerset wards of Blackdown, Chard Avishayes, Chard Combe, Chard Crimchard, Chard Holyrood, Chard Jocelyn, Coker, Crewkerne, Egwood, Hamdon, Houndstone, Ilminster, Mudford, Neroche, Parrett, St Michael's, South Petherton, Tatworth and Forton, Windwhistle, Yeovil Central, Yeovil East, Yeovil Preston, Yeovil South, Yeovil West, and Yeovil Without.
2010–present: The District of South Somerset wards of Blackdown, Brympton, Chard Avishayes, Chard Combe, Chard Crimchard, Chard Holyrood, Chard Jocelyn, Coker, Crewkerne, Egwood, Hamdon, Ilminster, Ivelchester, Neroche, Parrett, St Michael's, South Petherton, Tatworth and Forton, Windwhistle, Yeovil Central, Yeovil East, Yeovil South, Yeovil West, and Yeovil Without.
Main settlements
The seat covers the towns of Yeovil, Chard, Crewkerne and Ilminster in the county.
History
From 1918 until 1983, Yeovil always returned a Conservative MP (though by only narrow margins over Labour in the 1940s and 1950s). There then followed a period of over 30 years during which the seat was represented by a member of the Liberal Party or their successors, the Liberal Democrats; firstly former leader Paddy Ashdown (1983–2001) and then former Chief Secretary to the Treasury David Laws (2001 to 2015). At the 2015 election, the seat returned to its former Conservative allegiance as Marcus Fysh defeated Laws by over 5,000 votes.
The South Somerset district voted 57% to leave the European Union, and academic analysis estimates that Yeovil itself voted 59% to leave. There was a swing of 7.7% away from the pro-Remain Liberal Democrats towards the pro-Leave Conservatives, which made the seat much safer in 2017, Marcus Fysh's majority increasing to just under 15,000. In 2019 the voters slightly increased this majority (to over 16,000).
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Elections in the 2000s
Elections in the 1990s
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1970s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1950s
Election in the 1940s
Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
Conservative: John Fox-Strangways
Liberal: James Bateman
Labour: Malcolm MacPherson
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1910s
See also
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Somerset
Notes
References
Parliamentary constituencies in Somerset
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Yeovil
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41471913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Stranger%20in%20Paradise
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A Stranger in Paradise
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A Stranger in Paradise is a 2013 thriller film directed by Corrado Boccia and starring Colin Egglesfield, Catalina Sandino Moreno, Stuart Townsend and Byron Mann.
Plot
As written in the article by Movies News Week, the main character of Josh Pratt, played by (Colin Egglesfield), is on the verge of becoming a partner at a multibillion-dollar hedge fund, but then his life is turned upside down when the Securities and Exchange Commission investigates the head of the fund for insider trading. Pratt finds himself forced into a “vacation” he never asked for; he ends up in Bangkok with a price on his head, a morally ambiguous brother who is deeply involved with the Thai mafia, and a propensity for getting shot at.
Unfortunately for Pratt, the only way out is to give up information he doesn’t know he has.
Cast
Colin Egglesfield as Josh Pratt
Catalina Sandino Moreno as Jules
Byron Mann as Lek
Stuart Townsend as Paul Pratt
Gary Daniels as Derek, Paul's bodyguard
Sonia Couling-Vacharasinthu as Chris
James Wearing Smith (James With) as Zane
Teerapat Sajakul as Police Captain
Sompob Benjathikul as Virote
Jay Acovone as The Interrogator
Ronnie Reid as Agent Harry
Varintorn Yaroojjanont as Somchai
Wittaya Chaiseriwongsawang as Ray
Lynette Emond as Oh
Elina Loukas as Elena
Jan Yousagoon as Mei
Sakuntara Peakjuturat as Captain's Assistant
Paul-Dominique Vacharasinthu as Butler
Production
A Stranger in Paradise was entirely filmed in Thailand with the film's official poster featuring a team of credited producers, emanating from Thailand and abroad; local production services were managed by Benetone Films, and the company website states the firm was an executive producer and a line producer for the film. Production companies collaborating on the film include 24/7 Films, Benetone Films, Hillin Entertainment, Tribus P Films (ex Marengo Films); Noalternative Films is cited as a distribution company in an alternative video with additional footage not shown in the official trailer.
Floods in Bangkok
It is stated that the production was Benetone's first investment into a Hollywood style of film-making and despite expressed nervousness from the producers, the production continued filming during heavy flooding impacting Bangkok, which occurred throughout October and November 2011, and in the same article Marengo Films is also quoted as an executive producer.
Release
The film had its world premiere on February 14, 2014.
Reception
Critical reception for A Stranger in Paradise has been predominantly negative. The Los Angeles Times and The Dissolve both panned the movie; the Los Angeles Times wrote "Besides the pedestrian caricatures of gangsters and strippers, Boccia doesn't make much of the inherent mystery and alienation of the Thai setting as Nicolas Winding Refn did with "Only God Forgives." Even the twists late in the plot underwhelm."
Awards
A Stranger in Paradise appears to have been recognised with an Honorable Award For Contribution to Thailand's International Film Industry in the Thailand International Film Destination Festival 2019 website.
References
External links
2013 films
2013 thriller films
English-language films
American thriller films
American films
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51194040
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theh%20Kanjla
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Theh Kanjla
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Theh Kanjla is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Theh Kanjla. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
Demography
According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Theh Kanjla has 10 houses with the total population of 63 persons of which 36 are male and 27 females. Literacy rate of Theh Kanjla is 62.71%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 4 which is 6.35% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 333, lower than the state average of 846.
Population data
References
External links
Kapurthala Villages List
Villages in Kapurthala district
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64681052
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Baross
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John Baross
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John A. Baross (born August 27, 1940) is an American marine microbiologist and professor of oceanography and astrobiology at the University of Washington who has made significant discoveries in the field of microbial ecology of hydrothermal vents and the physiology of thermophilic bacteria and archaea.
Education and academic career
Baross earned Bachelors of Science degrees in Microbiology and Chemistry from San Francisco State University in 1965. He earned a MS and PhD in Microbiology from University of Washington in 1973. At Oregon State University, he was a postdoctoral researcher (1973-1977), an assistant professor (1977-1983), and an associate professor (1983-1985). He moved to University of Washington in 1985 and has been a full professor there since 1995. He was one of the founding members of the University of Washington Astrobiology program.
Discoveries on volcanic microbial habitats
Baross was one of the first to show that thermophilic microbes grow in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, work that involved incubating samples on the research vessel's engine block. His research group has studied microorganisms at Axial Seamount, North Gorda Ridge, and the CoAxial Segment in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, and Lost City Hydrothermal Field.
Baross was among the first microbiologists to sample Mt. St. Helens after it erupted in 1980; this research revealed the succession of anaerobic microorganisms in volcanic lakes after the eruption and the importance of the nitrogen cycle in restoration of the lakes to their former states.
Astrobiology
Baross' research focuses on extreme environments, particularly volcanic environments, and implications for the origin of life. He was among the first to propose hydrothermal vents as a site for the origin of life. He has coined the term ‘ribofilm’ – a proto-biofilm that may have acted as the first living organism. Baross advocates the idea that key metabolic pathways, in particular those involving metalloenzymes, are rooted in geochemical reactions on mineral surfaces. He is therefore a major proponent for the exploration of icy moons like Enceladus which was discovered to be geochemically active and may favor the production of essential biomolecules. His recent contributions stress the importance of an environmentally diverse planetary surface with active hydrological and geological cycles as an ideal setting for prebiotic reaction networks.
Baross chaired two National Academy of Sciences task groups on origins of life topics: the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (2000-2004) and the Group on the Limits of Organic Life in the Universe (2004-2007). These groups explored the possibility of "weird life" based on alternative substrates. He has served on six national and international planetary protection committees. He is the co-author of the textbook "Planets and Life: The Emerging Science of Astrobiology."
Service and honors
Baross is a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, chair of the Steering Committee of the International Census of Marine Microbes, and involved in collection of the hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys on display at the American Museum of Natural History. He was the 2021 recipient of the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal and was the featured scientist for December 2021 in the 2021 NASA Science Calendar.
References
External links
https://depts.washington.edu/astrobio/drupal/profiles/john-baross
https://www.ocean.washington.edu/home/John_Baross
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAs_SwAu0nA
Living people
1940 births
University of Washington alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
University of Washington faculty
American microbiologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
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26815773
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%20Martlets%20ice%20hockey
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McGill Martlets ice hockey
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The McGill Martlets are a women's ice hockey team that represents McGill University, based in Montreal, Quebec. They are members of the Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ), and compete for the Canadian Interuniversity Sport women's ice hockey championship. Some players have participated internationally, including in the World Student Games. Home games are played at McConnell Arena. In addition, the Martlets are connected to the McGill Team (the university's male ice hockey team), and are subject to the same direction and management of McGill Athletics and Recreation.
Origin name
The origin of name "Martlet" is used in reference to the coat of arms of McGill University, which includes three birds. These birds were originally a part of the family crest of James McGill, founder of the university. The McGill Martlet Foundation, created in 1954, uses this heraldic symbol. The foundation is a philanthropic organization aimed at helping student athletes at McGill. In 1976, various women's teams at McGill University adopted the use of the name "Martlets".
History
Since 1896, women's ice hockey has existed at McGill University. In the early years of ice hockey play at McGill University, women dressed in long skirts and males were not allowed to attend. The only exceptions were the referee and the arena employees who guarded the main entrance. The ban was lifted a few years later.
The McGill women's ice hockey team participated in the first Women Provincial Ontario Championship in 1914. The university league was dissolved in 1933. From 1936 to 1948, followed by the time period of 1951 to 1960, there was no competition in the Women Interuniversity Athletics Union (WIAU).
A renewal began in the 1960s. In 1963, David Kerr, a male member of the McGill Redmen, agreed to assist in the revival of the McGill women's ice hockey team. In 2006, Kerr and his wife Sheryl Drysdale (the couple met at McGill) donated $1 million for the hockey program. It is the largest donation ever made for a female sporting program in Canadian university history. The donation allowed the team's trainers to assume a full-time role with the team. In addition, the team was able to employ a scout for the Martlets in the recruitment of collegial players in Quebec.
Despite winning the 1985 Quebec Championship, the Martlets only managed to reach the qualifying rounds only once in the next 13 years. A turnaround for the Martlets began with the arrival of goalkeeper Kim St-Pierre in 1998. Her performance during four seasons helped Martlets become competitive in the Quebec Student Sports Federation, while qualifying for the playoff rounds of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport women's ice hockey championship. Martlets goaltender Kim St. Pierre also played a game for the McGill Redmen. She was the first woman in Canadian Interuniversity Sports history to win a men's regular season game when McGill University defeated Ryerson University on November 15, 2003 by a score of 5–2. Overall, the Martlets have won ten QSSF championships and three Canadian Interuniversity Sport women's ice hockey championship.
2006 and beyond
During the 2006–07 CIS season, the Martlets were ranked as the number one university team for the duration of the entire season. At the end of season, the Martlets were crowned Quebec champions and awarded a silver medal in the Canadian championships. In the CIS final, the Martlets were defeated by a 4–0 score versus the Alberta Pandas women's ice hockey club. Of note, 9 of their 21 players were rookies. The following season (2007–08), the Martlets enjoyed an undefeated season, with 33 wins. In the 2008 postseason, the Martlets (with a record of 7 victories, 0 defeats), claimed the national title on March 10, 2008, in Ottawa, with a 2–0 victory against the Laurier Golden Hawks women's ice hockey program.
At the end of the 2008–09 season, the Martlets were the national women's champions for the second consecutive year. In a rematch of the previous final, the Martlets defeat the Laurier Golden Hawks women's ice hockey team by a score of 3–1. The streak ended in the 2009–10 season, the Martlets appeared in the 2010 championship game, but were defeated by the Alberta Pandas by a 2–0 tally. Goaltender Charline Labonte and head coach Peter Smith were not with the club as they participated in the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games.
n the 2010–11 season, the Martlets won the QSSF and CIS titles. In addition, the Martlets enjoy another undefeated season with 33 victories and no losses. With their third Canadian championship in four years, the McGill Martlets hockey team become the most decorated in the history of McGill University. On October 1, 2011, the Martlets defeated the Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey program by a 3–2 tally. With the win, coach Peter Smith earned the 300th victory of his coaching career. Twenty-eight days later (on October 29, 2011), Montreal Carabins women's ice hockey skater Ariane Barker scored with 71 seconds left to give the squad a 3–2 win at McConnell Arena. Martlets goaltender Charline Labonte took the loss for the Martlets, giving her a 69–2 overall record in her CIS career. It marked the Martlets first loss to a Quebec conference opponent for the first time in 108 games.
Awards and honors
Kim St. Pierre: Hockey Hall of Fame
RSEQ Awards
2019-20 RSEQ LEADERSHIP AWARD: Emilia Cotter, McGill
Most Outstanding Player
2011-12 RSEQ MOST OUTSTANDING PLAYER: Ann-Sophie Bettez
2016-17 RSEQ MOST OUTSTANDING PLAYER: Mélodie Daoust, McGill
Rookie of the Year
2011-12 RSEQ ROOKIE OF THE YEAR: Mélodie Daoust
2016-17 RSEQ ROOKIE OF THE YEAR: Tricia Deguire, McGill
RSEQ All-Stars
First Team
2011-12 RSEQ FIRST ALL-STAR TEAM: Charline Labonté
2016-17 RSEQ First Team All-Stars: Mélodie Daoust
2016-17 RSEQ First Team All-Stars: Tricia Deguire
2019-20 RSEQ FIRST TEAM ALL-STAR: Tricia Deguire
2019-20 RSEQ FIRST TEAM ALL-STAR: Jade Downie-Landry
Second Team
2016-17 RSEQ Second Team All-Stars: Olivia Atkinson
2016-17 RSEQ Second Team All-Stars: Marie-Philip Lavoie
2019-20 RSEQ SECOND TEAM ALL-STAR: Kate Devries
2019-20 RSEQ SECOND TEAM ALL-STAR: Léa Dumais
RSEQ All-Rookies
2016-17 RSEQ All-Rookie Team: Tricia Deguire
2016-17 RSEQ All-Rookie Team: Jade Downie-Landry
CIS awards
Kim St. Pierre, 2000, MVP at the CIS Women's Ice Hockey Championship Tournament
Catherine Ward, 2007 CIS Rookie of the Year
Catherine Ward, 2007 CIS Tournament All-Star Team
Ann-Sophie Bettez, 2008 CIS Rookie of the Year, BLG Award (CIS Female Athlete of the Year) 2011–12
Marie-Andrée Leclerc-Auger, 2009 CIS Rookie of the Year
Leclerc-Auger became the third member of the Martlets in three years to be named as the top rookie in CIS women’s hockey. This marked the first time in CIS history that players from the same school in a team sport were honoured as the nation’s best freshman for three consecutive years. Catherine Ward and Ann-Sophie Bettez received the award in 2006–07 and 2007–08.
Charline Labonté, 2009 BLG Award nominee (honouring the top CIS female and male athletes)
Ann-Sophie Bettez, CIS Player of the Year (Brodick Trophy) (2011–12)
Melodie Daoust, CIS Rookie of the Year (Tissot Award) (2011–12)
USports Awards
Mélodie Daoust, 2013 Brodrick Trophy winner
Mélodie Daoust, 2013 RSEQ scoring champion
All-Canadians
First Team
Mélodie Daoust, 2012-13 USports First Team All-Canadian
Second Team
Jade Downie-Landry, 2019-20 U Sports Second Team All-Canadian
Katia Clement-Heydra, 2012-13 USports Second Team All-Canadian
Brittney Fouracres, 2015-16 U Sports Second Team All-Canadian
U Sports All-Rookie
Gabrielle Davidson: 2012-13 USports All-Rookie Team
Jade Downie-Landry, 2017 USports All-Rookie Team
Tricia Deguire, 2017 USports All-Rookie Team
Goaltender – Charline Labonté, 2009 First Team
Defence – Catherine Ward, 2009 First Team
Forward – Ann-Sophie Bettez, 2009 First Team
Defence – Cathy Chartrand, 2009 Second Team
Forward – Vanessa Davidson, 2009 Second Team
Forward – Marie-Andrée Leclerc-Auger, 2009 All-Rookie Team
Ann-Sophie Bettez, All-Canadian First Team (2011–12)
Melodie Daoust, 2015-16 U Sports First Team All-Canadian
Team awards
Goaltender Charline Labonté and forward Ann-Sophie Bettez of Sept-Iles, Quebec, shared the honor as co-MVPs of the 2009 McGill women's hockey team
Chantal Gauvin, 2009 Most dedicated player honours.
Marie-Andrée Leclerc-Auger, earned Martlets 2009 rookie-of-the-year honours
Marie-Andrée Leclerc-Auger, 2009 Martlets top sniper.
Rebecca Martindale, 2009 Most improved player
Catherine Ward, 2009 Most outstanding defenceman award.
Catherine Ward won silver with Canada Under 22 team at the 2009 MLP Nations Cup in Germany
Notable Martlets
Several former players McGill Martlets went on to become famous professional hockey players, including Kim St-Pierre, Catherine Ward.
Martlets in pro hockey
International
Ann-Sophie Bettez : 2010 MLP Nations Cup
Olympics
Charline Labonte : Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament, Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament, Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament
Kim St. Pierre : Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament, Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament, Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament
Catherine Ward : Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament, Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament
Winter Universiade
Alyssa Cecere : 2009 Winter Universiade
Brittney Fouracres - McGill : 2015 Winter Universiade
See also
2011–12 McGill Martlets women's ice hockey season
2010–11 McGill Martlets women's hockey season
2009–10 McGill Martlets women's hockey season
2008–09 McGill Martlets women's ice hockey season
References
External links
U Sports women's ice hockey teams
Women's ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Montreal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Ma%20Foundation
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Jack Ma Foundation
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The Jack Ma Foundation (JMF) has been since 2014 the philanthropic arm of the Chinese activities of Jack Ma.
History
In September 2018, Ma announced that he would retire from the company he founded and the source of his wealth, internet merchandiser Alibaba, in order to pursue educational work, philanthropy, and environmental causes.
In 2019 the JMF started the Netpreneur Initiative that grants ten prizes of one million dollars each to ten African entrepreneurs per year and launched a fund with $14.6 million to develop education in Tibet.
In 2020, JMF was announced as one of the alliance partners of Prince William's Earthshot Prize to find solutions to environmental issues.
Coronavirus
In March 2020, in response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Jack Ma Foundation announced its intention to donate a total 500,000 testing kits and 1 million masks to the United States, stating "we join hands with Americans in these difficult times". The Foundation, along with the Alibaba Group, has also donated similar materials to Iran, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Japan and South Korea. He also announced a donation of 1.1 million tests, 6 million masks, and 60,000 protective suits to all African countries to combat the pandemic. For instance in Nigeria a senior health official, Abdulaziz Abdullahi, said that the country had received 100,000 face masks, 1,000 protective gowns and 20,000 test kits.
On 18 March 2020, the JMF published Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment, a detailed 68-page book edited by Tingbo Liang that documents the clinical experience obtained at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Zhejiang University School of Medicine in the fight against the coronavirus pandemic.
The BBC called Ma's efforts to send medical equipment to over 150 countries "unrivaled". While Jack Dorsey of Twitter has pledged more money, Ma's shipments of vital supplies might sometimes be more welcome than cash. Beneficiaries include the U.S., Russia, Israel, and Iran; as of April 2020, Ma has declined to donate to any countries such as Honduras and Haiti that have diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Chinese ambassadors are often present at ceremonial handovers of Ma's supplies to beneficiary countries. Ma's shipments appear to have gone smoothly, with the exceptions of Cuba and Eritrea; in contrast, shipments to several countries from the Chinese government have been criticized for being faulty or being too low-quality to use. Following U.S. State Department gratitude over Taiwan's shipment of 2 million masks, the Chinese Foreign Ministry tweeted in April 2020, "Wonder if @StateDept has any comment on Jack Ma's donation of 1 million masks and 500k testing kits as well as Chinese companies' and provinces' assistance?" Chinese media at one point in April 2020 mentioned Ma almost as often as it mentioned China's leader, Xi Jinping. While Ma is a member of the Communist Party, some analysts nevertheless believe that the Chinese government may view Ma's personal foreign and domestic popularity as a mixed blessing.
References
Jack Ma
Biomedical research foundations
Organizations established in 2018
2018 establishments in China
Organizations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Magnitz
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Frank Magnitz
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Frank Rüdiger Heinrich Magnitz (born 29 June 1952) is a German politician from the Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) party. Magnitz has been a Member of the Bundestag since 2017.
Biography
Magnitz was born in Neuenkirchen in the district of Diepholz in Lower Saxony. He has qualifications in banking and teaching, has worked for Bremen social services and founded a commercial construction company, and is a property manager and estate agent.
Political career
Originally a German Communist Party member, he joined the AfD in 2013, the year it was founded, largely over anti-Muslim and anti-euro sentiments. He became speaker of the Bremen branch in June 2015. In May 2015 he was elected to the council for the borough of , and in the 2017 German federal election he won a levelling seat in the German parliament, the Bundestag, where he is a member of the committees for construction, housing, urban development and community and for traffic and digital infrastructure and a deputy member of the committee for environment, protection of nature and nuclear security.
On 7 January 2019, Magnitz was attacked after leaving a reception at the Bremen Kunsthalle, and badly injured. Surveillance video showed three people, one of whom struck him a blow to the base of the skull with an elbow.
From 2015 to 2019 Magnitz was chairman of the AfD federal state association in Bremen. He resigned in September 2019 after party internal disputes over his double mandate in Bremen and in the federal government Bundestag. His successor is Peter Beck.
Personal life
Magnitz is married and has six children. He lives in the St. Magnus section of Burglesum.
References
1952 births
Living people
People from Diepholz (district)
Alternative for Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Bremen
20th-century German politicians
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag for the Alternative for Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rk%20Sz%C3%A9csi
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Márk Szécsi
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Márk Szécsi (born 22 May 1994 in Eger) is a Hungarian football player currently playing for the Hungarian team Debreceni VSC as a midfielder.
Club statistics
Updated to games played as of 19 December 2021.
External links
MLSZ
References
1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Eger
Hungarian footballers
Association football forwards
Debreceni VSC players
Kecskeméti TE players
Nyíregyháza Spartacus FC players
Puskás Akadémia FC players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
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42842887
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Maingot
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Henry Maingot
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Henry Maingot was a sailor from the France, who represented his native country at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Maingot took the 8th in the 1st race of the 3 to 10 ton.
References
Sources
French male sailors (sport)
Sailors at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 3 to 10 ton
Sailors at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Open class
Olympic sailors of France
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
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18294365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20New%20Hymnal
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Chinese New Hymnal
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The Chinese New Hymnal () was published in the early 1980s and is the main hymnal used by the Protestant churches registered through the TSPM in present-day China.
History
The Chinese New Hymnal was begun being edited in the 1980s when persecution against religion, especially against Christianity, during the Cultural Revolution subsided and churches were reopened, with the intention to collect both domestic and overseas hymns. Its "Simple notation (in ) version", using the numbered musical notation system, was published in 1983 and "staff musical notation version" in 1985. The former version is predominantly used in the present-day China. Editors include Lin Shengben, a renowned Chinese hymn composer.
The Chinese New Hymnal includes 400 hymns, with the addendum of 40 "Short Songs". In addition to the songs from Europe and the Americas, special effort was made to collect the songs written by the Chinese people, such as those from Wang Weifan, T. C. Chao, and Lin Shengben. It was printed by Amity Printing Co. and published by China Christian Council. "The English-Chinese Bilingual New Hymnal" was later published in 1998.
This hymnal features two indexes. The first one arranges hymns according to the first notes in the melody and the second one to the first line of text.
The Protestant churches in the present-day China almost exclusively select the worship songs from this hymn book. A new printing of the Chinese Union Version Bible by the Amity Foundation in 2004 also incorporates this hymnal under the same volume. Some of the Chinese-written songs have been adopted by the hymnals of other countries.
An additional collection of 200 songs used in worship have been compiled and published as a separate volume in October 2009. This addition contains some much-needed titles suited for various occasions as well as newly written pieces. About a quarter of the titles are locally made and the remainder are imported and Chinese lyrics set. The songs are indexed twice in the same fashion as its predecessor. Versions both in numerical and staff notation versions are available. Most of the titles were copyrighted at time of publication.
Songs in other hymnals are simpler and thus illiterate and under-educated people prefer hymnals like the Canaan Hymns, used widely in the Chinese house churches.
Protestant worship in China
The Chinese Union Version of the Bible, the Chinese New Hymnal, the Lord's Prayer as it is written in the Chinese Union Version and the Apostles' Creed are usually used in the Three-Self churches in China.
See also
List of Chinese hymn books
Christianity in China
Protestantism in China
Hymns and Hymnals
China Christian Council
Numbered musical notation
Chinese Union Version of the Bible
References
Further reading
External links
Christianity in China
Protestant hymnals
Chinese music
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Freeman%20%28newspaper%29
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The Freeman (newspaper)
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The Freeman is a daily English-language newspaper published in Cebu, Philippines. It is the longest-running newspaper in Cebu, first published on May 10, 1919. Since 2004, the newspaper has been published by the Philstar Media Group, publisher of the Manila-based newspaper, The Philippine STAR, with former owner Jose "Dodong" Gullas retaining editorial control over the newspaper. The motto of the newspaper is "Fair and fearless".
History
Background
The Freeman'''s beginnings can be traced back to the American colonial era in the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. At the time, the Americans had just granted the Filipino people several civil and political rights, including freedom of the press, which encourage several enterprising individuals to establish various newspapers in English and the local languages.
In Cebu, several local newspapers emerged, such as the first Cebuano-owned newspapers La Justicia (1899) and El Nacional (1899), owned by politician, lawyer and journalist Vicente Sotto. He and his brother Filemon went on to establish other newspapers such as El Pueblo (1900), Ang Suga (1901-12), Ang Kaluwasan (1902-10), and La Revolucion (1910-41).
Other scions of political families also followed suit and published their own newspapers, such as Sergio Osmeña’s El Nuevo Dia (1900-03), Mariano Cuenco's El Precursor (1907-41) and El Boletin Catolico (1915-30), and Vicente Rama's La Nueva Fuerza/Bag-ong Kusog (1915-40). Other newspapers include La Epoca (1922), owned by Jewish entrepreneur Leopoldo Falek, and the Catholic newspapers Ang Camatuoran (1902-11) and Atong Kabilin (1916).
Early years
Inspired by the success of earlier newspapers and the increasing popularity of the English language among locals, lawyer, journalist and scion of the Gullas political family, Paulino Gullas, decided to establish his own newspaper. A former correspondent for the Manila-based newspaper The Cablenews-American, Paulino published the first issue of the English-language newspaper The Freeman on 10 May 1919.
The newspaper was first published at its office along P. Lopez Street corner Colon Street in Cebu City, before moving to an office at the corner of Juan Luna and Colon Streets later on. The maiden issue consisted of 16 pages: 12 in English and four in Visayan. The next six issues equally divided its pages between English and Visayan sections. Over the years, the number of pages varied from 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 40 and 32.
The release of The Freeman soon gave rise to other English-language newspapers in Cebu, namely Jose Avila's The Advertiser (1922), Mariano Cuenco's Cebu Daily News, Leopoldo Falek's Star (1927), Vicente Rama's Progress (1928), Cesar Mercader's The Cebu Herald (1938), Cornelio Faigao's The Challenger (1940), Pete Calomarde's Morning Times (1943), and Alfredo Cruz and Angel Anden's The Pioneer Press (1945).The Freeman became an important mouthpiece for the Gullas political family and was essential in Paulino's election as representative of Cebu City's Second District in the House of Representatives from 1925 to 1927. However, the newspaper temporarily ceased publication in 1934 after Paulino was elected as Cebu's delegate to the 1934 Constitutional Convention from 30 July 1934 to 8 February 1935 that created the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
The newspaper wasn't able to return to publication with the outbreak of World War II and the Japanese bombardment of Cebu in 1941. Paulino later joined the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI), the only Filipino political party recognized by the Japanese Military Administration and became commissioner of its Visayas chapter. This led to his appointment as member of the National Assembly from 1943 to 1944 during the Second Philippine Republic.
Post-war revival
With Paulino's death during the American bombardment of Cebu in 1945, The Freeman would not return to newsstands until 1965 when his nephew Jose "Dodong'" Gullas revived the periodical as a weekly magazine, and then as a daily English newspaper in 1969. Dodong sought the advice of his father Vicente Gullas and Paulino's widow Hilda in reviving the paper. He also hired journalists Balt Quinain and Juanito Jabat to manage the paper, with Dodong serving as publisher, Quinain as editor-in-chief, and Jabat as associate editor.
After dictator Ferdinand Marcos placed the entire Philippines under Martial Law in 1972, The Freeman was among the few community newspapers that remained in circulation and dared to publish news and accounts about the excesses and abuses of the regime.
On 23 August 1994, The Freeman began publishing the Cebuano-language tabloid Banat as demand for printed news and content in the local language surged. In 2019, Banat celebrated 25 years in circulation as Cebu's leading tabloid newspaper in the vernacular language.The Freeman is currently owned and operated by the Philstar Media Group, publisher of the Manila-based, nationally circulated broadsheet The Philippine STAR. The media company, which is owned by the Belmonte family, acquired the newspaper along with its sister publication Banat on 24 August 2004 as part of its strategy of acquiring community newspapers to expand its reach and influence throughout the Philippines.In 2014, Philstar Media Group was acquired by Mediaquest Holdings Inc., the media conglomerate of PLDT chairman and CEO Manuel V. Pangilinan, making The Freeman and Banat part of the MVP Group of Companies along with other publications such as The Philippine STAR, Pilipino Star Ngayon, Pang-Masa, Starweek and BusinessWorld.
Aside from print, The Freeman also has an online presence via The Philippine STAR's website, as well as in social media. In January 2011, the newspaper opened its official Facebook page, followed by a Twitter page in March. On 10 May 2019, The Freeman celebrated its 100th founding anniversary.
Awards
In its more than a century of operation, The Freeman has received several accolades from different award-bodies due to its excellent reportage. The newspaper is a consistent award winner in various categories of the Philippine Press Institute (PPI) Civil Journalism Community Press Awards since its inception in 1996. The newspaper has won Best in Business and Economic Reporting (1996), Best in Photojournalism (1996, 1998, 2009), Best in Newspaper Design (1996, 1998), Best in Science and Technology Reporting (1996), Best Edited Newspaper (1998), Best in Environmental Reporting (1997, 2015), Best in Fisheries Reporting (2015), Best in Cultural-Historical Reporting (1998) and Best Editorial Page (1998, 2016). In 1999, PPI placed The Freeman in the awards' Hall of Fame for raking in numerous awards for three consecutive years.The Freeman was also named by the Rotary Club of Manila as the Best Regional Newspaper in 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. It has also received accolades from the Cebu Archdiocesan Mass Media Awards for Photojournalism (2017) and Column Writing (2011, 2015).
In 2018, it received received three Gawad Tugas awards—Environmental Story of the Year, Environmental Journalist of the Year, and Environmental Publisher of the Year—from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region 7.
Notable columnists
See alsoCebu Daily NewsSunStar CebuThe Philippine Star''
References
External links
The Philippine Star
Daily newspapers published in the Philippines
Newspapers published in Cebu
Publications established in 1919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201979%20Pan%20American%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20100%20metre%20freestyle
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Swimming at the 1979 Pan American Games – Women's 100 metre freestyle
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The women's 100 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 8 July at the Piscina Olimpica Del Escambron. The last Pan American Games champion was Kim Peyton of US.
This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.
Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.
Heats
The first round was held on July 8.
Final
The final was held on July 8.
References
Swimming at the 1979 Pan American Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete%20Jung
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Margarete Jung
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Margarete Jung (12 May 1898 — 30 November 1979) was a German communist who was imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration camp during World War II and later held leadership positions in East Germany.
Arrested in 1936 for distributing anti-Nazi literature, Jung was sentenced to five years imprisonment. In 1942, at the end of her sentence instead of being freed she was transferred to the Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she survived until the end of the war.
After the war, Jung lived in East Germany and held leadership positions in East German communist and women's organizations. She died in 1979 in East Berlin.
Early life
Born in 1898, Jung joined the Spartacus League in 1918 and became a member of the Communist Party of Germany in 1919.
Resistance to Nazism
After the Nazi Party seized power in 1933, the Communist Party was declared illegal and went underground. Many Communist Party members were arrested and imprisoned. Some were held only for a short period, supposedly to be re-educated, others were held longer. Margarete Jung and her husband continued to distribute anti-Fascist literature in this period.
Jung was arrested in 1936 and in 1937 the People's Court sentenced her to five years imprisonment. Jung served her sentence in the jails of Jawor and Waldheim and should have been released in 1942, but was instead re-arrested and transferred to the Ravensbrück concentration camp where she survived until the end of the war.
Life in East Germany
After the end of World War II, Jung lived in East Germany. In 1946 she joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, becoming a member of the district committee in Prenzlauer Berg and the district leadership in Berlin and working on the Main Committee of the Victims of Fascism from 1945 to 1947.
On 27 October 1951, Jung was appointed to the central executive committee of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime. After this organisation was replaced in East Germany in 1953 by the Committee of the Anti-fascist Resistance Fighters she was a representative to the new organisation.
Jung was also on the federal executive committee of the Democratic Women's League of Germany.
Death
Jung died in 1979 in East Berlin.
Notes
References
1898 births
1979 deaths
Anti-fascism in Germany
Communists
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
East German politicians
Women in Nazi Germany
People condemned by Nazi courts
Communists in the German Resistance
German anti-fascists
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20Angel
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Death Angel
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Death Angel is an American thrash metal band from Daly City, California, initially active from 1982 to 1991 and again since 2001. Death Angel has released nine studio albums, two demo tapes, one box set and three live albums. The band has gone through several line-up changes, leaving guitarist Rob Cavestany as the only constant member; he and vocalist Mark Osegueda (who joined the group in 1984) are the only members of Death Angel to appear on all of their studio albums.
Death Angel is often referred to as one of the key bands in the Bay Area thrash metal movement of the 1980s, and secured opening slots at club venues that decade, including opening for their peers Megadeth, Metallica, Slayer, Exodus, Testament, Overkill, D.R.I., Mercyful Fate and Possessed. They are also often credited as one of the leaders of the second wave of thrash metal movement from the 1980s, and considered to be one of the "big eight" of the genre (along with Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, Anthrax, Testament, Exodus and Overkill), as well as one of the so-called "Big Six of Bay Area thrash metal" (alongside Exodus, Testament, Lååz Rockit, Forbidden and Vio-lence). Following the underground success of their first two studio albums, The Ultra-Violence (1987) and Frolic Through the Park (1988), Death Angel signed to Geffen Records in 1989, and released their only album for the label, Act III, the following year. While they were touring in support of Act III, then-drummer Andy Galeon was injured in a tour bus accident and needed more than a year to fully recover. This resulted in the band's break up in 1991. However, Death Angel reformed in 2001 (without original rhythm guitarist Gus Pepa) at the Thrash of the Titans benefit concert for Testament singer Chuck Billy. The band has since released six more albums, including Humanicide (2019), to which the title track gave Death Angel their first-ever Grammy Award nomination. They are currently working on their tenth studio album, which is expected to be released in 2022 or 2023.
History
Early years (1982–1988)
Death Angel was formed in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, in 1982 by cousins Rob Cavestany (lead guitar, backing vocals), Dennis Pepa (lead vocals, bass), Gus Pepa (rhythm guitar), and Andy Galeon (drums) -- all of Filipino descent. After considering a number of different names for the band, including Dark Fury, Cavestany and D. Pepa settled on the name Death Angel after coming across a book by that title in a book store. In 1983, the band released their first demo, Heavy Metal Insanity, with Matt Wallace serving as producer. According to Mark Osegueda, the group was then "more like a metal band, more like Iron Maiden, Tygers of Pan Tang and stuff like that", as the so-called Bay Area thrash movement was only just beginning to rise to prominence at the time and make its influence felt. Osegueda, a second cousin of the other four members who had been working as their roadie, became the group's lead vocalist in 1984 and performed his first show with the band on a bill with Megadeth in April of that year (at one of the four Megadeth gigs to feature Kerry King on guitars).
Death Angel continued to play club gigs in and around the San Francisco Bay area for nearly two years, writing songs and refining their stage show. In 1985, the band recorded the Kill as One demo produced by Metallica's Kirk Hammett, whom they had met at a record store signing in 1983. The underground tape trading wave of the 1980s led to extensive distribution of the demo, bringing the band wide attention. Osegueda later recalled that prior to the release of the band's first album, "We were playing in L.A. and New York, and the crowd was singing our songs, because there was this underground tape trading .... That's what keeps it alive, and I think that's absolutely wonderful."
In 1986, Death Angel performed at their Concord, California high school, Clayton Valley High School (now known as Clayton Valley Charter High School), at lunchtime. They famously dedicated the song "Mistress of Pain" to a Vice Principal.
The success of Kill as One led to a record deal with Enigma Records, who released Death Angel's debut album, The Ultra-Violence, in 1987. The band recorded the album when all the members were still under 20 years old (with drummer Andy Galeon being the youngest at 14), and subsequently embarked on its first tour, supporting such bands as Exodus, Destruction, Voivod, Sacrifice and Whiplash. A video was filmed for "Voracious Souls", a song about a band of cannibals, but it never aired on MTV due to the nature of the lyrics.
Death Angel released their second album, Frolic Through the Park, in 1988. It featured more diverse material than the straightforward thrash of the first album. It included a cover version of the Kiss song "Cold Gin". The band released a video for the single "Bored" which received regular airplay on MTV's Headbangers Ball, and the song appeared two years later on the soundtrack to the movie Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III. The song was written under the seemingly unlikely influence of U2, and the guitar playing of The Edge in particular. Despite the success of Frolic Through the Park, the members of Death Angel have been somewhat critical of the album (including its production and musical direction), and in the band's 2015 documentary A Thrashumentuary, Cavestany called it the band's "bastard album" and an "odd album". Aside from "3rd Floor" and "Bored", Death Angel has rarely played songs from this album live again since they reunited in 2001.
Following the release of Frolic Through the Park, the band toured worldwide for the first time (with the likes of Motörhead, Testament, Flotsam and Jetsam, Overkill, Rigor Mortis, Sacred Reich, Forbidden, Vio-lence and Death) and found notable success in Japan, selling out two full Japanese tours.
Act III and breakup (1989–1991)
Geffen Records bought out the band's contract with Enigma Records in 1989 and released the third Death Angel album, Act III, in 1990. Produced by Max Norman (who had previously worked with Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth, Savatage, Fates Warning and Loudness), the album showcased the band's newfound use of full-band backing vocals, while fusing elements of funk, thrash, and heavy metal with the use of acoustic guitars to give the album a varied feel, while staying true to the group's heavy roots. The album featured the singles "Seemingly Endless Time" and "A Room with a View" (a ballad sung mostly by guitarist Rob Cavestany), and both songs also received airplay on Headbangers Ball, but a mainstream breakthrough still proved elusive. The band released the "A Room with a View" video and single under the name "D.A." and Cavestany explained to a reporter at the time that he now found the band's original name "Restricting. The name Death Angel seems to imply hardcore thrash gloom-and-doom death metal, and we're not like that at all. If I were presented with 10 records, and one of them was by a band called Death Angel, and I'd never heard of them, I'd stick that one on the bottom!"
Also in 1990, Enigma Records, already having sold its interest in the band to the Geffen label, illegally released and distributed Fall from Grace, an unauthorized bootleg live album featuring songs from their first two releases and recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The album was released without any input from the band members with regard to its songs, contents, credits, concepts, or artwork. The band learned of its existence when they stumbled upon it in a record store in Tucson, Arizona, on the night prior to suffering a near-fatal auto accident. Enigma Records folded after the release, cashing in on the sales. The album was picked up, manufactured and distributed by Capitol Records, also possibly illegally.
Death Angel had embarked on what was scheduled to be a worldwide tour in support of Act III in 1990, selling out shows at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco, The Ritz in New York, and England's Hammersmith Odeon, and touring, or playing selected shows, with the likes of Forbidden, Vicious Rumors, Sanctuary, Sepultura, Sacred Reich, Morbid Angel, Atheist, Forced Entry, Dead Horse and former Megadeth guitarist Chris Poland. While driving in Arizona en route to a show in Las Vegas, the group's tour bus crashed, and drummer Andy Galeon was critically injured, needing more than a year to recover. Cavestany said at the time that "[i]n a way, it made perfect sense to have a major accident right now, it really fit the story line. We've been pushing so hard for 8 years and just not getting that far, and getting so frustrated with not being where we should be after so long, it was time for something climactic to happen!" The band was also slated to be the opening act for the Clash of the Titans tour featuring Megadeth, Slayer, and Anthrax in the summer of 1991, but were ultimately replaced by Alice in Chains since they were unable to perform. Additionally, Death Angel and Geffen were planning to release a live album recorded at shows in the Bay Area, and the band was intending to tour a number of other countries it had not previously visited. According to Cavestany, they were invited to tour Europe with Annihilator and Judas Priest, supporting the latter on their Painkiller tour; however, due to the bus accident, Death Angel cancelled the offer and was replaced by Pantera.
Following the accident, Geffen Records and the band's manager pressured the group to hire another drummer and immediately go back to work. The band performed a few shows in Japan with drummer Chris Kontos, but when they declined to hire a long-term replacement, Geffen Records dropped them.
Osegueda left the group and moved to New York to pursue a life outside of music, and Cavestany later explained that "[w]e weren't going to try to replace him and with all that stuff happening we were just totally disgusted at how things had turned out and we felt that this was a sign that the band was not going to go on." The remaining members performed a few acoustic-only shows in the Bay Area, appearing as "The Past."
Post-breakup (1991–2001)
In the summer of 1991, with Galeon fully recovered, Death Angel's remaining members, minus Osegueda, reformed under the name The Organization (which was the title of a song on Act III), with Cavestany taking over lead vocal duties. The band focused more on funk and alternative rock than traditional metal. The Organization's first demo was recorded and produced at City College of San Francisco's multitrack studios by Eric Kauschen and Dana Galloway.
The Organization toured extensively throughout the United States and Europe, including two appearances at the Dynamo Open Air Festival in the Netherlands, a support slot on Rob Halford's "Fight" tour, and as the main support act for Motörhead in Europe. However, both 1993's The Organization and 1995's Savor the Flavor albums, which were distributed by Metal Blade Records, failed to make waves with the record-buying public, and Cavestany and Galeon decided to disband.
Around 1992, Osegueda was invited to audition for Anthrax after the departure of Joey Belladonna. The band eventually hired John Bush of Armored Saint, and Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian later wrote that Osegueda "had a great voice but was strangely too metal for us."
In 1998, Cavestany and Galeon reunited with Osegueda for the first time since 1990. Along with bassist Michael Isaiah, they formed Swarm and released a four-track self-titled EP in 1999, and the five-song Devour EP in 2000. Swarm toured with Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains in 2000, and released the compilation album Beyond the End, which combined the contents of the two EPs with a cover of The Doors' "My Eyes Have Seen You", in 2003. Although Swarm did not become a commercial success, it did bring the core members of Death Angel back together, setting up an official reunion.
Reunion, The Art of Dying and Killing Season (2001–2008)
Death Angel officially reunited in August 2001 for Thrash of the Titans, a cancer benefit show for Testament frontman Chuck Billy. Original guitarist Gus Pepa could not participate in the reunion since he was out of the country. At Cavestany's suggestion, and with Pepa's blessing, the band enlisted longtime friend and fan, Ted Aguilar, to handle rhythm guitar duties. Originally planned as a one-off show, the band received such a positive response that they played a string of other well-received gigs around the San Francisco area and a pair of European tours, despite the band not having issued an album in over a decade. They also participated in Wacken Open Air and the Bang your Head 2004. Osegueda had since announced his involvement in the band All Time Highs, but had emphasized that he was going to remain a member of Death Angel.
In 2004, 14 years after their last album, the band released The Art of Dying on Nuclear Blast records. Archives and Artifacts, a box set with remastered versions of the long out-of-print The Ultra-Violence and Frolic Through The Park, along with a bonus Rarities CD and DVD, followed in 2005.
In April 2007, they headlined the seventh Pulp Summer Slam in the Philippines. In August 2007, Rob Cavestany released a solo CD of acoustic songs called Lines on the Road, the material on which was written in collaboration with Gus Pepa, and performed by Cavestany (vocals, bass, guitar) Gus Pepa (guitar) and Andy Galeon (drums).
The bands fifth album Killing Season, recorded at Dave Grohl's Studio 606 in Northridge, California, was released on February 26, 2008. The video for the albums track "Dethroned" debuted online on April 17, 2008 on Headbangers Blog.
Lineup changes, Relentless Retribution and The Dream Calls for Blood (2008–2014)
At a show at the Grand in San Francisco on October 28, 2008, Death Angel announced that founding member Dennis Pepa would be leaving the band, and that the show would be his final live performance with them. Citing creative differences, he stated: "I've been with Death Angel since its inception in the '80s and believe it is time for me to move on. Throughout my career with the band, I've brought a punk-influenced edge to the Death Angel sound, and as an open-minded musician in need of change, I'd like to diversify and explore other opportunities within and beyond the genre of metal.". On January 10, 2009, Death Angel announced the addition of bassist Sammy Diosdado to replace Pepa. Diosdado is a Bay Area native who previously played with the San Francisco hardcore band The Sick and is a member of the rock and roll outfit All Time Highs, which is fronted by Osegueda.
Drummer and founding member Andy Galeon left Death Angel in May 2009 for family and personal reasons. He stated in a September 2009 interview: ""We had a tour booked, and basically, I had personal things I had to deal with — I had a newborn baby — and I just was like, 'Well, I've gotta do stuff at home.' We [the members of Death Angel] weren't communicating well or nothing. I wasn't about to ask them to not go [on the road], so I just said, 'I'll just leave then.' This left Rob Cavestany as the only founding member remaining in the band. Galeon was replaced by Will Carroll (formerly of Scarecrow, Old Grandad and Vicious Rumors).
In November 2009, Sammy Diosdado was replaced by bassist Damien Sisson, formerly of the bands Scarecrow and Potential Threat.
The bands sixth studio album Relentless Retribution was released in September 2010. The album was recorded at Audiohammer Studios in Sanford, Florida with producer Jason Suecof (Trivium, August Burns Red, The Black Dahlia Murder, All That Remains, Whitechapel, DevilDriver). It was the first Death Angel album recorded without longtime drummer Andy Galeon as well as without either of the Pepa cousins. Death Angel toured in support of Relentless Retribution for two-and-a-half years. They embarked on the European Thrashfest tour in late 2010 with Kreator, Exodus and Suicidal Angels, and supported Anthrax and Testament on the Worship Music tour in North America three times (in October–November 2011, January–February 2012 and September–October 2012).
Death Angel released their seventh album The Dream Calls for Blood on October 11, 2013. The album landed at #72 on the Billboard 200, making it the band's first chart entry since 1988's Frolic Through the Park, and their first to crack the Top 100 on the American charts.
The Evil Divide and Humanicide (2015–2020)
Death Angel entered the studio in late 2015 to begin recording their eighth studio album The Evil Divide. The album was released on May 27, 2016 and peaked at number 98 on the Billboard 200, giving them their second highest chart position. They toured for two-and-a-half years in support of the album, opening for Slayer on their Repentless tour in North America, Testament on their Brotherhood of the Snake tour in Europe, and Sepultura on their Machine Messiah tour in Australia, as well as taking part in the 2018 edition of the MTV Headbangers Ball European tour, also featuring Exodus, Sodom and Suicidal Angels.
The band began the recording sessions of their ninth studio album in mid-2018, again teaming up with producer Jason Suecof who they had worked with since Relentless Retribution. The resulting album Humanicide was released on May 31, 2019. Prior to the album's release, they (along with Mothership) toured North America by supporting Overkill on their Wings of War tour. The band also toured Europe that summer, opening for bands such as Arch Enemy, Testament and Anthrax on selected dates as well as headlining their own shows, and was one of the performers on Megadeth's first-ever MegaCruise in October.
In November 2019 the title track to Humanicide was nominated for the Grammy Award for "Best Metal Performance", becoming Death Angel's first ever Grammy nomination. The award ultimately went to Tool for their song "7empest".
Death Angel continued touring into 2020 in support of Humanicide, including taking part in The Bay Strikes Back European tour with Testament and Exodus in February–March.
Will Carroll's illness and upcoming tenth album (2020–present)
Following the conclusion of the Bay Strikes Back tour, which took place as the COVID-19 pandemic was beginning to spread around the world, drummer Will Carroll contracted COVID-19 and was admitted to an intensive care unit at a Northern California hospital. Gary Holt of Exodus and Testament members Chuck Billy and Steve Di Giorgio also fell ill after returning from the tour, as did various members of their crews. On April 2, 2020, after nearly two weeks on a ventilator, Carroll posted a lengthy update on his condition, thanking his family and friends for supporting him, and revealed that he had been "getting some new files from Mr. Rob Cavestany which will eventually be DA's 10th record." By mid-2020, Carroll had fully recovered from COVID, and confirmed in an interview with Rock Immortal in August that he and Cavestany were already working on new material for the next Death Angel album. In December 2021, Osegueda stated that the band had "started writing in the very, very early stages" for their new album, but indicated that its release could be pushed back to 2023, due to the COVID pandemic and their tour schedule for 2022.
On October 9, 2020, without prior announcement Death Angel released the digital EP Under Pressure. Unlike previous releases, it is almost entirely acoustic. It contains a cover of the Queen song "Under Pressure", one new original song "Faded Remains", and remakes of the tracks "A Room with a View" from Act III and "Revelation Song" from Humanicide. The band released a new live album on November 26, 2021, titled The Bastard Tracks, which was recorded at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco on May 22 where Death Angel played tracks that had rarely or never before been played live.
Death Angel will resume touring in the spring of 2022 by supporting Testament and Exodus on the North American leg of The Bay Strikes Back tour, which was initially set to take place in October and November 2021 but the COVID pandemic caused the tour to be rescheduled for another six months. Along with Exodus and Heathen, the band will tour with Testament again in Europe during the summer of 2022.
Band members
Members
Current members
Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals (1982–1991, 2001–present)
Mark Osegueda – lead vocals (1984–1991, 2001–present)
Ted Aguilar – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2001–present)
Will Carroll – drums (2009–present)
Damien Sisson – bass (2009–present)
Former members
Dennis Pepa – bass (1982–1991, 2001–2008), backing vocals (1984–1991, 2001–2008), lead vocals (1982–1984)
Gus Pepa – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1982–1991)
Andy Galeon – drums, backing vocals (1982–1991, 2001–2009)
Sammy Diosdado – bass, backing vocals (2008–2009)
Touring
Chris Kontos – drums (1991)
Timeline
Discography
The Ultra-Violence (1987)
Frolic Through the Park (1988)
Act III (1990)
The Art of Dying (2004)
Killing Season (2008)
Relentless Retribution (2010)
The Dream Calls for Blood (2013)
The Evil Divide (2016)
Humanicide (2019)
References
External links
1982 establishments in California
Thrash metal musical groups from California
American funk metal musical groups
Geffen Records artists
Musical groups from the San Francisco Bay Area
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups reestablished in 2001
Musical quintets
Nuclear Blast artists
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Enigma Records artists
Restless Records artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama%20parafricana
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Agama parafricana
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Agama parafricana is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. It is a small lizard found in Togo, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria.
References
Agama (genus)
Reptiles described in 2012
Taxa named by Jean-François Trape
Taxa named by Oleg Mediannikov
Taxa named by Sébastien Trape
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7020127
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoir%20FC%20%28Niger%29
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Espoir FC (Niger)
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Espoir FC is a Nigerien football club based in Zinder. Their home games are played at Stade de Zinder.
Achievements
Niger Premier League: 1
1984
Niger Cup: 2
1984, 1985
Football clubs in Niger
Super Ligue (Niger) clubs
Zinder
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20676406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbeck%20Hills
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Kilbeck Hills
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The Kilbeck Hills are a low mountain range in the eastern Mojave Desert, in San Bernardino County, southern California.
They are located about west of the Turtle Mountains and of the BLM's Turtle Mountains Wilderness; and north northeast of the city of Twentynine Palms.
References
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of Southern California
Mountain ranges of San Bernardino County, California
Bureau of Land Management areas in California
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12476344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigurui
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Shigurui
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is a Japanese manga series by Takayuki Yamaguchi, based on the first chapter of the novel Suruga-jō Gozen Jiai by Norio Nanjō. An anime television adaptation, based on the first 32 chapters (or the initial six and a half volumes), aired on Wowow from July 19 to October 12, 2007. The series was directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki, written by Seishi Minakami, and produced by Madhouse Studios. The anime was licensed in North America by Funimation under the fully translated title Shigurui: Death Frenzy. The licensing was announced in May 2008 and the full series was released on March 31, 2009, on Blu-ray and DVD. The manga and anime are both known for their graphic violence and sexual content.
Plot
The story begins in 1629 Shizuoka during Tokugawa Tadanaga's rule. The daimyō staged a tournament where the participants fought with real steel Japanese swords rather than bokken ("wooden sword"), against his vassals' strong objection. The story revolves around the first match between the one-armed swordsman Fujiki Gennosuke and the blind samurai Irako Seigen and deals with the circumstances that led the two to participate in Tokugawa's tournament.
Characters
The stoic star pupil of the Kogan dojo. In the present time in his duel with Seigen he has only one arm but it is noted that his back muscles could theoretically make up for lost strength. Fujiki is very loyal to Kogan (his master), and is said to be most likely to succeed as the school's master.
An ambitious man who seeks to raise his status; unlike Gennosuke, who has genuine love and respect for the school and its fortunes, Seigen cares for very little besides the wealth that will come his way if he can rise through the ranks. In the present time, he is blind and has a deep cut in one of his feet. Years before, he joined the Kogan-Ryuu school afterwards and was eventually picked to become the successor over Gennosuke Fujiki, but he and Kogan had a falling out which resulted in his present-day blindness.
A master of the Kogan-Ryuu school and Gennosuke's senior. A hulk of a man, Ushimata uses an immensely large wooden sword (Seigen comments that it appears to be a suburitō) which he wields with ease.
The Grandmaster of the Kogan-Ryuu school. Mentally unbalanced most of the time, he regains his sanity most often in the period between fall and winter. Kogan cares nothing for his daughter, Mie, seeing her only as a tool to continue his bloodline. He has a small deformity, a sixth finger on one of his hands. His technique "Nagare Boshi" (Shooting Star) is known and feared by many Samurai.
The daughter of Kogan Iwamoto. Betrothed to Seigen Irako, she instead wants to be with Gennosuke Fujiki; however, she seemingly has little to no value to her father—who greatly resents that he had a daughter instead of a son—except as breeding stock.
The long-suffering concubine of Kogan. She has been consistently taunted with a Children's Song and the masses would flee at her approach. Early on, she appears resigned to her life with him.
Media
Manga
Anime
The series was adapted into a 12-episode anime series by Madhouse and broadcast on Wowow from July 19 to October 12, 2007. The series was directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki and written by Seishi Minakami. Funimation licensed the series for release in North America. The series was later added to iTunes.
References
External links
Shigurui at Funimation
2003 manga
2007 anime television series debuts
Akita Shoten manga
Anime and manga based on novels
Funimation
Madhouse (company)
Samurai in anime and manga
Seinen manga
Wowow original programming
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68470480
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatch%20FIVB%20World%20Tour%202002
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Swatch FIVB World Tour 2002
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The Swatch FIVB World Tour 2002 was the official international beach volleyball tour for 2002.
The USA won nine out of the 11 women's tournaments, but Brazil won six out of the ten men's tournaments.
Grand Slam
There were two Grand Slam tournaments. These events give a higher number of points and more money than the rest of the tournaments.
Marseille, FranceWorld Series 13 Grand Slam, 16 July–21 July, 2002
Klagenfurt, AustriaA1 Grand Slam presented by Nokia, 31 July–4 August, 2002
Schedule
Key
Tournament results
Women
Men
Rankings
Men
Women
References
2002 in beach volleyball
2002
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66848389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Slocum
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Mark Slocum
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Mark Holmes Slocum is a United States Air Force major general serving as the director of air and space operations of the Air Combat Command. Previously, he was the commander of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Air Force generals
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57702781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bembropinae
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Bembropinae
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Bembropinae is a subfamily of duckbill fishes from the family Percophidae.
Genera
There are two genera within the subfamily Bembropinae:
Bembrops Steindachner, 1876
Chrionema Gilbert, 1905
References
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3642438
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20Lake%20Airport
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Johnson Lake Airport
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Johnson Lake Airport is located near Johnson Lake, Alberta, Canada.
References
Registered aerodromes in Alberta
Transport in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
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21287249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Zion%20Abba%20Shaul
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Ben Zion Abba Shaul
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Ben Zion Abba Shaul (; 31 July 1924 – 13 July 1998; on the Hebrew calendar: 29 Tammuz 5684 – 19 Tammuz 5758) (first name also spelled Ben Sion) was one of the leading Sephardic rabbis, Torah scholars and halakhic arbiters of his day, and the rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef Yeshiva in Jerusalem for the last 15 years of his life. He was responsible for a religious revival among Sephardic Jews with his founding of Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani, a network of Torah schools for Sephardic children in Israel, and was widely known for his ability to give blessings that were fulfilled.
Early life
Ben Zion Abba Shaul was born in Jerusalem to Eliyahu and Benaya Abba Shaul, immigrants from Iran. A shoemaker by trade, Eliyahu was also a Torah scholar and kabbalist; he was Ben Zion's first teacher. Eliyahu served as gabbai (caretaker and fundraiser) for the Ohel Rachel synagogue in the Bukharim Quarter of Jerusalem for 50 years. In his old age, his son Ben Zion became the rabbi of the synagogue and another son, Yaakov, became the hazzan.
Abba Shaul was the eldest boy in a family of sixteen children. Despite their poverty, his parents were committed to raising a family of Torah scholars, even as many other families from Oriental and Sephardi backgrounds were lured into sending their children to Zionist schools. The family kept many halakhic stringencies, including grinding and baking their own matzot before Passover and avoiding all processed foods — even sugar — during the holiday itself. Abba Shaul continued to keep these stringencies even after he established his own family.
At the age of 11, Abba Shaul entered Porat Yosef, the pre-eminent Sephardic yeshiva in Jerusalem. His first teacher was Rabbi Yehuda Tzadka (who was only 21 at the time) and his classmates included the future Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef. Later, Abba Shaul advanced to the highest shiur, taught by the rosh yeshiva, Rabbi Ezra Attiya, with whom he developed a close bond. Abba Shaul abided by his rosh yeshiva's opinions on all matters and displayed the same approach to learning and to issuing halakhic directives as his mentor.
Torah scholar
Abba Shaul displayed great dedication to Torah study. He learned and reviewed each subject dozens of times until he knew most of Shas and poskim (halakhic commentaries) by heart.
When Abba Shaul was 20 years old, Attiya selected him to be tested by Rabbi Eliezer Silver, a prominent American rabbi who was visiting Israel together with a prospective donor. Attiya had heard that in another yeshiva which this philanthropist had visited, only one boy was able to answer the rabbi's question, and only after 20 minutes. Silver asked Abba Shaul a difficult question in the obscure Talmudic order of Tohorot (laws of ritual purity). When Abba Shaul gave his answer, Silver remarked in astonishment that he had asked the same question of Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (author of Ohr Sameach and Meschech Chochma) 40 years earlier, and that that sage had given the same answer. Abba Shaul later confided to Attiya that he had had a second answer to the question as well, but since the first answer secured the donation, he didn't want to show off.
In 1948, Abba Shaul married Hadassah, the daughter of Rabbi Yosef Shaharbani, a Torah scholar and son of the kabbalist Rabbi Yehoshua Shaharbani, who was a student of the Ben Ish Chai. Abba Shaul studied one-on-one with his father-in-law, and his new wife attended his public lectures every Shabbat. She also tape-recorded his general lecture at the yeshiva; many of his written works come from those tapes.
The couple was childless for many years. After ten miscarriages, Abba Shaul visited the Chazon Ish and the Belzer Rebbe, refusing to leave until each gave him a blessing for a child. Their only son, Eliyahu, was named after Abba Shaul's father.
After his marriage, Abba Shaul became a teacher at Talmud Torah Bnei Zion, which he had attended in his youth. He continued to study at Porat Yosef Yeshiva. In time, Attiya asked him to serve as rosh yeshiva, but he refused to accept that position as long as his first teacher, Tzadka, was still alive. He did agree to serve as a lecturer at the yeshiva. After Tzadka's death in 1983, Abba Shaul acceded to the position of rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef.
Rosh yeshiva
In his capacity as rosh yeshiva, Abba Shaul maintained a heavy teaching schedule. For four hours each morning, he lectured to students in the yeshiva; in the afternoons, he taught the laws of Shulchan Aruch to dayanim (rabbinical judges). On Friday afternoons, he gave a halakha class and question-and-answer session to a packed audience in the Ohel Rachel synagogue, and on Shabbat day he delivered a three-hour discourse in the synagogue. His diligence in Torah study was legendary; it is said that when he finished delivering a shiur, he was soaked with perspiration.
Abba Shaul was also well-versed in kabbalah. At first he learned privately on Friday nights. In the 1960s, however, seeing that the knowledge of kabbalah study was waning, he gathered a group of kabbalists and founded the Emet VeShalom Yeshiva for learning kabbalah at night. Once a year, on the yahrtzeit of the Rashash, he joined the group and showed his fluency in this esoteric wisdom.
He also penned thousands of halakhic responsa in response to queries from the public at large, covering a broad range of topics. Some of his responsa are printed in his sefer, She'eilot U'Teshuvot Ohr LeZion, and he is quoted in the responsa of Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef, who remained his good friend.
Communal activities
Abba Shaul cared about his students as a father for his sons. He tried to make sure that all his students married; his rebbetzin would suggest shidduchim from the many girls who helped her in her house. Seeing that married students were unable to manage on a kollel stipend, he established a special Friday kollel and traveled to the United States to raise money for it.
Abba Shaul helped to launch a religious revival among Sephardi Jews in Israel as the founder of Ma'ayan HaChinuch HaTorani, a network of Sephardi schools which is the equivalent of Chinuch Atzmai. He promised to fund the first year of operation for any Talmud Torah that was opened in a city that did not already have one. He also worked to strengthen Sephardi communities in other countries. He traveled to England, France, Italy, Iran, Mexico, Panama, Colombia and the United States to establish rabbinical courts and to arrange for shochtim (ritual slaughterers), mohelim (ritual circumcisers), and rabbis.
Abba Shaul joined other Torah leaders in Israel to fight against edicts that threatened the Torah way of life. These included the battle to preserve the sanctity of Shabbat, the fight to close mixed-sex swimming pools, and the battle against autopsies for religious individuals.
In 1972, he assumed a prominent stand in opposition to the government's proposal of mandatory army service for girls. Together with Rabbi Yehuda Tzadka, he drafted a halakhic ruling which stated that mandatory army service for girls was in the category of yehareg ve'al yaavor ("be killed and do not transgress"). The text of his ruling was signed by 400 Torah leaders throughout Israel.
Giver of blessings
He was also known for giving blessings that were fulfilled. Once a woman who had had three Caesarean sections was told that her next child would be born by Caesarean as well. She went to Abba Shaul and demanded, "I won't leave until the Rav guarantees me that I'll have a natural birth." He agreed. After the woman left, Abba Shaul's brother asked him, "How can you guarantee that?"
"I can't guarantee anything," he replied, "but what should I do? She wouldn't leave!"
Sure enough, the woman had a natural birth. When her husband came to the synagogue to announce the "miracle," Abba Shaul complained, "They are making me into an Admor!"
When his shamash (assistant) asked him why his blessings were always effective, he replied, "If you love everyone in Klal Yisrael, you can do it, too." To someone else, he explained, "God told Abraham, 'I will bless those who bless you.' When people come to me, they kiss my hand. They are blessing me. If someone blesses a Jew, they are blessed in return."
Illness and death
In 1983, while delivering a eulogy at the funeral of Rabbi Yaakov Mutzafi, he suddenly felt ill and suffered a stroke a short while later. Half his body was paralyzed and his speech was slurred. Over the next 15 years, he suffered a series of mini-strokes that eventually made him a wheelchair user. Nevertheless, he continued to teach Torah and to involve himself in community affairs.
His vast knowledge from years of learning became evident in his later years. As his eyesight dimmed, he asked students to come and to read the Talmud to him. One boy recalled being corrected on a Rashi in the tractate of Nazir; another on a Tosafot in Gittin. His son said that Abba Shaul corrected him while he read the words of the Rambam to him.
He died in Jerusalem on 13 July 1998 (19 Tammuz 5758). An estimated 200,000 people of all denominations — Sephardic, Hasidic, Ashkenazic — attended his funeral. He and his wife are buried in the Sanhedria Cemetery in Jerusalem.
He is survived by his only son, Eliyahu, who is rosh yeshiva of Ohr LeZion Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
References
1924 births
1998 deaths
20th-century rabbis
Sephardic Haredi rabbis in Israel
Israeli Rosh yeshivas
Kabbalists
Rabbis in Jerusalem
Sephardi rabbis in Mandatory Palestine
Exponents of Jewish law
Burials at Sanhedria Cemetery
Authors of books on Jewish law
Israeli people of Iranian-Jewish descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Sas%C3%ADn
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Pavel Sasín
|
Pavel Sasín (born 27 March 1950) is a retired Czechoslovak triple jumper.
He finished sixth at the 1976 European Indoor Championships. He became Czechoslovak champion in 1975; and Czechoslovak indoor champion in 1976.
References
1950 births
Living people
Czechoslovak male triple jumpers
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15888134
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugan%20language
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Bugan language
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Bugan, Bogan, Pakan, or Bugeng (布甘语, 布干语, or 布赓语) is an Austroasiatic language. The existence of the Bugan language was not known by the rest of world until recently. There are about 3000 speakers, mostly in some villages in southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. Bugan is an analytic language, and word order and auxiliary words have important functions in the grammar.
Distribution
Li Jinfang (1996)
According to Li Jinfang (1996), the Bugan-speaking population is distributed in seven villages across southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. As the language is highly uniform, it is not divided into any dialects.
Laowalong 老挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:
Xinwalong 新挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:
Jiuping 九平 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language:
Shibeipo 石北坡 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:
Xinzhai 新寨 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language:
Malong 马龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:
Nala 那拉 (Bugan and Han Chinese population)
Li Yunbing (2005)
According to a more recent survey by Li Yunbing (2005), the Bugan people, comprising a total of 500+ households and 2,700+ individuals, live in the following locations.
Laowalong 老挖龙, Nasa Township 那洒镇; Bugan language:
Xinwalong 新挖龙; Bugan language:
Xiaoping 小坪寨 ; Bugan language:
Nala 那腊; Bugan language:
Jiuping 九坪, Zhuanjiao Township 篆角乡 (Chongtian Township 冲天乡); Bugan language:
Shibeipo 石碑坡; Bugan language:
Manlong 曼龙; Bugan language:
Li Yunbing also uses the term Bùgēng (布赓) in place of Bùgān (布甘).
People
The Bugan people's autonym is , while the surrounding Han Chinese call them Huazu (; literally "flower people") or Hualo () due to their colorful clothing. Other autonyms are (in Manlong, Xichou County) and (in Nala and Xinwalong in Guangnan County). They are an unrecognized ethnic minority, and are currently classified as Yi. The Bugan are endogamous, and thus do not usually marry people from other ethnic groups
The Bugan people also hold their own New Year's Day celebration in April of the Chinese lunar calendar, which is separate from that of the Han Chinese New Year.
Common Bugan surnames include Li 李, Wang 王, Guo 郭, Luo 罗, Yan 严, Lu 卢, Pu 普, and Yi.
Phonology
Bugan is a tonal SVO language. Unlike the Bolyu language, Bugan distinguishes between tense and lax voice qualities. In current linguistic publications on Bugan, tense voice is indicated by underlining vowels. Bugan has a total of 49 onsets (including various consonant clusters) and 67 possible rimes.
Notes
References
Pakanic languages
Languages of China
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36628157
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver%20injury
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Liver injury
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A liver injury, also known as liver laceration, is some form of trauma sustained to the liver. This can occur through either a blunt force such as a car accident, or a penetrating foreign object such as a knife. Liver injuries constitute 5% of all traumas, making it the most common abdominal injury. Generally nonoperative management and observation is all that is required for a full recovery.
Cause
Given its anterior position in the abdominal cavity and its large size, the liver is prone to gun shot wounds and stab wounds. Its firm location under the diaphragm also makes it especially prone to shearing forces. Common causes of this type of injury are blunt force mechanisms such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Typically these blunt forces dissipate through and around the structure of the liver and causes irreparable damage to the internal microarchitecture of the tissue. With increasing velocity of the impact, the internal damage of the liver tissue also exemplifies - even though the tissue itself is mechanically and micro-structurally isotropic. A large majority of people who sustain this injury also have another accompanying injury.
Diagnosis
Imaging, such as the use of ultrasound or a computed tomography scan, is the generally preferred way of diagnosis as it is more accurate and is sensitive to bleeding, however; due to logistics this is not always possible. For a person who is hemodynamically unstable a focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) scan may take place which is used to find free floating fluid in the right upper quadrant and left lower quadrant of the abdomen. The FAST scan however may not be indicated in those who are obese and those with subcutaneous emphysema. Its speed and sensitivity to injuries resulting in 400mL of free-floating fluid make it a valuable tool in the evaluation of unstable persons. Computed tomography is another diagnostic study which can be performed, but typically is only used in those who are hemodynamically stable. A physical examination may be used but is typically inaccurate in blunt trauma, unlike in penetrating trauma where the trajectory the projectile took can be followed digitally. A diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) may also be utilized but has limited application as it is hard to determine the origin of the bleeding. A diagnostic peritoneal lavage is generally discouraged when FAST is available as it is invasive and non-specific.
Classification
Liver injuries are classified on a Roman numeral scale with I being the least severe, to VI being the most severe. Generally any injury ≥III requires surgery.
Management
The initial management of liver trauma generally follows the same procedures for all traumas with a focus on maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation. A physical examination is a corner stone of the assessment of which there are various non-invasive means of diagnostic tools that can be utilized. An invasive diagnostic peritoneal lavage can also be used to diagnose and classify the extent of the damage. A large majority of liver injuries are minor and require only observation. Generally if there is estimated to be less than 300mL of free floating fluid, no injury to surrounding organs, and no need for blood transfusion, there is a low risk of complication from nonoperative management. In special cases where there is a higher risk with surgery, such as in the elderly, nonoperative management would include the infusion of packed red blood cells in an intensive care unit. Typically hepatic injuries resulting from stab wounds cause little damage unless a vital part of the liver is injured, such as the hepatic portal vein; with gunshot wounds, the damage is worse.
Surgery
In severe liver injuries (class ≥III), or those with hemodynamic instability, surgery is generally necessary. Surgical techniques such as perihepatic packing or the use of the Pringle manoeuvre can be used to control hemorrhage. Temporary control of the hemorrhage can be accomplished through direct manual pressure to the wound site. In these severe cases it is important to prevent the progression of the trauma triad of death, which often requires the utilization of damage control surgery. New devices are being developed in order to control the bleeding using negative pressure.
The common cause of death while operating is exsanguination caused by profuse loss of blood volume. Rarely, surgery entails the use of liver resection, which removes the source of the bleeding and necrotic tissue. The drastic nature of this procedure means it can only be used in hemodynamically stable patients. Another rare procedure would be liver transplantation which is typically impractical due to the logistics of finding a proper organ donor in a timely fashion.
History
In the 1880s a severe liver injury would in most cases prove fatal in the first 24 hours after sustaining the injury. Before the 1980s nonoperative management was seldom used in favor of the methods of management suggested by James Hogarth Pringle. During World War II the use of early laparotomy was popularized and in conjunction with the use of transfusions, advanced anesthetics, and other new surgical techniques led to decreased mortality.
References
Bibliography
External links
Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis
Liver
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19860647
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Paralympics
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Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics
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Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events, 31 for men, 30 for women and 1 mixed.
The wrong reports
Since at the dawn of the Paralympic Games there was no precision in reporting the results of the competitions, the Israeli athlete Michal Escapa was indicated with the Italian nationality and without prename (and so she is mentioned in the International Paralympic Committee of the Italian Paralympic Committee web sites) for the reports of the Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics where she won two bronze medals, simply reported as Escapa and not as Michal Escapa. However, as can be seen from a 1968 Israeli newspaper reporting an interview with the athlete, she was the same athlete who had won medals in swimming and table tennis in Tokyo 1964.
Participating nations
Results
Men's events
Women's events
Mixed events
Medal table
Source and with the displacement of two bronze medals from Italy to Israel due to the Michal Escapa case documented in the first section of this article.
References
External links
Results Archive Tokyo 1964 - Swimming at Paralympic.org
1964 Summer Paralympics events
1964
Paralympics
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60352721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20C.%20Paley
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William C. Paley
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William C. Paley (1857 – 31 May 1924) was an early cameraman and film pioneer. He worked with X-Rays before health issues led him to switch to film projects. He built a film projector called the Kalatechnoscope. He was hired as a cameraman at Eden Musée filming a Passion Play. He then worked for Thomas A. Edison, Inc. and made many films related to the U.S. war effort against Spain in Cuba. The Library of Congress lists him as William Daly Paley. Paley traveled extensively in the U.S. making actuality films.
He was part of the business partnership Paley & Steiner that sold film equipment and produced films. His nickname was Daddy.
Paley's equipment was used to create a passion play that was exhibited in New York. Edison met it with a lawsuit asserting copyright infringement over his film technology. The play received newspaper coverage in part because of fraudulent claims it was filmed in Germany and captured the original production when it was actually a staged recreation.
Paley collaborated with Journal reporter Karl Decker and filmed the funeral procession of the ''U.S.S. Maine and also filmed the Rough Riders in Tampa.
He died on 31 May 1924.
References
External links
1857 births
1924 deaths
American cinematographers
American film producers
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18962022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20of%20Australia
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Empress of Australia
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Three ships have borne the name Empress of Australia:
, a 21,560-ton ocean liner launched in 1913 by Vulcan AG shipyard in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) for the Hamburg America Line as SS Tirpitz. She was taken as a war reparation in 1919 and sold to Canadian Pacific Steamships and was renamed firstly Empress of China in 1921 and then Empress of Australia in 1922.
, an ocean liner launched in 1924 by Cammell Lairds at Birkenhead as the 17,759-ton De Grasse. She was renamed Empress of Australia in 1953 and served with Canadian Pacific Steamships until 1956, when she was renamed Venezuela. She was wrecked off Cannes on 16 March 1962 and broken up at La Spezia in August the same year.
, a 12,037-ton ferry which was launched in 1964 at Cockatoo Island Dockyard and operated by the Australian National Line until 1985.
See also
References
Ship names
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13235939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietzow
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Lietzow
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Lietzow is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
References
External links
Official website of Lietzow
Towns and villages on Rügen
Bezirk Rostock
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542300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate
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Ilkhanate
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The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (, Ilxānān), known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus (, , Qulug-un Ulus), was a khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanid realm, officially known as Iranzamin (), was ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. Hulagu Khan, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1260. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.
Definition
According to the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Kublai Khan granted Hulagu (Hülegü) the title of Ilkhan after his defeat of Ariq Böke. The term ilkhan here means "khan of the tribe, khan of the 'ulus'", and this inferior "khanship" refers to the initial deference to Möngke Khan and his successors as Great Khans of the Mongol empire. The title "Ilkhan", borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later other Borjigin princes in Persia, does not materialize in the sources until after 1260.
History
Origin
When Muhammad II of Khwarazm executed a contingent of merchants dispatched by the Mongols, Genghis Khan declared war on the Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty in 1219. The Mongols overran the empire, occupying the major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Iran was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under Jebe and Subutai, who left the area in ruin. Transoxiana also came under Mongol control after the invasion.
Muhammad's son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu returned to Iran in c. 1224 after fleeing to India. The rival Turkic states, which were all that remained of his father's empire, quickly declared their allegiance to Jalal. He repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take Central Persia. However, Jalal ad-Din was overwhelmed and crushed by Chormaqan's army sent by the Great Khan Ögedei in 1231. During the Mongol expedition, Azerbaijan and the southern Persian dynasties in Fars and Kerman voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute. To the west, Hamadan and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols invaded Armenia and Georgia in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238. They began to attack the western parts of Greater Armenia, which was under the Seljuks, the following year. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia (including modern-day Azerbaijan), Armenia, Georgia (excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds), as well as all of Afghanistan and Kashmir. After the battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, while the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
In 1236 Ögedei commanded Greater Khorasan to be restored and the city of Herat repopulated. The Mongol military governors mostly made camp in the Mughan plain in what is now Azerbaijan. Realizing the danger posed by the Mongols, the rulers of Mosul and Cilician Armenia submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided the Transcaucasia region into three districts based on the Mongol military hierarchy. In Georgia, the population was temporarily divided into eight tumens. In 1244, Güyük Khan stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia as well and offered tax exemptions to others. In accordance with a complaint by the governor Arghun the Elder (Arghun agha), Möngke Khan prohibited ortog-merchants (Mongol-contracted Muslim traders) and nobles from abusing relay stations and civilians in 1251. He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol-ruled Middle East must pay in proportion to his property. Persia was divided between four districts under Arghun. Möngke Khan granted the Kartids authority over Herat, Jam, Pushang (Fushanj), Ghor, Khaysar, Firuz-Kuh, Gharjistan, Farah, Sistan, Kabul, Tirah, and Afghanistan.
Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulagu was appointed as administrator of North China, however in the following year, North China was assigned to Kublai and Hulagu tasked with conquering the Abbasid Caliphate. He was given a fifth of the entire Mongol army for the campaign and he took his sons Abaqa and Yoshmut along with him. Hulagu also took with him many Chinese scholars and astronomers, from whom the famous Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi learned about the mode of the Chinese calculating tables. An observatory was built on a hill of Maragheh. Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to Syria. He destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state and the Abbasid Caliphate in 1256 and 1258 respectively. In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself Ilkhan (subordinate khan). After that he advanced as far as Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid Syria and Aleppo in 1260. Möngke's death forced Hulagu to return to Mongolia to attend the kuriltai for the next Great Khan. He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in Palestine that was defeated at the battle of Ain Jalut by the Mamluks of Egypt.
Due to the suspicious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, Berke of the Golden Horde declared war on Hulagu in 1262. According to Mamluk historians, Hulagu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Berke sought a joint attack with Baybars and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulagu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince Nogai to invade the Ilkhanate but Hulagu forced him back in 1262. The Ilkhanid army then crossed the Terek River, capturing an empty Jochid encampment, only to be routed in a surprise attack by Nogai's forces. Many of them were drowned as the ice broke on the frozen Terek River.
In 1262, Hulagu gave Greater Khorasan and Mazandaran to Abaqa and northern Azerbaijan to Yoshmut. Hulagu himself spent his time living as a nomad in southern Azerbaijan and Armenia. During his early rule, the Ilkhanate experienced mass revolts by its subjects, with the exception of the Seljukids and Artuqids in Anatolia and Mardin. It was not until Shams al-Din Juvayni was appointed as vizier after 1262 that things started calming down and a more sustainable administration was implemented.
Hulagu fell ill in February 1265 after several days of banquets and hunting. He died on 8 February and his son Abaqa succeeded him in the summer.
Middle period (1265–1291)
Upon Abaqa's accession, he immediately faced an invasion by Berke of the Golden Horde, which ended with Berke's death in Tiflis. In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate. Abaqa's brother Tekuder sacked Bukhara in retaliation. In 1277, the Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan. Stung by the defeat, Abaqa executed the local regent Mu'in-ad-Din Pervane and replaced him with the Mongol prince Qongqortai. In 1281, Abaqa sent Mongke Temur against the Mamluks, but he too was defeated at Homs.
Abaqa's death in 1282 triggered a succession struggle between his son Arghun, supported by the Qara'unas, and his brother Tekuder, supported by the Chinggisid aristocracy. Tekuder was elected khan by the Chinggisids. Tekuder was the first Muslim ruler of the Ilkhanate but he made no active attempt to proselytize or convert his realm. However he did try to replace Mongol political traditions with Islamic ones, resulting in a loss of support from the army. Arghun used his religion against him by appealing to non-Muslims for support. When Tekuder realized this, he executed several of Arghun's supporters, and captured Arghun. Tekuder's foster son, Buaq, freed Arghun and overthrew Tekuder. Arghun was confirmed as Ilkhan by Kublai Khan in February 1286.
During Arghun's reign, he actively sought to combat Muslim influence, and fought against both the Mamluks and the Muslim Mongol emir Nawruz in Khorasan. To fund his campaigns, Arghun allowed his viziers Buqa and Sa'd-ud-dawla to centralize expenditures, but this was highly unpopular and caused his former supporters to turn against him. Both viziers were killed and Arghun was murdered in 1291.
Religious shift (1291–1316)
The Ilkhanate started crumbling under the reign of Arghun's brother, Gaykhatu. The majority of Mongols converted to Islam while the Mongol court remained Buddhist. Gaykhatu had to buy the support of his followers and as a result, ruined the realm's finances. His vizir Sadr-ud-Din Zanjani tried to bolster the state finances by adopting paper money from the Yuan dynasty, which ended horribly. Gaykhatu also alienated the Mongol old guard with his alleged sexual relations with a boy. Gaykhatu was overthrown in 1295 and replaced with his cousin Baydu. Baydu reigned for less than a year before he was overthrown by Gaykhatu's son, Ghazan.
Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions, including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, and ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhans remained opposed to the Mamluks, who had defeated both Mongol invaders and Crusaders. The Ilkhans launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based Yuan Dynasty was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter (the Emperor being also Great Khan) for many decades.
Ghazan converted to Islam under influence of Nawrūz and made Islam the official state religion. Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status and had to pay the jizya protection tax. Ghazan gave Buddhists the starker choice of conversion or expulsion and ordered their temples to be destroyed; though he later relaxed this severity. After Nawrūz was deposed and killed in 1297, Ghazan made religious intolerance punishable and attempted to restore relations with non-Muslims.
In terms of foreign relations, the Ilkhanate's conversion to Islam had little to no effect on its hostility towards other Muslim states, and conflict with the Mamluks for control of Syria continued. The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, the only major victory by the Mongols over the Mamluks, ended the latter's control over Syria for a few months. For the most part, Ghazan's policies continued under his brother Öljeitü despite suggestions that he might begin to favor the Shi'a brand of Islam after he came under the influence of Shi'a theologians Al-Hilli and Maitham Al Bahrani.
Öljeitü, who had been baptised in Christianity as an infant, had flirted with Buddhism, became a Hanafi Sunni, though he still retained some residual shamanism. In 1309-10, he became a Shi'ite Muslim. An Armenian scribe in 1304 noted the death of "benevolent and just" Ghazan, who was succeeded by Khar-Banda Öljeitü "who too, exhibits good will to everyone." A colophon from 1306 reports conversion of Mongols to Islam and "they coerce everyone into converting to their vain and false hope. They persecute, they molest, and torment," including "insulting the cross and the church". Some of the Buddhists who survived Ghazan's assaults made an unsuccessful attempt to bring Öljeitü back into Dharma, showing they were active in the realm for more than 50 years.
The conversion of Mongols was initially a fairly superficial affair. The process of establishment of Islam did not happen suddenly. Öljeitü's historian Qāshāni records that Qutlugh-Shah, after losing patience with a dispute between Hanafis and Shafi'is, expressed his view that Islam should be abandoned and Mongols should return to the ways of Genghis Khan. Qāshani also stated that Öljeitü had in fact reverted for a brief period. As Muslims, Mongols showed a marked preference for Sufism with masters like Safi-ad-din Ardabili often treated with respect and favour.
Disintegration (1316–1357)
Öljaitü's son, the last Ilkhan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, was enthroned in 1316. He was faced with rebellion in 1318 by the Chagatayids and Qara'unas in Khorasan, and an invasion by the Golden Horde at the same time. An Anatolian emir, Irenchin, also rebelled. Irenchin was crushed by Chupan of the Taichiud in the Battle of Zanjan-Rud on 13 July 1319. Under the influence of Chupan, the Ilkhanate made peace with the Chagatais, who helped them crush the Chagatayid revolt, and the Mamluks. In 1327, Abu-Sai'd replaced Chupan with "Big" Hasan. Hasan was accused of attempting to assassinate the khan and exiled to Anatolia in 1332. The non-Mongol emirs Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah and Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad were given unprecedented military authority, which irked the Mongol emirs. In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. Ghiyas-ud-Din put a descendant of Ariq Böke, Arpa Ke'un, on the throne, triggering a succession of short-lived khans until "Little" Hasan took Azerbaijan in 1338. In 1357, Jani Beg of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.
Franco-Mongol alliance
The courts of Western Europe made many attempts to form an alliance with the Mongols, primarily with the Ilkhanate, in the 13th and 14th centuries, starting from around the time of the Seventh Crusade (West Europeans were collectively called Franks by Muslims and Asians in the era of the Crusades). United in their opposition to the Muslims (primarily the Mamluks), the Ilkhanate and the Europeans were nevertheless unable to satisfactorily combine their forces against their common enemy.
Government
In contrast to the China-based Yuan dynasty, who excluded the native population from gaining control of high offices, the Ilkhanate ruled their realm through a Central Asian-Persian ("Tajik") administration in partnership with Turco-Mongol military officers. Not all of the Persian administrators were Muslims or members of the traditional families that had served the Seljuqs and Khwarazmians (e.g, the Juvayni family). For example, the Ilkhanate vizier from 1288 to 1291 was Sa'd al-Dawla, a Jew, while the prominent vizier and historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani was a Jewish convert to Islam.
The Ilkhanate Mongols remained nomadic in their way of life until the end of the dynasty. Their nomadic routes covered central Iraq, northwest Iran, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The Mongols administered Iraq, the Caucasus, and western and southern Iran directly with the exception of Georgia, the Artuqid sultan of Mardin, and Kufa and Luristan. The Qara'unas Mongols ruled Khorasan as an autonomous realm and did not pay taxes. Herat's local Kart dynasty also remained autonomous. Anatolia was the richest province of the Ilkhanate, supplying a quarter of its revenue while Iraq and Diyarbakir together supplied about 35 percent of its revenue.
In 1330, the annexation of Abkhazia resulted in the reunification of the Kingdom of Georgia. However, tribute received by the Il-Khans from Georgia sank by about three-quarters between 1336 and 1350 because of wars and famines.
Legacy
The emergence of the Ilkhanate had an important historical impact in the Middle Eastern region. The establishment of the unified Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty headquartered in China encouraged this development. The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the Ilkhanids, the Chinese Huangdi (Emperor) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy influence upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.
The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests had also opened Iran to Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under the Ilkhans, Iranian historians also moved from writing in Arabic to writing in their native Persian tongue.
The rudiments of double-entry accounting were practiced in the Ilkhanate; merdiban was then adopted by the Ottoman Empire. These developments were independent from the accounting practices used in Europe. This accounting system was adopted primarily as the result of socio-economic necessities created by the agricultural and fiscal reforms of Ghazan Khan in 1295-1304.
Ilkhan as a tribal title in 19th/20th century Iran
The title Ilkhan resurfaced among the Qashqai nomads of Southern Iran in the 19th century. Jan Mohammad Khan started using it from 1818/19 and this was continued by all the following Qashqai leaders. The last Ilkhan was Nasir Khan, who in 1954 was pushed into exile after his support of Mossadeq. When he returned during the Islamic Revolution in 1979, he could not regain his previous position and died in 1984 as the last Ilkhan of the Qashqai.
Ilkhans
House of Hulagu (1256–1335; Ilkhanate Mongol kings)
Hulagu Khan (1256–1265)
Abaqa Khan (1265–1282)
Ahmad Tegüder (1282–1284)
Arghun (1284–1291)
Gaykhatu (1291–1295)
Baydu (1295)
Mahmud Ghazan (1295–1304)
Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu or Öljaitü) (1304–1316)
Abu Sa'id Bahadur (1316–1335)
After the Ilkhanate, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.
House of Ariq Böke
Arpa Ke'ün (1335–1336)
House of Hulagu (1336–1357)
Musa (1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad)
Muhammad (1336–1338) (Jalayirid puppet)
Sati Beg (1338–1339) (Chobanid puppet)
Sulayman (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341–1343)
Jahan Temür (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
Anushirwan (1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet)
Ghazan II (1356–1357) (known only from coinage)
House of Hasar
Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):
Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protege of Timur)
Family tree (House of Hulagu)
See also
Division of the Mongol Empire
List of Mongol states
List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
Full list of Iranian Kingdoms
Sarbadars, the famous political movement of the Ilkhanid era of Persia.
Hazaras
Notes
References
Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. .
C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
Kadoi, Yuka. (2009) Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran, Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, Edinburgh. .
R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260–1281. Cambridge, 1995.
External links
Ilkhanids Dynasty Mongolian dynasty
Encyclopedia Iranica. Contains more information on the Ilkhanate.
Searchable database for Ilkhanid coins
13th century in Iran
14th century in Iran
Medieval history of the Caucasus
Medieval Syria
Medieval Georgia (country)
Muslim dynasties
States and territories established in 1256
States and territories established in 1353
Khanates
1256 establishments in the Mongol Empire
1350s disestablishments in the Mongol Empire
Mongol states
Hulagu Khan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciapode
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Sciapode
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Sciapode is a French film production and distribution company headquartered in Paris. Founded in 2003, the company specializes in producing European feature films, both fictional and documentary, blending different genres and art forms.
History
Emilie Blézat founded Sciapode in 2003 to produce films by "strong and ambitious filmmakers." Her first production, Blush, a 2005 choreographic film directed by Wim Vandekeybus, met with public and critical acclaim. Encouraged by this experience, she produced films such as Michaël R. Roskam's The One Thing To Do (2005), Victoire Terminus, a 2008 documentary directed by Florent de la Tullaye and Renaud Barret (officially selected at the 2008 Berlin Film Festival), and Andrew Kötting's 2009 film, Ivul, which was selected at the Locarno International Film Festivals and at the Busan Film Festival. In 2010, two Sciapode productions premiered at the Cannes International Film Festival: Sophie Fiennes’ Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow in the official selection, and David Dusa’s Flowers of Evil as part of the ACID selection. Both were subsequently entered in numerous festivals around the world. Sciapode also co-produced Valerianne Poidevin’s L’Oiseau Sans Pattes (selected at the Cinéma du Réel Festival, held at the Pompidou Centre, as well as the “Vision Du Réel” Festival in Nyon) and Rain, by Anne Teresa de Keersmaeker, Olivia Rochette and Gerard-Jan Claes.
Along with film work, Sciapode also produces works of performance art, like Wayn Traub’s opera, Le Comeback de Jean-Baptiste, orchestrated by Hervé Niquet and DJ crew Birdy Nam Nam, and David Dusa’s and Mike Sens’ L’Emeute des Emotions for the Temps d'Images Arte Festival.
The company is named after the sciapods of Greek mythology.
Filmography
International TV series
2019 : Paradise Institute - tv series in development
2019 : Warm Blood Cold Snow - tv series in development
2019 : Violence Within - tv series in development
2019 : Hasugi : animated tv series in development
Feature films
2019 : Get Lucky by David Dusa starring Rhydian Vaughan (Feng XiaoYue) - in development
2018 : His Master's Voice by György Pálfi
2017 : Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami by Sophie Fiennes
2015 : Galloping Mind by Wim Vandekeybus (Associate Producer)
2014 : Szabadesés (Free Fall) by György Pálfi
2013 : Mary Queen of Scots by Thomas Imbach
2010 : Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow by Sophie Fiennes
2010 : Flowers of evil by David Dusa
2009 : Ivul by Andrew Kötting
2008 : Victoire Terminus by Florent de La Tullaye & Renaud Barret
2006 : Here After by Wim Vandekeybus (Associate Producer)
2005 : Blush by Wim Vandekeybus
Feature Documentaries
2012 : Rain by Olivia Rochette, Gérard-Jan Clues & Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker
2012 : L'Oiseau sans pattes by Valérianne Poidevin
2008 : The Moon, The Sea, The Mood by Philipp Mayrhoffer & Christian Kobald
2007 : La Vie de Château by Frédérique Devillez
Short films
2009 : Emeutes des Emotions by David Dusa
2009 : Wild Beast by David Dusa
2009 : Rushes Instables by Mike Sens & David Dusa
2008 : Distances by David Dusa
2007 : Amin by David Dusa
2007 : C-Song Variations by Jan Lauwers
2006 : The One thing to do by Michael R. Roskam
Stage Opera
2006 : Le Comeback de Jean-Baptiste by Wayn Traub (Premiere at Theatre de la Ville de Paris, Het Toneelhuis Opera House Antwerpen, Kaaitheater Brussels)
Films distributed by Sciapode
2012 : Flowers of Evil by David Dusa
2003 : Guerra by Pippo Delbono
DVD releases
2006 : Anthologie by Wim Vandekeybus - 3 DVD Boxset
2005 : Maria-Dolorès by Wayn Traub
References
External link
Allociné
IMDB
Film production companies of France
Mass media in Paris
French companies established in 2003
Mass media companies established in 2003
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35881349
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quick%20Gun
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The Quick Gun
|
The Quick Gun is a 1964 American Techniscope Western film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Audie Murphy. It was the second of four films produced by Grant Whytock and Edward Small's Admiral Pictures in the 1960s.
The film's screenplay was based on Steve Fisher's short story The Fastest Gun that had previously provided the story for two other westerns Top Gun (1955) starring Sterling Hayden and Noose for a Gunman (1960) starring Jim Davis and Ted de Corsia as the villain; both for United Artists. Fisher at this time was also providing the screenplay's for a series of A.C. Lyles second feature Techniscope Westerns for Paramount Pictures.
Plot
Gunfighter Clint Cooper (Audie Murphy) returns to his home town of Shelby, Montana after two years. He left Shelby in disgrace after killing two hot-tempered but inexperienced young men of the town in self-defence. The father of the young men, Tom Morrison (Walter Sande) feels that Cooper murdered them. Cooper plans to settle down in Shelby to claim his recently deceased father's ranch and marry his old girlfriend, Helen (Merry Anders), the town's schoolteacher.
On the way to Shelby he runs into his old gang, led by Spangler (Ted de Corsia), who plan on not only robbing the town, but burning it to the ground and having their way with its womenfolk. Spangler believes his former friend Clint is himself intending to rob Shelby's bank full of the money from large cattle sales. Spangler seeks Clint to join his band of 15 men with the motivation of revenging himself on the town that exiled him; or else he won't leave alive. Clint breaks free, killing two of his pursuers.
Clint arrives in Shelby to find all of the town's young men have left on a cattle drive. He tries to warn the town of the impending robbery, but everyone except Scotty and old coot Dan Evans (Frank Ferguson) still hate Clint and want him to leave. Despite this welcome, Clint eventually agrees to help the sheriff, an old friend of his called Scotty (James Best), defend the town against the gang, though Clint discovers that Helen will marry Scotty in a week's time. Meanwhile, Tom and his nephew Rick (Rex Holman) scheme to kill Clint by making it look like self-defence.
Cast
Audie Murphy as Clint Cooper
Merry Anders as Helen Reed
James Best as Scotty Grant
Ted de Corsia as Jud Spangler
Walter Sande as Tom Morrison
Rex Holman as Rick Morrison
Charles Meredith as Reverend Staley
Frank Ferguson as Dan Evans
Mort Mills as Cagle
Gregg Palmer as Donovan
Frank Gerstle as George Keely
Stephen Roberts as Dr. Stevens
Paul Bryar as Mitchell
Raymond Hatton as Elderly Man
William Fawcett as Mike
Production
Murphy was paid $37,500 for his performance.
Quotes
Your guns have gotten too fast and too sudden. And from what I hear about your reputation, they have gotten a lot faster and suddener in the last two years. - Sheriff Scotty Grant
See also
List of American films of 1964
References
External links
The Quick Gun at The Movie Scene
1964 films
1964 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Audie Murphy
American films
Columbia Pictures films
Films set in Montana
Remakes of American films
1960s English-language films
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661908
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20eroge
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List of eroge
|
This is a list of Japanese erotic video games, also known in Japan as eroge. This list does not include fan created parodies. The market in Japan for this type of game is quite large, and only a small number of the games gain any level of recognition beyond the fans of the genre.
#
3D Custom Girl
A
Artificial Academy
Artificial Academy 2
Air
Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka
Akane Maniax
Angel Type
Aries Aries Pure Dream
Artificial Girl
Artificial Girl 2
Artificial Girl 3
Atlach=Nacha by Alicesoft B
The Baldrhead series
Battle Raper seriesBattle RaperBattle Raper 2Bazooka CafeBeat Angel EscalayerBible BlackBiko 1Biko 2: Reversible FaceBiko 3Binary PotBittersweet FoolsBrave SoulBrutish MineBunny Black C Canvas2Castle Fantasia 2 - Seima TaisenCastle Fantasia 3 - Erencia WarsCat Girl AllianceChain ~ The Lost FootprintsClover Heart'sCome See Me TonightComic PartyCosplay Fetish AcademyCrescendoCross ChannelCross Days"Custom Maid 3D"
"Custom Order Maid 3D"
D
The Da Capo seriesDarcrowsDeardropsDecember When There Is No AngelThe Devil on G-StringDiscipline: Record of a CrusadeD.O.R. H na Bunny-san wa Kirai? (Do You Like Horny Bunnies?)Do You Like Horny Bunnies? 2Dōkyūsei series by ELFDōkyūsei (Classmates)Dōkyūsei 2Dōkyūsei 2 SPKa-Kyū-Sei (Lower Classmates)Dōsei (Cohabitation)Doushin - Same HeartDracula HakushakuDragon Knight seriesDragon KnightDragon Knight IIDragon Knight III (Knights of Xentar)Dragon Knight 4 E EdelweissEf: A Fairy Tale of the TwoEnzai: Falsely Accused (False charge) Evenicle F Family ProjectFate/stay night by Type-MoonFate/hollow ataraxiaFifth by RUNEFifth TwinFifth AileFull Metal Daemon: Muramasa G Gibo- Stepmother's SinGreen Green Grisaia No Kajitsu
H
H2O: Footprints in the Sand Hard Love LifeHarukoi OtomeHaru no Ashioto (Step of Spring)Heart de RoommateHitomi - My StepsisterHizashi No Naka No RiaruHoneyComingHoshiutaHoshizora e Kakaru HashiHoshizora no Memoria I I'm Gonna Nurse You 2Idols Galore! (Meshimase Aidoru)
The Idol Janshi Suchie-Pai series
The Immoral Study seriesIsaku by ELFI Fell In Love With My Mother J Jiburiru - The Devil AngelJosō Sanmyaku K Kagetsu TohyaKa-Kyū-Sei (Lower Classmates) by ELFKakyusei 2Kana Imōto (Kana - Little Sister)KanonKara no Naka no KotoriAkane Maniax by âgeKara no ShojoKikokugaiKimi ga Nozomu Eien (The Eternity You Desire)Kindred Spirits on the RoofKingdomKira KiraKizuato Knights of XentarKoi Hime (Mystic Princess) by ELFKoikatsuKojin Taxi seriesKokoro (video game)Kono Aozora ni Yakusoku wo (The Promise to This Blue Sky)Kuro Ai (Dark Love) by Clock UpKusari (Chains)Kyuketsusenki Vjedogonia (Vampirdzhija Vjedogonia)
L La Blue GirlLakers 1, 2, 3LamuneLet's Meow Meow!Lightning Warrior RaidyLightning Warrior Raidy II:~Temple Of Desire~Little Busters! EcstasyLove Death 1, 2, 3, 4, 555Lovely X Cation M Mahō Shōjo Meruru Kamigami no Shiho wo Motomete (Magical Girl Meruru) by AkatomboMagical AntiqueMagical Girl SilkMaho Senshi Sweet Knights -Heroine Ryokujo Shirei-Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! SMajipuri -Wonder Cradle-Maple ColorsMashiroiro SymphonyMiko Miko Nurse The Milkyway seriesMizuiroMoero Downhill NightMoonMorenatsuMoshimo Ashita ga Hare Naraba (If it is clear weather tomorrow)Muv-Luv by age-SoftMonmusu Quest (Monster Girl Quest) N Nanatsuiro Drops (Seven Colored Drops)Nangoku Dominion (King of Solitary Island)
The Natural series
The Nekopara series
Nocturnal Illusion
O
Orange Pocket
Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru (The Maidens are Falling in Love with Elder Sister)
Oppai Slider 2
P
Pachinko Sexy Reaction
Pachinko Sexy Reaction 2
Paradise Heights
Paradise Heights 2
Peace@Pieces
Phantom of Inferno
Pick Me, Honey! (AKA "Anata no Osana")
Polygonal Love series
Popotan
Pretty X Cation
Princess Holiday
Princess Waltz
Prism Heart
Prism Ark
Private Garden
Private Nurse
PunyuPuri
PunyuPuri EX
PunyuPuri EXE - Tsukiakari no Raspberry
PunyuPuri Rondo
PunyuPuri XX - Yamiyo to Hoshi no Maidkan
Pure Pure
R
The Rance series by AliceSoft
Rapelay
The Rasen Kairo series
Real Girlfriend
Really? Really!
Refrain Blue
Ren'ai CHU!
Routes
Rui wa Tomo o Yobu
Runaway City
S
Sakura Sakura (visual novel)
Sakura Strasse
Saya no Uta (Saya's Song)
School Days
Summer Days
Cross Days
Shiny Days
SchoolMate
SchoolMateSweets! DesktopMate
Season of the Sakura
Secret Wives' Club
Seiken no Fairies (Fairies of the Holy Sword)
Sexfriend
Sexy Beach
Sexy Beach 2
Sexy Beach 3
Sexy Beach Zero
Shizuku (Drip)
Shuffle!
Shusaku (Stinko) by ELF
Snow
Snow Drop
Snow Sakura
The Sono Hanabira ni Kuchizuke wo series
Sotsugyousei (Dokyusei 2 SP) (Nanpa 2 Special) by ELF
Sora no Iro, Mizu no Iro (Color of the Sky, Color of the Water)
Soul Link
Soul Link Extension
Starless
Steam Hearts
The Story of Little Monica
Suika (Water Summer)
The Super Real Mahjong series
T
Tasogare (Twilight)
Target: Pheromone
Tears to Tiara
Tea Society of a Witch (Majo No Ochakai)
The Guts! series
The Maid's Story
The Sagara Family
Three Sisters' Story
Tick! Tack!
Togainu no Chi
To Heart
To Heart 2
Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life
Triangle Heart
Triangle Heart 2: Sazanami Zyoshiryo
Triangle Heart 3: Sweet Songs Forever
True Love
Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni: Operation Sanctuary (The Moon in the East, The Sun in the West -Operation Sanctuary)
"Tsukiakari no Raspberry~ Tsun Dere II"
Tsukihime (Moon Princess) by Type-Moon
Tsumamigui
U
Umemaro 3D
Aya
Kasumi
Sasa
Mai
The Crazy Female Teacher
Senpai
Lewd Bomb Bust Female Teacher
Lewd Consultation Room
Twin Succubus
Dr. Sugimoto's Lecherous Treatment
Umemaro Project Work
Game of Lascivity: OMEGA volume 1 - Vampire vs. KungFu Girl
Pizza Takeout Obscenity
Work in Progress
Unity Marriage bride and bride
The univ series
Utawarerumono
V
Vagrants
The Variable Geo series
Viper M1
Viper M3
Viper M5
Viper M16
Viper RSR
Viper STG (GTS;Viper Limited Edition)
VIPER V10
VIPER V6
VIPER V6-R
Viper V8
Viper V8-R
Viper-V6
Virgin Roster
The Virtuacall series
VR Kanojo
W
Wagamama Capriccio
Wanko to Kurasou
Water Closet
Water Closet 2
The Welcome to Pia Carrot series
Wind -a breath of heart-
Wonderful Everyday
X
X-Change series
xxxHOLiC: Pleasure Holic 1 & 2
Y
Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito (Yami, the Hat, and the Travelers of the Books)
Yin-Yang X-Change Alternative
Yosuga no Sora
Yume Miru Kusuri: A Drug That Makes You Dream
YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World
See also
Bishōjo
Bishōjo game
List of erotic video games
List of hentai authors
List of video games based on anime or manga
Visual novel
References
External links
The Visual Novel Database
Sutorippu
uvlist.net
Computer & Videogame Erotic Games Database @ theoldcomputer.com
Erotic Japanese
Erotic video games
Erotica video games
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124072
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%2C%20Nebraska
|
Palmer, Nebraska
|
Palmer is a village in Merrick County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 472 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Grand Island, Nebraska metropolitan area.
History
Palmer got its start in the 1880s, following construction of the Lincoln and Black Hills Railroad through the territory. It was named for H. E. Palmer, a railroad official.
Geography
Palmer is located at (41.2216, -98.2577).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 472 people, 171 households, and 115 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 192 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 95.6% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 2.3% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.
There were 171 households, of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.94.
The median age in the village was 40.5 years. 21.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 31% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of the year 2000, there were 472 people, 189 households, and 122 families residing in the village. The population density was 891.8 people per square mile (343.8/km). There were 202 housing units at an average density of 381.7 per square mile (147.2/km). The racial makeup of the village was 98.94% White, 0.21% Asian, 0.64% from other races, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.69% of the population.
There were 189 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the village the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $33,676, and the median income for a family was $37,969. Males had a median income of $25,673 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,589. About 9.3% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Village of Palmer Site
City-Data.com profile of Palmer, NE
Villages in Merrick County, Nebraska
Villages in Nebraska
Grand Island micropolitan area
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24209442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ABzim%20Kasmi
|
Gëzim Kasmi
|
Gëzim Kasmi (25 July 1942 – 17 October 2016) was an Albanian footballer who played for 17 Nëntori Tirana (present day KF Tirana) as well as the Albanian national team.
International career
He made his debut for Albania in a June 1963 Olympic Games qualification match against Bulgaria and earned a total of 8 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a May 1971 Olympic Games qualification match against Romania.
Honours
Albanian Superliga: 4
1965, 1966, 1968, 1970
References
External links
1942 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Tirana
Association football fullbacks
Albanian footballers
Albania international footballers
KF Tirana players
KF Skrapari players
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63392570
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleas%20Zafiriou
|
Achilleas Zafiriou
|
Achilleas Zafiriou (; born 22 July 1970) is a retired Greek football defender.
References
1970 births
Living people
Greek footballers
PAOK FC players
Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. players
Association football defenders
Super League Greece players
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4156069
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Brull
|
Mariano Brull
|
Mariano Brull Caballero (February 24, 1891 – June 8, 1956) was a Cuban poet usually associated with the French Symbolist movement. Two Symbolists who strongly influenced him were Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry. Among Cuban poets of the first half of the 20th century he was the most outstanding of those who wrote poetry for poetry's sake, as opposed to poetry that addressed social issues or poetry that was inspired by the culture of Cubans of African descent. Because of his interest in the sounds of words, he is known for a type of poetry called "jitanjáfora" in which the words are virtually meaningless, their sounds all-important. A diplomat by profession, he lived many years in various countries of Europe and the Americas.
Biography
Brull was born in Camagüey, in eastern Cuba, where his father, Miguel Brull, a Spanish army officer, was stationed. His mother, Celia Caballero, was descended from a family that had resided in Cuba for many generations.
Early life
As a child he lived in Ceuta and Málaga in Spain. It was during his teenage years, as a student in Camagüey, that he discovered his passion for poetry. He and other students founded a short-lived magazine for which they wrote poems and essays. Eagerly reading all the poetry he could, young Brull was especially struck by the work of the French Symbolist poets.
In 1908 he moved to Havana where he attended the university, graduating with a Doctor of Law degree at age 22. He worked in a law office but also wrote poetry for the magazine El Fígaro. During 1914 and 1915 he was a member of the small group that formed around the Dominican literary critic, Pedro Henríquez Ureña. Henríquez, believing Brull had a future as a poet, became his mentor, introducing him to editors and suggesting he read poets whom Brull was not familiar with.
In 1916 Brull published his first book of poetry, La casa del silencio. Shortly afterwards he married Adela Baralt and, switching careers, entered the Cuban diplomatic service. Brull was determined to leave Cuba where, exhausted by years fighting for independence and preoccupied by problems facing any new country, the arts were confused and anemic, uninterested in the great experiments (Cubism, futurism, etc.) taking place in Europe.
Diplomatic life
Though impatient to reach Europe, the first two countries he was sent to as a diplomat were the United States and Peru. In the mid 20s he was stationed in Madrid. There he had the good fortune to participate in the reunions of the literary cafés frequented by many of the best poets Spain was to produce in the 20th century: Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Aleixandre, and many others. While in Madrid, some of Brull's early poetry was published in Paris in a French translation.
In 1923 Brull joined about 60 young professionals of Havana who decided to take a public stance against the reigning passivity and mediocrity in politics and culture. Called El Grupo Minorista (the Minority Group), they demanded an end to years of cultural backwardness and an aggressive affirmation of the new artistic tendencies coming out of Europe. In politics, they denounced dictatorships and called for the formation of a Cuban government more responsive to the people.
In 1928 he published his second book of poetry, Poemas en menguante. Though also published in Paris, where he was now living, it was written in Spanish. All of his books were small editions for friends and family, paid for out of his pocket.
The Brulls lived in Paris from 1927 to 1934 with only two interruptions: a year, each, in Berne and Havana. The return of the Brulls to Havana coincided with numerous riots and demonstrations as students clashed with the police of the government of President Gerardo Machado, an increasingly ruthless dictator.
Brull spent the Great Depression back in Paris. Two or three times a year found him traveling. He frequently visited Havana, on business; southern Spain, the land of his childhood; and Mexico City where he called on his friends Gabriela Mistral, the Chilean poet, Alfonso Reyes, the Mexican man-of-letters, and others.
In 1934 his third book of poetry, Canto redondo, was brought out in Paris. He was stationed in Rome between 1934 and 1937 where fascism was alive and thriving.
After moving to Brussels (for the second time) at the end of the 1930s, Brull was in charge of attending to the many German Jews who, seeking visas to emigrate, had lined up before the legations and embassies of numerous countries. During these years he was Cuba's delegate to the XVII Reunion of the Assembly of the League of Nations and, also, Commissioner for the repatriation of Cubans fleeing the Spanish Civil War. Brull had decided that an all-European war was imminent—though most of his colleagues and friends disagreed—and pressured the Ministry to be sent back to Havana. He left in June, 1939. The ship carrying all of the Brull's household effects to Cuba, a year later, was torpedoed by the Germans and sank.
In 1939, a bilingual (French-Spanish) book, Poëmes, came out in Paris, with a preface written by one of the greatest literary figures of France at the time, Paul Valéry. Brull worked for many years on a translation into Spanish of Valéry's most famous, and difficult, poems: "Le Cimetiére Marin" (The Graveyard by the Sea) and "La Jeune Parque" (The Young Fate).
In Cuba, Brull was one of the principal organizers of a conference of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, held in 1941. This organization was made up of major intellectuals who believed that the interchange of ideas would help lead to a solution to the tension of the 1930s and the violence of the Second World War. Brull admired people who were capable of both action and thought. He had no use for the static attitude of Rodin´s famous statue, "The Thinker". Brull's hero was the Cuban journalist and poet, José Martí, who was responsible for organizing the Cuban resistance to Spain and died in a skirmish with Spanish soldiers during the War of Independence.
His fifth book of poetry, Solo de rosa, appeared. His poems also were printed in the foremost literary publications: Social, Gaceta del Caribe, Espuela de Plata, Clavileño, Orígenes and El Fígaro. He had long conversations with the exiled Spanish poet, Juan Ramón Jiménez, who wrote a similar type of poetry.
During the Second World War, Brull was stationed in Washington, D.C., and in 1945 was sent to Ottawa to establish the first Cuban diplomatic mission in Canada.
In Brussels, once more, in 1950, he published Temps en peine. Tiempo en pena, a bilingual edition. Here, too, his wife died after many years of fighting cancer.
His last post was as Cuban ambassador to Uruguay. However, he refused to comply with an order from the Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and he resigned abruptly, ending a career of 47 years in the Cuban diplomatic service. That same year (1954) the final book of poems he would publish, Rien que... (Nada más que...), came out in Paris.
Final years
Back in Havana, he turned to modernizing the cattle ranch he had inherited from his mother. But a growing brain tumor weakened him bit by bit and eventually left him in a coma. He died at the age of 65 in 1956.
Literary characteristics
Beginnings
Brull's first book, La casa del silencio, is a good example of Hispanic modernismo, though it has its share of intimate, Symbolist influence and a touch of tropical romanticism. Already one finds themes that would stay with him always: the ideal of beauty and the exploration of the interior world of one's heart as an escape from the ungrateful reality of the world, of time and of history.
Evident is the influence of the Spaniard, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and the Mexican, Enrique González Martínez. But these poems are the works of an apprentice. Nine years pass between the publication of his first and second collections of poetry, years in which he matured, especially after he arrived in Europe.
In his second book, Poemas en menguante, Brull embraces Symbolism (pure poetry) though the poems show him still struggling to assimilate the new style completely. He finds himself immersed in the heated discussion of the poets of his generation as to whether Symbolism, art as pure abstraction, meant the dehumanization of art. Brull made clear that poetry was the purification of thought and form, but never abstraction. Nevertheless, Symbolism and dehumanization were firmly linked in the minds of many. Harsh criticism of Symbolism was heard frequently, including in Cuba.
Sound
A cornerstone of Brull's poetry is the word as sound material. This interest in sound can be found in the efforts of Mallarmé and Valéry to achieve pure poetry but also in the neo-popular romances of the Spanish poetic tradition—a source that attracted other poets writing in Spanish, most famously García Lorca. Similar experiments involving playing with the sounds of words were to be found in Italian, German and English literature of the 1920s and before.
Brull's creativity involving the use of sounds, through tongue-twisters and various phonetic experiments, could create a world of “magical enchantment.” These sounds and lexicological permutations combined, at times, to reach a level of senselessness which resulted in poetry that has come to be known as “jitanjáfora” after the use of this word in Brull's poem “Filiflama…”, a poem entirely made up of invented words.
Filiflama alabe cundre
ala olalúnea alífera
alveola jitanjáfora
liris salumba salífera.
Olivia oleo olorife
alalai cánfora sandra
milingítara girófora
zumbra ulalindre calandra.
Yet such an extreme interest in sound was but one strand in Brull's poetry. The “jitanjáfora” was “a verbal joke, created by Brull at the margin of the main body of his work, but as an extreme consequence of this work’s development”.
Childhood
Brull revealed an interest in childhood in a number of his poems through the subject matter or through the use of language and rhythms associated with children's verses or both. The verses he learned in southern Spain, as a boy, had a lasting impact on him. These verses were part of the traditional, popular poetry that was so appreciated by his generation of poets.
Typical features
Though he used alliteration and metaphors abundantly, there are features of his work that differentiate it from the work of others. These include:
rare word associations
using a word twice in the same line but in totally different ways
punning
combining or coupling words that mean the opposite or clash in their meanings (“the melody of the perfume”), usually placed within dashes, and
illogical sound games and onomatopoeia where one sees the influence of futurism and Dadaism.
Brull favored free verse, followed by blank verse, though he occasionally turned to the sonnet and other poetic forms. His poems are usually short, and the total number of poems he wrote was rather limited, both rare attributes in comparison with most Hispanic poets.
The rose
The rose is the principal motif in Brull's poetry, his preferred symbol for “a standard of perfection and permanence in a transitory world.”
Mallarmé had defined a flower as the absence of the stem and leaves, his way of stating that the finality of art is the concentration on the essence. No other Cuban poet went as far as Brull in immersing himself in this conception of poetry. But his Latin American origin do not allow him to forget the stems and leaves altogether. Brull's contribution to the poetry of Cuba is this counterpoint between the concrete and the ideal.
An equilibrium between the sensual and the abstract is most fully reached in Solo de rosas, a collection of poems in which the poet praises the rose in its pure essence, fragile and wondrous, and not corrupted by the passage of time.
Epitafio de la Rosa (Epitaph For a Rose)
Rompo una rosa y no te encuentro.
Al viento, así, columnas deshojadas,
palacio de la rosa en ruinas.
Ahora—rosa imposible—empiezas:
por agujas de aire entretejida
al mar de la delicia intacta,
donde todas las rosas
--antes que rosa—
belleza son sin cárcel de belleza.
(I take apart a rose and I don't find you.
To the wind, thus, columns of floating petals,
the palace of the rose in ruins.
Now—impossible rose—you begin:
by needles of interwoven air
to the sea of the intact delight,
where all the roses of the world
--before they were a rose—
are beautiful without the prison of beauty.)
Nothingness
In his last works, Tiempo en pena and Nada más que…, Brull's poetry takes on a melancholy, somber and reflective tone, that of a journey toward the black hole of existentialism, possibly intensified by personal tragedy (the death of his wife) and the world around him seemingly falling apart (the Spanish Civil War followed by the Second World War).
Throughout the years one can find, beneath the formal and expressive clarity, Brull's increasing concern of what he saw as a world in permanent deterioration. The roots of this desolation are evident in his first poems in which absence and silence—often depicted as quietness—are present yet any discomfort is dispelled by the vision of ideal beauty. By the 1950s, absence is no longer a friendly notion as it veers into nothingness. Brull is consumed by a tragic vision of life in which all things, including beauty, are conceived of as subject to destruction or, a word he often chose, ruin. Once time has done its task, only nothingness remains. “Never had Cuban poetry reached so far into desperation with such discreteness and solitude.”
Quotes
"La prosa es escrita con el tesoro del conocimiento mientras que la poesía es escrita con el tesoro de la ignorancia."
“Prose is written with the treasure of knowledge whereas poetry is written with the treasure of ignorance.”
References
Books of poetry
La casa del silencio (1916)
Poemas en menguante (1928)
Canto redondo (1934)
Poëmes (1939) (Bilingual anthology: Spanish-French)
Solo de rosa (1941)
Temps en peine/Tiempo en pena (1950)
Rien que ... (Nada más que ...) (1954)
Further reading (sources not mentioned in references)
Gastón Baquero. Mariano Brull. La casa del silencio (Antología de su obra:1916-1954) (1976).
Diego García Elio. Una antología de poesía cubana (1984).
Ricardo Larraga. Mariano Brull y la poesía pura en Cuba (1994).
External links
Brull at CubaLiteraria.com
1891 births
1956 deaths
Cuban male poets
Cuban people of Catalan descent
Cuban diplomats
Ambassadors of Cuba to Uruguay
20th-century Cuban poets
University of Havana alumni
20th-century male writers
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8670063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasia
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Thomasia
|
Thomasia is a genus of thirty-one species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae. Plants in this genus are small shrubs that are endemic to the south-west of Western Australia, apart from P. petalocalyx that is native to Victoria and South Australia. The leaves are simple with leaf-like stipules at the base of the petiole, the flowers bisexual with five papery, petal-like sepals, usually five petals and five stamens opposite the petals. The fruit is a capsule covered with star-like hairs.
Taxonomy
The genus Thomasia was first formally described in 1821 by Jaques Étienne Gay in Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. The name Thomasia honours Pierre Thomas, his son Abraham, and Abraham's sons Philippe, Louis and Emmanuel, a family of Swiss plant collectors.
Species list
The following is a listed of Thomasia species recognised by the Australian Plant Census as at December 2020:
Thomasia angustifolia Steud. - narrow-leaved thomasia
Thomasia brachystachys Turcz.
Thomasia cognata Steud.
Thomasia dielsii E.Pritz.
Thomasia discolor Steud.
Thomasia foliosa J.Gay
Thomasia × formosa Paust
Thomasia gardneri Paust - Mount Holland thomasia
Thomasia glabripetala S.J.Patrick
Thomasia grandiflora Lindl. - large-flowered thomasia
Thomasia macrocalyx Steud.
Thomasia macrocarpa Endl. - large-fruited thomasia
Thomasia microphylla Paust
Thomasia montana Steud. - hill thomasia
Thomasia multiflora E.Pritz.
Thomasia paniculata Lindl.
Thomasia pauciflora Lindl. - few-flowered thomasia
Thomasia petalocalyx F.Muell. - paper flower
Thomasia purpurea (Dryand.) J.Gay
Thomasia pygmaea (Turcz.) Benth. - tiny thomasia
Thomasia quercifolia (Andrews) J.Gay - oak-leaved thomasia
Thomasia rhynchocarpa Turcz.
Thomasia rugosa Turcz. - wrinkle-leaf thomasia
Thomasia rulingioides Steud.
Thomasia sarotes<small> Turcz.</small>Thomasia solanacea (Sims) J.GayThomasia stelligera (Turcz.) Benth.Thomasia tenuivestita F.Muell. Thomasia tremandroides PaustThomasia triloba Turcz.Thomasia triphylla'' (Labill.) J.Gay
References
External links
Malvaceae info: Thomasia gallery
FloraBase: the Western Australian Flora: Thomasia
Malvaceae genera
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53307546
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape%20and%20murder%20of%20Yasmin%20Akhter
|
Rape and murder of Yasmin Akhter
|
The rape of Yasmin Akhter refers to the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl by members of Bangladesh Police in 1995 which resulted in mass protests in Dinajpur.
History
Incident
Yasmin Akhter was a 14 year old domestic helper in Dhaka. She was returning to her hometown in Dashmile area in Dinajpur on 24 August 1995 when she got on the wrong bus and became lost. She was then offered a lift by three members of the Bangladesh Police Force in a police van. The officers were later identified as Moinul Hoque, Abdus Sattar, and Amrita Lal. However, instead of taking her home, the three officers then drove Akhter to a secluded spot, where she was gang-raped and strangled to death. Her body was then thrown off the side of a road and discovered the next day.
Reaction
On 25 August 1995, Manoranjan Shill Gopal, the local Member of Parliament had informed Matiur Rahman the editor of local newspaper, The Daily Uttarbangla, that police had raped and killed a girl. Rahman learned the identity of the victim on 26 August and wanted to publish a news article but he was warned by the police not to. At night the police cut the electric supply to the news office. Rahman borrowed the electricity of his neighbor and used that to publish the news. Following the publication of the news mass protest erupted. The local police station was attacked and looted. Curfew was declared in the area. Police fired on protesters killing 17 and injuring about 100 people.
Trial and legacy
Three police officers were accused in the case. Two of the police officers, Moinul Hoque and Abdus Sattar, were arrested in 1997. They were tried and found guilty of rape and murder and sentenced to death by hanging. Amrita Lal was arrested years after the verdict, but also received a death sentence. The trial process had faced resistance from the police who initially refused to register the case. The government was under pressure from women's rights activists and the civil society.
Hoque and Sattar were both executed by hanging on September 1, 2004, in Rangpur Central Jail. Later that same month, after his clemency requests were denied, Lal was also executed by hanging at Rangpur, though he expressed remorse to the victim's family prior to his death.
24 August is marked as Resistance Day against Repression of Women in Bangladesh.
References
1995 crimes in Bangladesh
August 1995 events in Asia
Child sexual abuse in Bangladesh
History of Bangladesh (1971–present)
Murder in Bangladesh
Rape in Bangladesh
Bangladesh Police
Incidents of violence against girls
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54897708
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2%20adrenergic%20antagonist
|
Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist
|
A Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of cells, with either high specificity (an antagonist which is selective for β2 adrenoceptors) like Butaxamine and ICI-118,551, or non-specifically (an antagonist for β2 and for β1 or β3 adrenoceptors) like the non-selective betablocker Propranolol.
See also
ICI-118,551
Butaxamine
Propranolol
Betablocker
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Beta2-adrenergic agonist
References
Beta blockers
|
13008961
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry%20of%20the%20Justice%20Bird
|
Cry of the Justice Bird
|
Cry of the Justice Bird is a 2007 novel written by Jon Haylett. It is an action/adventure thriller based in the fictional African state of Boromundi.
Plot summary
In an Africa ravaged by civil war, two women are pulled from a minibus, and are raped and mutilated. Armstrong MacKay, one of the dead women's lover, enters the country to bring her body home. During the festivities of her African wake, Mackay finds out the truth behind her violent death from the other woman's husband.
Faced with Africa's weaken government and the ineffective Boromundi legal system, the two men decide to take justice in their own hands and seek out the murders for themselves.
Kisasi, the Justice Bird, cries out as the men set out to execute the killers.
References
2007 British novels
Novels set in Africa
Novels about rape
Novels set in fictional countries
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64341319
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala%20Polivalent%C4%83%20%28Oradea%29
|
Sala Polivalentă (Oradea)
|
The Sala Polivalentă () is a multi-purpose indoor arena currently under construction in Oradea, Romania.
See also
City of Oradea Stadium
References
Indoor arenas under construction in Romania
Indoor arenas in Romania
Sports venues in Romania
Sport in Oradea
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21518587
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Goelet
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Mary Goelet
|
Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe (born Mary "May" Goelet; October 6, 1878 – April 26, 1937) was an American-born heiress and socialite who married into the British aristocracy.
Early life
Mary Goelet was born in 1878. Her parents were Mary Wilson Goelet (1855–1929) and Ogden Goelet (1851–1897), a prominent heir and landlord in New York City and great-grandson of Peter Goelet, heir to one of the largest fortunes of the time. Her only sibling was her younger brother, Robert Wilson Goelet, who built Glenmere mansion.
Through her mother, she was a niece of Richard Thornton Wilson, Jr. and Grace Graham Wilson Vanderbilt and Cornelius Vanderbilt III. Through her father, she was a niece of Robert Goelet, a first cousin of Robert Walton Goelet, and a granddaughter of Robert Goelet Sr., a co-founder of the Chemical Bank of New York.
Personal life
In 1897, she was rumored to be engaged to William Montagu (1877–1947), the 20-year-old 9th Duke of Manchester. He later married a different American girl, Helena Zimmerman, the daughter of Eugene Zimmerman of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1900.
In the late December 1898, she was rumored once more to be engaged to Viscount Crichton (1872–1914), eldest son and heir of the 4th Earl Erne.
On November 10, 1903, she married Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe (1876–1932). He was the son of James Henry Robert Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe and Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill, the fourth daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, who served in Conservative governments as Lord President of the Council and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and his wife, Lady Frances Vane, daughter of the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. His first cousin was Winston Churchill. His younger brother, Lord Robert Edward Innes-Ker married the actress Jose Collins in 1920. After ten years of childlessness, Mary gave birth to a son and heir:
George Innes-Ker, 9th Duke of Roxburghe (1913–1974), who succeeded his father in 1932.
The Duchess of Roxburghe died on April 26, 1937 in London.
Life in Scotland
The 8th Duke and Duchess of Roxburgh settled at Floors Castle, where Mary decorated the fortress with her own collection of art including a priceless series of 17th century Gobelins Manufactory tapestries. At the time of her marriage to the Duke of Roxburghe, she was the wealthiest American heiress, with a dowry of twenty million dollars, exceeded only by Consuelo Vanderbilt in the wealth brought to the transatlantic marriages of the pre-1914 era (see Gilded Age).
In 1913, she first became a guest of Queen Mary and King George at Windsor Castle. She and the Duke were also the guests of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.
In 1929, she inherited $3,000,000 from her mother's estate after the death of her mother, as well as the Goelet art collection.
See also
Duke of Roxburghe
References
1878 births
1937 deaths
Goelet family
Roxburghe
American emigrants to Scotland
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16994555
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n%20del%20Pato
|
Cañón del Pato
|
Cañón del Pato (Spanish: Duck Canyon) is on the Rio Santa (Santa River) at the north end of the Callejón de Huaylas (Corridor of Huaylas) in north-central Peru. The mostly rocky canyon walls are too steep and arid for cultivation, and in only a few places are the slopes of the imposingly rugged canyon suitable even for grazing domestic animals. The canyon was formed by the river where the north end of the Cordillera Negra range (to the west) converges with the Cordillera Blanca mountain range (to the east). These two Andean ridges run generally parallel for nearly 140 km from south of the city of Huaraz northward to the Cañón; the Cordillera Blanca continues northward for another hundred kilometers or more. The Callejón de Huaylas is the valley between the two cordilleras averaging about 16 km (measured on a map from the crests of the two ridges) in width but in places as much as 25 km in width.
The main south–north highway through the Callejón de Huaylas existed as a narrow dirt track prior to construction of the highway through the Cañón. Construction of the highway's northward extension began in 1952 at the town of Caraz, about 30 km south of the Cañón. The highway penetrates and traverses the Cordillera Negra. Eventually it descends westward and continues to the Pacific Ocean port city of Chimbote and northward to the city of Trujillo, providing motor vehicle access to the Pacific coast from the Callejón. A typical highway journey from Caraz to the Cañón is about 4hrs round trip. The highway from Caraz to Trujillo covers a distance of 184 km. From Caraz the highway is in the Callejón valley until it crosses a concrete bridge to the west side of the river. Here the highway leaves the valley floor, veers northwest onto the eastern face of the Cordillera Negra, and eventually pierces through to the western face of the mountain. The highway along this entire route is unpaved and has 35 one-lane tunnels before it emerges onto the western face of the Cordillera Negra high above the town of Huallanca. The river from this same bridge goes generally northward through the Cañón itself and eventually its water powers the turbines of the hydro electricity plant at Huallanca.
At approximately the same latitude as that of highway tunnel 18 the nearby (eastward) river's natural banks are as close as 6m apart; the crests of the two cordilleras loom above, at places as high as 6000m above sea level. A short distance north (downstream) of this constriction in the Cañón is a diversion dam that deflects measured amounts of the river's water into a man-made tunnel. From the diversion dam to the Huallanca powerplant the tunnel is about 11 km long. It descends in altitude from the diversion dam to a place about 103m directly above this hydroelectric facility. Diameter of the tunnel was established to accommodate small dump-trucks that removed rock and debris during construction. At the tunnel's north end the water plunges down into one or both turbines a hundred meters below. The powerplant is entirely within a huge manmade cavity a hundred meters inside the rock of the mountain on the east edge of Huallanca. From Huallanca the river flows westward and furnishes water for irrigation of large banana plantations in the arid coastal plain; just north of Chimbote the river empties into the Pacific Ocean.
The earthquake of 1970 caused so much damage to the railroad bed, that this railway connecting Huallanca and Chimbote was abandoned and has not been in use since.
Canyons and gorges of Peru
Landforms of Ancash Region
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21508412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Utterback
|
Bill Utterback
|
Bill Utterback (1931-2010) was an American illustrator most widely known for his contributions to Playboy and The Second City's theatre in Chicago.
Utterback was born on January 5, 1931 in Arlington Heights, Illinois. Utterback attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts in the 1940s, and then The Art Center in Pasadena where he was influenced by teacher Joseph Henninger.
At the invitation of a friend, Utterback joined the design department of Playboy in the mid-sixties.[1] Utterback was asked to illustrate some caricatures for publication after an art director saw a birthday card Utterback had created for a fellow employee. This led to Bill's regular feature in “That Was the Year That Was” each April issue. After leaving Playboy, Utterback worked as a freelance illustrator from his home studio in Lisle, Illinois, servicing clients including The Second City until his death in 2010, and painted official portraits of Illinois Senator Pate Phillips which hung in the Illinois State Capitol building.
In later life, Utterback taught workshops at the DuPage Art League in Wheaton, Illinois, and sculpted a portrait likeness of Pate Phillips which was cast in bronze and unveiled in the DuPage County. Utterback died on February 8, 2010 as a result of pancreatic cancer, at 79 years of age.
References
External links
http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/search/ArtistKeywords.aspx?artist=11001136
http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/2048362,CST-NWS-xutterback15.article
http://hancockfineart.com/mentors4.html
Artists from Illinois
1931 births
2010 deaths
People from Arlington Heights, Illinois
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American illustrators
American caricaturists
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67162656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamas%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Llamas (disambiguation)
|
Llamas are domesticated South American camelids.
Llamas may also refer to:
People
Ale Llamas (born 1998), Spanish footballer
Alejandra Llamas (born 1970), Mexican-American author
Alfonso Cabello Llamas (born 1993), Spanish Paralympic cyclist
Andrés Llamas (born 1998), Italian footballer
Armando Llamas (1950-2003), Spanish playwright who worked with Philippe Adrien
Brandon Thomas Llamas (born 1995), Spanish footballer
César Llamas (born 1985), Paraguayan footballer
Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas (1608-1673), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop
Eva Llamas (born 1992), Spanish footballer
Franco Llamas (born 1990), Argentine footballer
Francisco Llamas, Spanish painter
Guillermo Anaya Llamas (born 1968), Mexican politician
Horacio Llamas (born 1973), Mexican basketball player
José Ángel Llamas (born 1966), former Mexican telenovela actor
José Antonio Llamas (born 1985), Spanish footballer
Lorena Llamas (born 1967), Spanish former professional racing cyclist
Luis Francisco García Llamas (born 1964), Mexican footballer
Maluca Llamas (born 1962), Mexican tennis player
María Eugenia Llamas (1944-2014), Mexican actress.
Mario Llamas (1920-2014), Mexican tennis player
Pedro González Llamas, Spanish general
Sergio Llamas (born 1993), Spanish footballer
Places
Llamas, Asturias, a Spanish province
Llamas de la Ribera, a Spanish city
F. Llamas Street, in the Philippines
Other uses
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 2006 American case
See also
Llama (disambiguation)
The High Llamas, British rock group
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54623180
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20P%C5%99ibyl
|
Karel Přibyl
|
Karel Přibyl (18 September 1899 – 1968) was a Czech sprinter. He competed in the 400 metres and the 800 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
1899 births
1968 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Czech male sprinters
Czech male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Czechoslovakia
Place of birth missing
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15588879
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournois
|
Bournois
|
Bournois is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Doubs department
References
Communes of Doubs
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54409322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Haunting%20of%20Seacliff%20Inn
|
The Haunting of Seacliff Inn
|
The Haunting of Seacliff Inn is a 1994 American made-for-television mystery film starring Ally Sheedy and William R. Moses. It was written by Walter Klenhard and Tom Walla and directed by Klenhard. The film originally aired on USA Network on September 22, 1994.
Plot
A couple starts to live in strange and scary situations when they move to an old house in a seaside town.
Cast
Ally Sheedy as Susan Enright
William R. Moses as Mark Enright
Lucinda Weist as Sara Warner
Tom McCleister as John
Maxine Stuart as Lorraine Adler
Shannon Cochran as Sheriff Tomizack
Louise Fletcher as Dorothy O'Hara
Jay W. MacIntosh as Caroline
James Horan as Jeremiah Hastings
Reception
TV Guide gave it two out of four stars, stating: "Although not terribly scary, THE HAUNTING OF SEACLIFF INN unfolds in an effectively moody, slow-paced fashion. Much too chatty, it does offer logical explanations for the so-called "supernatural" events, and also cleverly insinuates the legend of Jeremiah and Olivia into the Enrights' own troubled marital history." Tony Scott from Variety magazine wrote: "Sheedy plays her role with striking confidence, and Moses, who had a longtime run as Perry Mason’s associate Ken Malansky, gives his role a becoming sincerity. Maxine Stuart charmingly plays the former owner of the house, and Fletcher gives the story some surprising substance. The Mendocino house itself is a gem, and production designer Anthony Tremblay tries parlaying it into something frightening. Tech credits are good but the story’s not there. A ghost story’s disappointing if the blood runs thin, not cold."
References
External
1994 television films
1994 films
1990s mystery films
American films
American mystery films
American horror thriller films
USA Network original films
Films scored by Shirley Walker
American horror television films
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9122015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor%20Olivera%20%28film%20director%29
|
Héctor Olivera (film director)
|
Héctor Olivera (born 5 April 1931) is an Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter. Olivera worked mainly in the cinema of Argentina, but also has directed or contributed to several films made for the United States market.
Biography
He began his career when he was seventeen as a second assistant director and founded his own production company in 1956 at age twenty-five. He has produced over 100 features.
In the United States he is known for two of his films: Night of the Pencils (1986) and Funny Dirty Little War (1983).
After completing Funny Dirty Little War, he directed five films for Roger Corman: Cocaine Wars (1985), Barbarian Queen (1985), Wizards of the Lost Kingdom (1985), Two to Tango (1988), and Play Murder for Me (1990).
He has occasionally received criticism for his choice of projects. While he has been recognized for delivering poignant political messages in some of his films he has also directed much more commercial fare. Argentine film historian Tamara Falicov addressed Olivera's track record in an article about American and Argentine co-productions in the 1980s and 1990s:
"Olivera stated in an interview that these more politically engaged films were in a sense "subsidized" by the more popular genres that he and Ayala produced. In order for Argentine film to survive, Olivera believes, it must conform to an industrial model as well as serving as a vehicle for cultural production. This model thus far has been successful, as Aries is one of the few remaining Argentine film studios still in production."
Festival juries
In 1988 he was selected as a member of the jury for the feature films official selection at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1998 he was selected as a member of the jury at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival that selected the "Golden Bear."
Filmography as a director
Primero yo (1964)
Los neuróticos (1971)
Argentinísima (1972)
Argentinísima II (1973)
Las venganzas de Beto Sánchez (1973)
La Patagonia rebelde (1974; adapted from Osvaldo Bayer's book; 1974 Silver Bear at the 24th Berlin International Film Festival)
El muerto (1975)
El canto cuenta su historia (1976)
La Nona (1979)
Los viernes de la eternidad (1981)
No habrá más penas ni olvido (1983), a.k.a. Funny Dirty Little War
Buenos Aires Rock (1983)
El mago del reino perdido (1985), a.k.a. Wizards of the Lost Kingdom
Reina salvaje (1985), a.k.a. Barbarian Queen
La muerte blanca (1985), a.k.a. Cocaine Wars
La noche de los lápices (1986), a.k.a. Night of the Pencils
Matar es morir un poco (1988), a.k.a. Two to Tango
Negra medianoche (1990), a.k.a. Play Murder for Me
El Caso María Soledad (1993)
Una sombra ya pronto serás (1994)
Antigua vida mía (2001)
Ay Juancito (2004)
El mural (2010)
Awards
Wins
Cairo International Film Festival: Best Director, for Ay Juancito, 2004.
Argentinian Film Critics Association Awards: Career Condor, 2004.
Cognac Festival du Film Policier: Grand Prix, for Funny Dirty Little War, 1985.
Berlin International Film Festival: Confédération Internationale des Cinémas d'Art et Essai Juries (C.I.C.A.E.) Award; International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI) Prize; Silver Berlin Bear, Special Jury Prize; for Funny Dirty Little War, 1984.
Berlin International Film Festival: Silver Berlin Bear, for La Patagonia rebelde, 1974.
Nominations
15th Moscow International Film Festival: Golden Prize, for Night of the Pencils, 1986.
Berlin International Film Festival: Golden Berlin Bear, for Funny Dirty Little War, 1985.
Fantasporto: International Fantasy Film Award, for Los viernes de la eternidad, 1981.
Berlin International Film Festival: Golden Berlin Bear, for La Patagonia rebelde, 1974.
References
External links
Héctor Olivera at Cine Nacional
Héctor Olivera interview 06-06-2004, Página/12 .
1931 births
Living people
Argentine film directors
Argentine film producers
Argentine screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Argentine male writers
Argentine people of Spanish descent
People from Vicente López Partido
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13144426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame%20Mystery
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Madame Mystery
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Madame Mystery is a 1926 American film starring Theda Bara, Oliver Hardy, and James Finlayson, directed and co-written by Stan Laurel, and produced by Hal Roach. Footage from this film was reused in the Hal Roach two-reeler 45 Minutes From Hollywood (released December 26, 1926).
Cast
Theda Bara as Madame Mysterieux
Tyler Brooke as Hungry artist
James Finlayson as Struggling author
Oliver Hardy as Captain Schmaltz
Fred Malatesta as Man of a thousand eyes
Martha Sleeper
Sammy Brooks
Helen Gilmore
William Gillespie
See also
List of American films of 1926
References
External links
1926 films
1926 short films
American silent short films
American films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Richard Wallace
Films directed by Stan Laurel
American comedy films
Comedy short films
1926 comedy films
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32551784
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata%20Ratnam
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Venkata Ratnam
|
Venkata Ratnam or Venkataratnam is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:
Kakani Venkata Ratnam (died 1972), former Cabinet Minister in Andhra Pradesh, India
Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu (1862–1939), Indian social reformer
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55603100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Malian%20Premi%C3%A8re%20Division
|
2017 Malian Première Division
|
The 2017 Malian Première Division is the 52nd edition of the highest club level football competition in Mali. It started on 4 February 2017.
The championship was abandoned in December. No title was awarded and no clubs were relegated.
Standings at abandonment
References
External links
Soccerway
Mali
Malian Première Division seasons
football
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58044983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%20Marine%20Park
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Norfolk Marine Park
|
The Norfolk Marine Park (formerly known as the Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserve) is an Australian marine park located in the waters immediately offshore of Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia. The marine park extends in a north–south direction and covers an area of . The park is assigned IUCN category IV and is one of 8 parks managed under the Temperate East Marine Parks Network.
Conservation values
Species and habitat
Biologically important areas for protected humpback whales and a number of migratory seabirds.
The Tasman Front is a region of intermediate productivity that separates the warm, nutrient-poor waters of the Coral Sea from the cold, nutrient-rich waters of the Tasman Sea. It supports high productivity; aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism in the region.
Includes benthic habitats thought to act as stepping stones for faunal dispersal, connecting deep-water fauna from New Caledonia to New Zealand.
Bioregions and ecology
Examples of the ecosystems of the Norfolk Island Province provincial bioregion.
Represents bank/shoals, basin, canyon, deep/hole/valley, knoll/abyssal-hills/hills/mountains/peak, pinnacle, plateau, ridge, saddle, seamount/guyot, shelf, slope, trench/trough.
Norfolk Ridge (high productivity, aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism).
History
The marine park was proclaimed under the EPBC Act on 14 December 2013 and renamed Norfolk Marine Park on 9 October 2017. The management plan and protection measures of the marine park came into effect for the first time on 1 July 2018.
Summary of protection zones
The Norfolk Marine Park has been assigned IUCN protected area category IV. However, within the marine park there are three protection zones, each zone has an IUCN category and related rules for managing activities to ensure the protection of marine habitats and species.
The following table is a summary of the zoning rules within the Norfolk Marine Park:
See also
Protected areas managed by the Australian government
References
External links
Temperate East Marine Parks Network - Parks Australia
Temperate East Marine Parks Network - environment.gov.au (outdated)
Australian marine parks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics
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Photovoltaics
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Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially utilized for electricity generation and as photosensors.
A photovoltaic system employs solar modules, each comprising a number of solar cells, which generate electrical power. PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop-mounted, wall-mounted or floating. The mount may be fixed or use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the sky.
Some hope that photovoltaic technology will produce enough affordable sustainable energy to help mitigate global warming caused by . Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once installed, its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions, it shows simple scalability in respect of power needs and silicon has large availability in the Earth's crust, although other materials required in PV system manufacture such as silver will eventually constrain further growth in the technology. Other major constraints identified are competition for land use and lack of labor in making funding applications. The use of PV as a main source requires energy storage systems or global distribution by high-voltage direct current power lines causing additional costs, and also has a number of other specific disadvantages such as unstable power generation and the requirement for power companies to compensate for too much solar power in the supply mix by having more reliable conventional power supplies in order to regulate demand peaks and potential undersupply. Production and installation does cause pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and there are no viable systems for recycling the panels once they are at the end of their lifespan after 10 to 30 years.
Photovoltaic systems have long been used in specialized applications as stand-alone installations and grid-connected PV systems have been in use since the 1990s. Photovoltaic modules were first mass-produced in 2000, when German environmentalists and the Eurosolar organization received government funding for a ten thousand roof program.
Decreasing costs has allowed PV to grow as an energy source. This has been partially driven by massive Chinese government investment in developing solar production capacity since 2000, and achieving economies of scale. Much of the price of production is from the key component polysilicon, and most of the world supply is produced in China, especially in Xinjiang. Beside the subsidies, the low prices of solar panels in the 2010s has been achieved through the low price of energy from coal and cheap labour costs in Xinjiang, as well as improvements in manufacturing technology and efficiency. Advances in technology and increased manufacturing scale have also increased the efficiency of photovoltaic installations. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. Panel prices dropped by a factor of 4 between 2004 and 2011. Module prices dropped 90% of over the 2010s, but began increasing sharply in 2021.
In 2019, worldwide installed PV capacity increased to more than 635 gigawatts (GW) covering approximately two percent of global electricity demand. After hydro and wind powers, PV is the third renewable energy source in terms of global capacity. In 2019 the International Energy Agency expected a growth by 700 - 880 GW from 2019 to 2024. In some instances, PV has offered the cheapest source of electrical power in regions with a high solar potential, with a bid for pricing as low as 0.01567 US$/kWh in Qatar in 2020.
Etymology
The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek φῶς (phōs) meaning "light", and from "volt", the unit of electromotive force, the volt, which in turn comes from the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery (electrochemical cell). The term "photovoltaic" has been in use in English since 1849.
History
George Cove may have invented a photovoltaic panel in 1909, roughly 40 years before Bell Labs did in 1950.
Solar cells
Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photovoltaic effect.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid-connected systems for power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is still a smaller market for stand alone systems for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines.
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar modules composed of a number of solar cells containing a semiconductor material. Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays (array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly in solar modules.
Photovoltaic module power is measured under standard test conditions (STC) in "Wp" (watts peak). The actual power output at a particular place may be less than or greater than this rated value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other factors. Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower than many other industrial sources of electricity.
Solar cell efficiencies
The electrical efficiency of a PV cell is a physical property which represents how much electrical power a cell can produce for a given Solar irradiance. The basic expression for maximum efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is given by the ratio of output power to the incident solar power (radiation flux times area)
The efficiency is measured under ideal laboratory conditions and represents the maximum achievable efficiency of the PV cell or module. Actual efficiency is influenced by temperature, irradiance and spectrum.
Solar cell energy conversion efficiencies for commercially available photovoltaics are around 14–22%. Solar cell efficiencies are only 6% for amorphous silicon-based solar cells. In experimental settings, an efficiency of 44.0% has been achieved with experimental multiple-junction concentrated photovoltaics. The US-based speciality gallium arsenide (GaAs) PV manufacturer Alta Devices produces commercial cells with 26% efficiency claiming to have "the world's most efficient solar" single-junction cell dedicated to flexible and lightweight applications. For silicon solar cell, the US company SunPower remains the leader with a certified module efficiency of 22.8%, well above the market average of 15–18%. However, competitor companies are catching up like the South Korean conglomerate LG (21.7% efficiency) or the Norwegian REC Group (21.7% efficiency).
For best performance, terrestrial PV systems aim to maximize the time they face the sun. Solar trackers achieve this by moving PV modules to follow the sun. Static mounted systems can be optimized by analysis of the sun path. PV modules are often set to latitude tilt, an angle equal to the latitude, but performance can be improved by adjusting the angle for summer or winter. Generally, as with other semiconductor devices, temperatures above room temperature reduce the performance of photovoltaic modules.
Conventionally, direct current (DC) generated electricity from solar PV must be converted to alternating current (AC) used in the power grid, at an average 10% loss during the conversion. An additional efficiency loss occurs in the transition back to DC for battery driven devices and vehicles.
A large amount of energy is also required for the manufacture of the cells.
Effect of the temperature
The performance of a photovoltaic module depends on the environmental conditions, mainly on the global incident irradiance G on the module plane. However, the temperature T of the p–n junction also influences the main electrical parameters: the short-circuit current ISC, the open-circuit voltage VOC, and the maximum power Pmax. The first studies about the behavior of PV cells under varying conditions of G and T date back several decades ago.1-4 In general, it is known that VOC shows a significant inverse correlation with T, whereas for ISC that correlation is direct, but weaker, so that this increment does not compensate for the decrease of VOC. As a consequence, Pmax reduces when T increases. This correlation between the output power of a solar cell and its junction working temperature depends on the semiconductor material,2 and it is due to the influence of T on the concentration, lifetime, and mobility of the intrinsic carriers, that is, electrons and holes, inside the PV cell.
The temperature sensitivity is usually described by some temperature coefficients, each one expressing the derivative of the parameter it refers to with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters can be found in any PV module data sheet; they are the following:
– β Coefficient of variation of VOC with respect to T, given by ∂VOC/∂T.
– α Coefficient of variation of ISC with respect to T, given by ∂ISC/∂T.
– δ Coefficient of variation of Pmax with respect to T, given by ∂Pmax/∂T.
Techniques for estimating these coefficients from experimental data can be found in the literature. Few studies analyse the variation of the series resistance with respect to the cell or module temperature. This dependency is studied by suitably processing the current–voltage curve. The temperature coefficient of the series resistance is estimated by using the single diode model or the double diode one.
Manufacturing
Overall the manufacturing process of creating solar photovoltaics is simple in that it does
not require the culmination of many complex or moving parts. Because of the solid state nature of PV systems they often have relatively long lifetimes, anywhere from 10 to 30 years. To increase electrical output of a PV system, the manufacturer must simply add more photovoltaic components and because of this economies of scale are important for manufacturers as costs decrease with increasing output.
While there are many types of PV systems known to be effective, crystalline silicon PV accounted for around 90% of the worldwide production of PV in 2013. Manufacturing silicon PV systems has several steps. First, polysilicon is processed from mined quartz until it is very pure (semi-conductor grade). This is melted down when small amounts of boron, a group III element, are added to make a p-type semiconductor rich in electron holes. Typically using a seed crystal, an ingot of this solution is grown from the liquid polycrystalline. The ingot may also be cast in a mold. Wafers of this semiconductor material are cut from the bulk material with wire saws, and then go through surface etching before being cleaned. Next, the wafers are placed into a phosphorus vapor deposition furnace which lays a very thin layer of phosphorus, a group V element, which creates an n-type semiconducting surface. To reduce energy losses, an anti-reflective coating is added to the surface, along with electrical contacts. After finishing the cell, cells are connected via electrical circuit according to the specific application and prepared for shipping and installation.
Environmental costs of manufacture
Solar photovoltaic power is not entirely "clean energy", production produces GHG (Green House Gas) emissions, materials used to build the cells are potentially unsustainable and will run out eventually, the technology uses toxic substances which cause pollution, and there are no viable technologies for recycling solar waste. A large amount of energy is required for the production of the panels, most of which is now produced from coal-fired plants in China. Data required to investigate their impact are sometimes affected by a rather large amount of uncertainty. The values of human labor and water consumption, for example, are not precisely assessed due to the lack of systematic and accurate analyses in the scientific literature. One difficulty in determining impacts due to PV is to determine if the wastes are released to the air, water, or soil during the manufacturing phase. Life-cycle assessments, which look at all different environment impacts ranging from global warming potential, pollution, water depletion and others, are unavailable for PV. Instead, studies have tried to estimate the impact and potential impacts of various types of PV, but these estimates are usually restricted to simply assessing energy costs of the manufacture and/or transport, because these are new technologies and the total environmental impacts of their components and disposal methods are unknown, even for commercially available first generation solar cells, let alone experimental prototypes with no commercial viability.
Thus, estimates of the environmental impacts of PV have focused on carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh or energy pay-back time (EPBT). The EPBT describes the timespan a PV system needs to operate in order to generate the same amount of energy that was used for its manufacture. Another study includes transport energy costs in the EPBT. The EPBT has also been defined completely differently as "the time needed to compensate for the total renewable- and non-renewable primary energy required during the life cycle of a PV system" in another study, which also included installation costs. This energy amortization, given in years, is also referred to as break-even energy payback time. The lower the EPBT, the lower the environmental cost of solar power. The EPBT depends vastly on the location where the PV system is installed (e.g. the amount of sunlight available and the efficiency of the electrical grid) and on the type of system, namely the system's components.
A 2015 review of EPBT estimates of first and second generation PV suggested that there was greater variation in embedded energy than in efficiency of the cells implying that it was mainly the embedded energy that needs to reduced to have a greater reduction in EPBT.
A large amount of energy is required for the production of the panels. In general, the most important component of solar panels, which accounts for much of the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, is the refining of the polysilicon. China is the source of the majority of the polysilicon in the world, most of it produced in Xinjiang using energy produced from coal-fired plants. As to how much percentage of the EPBT this silicon depends on the type of system. A fully autarkic system requires additional components ('Balance of System', the power inverters, storage, etc..) which significantly increase the energy cost of manufacture, but in a simple rooftop system some 90% of the energy cost is from silicon, with the remainder coming from the inverters and module frame.
In an analysis by Alsema et al. from 1998, the energy payback time was higher than 10 years for the former system in 1997, while for a standard rooftop system the EPBT was calculated as between 3.5 to 8 years.
The EPBT relates closely to the concepts of net energy gain (NEG) and energy returned on energy invested (EROI). They are both used in energy economics and refer to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest. The NEG and EROI also take the operating lifetime of a PV system into account and a working life of 25 to 30 years is typically assumed. From these metrics, the Energy payback Time can be derived by calculation.
EPBT improvements
PV systems using crystalline silicon, by far the majority of the systems in practical use, have such a high EPBT because silicon is produced by the reduction of high-grade quartz sand in electric furnaces. This coke-fired smelting process occurs at high temperatures of more than 1000 °C and is very energy intensive, using about 11 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per produced kilogram of silicon. The energy requirements of this process makes the energy cost per unit of silicon produced relatively inelastic, which means that the production process itself will not become more efficient in the future.
Nonetheless, the energy payback time has shortened significantly over the last years, as crystalline silicon cells became ever more efficient in converting sunlight, while the thickness of the wafer material was constantly reduced and therefore required less silicon for its manufacture. Within the last ten years, the amount of silicon used for solar cells declined from 16 to 6 grams per watt-peak. In the same period, the thickness of a c-Si wafer was reduced from 300 μm, or microns, to about 160–190 μm. Crystalline silicon wafers are nowadays only 40 percent as thick as they used to be in 1990, when they were around 400 μm. The sawing techniques that slice crystalline silicon ingots into wafers have also improved by reducing the kerf loss and making it easier to recycle the silicon sawdust.
Impacts from first-generation PV
Crystalline silicon modules are the most extensively studied PV type in terms of LCA since they are the most commonly used. Mono-crystalline silicon photovoltaic systems (mono-si) have an average efficiency of 14.0%. The cells tend to follow a structure of front electrode, anti-reflection film, n-layer, p-layer, and back electrode, with the sun hitting the front electrode. EPBT ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 years. The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh ranges from 37.3 to 72.2 grams.
Techniques to produce multi-crystalline silicon (multi-si) photovoltaic cells are simpler and cheaper than mono-si, however tend to make less efficient cells, an average of 13.2%. EPBT ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 years. The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh ranges from 28.5 to 69 grams.
Assuming that the following countries had a high quality grid infrastructure as in Europe, in 2020 it was calculated it would take 1.28 years in Ottawa, Canada for a rooftop photovoltaic system to produce the same amount of energy as required to manufacture the silicon in the modules in it (excluding the silver, glass, mounts and other components), 0.97 years in Catania, Italy, and 0.4 years in Jaipur, India. Outside of Europe, where net grid efficiencies are lower, it would take longer. This 'energy payback time' can be seen as the portion of time during the useful lifetime of the module in which the energy production is polluting. At best, this means that a 30-year old panel has produced clean energy for 97% of its lifetime, or that the silicon in the modules in a solar panel produce 97% less greenhouse gas emissions than a coal-fired plant for the same amount of energy (assuming and ignoring many things). Some studies have looked beyond EPBT and GWP to other environmental impacts. In one such study, conventional energy mix in Greece was compared to multi-si PV and found a 95% overall reduction in impacts including carcinogens, eco-toxicity, acidification, eutrophication, and eleven others.
Impacts from second generation
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is one of the fastest-growing thin film based solar cells which are collectively known as second generation devices. This new thin film device also shares similar performance restrictions (Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit) as conventional Si devices but promises to lower the cost of each device by both reducing material and energy consumption during manufacturing. The global market share of CdTe was 4.7% in 2008. This technology's highest power conversion efficiency is 21%. The cell structure includes glass substrate (around 2 mm), transparent conductor layer, CdS buffer layer (50–150 nm), CdTe absorber and a metal contact layer.
CdTe PV systems require less energy input in their production than other commercial PV systems per unit electricity production. The average CO2-eq/kWh is around 18 grams (cradle to gate). CdTe has the fastest EPBT of all commercial PV technologies, which varies between 0.3 and 1.2 years.
Experimental technologies
Crystalline silicon photovoltaics are only one type of PV, and while they represent the majority of solar cells produced currently there are many new and promising technologies that have the potential to be scaled up to meet future energy needs. As of 2018, crystalline silicon cell technology serves as the basis for several PV module types, including monocrystalline, multicrystalline, mono PERC, and bifacial.
Another newer technology, thin-film PV, are manufactured by depositing semiconducting layers of perovskite, a mineral with semiconductor properties, on a substrate in vacuum. The substrate is often glass or stainless-steel, and these semiconducting layers are made of many types of materials including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous silicon (a-Si). After being deposited onto the substrate the semiconducting layers are separated and connected by electrical circuit by laser scribing. Perovskite solar cells are a very efficient solar energy converter and have excellent optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic purposes, but their upscaling from lab-sized cells to large-area modules is still under research. Thin-film photovoltaic materials may possibly become attractive in the future, because of the reduced materials requirements and cost to manufacture modules consisting of thin-films as compared to silicon-based wafers. In 2019 university labs at Oxford, Stanford and elsewhere reported perovskite solar cells with efficiencies of 20-25%.
Other possible future PV technologies include organic, dye-sensitized and quantum-dot photovoltaics. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) fall into the thin-film category of manufacturing, and typically operate around the 12% efficiency range which is lower than the 12–21% typically seen by silicon based PVs. Because organic photovoltaics require very high purity and are relatively reactive they must be encapsulated which vastly increases cost of manufacturing and meaning that they are not feasible for large scale up. Dye-sensitized PVs are similar in efficiency to OPVs but are significantly easier to manufacture. However these dye-sensitized photovoltaics present storage problems because the liquid electrolyte is toxic and can potentially permeate the plastics used in the cell. Quantum dot solar cells are solution processed, meaning they are potentially scalable, but currently they peak at 12% efficiency.
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is a thin film solar cell based on the copper indium diselenide (CIS) family of chalcopyrite semiconductors. CIS and CIGS are often used interchangeably within the CIS/CIGS community. The cell structure includes soda lime glass as the substrate, Mo layer as the back contact, CIS/CIGS as the absorber layer, cadmium sulfide (CdS) or Zn (S,OH)x as the buffer layer, and ZnO:Al as the front contact. CIGS is approximately 1/100th the thickness of conventional silicon solar cell technologies. Materials necessary for assembly are readily available, and are less costly per watt of solar cell. CIGS based solar devices resist performance degradation over time and are highly stable in the field.
Reported global warming potential impacts of CIGS range from 20.5 – 58.8 grams CO2-eq/kWh of electricity generated for different solar irradiation (1,700 to 2,200 kWh/m2/y) and power conversion efficiency (7.8 – 9.12%). EPBT ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 years, while harmonized value of EPBT was found 1.393 years. Toxicity is an issue within the buffer layer of CIGS modules because it contains cadmium and gallium. CIS modules do not contain any heavy metals.
Third-generation PVs are designed to combine the advantages of both the first and second generation devices and they do not have Shockley-Queisser limit, a theoretical limit for first and second generation PV cells. The thickness of a third generation device is less than 1 μm.
One emerging alternative and promising technology is based on an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell made of methylammonium lead halide perovskites. Perovskite PV cells have progressed rapidly over the past few years and have become one of the most attractive areas for PV research. The cell structure includes a metal back contact (which can be made of Al, Au or Ag), a hole transfer layer (spiro-MeOTAD, P3HT, PTAA, CuSCN, CuI, or NiO), and absorber layer (CH3NH3PbIxBr3-x, CH3NH3PbIxCl3-x or CH3NH3PbI3), an electron transport layer (TiO, ZnO, Al2O3 or SnO2) and a top contact layer (fluorine doped tin oxide or tin doped indium oxide).
There are a limited number of published studies to address the environmental impacts of perovskite solar cells. The major environmental concern is the lead used in the absorber layer. Due to the instability of perovskite cells lead may eventually be exposed to fresh water during the use phase. These LCA studies looked at human and ecotoxicity of perovskite solar cells and found they were surprisingly low and may not be an environmental issue. Global warming potential of perovskite PVs were found to be in the range of 24–1500 grams CO2-eq/kWh electricity production. Similarly, reported EPBT of the published paper range from 0.2 to 15 years. The large range of reported values highlight the uncertainties associated with these studies. Celik et al. (2016) critically discussed the assumptions made in perovskite PV LCA studies.
Two new promising thin film technologies are copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) and single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNT). These thin films are currently only produced in the lab but may be commercialized in the future. The manufacturing of CZTS and (Zn3P2) processes are expected to be similar to those of current thin film technologies of CIGS and CdTe, respectively. While the absorber layer of SWCNT PV is expected to be synthesized with CoMoCAT method. by Contrary to established thin films such as CIGS and CdTe, CZTS, Zn3P2, and SWCNT PVs are made from earth abundant, nontoxic materials and have the potential to produce more electricity annually than the current worldwide consumption. While CZTS and Zn3P2 offer good promise for these reasons, the specific environmental implications of their commercial production are not yet known. Global warming potential of CZTS and Zn3P2 were found 38 and 30 grams CO2-eq/kWh while their corresponding EPBT were found 1.85 and 0.78 years, respectively. Overall, CdTe and Zn3P2 have similar environmental impacts but can slightly outperform CIGS and CZTS. A study on environmental impacts of SWCNT PVs by Celik et al., including an existing 1% efficient device and a theoretical 28% efficient device, found that, compared to monocrystalline Si, the environmental impacts from 1% SWCNT was ∼18 times higher due mainly to the short lifetime of three years.
Organic and polymer photovoltaic (OPV) are a relatively new area of research. The tradition OPV cell structure layers consist of a semi-transparent electrode, electron blocking layer, tunnel junction, holes blocking layer, electrode, with the sun hitting the transparent electrode. OPV replaces silver with carbon as an electrode material lowering manufacturing cost and making them more environmentally friendly. OPV are flexible, low weight, and work well with roll-to roll manufacturing for mass production. OPV uses "only abundant elements coupled to an extremely low embodied energy through very low processing temperatures using only ambient processing conditions on simple printing equipment enabling energy pay-back times". Current efficiencies range from 1–6.5%, however theoretical analyses show promise beyond 10% efficiency.
Many different configurations of OPV exist using different materials for each layer. OPV technology rivals existing PV technologies in terms of EPBT even if they currently present a shorter operational lifetime. A 2013 study analyzed 12 different configurations all with 2% efficiency, the EPBT ranged from 0.29 to 0.52 years for 1 m2 of PV. The average CO2-eq/kWh for OPV is 54.922 grams.
Where land may be limited, PV can be deployed as floating solar. In 2008 the Far Niente Winery pioneered the world's first "floatovoltaic" system by installing 994 photovoltaic solar panels onto 130 pontoons and floating them on the winery's irrigation pond. A benefit of the set up is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. The floating panels also reduce the amount of water lost through evaporation and inhibit the growth of algae.
Concentrator photovoltaics is a technology that contrary to conventional flat-plate PV systems uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, but highly efficient, multi-junction solar cells. These systems sometimes use solar trackers and a cooling system to increase their efficiency.
Economics
There have been major changes in the underlying costs, industry structure and market prices of solar photovoltaics technology, over the years, and gaining a coherent picture of the shifts occurring across the industry value chain globally is a challenge. This is due to: "the rapidity of cost and price changes, the complexity of the PV supply chain, which involves a large number of manufacturing processes, the balance of system (BOS) and installation costs associated with complete PV systems, the choice of different distribution channels, and differences between regional markets within which PV is being deployed". Further complexities result from the many different policy support initiatives that have been put in place to facilitate photovoltaics commercialisation in various countries.
Renewable energy technologies have generally gotten cheaper since their invention. Renewable energy systems have become cheaper to build than fossil fuel power plants across much of the world, thanks to advances in wind and solar energy technology, in particular.
Hardware costs
In 1977 crystalline silicon solar cell prices were at $76.67/W.
Although wholesale module prices remained flat at around $3.50 to $4.00/W in the early 2000s due to high demand in Germany and Spain afforded by generous subsidies and shortage of polysilicon, demand crashed with the abrupt ending of Spanish subsidies after the market crash of 2008, and the price dropped rapidly to $2.00/W. Manufacturers were able to maintain a positive operating margin despite a 50% drop in income due to innovation and reductions in costs. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules suddenly dropped below the $1.00/W mark, taking many in the industry by surprise, and has caused a number of solar manufacturing companies to go bankrupt throughout the world. The $1.00/W cost is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV, but most experts do not believe this price point is sustainable. Technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, may mean that further price reductions are possible. The average retail price of solar cells as monitored by the Solarbuzz group fell from $3.50/watt to $2.43/watt over the course of 2011. In 2013 wholesale prices had fallen to $0.74/W. This has been cited as evidence supporting 'Swanson's law', an observation similar to the famous Moore's Law, which claims that solar cell prices fall 20% for every doubling of industry capacity. The Fraunhofer Institute defines the 'learning rate' as the drop in prices as the cumulative production doubles, some 25% between 1980 to 2010. Although the prices for modules have dropped quickly, current inverter prices have dropped at a much lower rate, and in 2019 constitute over 61% of the cost per kWp, from a quarter in the early 2000s.
Note that the prices mentioned above are for bare modules, another way of looking at module prices is to include installation costs. In the US, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the price of installed rooftop PV modules for homeowners fell from $9.00/W in 2006 to $5.46/W in 2011. Including the prices paid by industrial installations, the national installed price drops to $3.45/W. This is markedly higher than elsewhere in the world, in Germany homeowner rooftop installations averaged at $2.24/W. The cost differences are thought to be primarily based on the higher regulatory burden and lack of a national solar policy in the USA.
By the end of 2012 Chinese manufacturers had production costs of $0.50/W in the cheapest modules. In some markets distributors of these modules can earn a considerable margin, buying at factory-gate price and selling at the highest price the market can support ('value-based pricing').
In California PV reached grid parity in 2011, which is usually defined as PV production costs at or below retail electricity prices (though often still above the power station prices for coal or gas-fired generation without their distribution and other costs). Grid parity had been reached in 19 markets in 2014.
Levelised cost of electricity
The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is the cost per kWh based on the costs distributed over the project lifetime, and is thought to be a better metric for calculating viability than price per wattage. LCOEs vary dramatically depending on the location. The LCOE can be considered the minimum price customers will have to pay the utility company in order for it to break even on the investment in a new power station. Grid parity is roughly achieved when the LCOE falls to a similar price as conventional local grid prices, although in actuality the calculations are not directly comparable. Large industrial PV installations had reached grid parity in California in 2011. Grid parity for rooftop systems was still believed to be much farther away at this time. Many LCOE calculations are not thought to be accurate, and a large amount of assumptions are required. Module prices may drop further, and the LCOE for solar may correspondingly drop in the future.
Because energy demands rise and fall over the course of the day, and solar power is limited by the fact that the sun sets, solar power companies must also factor in the additional costs of supplying a more stable alternative energy supplies to the grid in order to stabilize the system, or storing the energy somehow (current battery technology cannot store enough power). These costs are not factored into LCOE calculations, nor are special subsidies or premiums that may make buying solar power more attractive. The unreliability and temporal variation in generation of solar and wind power is a major problem. Too much of these volatile power sources can cause instability of the entire grid.
As of 2017 power-purchase agreement prices for solar farms below $0.05/kWh are common in the United States, and the lowest bids in some Persian Gulf countries were about $0.03/kWh. The goal of the United States Department of Energy is to achieve a levelised cost of energy for solar PV of $0.03/kWh for utility companies.
Subsidies and financing
Financial incentives for photovoltaics, such as feed-in tariffs (FITs), are often been offered to electricity consumers to install and operate solar-electric generating systems, and in some countries such subsidies are the only way photovoltaics can remain economically profitable. In Germany FIT subsidies are generally around €0.13 above the normal retail price of a kWh (€0.05). PV FITs have been crucial for the adoption of the industry, and are available to consumers in over 50 countries as of 2011. Germany and Spain have been the most important countries regarding offering subsidies for PV, and the policies of these countries have driven demand in the past. Some US solar cell manufacturing companies have repeatedly complained that the dropping prices of PV module costs have been achieved due to subsidies by the government of China, and the dumping of these products below fair market prices. US manufacturers generally recommend high tariffs on foreign supplies to allow them remain profitable. In response to these concerns, the Obama administration began to levy tariffs on US consumers of these products in 2012 to raise prices for domestic manufacturers. Under the Trump administration the US government imposed further tariffs on US consumers to restrict trade in solar modules. The USA, however, also subsidies the industry, offering consumers a 30% federal tax credit to purchase modules. In Hawaii federal and state subsidies chop off up to two thirds of the installation costs.
Some environmentalists have promoted the idea that government incentives should be used in order to expand the PV manufacturing industry to reduce costs of PV-generated electricity much more rapidly to a level where it is able to compete with fossil fuels in a free market. This is based on the theory that when the manufacturing capacity doubles, economies of scale will cause the prices of the solar products to halve.
In many countries there is access to capital is lacking to develop PV projects. To solve this problem, securitization has been proposed to accelerate development of solar photovoltaic projects. For example, SolarCity offered the first U.S. asset-backed security in the solar industry in 2013.
Other
Photovoltaic power is also generated during a time of day that is close to peak demand (precedes it) in electricity systems with high use of air conditioning. Since large-scale PV operation requires back-up in the form of spinning reserves, its marginal cost of generation in the middle of the day is typically lowest, but not zero, when PV is generating electricity. This can be seen in Figure 1 of this paper:. For residential properties with private PV facilities networked to the grid, the owner may be able earn extra money when the time of generation is included, as electricity is worth more during the day than at night.
One journalist theorised in 2012 that if the energy bills of Americans were forced upwards by imposing an extra tax of $50/ton on carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power, this could have allowed solar PV to appear more cost-competitive to consumers in most locations.
Growth
Solar photovoltaics formed the largest body of research among the seven sustainable energy types examined in a global bibliometric study, with the annual scientific output growing from 9,094 publications in 2011 to 14,447 publications in 2019.
Likewise, the application of solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly and worldwide installed capacity reached about 515 gigawatts (GW) by 2018. The total power output of the world's PV capacity in a calendar year is now beyond 500 TWh of electricity. This represents 2% of worldwide electricity demand. More than 100 countries use solar PV. China is followed by the United States and Japan, while installations in Germany, once the world's largest producer, have been slowing down.
Honduras generated the highest percentage of its energy from solar in 2019, 14.8%. As of 2019, Vietnam has the highest installed capacity in Southeast Asia, about 4.5 GW. The annualized installation rate of about 90 W per capita per annum places Vietnam among world leaders. Generous Feed-in tariff (FIT) and government supporting policies such as tax exemptions were the key to enable Vietnam's solar PV boom. Underlying drivers include the government's desire to enhance energy self-sufficiency and the public's demand for local environmental quality.
A key barrier is limited transmission grid capacity.
China has the world's largest solar power capacity, with 253 GW of installed capacity at the end-2020 compared with about 151 GW in the European Union, according to International Energy Agency data.
(https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-add-55-65-gw-solar-power-capacity-2021-industry-body-2021-07-22/)
In 2017 it was thought probable that by 2030 global PV installed capacities could be between 3,000 and 10,000 GW. Greenpeace in 2010 claimed that 1,845 GW of PV systems worldwide could be generating approximately 2,646 TWh/year of electricity by the year 2030, and by 2050 over 20% of all electricity could be provided by PV.
Applications
Photovoltaic systems
A photovoltaic system, or solar PV system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and directly convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories. PV systems range from small, roof-top mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while stand-alone systems only account for a small portion of the market.
Rooftop and building integrated systems
Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with buildings: either integrated into them, mounted on them or mounted nearby on the ground. Rooftop PV systems are most often retrofitted into existing buildings, usually mounted on top of the existing roof structure or on the existing walls. Alternatively, an array can be located separately from the building but connected by cable to supply power for the building. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are increasingly incorporated into the roof or walls of new domestic and industrial buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power. Roof tiles with integrated PV cells are sometimes used as well. Provided there is an open gap in which air can circulate, rooftop mounted solar panels can provide a passive cooling effect on buildings during the day and also keep accumulated heat in at night. Typically, residential rooftop systems have small capacities of around 5–10 kW, while commercial rooftop systems often amount to several hundreds of kilowatts. Although rooftop systems are much smaller than ground-mounted utility-scale power plants, they account for most of the worldwide installed capacity.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector (PVT) are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. These systems combine a solar PV cell, which converts sunlight into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher exergy and thus be more overall energy efficient than solar PV or solar thermal alone.
Power stations
Many utility-scale solar farms have been constructed all over the world. In 2011 the 579-megawatt (MWAC) Solar Star project was proposed, to be followed by the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and the Topaz Solar Farm in the future, both with a capacity of 550 MWAC, to be constructed by US-company First Solar, using CdTe modules, a thin-film PV technology. All three power stations will be located in the Californian desert. When the Solar Star project was completed in 2015, it was the world's largest photovoltaic power station at the time.
Agrivoltaics
A number of experimental solar farms have been established around the world that attempt to integrate solar power generation with agriculture. An Italian manufacturer has promoted a design which track the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems.
Rural electrification
Developing countries where many villages are often more than five kilometres away from grid power are increasingly using photovoltaics. In remote locations in India a rural lighting program has been providing solar powered LED lighting to replace kerosene lamps. The solar powered lamps were sold at about the cost of a few months' supply of kerosene. Cuba is working to provide solar power for areas that are off grid. More complex applications of off-grid solar energy use include 3D printers. RepRap 3D printers have been solar powered with photovoltaic technology, which enables distributed manufacturing for sustainable development. These are areas where the social costs and benefits offer an excellent case for going solar, though the lack of profitability has relegated such endeavors to humanitarian efforts. However, in 1995 solar rural electrification projects had been found to be difficult to sustain due to unfavorable economics, lack of technical support, and a legacy of ulterior motives of north-to-south technology transfer.
Standalone systems
Until a decade or so ago, PV was used frequently to power calculators and novelty devices. Improvements in integrated circuits and low power liquid crystal displays make it possible to power such devices for several years between battery changes, making PV use less common. In contrast, solar powered remote fixed devices have seen increasing use recently in locations where significant connection cost makes grid power prohibitively expensive. Such applications include solar lamps, water pumps, parking meters, emergency telephones, trash compactors, temporary traffic signs, charging stations, and remote guard posts and signals.
In transport
PV has traditionally been used for electric power in space. PV is rarely used to provide motive power in transport applications, but it can provide auxiliary power in boats and cars. Some automobiles are fitted with solar-powered air conditioning. A self-contained solar vehicle would have limited power and utility, but a solar-charged electric vehicle allows use of solar power for transportation. Solar-powered cars, boats and airplanes have been demonstrated, with the most practical and likely of these being solar cars. The Swiss solar aircraft, Solar Impulse 2, achieved the longest non-stop solo flight in history and completed the first solar-powered aerial circumnavigation of the globe in 2016.
Telecommunication and signaling
Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms of electronic communication links. This is because, in most telecommunication application, storage batteries are already in use and the electrical system is basically DC. In hilly and mountainous terrain, radio and TV signals may not reach as they get blocked or reflected back due to undulating terrain. At these locations, low power transmitters (LPT) are installed to receive and retransmit the signal for local population.
Spacecraft applications
Solar panels on spacecraft are usually the sole source of power to run the sensors, active heating and cooling, and communications. A battery stores this energy for use when the solar panels are in shadow. In some, the power is also used for spacecraft propulsion—electric propulsion. Spacecraft were one of the earliest applications of photovoltaics, starting with the silicon solar cells used on the Vanguard 1 satellite, launched by the US in 1958. Since then, solar power has been used on missions ranging from the MESSENGER probe to Mercury, to as far out in the solar system as the Juno probe to Jupiter. The largest solar power system flown in space is the electrical system of the International Space Station. To increase the power generated per kilogram, typical spacecraft solar panels use high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular multi-junction solar cells made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor materials.
Specialty Power Systems
Photovoltaics may also be incorporated as energy conversion devices for objects at elevated temperatures and with preferable radiative emissivities such as heterogeneous combustors.
Indoor Photovoltaics (IPV)
Indoor photovoltaics have the potential to supply power to the Internet of Things, such as smart sensors and communication devices, providing a solution to the battery limitations such as power consumption, toxicity, and maintenance. Ambient indoor lighting, such as LEDs and fluorescent lights, emit enough radiation to power small electronic devices or devices with low-power demand. In these applications, indoor photovoltaics will be able to improve reliability and increase lifetimes of wireless networks, especially important with the significant number of wireless sensors that will be installed in the coming years.
Due to the lack of access to solar radiation, the intensity of energy harvested by indoor photovoltaics is usually three orders of magnitude smaller than sunlight, which will affect the efficiencies of the photovoltaic cells. The optimal band gap for indoor light harvesting is around 1.9-2 eV, compared to the optimum of 1.4 eV for outdoor light harvesting. The increase in optimal band gap also results in a larger open-circuit voltage (VOC), which affects the efficiency as well. Silicon photovoltaics, the most common type of photovoltaic cell in the market, is only able to reach an efficiency of around 8% when harvesting ambient indoor light, compared to its 26% efficiency in sunlight. One possible alternative is to use amorphous silicon, a-Si, as it has a wider band gap of 1.6 eV compared to its crystalline counterpart, causing it to be more suitable to capture the indoor light spectra.
Other promising materials and technologies for indoor photovoltaics include thin-film materials, III-V light harvesters, organic photovoltaics (OPV), and perovskite solar cells.
Thin-film materials, specifically CdTe, have displayed good performance under low light and diffuse conditions, with a band gap of 1.5 eV.
Some single junction III-V cells have band gaps in the range of 1.8 to 1.9 eV, which have been shown to maintain good performances under indoor lighting, with an efficiency of over 20%.
There has been various organic photovoltaics that have demonstrated efficiencies of over 16% from indoor lighting, despite having low efficiencies in energy harvesting under sunlight. This is due to the fact that OPVs have a large absorption coefficient, adjustable absorptions ranges, as well as small leakage currents in dim light, allowing them to convert indoor lighting more efficiently compared to inorganic PVs.
Perovskite solar cells have been tested to display efficiencies over 25% in low light levels. While perovskite solar cells often contain lead, raising the concern of toxicity, lead-free perovskite inspired materials also show promise as indoor photovoltaics. While plenty of research is being conducted on perovskite cells, further research is needed to explore its possibilities for IPVs and developing products that can be used to power the internet of things.
Photo sensors
Photosensors are sensors of light or other electromagnetic radiation. A photo detector has a p–n junction that converts light photons into current. The absorbed photons make electron–hole pairs in the depletion region. Photodiodes and photo transistors are a few examples of photo detectors. Solar cells convert some of the light energy absorbed into electrical energy.
Experimental technology
A number of solar modules may also be mounted vertically above each other in a tower, if the zenith distance of the Sun is greater than zero, and the tower can be turned horizontally as a whole and each module additionally around a horizontal axis. In such a tower the modules can follow the Sun exactly. Such a device may be described as a ladder mounted on a turnable disk. Each step of that ladder is the middle axis of a rectangular solar panel. In case the zenith distance of the Sun reaches zero, the "ladder" may be rotated to the north or the south to avoid a solar module producing a shadow on a lower one. Instead of an exactly vertical tower one can choose a tower with an axis directed to the polar star, meaning that it is parallel to the rotation axis of the Earth. In this case the angle between the axis and the Sun is always larger than 66 degrees. During a day it is only necessary to turn the panels around this axis to follow the Sun. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics).
Efficiency
The most efficient type of solar cell to date is a multi-junction concentrator solar cell with an efficiency of 46.0% produced by Fraunhofer ISE in December 2014. The highest efficiencies achieved without concentration include a material by Sharp Corporation at 35.8% using a proprietary triple-junction manufacturing technology in 2009, and Boeing Spectrolab (40.7% also using a triple-layer design).
There is an ongoing effort to increase the conversion efficiency of PV cells and modules, primarily for competitive advantage. In order to increase the efficiency of solar cells, it is important to choose a semiconductor material with an appropriate band gap that matches the solar spectrum. This will enhance the electrical and optical properties. Improving the method of charge collection is also useful for increasing the efficiency. There are several groups of materials that are being developed. Ultrahigh-efficiency devices (η>30%) are made by using GaAs and GaInP2 semiconductors with multijunction tandem cells. High-quality, single-crystal silicon materials are used to achieve high-efficiency, low cost cells (η>20%).
Recent developments in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have made significant advancements in power conversion efficiency from 3% to over 15% since their introduction in the 1980s. To date, the highest reported power conversion efficiency ranges from 6.7% to 8.94% for small molecule, 8.4%–10.6% for polymer OPVs, and 7% to 21% for perovskite OPVs. OPVs are expected to play a major role in the PV market. Recent improvements have increased the efficiency and lowered cost, while remaining environmentally-benign and renewable.
Several companies have begun embedding power optimizers into PV modules called smart modules. These modules perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each module individually, measure performance data for monitoring, and provide additional safety features. Such modules can also compensate for shading effects, wherein a shadow falling across a section of a module causes the electrical output of one or more strings of cells in the module to decrease.
One of the major causes for the decreased performance of cells is overheating. The efficiency of a solar cell declines by about 0.5% for every 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature. This means that a 100 degree increase in surface temperature could decrease the efficiency of a solar cell by about half. Self-cooling solar cells are one solution to this problem. Rather than using energy to cool the surface, pyramid and cone shapes can be formed from silica, and attached to the surface of a solar panel. Doing so allows visible light to reach the solar cells, but reflects infrared rays (which carry heat).
Advantages
The 122 PW of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful—almost 10,000 times more than the 13 TW equivalent of average power consumed in 2005 by humans. This abundance leads to the suggestion that it will not be long before solar energy will become the world's primary energy source. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies.
Solar power is pollution-free during use, which enables it to cut down on pollution when it is substituted for other energy sources. For example, MIT estimated that 52,000 people per year die prematurely in the U.S. from coal-fired power plant pollution and all but one of these deaths could be prevented from using PV to replace coal. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development and policies are being produced that encourage recycling from producers.
PV installations could ideally operate for 100 years or even more with little maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were approximately 7.2% in 1995).
Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are rapidly falling.
In some states of the United States, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the homeowner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller. The city of Berkeley developed an innovative financing method to remove this limitation, by adding a tax assessment that is transferred with the home to pay for the solar panels. Now known as PACE, Property Assessed Clean Energy, 30 U.S. states have duplicated this solution.
There is evidence, at least in California, that the presence of a home-mounted solar system can actually increase the value of a home. According to a paper published in April 2011 by the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory titled An Analysis of the Effects of Residential Photovoltaic Energy Systems on Home Sales Prices in California:
Disadvantages
Pollution and Energy in Production
PV has been a well-known method of generating clean, emission-free electricity. PV systems are often made of PV modules and inverter (changing DC to AC). PV modules are mainly made of PV cells, which has no fundamental difference from the material used for making computer chips. The process of producing PV cells is energy-intensive and involves highly poisonous and environmentally toxic chemicals. There are a few PV manufacturing plants around the world producing PV modules with energy produced from PV. This counteractive measure considerably reduces the carbon footprint of the manufacturing process of PV cells. Management of the chemicals used and produced during the manufacturing process is subject to the factories' local laws and regulations.
Impact on Electricity Network
For behind-the-meter rooftop photovoltaic systems, the energy flow becomes two-way. When there is more local generation than consumption, electricity is exported to the grid, allowing for net metering. However, electricity networks traditionally are not designed to deal with two-way energy transfer, which may introduce technical issues. An over-voltage issue may come out as the electricity flows from these PV households back to the network. There are solutions to manage the over-voltage issue, such as regulating PV inverter power factor, new voltage and energy control equipment at electricity distributor level, re-conductor the electricity wires, demand side management, etc. There are often limitations and costs related to these solutions.
High generation during the middle of the day reduces the net generation demand, but higher peak net demand as the sun goes down can require rapid ramping of utility generating stations, producing a load profile called the duck curve.
Implications for Electricity Bill Management and Energy Investment
There is no silver bullet in electricity or energy demand and bill management, because customers (sites) have different specific situations, e.g. different comfort/convenience needs, different electricity tariffs, or different usage patterns. Electricity tariff may have a few elements, such as daily access and metering charge, energy charge (based on kWh, MWh) or peak demand charge (e.g. a price for the highest 30min energy consumption in a month). PV is a promising option for reducing energy charges when electricity prices are reasonably high and continuously increasing, such as in Australia and Germany. However, for sites with peak demand charge in place, PV may be less attractive if peak demands mostly occur in the late afternoon to early evening, for example in residential communities. Overall, energy investment is largely an economic decision and it is better to make investment decisions based on systematic evaluation of options in operational improvement, energy efficiency, onsite generation and energy storage.
See also
Active solar
Agrivoltaic
American Solar Energy Society
Anomalous photovoltaic effect
Cost of electricity by source
Energy demand management
List of photovoltaics companies
List of solar cell manufacturers
Photoelectrochemical cell
Renewable energy commercialization
Solar cell fabric
Solar module quality assurance
Solar photovoltaic monitoring
Solar power by country
Solar thermal energy
Theory of solar cell
References
Further reading
Clean Tech Nation: How the U.S. Can Lead in the New Global Economy (2012) by Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder
Deploying Renewables 2011 (2011) by the International Energy Agency
Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era (2011) by Amory Lovins
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) by the IPCC
Solar Energy Perspectives (2011) by the International Energy Agency
How practical is solar power for PH home owners? by Rappler
SolarBankbility EU Project 09/2016. "Minimizing Technical Risks in Photovoltaic Projects" Report
Quantum chemistry
Electrochemistry
Energy conversion
Optoelectronics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Journal%20of%20Developmental%20Psychology
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British Journal of Developmental Psychology
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British Journal of Developmental Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British Psychological Society. The journal was established in 1983. The journal covers developmental psychology topics such as social, emotional and personality development in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, the development of language and atypical development.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.537, ranking it 52nd out of 74 journals in the category "Psychology Development".
References
External links
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1983
Quarterly journals
Developmental psychology journals
British Psychological Society academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara%20Fatehgarh%20Sahib
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Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib
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Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib is a Sikh gurdwara or place of worship in the city of Fatehgarh Sahib in the Indian state of Punjab. The gurdwara marks the 1710 conquest of the city by the Sikhs under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur. Sikhs captured the area and razed the fort built by Ferozshah Tughlaq to the ground.
History
To commemorate the martyrdom of younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh, who were bricked-up alive in 1705 by Wazir Khan, the Governor or Fauzdar of Sirhind, a magnificent gurdwara was constructed.
It is the location where two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji – 7 year old Fateh Singh and 9 year old Zorawar Singh – were betrayed by their cook and servant Gangu to the Mughal army, seized, asked to convert to Islam and when they refused they were buried alive under the orders of Wazir Khan. Their martyrdom on 9 December 1705 has been remembered by the Sikhs by naming the site as Fatehgarh after the youngest boy killed, and by building a large Gurdwara in 1843. The town is also the location where the Sikhs took revenge by capturing it from Wazir Khan in 1710 and killing him. However, the Sikh militia was defeated again few years later and the town remained in the control of Muslim rulers, including later an appointee of Ahmed Shah Durrani till 1764, when Khalsa recaptured it by defeating and killing the appointee Zain Khan.
Other major Sikh Gurdwaras in the Complex:
Bhora Sahib: the underground location within Fatehgarh Sahib Gurdwara where the two sons were buried alive. This monument was built by Karam Singh of Patiala in early 19th-century.
Gurdwara Jyoti Sarup lies about southeast from Fatehgarh Sahib on the Sirhind-Chandigarh road. At this place, Mata Gujri – the mother of Guru Gobind Singh, and her two youngest grandchildren, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh were cremated.
Gurdwara Bimangarh is close to the Fatehgarh Sahib Gurdwara. It is a location where the dead bodies of the two children and their grandmother was kept for the night before the cremation.
Banda Bahadur platform is believed in the Sikh tradition as the place where 6,000 Sikhs died fighting the Muslim army in the Battle of Chapparchiri.
Main Gurudwara Complex
A number of gurdwaras are also located in the main complex of Gurudwara Fatehgarh Sahib.
Gurudwara Bhora Sahib
The historical wall where the younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh were bricked-up alive has been preserved in this gurdwara. The sanctuary containing the historic wall known as Gurudwara Bhora Sahib.
Gurudwara Burj Mata Gujri
At this site Baba Zorawar Singh ji and Baba Fateh Singh ji, the two younger sons of tenth guru of sikhs Guru Gobind Singh and his mother were kept in confinement by Wazir Khan. The fort was known as Thanda Burj, and was considered a cool place during the summer. However, it was a punishment for Guru's sons and his mother to be kept here in extreme winter. It was at this place that Mata Gujri collapsed on hearing the news of the martyrdom of her grandsons. Later on, Gurdwara Mata Gujri was constructed here.
Gurudwara Shahid Ganj
The Gurudwara Shahid Ganj was built to commemorate the memory of the brave Sikhs who were killed while fighting with Mughal forces under the banner of Banda Singh Bahadur. They were cremated here.
Todar Mal Jain Hall
A very big hall in memory of Seth Todar Mal who purchased land by paying gold coins for the cremation of the said martyrs lies behind the main gurdwara.
Sarovar
A large sacred pool or sarovar is also located in the Complex.
Shaheedi Jor Mela
A historic Shaheedi Jor Mela is held here in the month of December every year when large number of pilgrims visit.
See also
History of Sirhind
Rauza Sharif
References
External links
Wikimapia link
Fatehgarh Sahib
Gurdwaras in Punjab, India
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Royal%20station%20%28Montreal%20Metro%29
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Mont-Royal station (Montreal Metro)
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Mont-Royal is a station on the Orange Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM). It is located in The Plateau neighbourhood of the borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The station opened on October 14, 1966, as part of the original network of the Metro.
Overview
The station, designed by Victor Prus, is a normal side platform station, built in tunnel. It has a single mezzanine at transept level, giving access to one entrance.
The station's artwork consists of 32 narrow vertical aluminum seams at platform level, with extruded square and rectangular forms in high relief. These were created by noted Quebec artist Charles Daudelin. Also, the redevelopment of the place Gérald-Godin surrounding the station included the addition of a work of art, a poem by Gérald Godin bricked into the façade of a building, by the art collective Les Industries perdues.
Origin of the name
This station is named for Mount Royal Avenue (av. Mont-Royal), so called because it leads to the foot of Mount Royal. In the Town of Mount Royal, there is also an unrelated railway station by the same name.
Connecting bus routes
Nearby points of interest
Mount Royal Park
Saint Denis Street
Maison de la culture et bibliothèque Mont-Royal
Centre communautaire Projet Changement
References
External links
Mont-Royal Station - official site
Montreal by Metro, metrodemontreal.com - photos, information, and trivia
2011 STM System Map
Metro Map
Orange Line (Montreal Metro)
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1966
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Hunt%20%28judge%29
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Tony Hunt (judge)
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Tony Hunt is an Irish lawyer who is currently a Judge of the High Court and is the senior presiding judge of the Special Criminal Court. He was previously a barrister and a Judge of the Circuit Court between 2007 and 2014.
Education
Hunt attended University College Dublin from where he obtained a BCL degree in 1984. He subsequently attended the King's Inns to study to become a barrister.
Legal career
Hunt was called to the Bar in 1986. He was an appointee of the Bar Council to the Superior Court Rules Committee.
Much of his practice was spent appearing in criminal trials as prosecuting counsel for the Director of Public Prosecutions. He acted in trials involving assault, sexual assault, manslaughter, drugs offences, and tax offences. He acted for defendants in traffic offences, and sexual assault cases.
Hunt also represented clients in cases involving injunctions, contracts, and personal injuries.
Judicial career
Circuit Court
His career as judge began in May 2007 when he became a Judge of the Circuit Court. From March 2012, he was assigned to the Midland Circuit.
He was a member of the Circuit Court Rules Committee. He replaced Yvonne Murphy as a member of the Working Group on Efficiency Measures in the Criminal Justice System for the Circuit and District Courts in February 2012.
High Court
Hunt was elevated to the High Court in October 2014, coinciding with multiple vacancies created on the court following the creation by the Court of Appeal.
He frequently hears cases from the Central Criminal Court, including those involving murder, manslaughter, and rape. He has also heard extradition applications. During 2015, he was the judge in the trial of Graham Dwyer arising out of the murder of Elaine O'Hara. The trial lasted 46 days and attracted much media and public attention.
He is the senior presiding judge of the Special Criminal Court. He has heard cases concerning dissident republicanism and the Hutch–Kinahan feud, including the shooting of Gareth Hutch, Dessie O'Hare, and the kidnapping of Kevin Lunney. In May 2020, he described the Kinahan organisation as having a "hierarchical structure" containing "cells and sub-cells" to engage in "execution-type murders" related to international "organised drugs and firearm trafficking". This was the first time a judge had outlined the organisation in such a way in court.
References
Living people
High Court judges (Ireland)
Circuit Court (Ireland) judges
Alumni of University College Dublin
Irish barristers
Alumni of King's Inns
21st-century Irish lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Ignacio
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Chief Ignacio
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Chief Ignacio (1828–1913) was a chief of the Weeminuche band of the Ute tribe of American Indians, also called the Southern Utes, located in present-day Colorado north of the San Juan River.
He led the band through many difficult years in the late nineteenth century, when they were being encroached on by European-American settlers. In January 1880, Chief Ignacio was part of the Ute delegation that traveled to Washington, DC to testify before the US Congress about the 1879 Meeker Massacre and the Ute uprising among the northern Utes on the White River. Although the Weeminuche had not participated in that violence, white settlers wanted to push all the Utes away from their areas. The Utes tried to negotiate for peace, but later that year Congress passed legislation forcing the Utes into reservations. Unlike the Northern and Central bands of Utes, who were forced to reservations in Utah, the Weeminuche and two other Southern bands managed to stay in Colorado.
Together with the Muache and Capote Utes, the Weeminuche occupied the Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southern Colorado and named their capital Ignacio in the chief's honor.
In 1887 the US Congress passed the General Allotment Act, better known as the Dawes Act. It was intended to regulate the breakup of the communal Native American lands and assign separate householder allotments of 160 acres each, with "surplus" land to be sold on the open market. This was another step in assimilating the Native Americans to European-American ways, based on individual landholdings. In 1895 the Southern Utes voted on the issue, narrowly passing a measure for allotment.
Refusing to have their land broken up, Chief Ignacio and the Weeminuche people moved to the western part of the Southern Ute Reservation in 1896. Their descendants have occupied the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation with headquarters at Navajo Springs. Later they moved their capital to Towaoc. The Ute Mountain Ute are one of three federally recognized tribes of the Ute people.
References
External links
Find a Grave (memorial site)
1828 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Native Americans
Native American history of Colorado
Native American leaders
Ute people
20th-century Native Americans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonko%20Sabolovi%C4%87
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Zvonko Sabolović
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Zvonko Sabolović (23 June 1923 – 5 May 2008) was a Yugoslavian sprinter. He competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
1923 births
2008 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Yugoslav male sprinters
Olympic athletes of Yugoslavia
Place of birth missing
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Yugoslavia
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1951 Mediterranean Games
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32732410
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busunya
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Busunya
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Busunya is a town in the Bono East Region of Ghana. The town is known for the Busunya High School. The school is a second cycle institution. Busunya also has a health centre.
References
Populated places in the Bono East Region
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36354808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Johnson%20%28MP%20for%20Kingston-upon-Hull%29
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William Johnson (MP for Kingston-upon-Hull)
|
William Johnson (by 1523 – 1553 or later), of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Kingston upon Hull in March and October 1553.
References
Year of birth missing
1553 deaths
Year of death unknown
Politicians from Kingston upon Hull
English MPs 1553 (Edward VI)
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
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23940035
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singanna%20Palem
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Singanna Palem
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Singanna Palem is a village of India, located in the Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh. The number of households in the village is nearly 1,000, with a total population of 1706.
References
Villages in Prakasam district
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53998687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Reinhart
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John Reinhart
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John Reinhart (born 1981) is an American writer of speculative poetry and fiddle and guitar musician in the Texas style of fiddling. His poems have appeared in print and online publications internationally, including The Pedestal Magazine, Star*Line, Grievous Angel, Crannog Magazine, Focus, and the Songs of Eretz Poetry Review. He is a member of the Science Fiction Poetry Association.
Reinhart describes himself as an arsonist, which stems from his "hope to set fire to the imaginations and aspirations of (his) students," though he says"he has encouraged his children to play with matches from an early age."
Education
A Denver native, Reinhart graduated from the Denver Waldorf High School before earning his BA from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. Before returning to teach at the Waldorf School in Denver, Reinhart received his Master's Degree in education from Antioch University New England. After teaching at DWHS for 11 years, Reinhart moved to Maine, where he currently teaches humanities at the Maine Coast Waldorf School.
Writing career
Reinhart "burst on the speculative poetry scene", with his work appearing in a variety of speculative venues in 2014, winning the 2016 Dark Poetry Scholarship from the Horror Writers Association.
He served as a Frequent Contributor at the Songs of Eretz Poetry Review from January 2016 to December 2017. In addition to his writing, Reinhart edited issue 25 of Eye to the Telescope. He also served as the Science Fiction Poetry Association Annual Contest Chair in 2020. He served as the poetry judge for the Topsham, Maine Public Library Joy of the Pen Contest in 2020.
Reinhart's poem every, published by Quatrain.Fish was nominated for a Pushcart Prize in 2017. He has won the weekly contest seven times, in weeks 46, 50, 55, 60, 64, 70, and 74. He has also received honorable mentions for his poetry in the 2019 Topsham Public Library Joy of the Pen Contest, and his nonfiction in the 2020 Topsham Public Library Joy of the Pen Contest.
Musical career
Reinhart collaborates with his brother, Patrick to form The Reinhart Brothers, a fiddle and tenor guitar duo that has released Satan Takes a Holiday...with The Reinhart Brothers, and FlimFlams in Your JimJams.
Reinhart studied fiddle under former national fiddle champion, Chris Daring, and is a former Colorado State Young Adult Fiddle Champion and multiple time Colorado State Rhythm Guitar Champion.
Bibliography
Horrific Punctuation. Arson Press, 2021
Arson. NightBallet Press, 2018
dig it. Arson Press, 2018
screaming. Lion Tamer Press, 2017
broken bottle of time. Alban Lake, 2017
invert the helix. Pski's Porch, 2017
Horrific Punctuation. Tiger's Eye Press, 2017
encircled Prolific Press, 2016
Discography
Redeemed by Four Strings
FlimFlams in Your JimJams
References
External links
John Reinhart's website
Washington Park Profile Article 'People of South Denver: John Reinhart, Denver Waldorf School teacher and poet'
Interview with Liminoid Magazine: 'The New Heart Will Rise'
Poet Interview: John Reinhart, with Colleen Anderson
Interview with Terrie Leigh Relf: A Day in the Life Presents: Collage Artist & Science Fiction, Speculative & Horror Poet, John Reinhart
Interview with Angela Yuriko Smith: 'John Reinhart: Arsonist Under an Ashtray'
Poems Written by Faculty Members Feartured Across the State
Feature on the Colorado Poets Center
Maine Writers and Publishers Alliance Profile
Poets & Writers Profile
The Reinhart Brothers Pandora Channel
American science fiction writers
1981 births
Living people
21st-century American poets
American male poets
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male writers
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35039196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filey%20Brigg
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Filey Brigg
|
Filey Brigg is a long narrow peninsula situated about a mile north of Filey, North Yorkshire. Its steep cliffs are 20 metres high and consist of a variety of material, from pure sandstone to pure limestone. The landward end of the peninsula of Filey Brigg is known as Carr Naze, whilst the long neck of rock at the seaward end is called the Brigg. In the early 1970s the fields on top of the Brigg were turned into Filey Brigg Country Park. The biology and geology of Filey Brigg place it among Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire.
Ancient history
The first record of Filey Brigg's ancient history was made by a local antiquarian, Dr Cortis (MD), who excavated a Roman signal station in 1857. In November that year he delivered a lecture to Filey's antiquarians in which he enumerated a number of findings made by "a painter belonging to Filey, named Wilson," who had found large quantities of Roman pottery, bones and charred wood in the area of Carr Naze on the northern side of Filey Bay. The findings encouraged more excavations, the result of which was five large stones believed to be altars or bases of pillars, a dog chasing a stag being carved on one of them. Cortis also reported that near one of the stones an inscription had been found bearing part of two lines:
CÆSAR S E
Q V A M . S P E
Further investigations conducted in 1920 resulted in the belief that the five stones found by Cortis were foundations of a wooden watchtower. However no further remains are visible nowadays because of cliff erosion. It was concluded that the signal station was erected in the late 4th century and was abandoned or plundered around 400 A.D. The five stones can now be seen in the Filey Crescent Gardens.
Geology and wildlife
The existence of the entire structure of Filey Bay and the Brigg is caused by the fact that the rock on the south side of the Brigg slid down, causing the overlying clay to lie either at or below the level of the sea, which eroded it to form Filey Bay. The hard rock on the northern side juts out to form the Brigg. The structure still erodes and large rock slips caused by constant rapid erosion of the clay cliffs of Carr Naze have been witnessed. The last one occurred in 1869 and took away several hundred metres of the Naze.
The rocks of Filey Brigg as well as the intertidal zone attract numerous species of birds, such as oystercatchers, redshanks and purple sandpipers, which visit the shoreline in nationally significant numbers during the winter.
Folklore
There are two legends concerning the formation of the long ridge of rocks known as Filey Brigg. According to one of them it was built by the Devil, who, having lost his hammer in the sea, reached for it with his hand but caught a fish instead. The Devil exclaimed, "Hah! Dick!", which accounts for the name of the fish – haddock. Since then Filey Brigg has carried the marks of the Devil's grasp on its shoulders.
Another legend states that the rocks were the bones of a dragon, which terrorized the area but was outsmarted by the townsfolk, who drowned it when it dived into the sea to wash parkin (a Yorkshire cake) from between its teeth.
References
Peninsulas of England
Headlands of North Yorkshire
Rock formations of England
Filey
Landforms of North Yorkshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire
Country parks in Yorkshire
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32078249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Edward%20Lykins
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James Edward Lykins
|
James Edward Lykins is a sculptor from South Charleston, West Virginia. His father was H. F. Lykins, an organic research chemist for Union Carbide, and his mother was a registered nurse named M. E. Lykins. He was interested in art from a young age, but did not like the publicity. After entering an art competition, he was offered a four-year arts scholarship to a university in Hawaii, but was too young to accept it at age 14. Three years later he joined the United States Marine Corps. He won a Purple Heart for his actions in the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone and in Laos during the Vietnam War. He suffers posttraumatic stress disorder from his experiences, and his wife Robin Lykins inspired him to take up art as a hobby again as therapy. One of his better known pieces, Green Faces/Purple Hearts, has won the first prize at the National Veterans Creative Arts Festival. He has also sculpted memorials to Chuck Yeager, Carter G. Woodson, and a memorial to the Fallen Firefighters of West Virginia.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from South Charleston, West Virginia
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Sculptors from West Virginia
Military personnel from West Virginia
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
American male sculptors
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68654564
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20Health%20Department%20%28Saudi%20Arabia%29
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Plant Health Department (Saudi Arabia)
|
The Plant Health Department is the phytosanitary agency of Saudi Arabia, a department of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. PHD conducts inspections in the country, enforces quarantines, develops and proposes legislation, and produces plans, relevant to plant pests within the Kingdom. Externally, PHD is responsible for diplomacy related to plant health and international trade in agricultural inputs (including pesticides) and products. International treaties and bodies include the IPPC (International Plant Protection Convention), the WTO (World Trade Organization), and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
PHD also functions as a research organization, carrying out research, testing, and validation of plant protection methods and substances, and traveling to participate in local and international academic and industry conferences.
References
External links
Official website:
Phytosanitary authorities
Government agencies of Saudi Arabia
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63131097
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Short
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Florence Short
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Florence Short (May 19 1893 - July 10, 1946) was an American actress. She had numerous film roles as a supporting actress and was also cast in theatrical productions.
Actors Antrim Short and Gertrude Short were her siblings. Actress Blanche Sweet was her cousin, and her parents were also actors. She was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.
She died in Los Angeles and is buried there.
Filmography
Damaged Goods (1914), as Nurse
Destiny: Or, The Soul of a Woman (1915), as Passion
The Outsider (1917), as Mrs. Standish
The Golden God (1917)
A Man's World (1918), as Lione Brune
Pay Day (1918)
The Eagle's Eye (1918), as Madame Augusta
Kildare of Storm (1918), as Mahaly
Five Thousand an Hour (1918), as Polly Parsons
The Great Victory (1919), as Elaine
The Love Flower (1920), as Mrs. Bevan
The Idol Dancer (1920), as Pansy
Silver Wings (1921), as Widow Martin
Lessons of Love (1921)
Woman's Place (1922), as Amy Bleeker
Cardigan (1922), as Molly Brandt from the Revolutionary War era
Does It Pay? (1923), as Martha Weston
The Enchanted Cottage (1924), as Ethel
References
External links
1893 births
1946 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
Actresses from Massachusetts
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56723892
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Miller%20House
|
Frederick Miller House
|
The Frederick Miller House, near White Plains, Kentucky, was built c.1850. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
It is a frame two-story double cell house with a central chimney. Its interior has a Greek Revival-style mantle.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Houses completed in 1850
Hopkins County, Kentucky
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28866384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina%20%28given%20name%29
|
Christina (given name)
|
Christina or Cristina is a feminine given name. It is a simplified form of the Latin Christiana, and a feminine form of Christianus or a Latinized form of the Middle English Christin 'Christian' (Old English christen, from Latin). Short forms include Chris and Tina.
Variant forms
Alternative forms of the name, including spelling variations, nicknames and diminutive forms, include:
Cairistìona (Scottish Gaelic)
Chris (English)
Chrissie (English)
Chrissy (English)
Christa (Danish, English, German)
Christabel (English)
Christabella (English)
Christabelle (French, English)
Christel (German)
Christelle (French)
Christena
Christi (English)
Christiana (Latin, Spanish)
Christiane (French, German)
Christianne (French, German)
Christie (English)
Christin (German, Scandinavian)
Christina (German, English, Greek, Swedish)
Christine (English, French, German, Scandinavian)
Christobel (English)
Christy (English)
Chrys (English)
Chrystina (English)
Crestienne (French)
Cris (Spanish)
Crista (Spanish)
Cristeena (Manx)
Cristen (English)
Cristiana (Italian, Spanish)
Cristin (Irish)
Cristina (Catalan, Italian, English, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Galician)
Cristiona, Crístíona (Irish)
Cristi (Spanish)
Cristy (Spanish, English)
Crystin (Welsh)
Hristina (Bulgarian, Greek)
Karisaṭīnā (ਕਰਿਸਟੀਨਾ) (Punjabi)
Kèlǐsīdìnà (克里斯蒂娜) (Chinese)
Kerstin (German, Swedish)
Keuriseutina (크리스티나) (Korean)
Khristina (Russian)
Khris̄tinā (คริสตินา) (Thai)
Khristya (Russian)
Khrysta (Russian)
Khrustina (Bulgarian)
Kia (Swedish)
Kiersten (Danish, English)
Kilikina (Hawaiian)
Kiṟisṭiṉā (கிறிஸ்டினா) (Tamil)
Kirsi (Finnish)
Kirsteen (Scots)
Kirsten (Scandinavian)
Kirsti (Finnish)
Kirstie (Scots)
Kirstin (Estonian, Scots)
Kirsty (Scots)
Kistiñe (Basque)
Kjersti (Norwegian)
Kjerstin (Norwegian, Swedish)
Kolina (Swedish)
Кристина (Kristina) (Macedonian, Serbian)
Kris (Danish, English)
Krisztina (Hungarian)
Krista (Czech, English, Estonian, German, Latvian)
Kristen (English)
Kristi (English, Estonian)
Kristia (English)
Kristiana (Latvian)
Kristiane (German)
Kristie (English)
Kristiina (Estonian, Finnish)
Kristin (English, Estonian, German, Norwegian, Scandinavian)
Kristína (Slovakian, Albanian)
Kristina (Croatian, Czech, English, German, Indonesia, Lithuanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish)
Krisṭīnā (ક્રિસ્ટીના) (Gujarati)
Krisṭinā (ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟಿನಾ) (Kannada)
Krisṭīnā (क्रिस्टीना) (Marathi, Nepali, Hindi)
Krisṭinā (క్రిస్టినా) (Telugu)
ქრისტინე (Kristine) (Georgian)
Kristine (Danish, English, German, Latvian, Norwegian)
Kristinë (Albanian)
Kristinka (Czech)
Kristjana (Icelandic)
Kristy (English)
Kristýna (Czech)
Kriszta (Hungarian)
Kriszti (Hungarian)
Krisztina (Hungarian)
Krysia (Polish language|Polish)
Krysta (Polish)
Krysten (English)
Krystiana (Polish)
Krystina (English)
Krystka (Polish)
Krystyn (Polish)
Krystyna (Polish)
Krystynka (Polish)
Kurisu, Kurisutīna (クリスティーナ) (Japanese)
Kyrsten (English)
Nina
Qrystynʼa (קריסטינאַ) (Yiddish)
Risten (Northern Sami)
Stiina (Estonian, Finnish)
Stina (German, Scandinavian)
Stine (Danish, Norwegian)
Stinne (Danish)
Teeny (Scottish)
Tiina (Estonian, Finnish)
Tina (Dutch, English, Greek, Italian, Russian, Slovene)
Tine (Danish, Norwegian)
Tineke (Dutch)
Tyna (Czech)
Христина (Khrystyna) (Ukrainian)
Χριστίνα (Hristina or Christina) (Greek)
کریستینا (Persian)
کرسٹینا (Urdu)
People
Religious figures
Saint Christina (disambiguation), several people with the name
Christina the Astonishing (1150–1224), also known as 'Christina Mirabilis', a Christian holy-woman of Belgium, and Haines
Historical figures
Christina of Markyate (1096-1155), English abbess and mystic
Christina of the Isles (fl. 1290–1318), Scottish noblewoman
Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), Swedish national heroine
Maria Kristina Kiellström (1744–1789), Swedish silk manufacturer
Christina Rauscher (1570-1618), German official and critic of witch trials
Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), English poet
Christina Doreothea Stuart (fl. 1774), Norwegian artist
Royalty
Kristina Abrahamsdotter (1432–1492), Queen of Sweden 1470
Christina of Denmark (1521–1590), Danish princess
Christina of Sweden (1626–1689), Queen regnant of Sweden from 1632 to 1654
Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Dutch princess
Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, Swedish princess
Maria Christina of Austria
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (disambiguation), several people
Princess Alexandra Christina, Countess of Frederiksborg
Christina of Milan
Politicians
Christina (Chrystia) Freeland, Canadian politician
Christina Liew (born 1951), Malaysian politician
Christina Liu (born 1955), Taiwanese politician
Christina Jordan (born 1962), British politician
Cristina Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina (2007-2015)
Christina McKelvie (born 1968), British politician
Christina Rees (born 1954), British politician
Christina Stumpp (born 1987), German politician
Entertainers
Christina Aguilar (born 1966), Thai pop singer
Christina Aguilera (born 1980), American pop singer
Christina Applegate (born 1971), American actress
Christina Christian (born 1981), American singer
Christina Cole (born 1982), English actress
Christina Grimmie (1994-2016), American singer
Christina Hendricks (born 1975), American actress
Christina Kalogerikou (1885-1968), Greek actress
Christina Metaxa (born 1992), Greek Cypriot singer and songwriter
Christina Milian (born 1981), American pop singer
Christina Moore (born 1973), American actress
Christina Perri (born 1986), American singer
Christina Pickles (born 1935), English/American actress
Christina Ricci (born 1980), American actress
Christina Schollin (born 1937), Swedish actress
Cristina Stamate (1946 – 2017), Romanian actress
Christina Tsafou (born 1957), Greek actress
Christina Vidal (born 1981), American actress
Sportspeople
Christina Ashcroft (born 1964), Canadian sport shooter
Christina Bernardi (born 1990), Australian footballer
Christina Bourmpou (born 2000), Greek rower
Christina Boxer (born 1957), English middle-distance runner
Christina Crawford (wrestler) (born 1988), American dancer, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Christina Giazitzidou (born 1989), Greek rower
Christina Ioannidi (born 1982), Soviet-Greek weightlifter
Hristina Kokotou, Greek race walker
Christina Kotsia (born 1994), Greek water polo player
Christína Papadáki (born 1973), Greek tennis player
Christina Sandberg (born 1948), Swedish tennis player
Christina Thalassinidou (born 1970), Soviet-Greek synchronized swimmer
Christina Von Eerie (born Christina Kardooni, 1989), American wrestler
Christina Wheeler (born 1982), Australian tennis player
Christina Yannetsos (born 1983), American judoka
Christina Zachariadou (born 1974), Greek tennis player
Other
Cristina Rodríguez Cabral (born 1959), Uruguayan poet, researcher, and Afro-Uruguayan activist
Christina Crawford, author and actress who was abused by adoptive mother Joan Crawford
Christina Dodwell (born 1951), explorer and travel writer
Cristina García Rodero (born 1949), Spanish photographer
Christina Goldschmidt, British statistician
Christina Hoff Sommers (born 1950), American author and philosopher
Christina Katrakis (born 1980), American artist
Christina Lekka (born c. 1972) Greek fashion model
Christina McAnea (born 1958), British trade union leader
Christina Onassis, Greek shipping heiress
Christina Tosi, American chef, author, and TV personality
Christina Twomey, Australian historian
Fictional characters
Christina, from Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack
Christina Hawthorne, the main character from the TV series Hawthorne
Christina Berg (usually called Chris), in the Norwegian TV show Skam
Christina Gallagher, a character from the US TV series House of Cards
Christina Parsons (later Russell), the central character of the Flambards trilogy by K. M. Peyton and the TV series adapted from it
References
Given names of Greek language origin
English feminine given names
Greek feminine given names
English-language feminine given names
Feminine given names
Spanish feminine given names
Portuguese feminine given names
Italian feminine given names
French feminine given names
Swiss feminine given names
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1514159
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex%20Corp
|
Tex Corp
|
Tex Corp is an Indian multinational manufacturer of zippers, sliders and other fastening products. Headquartered in Gurgaon, it supplies global fashion retailers primarily in Europe and the United States.
Background
Formed in New Delhi in 1987 by a group of Indian Institutes of Management alumni, Tex is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of zipper and fastening products for the apparel industry. It has two manufacturing facilities in India and one each in Bangladesh and Vietnam, becoming the first Indian owned multinational zipper manufacturing organization. Tex's business group also has interests in apparel manufacturing and renewable energy.
Among Tex's clients are the Gap, Macy's, Kohl's, Express, Target, Talbots, Belk, HBC, H&M, Debenhams, Next, Tesco and Matalan. Tex's products are delivered directly to its customers' manufacturing facilities located primarily in the Indian Subcontinent, South-East Asia, Africa and Europe.
Tex adheres to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)9001:2008 standard. Tex is also an Oeko-Tex Product Class 1 and Eco-tex certified organization. Its products are Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act and Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) compliant.
References
External links
Tex Zipper Corp
Manufacturing companies based in Gurgaon
1987 establishments in Haryana
Indian companies established in 1987
Manufacturing companies established in 1987
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856025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20York%27s%20Royal%20Military%20School
|
Duke of York's Royal Military School
|
The Duke of York's Royal Military School, more commonly called the Duke of York's, is a co-educational academy (for students aged 11 to 18) with military traditions in Dover, Kent. Since becoming an academy in 2010, the school is now sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, and accepts applications from any student wishing to board. Before 2010, only those students whose parents were serving or had served in the armed forces were eligible.
With the transition to academy status, the school became a state boarding academy (and is both a member of the State Boarding Forum and Boarding Schools Association) and oversight transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the Department for Education.
Duke of York's has many traditions and rich history, which includes ceremonial parades and uniforms, a monitorial style of education modelled on the English public school system.
This rich history includes a long line of notable alumni, known as Dukies, including senior generals (such as Sir Archibald Nye, Gary Coward and David Mark Cullen), famous musicians (such as Henry Lazarus), sportsmen (like Maurice Colclough), many leading academic scientists (including Professors Paul Shaw, Timothy Foster and Mark Gardiner) and clergymen (James Jones and Bill Ind) and a long list of decorated armed forces personnel.
History
Founded in 1803 by act of Royal Warrant dating from 1801, the school was until 1892 called the Royal Military Asylum. The school's primary purpose was to educate the orphans of British servicemen killed in the Napoleonic Wars of 1793–1815. Between 1803 and 1909 the Royal Military Asylum was located at what is now known as the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea, London. The school was co-educational; making the Duke of York's the second co-educational boarding school in the United Kingdom. The first co-educational institution was the Royal Hibernian Military School in Dublin, which was relocated and merged with Duke of York's after Ireland declared independence. Today the Chelsea site is home to the Saatchi Gallery.
The school adopted the "Madras system of education" developed by Dr. Andrew Bell, to which Joseph Lancaster made certain improvements. In 1812, three African youths attended the school as teachers for several months thanks to the intervention of the Duke of Gloucester. They were then sent by the African Institution to Sierra Leone, where they were employed as teachers by the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, the Earl of Liverpool.
Between 1816 and 1840, the Asylum had a branch in Southampton which provided schooling for up to 400 military orphans and children of serving soldiers of both sexes until 1823, when the boys were transferred to Chelsea, with Southampton taking more girls. A decline in the school numbers resulted in its closure in 1840. From 1841, the buildings were taken over by the Ordnance Survey.
One of the more notable Commandants of the Royal Military Asylum was Major General Peter Brown. A veteran of the Napoleonic Wars Brown was unusual in that he was promoted whilst in post (from colonel to major general), which was highly unusual given the post was not an active command and his predecessors and successors were never promoted in post.
Many of the school's pupils carried acts of gallantry in the wars that the British Army was involved in. One such individual was John Shaul who was awarded the Victoria Cross for extraordinary bravery in the Boer War.
In 1892, the Royal Military Asylum was renamed The Duke of York's Royal Military School and in the process became an all-boys school. In 1909, the school relocated to new premises constructed on the cliffs above Dover in Kent. For the duration of World War I (1914–1918), the school was evacuated to Hutton, near Brentwood, Essex. The reason for the evacuation was to provide the military authorities with a transit point in Dover for troops moved to and from the Western Front. In 1940 the school was evacuated to the Saunton Sands Hotel, Braunton, North Devon, returning to Dover in 1946.
In 1994, the school re-admitted girls and returned to co-education.
Academic standards
Between 2007 and 2009 more than 90% of pupils gained 5 or more GCSEs at grades A*-C (including English and Mathematics). More than 13% of grades were A*/A during the same period.
During this period (2007–2009) 19% of grades gained were A/B at AS level and 12% of grades were A/B at A2 level. A total of 32% of grades gained were passes at A2 level.
Most recent results can be found on the School website.
Sports facilities
Pupils have access to extensive sporting facilities; indeed sports take place every day, with main sports like rugby and hockey being played twice per week. Pupils can also engage in sports and athletic training in their own time each day. The school has a strong sporting culture. The 150 acres (607,000 m2) of land on the school site includes a full size athletics track, two sports halls, swimming pool, indoor squash courts, gymnasium and a dozen full size grass pitches for rugby union, cricket and tennis. £24.9 million was invested in the School's facilities in 2014, with a Sports Hall designed to Sports England specification being added to the site to enhance its already impressive facilities.
Exchanges with NATO member military schools
The Duke of York's runs exchange programmes with military schools within NATO. Of these the most notable is the programme run with the school's French equivalent, the Lycée Militaire in Aix-en-Provence. There are also placements for recent school leavers from respective military schools to assume teaching assistant posts at corresponding schools. The Duke of York's also maintains connections with Missouri Military Academy, Valley Forge Military Academy and College, Wayne, Pennsylvania, and Faujdarhat Cadet College, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Parading, military instruction, adventurous training
Ceremonial Parades take place on some Sunday mornings; the grandest of these being on Remembrance Sunday and the Grand Day at the end of summer term. On Parade, as well as for all military activities, pupils are called cadets and are organised into ceremonial Guards or they play an instrument in the Band. Cadets wear the standard dark blue ceremonial uniform of the British Army. The Duke of York's Royal Military School Ceremonial Band is the largest within and since 2010 outside the Ministry of Defence, being larger still than the Massed Bands of the Foot Guards of the Household Division. The considerable number of notable musicians educated at the school over the last 207 years demonstrates the very high standards in music tuition. In recent years the band has performed at:
Twickenham Stadium (for the annual rugby match between the Royal Navy and British Army)
Lord's (for International Test Match Cricket)
Chatham Historic Dockyard (Armed Forces Day), alongside The Band of HM Royal Marines
Aldershot (for the Army Rugby League Finals).
The school employs a regimental sergeant major to co-ordinate ceremonial drill and military instruction.
All pupils are cadets, with ranks ranging from cadet to senior under officer, and entrance to the armed forces at all ranks - as either a ranking soldier or commissioned officer entrant – occurs regularly.
Adventurous training is run by the school and is available to senior school pupils. Each training camp is completed on Dartmoor at Oakhampton Training Camp and lasts one week, comprising mostly field-craft and endurance skills; but always including an extended exercise.
High table
High table is where a member of the senior leadership team, two sixth form prefects and other students (taken from each house in rotation) and guests take luncheon. The table is waited on. Guests are invited from the officers' messes of nearby Army battalions, Royal Navy ships and Royal Air Force squadrons. Members of the school's board of governors, some of whom are senior military officers and leaders in business and commerce, are also invited regularly. In 1986 boys refused a meal in protest at the quality of the catering arrangements.
Boarding houses
The school is currently divided into twelve Houses, nine of which are named after famous British generals, one after a famous admiral of the Royal Navy, another after a famous marshal of the Royal Air Force:
Junior houses (year 7)
Nelson
Trenchard
Senior houses (years 8-11)
Haig
Kitchener
Roberts
Wolseley
Wellington
Clive
Wolfe
Marlborough
Alanbrooke
Years 12-13
Centenary House (opened in September 2010)
Refurbishment
In 2014, a £25m refurbishment of school premises was completed including a new sports hall, upgrading of the main hall into a performing arts centre, two new teaching wings and four new residential houses along with the upgrading of the existing ones. Pupil capacity was increased by over 50%.
Music
Music plays an important role in the life of the school. The school has several music ensembles of varying size, predominantly featuring military band instruments. The school's marching band has performed at public events such as the Chatham Dockyard Remembrance Day Parade and has been a regular pre-match feature at the Army vs Navy rugby match at Twickenham for many years.
In addition to the concerts and military band engagements that are held throughout the year, the school choir has featured in local television and radio broadcasts with their special version of "Wherever You Are", a song by the composer Paul Mealor which was performed by the Military Wives Choir at the 2011 Festival of Remembrance. The Duke of York's School version featured a pupil of the school reading a letter to her father who served in Afghanistan over Christmas 2011 and was broadcast on the Chris Evans BBC Radio 2 breakfast show on Wednesday 14 December and repeated several times in full on BBC Radio Kent throughout the Christmas period. The YouTube video of the Duke of York's School averaged 1000 hits a day during the weeks leading up to Christmas.
Marching beats
Regimental Colour - the School has its own "stand of Colours". The School Colour is trooped at many Parades.
School Quick March: Sons Of The Brave
School Slow March: The Duke Of York
School Song: "Play Up Dukies"
School Hymn: "Sons of the Brave"
School March off: "Marchin' through Georgia"
Military colours
Along with Eton College and Cheltenham College, the Duke of York's Royal Military School is one of only three English schools to have military colours. While Eton and Cheltenham parade their colours on rare occasions, the Duke of York's Royal Military School parades its colours briefly as the Parade enters Chapel, and on a number of ceremonial parades in the course of the year. The colours are of Marron and Dark Blue and can be found in the Head Man's office while not on parade or in Chapel.
Chapel and war memorials
Despite pupils having multi-faith backgrounds, the school adheres to the practices of the Church of England. Chapel is taken 3 times a week, by pupils, including a full church service on Sunday. Sunday services are preceded by a parade including the whole school; the school regularly invites notable people from the military to be the inspecting officers on Sunday Parades. Consequently, cadets go to church services in chapel wearing their ceremonial uniforms. On days of special religious significance, the Chapel follows High Church traditions.
The walls of the chapel are laid up with the battle honours belonging to former Cadets' regiments and corps; but of more note are the historic carved marble tablet lists of the hundreds of Dukies who have sacrificed their lives in Great Britain's various wars and conflicts since 1803. The school has a memorial to the Great War and the Second World War placed just inside of the ex-main entrance to the school. The parade and band pay its respects here on the Armistice Commemoration. A great number of former pupils, many of them in the armed forces, also attend, along with Dukies who are now Chelsea pensioners.
Guards' competition and Grand Day
At the end of each summer term the school parades for Grand Day. This is a special parade of much greater complexity, and is similar in style and length to the Trooping the Colour on Horse Guards. The purpose of Grand Day is to display the school at its finest to a visiting dignitary, who is either a member of the Royal Family or a member of the British armed forces General Staff. Grand Day has its origins in the school parading before its founder, the then Prince Frederick Duke of York and Albany when the school was founded in 1803.
In the build-up toward Grand Day the Guards (each corresponding to boarding houses) undergo the Guards' Competition, nicknamed "Drill Comp". The purpose is to test skill at ceremonial drill and standards regarding kit turnout. The outcome of the Guards' Competition ranks the Guards' Order of Precedence for Grand Day. The winning and therefore senior Guard is referred to as Number One Guard, with the others in declining order. Old Dukie, the late Sir John Carter, organised a visit to the School by Lady Margaret Thatcher. George Pooley of Pooley Swords donated a sword called the Thatcher Sword of Honour which is granted to the best performing Guard Officer each year.
Performing arts
Performing Arts at the Duke of York's Royal Military School has developed and produced several international semi-professional musical production, with a partnership school in West Point, Virginia. The international productions take place every two years with the first production 'Cabaret' 2014 and more recently Phantom of the Opera 2016. Many other productions and performances are produced during the year. Ever other year a smaller scale musical is produced with this years production being Hairspray. A range of other productions such as the annual dance festival and Grand Day production are great showcases to show what the school has to offer in the art form.
Bi-centenary and new colours
The School celebrated its bi-centenary in 2001–02. It held a commemorative service at Christmas in 2001 as well as a special parade at the end of 2003, when it received new colours from Prince Andrew Duke of York.
The school celebrated the centenary of its move to Dover in 2009 and amongst many special events hosted a reception at the House of Lords, as well as parades and drama productions.
A change in traditions
Until 1999 the School's headmasters were all serving military officers of the rank of at least lieutenant colonel. Since then there have been four civilian headmasters. The school also has a regimental sergeant major among its staff whose primary role is to co-ordinate military standards and drill discipline.
The school's first civilian students were accepted in 2010 after the school was granted academy status. Prior to this, the school had taken only students whose parents were veterans or currently serving in the United Kingdom's military forces.
Notable alumni
Alumni are known as "Dukies".
Lieutenant-General Sir Gary Coward ret'd, CB, KBE, beginning his career in the Royal Artillery before transferring to the Army Air Corps, Coward was Quarter-Master General of the British Armed Forces, formerly Chief of Staff of the Permanent Joint Headquarters and before that General Officer Commanding United Kingdom Joint Helicopter Command. Coward is decorated with the Order of the Bath and the Order of the British Empire.
Major General David Mark Cullen ret'd CB, OBE was a senior British Army officer. He served as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff from 2013 to 2015.
Ramon Tikaram, stage and screen actor who shot to fame in BBC2 drama This Life, where he played a bi-sexual, Mexican bike courier called Ferdie.
Maurice Colclough, rugby player for the England national rugby union team and British and Irish Lions.
Judge Keith Raynor, a former Vice President of The Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) in The Hague who was also appointed to the roster of international judges at the Chambers.
Lieutenant-Colonel Nigel Wylde, QGM, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Intelligence Corps, former-bomb disposal expert and intelligence operative decorated for gallantry who has cast doubt on the legitimacy of the state's moral conduct in anti-terrorist campaigns from the 1970s to the present day. Wylde has appeared as an expert witness to the Barron Inquiry on the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974.
SirJames Stuart Jones, British Anglican clergyman and former Bishop of Liverpool.
Bill Ind, British Anglican clergyman and formerly Bishop of Truro.
Professor Arthur Buller, ERD, FRCP, Professor of Physiology, University of Bristol, 1965–1982, Emeritus Professor, since 1982; Chief Scientist, Department of Health and Social Security, 1978–81, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Nye, GCSI, GCIE, KCB, KBE, MC, Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff as well as being involved in Operation Mincemeat, Governor of Madras in 1946, UK High Commissioner in Delhi from 1948 to 1952, High Commissioner to Canada from 1952 to 1956, chairman of the Nye Committee.
Detective Inspector D.H.C. Nixon, Metropolitan Police, subject of the novel Nick of the River by Anthony Richardson and the accompanying television series.
Lieutenant Peter Cartwright, Royal Scots Fusiliers, Special Air Service, died trying to save three comrades from drowning on training exercise during the Malayan Emergency. Despite pressure he was never awarded a posthumous gallantry medal.
Colonel W.A.T. Bowly, CVO, CBE, MC, President of the DYRMS Old Boy's Association 1937–1945, as well as being Headmaster of the DYRMS during World War II, recipient of the Royal Victorian Order, the Order of the British Empire and decorated for gallantry in combat during World War I.
William Henry Debroy Somers, inter-war composer, lyricist, blues and jazz musician who formed the Savoy Hotel Orpheans, performed on Radio Luxembourg and Radio Normandy, and performed in the Horlicks Show to rival the Ovaltineys , as well as performing in the Royal Variety Performance.
Group Captain George Gardiner, DSO, DFC, Légion d'honneur, Croix de guerre, Croix de Chevalier, Royal Irish Regiment, Queen's Lancers, Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, fighter ace in World War I.
Lieutenant George William Hanna, MM, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, infantryman in the Boer War and World War I.
Henry Lazarus, the premier British clarinet virtuoso of the nineteenth century and professor of the Royal Academy of Music
Thomas Sullivan, professor of the Royal Military School of Music, Kneller Hall and father of the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan of Gilbert and Sullivan fame
Roger Tomlinson, master of British military music, who ended his career in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel as Senior Director of Music of the British Army
Alfred James Phasey, a star musician during the Victorian age, including playing with the Philharmonic Society of London (progenitor of the Royal Philharmonic Society, professor of the Royal Army College of Music.
Ann Vanpine, mill worker turned teacher to the benefit of her community and testament to the spirit of service encouraged at the Duke of York's; moreover Vanpine was a pupil in the earliest years of the school (1821–1825) and in a time of extremely limited opportunities for orphans but especially women, making her accomplishments the more remarkable.
John Francis David Shaul, recipient of the Victoria Cross as a Corporal of the Highland Light Infantry at the Battle of Magersfontein, 11 December 1899. Corporal Shaul's bravery and humane conduct were so conspicuous that, not only was he noticed by his own officer, but even those of other regiments remarked upon it. Corporal Shaul was in charge of stretcher bearers and was most conspicuous in dressing the wounds of the injured. He was born in King's Lynn on 11 September 1873. He received his VC from the Duke of York at Pietermaritzburg on 14 August 1901.
Mat Gilbert, Bath Rugby, Llanelli Scarlets and England Deaf Rugby player.
George Ridgwell, stage performer and minor composer/lyricist, later pioneer silent film-maker including the first Sherlock Holmes shorts
Peter Birch, Actor. Roles have included Herr Ulrich in Auf Wiedersehen Pet, consultant Jack Hathaway in Casualty and Arthur Eliott in The House of Eliott.
Lance Corporal Paul Lightfoot, Royal Corps of Signals, who was killed during the Falklands Campaign on 1 May 1982 while serving with 264 (SAS) Signal Squadron.
Notable masters
Regimental Sergeant Major Lincoln Perkins, British Empire Medal, Grenadier Guards, RSM at the Duke of York's Royal Military School 1979–2006, extensive career including Britain's East of Suez conflicts and service in the Royal Household. RSM Perkins, was one of the pallbearers to carry Sir Winston Churchill, in the funeral procession in 1965.
Mr C.H. Connell, Head of English at DYRMS post World War II in the 1940s to late 1970s. Operative in the Special Operations Executive during World War II, Connell was also an author with at least seventeen novels and books published, plus a number of plays.
Colonel W.A.T. Bowly, CVO, CBE, MC, Headmaster of the DYRMS during World War II, as well as being President of the DYRMS Old Boy's Association 1937–1945, recipient of the Royal Victorian Order, the Order of the British Empire and decorated for gallantry in combat during World War I.
Lieutenant-Colonel S.G. Simpson, OBE, Headmaster of the Duke of York's Royal Military School 1922–1927, recipient of the Order of the British Empire, graduate of the universities of Cambridge, Lille, Paris and Heidelberg.
Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Priestley, CMG, Medical Officer at the Duke of York's Royal Military School 1919–1922, recipient of the Order of St Michael and St George.
Brigadier-General George Colborne Nugent, Irish Guards, Commandant of the Duke of York's Royal Military School 1913–1914, commanded the 5th London Brigade in World War I and was killed in action on 31 May 1915.
Captain William Siborne, Adjutant of the Royal Military Asylum from 1843 to 1849, having previously demonstrated that the Duke of Wellington's account of his victory at the Battle of Waterloo was erroneous, and was in fact due in considerable part to Prussian assistance.
Major General Lloyd Howell, CBE, Director of Army Education 1976–80, Headmaster [and commandant] 1967–72.
Dukies' Corner in Guston Churchyard
Some pupils of the school are buried in the churchyard of St Martin of Tours church in the nearby village of Guston. There are 12 grave markers for boys of the school (although in one case an Old Boy is buried). There are also two members of staff buried in Dukies' Corner.
Other British educational establishments with military connections
The Royal Hospital School
Queen Victoria School
Gordon's School
Association of Harrogate Apprentices
References
External links
Duke of York's Royal Military School
Duke of York's Royal Military School Historical Archives
Duke of York's Royal Military School Old Boys Association
List of Duke of York's Old Boys & Girls on the Internet
Educational institutions established in 1803
Schools in Dover, Kent
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
1803 establishments in the United Kingdom
Academies in Kent
Boarding schools in Kent
Secondary schools in Kent
Military schools in the United Kingdom
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29679830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Motor%20Co.%20v.%20NLRB
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Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB
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Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 364 (1939), is an 8-to-0 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that an administrative agency of the United States government, seeking enforcement of its orders, cannot withdraw its petition or the transcript of the administrative hearing once these have been submitted to the appropriate court. Whether the agency should be permitted to withdraw its petition is a decision for the court of appeals, the Supreme Court said.
Facts
After the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) in 1935, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) found itself attempting to enforce the law against hundreds of employers, most of whom refused to acknowledge the constitutionality of the NLRA or obey the Board's orders. The Board's practice was to have its Economic Division study the issues and report to the Board; order its attorneys in its Review Division to analyze the case and report to the Board; review the transcripts of the field office trial de novo; receive an oral report about the case from the trial examiner; and have the Chief Counsel's staff prepare a draft decision for Board consideration. But in Morgan v. United States, 298 U.S. 468 (1936) and Morgan v. United States, 304 U.S. 1 (1938), the Supreme Court held that parties in quasi-judicial hearings before the government had the right to be presented with the issues the government was considering, present the agency with a statement, review the proposed findings, review any tentative reports, and submit exceptions and argument to the agency before a final determination is made.
The NLRB had ruled against the Ford Motor Company in a case involving strikebreakers. The agency had asked the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to enforce its order, and had already submitted its trial transcripts and decision to the court. But now the NLRB worried that it might be found in violation of the Morgan rulings, which had come down after its submission to the court of appeals. The NLRB attempted to withdraw its transcripts, but the appellate court refused to turn them over.
Judgment
The Supreme Court held, first, that any decision to allow the agency to withdraw its petition was solely up to the discretion of the court. Second, the Court held that even if the court allowed the petition to be withdrawn, the court still was within its rights to retain the transcripts. Third, the Supreme Court held that the court of appeals had properly permitted the NLRB to withdraw its petition for enforcement so that proceedings could be properly conducted under the Morgan rules, but that the court of appeals still retained the authority to rule on any new petition (for enforcement or dismissal). Fourth, the court of appeals correctly held that it did not have to rule on all the aspects of the case, since the petition for enforcement was being withdrawn for further proceedings.
See also
US labor law
Notes
References
Gross, James A. The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board: National Labor Policy in Transition, 1937-1947. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1981.
External links
1939 in United States case law
National Labor Relations Board litigation
United States labor case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
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7755384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestestranda
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Prestestranda
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Prestestranda is the administrative centre of Drangedal municipality, Norway. Its population is 1,223.
The village was built around the train station which appeared with the Sørlandet Line in 1927.
References
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Drangedal
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48788534
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer%20Chambers
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Archer Chambers
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Archer Chambers is a heritage-listed former house and now office building at 206 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1870s. It is also known as Evans & Hearn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History
The former Archer Chambers building at 206 Quay Street was erected in the 1870s for the pioneer Archer family. William Archer purchased the property at a sale of crown land in November 1858 as Allotment 2 of Section 46, in the Parish of Rockhampton and later constructed the building on subdivision 2 of the site as offices. The building forms part of the commercial streetscape of Quay Street which developed in the late 19th century to serve the passing trade at the wharves on the Fitzroy River.
The pastoralist-explorer brothers, William and Charles Archer, decided, on information given to them by Ludwig Leichhardt, to explore the country north of the Upper Burnett River. In 1853 they discovered and named the land and waters of the Fitzroy River. In 1855 the Archer brothers founded a station called Gracemere and chose the site of the future Rockhampton as their port. A settlement subsequently developed around the Fitzroy River, and the area was proclaimed a Port of Entry and a Pastoral District in October 1858.
The influx of gold seekers to Canoona in 1858 helped establish Rockhampton as the major Port in central Queensland which served a vast area supported by a network of roads which brought the exports of gold, copper, hides, tallow and wool from the hinterland in the 1860s. In 1867 the Central Western railway line was established westward from Rockhampton which further increased the flow of goods through the port. The port was influential in establishing Rockhampton as the major trade and communication centre of the region and until 1903, with the establishment of the North Coast railway line to Gladstone, it was the only link to the outside world.
Quay Street was one of the earliest parts of Rockhampton to be settled and it developed as the nucleus of the city during this period. The river wharves along Quay Street fostered the substantial commercial development from the 1860s to the early 1900s still evident in the precinct. The erection of Archer Chambers in the 1870s predates many of the fine buildings in Quay Street which were influenced by wealth brought to the city from the discovery of gold at Mount Morgan, south-west of Rockhampton, in 1882. It is an example of early development associated with the commercial influence of the port.
As a purpose built property for the Archer family, the former Archer Chambers, reflects the significance of the family in Rockhampton. Since establishing the township and the port in the 1850s the Archer brothers continued to contribute to the growth of the Rockhampton. Charles and William were joined by their brothers Colin in 1855 and Archibald in 1860 who became the MLA for the Port Curtis District from 1867 to 1870. Several places in Rockhampton bear the Archer name including Archer Park and Archer Park railway station (now the Archer Park Rail Museum), Archer Street and the memorial to Charles Archer and his horse Sleipner.
Colin Archer was the last of the Archer brothers to die in Rockhampton in 1921 and in that year Archer Chambers was leased as offices. In 1947 the building was purchased by the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company Ltd and in 1960 it was transferred to Mactaggarts Primary Producers Co-Op Association Ltd. The building is now occupied by accountants Evans & Hearn who purchased the building in 1975.
Description
Archer Chambers abuts Quay Street and occupies almost all of the building allotment bounding the Rockhampton Customs House on the eastern side and adjoining the Royal Bank Building on the west.
The building is a single storeyed brick structure, longitudinally planned to create three distinct sections from front to rear. A single hipped roof, which is clad in galvanised steel decking, covers the entire building. The front section, which is mainly one large partitioned office space, is cement rendered externally. Internally the brick walls have been plaster rendered. The office partitions are timber framed with infill panels. Louvred glass panels fitted to an aluminium frame have been used for partition walls separating the two minor offices towards the southern end of the space. A suspended ceiling in the office area provides space for electrical and air conditioning conduits. The original battened ceiling still survives. The building's facade is symmetrical and consists of a central door with large aluminium framed shop windows at either side. Below the cantilevered awning that replaces the original awning, the facade has been tiled. The roof is hidden from the street by a parapet that supports a segmental pediment at the front. The building has only three other windows that are located on the east side of the building facing the Customs House. These are all single paned, double hung, timber framed windows, each fitted with steel protection bars.
The central section of the building, which is smaller than the front section, has exposed brickwork walls both internally and externally. Roofing trusses and timber framing for a loft floor level are entirely exposed. Simple timber brackets attached to the timber frames provide support for rudimentary shelving throughout the area.
The rear section, which is of similar size to the front section, is finished in much the same manner as the central section, with exposed framing, trusses and brick walls. The brick wall at the rear of the building is currently overpainted. An upper floor level created at the northern end of the space provides a split level work platform, originally used in conjunction with the simple timber and steel gantry. Rails for the gantry are fitted at both sides of the section, and run the full length of the space. A single large opening at the rear provides vehicular access to the building's interior. The original arched opening has been altered slightly to accommodate an early model roller door.
Heritage listing
The former Archer Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The former Archer Chambers building erected in the 1870s for William Archer, forms part of the historic Quay Street precinct which is distinguished by its late 19th century commercial buildings. The Quay Street precinct stands as a legacy to the rise of the Port of Rockhampton which served the vast area of central Queensland from 1858. The port was influential in establishing Rockhampton as the premier commercial city of central Queensland and the river wharves fostered the substantial commercial development along Quay Street, enabling it to become the principal business district of the city. The solidity of the buildings were a symbol of Rockhampton's wealth and reflected the confidence with which the community and developers viewed Rockhampton's future.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The building contributes aesthetically to the streetscape of Quay Street. There is a continuity of cornices and parapets between Archer Chambers and the former Royal Bank building next door (194 Quay Street) which emphasises the 19th century character of the street.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Archer Chambers has special association for the people of Rockhampton through its aesthetic and historic contribution to Quay Street. This street is for many people the symbol of Rockhampton and is very closely associated with the image of the city.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
Archer Chambers has special association with the Archer family, the first settlers of Rockhampton.
References
Attribution
External links
Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Rockhampton
Office buildings in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Houses in Queensland
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20120162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal%20group
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Nahal group
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The Nahal group (Hebrew: גרעין נחל) is a form of community service developed in Israel, which combines social volunteerism, agriculture and military service.
The word "Nahal" (Hebrew: נחל) (acronym of Noar Halutzi Lohem, lit. "Fighting Pioneer Youth") is an Israel Defense Forces infantry brigade. Historically, it refers to a program created in 1949 to combine military service and establishment of new agricultural settlements, often in outlying areas. Later, the program branched out into volunteering and social welfare projects.
The service is divided into several parts:
The military period (פרק צבאי)
The national mission period (פרק משימה)
Routine security measures (only for the male members) (בט"ש)
Unpaid military service period (Military service with no payment) (של"ת)
The order of the periods is permanent, but there are changes in the length of the periods, in accordance with the recruitment cycles. Also, it is possible to have the unpaid military service period either at the beginning or at the end of each course.
The military period
During the first military period, the members of the Nahal group serve in the Nahal infantry brigade together. The male members have a combat service as part of the 50th battalion or Caracal Battalion, and the female members serve in the Caracal Battalion or in different positions in the Education and Youth Corps and the Nahal headquarters. As part of their service, the members of the same group are entitled to serve in the same military unit (the 50th battalion, in the Caracal Battalion and in basic training of the female soldiers and the non-combat soldiers), and to hold a group meeting once in a while. At the end of their military service, after the release of the female Nahal soldiers, the remaining Nahal members return for half a year of routine security measures activities.
The national mission period
The national mission period lasts a year, in which all the core group stays together, under the command of the Education and Youth Corps. During the establishment of the state, the national mission was mostly the establishment of new settlements in periphery areas (by means of Nahal settlements) and expansion of the existing kibbutzim. Over the years, and in accordance with the changes in the Israeli society, the national mission has changed to helping the poor populations throughout the country and nowadays the Nahal groups perform in the National mission period social and educational-based missions in the social periphery of the state of Israel. The soldiers live in apartments in different local authorities, and work in different education tasks in the schools, in the community centers, in the youth clubs, in the absorption centers, etc. The group is accompanied by Military commanders, the Youth organizers in the local authorities and representatives of the youth movement to which the group belongs to core.
The unpaid military-service periods are a remainder of the Nahal course which included living in kibbutzim, but today are more similar to the national mission periods, yet are shorter and are less monitored by the army.
In general, the military service of male members of the Nahal group is four months longer than the military service of most soldiers. However, some of the Nahal groups continue to work together, anyway, even after the military service, as part of adult movements or choose to continue living together, regardless of their original movement.
The Orthodox Nahal
Under the Nahal framework, there is now also a route in which soldiers who originate from the Jewish ultra-Orthodox sector could join. They serve for two years in the 97th battalion of the Kfir Brigade, and in addition they go to a one-year school in order to complete their studies and get a matriculation certificate or in order to get a profession.
Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, established the Nahal program in 1949.
References
Israel Defense Forces
he:גרעין נח"ל
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44135916
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock%20Ball
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Jock Ball
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Harold Samuel Gordon "Jock" Ball (16 February 1912 – 3 June 1993) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Ball won the Ovens and Murray Football League best and fairest award, the Morris Medal in 1934, when playing for Yarrawonga Football Club.
Notes
External links
1912 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Melbourne Football Club players
Yarrawonga Football Club players
1993 deaths
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56245241
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Hlavat%C3%BD
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Jiří Hlavatý
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Jiří Hlavatý (born 29 July 1948) is a Czech politician and businessman. He is a CEO and owner of Juta stockholding company. He served as a Senator in 39 district - Trutnov until 2017 legislative election. He was elected a member of the CHamber of Deputies on 21 October 2017 and lost his Senate seat as a result. Hlavatý then gave up his seat in the Chamber of Deputies and announced his candidacy in by-election for his Senate seat.
Biography
He studied Institute of Mechanical Engineering in Liberec.
He started to work at Juta state company after his studies. He eventually became the CEO of the company. Juta became a private company after the Velvet Revolution. Hlavatý owns Juta since 2007.
Political career
Hlavatý entered politics in 2014 when he ran in Senate election for Trutnov seat. He was nominated by ANO 2011. Hlavatý received 26% in the first round and 60% in run-off and defeated TOP 09 nominee Adolf Klepš.
Hlavatý participated in 2017 legislative election. He was placed last on ANO 2011 list for Hradec Králové region. He was elected due to preferential votes. Hlavatý lost his Senate seat as a result. By-election i Trutnov district was called for 5 and 6 January 2018.
Hlavatý stated that he didn't know he will lose his Senate seat and expected that he will be allowed to choose if he wants to be a Senato or Deputy. He stated that he didn't want to be a Deputy and wanted to choose his Senate seat. He stated that he considers the fact that he lost his senate seat a return to Totality. Hlavatý decided to run in by-election to get his Senate seat back. When he was asked if he plans to pay for public costs of the election he stated that the by-election s caused by voters who elected him a Deputy and they should be asked if they pay for the costs. He gave up his seat in the Chamber of Deputies on 24 November 2017 and was replaced by Eva Matyášová.
Hlavatý received 25% in the first round of Trutnov by-election and advanced to run-off against Jan Sobotka who received 33.5%. Hlavatý lost the second round on 12 and 13 January 2018.
References
1948 births
Living people
ANO 2011 MPs
ANO 2011 Senators
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–2021)
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6699841
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Bougrine
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Vladimir Bougrine
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Vladimir Bougrine () also known as Wladimir Bugrin (10 June 1938, Leningrad - 10 August 2001, St. Petersburg) was a Russian painter.
Biography
Vladimir was the second child of two academic painters. His father, Alexander Bougrine, was an icon restorer and his painter mother Nathalie Anikina also worked at the Hermitage. He was brought up in two rooms at his ancestral home on the Neva River, transformed after the Revolution into community accommodation.
When the German army surrounded Leningrad in September 1941 beginning the 900-day Siege, Vladimir and his sister suffered the famine and the cold that would kill mostly the young and the old.
Their food ration was 125 grams of bread a day, and Volodia spent his days like the other children looking for food. They were left alone, their parents working or fighting; they ate what they could find, one day he consumed a jar of mustard and the hospital doctors saved his life. He was fortunate, a quarter of the population died, most of them children, but they were the older ones, whose food needs to survive were greater.
Between 1956 and 1959, Vladimir attended the Mukhina Institute for art and industrial design and from 1960-65 the academy of Beaux-Arts in Leningrad.
He then taught art and theatre sets, painted portraits, and restored icons. From the beginning of the 1970s he painted religious topics, against state orders. Like other painters in the Soviet Union, he was courted by Western diplomats and journalists who had their own agenda. From them, he obtained a gilded picture of life in the West. When painters in the Soviet Union tried to break the yoke of the state which commissioned portraits of political leaders and forbade creativity, dissident artists gathered in a movement for free creation and exhibition of their work. Non-conformist artists in Moscow attempted to reach the public by organising in the open-air what was to become known as the Bulldozer Exhibition on 15 September 1974. Police dispersed the artists and their exhibits.
In Leningrad, Vladimir and his mother were among the leaders of the same movement. When the authorities learnt of the exhibition that was being organised, they placed him under house arrest, with police at the door. Vladimir left through a window and with a group of friends marched towards the square where the exhibition would take place. But the square was full of police, and no-one could approach.
Although these attempts were thwarted, the artists continued their fight for free expression. The more they fought, the greater the repression from the Soviet authorities. Vladimir was imprisoned in Leningrad, and then, like many other dissident painters, was expelled from his native land. As emigration from the Soviet Union was forbidden for all but Jewish people, the dissident painters, seen as dangerous because rebellious, were expelled as Jewish emigrants.
The plane stopped in Vienna. Those who did not continue to Israel were housed in a transitville in the city; here they awaited visas for emigration to either America or France. Vladimir Bougrine had much success in Vienna thanks to his patron Princess Ghislaine Windisch-Graetz and his award-winning portrait of Cardinal Koenig of Vienna.
But his intention was to come to France, where he had friends, the Droin family, who had given him support after his imprisonment in Leningrad.
In 1977, a few months after arriving in Paris, the French Ministry of Culture introduced him to the Moulin d'Ande, a community of writers, musicians and film-makers, run by Suzanne Lipinska and Maurice Pons. The Moulin was to play a central role in his life thereafter.
He was awarded a studio at the Cité des Arts in Paris, and continued the rest of his life to paint in Paris, Saint Germain en Laye, Aigremont and Normandy. He continued painting in St. Petersburg in the last two years of his life.
From 1969, Vladimir Bougrine participated in over 40 exhibitions, 12 personal ones, in Leningrad, Vienna, Salzburg, Paris, Tokyo, Milan, Bologna, Bari, Bochum, Hamburg, Aubonne, Switzerland, and in the following museums: Russian Museum, Leningrad; Cathedral and diocesan museum, Vienna; Musée du Luxembourg, Paris; Museum of Tokyo, Japan; Museum of the city Bochum, BRD.
When Vladimir was granted French nationality in 1984, he was able to return to his homeland to visit his family in St. Petersburg. Although he and his fellow-artists were instrumental in Glasnost which resulted from the spirit of rebellion that was fermenting throughout the land, he was much distressed by the wild capitalism that resulted in gangs of famished children who followed him around the city on his return. He then began to regret the change in society and politics and the deleterious effect on children and old people.
Vladimir died in St. Petersburg on 10 August 2001.
Images
External links
Official Website paintitrussian.com
Lili Brochetain Collection, a non-profit presentation of works by prominent Russian artists
Galerie Michel Catbotse
Vladimir on Artnet.com
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
1938 births
2001 deaths
Russian avant-garde
Soviet dissidents
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67471332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Tooby
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Michael Tooby
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Mike Tooby (born 20 December 1956) is an independent curator and researcher based in Cardiff, Wales. His interests lie in integrating the practices often separated in curating in the arts and heritage settings: research, display, promotion, participation and learning. His own practice centres on curating in collaborative or site-specific contexts, where negotiating and celebrating relationships with audiences are at the core of projects.
Journeys with 'The Waste Land' (2018)
Tooby's commitment to participation and social engagement is exemplified by his role in, Journeys with 'The Waste Land', a major exhibition exploring the significance of T.S. Eliot’s poem 'The Waste Land' through the visual arts. Tooby described himself as the "initiating curator" of this project, elsewhere he is described as its "architect". Journeys with 'The Waste Land''' was exhibited first at the Turner Contemporary in Margate and then at the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum in Coventry. Information about the project (including its timeline, methodology, downloads, videos of its research group in action and visitor data) is available on the Turner Contemporary Website.
Tooby gave the 2018 Ursula Hoff Lecture in curating at the University of Melbourne. In this lecture, Tooby explored how testimony has played a key role in his recent curatorial projects. His starting point was the use of William Blake's Illustrations to Dante in Journeys with 'The Waste Land', which was created by the collective sharing of different life experiences and expertise by over 100 participants in its curating. He will show how this process was informed by his previous interest in testimony when co-curating faith-based and minority cultural projects in Wales, such as The Muslim World on Your Doorstep and Hineni: belonging and identity in a Jewish community.
Professional career
Since 2012, Tooby has been Professor of Art & Design at the Bath School of Art & Design at Bath Spa University. His teaching specialisms are: History of Art & Design; Museology; Contemporary Curatorial Practice.
Previously, Tooby was: curator (1992 to 1999) at Tate St Ives and curator of the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden (1992–1999); Director, National Museum & Gallery (2000 to 2004) and Director of Learning, Programmes and Development (2004 to 2011) for Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum of Wales;
Other recent academic appointments include: Senior Research Fellow (2014–15) at the Henry Moore Institute; Steering Group Member (2015–18) for the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded research project led by Sonia Boyce, "Black Art and Modernism", at the University of the Arts London; Academic Advisor to the Academy of Visual Arts (2015–18), Hong Kong Baptist University; International Visiting Scholar (2018) in the Art History and Curating programme, Australian National University.
Early life
Tooby grew up in Coventry and was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry (1967 to 1974) before studying for a Master of Arts (MA) in Art History, Archaeology and Anthropology at Magdalene College, Cambridge (1975–78)
Bibliography
Full details of Tooby's "research and academic outputs" can be found on ResearchSPAce
Books
Tooby, M, ed. (2018) wavespeech: Edmund de Waal and David Ward - a collaborative work in context Tooby, M and Shalgosky, S, eds. (2015) Imagining a university: fifty years of the University of Warwick Art collection Stair, J and Tooby, M (2014) Julian Stair: Quietus reviewed. Archaeology of an exhibition Tooby, M (2012) Engaging young people in the arts in Norway and Wales.
Tooby, M (2005) Trevor Bell: Heatscape, the Florida six, Still: the new paintings Tooby, M and Feary, J (1999) Colour in space: Patrick Heron: public projects Tooby, M and de Waal, E (1999) Modern home: an intervention by Edmund de Waal at High Cross House Tooby, M, Daniel, S and Barlow, M (1995) From the interior: selected sculptures 1981-1995
Tooby, M and Shalev, D (1995) Tate Gallery St Ives: the building Tooby, M (1993) Tate Gallery St. Ives, Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden: an illustrated companionTooby, M (1987) 'In Perpetuity and Without Charge': Mappin Art Gallery 1887–1987 Chapters
2020: '"Who me?": the individual experience in participative and collaborative projects.', O'Neill, M and Hooper, G, eds. Connecting Museums 2017: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape.', Petrie, K and Livingstone, A, eds. The Ceramics Reader 2015: 'Veronica Ryan.', Making It: Sculpture in Britain 1977–1986 2015: 'Do not call it fixity.', James Hugonin: binary rhythm: paintings 2010-2015 2014: 'Many-roomed mansion to theatre of memories: thoughts on artists and museums.', Nicol, G, ed. Inspired by: your guide to art and the museum 2013: 'Simplicity and subject.', William Scott: simplicity and subject 2012: 'Look closely.', Kurt Jackson: A New Genre of Landscape Painting 2010: 'Rachel Nicholson: critical view.', Wilkinson, A, ed. Rachel Nicholson 2008: 'The master printer.', Hughes, S, Clark, M and Fitch, A, eds. Hugh Stoneman: master printer 2007: 'St Ives - is it worth saving?', The St Ives School 1997-2007 2006: 'Where does the museum end?', Lang, C, Reeve, J and Woollard, V, eds. The responsive museum: working with audiences in the twenty-first century 2003: 'Trevor Bell.', Trevor Bell: a British painter in America 2001: 'Towards a study of Terry Setch.', Tooby, M and Holman, M, eds. Terry Setch: a retrospective 2000: 'Iwan Bala.', Offerings and reinventions 2000: 'Light the blue touch paper.', Gage, J and Tooby, M, eds. Blue: borrowed and new 2000: 'A working environment.', David Nash: chwarel goed, wood quarry 1998: 'The same subject: sources and origins.', Glennie, S, ed. William Scott: paintings and drawings 1998: 'Peter Randall-Page.', Whistling in the dark: Peter Randall-Page, drawings and prints 1983-98 Journal articles
with Scott, T (2016: 'A journey with 'The waste land'.' Arts & Education (8)
2014: 'Interpreting and learning.' Engage (35)
2012: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape'. Behind the Scenes at the Museum: Ceramics in the Expanded Field 2012: 'Order and disorder: Some relationships between ceramics, sculpture and museum taxonomies.' Interpreting Ceramics (14)
2011: 'Home and away: collections abroad.' Engage (28)
2010: 'Edmund de Waal: the hare with amber eyes' Interpreting Ceramics (12)
2009: 'More than skin deep: the new Art Gallery of Ontario.' Museum Practice (45)
2006: 'St Ives and Cardiff: two experiences of cultural tourism.' Nexus (35)
Conferences, Lectures and Workshops
2019: Julian Stair: Tea and sensation. Summer 2019, co-facilitator, Compton Verney Art Gallery & Park
2018: Modernism, image and text: reflections on T.S.Eliot and visualisation of 'The waste land'. 29 October 2018, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
2018: 'I can connect': the power of curating to share experiences. 18 October 2018, The Ursula Hoff Lecture 2018, University of Melbourne, Australia
2018: Trevor Bell: his time as Gregory Fellow and its position in the trajectory of the Gregory Fellowships. 14–15 June 2018, University of Leeds, UK.
2015: Tooby, M, Smith, R and O’ Keeffe, D A journey with T. S. Eliot’s 'The Waste Land' 8 October 2015, Ilkley Literature Festival, Ilkley Playhouse, Ilkley, UK.
2015: Another side of Stanley Royle. 29 April 2015, Lunchtime Talk Series, Graves Art Gallery, Sheffield, UK.
Exhibitions
2018: Journeys with 'The Waste Land' [curator]. Turner Contemporary, Margate, UK, 3 February - 7 May 2018.
2015: wavespeech [curator]. The Pier Arts Centre, Stromness, Scotland, 20 June - 12 September 2015.
2014: Storio - store. Settlement, Spit and Sawdust Skatepark, Cafe and Artspace, Roath, Cardiff, 17 October 2014.
2013: At the mad shepherdess. Diffusion: Cardiff International Festival of Photography., Chapter, Cardiff, 12–19 May 2013.
2013: William Scott: Simplicity and Subject. Victoria Art Gallery, Bath, UK, 7 September - 17 November 2013.
2012: The Museum of Amazing Coincidences. Made in Roath, Cardiff, UK, October 2012.
2011: Kelvin Road mantelpiece. Made in Roath, Cardiff, 2011.
2008: National Museum and Gallery, Cardiff: complete redisplay of art galleries, representation of natural history gallery and learning spaces. National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK, 2008.
1997: A Quality Of Light: A Collaborative Visual Arts Event.'' Tate Gallery St Ives, May - July 1997
References
Living people
People from Coventry
English curators
Academics of Bath Spa University
1956 births
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65005510
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nimr%20Palace
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Al-Nimr Palace
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Al-Nimr Palace is a vast seventeenth-century palace in Nablus, set in a Palestinian enclave in the West Bank. It is located in the northeastern side of the Habla neighborhood and was originally commissioned by Abdullah Pasha al-Nimr, leader of the Ottoman military campaigns, sent to suppress local strife and secure the region. Abdullah Pasha who was subsequently appointed governor of Nablus and guarantor of Karak Castle was the founder of a palace-based Nablus ruler dynasty.
Palace building
As for the building, it consists of two parts, a northern section, which is the summer palace, and a southern one, which is the large palace to which a large entrance leads, and at the same time, each of them consists of two floors: where the first is an open yard, a pool of water, and horse stables, and the second consists of a large group of rooms divided into two wings: one for the harem, and one for the men.
The traveler, Sheikh Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, of Damascene origin, visited the palace in the year 1101 AH/1671 CE, and he was hosted by the city's recipient at that time, Ali al-Sharbaji "Al-Nimr". Sheikh Nabulsi described the palace as beautiful.
References
Buildings and structures in Nablus
Culture of Jerusalem
Palaces in the State of Palestine
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56128327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaku-zuki
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Gyaku-zuki
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The is an attack technique often also referred to as a reverse punch. This is used in many budō disciplines, e.g. in karate or aikidō. This is an embodiment of the choku-zuki (straight punch forward).
After a step forward from the zenkutsu-dachi position, a straight forward punch is made for each forward leg (chūdan or jōdan), with the hip twisted in, or the hip rotation supporting the impact. The gyaku-zuki is the counterpart to the oi-zuki, in which the impact is made to be the same in relation to the front leg. While the oi-zuki is used as an attacking technique and with a full step forward, the gyaku-zuki is a counterattack that is used in a standing position, without a full step forward.
Also common are the two variants of performing the crotch and kick simultaneously, or supporting the thrust (without crotch) by simultaneously sliding the entire body and legs forward.
Example: In the left display, the execution of a gyaku-zuki is done by the karateka doing a kick with the right fist.
Literature
Werner Lind: Lexikon der Kampfkünste. China, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, Indonesien, Indien, Mongolei, Philippinen, Taiwan u. a. Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, , (Edition BSK).
References
Karate techniques
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64284786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Hartmann
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Fritz Hartmann
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Fritz Hartmann is a former footballer who played as midfielder during the 1940s and 1950s
Hartmann played at least five years for Nordstern Basel and he joined FC Basel's first team in their 1950–51 season under player-coach Ernst Hufschmid. After four test games Hartmann played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 3 September 1950 as Basel played 1–1 against Biel-Bienne. That season he played in 23 of the 26 league matches. In the following season he only played in four test games.
In his two seasons with FC Basel, Hartmann played a total of 38 games for the team, but without scoring a goal. 23 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, three in the Swiss Cup and 12 were friendly games.
Following his time with FC Basel Hartmann returned to play for Nordstern Basel.
References
Sources
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
FC Basel players
FC Nordstern Basel players
Association football midfielders
Swiss footballers
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
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127325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Island%2C%20New%20York
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Middle Island, New York
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Middle Island is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 10,483 at the 2010 census. It is situated between the hamlets of Coram and Ridge, to the west and east, respectively, and Rocky Point and Yaphank to the north and south. The name derives from the fact that it lies approximately halfway between the eastern and western ends of Long Island (Montauk Point and the East River) as well as halfway between the northern and southern boundaries (the Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean).
History
The European-American history of Middle Island goes back at least to 1766, when the first Presbyterian church was built. Rev. David Rose, who was also a doctor and a pastor of the South Haven church, covered his immense parish on horseback. He filled his saddle bags with Bibles and medicines to minister to his frontier congregation. In 1766 the parish opened a cemetery just across from the church.
Around the same time, a veteran of the French and Indian War named Jonathan Edwards who admired the white pine trees of Quebec swiped the seedlings for himself and began planting them along what is today Middle Island-Miller Place Road. Many of these pine trees were spread throughout the community. A local farmer named William Dayton swiped some of the pine cones from the site of the original plantings in 1812 and brought them to his farm south of what is today Middle Country Road, towards an area of Yaphank-Middle Island Road north of Longwood Road. The area near the William Davis farmstead is now part of Prosser Pines and Cathedral Pines County Parks.
The first schoolhouse was built in 1813 east of the church. In 1837, a new church was built just to the rear of the older one. It served the community for 200 years until the new Christian Education building was built at the Longwood Estate in 1966.
For over 100 years (until it was burned down in 1971), Pfeiffer's Store was a center of activity for Middle Island and surrounding communities. A nearby lake, known as Corwin's Pond, was renamed "Artist Lake" after painter Alonzo Chappel settled there in 1869.
On October 27, 1910, the International Aviation Tournament was held at the Belmont Park racetrack in Elmont, New York. The meet offered $3,750 for the highest altitude, another $1,000 for a world record and a $5,000 bonus for exceeding 10,000 feet. Ralph Johnstone set a new American flight altitude record of 8,471 feet. During the flight, a gust of wind forced him to fly backwards, and he landed near Artist Lake.
Middle Island gained an influx of Estonian refugees during the 1940s and 1950s mainly around the Pine Lake area.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.71%, is water.
Middle Island has several lakes including Artist Lake, Pine Lake, and Spring Lake. Middle Island also contains the headwaters of the Carmans River, which originally began at Pfeiffer's Pond on the northeast corner of NY 25 and Old Middle Island Road, and now begins within Cathedral Pines County Park.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 9,702 people, 3,720 households, and 2,548 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,175.9 per square mile (454.1/km2). There were 3,900 housing units at an average density of 472.7/sq mi (182.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.45% White, 7.58% African American, 0.25% Native American, 2.44% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.92% from other races, and 2.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.87% of the population.
Of the 3,720 households, 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,818, and the median income for a family was $58,171. Males had a median income of $41,618 versus $30,516 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,129. About 4.3% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.
Parks and recreation
Parks within Middle Island include, Cathedral Pines County Park (formerly a Boy Scout camp) and the adjacent Prosser Pines Nature Preserve. Middle Island is surrounded by three public golf courses; Middle Island Country Club and Spring Lake Golf Club are both within Middle Island; Mill Pond Golf Course is just to the south, in Yaphank.
Education
Middle Island is served by the Longwood Central School District, which at is the largest school district on Long Island. The Longwood Public Library is located in Middle Island.
Media
Transmitter facilities for WFTY-DT are located in Middle Island.
References
External links
Middle Island History (Longwood Public Library)
Brookhaven, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Suffolk County, New York
Hamlets in Suffolk County, New York
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22874444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayanthani
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Kalayanthani
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Kalayanthani is a small town in Thodupuzha Taluk. It lies in the Idukki district of Kerala, India. The village is 9 km east of Thodupuzha, on the Velliyamattom route.
Kalayanthani is the meeting point of the Alakode and Velliamattom village Panchayats.
The main public establishments of Kalayanthani are St. Mary's Catholic Church (1920), the famous Muslim Mosque Konthalapally, St. George's High School., Yugasilpi Arts and Sports Club and Viswadeepthi library.
Kalayanthani is known as the 'Land of Art'. Inspector General of Police Tomin Thachankary, well known lyricist Baby John Kalayanthani, popular novelist, cartoonist and freelance journalist Ignatious Kalayanthani, famous artist and playwright Skylark (K.O. Varkey) and senior Journalist Roy Mathew Pallickamyalil and Hoe Hoseph Hijo were all born in Kalayanthani.
A post office, a branch of Union bank, Urban Bank, Alakode service Cooperative Bank, and a primary health center are the main public institutions in Kalayanthani.
The main public establishments of Kalayanthani are St. Mary's Catholic Church (1920), the famous Muslim Mosque Konthalapally, St. George's High School., Yugasilpi Arts and Sports Club and Viswadeepthi library. It is a very small town having only a few hotels, textile shops, stationary shops, provision shops, and hardware shops. It is the Junction of two roads: one to Chilavu and the other to Vettimattam.
The famous oil palm plantation (Ennappanathottam) of Agriculture Department is located at Vettimattam, which is two kilometers away from the town of Kalayanthani.
Name
The name 'Kalayanthani' might have come from two words, 'Kalayam' and 'Thanni' (the Malayalam name of two species of trees). There is another version which defines the word 'Kalayam' as 'Kalaham' (quarrel) and 'Thanni' as 'Thanne'.
Demographics
Malayalam is the Local Language here.
Religion
Kalayanthani has all communities (Christians, Hindus, Muslims) but Christianity takes the lead.
Education
Kalayanthani has a high school (St. George's high school), managed by the Kothamangalam catholic diocese and headed by the senior most teacher as Headmaster, which is really a benefit to the nearby villages.
Transport
Economy and Infrastructure
Most of the people in Kalayanthani are farmers. They farm Rubber, Rice, Pepper, Ginger etc. 90% of the population are from middle-class families. There are number of people working abroad as Nurse, Engineer, Technicians, govt employees.
Villages in Idukki district
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65588115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damayanti%20%28web%20series%29
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Damayanti (web series)
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Damayanti is a Bengali web-series released on Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi on 22 October 2020. On season 4 announcement Hoichoi announced their upcoming twenty-five web series, Damayanti based on the story of Manoj Sen is one of them. Directed by Aritra Sen and Rohan Ghosh the series features Tuhina Das, Indrasish Roy, Soumya Banerjee, Chandrayee Ghosh, Amrita Chattopadhyay in the lead roles. Second season of this series titled Nokol Heere released on 2021.
Plot
In this series a professor of history; a computer hacker – Damayanti married to a lovable husband Samaresh. Damayanti's passion lies in cracking psychological mysteries. They move to Santiniketan for an outing and stay in the Guest house of Mr.Roy. Damayanti observes that something unusual is happening in the Roy family. She starts the investigation on her own. Samaresh's friend Shiben, a police officer helps Damayanti.
Cast
Tuhina Das as Damayanti Dutta Gupta
Amrita Chattopadhyay as Sarmishtha
Indrasish Roy as Samaresh Dutta Gupta
Soumya Banerjee as Siben Sen
Chandrayee Ghosh as Munia Roy (in Season 1)
Amrita Chattopadhyay as Sarmishtha Roy (in Season 1)
Gautam Purkayastha (in Season 1)
Arpan Ghoshal (in Season 1)
Rajnandini Paul (in Nokol Heere)
Anindita Raychaudhary (in Nokol Heere)
Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee as Ramanuj (in Nokol Heere)
Atmadeep Ghosh (in Nokol Heere)
Sudip Sarkar (in Nokol Heere)
Biswajit Chakraborty as Mr. Mitra (in Nokol Heere)
Overview
Season 1 (2020)
On October 6, 2020, Hoichoi released the official teaser of the series. On 11 October Hoichoi also released the title track of the series. The season started streaming from 22 October 2020. On 29th October 2020 hoichoi released all the remaining episodes on their platform.
Nokol Heere (2020)
On 12 March 2021, Hoichoi released the second season of Damayanti, titled Nokol Heere.
Episodes
Season 1
Nokol Heere
References
External links
Indian web series
2020 web series debuts
Bengali-language web series
Indian crime television series
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15556260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ister
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The Ister
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Ister, The Ister, or Der Ister may refer to:
The Danube river, known as the Ister in Ancient Greek (Ἴστρος) and Thracian
The Dniester river, known as the Ister in Thracian
"Der Ister", a poem by Friedrich Hölderlin
Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister", a lecture course delivered by Martin Heidegger in 1942
Ister-class frigate, a group of screw frigates ordered for the Royal Navy in the early 1860s
The Ister (film), a 2004 film directed by David Barison and Daniel Ross
Tajuria ister, a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae
See also
:de:Donau#Namen und Etymologie, German etymology and similarly named rivers
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66429543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devghat%20Rural%20Municipality
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Devghat Rural Municipality
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Devghat is a Rural municipality located within the Tanahun District of the Gandaki Province of Nepal.
The rural municipality spans of area, with a total population of 16,131 according to a 2011 Nepal census.
On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Devghat, Kota, Chhipchhipe and part of Baidi VDCs were merged to form Devghat Rural Municipality.
Devghat is divided into 5 wards, with Devghat VDC declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.
References
External links
official website of the rural municipality
Rural municipalities in Tanahun District
Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017
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41621767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20de%20Moustier
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Lionel de Moustier
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Lionel Désiré-Marie-René-François de Moustier (23 August 1817 – 5 February 1869) was a French diplomat and politician.
Early years
Lionel Désiré-Marie-René-François, Marquis de Moustier was born in Paris on 23 August 1817, son of Clément-Édouard, Marquis de Moustier (1779-1830).
His mother was Marie-Caroline de La Forest.
His father was an ardent legitimist.
Lionel inherited a large fortune.
He married Fanny de Mérode, niece of Philippe-Félix-Balthasar-Othon Ghislain, Count of Mérode (1791-1857), whose daughter Marie-Anne married Charles Forbes René de Montalembert.
Lionel de Moustiere and Fanny had two daughters, one of whom married the Marquis de Marmier.
Under King Louis-Philippe he was a member of the general council of the department of Doubs.
In 1848 he was a candidate for election in Franche-Comté, his native land.
He was elected to represent the department of Doubs on 13 May 1849 by conservative monarchists.
He sat on the right, and continued to support the administration until the coup of 2 December 1851.
He was appointed to the Advisory Committee, but soon resigned.
Ambassador
On 10 March 1853 Lionel de Moustier was appointed minister plenipotentiary in Berlin, where he helped to ensure the neutrality of Prussia during the Crimean War.
He had a scandalous affair in Berlin with the daughter of M. Delaunay, the minister of Sardinia in Prussia.
Moustier was in Berlin during the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, when France and the Kingdom of Sardinia were at war with Austria in Lombardy.
Moustier was warned that Berlin would intervene if France failed to accept mediation.
Moustier provided statistics that showed that Prussia was mobilizing a force that could readily defeat France's army on the Rhine.
He remained in Berlin until November 1859, when he was appointed Ambassador of France at the court of Austria.
On 28 August 1861 he was appointed Ambassador in Constantinople, a difficult position.
Foreign Minister
On 1 September 1866 de Moustier replaced Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
During an 1866 crisis in Romania, Moustier counselled the emperor to advise and support the Porte in Constantinople, but to avoid interfering in internal affairs in the Turkish empire, and to work together with England in this, since England had essentially the same policy.
While in office he also had to handle the question of the annexation of Luxembourg with Prussia.
In the Roman question he enforced the convention of 15 September and opposed the concessions proposed by General Luigi Federico Menabrea, Italian Prime Minister.
He was willing to submit the issue to Congress, but did not succeed. Speaking in Senate he responded to Cardinal de Bonnechose and to Baron Charles Dupin that the government would support the rights of the Pope as well as Italian unification.
Last years
In 1867 Lionel de Moustier was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.
With failing health, he left office in December 1868, and on 17 December 1868 was appointed senator.
He continued to support the imperial regime in the senate.
He died on 5 February 1869.
His son, Pierre René, was deputy for Doubs from 1889 to 1921, and senator from 1921 to 1935.
His grandson Léonel de Moustier was also deputy for Doubs, elected in 1928.
Léonel was active in the Resistance during World War II, was captured by the Germans and died in 1945.
References
Citations
Sources
1817 births
1869 deaths
French politicians
Ambassadors of France to the Ottoman Empire
Ambassadors of France to Prussia
19th-century French diplomats
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
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19613828
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury%20%28Frederick%2C%20Maryland%29
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Bloomsbury (Frederick, Maryland)
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Bloomsbury, also known as the Roger Johnson House, is a sandstone house in southern Frederick County, Maryland. The house was occupied by Roger Johnson, brother of Maryland governor Thomas Johnson, who established Bloomsbury Forge nearby. The property includes the remains of log slave quarters and a rare example of an early log barn.
Bloomsbury was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
References
External links
, including 2006 photo, at Maryland Historical Trust
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Houses in Frederick County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Frederick County, Maryland
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Thomas Johnson family
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50955654
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20White%20discography
|
Jack White discography
|
American singer Jack White has released three studio albums, six live albums, one compilation album, and twenty singles. Prior to releasing solo records, White recorded albums with several bands, including the White Stripes, the Raconteurs, and the Dead Weather. Throughout his career, he has also produced the works of many other artists and made guest appearances on albums.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Production history
White has been the main or sole producer on all of his own work, as well as that of other bands, particularly those on his Third Man Records label. This is a list of his production credits of notable acts outside of his solo career.
Singles
Albums and EPs
Soundtrack appearances
Cold Mountain (2003) – "Wayfaring Stranger", "Sittin' on Top of the World", "Never Far Away", "Christmas Time Will Soon Be Over", "Great High Mountain"
Napoleon Dynamite (2004) – "We're Going to Be Friends"
Quantum of Solace (2008) – "Another Way to Die" (with Alicia Keys)
Shine a Light (2008) – "Loving Cup" (with The Rolling Stones)
It Might Get Loud (2009) – "Fly Farm Blues"
The Great Gatsby (2013) – "Love Is Blindness"
The Hateful Eight (2015) – "Apple Blossom"
Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2017) – “On The Road Again” (with Nas), “2 Fingers of Whiskey” (with Elton John), “Matrimonial Intentions”, “One Mic” (with Nas), “Mama’s Angel Child”
Album appearances
Fire by Electric Six (2003) – "Danger! High Voltage" (credited as "John S. O'Leary")
Rome by Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi (2011) – "The Rose with the Broken Neck", "Two Against One" and "The World"
The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams by various artists (2011) – "You Know That I Know"
AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered by various artists (2011) – "Love Is Blindness"
Lemonade by Beyoncé (2016) – "Don't Hurt Yourself"
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service by A Tribe Called Quest (2016) – "Solid Wall of Sound", "Ego" and "The Donald"
Igor by Tyler, The Creator (2019) – "Are We Still Friends?"
Notes
References
Discographies of American artists
Rock music discographies
|
55659822
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akramul%20Qader
|
Akramul Qader
|
Akramul Qader is a Bangladeshi diplomat and former Ambassador of Bangladesh to the United States. He was the longest serving ambassador of Bangladesh to the United States. He had the rank of a state minister in the government.
Early life
Qader completed his M.A. from the University of Dhaka in Islamic History. In the 1960s he taught in college and would later join the Pakistan Ministry of Foreign office as a section officer. He graduated in 1970 from National Institute of Public Administration, Dhaka and in 1973 completed a Foreign Service Training Course in Australia.
Career
Qader joined the Bangladeshi Foreign service in 1972 returning from Pakistan after the Independence of Bangladesh. He was assigned to the USSR in 1974, where he worked till 1976. He was posted in Burma from 1976 to 1981 and in Pakistan from 1981 to 1984. From 1984 to 1986 he was the Director of the South East Asia Division in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1996 he served as the ambassador of Bangladesh to Thailand and Cambodia till 1999.
From 1999 to 2002, he was the High Commissioner of Bangladesh to South Africa, and was also cross-accredited as High Commissioner to Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, and Lesotho. He served as the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. From November 2009 to May 2014 he was the Ambassador of Bangladesh to the United States.
References
University of Dhaka alumni
Ambassadors of Bangladesh to the United States
Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Thailand
High Commissioners of Bangladesh to South Africa
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20301014
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Eon
|
Lee Eon
|
Lee Eon (5 February 1981 – 21 August 2008) was a South Korean actor and model.
Early life and career
Lee Eon was born Park Sang-min on 5 February 1981. Lee began practicing ssireum while in elementary school, going on to win gold medals at Korean national ssireum competitions in 1997 and 1998. As a freshman at university, he was inspired by Cha Seung-won to become a model, and after losing made his debut at a fashion show in Busan in 1999. His later fashion show appearances included the Seoul Fashion Artists Association Collection.
Lee branched out into acting, making his film debut in 2006; he played a ssireum wrestler in Like a Virgin, putting his skills to good use and helping lead actor Ryu Deok-hwan learn the moves. He later appeared in the 2007 hit drama series Coffee Prince, and made his final appearance in KBS period drama Strongest Chil Woo.
Death and commemorations
Lee died in a motorcycle accident on 21 August 2008. He had been riding home from a party celebrating the airing of the last episode of Strongest Chil Woo, when his motorcycle hit the guardrail of an overpass in Hannam-dong, Seoul, at around 2 a.m. He died at the scene from a broken neck and was taken to the nearby Soonchunhyang University Hospital. Many of his colleagues attended his funeral, including Gong Yoo, his co-star in Coffee Prince, who took leave from his military service to hold Lee's memorial tablet in the procession to the grave site.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Motorcycle road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in South Korea
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male models
South Korean ssireum practitioners
1981 births
2008 deaths
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3073007
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Law
|
Edward Law
|
Edward Law may refer to:
Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818)
Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871), son of the above
Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough (1841–1915), grandson of the 1st Baron, nephew of the Earl
Edward FitzGerald Law (1846–1908), British diplomat
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