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Cryogenic machining is a machining process where the traditional flood lubro-cooling liquid (an emulsion of oil into water) is replaced by a jet of either liquid nitrogen (LN2) or pre-compressed carbon dioxide (CO2). Cryogenic machining is useful in rough machining operations, in order to increase the tool life. It can also be useful to preserve the integrity and quality of the machined surfaces in finish machining operations. Cryogenic machining tests have been performed by researchers since several decades, but the actual commercial applications are still limited to very few companies. Both cryogenic machining by turning and milling are possible.
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Cryogenic rolling or "", is one of the potential techniques to produce nanostructured bulk materials from its bulk counterpart at cryogenic temperatures. It can be defined as rolling that is carried out at cryogenic temperatures. Nanostructured materials are produced chiefly by severe plastic deformation processes. The majority of these methods require large plastic deformations (strains much larger than unity). In case of cryorolling, the deformation in the strain hardened metals is preserved as a result of the suppression of the dynamic recovery. Hence large strains can be maintained and after subsequent annealing, ultra-fine-grained structure can be produced.
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Comparison of cryorolling and rolling at room temperature:
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= = = List of mosques in the United States = = =
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This is a list of notable mosques in the United States.
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A mosque, also called masjid in Arabic, is defined as any place that Muslims pray facing Mecca, not necessarily a building. By that meaning, there were mosques in the United States by 1731 or earlier. Job ben Solomon (1701–1773), an African-American Muslim kidnapped into slavery, was documented by his slave narrative memoir to have prayed in the forest of Kent Island, Maryland, where he was brought during 1731–33.
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Some sources assert that what is likely the first American mosque building was a mosque in Biddeford, Maine that was founded in 1915 by Albanian Muslims. A Muslim cemetery still existed there in 1996.
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However, the first mosque building was most likely the Highland Park Mosque in Detroit, Michigan, opened in 1921. The mosque was located near the famous Highland Park Ford Plant, which employed "hundreds of Arab American men". This mosque, which included Sunni, Shia and Ahmadi Muslims, was funded by Muhammad Karoub, a real estate developer.
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The oldest still-standing mosque in the U.S. is the Al-Sadiq Mosque, built in 1922 in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. However, the first "purpose-built" mosque, the Mother Mosque of America, was built in 1934 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
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In 1994, the Islamic Center of Yuba City, in California, was destroyed by fire set in a hate-crime, the first mosque destroyed by a hate crime in U.S. history. It had just been completed at cost of $1.8 million plus sweat equity of the Muslims of its rural community, including descendants of Pakistani who immigrated to the area 1902. Its story, including its rebuilding, is told in David Washburn's 2012 documentary "An American Mosque".
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It has been estimated that there were somewhat more than 100 mosques in the U.S. in 1970, but immigration of more than a million Muslims since then led to hundreds more being built. By 2000, there were 1,209 U.S. mosques, which rose to 2,106 in 2010, an increase of 74%.
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A 2011 study, "The American Mosque 2011", sponsored by the Hartford Institute for Religion Research, the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, as well as the nation's largest Islamic civic and religious groups, including the Islamic Society of North America and the Council on American-Islamic Relations, found that the U.S. states with the most mosques were New York with 257, California with 246, and Texas with 166.
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Through 2014, a building boom for mosques has been going on.
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= = = Darryl Shannon = = =
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Darryl Jackson Shannon (born June 21, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He was drafted 36th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft and as well as the Leafs, he played for the Winnipeg Jets, Buffalo Sabres, Atlanta Thrashers, Calgary Flames, and the Montreal Canadiens. Despite a serious illness, he played a total of 544 regular season games in the National Hockey League, scoring 28 goals and 111 assists for 139 points and collecting 523 penalty minutes. He also played 29 playoff games, all with the Buffalo Sabres, scoring 4 goals and 7 assists for 11 points, collecting 16 minutes. He moved to Germany in 2001 to play in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga for the Krefeld Pinguine and the Eisbären Berlin. He is the older brother of fellow former NHLer Darrin Shannon who played
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together while with the Winnipeg Jets.
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Following his retirement, he lives in Buffalo, New York where he is an active member of the Sabres Alumni Association.
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= = = List of Boca Juniors chairmen = = =
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The following is a list of chairmen of Boca Juniors, one of the premier football teams in Argentina. Jorge Amor Ameal is the current chairman.
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= = = Tyvola station = = =
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Tyvola is a light rail station on the LYNX Blue Line in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. The station officially opened for service on Saturday, November 24, 2007, and as part of its opening celebration fares were not collected. Regular service with fare collection commenced on Monday, November 26, 2007.
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The station is located along Old Pineville Road at Grover Road just to the south of Tyvola Road. It has an elevated island platform located between the two tracks, and includes 464 commuter parking spaces.
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The Tyvola viaduct is the longest elevated portion of the entire Blue Line. The bridge spans a distance of 3/8 mile (0.6 km) crossing both Tyvola Road and an active Norfolk Southern rail crossing just south of Tyvola. Tyvola was selected for an overpass as a result of its crossing having the highest traffic count of any other along the route with an estimated 45,000 vehicles a day. Beginning on January 4, 2006, the installation of the concrete girders, ranging in size between to , commenced for the construction of the elevated sections. All pieces were in place by February.
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This is the closest station to serve the SouthPark business district, although it is not within walking distance.
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As part of the CATS Art in Transit program, Tyvola features several pieces intended to provide a better overall aesthetic for the station. The most notable piece located at the Tyvola Station is a sculpture entitled "Reconstructed Dwelling" by Dennis Oppenheim located at street level beneath the platform. Additional works include bas-reliefs entitled "Hornbeam" by Alice Adams; drinking fountain basins designed to look like dogwoods, the North Carolina state flower, by Nancy Blum; plaid motifs on both the pavers and shelters by Leticia Huerta; and the painting of the bridge and retaining walls by Marek Ranis.
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= = = River Styx (magazine) = = =
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River Styx is an award-winning literary journal produced in St. Louis, Missouri and published two times a year by the Big River Association. It is the oldest literary journal in St. Louis, Missouri
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"River Styx" was started in St Louis, Missouri in 1975 after poetry readings and musical sessions among enthusiasts in the late 1960s. At the apartment of Danny Spell, poets read their work and the work of poets they liked. These sessions evolved into the "River Styx Poets" radio program. Regulars on the show included Michael Castro, Jan Castro, Danny Spell, and Marvin Hohman. The radio program lasted from 1970–1973.
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"River Styx" magazine was founded in 1975 with Michael Castro and Jan Castro as editors. The magazine's approach was multicultural, as were the reading series, which began at the same time, and the River Styx PM series, which began in 1981. Early contributors to the magazine included David Meltzer, Jerome Rothenberg, Maurice Kenny, Joy Harjo, Terri McMillan, and Quincy Troupe. In the 1980s and 1990s Troupe joined the editing team. The magazine included interviews with Ntozake Shange, Gary Snyder, Robert Bly, John Barth, Toni Morrison, and Allen Ginsberg.
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"River Styx" magazine is produced by the literary organization River Styx (originally Big River Association), incorporated as a not for profit organization in 1975 with Michael Castro as president. The organization also produces readings. The readings helped build the magazine's reputation. They were directed by Michael Castro for over twenty years, with one year stints by Jan Castro, Peter Carlos, Ann Haubrich, and Jan Rothschild. These readings included music by Willie Mae Ford Smith with James Baldwin, the World Saxophone Quartet, and St. Louis Symphony musicians Catherine Lehr, Manuel Ramos, and Rich O'Donnell. Local artists from St. Louis attended, as did visiting writers such as Breyten Breytenbach, Dennis Brutus, Carolyn Forche, W.S. Merwin, Toni Morrison, Adrienne Rich, Derek Walcott. Special editions by Arthur Brown and William H. Gass were produced in the 1980s.
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In 1995 Richard Newman became editor-in-chief. After Michael Castro left the organization in 2000, Newman became director of the River Styx Poetry Series. In 1986 Jan Castro received the Editors Award for "River Styx" from CCLM (Coordinating Council for Literary Magazines, now CLMP).
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The magazine devotes several pages per issue to artists, which have included Michael Corr, Alejandro Romero, Lynda Frese, Emmet Gowan, John Slaughter, Patte Loper, Birney Imes, Virginia Beahan, Laura McPhee, Deborah Luster, Dana Moore, Benedict Fernandez, and Frank Shaw.
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The magazine sponsors two contests each year for microfiction and poetry. Past judges for the International Poetry Contest have included Billy Collins, Philip Levine, Maxine Kumin, and Molly Peacock.
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In the fall of 2012, the River Styx reading series moved its venue. A "Best of River Styx" special edition was published in 2000 to mark the organization's twenty-fifth anniversary. It included poetry, interviews, photographs from readings by River Styx archivist Paul Neuenkirk, and a record insert with highlights from events.
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The magazine has won several Stanley Hanks Prizes, awards from the Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines, as well as grants and support from the National Endowment for the Arts, Missouri Arts Council, Regional Arts Commission, Missouri Humanities Council, and Arts and Education Council. Its poems and stories have appeared in "Best American Poetry" and "New Stories from the South" anthologies, "Best New Poets", and "The Pushcart Prizes: Best of the Small Presses".
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The magazine has published work by Jacob M. Appel, Margaret Atwood, Jorge Luis Borges, Richard Burgin, Robert Bly, Amy Clampitt, Robert Creeley, Rita Dove, Stephen Dunn, Clayton Eshleman, William H. Gass, Albert Goldbarth, Allen Ginsberg, Donald Hall, Robert Hass, John Hollander, Jane Ellen Ibur, Rodney Jones, Yusef Komunyakaa, Ted Kooser, Maxine Kumin, Li-Young Lee, Czesław Miłosz, Thylias Moss, Howard Nemerov, Sharon Olds, Octavio Paz, Molly Peacock, Carl Phillips, Adrienne Rich, Jerome Rothenberg, Alan Shapiro, Ntozake Shange, Charles Simic, George Singleton, Gary Snyder, Susan Sontag, William Stafford, May Swenson, Arthur Sze, Wisława Szymborska, Mona Van Duyn, and Derek Walcott.
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= = = Valensia (album) = = =
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Valensia (released in Japan as Gaia) is a 1993 album by Dutch singer Valensia Clarkson. It is Valensia's debut album. The album features Robby Valentine on grand piano ("Nathalie", "T'Kylah", "My Heart Is In Your Hands", "Gaia") and Emmy Verhey on violin ("T'Kylah II", "Gaia").
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= = = Dental education throughout the world = = =
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Dentistry throughout the world is practiced differently, and training in dentistry varies as well.
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Australian dentistry is overseen by the Australian Dental Council and the Dental Board of Australia The professional body for dentists is the Australian Dental Association.
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Dentists trained in Australia must meet the entry requirements of one of the Australian institutions offering dental courses, and then complete the required full-time academic training leading to a dental degree. If dentists wish to specialize, they must complete extra study after having had clinical experience.
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In order to practice dentistry in Australia (as of July 2010) you must obtain registration and licensing from the nationalized Dental Board of Australia. Generally, the only persons immediately entitled to apply to be registered as dentists are persons holding the qualifications of DDS, BDS, BDSc, BDent, BDentSc, DMD, MDent, or GradDipDent from an accredited Australian and New Zealand university. Usually registration will not be granted to a foreign graduate until he or she has passed the ADC examinations and/or completed a 2-year advance standing program in order to obtain a locally accredited dental qualification
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The Universities of Queensland, Adelaide, Western Australia, Griffith, James Cook, Charles Sturt and Latrobe all offer undergraduate dental degree courses of 5 years in length. Sydney University offers a graduate entry program which is 4-years duration and requires a previous bachelor's degree for admission. Melbourne University also has a 4-year graduate entry dental program starting in 2011. The qualifications awarded by these schools satisfy the formal academic requirements for registration.
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Admissions to an undergraduate dental school in Australia is often known as the most difficult admissions among other countries.
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Only 1% of all qualified applicants yearly pass the Australia's dental school admissions and get entry into dentistry programs.
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Australian dental schools include but are not limited to:
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The first step to become a dentist in Brazil is to take a 10-subject examination (Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Literature, one of the 5 main Languages offered by the institutions, Portuguese, History, Geography and an Essay) which might be compared to the SAT exam in the US. These examinations vary from institution to institution; however, odontology is one of the hardest courses to get in and most students come from upper classes due to the level of difficulty and steep tuition prices. Students must complete the 5-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.). Skills capacitation courses after graduation are required in different dental areas, which take between 2 and 3 years (D.D.S). Universities of dental care are provided by both the private and public sector. The course's conclusion must be registered and licensed by the nationalized Dental Board of Brazil so that the students obtain the Dentistry Certificate. However, private clinics are the most common place a person would go if a dentist is needed. Today, the private market is dominated by large companies that hire mostly recently graduated dentists. Nevertheless, there are thousands of small clinics spread throughout the country. The practice of dentistry in Brazil is overseen by CFO "Conselho Federal de Odontologia", a federal entity that coordinates the 27 state bodies. This institution has 340,000 registered dentists and 191 universities and/or colleges in Brazil. Brazil has become a leading country at the international level in areas such as Dentistry International Research, implantology, Periodontics, Endodontic, Protesis, Aesthetics Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Functional Jaw Orthopaedics, and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. The Brazilian Dentistry Department develops, all over the country, many innovative techniques and conducts dentistry research related to different aspects. Dentists in the Mercosur are eligible to work in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and Peru.
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The practice of dentistry in Canada is overseen by the National Dental Association Examination Board of Canada (NDAEB), while specialization is overseen by the Royal College of Dentists. Today, Canada has about 16,000 dentists. Canadian dentistry is not publicly run (see Medicare (Canada)); however, some provinces provide for free dental care for children and the elderly. Other Canadians are mostly covered by workplace dental plans, but many have to pay out-of-pocket.
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For most of the early colonial period dentistry was a rare and unusual practice in Canada. In severe situations, barbers or blacksmiths would pull a tooth, but for many years Canada lagged behind European advances. The first dentists in Canada were United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. The first recorded dentist in Canada was a Mr. Hume who advertised in a Halifax newspaper in 1814.
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During the first half of the 19th century, dentistry expanded rapidly. In 1867 the Ontario Dental Association was formed and in 1868 they founded Canada's first dental school in Toronto, the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario. The University of Toronto agreed to be affiliated with the dental school. As time passed, other Canadian universities also created dentistry programmes. However, the University of Toronto still has the largest dental school in Canada that features the most postgraduate research opportunities as well as certifications for all the dental specialties. The UBC Faculty of Dentistry supports five specialty programs being Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Periodontics.
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Dental care is not covered by the Canadian health care system, as it is in many other countries with public health care, although public dental services have long been provided to certain categories of the population. Nevertheless, studies have estimated that at least 6 million Canadians avoid going to a dentist because of the cost.
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In Chile dentists require six years of post secondary education which, after 2 years dedicated to fundamental scientific and medical knowledge (chemistry, physics, biology, morphology, anatomy, histology etc.) puts a particular emphasis on practice and the accountability to patients in the last 4 years. Specialization programs of 3 – 4 years (admission by competition) are possible after a minimum of 3 years' working experience has been completed. The first dental school was established at the Universidad de Chile in the year 1888. Other institutions providing professional dental education in Chile are Universidad Austral de Chile since 2004, Universidad de Concepción since 1919, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (since 2009), Universidad de Valparaíso since 1952, Universidad de la Frontera (since 1992), Universidad de Talca, which are public universities, and the following private universities: Universidad Finis Terrae, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Universidad Mayor, Universidad de los Andes, Universidad Diego Portales, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universidad San Sebastián and Universidad de Antofagasta.
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After having been influenced for decades by both the European (especially from German-speaking countries) and North American dentistry, Chilean education and practice in dentistry has now reached a self-sufficient level and benefits from a range of top-level institutes, professors and practitioners. Research has developed at a fast pace and many articles find their path to international publications.
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Dentistry is overseen by the Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica. Dentists complete 6 year courses from the University of Costa Rica in D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery), or similar courses from various private universities. Costa Rica is often cited as being one of the top ten countries in the world for medical tourism, including dentistry.
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Dentistry in Egypt has a long history, with the dentist occupation first appearing as early as 3000 BC.
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There is a syndicate for all dentists which regulate the work in dental clinics in association with ministry of health.
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For dental clinicians to practise, they should be enrolled in the dental syndicate.
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Dentists complete a 4-year-study course plus 1 year of practice in their dental school or general hospitals in the country.
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Most governmental dental schools give degrees of Bachelor, Master's degree & PhD in all dental fields. However, obtaining a chance for postgraduate studies in the field of orthodontics is somehow difficult according to many of Egypt general dental practitioners.
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In all European countries, there exist public dental services and/or subsidies that ensure that most (if not all) citizens have access to the dental services they require, regardless of their ability to pay. Information regarding the various levels of dental care provision throughout Europe can be found in the Manual of Dental Practice, published by the Council of European Dentists.
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In Finland, education in dentistry is through a 5.5 year "Licenciate of Dental Medicine" (DMD or DDS) course, which is offered after high school graduation. Application is by a national combined dental and medical school entry examination. As of 2011, dentistry is provided by Faculties of Medicine in 4 universities:
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1st phase of training begins with a unified 2 year pre-clinical training for dentists and physicians. Problem-based learning (PBL) is employed depending on university. 3rd year autumn consists of clinico-theoretical phase in pathology, genetics, radiology and public health and is partially combined with physicians' 2nd phase. 3rd phase clinical training lasts for the remaining 3 years and includes periods of being on call at University Central Hospital Trauma Centre, Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and at the Children's clinic. Candidates who successfully complete the 4th year of training qualify for a paid summer rotation in a Community health center of their choice. Annual intake of dentists into Faculties of Medicine is a national total 160 students.
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Ph.D. research is strongly encouraged and is mandatory alongside post graduate training. Post graduate training is available in all 4 universities and lasts an additional 4–6 years.
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Texila American University is a dental school in Guyana. Students intern at Cheddi Jagan and other dental hospitals to obtain their degree.
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To become a dentist in Hong Kong, one must complete the 6-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.) course in The University of Hong Kong. Students learn basic health sciences, dental sciences under a problem-based learning curriculum. Besides, formal training and supervised practice are prescribed. It is accepted that only after 5 years of such training would the trainees achieve a superior level of professional competence.
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Graduates can enter general practice or pursue a specialist M.D.S. degree after gaining one to two years of working experience.
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Before the dental school was established in the University of Hong Kong (in 1980), most of the practicing dentists obtained their dental degree from the Philippines.
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In India, training in dentistry is through a 5-year BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) course, which includes 4 years study and 1 year compulsory internship. As of 2010, there were a total of 291 colleges (39 run by the government and 252 in the private sector) offering dental education. This amounts to an annual intake of 23,690 graduates. Dental education in India is regulated by the Dental Council of India.
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In most states, 15% of seats in state run Dental Colleges are filled through a national examination conducted by the CBSE (Central Board for Secondary Education). The remaining seats are filled up by the respective state's designated authority. Some autonomous universities conduct their own selection tests. Selection to privately run Dental Colleges vary and usually require payment of higher fees.
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Post graduate training is for three years in the concerned specialty. Master of Dental Surgery (MDS) is offered in the following subjects -
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Since 2016, NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) has started for all aspirants - Indian & Foreign. No Autonomous University can conduct its own exam anymore.
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Selection to postgraduate courses are through national / state entrance examinations (NEET) and are very competitive. In addition, certificate courses of 2 years duration are offered in Dental Mechanics and Dental Hygiene.
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List of dental colleges in India - (lisi of dental colleges)
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In Iran dentists require six years of post secondary education. The whole program is one single degree of D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery). After this, those wishing to specialize in a particular field may pursue higher education. Upon graduation, a dentist may need to fulfill two years of military service (as a dentist in uniform for males) or governmental service (both males and females) in order to collect enough scores to start in private practice.
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The current universities offering Dentistry are:
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In Israel there are two dental schools, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem, founded by the Alpha Omega Fraternity and The Tel Aviv University School of Dental Medicine in Tel Aviv. The two schools provide Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degrees. In addition, there are several post-graduation training centers such as Rambam Health Care Campus in Haifa and Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon. The post-graduation programs in the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer are held by the Medical Corps of the Israel Defense Forces.
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In Italy dentists complete 6 years of undergraduate study to earn a degree. Nevertheless, it is possible to agree on certain basic clinical competences common to all member states of the European Union.
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Admission to Dentistry school is regulated by an entrance test, that is the same of Medicine, made of 80 question about five subjects: biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics and general knowledge. The number of admissions is different in each University.
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The first dental degree program in Malaysia was offered by University of Malaya. The qualification was moderated and recognised by the Malaysian Dental Council and one of the leading associations representing dental surgeons of Malaysia is the Malaysian Dental Association.
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Dental surgeries (or better known as dental clinics) in Malaysia are required to be registered and approved by the Ministry of Health Malaysia under the Healthcare Facilities And Services Act 1998. It is a requirement that all dental surgeons hold a valid Annual Practising Certificate. Foreign dentists, that is, qualified dentists from other countries are not allowed to hold an annual practising certificate unless they are studying or lecturing at a higher-learning institute.
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The first course leading to a degree in Dental Surgery, at the University of Malta, commenced in 1933. The qualification was recognized by the Medical Council of the United Kingdom in 1936.
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Dental Surgery was established as a separate Faculty in 1954, previous to which the course was under the direction of a Board of Studies within the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. The Faculty caters for an undergraduate intake of 8 students annually. A B.Ch.D Degree is awarded at the completion of the 5-year course.
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All practicing dentists must be subscribed in the national medical register called the BIG-Register.
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The registry can be freely consulted through the internet, if one wants to check if his or her dentist has got the right credentials.
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The dental curriculum was just changed from a 5 years study to 6 years. There are three dental schools in the Netherlands:
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