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4,700 |
DETECTION OF MEASLES IgM
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Fewer physicians have experience in diagnosis of measles as the number of cases continues to decline. For this reason an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was developed to detect measles virus specific IgM antibody (MIgMA). Anti-human μ chain is affixed to a solid phase to which a 1:100 dilution of serum is added. Only 0.005 ml of patient's serum is needed. Treatment of 3 MIgMA positive sera with dithiothreitol but not Staph protein A removed MIgMA. The values for 24 cord sera (0.030 ± 0.007), 60 adult sera (0.034 ± 0.011), and 47 sera from children prior to measles immunization (0.030 ± 0.015) were used to establish a seronegative range. Sera yielding reactions greater than 3 SD of the mean for the latter group were considered to be positive for the presence of MIgMA. MIgMA was not detected in sera with high titers of rheumatoid factor. Five unpaired and the first of 14 of 17 paired sera obtained from patients with measles were positive for MIgMA. The 3 convalescent samples from patients having MIgMA negative initial sera, also were positive. MIgMA was detected as early as 1 day and as late as 41 days following onset of illness. No MIgMA could be detected in 47 vaccinees tested 2-1/2 months or more after measles vaccination. Neither recent immunization nor the presence of rheumatoid factor produce reactions which are likely to obfuscate the interpretation of this very sensitive test which, in most cases, can confirm the clinical diagnosis of measles on a single serum specimen obtained soon after onset of rash.
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4,701 |
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES(CVLP)
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CVLP have been implicated in gastrointestinal illness sporadically among children and in an intensive care nursery outbreak at our hospital. Fecal examination by electron microscopy(EM) is the only means of diagnosis. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using ammonium sulfate precipitated CVLP from feces. The purified CVLP was immunogenic in rabbits. Sera containing antibodies against bovine enteric, canine, OC43, and 229E coronaviruses(CV) did not block binding of rabbit anti-CVLP to microtiter wells coated with purified CVLP. Immune EM using these antisera and nonaggregated CVLP also suggested that CVLP are antigenically distinct from other CV. False positives occurred when stools negative for CVLP by EM were tested. This nonspecific reaction was not blocked by sonicates of E.coli, Strep. fecalis, B.fragilis, or C.difficile, or by C.difficile antitoxin. Absorption of rabbit anti-CVLP serum with suckling mouse intestine did not improve specificity. More sophisticated purification of fecal CVLP is needed to improve ELISA sensitivity and specificity, and to characterize the antigen.
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4,702 |
Announcement
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4,703 |
The classification and nomenclature of viruses: Summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Toxonomy of Viruses in Madrid, September 1975
|
The results of the meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, held in Madrid, September 1975, are briefly reported: rules of viral nomenclature, composition of the new Executive Committee, and a list of the names so far officially agreed.
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4,704 |
The 21st meeting of the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virsues (ICTV): The ICTVdB project and other initiatives
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4,705 |
VIIth International Symposium on Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses Parador de Segovia, Segovia, Spain May 10 to 15th, 1997
| null |
4,706 |
Obituary Léon Hirth (1916–1991)
| null |
4,707 |
Changes to virus taxonomy 2004
| null |
4,708 |
Vaccine design: Innovative Approaches and Novel Strategies Edited by Rino Rappuoli and Fabio Bagnoli (2011): Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK, 380 pages. ISBN :978-1-904455-74-5, Hardcover. $319 from Amazon.com
| null |
4,709 |
Recently published papers in the field of molecular evolution
| null |
4,710 |
Resistance to fatal central nervous system disease by mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM: I. Genetic analysis
| null |
4,711 |
Involvement of cysteine in Semliki Forest virus (SFV) induced fusion ofAedes albopictus cells
| null |
4,712 |
In vitro protein synthesis by cells infected with different types of bovine herpesvirus 1
| null |
4,713 |
Recently published papers in the field of molecular evolution
| null |
4,714 |
Gene expression
| null |
4,715 |
Detection of viruses by electron microscopy in fecal samples from patients with gastroenteritis in the canton of Vaud
| null |
4,716 |
Recently published papers in the field of molecular evolution: General aspects
| null |
4,717 |
Recently published papers in the field of molecular evolution
| null |
4,718 |
Bovine herpesvirus 1 and caprine herpesvirus 1: Viral polypeptides exhibiting shared and unique antigenic determinants
| null |
4,719 |
Recently published papers in the field of molecular evolution
| null |
4,720 |
Announcements
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4,721 |
News from the Internet
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4,722 |
Contents of Volume 31, 2005
| null |
4,723 |
Oral Presentations
| null |
4,724 |
Viral agents in marmoset colitis: Dr. Robert Russell, University of Washington, Seattle, and Dr. David Brian, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| null |
4,725 |
Book Review: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. Fifth Edition. By Steven Jonas, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2003, 233 pp., $36.95 (softcover)
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4,726 |
Examining the Links between Biodiversity and Human Health: An Interdisciplinary Research Initiative at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
|
Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s mission to protect human health and the environment, the agency seeks to conduct research on the structure and function of ecosystems and to improve our understanding of the processes that contribute to the sustained health of the nation’s ecosystems and the well-being of human populations. Changes in biodiversity can profoundly impact the ability of ecosystems to provide clean water, energy, food, recreation, and other services that contribute to human well-being. In addition, changes in biodiversity can affect the transmission of infectious disease to humans, particularly vectorborne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. The Environmental Protection Agency’s new initiative supports interdisciplinary research to characterize the mechanisms that link biodiversity and human health and to use this knowledge to develop integrative tools and approaches for quantifying and predicting these relationships. Research on these links can have an important impact on our view of biodiversity and how we manage resources to protect human and ecosystem health.
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4,727 |
Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Socio-ecological Dimension
| null |
4,728 |
1(st) International One Health Congress Abstracts: Plenary Abstracts
| null |
4,729 |
Wildlife Trade: Threat to Global Health
| null |
4,730 |
A Fall From Grace To… Virulence?
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4,731 |
All Hands on Deck: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Emerging Infectious Disease
|
The increasing burden of emerging infectious diseases worldwide confronts us with numerous challenges, including the imperative to design research and responses that are commensurate to understanding the complex social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur. A diverse group of scientists met in Hawaii in March 2005 to discuss the linked social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases emerge. A subset of the meeting was a group that focused on “transdisciplinary approaches” to integrating knowledge across and beyond academic disciplines in order to improve prevention and control of emerging infections. This article is based on the discussions of that group. Here, we outline the epidemiological legacy that has dominated infectious disease research and control up until now, and introduce the role of new, transdisciplinary and systems-based approaches to emerging infectious diseases. We describe four cases of transboundary health issues and use them to discuss the potential benefits, as well as the inherent difficulties, in understanding the social–ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur and of using transdisciplinary approaches to deal with them.
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4,732 |
JIC Award 2008
| null |
4,733 |
Wildlife Trade and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases
|
Most recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonotic in origin. It is our contention that one of the factors responsible for such emergence is the trade in wildlife and bushmeat in particular. This article considers the effect of increasing diversity in the species hunted on the probability of global epidemics such as SARS. In particular, we develop a mathematical model of the probability of such an outbreak in terms of the number of species hunted, the number of susceptibles, and the rate of contact. Hence, we postulate that local biodiversity loss and increasing rates of animal trafficking, and trade and transportation of animals to large cities—where there is a greater potential for person-to-person transmission—may increase the probability of such outbreaks dramatically.
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4,734 |
Restriction site maps of a new type of bovine herpesvirus 1
| null |
4,735 |
Marketing in Heterozygous Advantage
|
As the rapidly advancing possibilities of biotechnology have outstripped the adaptive capacity of current legal and ethical institutions, a vigorous debate has arisen that considers the boundaries of appropriate use of this technology, particularly when applied to humans. This article examines ethical concerns surrounding the development of markets in a particular form of human genetic engineering in which heterozygotes are fitter than both homozygotes, a condition known as heterozygous advantage. To begin, we present a generalized model of the condition, illuminated by the application to sickle-cell anemia. Next, we propose a typology of related markets, some of which are currently functioning with available products and services, and others that are widely viewed as imminent. We suggest the manner in which perverse incentives may arise for firms that market genetic intervention in circumstances where heterozygous advantage is possible. Finally, we propose that this misalignment of incentives with social welfare has arisen from both ill-conceived market intervention where markets are capable of achieving efficient outcomes and the lack of market intervention where markets have failed. We offer specific legal and regulatory approaches for reform.
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4,736 |
Label-free microcantilever-based immunosensors for highly sensitive determination of avian influenza virus H9
|
We report on label-free immunosensors for the highly sensitive detection of avian influenza virus. The method makes use of the microcantilevers of an atomic force microscope onto which monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza virus were covalently immobilized. The factors influencing the performance of the resulting immunosensors were optimized by measuring the deflections of the cantilever via optical reflection, and this resulted in low detection limits and a wide analytical range. The differential deflection signals revealed specific antigen binding and their intensity is proportional to the logarithm of the concentrations of the virus in solution. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensors exhibit a linear response in the 7.6 ng mL(−1) to 76 μg mL(−1) concentration range of avian influenza virus, and the detection limit is 1.9 ng mL(−1). [Figure: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00604-013-1129-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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4,737 |
Book Review
| null |
4,738 |
Evaluating viral agents in marmoset colitis
| null |
4,739 |
Anthropogenic Environmental Change, Mosquito-borne Diseases and Human Health in New Zealand
|
Anthropogenic environmental change is acknowledged as a primary factor in the emergence of diseases. New Zealand’s history since human occupation has been characterized by extensive anthropogenic disturbance and the establishment of numerous exotic species. As a result, highly modified habitats have been created, which, in conjunction with introduced organisms, provide suitable conditions for the establishment of exotic systems likely to lead to outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease. The interactions among some disturbance factors in the New Zealand environment are discussed, and the potential public health implications.
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4,740 |
An improved method for detection of Edwardsiella tarda by loop-mediated isothermal amplification by targeting the EsrB gene
|
Edwardsiella tarda is a major pathogen in aquatic environments that can cause heavy economic losses. An improved method for quick and accurate detection of E. tarda by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with two additional loop primers was developed by targeting the EsrB gene (EsrB — LAMP). In this method, the Mg(2+) concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized to 8 mmol/L, 61°C, and 40 min, respectively. The detection limit with the EsrB gene was as low as 10 copies, which is 100 times more sensitive than that of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The EsrB-LAMP assay was shown more sensitive and rapid than previously reported LAMP assays targeting the hemolysin gene ( hemolysin -LAMP) for detection of E. tarda. The EsrB -LAMP was also highly specific to E. tarda and had no cross-reaction with 13 other strains of bacteria. The assay can be carried out in a simple heating device and the EsrB-LAMP products can be visually detected by adding fluorescent dye to the reaction mixture. Taken together, the improved EsrB-LAMP diagnostic protocol has the potential for detection of E. tarda from indoor and outdoor samples.
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4,741 |
Regulation of the promoters in SV40 chromosomes and construction of a substituted SV40 containing aDrosophila hsp70 promoter
| null |
4,742 |
Incubus
| null |
4,743 |
N′-[4-[(Substituted imino)methyl]benzylidene]-substituted benzohydrazides: synthesis, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer evaluation, and QSAR studies
|
ABSTRACT: A variety of N′-[4-[(substituted imino)methyl]benzylidene]-substituted benzohydrazides have been synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial and anticancer potential. Results from testing of antimicrobial activity indicated the most potent antimicrobial agents had pMIC (am) = 1.51. The synthesized compounds were bacteriostatic and fungistatic in action. Results from evaluation of antiviral activity indicated that none of the synthesized hydrazide derivatives inhibited viral replication at sub-toxic concentrations. Results from anti-HIV screening against HIV-2 strain ROD indicated that one compound was more potent (IC (50) ≥ 1 μg/cm(3)) than the standard drug nevirapine (IC (50) ≥ 4 μg/cm(3)) and another was equipotent (IC (50) ≥ 4 μg/cm(3)). The most effective anticancer agent against both HCT116 and MCF7 cancer cell lines had IC (50) = 19 and 18 μg/cm(3), respectively. QSAR analysis indicated the importance of Wiener index (W) and energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in describing the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]
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4,744 |
Book reviews
| null |
4,745 |
News from the Internet
| null |
4,746 |
Genetic structure of mountain lion (Puma concolor) populations in California
|
Analysis of 12 microsatellite loci from431 mountain lions (Puma concolor)revealed distinct genetic subdivision that wasassociated with geographic barriers andisolation by distance in California. Levels ofgenetic variation differed among geographicregions, and mountain lions that inhabitedcoastal areas exhibited less heterozygositythan those sampled inland. The San FranciscoBay and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, theCentral Valley, and the Los Angeles Basinappeared to be substantial barriers to geneflow, and allele frequencies of populationsseparated by those features differedsubstantially. A partial barrier to gene flowappeared to exist along the crest of the SierraNevada. Estimated gene flow was high amongmountain lions inhabiting the Modoc Plateau,the western Sierra Nevada, and northern sectionof the eastern Sierra Nevada. SouthernCalifornia mountain lion populations mayfunction as a metapopulation; however, humandevelopments threaten to eliminate habitat andmovement corridors. While north-south geneflow along the western Sierra Nevada wasestimated to be very high, projected loss andfragmentation of foothill habitat may reducegene flow and subdivide populations. Preservation of existing movement corridorsamong regions could prevent population declinesand loss of genetic variation. This studyshows that mountain lion management andconservation efforts should be individualizedaccording to region and incorporatelandscape-level considerations to protecthabitat connectivity.
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4,747 |
Phospholipids, cerebroside, and cerebroside sulfate levels in the CNS of mice withacute experimental viral demyelination
| null |
4,748 |
IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) and Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB (NC-IUBMB) Newsletter 1996
| null |
4,749 |
Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th edn: Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2005; two volumes + CD-ROM, hardbound, pp 3661 + XXXVIII; €314.90, US$329, GBP 201.13; ISBN 0-443-06643-4
| null |
4,750 |
Ecology of Increasing Diseases: Population Growth and Environmental Degradation
|
The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations report that the prevalence of human diseases during the past decade is rapidly increasing. Population growth and the pollution of water, air, and soil are contributing to the increasing number of human diseases worldwide. Currently an estimated 40% of world deaths are due to environmental degradation. The ecology of increasing diseases has complex factors of environmental degradation, population growth, and the current malnutrition of about 3.7 billion people in the world.
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4,751 |
Book Review: DECEIT AND DENIAL. THE DEADLY POLITICS OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION. By Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner, Berkeley: University of California Press/The Millbank Memorial Fund, 2003, 408 pp., illustrated, $34.95 (hardcover)
| null |
4,752 |
Health of Antarctic birds: a review of their parasites, pathogens and diseases
|
Antarctic birds are not beyond the effects of parasites or pathogens. However, potential ecological consequences of wide-spread infections for bird populations in Antarctica have received little attention. In this paper, we review the information published about disease and parasites, and their effects on Antarctic birds. The information on host species, parasites and pathogens, and geographic regions is incomplete and data on ecological effects on the populations, including how birds respond to pathogens and parasites, are almost inexistent. We conclude that more research is needed to establish general patterns of spatial and temporal variation in pathogens and parasites, and to determine how such patterns could influence hosts. This information is crucial to limit the spread of outbreaks and may aid in the decision-making process should they occur.
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4,753 |
Pandemic simulation of antivirals + school closures: buying time until strain-specific vaccine is available
|
A strain-specific vaccine is unlikely to be available in the early phases of a potential H5N1 avian influenza pandemic. It could be months and at the current production rate may not provide timely protection to the population. Intervention strategies that control the spread of infection will be necessary in this situation, such as the use of the US stockpile of antiviral medication coupled with a 6-month school closure. The agent-based simulation model, EpiSimS, was used to assess the impact of this intervention strategy followed by three different vaccine approaches: (1) 2-dose, 80% effective, (2) 1-dose, 30% effective, and (3) 1 dose, 80% effective. Simulations show that the combination of antivirals, school closures, and a strain-specific vaccine can reduce morbidity and mortality while in effect. A significant second infection wave can occur with current vaccine technology once school closures are relaxed, though an ideal vaccine is able to contain it. In our simulations, worker absenteeism increases in all cases mostly attributed to household adults staying home with children due to the school closures.
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4,754 |
Abstracts of papers submitted to the American Motility Society
| null |
4,755 |
Human biochemistry and disease: by Gerald Litwack, Elsevier, Amsterdam-Boston-Heidelberg-London-New-York-Oxford-Paris, 2008, 1254 p., $199.95
| null |
4,756 |
Carbon nanotag based visual detection of influenza A virus by a lateral flow immunoassay
|
The authors report on a rapid and direct visual test for the detection of influenza A virus using a carbon nanotag based lateral flow assay. Carbon nanoparticles in the form of nanostrings are acting as reporters. As carbon nanotags accumulate in the test zone due to formation of an antibody-antigen-carbon nanotag antibody complex, and this allows for the direct visualization of the analytical signal. Under optimal conditions, influenza A virus can be determined in allantoic fluid inoculated with the virus with a limit of detection of 350 TCID(50).mL(−1) (i.e., the 50% tissue culture infectious dose). No interference is found for several other tested proteins, and for closely related viruses. Cell lysates containing different seasonal strains of influenza A viruses (including the H1N1 and H3N2 strains) collected from clinical samples were analyzed. It is demonstrated that the method can detect both influenza A viruses without interference by biological matrices. In our perception, this method has a wide potential in that it may be extended to a generally applicable platform for rapid diagnosis influenza A viruses. [Figure: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2191-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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4,757 |
Micro-flow analysis by molecular tagging velocimetry and planar Raman-scattering
|
The two dimensional molecular tagging velocimetry (2D-MTV) has been used to measure velocity fields of the flow in a micro mixer. Instead of commonly used micro particles an optical tagging of the flow has been performed by using a caged dye. The pattern generation is done by imaging a mask for the first time. This allows to generate nearly any imaginable pattern. The flow induces a deformation of the optically written pattern that can be tracked by laser induced fluorescence. The series of raw images acquired in this way were analyzed quantitatively with a novel optical flow based technique. The reference measurements have been carried out allowing to draw conclusions about the accuracy of this procedure. A comparison to the standard technique of μPIV has also been conducted. Apart from measuring flow velocities in microfluidic mixing processes, the spatial distribution of concentration fields for different species has also been measured. To this end, a new technique has been developed that allows spatial measurements from Planar Spontaneous Raman Scattering (PSRS). The Raman stray light of the relevant species has been spectrally selected by a narrow bandpass filter and thus detected unaffectedly by the Raman stray light of other species. The successful operation of this measurement procedure in micro flows will be demonstrated exemplary for a mixing process of water and ethanol.
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4,758 |
Simulating influenza pandemic dynamics with public risk communication and individual responsive behavior
|
Individual responsive behavior to an influenza pandemic has significant impacts on the spread dynamics of this epidemic. Current influenza modeling efforts considering responsive behavior either oversimplify the process and may underestimate pandemic impacts, or make other problematic assumptions and are therefore constrained in utility. This study develops an agent-based model for pandemic simulation, and incorporates individual responsive behavior in the model based on public risk communication literature. The resultant model captures the stochastic nature of epidemic spread process, and constructs a realistic picture of individual reaction process and responsive behavior to pandemic situations. The model is then applied to simulate the spread dynamics of 2009 H1N1 influenza in a medium-size community in Arizona. Simulation results illustrate and compare the spread timeline and scale of this pandemic influenza, without and with the presence of pubic risk communication and individual responsive behavior. Sensitivity analysis sheds some lights on the influence of different communication strategies on pandemic impacts. Those findings contribute to effective pandemic planning and containment, particularly at the beginning of an outbreak.
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4,759 |
Detection of the antigen-antibody reaction by light scattering spectroscopy
|
The possibility of recording the results of serologic reactions not yielding visible phenomena by means of light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) was studied. Influenza virus andMycoplasma pneumoniae antigens and the corresponding antisera were used as the test objects. It was shown that, in principle, LSS can be used to detect the antigen-antibody complex in serologic reactions not yielding viible phenomena.
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4,760 |
What’s New?
| null |
4,761 |
Issues in infectious diseases, Vol. 4. Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia. Lal Sunil K (ed): Karger, Basel, 2007, ISBN 3-8055-8175-0, € 123
| null |
4,762 |
Detection of viral aerosols by use of real-time quantitative PCR
|
PCR quantification is regarded as one of the most promising techniques for real-time identification of bio-aerosols. We have, therefore, validated a QPCR assay for quantification of a viral aerosol sample using the double-stranded DNA-binding dye SYBR green I, an economical alternative for quantification of target microorganisms. To achieve this objective we used mycobacteriophage D29 as model organism. Phage D29 aerosol was produced in an aerosol cabinet and then collected by use of an AGI liquid sampler. A standard curve was created by use of purified genomic DNA from the phage in liquid culture of known concentration measured by titration. To prevent false-positive results caused by formation of primer–dimers, an additional data-acquisition step was added to the three-step QPCR procedure; the new technique was called four-step QPCR. The standard curve was then used to quantify the total amount of phage D29 in liquid culture and aerosol samples. For liquid culture samples there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between results from quantification of the virus using double-agar culture and QPCR. For aerosol samples, however, the result determined by the QPCR method was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that from the double-agar culture method. The four-step SYBR green I QPCR method is a quick quantitative method for mycobacteriophage D29 aerosol. We believe that QPCR using SYBR green I dye will be an economical method for detection of airborne bio-aerosols.
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4,763 |
Advances in molecular phytodiagnostics – new solutions for old problems
|
In the last decade, developments in molecular (nucleic acid-based) diagnostic methods have made significant improvements in the detection of plant pathogens. By using methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the range of targets that can now be reliably diagnosed has grown to the extent that there are now extremely few, known pathogens that cannot be identified accurately by using laboratory-based diagnostics. However, while the detection of pathogens in individual, infected samples is becoming simpler, there are still many scenarios that present a major challenge to diagnosticians and plant pathologists. Amongst these are the detection of pathogens in soil or viruses in their vectors, high throughput testing and the development of generic methods, that allow samples to be simultaneously screened for large numbers of pathogens. Another major challenge is to develop robust technologies that avoid the reliance on well-equipped central laboratories and making reliable diagnostics available to pathologists in the field or in less-developed countries. In recent years, much of the research carried out on phytodiagnostics has focussed in these areas and as a result many novel, routine diagnostic tests are becoming available. This has been possible due to the introduction of new molecular technologies such real-time PCR and microarrays. These advances have been complemented by the development of new nucleic acid extraction methods, increased automation, reliable internal controls, assay multiplexing and generic amplification methods. With developments in new hardware, field-portable real-time PCR is now also a reality and offers the prospect of ultra-rapid, on-site molecular diagnostics for the first time. In this paper, the development and implementation of new diagnostic methods based upon novel molecular techniques is presented, with specific examples given to demonstrate how these new methods can be used to overcome some long-standing problems.
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4,764 |
Ecological Studies of Diseases: Promise and Praxis
| null |
4,765 |
Announcements
| null |
4,766 |
Morphological and biochemical changes in brain cells of mice infected with influenza virus
| null |
4,767 |
Oral session 17: Infection of the nervous system
| null |
4,768 |
19th European Congress of Pathology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 6-11, 2003
| null |
4,769 |
News
| null |
4,770 |
Simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in their co-infected cells using multicolour imaging with self-assembled quantum dot probes
|
The simultaneous detection and evaluation of the coinfection of a cell by multiple viruses or even multiple subtypes still is a difficult challenge. The authors introduce a method for simultaneous imaging, detection and quantitative evaluation of multiple viruses in single cells by using multicolor quantum dot (QD) probes and in a single staining cycle. The multicolor QD probes were fabricated via interaction between QDs conjugated to Staph. aureus protein A (SpA-QDs) and virus-specific antibodies. A cocktail of differently colored QD-SpA-MAbs probes were loaded into the same cells containing multiple viruses, and this enabled the different viruses to be fluorescently imaged and analyzed simultaneously. Specifically, influenza A viruses of type H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2, as well as human adenovirus species B type 3 (HAdV-B3) were imaged and detected in virus-infected cells or in their co-infected cells. In our perception, the method provides a flexible platform for simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in co-infected cells. Hence, it offers new opportunities for the molecular diagnosis of virus coinfection and for studies on virus-cell interactions. [Figure: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2300-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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4,771 |
Key word index Volume 31, 2005
| null |
4,772 |
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Biocomplexity as an Interdisciplinary Paradigm
|
Understanding factors responsible for reemergence of diseases believed to have been controlled and outbreaks of previously unknown infectious diseases is one of the most difficult scientific problems facing society today. Significant knowledge gaps exist for even the most studied emerging infectious diseases. Coupled with failures in the response to the resurgence of infectious diseases, this lack of information is embedded in a simplistic view of pathogens and disconnected from a social and ecological context, and assumes a linear response of pathogens to environmental change. In fact, the natural reservoirs and transmission rates of most emerging infectious diseases primarily are affected by environmental factors, such as seasonality or meteorological events, typically producing nonlinear responses that are inherently unpredictable. A more realistic view of emerging infectious diseases requires a holistic perspective that incorporates social as well as physical, chemical, and biological dimensions of our planet’s systems. The notion of biocomplexity captures this depth and richness, and most importantly, the interactions of human and natural systems. This article provides a brief review and a synthesis of interdisciplinary approaches and insights employing the biocomplexity paradigm and offers a social–ecological approach for addressing and garnering an improved understanding of emerging infectious diseases. Drawing on findings from studies of cholera and other examples of emerging waterborne, zoonotic, and vectorborne diseases, a “blueprint” for the proposed interdisciplinary research framework is offered which integrates biological processes from the molecular level to that of communities and regional systems, incorporating public health infrastructure and climate aspects.
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4,773 |
Announcements
| null |
4,774 |
The Role of Ecotones in Emerging Infectious Diseases
|
Recognition of the significance of the boundary between ecological systems, often referred to as the ecotone, has a long history in the ecological sciences and in zoonotic disease research. More recent research in landscape ecology has produced an expanded view of ecotones and elaboration of their characteristics and functions in ecosystems. Parallel research on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and the causes of increased rates of pathogen transmission, spread, and adaptation suggests a correspondence between ecotonal processes and the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for zoonotic and vector-borne emerging infections. A review of the literature suggests that ecotones play a role in a number of the most important EIDs. Yet these are the only diseases for which specific landscape ecological information exists in the literature or disease reports. However, the similar disease ecologies of these with about half of the approximately 130 zoonotic EIDs suggests ecotones, particularly their anthropogenic origination or modification, may be generally associated with ecotones and the global trend of increasing EIDs.
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4,775 |
Book reviews
| null |
4,776 |
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Health Anxiety Disorders
| null |
4,777 |
Keyword Index to Volume 22
| null |
4,778 |
Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
|
Pneumonia occurs frequently in immunocompromised patients and often shows a complicated course of disease when compared to immunocompetent persons. The type of pathogen involved is directly associated with the type of immunosuppression and includes a wide variety of pathogens. Congenital and primary immunodeficiencies often appear during childhood. Acquired immunodeficiencies are most commonly caused by immunosuppressive medication. The concept of immunosuppression can be extended to patients with COPD or elderly patients because the variety of pathogens and specific features regarding frequency and course of the disease are similar to immunosuppressed patients. Computed tomography can provide an indication of the pathogen and is superior to the chest x‑ray in this respect. Blood cultures, antigen and PCR tests are non-invasive diagnostic tools for pathogen diagnostics. Invasive tests include fiberoptic bronchoscopy and complete the diagnostic methods of identifying the causative pathogen.
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4,779 |
Selected Abstracts of the Institut Pasteur Euroconference on Angiogenesis, Paris, France 8–9 March 2001
| null |
4,780 |
Book Review: AMERICA'S FORGOTTEN PANDEMIC. THE INFLUENZA OF 1918. Second Edition. By Alfred W. Crosby, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 337 pp., $60.00 (hardcover), $22.00 (softcover)
| null |
4,781 |
Avian Influenza (H5N1) and the Evolutionary and Social Ecology of Infectious Disease Emergence
| null |
4,782 |
News in Brief
| null |
4,783 |
Das neue Verständnis pulmonaler Infektionen
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Epidemiological data on the distribution of mostly bacterial pathogens are still the basis for empirical treatment recommendations on respiratory infections. Because of the dynamic technological developments in molecular multiplexing and sequencing procedures, the spectrum of potential pathogens is increased and challenges the current dogma of virulence and pathogenicity of certain pathogens. Classical pathogens of the lungs are thereby not questioned but are increasingly placed in a context that reflects co-infections with viruses and changes of the local microbiome in more depth. Recent data indicate that integration of this novel information is required for a better understanding of the seasonal differences in the frequency of particular lung infections and to find new approaches to risk stratification of patients. This becomes most obvious in the subgroup of immunosuppressed patients who are at risk of severe courses of diseases with higher morbidity and mortality from infections with viruses and facultative pathogens, such as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Based on the fundamental knowledge on the spectrum of pathogens of community-acquired and nosocomial lung infections, novel approaches in pathogen diagnostics and lung microbiome analytics are discussed and the applicability with respect to the current clinical routine is questioned.
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4,784 |
2(nd) World Congress on Women’s Mental Health March 17–20, 2004, Washington, DC
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4,785 |
Vesicular membrane transfer between endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus of a green alga,Micrasterias americana: A 16°C block and reconstitution in a cell-free system
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Transfer of membranes between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of the unicellular green alga,Micrasterias americana, is facilitated by 50–70 nm vesicles that form from part-rough. part-smooth transitional regions of the endoplasmic reticulum. In growing cells, the vesicles are present at the normal growth temperature of 23°C. However, at 16°C, vesicle accumulations occur. Golgi apparatus of non-growing cells exhibited both larger numbers of vesicles and larger dictyosomes at all temperatures. In non-growing cells, vesicle numbers also were increased at 16°C. The 16°C block was reconstituted in a cell-free system using Golgi apparatus-and endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions prepared from suspension cultures. When incubated in the presence of ATP and cytosol, transitional endoplasmic reticulum fragments ofMicrasterias responded by formation of membrane blebs and vesicles resembling those seen in situ. When prepared from cells metabolically labeled with [(3)H]leucine, the isolated transition elements supported the transfer of radioactivity of Golgi apparatus preparations immobilized on nitrocellulose strips. The transfer was time-and temperaturedependent and stimulated by ATP. The ATP-dependent component of transfer expressed at 23°C was reduced or absent at temperatures of 16°C or below. This suggested that membrane transfer mediated by transition vesicles was the same rate-limiting step in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus membrane trafficking both in situ and in the cell-free system. Growth, as evidenced by a progressively alteredMicrasterias morphology, was slowed at low temperatures but showed no abrupt temperature transition as seen with the vesicular traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi appatus.
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4,786 |
Effect of insulin on Na, K-ATP-ase activity in rat brain microsomes
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4,787 |
Feuchter Husten und protrahierte bakterielle Bronchitis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
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Persistent cough is one of the most common reasons patients present to outpatient practices. Especially in children, chronic cough (>4 weeks) is a significant burden on the child and family. While in the past, the lower airways were considered sterile, the concept of a physiologic microbiome of the lower respiratory tract has increasingly emerged. Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Tracheomalacia may primarily exist or be the result of mechanically straining coughing, whereas apart from a reduced alveolar phagocytosis, there is usually no systemic or local immune weakness. Instead, an activated innate immunity with increased gene expression of the interleukin-1β signaling pathway can be immunologically detected. Here too, it is difficult to differentiate between cause and effect of chronic inflammatory events. Today, PBB and non-CF bronchiectasis, i.e., bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), are two sides of a disease spectrum of suppurative lung diseases, thus, making consequent therapy and long-term pediatric pneumological support of children with chronic productive cough necessary.
|
4,788 |
Three-step research strategies for ARDS: new target molecules—ACE2, HMGB1, and HSP47
| null |
4,789 |
Book Review: THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. BIOLOGY, IMMMUNOLOGY, AND THERAPY. Edited by Emilio A. Emini, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, 532 pp., $80.00 (hardcover)
| null |
4,790 |
What’s New?
| null |
4,791 |
Low temperature compartment formation in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected feline kidney cells
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This study was to determine if feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected and uninfected Crandall feline kidney (CRFK) cells exhibited a low temperature (16°C) block in membrane trafficking between transitional endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus represented by intermediate compartment formation. Cells were cultured at different temperatures and membrane changes involving the Golgi apparatus and Golgi apparatus-associated membrane structures were monitored by electron microscopy and quantitated. With 30 min of incubation, membranes of the Golgi apparatus stack increased in amount at temperatures of 16°C and below compared to temperatures above 18°C. The increase was greatest along the major polarity axis as evidenced by an increased stack height. Neither the number of cisternae per stack nor the average stack diameter (width) was affected by temperature. The response was maximal between 15 and 30 min of low temperature treatment of the cells. Results with cells infected and uninfected with feline immunodeficiency virus were similar. The increase in stack height was due primarily to an increase of membranes at the cis face (cis Golgi apparatus network). At 18°C, membranes of the trans Golgi apparatus network accumulated suggesting that import from the cis Golgi network could proceed at this temperature, whereas exit from the trans Golgi network was still at least partially blocked. Also increased at 16°C and below were numbers of transition vesicles in the space between the Golgi apparatus and the transitional endoplasmic reticulum associated with the cis Golgi apparatus face. The results suggested interruption of the orderly flux of membranes into the Golgi apparatus at 16°C and below. Moreover, the block appeared to be reversible. Upon transfer from 16°C to 37°C, there was a time-dependent decrease in the accumulations of cis compartment membrane accompanied by a corresponding equivalent increase in the membranes of the trans Golgi apparatus compartment.
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4,792 |
Acute abdominal emergencies associated with cytomegalovirus infection in the young infant
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Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms have rarely been reported in association with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in young infants. However, in 1981 clear pathologic evidence was presented implicating this virus as a cause of hypoganglionosis and bowel dysmotility. We report our experience with four infants with CMV infection in whom gastrointestinal dysfunction was the reason for emergency abdominal operation. Since the association was made retrospectively, we were unable to demonstrate hypoganglionosis, but our experience underscores the need to include CMV intestinal infection in the differential diagnosis of the acute surgical abdomen in young infants.
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4,793 |
2. Metalloproteins
| null |
4,794 |
Structural Analogs of Umifenovir. 1. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Ethyl 5-Hydroxy-1-Methyl-2-(Trans-2-Phenylcyclopropyl)-1H-Indole-3-Carboxylate
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Ethyl 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-(trans-2-phenylcyclopropyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate is the first prototype of conformationally restricted analogs of umifenovir. It has been prepared using a one-pot method and has undergone an antiviral study.
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4,795 |
Virus hepatitis a in lower old-world monkeys (possible model for vaccine testing)
| null |
4,796 |
Contents to Volume 27(2005)
| null |
4,797 |
Ecology of Infectious Disease: Forging an Alliance
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The Ecology of Infectious Diseases (EID) program is a joint National Science Foundation–National Institutes of Health initiative to produce predictive understanding of disease dynamics, with a focus on diseases with an environmental component. The interdisciplinary research projects funded by this program take advantage of the wide range of theoretical and methodological advances developed over the past 30 years. The challenge for disease ecology is to unravel these systems, discover how complex they truly are, and to determine if they can be predicted and controlled using targeted environmental, public health, or medical interventions. Between 1999 and 2005, a total of 42 research awards were made under the EID program. EID projects have had affects on policy in two areas: adoption of novel interventions on a local scale and use of models by government agencies for the purpose of allocating public health resources. The past 6 years have been an exciting time for the field of disease ecology; we expect the coming years to be even more exciting and productive.
|
4,798 |
What’s New?
| null |
4,799 |
How to Frame Mobility?
| null |
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