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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlarged area in the lower part of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The aorta goes from the heart through the center of the chest and belly area, called the abdomen.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm that ruptures can cause life-threatening bleeding.
Treatment depends on how big the aneurysm is and how fast it's growing. Treatment may include regular health checkups and imaging tests to emergency surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Abdominal aortic aneurysms often grow slowly. You might not notice any symptoms. This makes them hard to find. Many start small and stay small. Others get bigger over time, sometimes quickly. Some aneurysms never rupture.
If you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm that's getting bigger, symptoms might include:
• Deep, constant pain in the belly area or side of the belly.
• Back pain.
• A throbbing or pulsing feeling near the belly button.
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What are the causes of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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An aneurysm can grow in any part of the aorta. Most aortic aneurysms happen in the part of the aorta that's in the belly area, called the abdomen.
Things that can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm include:
• Hardening of the arteries, called atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis occurs when fat and other substances build up in and on the artery walls.
• High blood pressure.High blood pressure can damage and weaken the aorta's walls.
• Blood vessel diseases.These diseases cause blood vessels to become swollen and irritated.
• Infection in the aorta.Rarely, germs can infect the aorta and cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
• Trauma.For example, being injured in a car accident can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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What are the risk factors of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm risk factors include:
• Tobacco use.Smoking is the strongest risk factor for aortic aneurysms. Smoking weakens the walls of blood vessels, including the aorta. This raises the risk of aortic aneurysm and aneurysm rupture. The longer and more you use tobacco, the greater the chances are of developing an aortic aneurysm. Men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked should have a one-time ultrasound to screen for an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
• Age.Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur most often in people age 65 and older.
• Sex.Men get abdominal aortic aneurysms much more often than women do.
• Being white.People who are white are at higher risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
• Family history.Having a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms increases the risk of having the condition.
• Other aneurysms.Having an aneurysm in the aorta in the chest (thoracic aortic aneurysm) or in another large blood vessel, such as the artery behind the knee, might increase the risk of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
If you're at risk of an aortic aneurysm, medicines may be given to lower blood pressure and relieve stress on weakened arteries.
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What are the complications of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Possible complications of abdominal aortic aneurysms include:
• Tears in one or more of the layers of the wall of the aorta, called an aortic dissection.
• Rupture of the aneurysm.
A rupture can cause life-threatening bleeding inside the body. In general, the larger the aneurysm and the faster it grows, the greater the risk of rupture.
Symptoms that an aortic aneurysm has ruptured can include:
• Sudden, very bad and long-lasting belly or back pain, which may feel like ripping or tearing.
• Low blood pressure.
• Fast pulse.
Aortic aneurysms also increase the risk of developing blood clots in the area. If a blood clot breaks loose, it can block a blood vessel elsewhere in the body. Symptoms of a blocked blood vessel may include pain or reduced blood flow to the legs, toes, kidneys or belly area.
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What is the prevention of Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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To prevent an abdominal aortic aneurysm or to keep one from worsening, take these steps:
• Don't smoke or use tobacco products.If you smoke or chew tobacco, quit. Also avoid secondhand smoke. If you need help quitting, talk to your healthcare team about strategies that may help.
• Eat a healthy diet.Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, chicken, fish, and low-fat dairy products. Avoid saturated and trans fats and limit salt.
• Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control.Take medicines as directed.
• Get regular exercise and stay active.Try to get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity. If you haven't been active, start slowly and build up. Talk to your healthcare team about what kinds of activities are right for you.
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What are the Overview of Absence seizure?
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Absence seizures involve brief, sudden lapses of consciousness. They're more common in children than in adults.
A person having an absence seizure may stare blankly into space for a few seconds. Then the person typically returns quickly to being alert. This type of seizure usually doesn't lead to physical injury. But injury can happen if someone is driving a car or riding a bike when the seizure happens.
Absence seizures usually can be managed with antiseizure medicines. Some children who have them also develop other seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures or myoclonic seizures. Many children outgrow absence seizures in their teens.
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What are the symptoms of Absence seizure?
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A simple absence seizure causes a vacant stare, which may be mistaken for a brief lapse in attention. The seizure lasts about 10 seconds, though it may last as long as 30 seconds. There's no confusion, headache or drowsiness after the seizure.
Symptoms of absence seizures include:
• A sudden stop in activity without falling.
• Lip smacking.
• Eyelid flutters.
• Chewing motions.
• Finger rubbing.
• Small movements of both hands.
Afterward, there's usually no memory of the incident. But if the seizure is longer, the person may be aware of missed time. Some people have many episodes daily. When it happens, it can interfere with school or daily activities.
A child may have absence seizures for some time before an adult notices them. This is because the seizures are so brief. A decline in a child's learning ability may be the first sign of the seizure disorder. Teachers may say the child has trouble paying attention or that a child is often daydreaming.
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What are the risk factors of Absence seizure?
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Certain factors are common to children who have absence seizures, including:
• Age.Absence seizures are more common in children between the ages of 4 and 14.
• Sex.Absence seizures are more common in females.
• Family members who have seizures.Nearly a quarter of children with absence seizures have a close relative who has seizures.
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What are the complications of Absence seizure?
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While most children outgrow absence seizures, some:
• Must take antiseizure medicines throughout life.
• Eventually have full convulsions, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Other complications can include:
• Trouble with learning.
• Trouble with behavior.
• Social isolation.
• Injury during the seizure.
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What are the symptoms of Achalasia?
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Achalasia symptoms generally appear gradually and get worse over time. Symptoms may include:
• Difficulty swallowing, called dysphagia, which may feel like food or drink is stuck in the throat.
• Swallowed food or saliva flowing back into the throat.
• Heartburn.
• Belching.
• Chest pain that comes and goes.
• Coughing at night.
• Pneumonia from getting food in the lungs.
• Weight loss.
• Vomiting.
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What are the causes of Achalasia?
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The exact cause of achalasia is poorly understood. Researchers suspect that it may be caused by a loss of nerve cells in the esophagus. There are theories about what causes this, but viral infection or autoimmune responses are possibilities. Very rarely, achalasia may be caused by an inherited genetic disorder or infection.
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What are the risk factors of Achalasia?
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Risk factors for achalasia include:
• Age.Although achalasia can affect people of all ages, it's more common in people between 25 and 60 years of age.
• Certain medical conditions.The risk of achalasia is higher in people with allergic disorders, adrenal insufficiency or Allgrove syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition.
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What are the symptoms of Achilles tendon rupture?
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Although it's possible to have no signs or symptoms with an Achilles tendon rupture, most people have:
• The feeling of having been kicked in the calf
• Pain, possibly severe, and swelling near the heel
• An inability to bend the foot downward or "push off" the injured leg when walking
• An inability to stand on the toes on the injured leg
• A popping or snapping sound when the injury occurs
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What are the causes of Achilles tendon rupture?
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Your Achilles tendon helps you point your foot downward, rise on your toes and push off your foot as you walk. You rely on it virtually every time you walk and move your foot.
Rupture usually occurs in the section of the tendon situated within 2 1/2 inches (about 6 centimeters) of the point where it attaches to the heel bone. This section might be prone to rupture because blood flow is poor, which also can impair its ability to heal.
Ruptures often are caused by a sudden increase in the stress on your Achilles tendon. Common examples include:
• Increasing the intensity of sports participation, especially in sports that involve jumping
• Falling from a height
• Stepping into a hole
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What are the risk factors of Achilles tendon rupture?
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Factors that may increase your risk of Achilles tendon rupture include:
• Age.The peak age for Achilles tendon rupture is 30 to 40.
• Sex.Achilles tendon rupture is up to five times more likely to occur in men than in women.
• Recreational sports.Achilles tendon injuries occur more often during sports that involve running, jumping, and sudden starts and stops — such as soccer, basketball and tennis.
• Steroid injections.Doctors sometimes inject steroids into an ankle joint to reduce pain and inflammation. However, this medication can weaken nearby tendons and has been associated with Achilles tendon ruptures.
• Certain antibiotics.Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or levofloxacin (Levaquin), increase the risk of Achilles tendon rupture.
• Obesity.Excess weight puts more strain on the tendon.
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What is the prevention of Achilles tendon rupture?
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To reduce your chance of developing Achilles tendon problems, follow these tips:
• Stretch and strengthen calf muscles.Stretch your calf until you feel a noticeable pull but not pain. Don't bounce during a stretch. Calf-strengthening exercises can also help the muscle and tendon absorb more force and prevent injury.
• Vary your exercises.Alternate high-impact sports, such as running, with low-impact sports, such as walking, biking or swimming. Avoid activities that place excessive stress on your Achilles tendons, such as hill running and jumping activities.
• Choose running surfaces carefully.Avoid or limit running on hard or slippery surfaces. Dress properly for cold-weather training, and wear well-fitting athletic shoes with proper cushioning in the heels.
• Increase training intensity slowly.Achilles tendon injuries commonly occur after an abrupt increase in training intensity. Increase the distance, duration and frequency of your training by no more than 10 percent weekly.
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What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of Achilles tendon rupture?
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Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
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What are the symptoms of ACL injury?
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Signs and symptoms of anACLinjury usually include:
• A loud pop or a "popping" sensation in the knee
• Severe pain and inability to continue activity
• Rapid swelling
• Loss of range of motion
• A feeling of instability or "giving way" with weight bearing
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What are the risk factors of ACL injury?
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There are a number of factors that increase your risk of anACLinjury, including:
• Being female — possibly due to differences in anatomy, muscle strength and hormonal influences
• Participating in certain sports, such as soccer, football, basketball, gymnastics and downhill skiing
• Poor conditioning
• Using faulty movement patterns, such as moving the knees inward during a squat
• Wearing footwear that doesn't fit properly
• Using poorly maintained sports equipment, such as ski bindings that aren't adjusted properly
• Playing on artificial turf
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What are the complications of ACL injury?
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People who experience anACLinjury have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis in the knee. Arthritis may occur even if you have surgery to reconstruct the ligament.
Multiple factors likely influence the risk of arthritis, such as the severity of the original injury, the presence of related injuries in the knee joint or the level of activity after treatment.
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What is the prevention of ACL injury?
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Proper training and exercise can help reduce the risk ofACLinjury. A sports medicine physician, physical therapist, athletic trainer or other specialist in sports medicine can provide assessment, instruction and feedback that can help you reduce risks.
Programs to reduceACLinjury include:
• Exercises to strengthen the core — including the hips, pelvis and lower abdomen — with a goal of training athletes to avoid moving the knee inward during a squat
• Exercises that strengthen leg muscles, particularly hamstring exercises, to ensure an overall balance in leg muscle strength
• Training and exercise emphasizing proper technique and knee position when jumping and landing from jumps
• Training to improve technique when performing pivoting and cutting movements
Training to strengthen muscles of the legs, hips and core — as well as training to improve jumping and landing techniques and to prevent inward movement of the knee — may help to reduce the higherACLinjury risk in female athletes.
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What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of ACL injury?
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Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
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What are the Overview of Acne?
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Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples. Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
Effective acne treatments are available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up.
Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of such problems.
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What are the symptoms of Acne?
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Acne signs vary depending on the severity of your condition:
• Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
• Blackheads (open plugged pores)
• Small red, tender bumps (papules)
• Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips
• Large, solid, painful lumps under the skin (nodules)
• Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions)
Acne usually appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders.
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What are the complications of Acne?
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People with darker skin types are more likely than are people with lighter skin to experience these acne complications:
• Scars.Pitted skin (acne scars) and thick scars (keloids) can remain long-term after acne has healed.
• Skin changes.After acne has cleared, the affected skin may be darker (hyperpigmented) or lighter (hypopigmented) than before the condition occurred.
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What are the risk factors of Acne?
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Risk factors for acne include:
• Age.People of all ages can get acne, but it's most common in teenagers.
• Hormonal changes.Such changes are common during puberty or pregnancy.
• Family history.Genetics plays a role in acne. If both of your parents had acne, you're likely to develop it too.
• Greasy or oily substances.You may develop acne where your skin comes into contact with oil or oily lotions and creams.
• Friction or pressure on your skin.This can be caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks.
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What are the Overview of Acoustic neuroma?
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An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that develops on the main nerve leading from the inner ear to the brain. This nerve is called the vestibular nerve. Branches of the nerve directly affect balance and hearing. Pressure from an acoustic neuroma can cause hearing loss, ringing in the ear and trouble with balance. Another name for an acoustic neuroma is vestibular schwannoma.
An acoustic neuroma develops from the Schwann cells covering the vestibular nerve. A Schwann cell helps protect and support other nerve cells in the body. An acoustic neuroma is usually slow growing. Rarely, it may become large enough to press against the brain and affect vital functions.
Treatments for an acoustic neuroma include monitoring, radiation and surgical removal.
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What are the symptoms of Acoustic neuroma?
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Symptoms of an acoustic neuroma often are easy to miss and may take years to develop. Symptoms may occur because of the tumor's effects on the hearing and balance nerves. The tumor also can put pressure on the facial nerve that directs facial muscles and the trigeminal nerve that affects feeling in the face. Blood vessels or other brain structures also can be affected by an acoustic neuroma.
As the tumor grows, it may be more likely to cause more noticeable or worse symptoms.
Common signs and symptoms of an acoustic neuroma include:
• Hearing loss, usually gradually over months to years. In rare cases, hearing loss can be sudden. Hearing loss usually occurs on one side or is worse on one side.
• Ringing in the affected ear, known as tinnitus.
• Loss of balance or not feeling steady.
• Dizziness.
• Facial numbness and, very rarely, weakness or loss of muscle movement.
Rarely, an acoustic neuroma may grow large enough to compress the brainstem and become life-threatening.
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What are the causes of Acoustic neuroma?
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The cause of acoustic neuromas can sometimes be linked to a change to a gene on chromosome 22. Typically, this gene produces a tumor suppressor protein that helps regulate the growth of Schwann cells covering the nerves. Experts don't know what causes this change to the gene. Often there is no known cause. In some people, the gene change is related to a rare condition called NF2-related schwannomatosis, also known as NF2. The condition was previously known as neurofibromatosis type 2. People with NF2 usually have growth of tumors on the hearing and balance nerves on both sides of the head. These tumors are known as bilateral vestibular schwannomas.
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What are the complications of Acoustic neuroma?
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An acoustic neuroma may cause permanent complications, including:
• Hearing loss.
• Facial numbness and weakness.
• Trouble with balance.
• Ringing in the ear.
Large tumors may press on the brainstem, occasionally preventing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between the brain and spinal cord. Fluid can build up in your head, a condition known as hydrocephalus. This increases the pressure inside the skull.
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What are the Overview of Acromegaly?
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Acromegaly is a rare condition in adults that causes some bones, organs and other tissue to grow bigger. A small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland drives these changes by making too much growth hormone. This usually happens due to a tumor of the pituitary gland. The tumor isn't cancer.
When the body has too much growth hormone, bones get bigger. In childhood, this leads to increased height as part of a condition called gigantism. In adults with acromegaly, a change in height doesn't happen. Instead, bones in the hands, feet and face become bigger.
These changes happen slowly over many years. So people with acromegaly and their loved ones may take a long time to notice the symptoms. And healthcare professionals may have a hard time finding and treating the condition early on.
Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening health conditions called complications. But treatments such as surgery, medicine and radiation can lower the risk of complications. Treatment also can improve many acromegaly symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Acromegaly?
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Acromegaly symptoms can change the way some body parts look. Changes can include:
• Thick ears and lips.
• A broad nose.
• Enlarged hands and feet.
• A jutting brow or jaw.
• Gaps between teeth.
• An enlarged tongue.
• An expanded rib cage that may cause the chest to have a round shape.
Skin changes can include:
• Acne.
• Harmless skin growths called skin tags.
• Coarse, oily and thickened skin.
• Swelling in the tissue under the skin.
Most often, people with acromegaly don't have every possible body change. And because the changes come on slowly, they may take years to notice. But over time, rings may no longer fit fingers like they used to. Or shoe size may get bigger. Sometimes, people notice the changes only by comparing old photos with newer ones.
Other acromegaly symptoms can include:
• Vision troubles, including loss of side vision.
• More sweating and body odor than is typical.
• Extreme tiredness.
• Headaches.
• Joint pain.
• Deeper voice.
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What are the causes of Acromegaly?
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The most common cause of acromegaly is a tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is called an adenoma. It isn't cancer. But it makes too much growth hormone over a long amount of time.
Too much growth hormone causes many symptoms of acromegaly. Some of the symptoms, such as headaches and impaired vision, are due to the tumor pressing on nearby brain tissues.
Rarely, tumors in other parts of the body cause acromegaly. These include tumors of the lung or pancreas. Sometimes these tumors release growth hormone. Or they make a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone. This signals the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone.
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose. It makes growth hormone and other hormones. Growth hormone plays an important role in controlling physical growth.
The pituitary gland releases growth hormone into the bloodstream. This triggers the liver to make a hormone called insulin-like growth factor-1, also called IGF-1. IGF-1 is really what causes bones and other tissues to grow. Too much growth hormone leads to too much IGF-1. And that can cause acromegaly symptoms and complications.
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What are the risk factors of Acromegaly?
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People who have a rare genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 have a higher risk of acromegaly. This condition also is called MEN 1.
In MEN 1, the parathyroid glands, pancreas and pituitary gland may grow tumors and release extra hormones. Extra parathyroid hormone can cause thin bones and kidney stones. A pancreas tumor may make the hormone insulin and cause low blood sugar. If the pituitary tumor makes extra growth hormone, acromegaly results. Very rarely, acromegaly can run in families.
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What are the complications of Acromegaly?
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Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other health conditions called complications. These complications can include the following.
Conditions of the heart and blood vessels such as:
• High blood pressure.
• Higher risk of narrow arteries, which may lead to a heart attack or stroke.
• A disease of the heart muscle called cardiomyopathy.
Cancer and conditions that can lead to cancer:
• Higher risk of some cancers.
• Growths called polyps on the lining of the colon. Without treatment, these growths can lead to colon cancer.
Sexual and reproductive health conditions such as:
• Missed periods or irregular vaginal bleeding.
• Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
• Less sexual desire.
Other serious conditions including:
• The most common type of arthritis, called osteoarthritis.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• An irregular growth of the thyroid gland, called a goiter.
• A condition called sleep apnea in which breathing stops and starts many times during sleep.
• A condition called carpal tunnel syndrome that causes numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm.
• Spinal cord compression or fractures.
• Vision changes or vision loss.
Early treatment of acromegaly can prevent these complications or keep them from becoming worse. Without treatment, acromegaly and its complications can lead to early death.
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What are the Overview of Acute coronary syndrome?
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Acute coronary syndrome is a term that describes a range of conditions related to sudden reduced blood flow to the heart. These conditions include a heart attack and unstable angina, a type of chest pain.
When blood flow to the heart is reduced, the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. If heart tissue cells die or are damaged, a heart attack happens. A heart attack also is known as a myocardial infarction.
Unstable angina occurs when blood flow to the heart decreases. It's not severe enough to cause heart tissue cells to die or a heart attack. But the reduced blood flow may increase your risk of a heart attack.
Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that needs a diagnosis and care right away. The goals of treatment are to improve blood flow and treat and prevent complications.
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What are the symptoms of Acute coronary syndrome?
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The symptoms of acute coronary syndrome usually start suddenly. They include:
• Chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like aching, pressure, tightness or burning. Chest pain also is called angina.
• Pain that starts in the chest and spreads to other parts of the body. These areas include the shoulders, arms, upper belly area, back, neck or jaw.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Pain or burning in the upper belly, called indigestion.
• Shortness of breath, also called dyspnea.
• Sudden, heavy sweating.
• Racing heartbeat.
• Feeling lightheaded or dizzy.
• Fainting.
• Unusual fatigue.
Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom of acute coronary syndrome. But symptoms may vary a lot depending on age, sex assigned at birth and other medical conditions. Women, older adults and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms without chest pain or discomfort.
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What are the causes of Acute coronary syndrome?
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Acute coronary syndrome usually is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits in and on the walls of the heart's arteries. The fatty deposits also are called plaque. When a fatty deposit breaks open, a blood clot can form. This clot blocks blood flow to the heart. The heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen.
The lack of oxygen can cause cells in the heart muscle to die. The damage can lead to a heart attack. When acute coronary syndrome doesn't cause heart muscle cells to die, it is called unstable angina.
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What are the risk factors of Acute coronary syndrome?
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The risk factors for acute coronary syndrome are the same as those for other types of heart disease. Risk factors include:
• Older age.
• High blood pressure.
• High blood cholesterol.
• Smoking or tobacco use.
• Not enough physical activity.
• An unhealthy diet.
• Obesity or overweight.
• Diabetes.
• Personal or family history of chest pain called angina, heart attacks or stroke.
• History of high blood pressure, preeclampsia or diabetes during pregnancy.
• Early menopause.
• COVID-19 infection.
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What are the Overview of Acute kidney injury?
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Acute kidney injury happens when the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste products from the blood. When the kidneys can't filter wastes, harmful levels of wastes may build up. The blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance.
Acute kidney injury used to be called acute kidney failure. Acute kidney injury is most common in people who are in the hospital, mostly in people who need intensive care.
Acute kidney injury ranges from mild to severe. If severe, ongoing and not treated, it can be fatal. But it also can be reversed. People in otherwise good health may get back typical or nearly typical use of their kidneys.
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What are the symptoms of Acute kidney injury?
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Symptoms of acute kidney injury may include:
• Less urine output.
• Fluid buildup, which can cause shortness of breath and swelling in the legs, ankles or feet.
• Tiredness.
• Confusion or fogginess.
• Nausea.
• Pain in the belly or in the side below the rib cage.
• Weakness.
• Irregular heartbeat.
• Itching.
• Loss of appetite.
• Chest pain or pressure.
• Seizures or coma in severe cases.
Sometimes acute kidney injury causes no symptoms. Then it may be found through lab tests done for something else.
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What are the causes of Acute kidney injury?
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Acute kidney injury can happen when:
• You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys.
• You have damage to your kidneys.
• Your kidneys' urine drainage tubes, called ureters, get blocked.
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What are the risk factors of Acute kidney injury?
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Acute kidney injury almost always is linked to another medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of acute kidney injury include:
• Ongoing kidney disease, also called chronic kidney disease.
• Older age, but it does happen to children.
• Being in the hospital, most often for a serious condition that needs intensive care.
• Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs, called peripheral artery disease.
• Diabetes, especially if it's not controlled.
• High blood pressure.
• Heart failure.
• Liver diseases.
• Certain cancers and their treatments.
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What are the complications of Acute kidney injury?
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Complications of acute kidney injury may include:
• Fluid buildup.A buildup of fluid in your lungs can cause shortness of breath.
• Chest pain.The lining that covers your heart, called the pericardium, can get inflamed. This can cause chest pain.
• Muscle weakness.This can result from the body's fluids and minerals in the blood called electrolytes being out of balance.
• Permanent kidney damage.Sometimes, acute kidney injury causes lifelong loss of the use of the kidneys, called end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need either lifelong treatments to remove waste from the body, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant to survive.
• Death.Acute kidney injury can cause the kidneys to stop working.
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What is the prevention of Acute kidney injury?
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You might cut your risk of acute kidney injury by taking care of your kidneys. Try to:
• Get treated quickly for bad infections.
• Work with your healthcare team to manage kidney and other ongoing conditions.Kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure increases your risk of acute kidney injury. If you have one of these, do what your healthcare team tells you to manage your condition.If you have risk factors for kidney disease, check with your healthcare team to be sure that prescription medicines you take are safe for your kidneys.
• Read labels when taking pain medicines available without a prescription.Do what the label says when taking medicines such as aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Taking too much of these medicines may increase your risk of kidney injury. This is especially true if you already have kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure.
• Live a healthy lifestyle.Be active and eat a healthy, balanced diet. If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation.
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What are the Overview of Acute liver failure?
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Acute liver failure is loss of liver function that happens quickly — in days or weeks — usually in a person who has no preexisting liver disease. It's most often caused by a hepatitis virus or drugs, such as acetaminophen. Acute liver failure is less common than chronic liver failure, which develops more slowly.
Acute liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, can cause serious complications, including bleeding and increased pressure in the brain. It's a medical emergency that requires hospitalization.
Depending on the cause, acute liver failure can sometimes be reversed with treatment. In many situations, though, a liver transplant may be the only cure.
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What are the symptoms of Acute liver failure?
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Symptoms of acute liver failure may include:
• Yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, called jaundice.
• Pain in the upper right belly area, called the abdomen.
• A swollen belly, known as ascites.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• A general sense of feeling unwell, known as malaise.
• Disorientation or confusion.
• Sleepiness.
• Breath with a musty or sweet odor.
• Tremors.
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What are the causes of Acute liver failure?
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Acute liver failure occurs when liver cells are seriously damaged and are no longer able to function. Possible causes include:
• Acetaminophen overdose.Taking too much acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Outside of the United States, acetaminophen is known as paracetamol. Acute liver failure can happen after one very large dose of acetaminophen, or after higher than recommended doses every day for several days.If you or someone you know has taken an overdose of acetaminophen, seek medical attention as quickly as possible. Treatment may prevent liver failure. Don't wait for the symptoms of liver failure.
• Hepatitis and other viruses.Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E increase the risk of acute liver failure. Other viruses that can increase risk include Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.
• Prescription medicines.Some prescription medicines, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticonvulsants, can cause acute liver failure.
• Herbal supplements.Herbal drugs and supplements, including kava, ephedra, skullcap and pennyroyal, have been linked to acute liver failure.
• Toxins.Toxins that can cause acute liver failure include the poisonous wild mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is sometimes mistaken for one that is safe to eat. Carbon tetrachloride is another toxin that can cause acute liver failure. It is an industrial chemical found in refrigerants and solvents for waxes, varnishes and other materials.
• Autoimmune disease.Liver failure can be caused by autoimmune hepatitis — a disease in which the immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and injury.
• Diseases of the veins in the liver.Vascular diseases, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, can cause blockages in the veins of the liver and lead to acute liver failure.
• Metabolic disease.Rare metabolic diseases, such as Wilson's disease and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, sometimes cause acute liver failure.
• Cancer.Cancer that either begins in or spreads to the liver can cause the liver to fail.
• Shock.Overwhelming infection, called sepsis, and shock can severely reduce blood flow to the liver, causing liver failure.
• Heat stroke.Extreme physical activity in a hot environment can trigger acute liver failure.
Some cases of acute liver failure have no obvious cause.
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What are the risk factors of Acute liver failure?
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Risk factors for acute liver failure include:
• Being female.A majority of people affected by acute liver failure are female.
• Underlying illness.Many conditions, including viral hepatitis, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease and cancer can increase the risk of acute liver failure.
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What are the complications of Acute liver failure?
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Acute liver failure often causes complications, including:
• Too much fluid in the brain, called cerebral edema.Too much fluid causes pressure to build up in the brain, which can lead to disorientation, severe mental confusion and seizures.
• Bleeding and bleeding disorders.A failing liver cannot make enough clotting factors, which help blood to clot. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract is common with this condition. It may be difficult to control.
• Infections.People with acute liver failure are more likely to develop infections, particularly in the blood and in the respiratory and urinary tracts.
• Kidney failure.Kidney failure often occurs after liver failure, especially with an acetaminophen overdose, which damages both the liver and the kidneys.
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What is the prevention of Acute liver failure?
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Reduce your risk of acute liver failure by taking care of your liver.
• Follow instructions on medicines.If you take acetaminophen or other medicines, check the package insert for the recommended dose, and don't take more than that. If you already have liver disease, ask your healthcare team if it is safe to take any amount of acetaminophen.
• Tell your healthcare team about all your medicines.Even nonprescription and herbal medicines can interact with prescription drugs you're taking.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Avoid risky behavior.Get help if you use illicit intravenous drugs. Don't share needles. Use condoms during sex. If you get tattoos or body piercings, make sure the shop you choose is clean and safe. Don't smoke.
• Get vaccinated.If you have chronic liver disease, a history of any type of hepatitis infection or an increased risk of hepatitis, talk to your care team about getting the hepatitis B vaccine. A vaccine also is available for hepatitis A.
• Be careful not to come into contact with other people's blood and body fluids.Accidental needle sticks or improper cleanup of blood or body fluids can spread hepatitis viruses. Sharing razor blades or toothbrushes also can spread infection.
• Don't eat wild mushrooms.It can be difficult to tell the difference between a poisonous mushroom and one that is safe to eat.
• Take care with aerosol sprays.When you use an aerosol cleaner, make sure the room is ventilated, or wear a mask. Take similar protective measures when spraying insecticides, fungicides, paint and other toxic chemicals. Follow product instructions carefully.
• Watch what gets on your skin.When using insecticides and other toxic chemicals, cover your skin with gloves, long sleeves, a hat and a mask.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity can cause a condition called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).MASLDmay lead to serious liver damage.
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What are the Overview of Acute lymphocytic leukemia?
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
The word "acute" in acute lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that the disease progresses rapidly and creates immature blood cells, rather than mature ones. The word "lymphocytic" in acute lymphocytic leukemia refers to the white blood cells called lymphocytes, whichALLaffects. Acute lymphocytic leukemia is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, and treatments result in a good chance for a cure. Acute lymphocytic leukemia can also occur in adults, though the chance of a cure is greatly reduced.
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What are the symptoms of Acute lymphocytic leukemia?
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Signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia may include:
• Bleeding from the gums
• Bone pain
• Fever
• Frequent infections
• Frequent or severe nosebleeds
• Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck, armpits, abdomen or groin
• Pale skin
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness, fatigue or a general decrease in energy
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What are the causes of Acute lymphocytic leukemia?
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing.
When this happens, blood cell production becomes out of control. The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they can build up and crowd out healthy cells.
It's not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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What are the risk factors of Acute lymphocytic leukemia?
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Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include:
• Previous cancer treatment.Children and adults who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
• Exposure to radiation.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
• Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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What are the Overview of Acute myelogenous leukemia?
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Acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made.
The word "acute" in acute myelogenous leukemia means the disease tends to get worse quickly. It's called myelogenous (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) leukemia because it affects cells called the myeloid cells. These typically develop into mature blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. The other type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also called ALL. Although AML can be diagnosed at any age, it is less common before age 45. AML also is called acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Unlike other cancers, there are no numbered stages of acute myelogenous leukemia.
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What are the symptoms of Acute myelogenous leukemia?
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Symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia may include:
• Fever.
• Pain. Common places for pain include the bones, back and stomach.
• Feeling very tired.
• Paleness or change in skin color.
• Frequent infections.
• Easy bruising.
• Bleeding with no clear cause, such as in the nose or gums.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Acute myelogenous leukemia?
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It's often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia.
Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the spongy material inside bones. It's where blood cells are made.
The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are bone marrow cells that can turn into the blood cells that circulate through the body. Healthy myeloid cells can become:
• Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body.
• Platelets, which help stop bleeding.
• White blood cells, which help fight infections.
Every cell in the body contains DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. But when the DNA changes happen in the myeloid cells, the changes give different instructions. The myeloid cells start to make a lot of extra cells, and they don't stop.
The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. The myeloblasts don't work right. They can build up in the bone marrow. They can crowd out healthy blood cells. Without enough healthy blood cells, there might be low oxygen levels in the blood, easy bruising and bleeding, and frequent infections.
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What are the risk factors of Acute myelogenous leukemia?
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Factors that may increase the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include:
• Older age.Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults age 65 and older.
• Prior cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy may have a greater risk of AML.
• Radiation exposure.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing AML.
• Dangerous chemical exposure.Certain chemicals, such as benzene, are linked to a greater risk of AML.
• Smoking cigarettes.AML is linked to cigarette smoke, which contains benzene and other known cancer-causing chemicals.
• Other blood disorders.People who've had another blood disorder, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera or thrombocythemia, are at greater risk of AML.
• Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of AML.
• Family history.People with a close blood relative, such as a sibling, parent or grandparent with a blood or bone marrow disorder are at higher risk for AML.
Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.
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What are the Overview of Acute sinusitis?
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Acute sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose, known as sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. Acute sinusitis makes it hard for the sinuses to drain. Mucus builds up.
Acute sinusitis can make it hard to breathe through the nose. The area around the eyes and the face might feel swollen. There might be throbbing face pain or a headache.
The common cold is the usual cause of acute sinusitis. Most often, the condition clears up within a week to 10 days unless there's also an infection caused by bacteria, called a bacterial infection. Home remedies might be all that's needed to treat acute sinusitis. Sinusitis that lasts more than 12 weeks even with medical treatment is called chronic sinusitis.
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What are the symptoms of Acute sinusitis?
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Acute sinusitis symptoms often include:
• Thick, yellow or greenish mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose, or down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
• Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
• Pain, tenderness, swelling and pressure around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead that gets worse when bending over.
Other signs and symptoms include:
• Ear pressure.
• Headache.
• Aching in the teeth.
• Changed sense of smell.
• Cough.
• Bad breath.
• Tiredness.
• Fever.
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What are the causes of Acute sinusitis?
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Acute sinusitis is an infection caused by a virus. The common cold is most often the cause. Sometimes, sinuses that are blocked for a time might get a bacterial infection.
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What are the risk factors of Acute sinusitis?
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The following can raise the risk of getting sinusitis:
• Hay fever or another allergythat affects the sinuses.
• A common coldthat affects the sinuses.
• A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.
• A medical conditionsuch as cystic fibrosis or an immune system disorder such as HIV/AIDS.
• Being around smoke,either from smoking or being around others who smoke, known as secondhand smoke.
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What are the complications of Acute sinusitis?
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Acute sinusitis doesn't often cause complications. Complications that might happen include:
• Chronic sinusitis.Acute sinusitis can be a flare-up of a long-term problem known as chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis lasts longer than 12 weeks.
• Meningitis.This infection affects the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord.
• Other infections.It's not common. But an infection can spread to the bones, known as osteomyelitis, or to skin, known as cellulitis.
• Vision problems.If the infection spreads to the eye socket, it can reduce vision or cause blindness.
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What is the prevention of Acute sinusitis?
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Take these steps to help lower your risk of getting acute sinusitis:
• Stay well.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, such as before meals.
• Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control.
• Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate lungs and inside the nose, known as nasal passages.
• Use a machine that adds moisture to the air, known as a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.
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What are the Overview of Addison's disease?
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Addison's disease is a rare condition that happens when the body doesn't make enough of some hormones. Another name for Addison's disease is primary adrenal insufficiency. With Addison's disease, the adrenal glands make too little of the hormone cortisol. Often, they also make too little of another hormone called aldosterone.
Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. Symptoms can start slowly. Early symptoms may include extreme tiredness, salt cravings and weight loss.
Addison's disease can affect anyone. Without treatment, it can be life-threatening. Treatment involves taking lab-made hormones to replace those that are missing.
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What are the symptoms of Addison's disease?
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Addison's disease symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months. The disease may happen so slowly that people who have it might ignore the symptoms at first. Physical stress such as an illness or injury can make symptoms get worse fast.
Early symptoms of Addison's disease can affect you in various ways. Some early symptoms can cause discomfort or loss of energy, including:
• Extreme tiredness, also called fatigue.
• Dizziness or fainting when standing after sitting or lying down. This is due to a type of low blood pressure called postural hypotension.
• Sweating due to low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia.
• Upset stomach, diarrhea or vomiting.
• Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
• Muscle cramps, weakness, widespread pain or joint pain.
Other early symptoms can cause changes in how you look, such as:
• Body hair loss.
• Areas of darkened skin, especially on scars and moles. These changes may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
• Weight loss due to less hunger.
Early Addison's disease symptoms also can affect emotions, mental health and desires. These symptoms include:
• Depression.
• Irritable mood.
• Lower sex drive in women.
• Salt craving.
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What are the causes of Addison's disease?
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Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. These glands sit just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands are part of the system of glands and organs that makes hormones, also called the endocrine system. The adrenal glands make hormones that affect almost every organ and tissue in the body.
The adrenal glands are made up of two layers. The inner layer, called the medulla, makes hormones such as adrenaline. Those hormones control the body's response to stress. The outer layer, called the cortex, makes a group of hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids include:
• Glucocorticoids.These hormones include cortisol, and they affect the body's ability to turn food into energy. They also play a role in the immune system and help the body respond to stress.
• Mineralocorticoids.These hormones include aldosterone. They balance the body's sodium and potassium to keep blood pressure in a healthy range.
• Androgens.In all people, the adrenal glands make small amounts of these sex hormones. They cause male sexual development. And they affect muscle mass, body hair, sex drive, and a sense of well-being in all people.
Addison's disease also is known as primary adrenal insufficiency. A related condition is called secondary adrenal insufficiency. These conditions have different causes.
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What are the risk factors of Addison's disease?
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Most people who get Addison's disease don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing the condition. But the following may raise the risk of adrenal insufficiency:
• A history of having a disease or surgery that affects the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands.
• Certain genetic changes that affect the pituitary or adrenal glands. These include gene changes that cause the inherited disease congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• Other autoimmune endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism or type 1 diabetes.
• Traumatic brain injury.
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What are the complications of Addison's disease?
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Addison's disease can lead to other health conditions called complications. These include adrenal crisis, also called addisonian crisis. If you have Addison's disease and haven't started treatment, you may develop this life-threatening complication.
Stress on the body such as injury, infection or illness can trigger adrenal crisis. Typically, the adrenal glands make two or three times the usual amount of cortisol in response to physical stress. But with adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol to meet this need. And that can lead to adrenal crisis.
Adrenal crisis results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium. This complication needs treatment right away.
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What is the prevention of Addison's disease?
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Addison's disease can't be prevented. But you can take steps to lower the risk of adrenal crisis:
• Talk with your healthcare professional if you always feel tired or weak or are losing weight without trying. Ask if you should get tested for adrenal insufficiency.
• If you have Addison's disease, ask your healthcare professional what to do when you're sick. You'll likely need to learn how to adjust the amount of medicine that you take. You also may need to take the medicine as a shot.
• If you become very sick, go to an emergency room. This is crucial if you're vomiting and you can't take your medicine.
Some people with Addison's disease worry about serious side effects from corticosteroid medicines. But people with Addison's disease aren't likely to get the side effects of high-dose corticosteroids used to treat many other diseases. That's because the dose prescribed is much lower and only replaces the amount that's missing.
If you take corticosteroids, follow up with your healthcare professional regularly to make sure your dose is not too high.
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What are the Overview of Adjustment disorders?
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Adjustment disorders are excessive reactions to stress that involve negative thoughts, strong emotions and changes in behavior. The reaction to a stressful change or event is much more intense than would typically be expected. This can cause a lot of problems in getting along with others, as well as at work or school.
Work problems, going away to school, an illness or any number of life changes can cause stress. Most of the time, people get used to such changes within a few months. But if you have an adjustment disorder, you continue to have emotional or behavioral responses that can make you feel more anxious or depressed.
Treatment can help you regain your emotional well-being.
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What are the symptoms of Adjustment disorders?
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Symptoms depend on the type of adjustment disorder. These symptoms can vary from person to person. You experience more stress than would generally be expected in response to a trying event, and this stress causes a lot of problems in your life.
Adjustment disorders affect how you feel and think about yourself and the world. They also may affect your actions or behavior.
Some examples include:
• Feeling sad, hopeless or not enjoying things you used to enjoy.
• Crying often.
• Worrying, or feeling anxious, nervous, jittery or stressed out.
• Feeling irritable or like you can't handle anything and don't know where to start.
• Having trouble sleeping.
• Not eating enough.
• Having difficulty concentrating.
• Having difficulty with daily activities.
• Withdrawing from family and friends who support you socially.
• Not doing important things, such as going to work or paying bills.
• Thinking about suicide or acting on those thoughts.
Symptoms of an adjustment disorder start within three months of a stressful event. These symptoms last no longer than six months after the end of the stressful event. But constant or lasting adjustment disorders can continue for more than six months. This is especially true if the stressful event is ongoing, such as being unemployed.
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What are the causes of Adjustment disorders?
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Adjustment disorders are caused by major changes or stressors in your life. Genetics, your life experiences and your temperament may make it more likely that an adjustment disorder happens.
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What are the risk factors of Adjustment disorders?
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Stressful life events and experiences ― positive and negative ― may put you at risk of having an adjustment disorder. Examples include:
• Major stress as a child, such as bullying or difficulties with school.
• Divorce or marriage problems.
• Relationship problems or trouble getting along with others.
• Major changes in life, such as retirement, having a baby or moving away.
• Bad experiences, such as losing a job, loss of a loved one or having money problems.
• Problems in school or at work.
• Life-threatening experiences, such as physical assault, combat or natural disaster.
• Ongoing stressors, such as having a medical illness or living in a neighborhood that has a lot of crime.
• More than one major change or bad experience happening at the same time.
• Other mental health conditions, such as major depression, intense anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder.
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What are the complications of Adjustment disorders?
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If adjustment disorders do not resolve, they eventually can lead to more-serious mental health conditions such as anxiety, major depression, or misuse of drugs or alcohol.
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What is the prevention of Adjustment disorders?
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There are no guaranteed ways to prevent adjustment disorders. But social support, healthy coping skills and learning to recover quickly from hard times may help you during times of high stress.
If you know that a stressful situation is coming up, such as a move or retirement, plan ahead. In advance, increase your healthy habits and ask your friends and family for support. Remind yourself that stressful situations pass in time and that you can get through them. Also, consider checking in with your health care team or mental health professional to review healthy ways to manage your stress.
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What are the symptoms of Adnexal tumors and masses?
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Many adnexal tumors and masses don't cause symptoms. They're often found during a medical exam that's done for another reason.
When adnexal tumors and masses cause symptoms, the symptoms may include:
• Pain, including pain in the pelvis or belly, painful period cramps that are worse than usual, and painful sex.
• A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis or belly, or feeling full quickly when eating.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Constipation or bloating.
• Urinating a lot or having trouble urinating.
• Bleeding from the vagina that is out of the ordinary.
• Fever.
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What are the risk factors of Adnexal tumors and masses?
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Because so many conditions can cause adnexal tumors and masses, there are many things that can raise the risk of developing them. But it's most important to be aware of factors that can affect the risk of an adnexal tumor or mass being cancer, including:
• Menopause.People who have gone through menopause are more likely to have an adnexal tumor or mass that is cancer than are people who haven't gone through menopause.
• Hormone medicines.People who have used infertility medicines with hormones are at a higher risk of a cancerous adnexal tumor or mass. But those who have used hormonal birth control are at a much lower risk of an adnexal tumor or mass being cancer.
• Family medical history.People with family members who have had breast cancer, ovarian cancer or fallopian tube cancer are at higher risk of developing a cancerous adnexal tumor or mass.
• Inherited DNA changes.DNA changes that raise the risk of cancer can be passed from parents to children. These changes can greatly raise the risk of getting some cancers. But not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
• Smoking cigarettes.Cigarette smoking raises the risk of developing an adnexal tumor or mass that is cancer.
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What are the Overview of Adrenal cancer?
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Adrenal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in an adrenal gland. The adrenal glands are small, triangular glands located on top of the kidneys. Although small, these glands control much of what happens in the body. They make hormones that help control metabolism, blood pressure and other important functions.
Adrenal cancer is rare, and it can happen at any age. It's most likely to affect children younger than 5 and adults in their 40s and 50s. Adrenal cancer also is called adrenocortical carcinoma.
When adrenal cancer is found early, a cure may be possible. When the cancer has spread beyond the adrenal glands, a cure becomes less likely. In that situation, treatment may be used to keep the cancer from spreading more.
Most growths that form in the adrenal glands are not cancer. The medical term for that is benign. An example of an adrenal growth that is not cancer is adrenal adenoma.
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What are the symptoms of Adrenal cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of adrenal cancer may include:
• Back pain.
• Belly pain.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Loss of appetite.
Many people who have adrenal cancer develop hormone changes in the body. These changes can happen if the cancer cells make extra hormones. Most often, the adrenal cancer makes the hormone cortisol. This can cause symptoms of Cushing syndrome, including:
• Weight gain.
• Muscle weakness.
• Pink or purple stretch marks on the skin.
• Bruises that happen even with a small injury.
• High blood pressure.
• High blood sugar or diabetes.
Less often, an adrenal cancer might make the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. In females, changes in the sex hormones can cause extra facial hair, hair loss on the head and periods that aren't regular. In males, these hormone changes may cause the testicles to shrink and breast tissue to get bigger.
Rarely, adrenal cancer may make the hormone aldosterone. That can cause high blood pressure and low levels of potassium in the blood.
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What are the causes of Adrenal cancer?
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It's not clear what causes adrenal cancer.
Adrenal cancer happens when cells in the adrenal gland develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Adrenal cancer?
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Adrenal cancer happens more often in people who inherit certain health conditions that raise the risk of some cancers. Those health conditions include:
• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
• Familial adenomatous polyposis.
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
• Lynch syndrome.
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, also called MEN 1.
Healthcare professionals haven't found anything that can prevent adrenal cancer.
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What are the Overview of Adrenoleukodystrophy?
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Adrenoleukodystrophy (uh-dree-noh-loo-koh-DIS-truh-fee) is a type of hereditary (genetic) condition that damages the membrane (myelin sheath) that insulates nerve cells in your brain.
In adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), your body can't break down very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), causing saturatedVLCFAs to build up in your brain, nervous system and adrenal gland.
The most common type ofALDis X-linkedALD, which is caused by a genetic defect on the X chromosome. X-linkedALDaffects males more severely than females, who carry the disease.
Forms of X-linkedALDinclude:
• Childhood-onsetALD.This form of X-linkedALDusually occurs between ages 4 and 10. The white matter of the brain is progressively damaged (leukodystrophy), and symptoms worsen over time. If not diagnosed early, childhood-onsetALDmay lead to death within five to 10 years.
• Addison's disease.Hormone-producing glands (adrenal glands) often fail to produce enough steroids (adrenal insufficiency) in people who haveALD, causing a form of X-linkedALDknown as Addison's disease.
• Adrenomyeloneuropathy.This adult-onset form of X-linkedALDis a less severe and slowly progressive form that causes symptoms such as a stiff gait and bladder and bowel dysfunction. Women who are carriers forALDmay develop a mild form of adrenomyeloneuropathy.
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What are the Overview of Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. AdultADHDcan lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems.
Though it's called adultADHD, symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. In some cases,ADHDis not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. AdultADHDsymptoms may not be as clear asADHDsymptoms in children. In adults, hyperactivity may decrease, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue.
Treatment for adultADHDis similar to treatment for childhoodADHD. AdultADHDtreatment includes medications, psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and treatment for any mental health conditions that occur along withADHD.
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What are the symptoms of Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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Some people withADHDhave fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. In adults, the main features ofADHDmay include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Many adults withADHDaren't aware they have it — they just know that everyday tasks can be a challenge. Adults withADHDmay find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. The inability to control impulses can range from impatience waiting in line or driving in traffic to mood swings and outbursts of anger.
AdultADHDsymptoms may include:
• Impulsiveness
• Disorganization and problems prioritizing
• Poor time management skills
• Problems focusing on a task
• Trouble multitasking
• Excessive activity or restlessness
• Poor planning
• Low frustration tolerance
• Frequent mood swings
• Problems following through and completing tasks
• Hot temper
• Trouble coping with stress
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What are the causes of Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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While the exact cause ofADHDis not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development ofADHDinclude:
• Genetics.ADHDcan run in families, and studies indicate that genes may play a role.
• Environment.Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, such as lead exposure as a child.
• Problems during development.Problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development may play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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Risk ofADHDmay increase if:
• You have blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling, withADHDor another mental health disorder
• Your mother smoked, drank alcohol or used drugs during pregnancy
• As a child, you were exposed to environmental toxins — such as lead, found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings
• You were born prematurely
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What are the complications of Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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ADHDcan make life difficult for you.ADHDhas been linked to:
• Poor school or work performance
• Unemployment
• Financial problems
• Trouble with the law
• Alcohol or other substance misuse
• Frequent car accidents or other accidents
• Unstable relationships
• Poor physical and mental health
• Poor self-image
• Suicide attempts
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What are the Overview of Adult Still disease?
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Adult Still disease is a rare type of inflammatory arthritis. Common symptoms are fevers, rash and joint pain. The condition can occur in some people as a single episode that goes away. In other people, the condition doesn't go away, or it goes away but comes back.
Adult Still disease can damage joints, particularly the wrists. Treatment involves medicine to reduce pain and help control the disease. Prednisone is often used if pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) are not enough.
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What are the symptoms of Adult Still disease?
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Most people with adult Still disease have a combination of the following symptoms:
• Fever.Fever may rise to at least 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.9 degrees Celsius). The fever may spike once or twice a day for a week or longer.
• Rash.A rash might come and go with the fever. The rash usually appears on the trunk, arms or legs.
• Sore throat.This is one of the first symptoms of adult Still disease. The lymph nodes in the neck might be swollen and tender.
• Achy and swollen joints.Joints — especially in the knees and wrists— might be stiff, painful and inflamed. Ankles, elbows, hands and shoulders also might ache. The joint discomfort usually lasts at least two weeks.
• Muscle pain.Muscular pain usually comes and goes with the fever. The pain can be severe enough to disrupt daily activities.
Symptoms of this disorder can differ from person to person. They can mimic those of other conditions, including lupus and a type of cancer called lymphoma.
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What are the causes of Adult Still disease?
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The cause of adult Still disease is not known. Some researchers suspect it might be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection.
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What are the risk factors of Adult Still disease?
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Age is the main risk factor for adult Still disease. It is most likely to occur in adults between the ages of 15 and 25 and between the ages of 36 and 46. Males and females are equally at risk.
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What are the complications of Adult Still disease?
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Adult Still disease inflames the organs and joints. Most complications from the disease result from this inflammation.
• Joint destruction.The chronic swelling and irritation that occurs with adult Still disease can damage the joints. The most commonly involved joints are the knees and wrists. Sometimes other joints, including the neck, foot, finger and hip joints, also are affected.
• Inflammation of the heart.Adult Still disease can inflame the saclike covering of the heart, called the pericardium. This results in inflammation of the pericardium, called pericarditis. The disease can also inflame the muscular part of the heart, called the myocardium. This results in inflammation of the myocardium, called myocarditis.
• Excess fluid around the lungs.Inflammation may cause fluid to build up around the lungs. When this happens, it can be hard to take deep breaths.
• Macrophage activation syndrome.This is a rare but serious complication of adult Still disease. It happens when the immune system goes into overdrive and potentially harms organs such as the heart, liver, spleen and kidneys.
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What are the Overview of Agoraphobia?
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Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FOE-be-uh) is a type of anxiety disorder. Agoraphobia involves fearing and avoiding places or situations that might cause panic and feelings of being trapped, helpless or embarrassed. You may fear an actual or upcoming situation. For example, you may fear using public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, standing in line, or being in a crowd.
The anxiety is caused by fear that there's no easy way to escape or get help if the anxiety gets overwhelming. You may avoid situations because of fears such as getting lost, falling, or having diarrhea and not being able to get to a bathroom. Most people who have agoraphobia develop it after having one or more panic attacks, causing them to worry about having another attack. They then avoid the places where it may happen again.
Agoraphobia often results in having a hard time feeling safe in any public place, especially where crowds gather and in locations that are not familiar. You may feel that you need a companion, such as a family member or friend, to go with you to public places. The fear can be so overwhelming that you may feel you can't leave your home.
Agoraphobia treatment can be challenging because it means confronting your fears. But with proper treatment — usually a form of therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy and medicines — you can escape the trap of agoraphobia and live a more enjoyable life.
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What are the symptoms of Agoraphobia?
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Typical agoraphobia symptoms include fear of:
• Leaving home alone.
• Crowds or waiting in line.
• Enclosed spaces, such as movie theaters, elevators or small stores.
• Open spaces, such as parking lots, bridges or malls.
• Using public transportation, such as a bus, plane or train.
These situations cause anxiety because you fear you won't be able to escape or find help if you start to feel panicked. Or you may fear having other disabling or embarrassing symptoms, such as dizziness, fainting, falling or diarrhea.
In addition:
• Your fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger of the situation.
• You avoid the situation, you need a companion to go with you, or you endure the situation but are extremely upset.
• You have major distress or problems with social situations, work or other areas in your life because of the fear, anxiety or avoidance.
• Your fear and avoidance usually lasts six months or longer.
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What are the causes of Agoraphobia?
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Biology — including health conditions and genetics — personality, stress and learning experiences may all play a role in the development of agoraphobia.
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What are the risk factors of Agoraphobia?
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Agoraphobia can begin in childhood, but usually starts in the late teen or early adult years — usually before age 35. But older adults also can develop it. Females are diagnosed with agoraphobia more often than males are.
Risk factors for agoraphobia include:
• Having panic disorder or other excessive fear reactions, called phobias.
• Responding to panic attacks with too much fear and avoidance.
• Experiencing stressful life events, such as abuse, the death of a parent or being attacked.
• Having an anxious or nervous personality.
• Having a blood relative with agoraphobia.
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What are the complications of Agoraphobia?
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Agoraphobia can greatly limit your life's activities. If your agoraphobia is severe, you may not even be able to leave your home. Without treatment, some people become housebound for years. If this happens to you, you may not be able to visit with family and friends, go to school or work, run errands, or take part in other routine daily activities. You may become dependent on others for help.
Agoraphobia also can lead to:
• Depression.
• Alcohol or drug misuse.
• Suicidal thoughts and behavior.
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