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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the complications of Angelman syndrome?
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Complications linked to Angelman syndrome include:
• Trouble feeding.Trouble sucking and swallowing together may cause feeding problems in infants. Your child's healthcare professional may suggest a high-calorie formula to help your baby gain weight.
• Hyperactivity.Children with Angelman syndrome often move quickly from one activity to another, have a short attention span, and keep their hands or a toy in their mouths. Hyperactivity often decreases with age. Medicine often isn't needed.
• Sleep troubles.People with Angelman syndrome often have changes in their sleep-wake patterns. They may need less sleep than most people. Sleep troubles may improve with age. Medicine and behavior therapy may help.
• Curving of the spine, also called scoliosis.Some people with Angelman syndrome get a side-to-side spinal curve over time.
• Obesity.Obesity is common in older children with Angelman syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Angelman syndrome?
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Rarely, Angelman syndrome may be passed from an affected parent to a child through changed genes. If you're concerned about a family history of Angelman syndrome or if you have a child with the condition, seek medical advice. Your healthcare professional or a genetic counselor can help you plan future pregnancies.
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What are the Overview of Angina?
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Angina (an-JIE-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.
Angina also is called angina pectoris.
Angina is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest. It may feel like a heavy weight lying on the chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs to be checked by a healthcare professional, or it may be recurring pain that goes away with treatment.
Angina is relatively common. But some people may not be able to tell it apart from other types of chest pain, such as heartburn. If you have unexplained chest pain, get medical help right away.
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What are the symptoms of Angina?
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Angina symptoms include chest pain and discomfort. The chest pain or discomfort may feel like:
• Burning.
• Fullness.
• Pressure.
• Squeezing.
Pain also may be felt in the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back.
Other symptoms of angina include:
• Dizziness.
• Fatigue.
• Nausea.
• Shortness of breath.
• Sweating.
The severity, duration and type of angina can vary. New or different symptoms may signal unstable angina or a heart attack.
Any new or worsening angina symptoms need to be checked immediately by a healthcare professional. The healthcare team can determine whether you have stable or unstable angina.
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What are the causes of Angina?
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Angina is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood carries oxygen, which the heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen, it causes a condition called ischemia.
The most common cause of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle is coronary artery disease (CAD). The heart arteries, called the coronary arteries, can become narrowed by fatty deposits called plaques. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
Plaque in a blood vessel may rupture or cause a blood clot. These events can quickly block or reduce flow through a narrowed artery. This can suddenly and severely decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
The heart muscle may still be able to work during times of low oxygen demand without triggering angina symptoms. An example is when resting. But when the demand for oxygen goes up, such as when exercising, angina can result.
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What are the risk factors of Angina?
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The following things may increase the risk of angina:
• Increasing age.Angina is most common in adults age 60 and older.
• Family history of heart disease.Tell your healthcare team if your mother, father or any siblings have or had heart disease or a heart attack.
• Tobacco use.Smoking, chewing tobacco and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can damage the lining of the arteries. Artery damage can let deposits of cholesterol collect and block blood flow.
• Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease can cause angina.
• High blood pressure.Over time, high blood pressure damages arteries by speeding up the hardening of the arteries.
• High cholesterol or triglycerides.Too much bad cholesterol, called low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in the blood can cause arteries to narrow. A highLDLlevel increases the risk of angina and heart attack. A high level of triglycerides in the blood also is unhealthy.
• Other health conditions.Chronic kidney disease, peripheral artery disease, metabolic syndrome or a history of stroke increases the risk of angina.
• Not enough exercise.An inactive lifestyle raises the risk of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Talk with your healthcare team about the type and amount of exercise that's best for you.
• Obesity.Obesity is a risk factor for heart disease, which can cause angina. Being overweight makes the heart work harder to supply blood to the body.
• Emotional stress.Too much stress and anger can raise blood pressure. Rushes of hormones made by the body during stress can narrow the arteries and worsen angina.
• Medicines.Some medicines tighten blood vessels, which may trigger Prinzmetal angina. An example is certain migraine medicines.
• Drug misuse.Cocaine and other stimulants can cause blood vessel spasms and trigger angina.
• Cold temperatures.Exposure to cold temperatures can trigger Prinzmetal angina.
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What are the complications of Angina?
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The chest pain that occurs with angina can make doing some activities, such as walking, uncomfortable. However, the most dangerous complication is a heart attack.
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What is the prevention of Angina?
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You can help prevent angina by following the same lifestyle changes that are used to treat angina:
• Avoid or limit alcohol.
• Don't smoke.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Manage other health conditions related to heart disease.
• Reduce stress.
• Get 7 to 9 hours of sleep a day.
Also get recommended vaccines to avoid heart complications.
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What are the Overview of Anorexia nervosa?
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Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa, often simply called anorexia, is a treatable eating disorder in which people have a low body weight based on personal weight history. Although many people with anorexia look very thin, some may not look thin and others may look overweight. But they've actually lost weight or failed to gain needed weight.
People who have anorexia often have a strong fear of gaining weight and may think they're overweight, even when they're thin. To prevent weight gain or continue to lose weight, people with anorexia often limit the amount or type of food they eat. They place a high value on controlling their weight and shape and use extreme efforts that can greatly harm their lives.
Anorexia can cause changes in the brain due to very poor nutrition, also called malnutrition. This is when people don't get the nutrients that their bodies need to stay healthy. So it's not a choice to continue the risky and damaging behavior.
If left untreated, weight loss can get to a point where people with anorexia are at high risk of serious physical harm or death. Anorexia has the second-highest death rate of any mental illness, surpassed only by opioid overdoses. Most deaths related to anorexia stem from heart conditions and suicide.
Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over people's lives and be very hard to overcome. Because it's related to changes in the brain, anorexia behaviors are not choices, and the illness is not really about food or looking a certain way. With proven treatment, people with anorexia can return to a healthy weight, develop more-balanced eating habits, and reverse some of anorexia's serious medical and mental health complications.
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What are the symptoms of Anorexia nervosa?
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The physical and behavioral symptoms of anorexia nervosa relate to how starvation affects the brain. It may be hard to notice symptoms because what is seen as a low body weight differs for each person. Some people with anorexia may not look very thin. Also, people often hide their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.
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What are the causes of Anorexia nervosa?
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The causes of anorexia nervosa aren't known. As with many diseases, it's probably a mix of factors:
• Genetics.Although it isn't yet clear which genes are involved, genetic changes may make you more likely to develop anorexia. That involves having genetic traits that include feeling the need to be perfect or being very sensitive.
• Mental health.People with eating disorders sometimes have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and not eat, even though they're hungry. They also may try to be perfect in everything they do.
• Environmental.Modern Western culture puts a lot of focus on being thin. Social media plays a big role. Peer pressure may cause you to want to be thin, lean or muscular. A constant push to eat a healthy diet could lead to very strict eating habits. These habits could turn into eating disorders.
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What are the risk factors of Anorexia nervosa?
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Anorexia nervosa affects all gender identities, races, ages, incomes and body types.
Anorexia also is more common among teenagers, although people of any age can develop this eating disorder. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They also may face more peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.
Certain factors raise the risk of anorexia and other eating disorders, including:
• Family history.If you have a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who had anorexia, you have a higher risk of developing it.
• A history of weight bullying.People who have been teased or bullied about their weight are more likely to develop eating disorders. This includes people with peers, family members, coaches and others who have shamed them for their weight.
• A history of dieting.Dieting behaviors raise the risk of an eating disorder. People who are always dieting and whose weight is always going up and down as they get on and off new diets could develop an eating disorder.
• Transitions.Major changes can bring emotional stress and raise the risk of anorexia. Such changes include a new school, home or job, as well as a relationship breakup or the death or illness of a loved one.
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What are the complications of Anorexia nervosa?
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Anorexia nervosa can have many complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may happen suddenly — even if you aren't visibly underweight. Irregular heart rhythms, also known as arrhythmias, can lead to death. Also, an imbalance of electrolytes — minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in the body — also can lead to death.
Other complications of anorexia include:
• Anemia.
• Other heart conditions, such as mitral valve prolapse or heart failure. Mitral valve prolapse happens when the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers doesn't close properly.
• Bone loss, also known as osteoporosis, which can raise the risk of fractures.
• Loss of muscle.
• Stomach problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea.
• Kidney problems.
In females, anorexia can lead to having no period. In males, it can decrease testosterone.
If you become severely malnourished, every organ system in your body can be damaged. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.
In addition to physical complications, you also may have other mental health symptoms and conditions, including:
• Depression and other mood disorders.
• Anxiety.
• Personality disorders.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorders.
• Alcohol and substance misuse.
• Self-injury, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide.
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What is the prevention of Anorexia nervosa?
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There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary healthcare professionals, including pediatricians, family medicine professionals and internal medicine professionals, may be in a good position to see early signs that could lead to anorexia. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments. This could open a discussion about how this relates to health and where to get help if needed.
If you notice that people have dieting habits that seem too rigid, or they're unhappy with their appearance, think about talking to them about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from starting, you can talk about your concerns and offer to assist them in finding help if needed.
Examples of organizations that offer support for caregivers, friends and family members of people with eating disorders include the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) and Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment for Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.).
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What are the Overview of Anorgasmia in women?
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Anorgasmia is delayed, infrequent or absent orgasms — or significantly less-intense orgasms — after sexual arousal and adequate sexual stimulation. Women who have problems with orgasms and who feel significant distress about those problems may be diagnosed with anorgasmia.
Among all women, the frequency and intensity of orgasms vary. Also, for any individual, orgasms can be different from one time to the next. The type and amount of stimulation needed to have an orgasm also varies.
Multiple factors may lead to anorgasmia. These include relationship or intimacy issues, cultural factors, physical or medical conditions, and medicines. Treatments can include education about sexual stimulation, sexual enhancement devices, individual or couple therapy, and medicines.
Female orgasmic disorder is another term for the spectrum of problems with orgasms. The word "anorgasmia" specifically refers to not being able to have an orgasm, but it's also used as shorthand for female orgasmic disorders.
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What are the symptoms of Anorgasmia in women?
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An orgasm is a peak feeling of intense pleasure in response to stimulating sexual activity.
Vaginal penetration during sex indirectly stimulates the clitoris. But this may not be enough stimulation for orgasm. Many women may also need direct manual or oral stimulation of the clitoris to reach orgasm.
Anorgasmia, or female orgasmic disorder, is defined as experiencing any of these in a significant way:
• Delayed orgasm.
• Absence of orgasm.
• Fewer orgasms.
• Less-intense orgasms.
Anorgasmia can also be:
• Lifelong,if you've never had an orgasm.
• Acquired,if you have new problems with having orgasms.
• Situational,if you have problems with orgasm only in certain situations, with certain kinds of stimulation or with certain partners.
• Generalized,if you have problems with orgasm in any situation.
Women who don't always reach orgasm during sexual encounters may not find it distressing. In that case, the lack of an orgasm is not considered a disorder.
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What are the causes of Anorgasmia in women?
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Sexual arousal and orgasms are complex reactions to various physical, emotional, sensory and psychological factors. Difficulties in any of these areas can affect your ability to have an orgasm.
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What are the risk factors of Anorgasmia in women?
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Risk factors linked to having trouble with orgasm include:
• Low education level.
• Low income.
• Poor health.
• Depression and other mental health conditions.
• History of trauma, such as sexual abuse.
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What are the symptoms of Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele)?
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People with mild anterior prolapse may not see or feel any symptoms. When there are symptoms, they may include:
• A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis and vagina.
• A bulge of tissue in the vagina that you can see or feel.
• More pelvic pressure when you strain, cough, bear down or lift objects.
• Problems urinating. These may include having trouble starting a urine stream, feeling that the bladder isn't empty after urinating, feeling a need to urinate often or leaking urine, also called urinary incontinence.
You may notice symptoms more after standing for long periods. Symptoms may go away when you lie down.
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What are the Overview of Antisocial personality disorder?
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Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental health condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. People with antisocial personality disorder tend to purposely make others angry or upset and manipulate or treat others harshly or with cruel indifference. They lack remorse or do not regret their behavior.
People with antisocial personality disorder often violate the law, becoming criminals. They may lie, behave violently or impulsively, and have problems with drug and alcohol use. They have difficulty consistently meeting responsibilities related to family, work or school.
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What are the symptoms of Antisocial personality disorder?
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Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder include repeatedly:
• Ignoring right and wrong.
• Telling lies to take advantage of others.
• Not being sensitive to or respectful of others.
• Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or pleasure.
• Having a sense of superiority and being extremely opinionated.
• Having problems with the law, including criminal behavior.
• Being hostile, aggressive, violent or threatening to others.
• Feeling no guilt about harming others.
• Doing dangerous things with no regard for the safety of self or others.
• Being irresponsible and failing to fulfill work or financial responsibilities.
Adults with antisocial personality disorder usually show symptoms of conduct disorder before the age of 15. Symptoms of conduct disorder include serious, ongoing behavior problems, such as:
• Aggression toward people and animals.
• Destruction of property.
• Lying and dishonesty.
• Theft.
• Serious violation of rules.
Antisocial personality disorder is considered a lifelong condition. But in some people, certain symptoms ― particularly destructive and criminal behavior ― may decrease over time. It's not clear whether this decrease is a result of the effect aging has on their mind and body, an increased awareness of the impact that antisocial behavior has had on their life, or other factors.
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What are the causes of Antisocial personality disorder?
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Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes everyone unique. It's the way people view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how they see themselves. Personality forms during childhood. It's likely shaped by inherited genes as well as life situations and experiences.
The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn't known, but:
• Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder — and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development.
• Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.
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What are the risk factors of Antisocial personality disorder?
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Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, such as:
• Diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder.
• Family history of antisocial personality disorder or other personality disorders or mental health conditions.
• Experiencing abuse or neglect during childhood.
• Unstable or violent family life during childhood.
Men are at greater risk of having antisocial personality disorder than women are.
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What are the complications of Antisocial personality disorder?
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Complications and problems resulting from antisocial personality disorder may include:
• Spouse abuse or child abuse or neglect.
• Problems with alcohol or drugs.
• Being in jail or prison.
• Attempting suicide or trying to kill someone else.
• Having other mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety.
• Financial, educational or social problems.
• Dying early, usually because of violence.
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What is the prevention of Antisocial personality disorder?
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There's no sure way to prevent antisocial personality disorder from developing in those at risk. Because antisocial behavior is thought to have its roots in childhood, parents, teachers and pediatricians may be able to see early warning signs. It may help to try to identify those most at risk, such as children who show signs of conduct disorder, and then offer early intervention.
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What are the Overview of Anxiety disorders?
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Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, people with anxiety disorders frequently have intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks).
These feelings of anxiety and panic interfere with daily activities, are difficult to control, are out of proportion to the actual danger and can last a long time. You may avoid places or situations to prevent these feelings. Symptoms may start during childhood or the teen years and continue into adulthood.
Examples of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder. You can have more than one anxiety disorder. Sometimes anxiety results from a medical condition that needs treatment.
Whatever form of anxiety you have, treatment can help.
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What are the symptoms of Anxiety disorders?
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Common anxiety signs and symptoms include:
• Feeling nervous, restless or tense
• Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom
• Having an increased heart rate
• Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
• Sweating
• Trembling
• Feeling weak or tired
• Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present worry
• Having trouble sleeping
• Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems
• Having difficulty controlling worry
• Having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety
Several types of anxiety disorders exist:
• Agoraphobia(ag-uh-ruh-FOE-be-uh) is a type of anxiety disorder in which you fear and often avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.
• Anxiety disorder due to a medical conditionincludes symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are directly caused by a physical health problem.
• Generalized anxiety disorderincludes persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about activities or events — even ordinary, routine issues. The worry is out of proportion to the actual circumstance, is difficult to control and affects how you feel physically. It often occurs along with other anxiety disorders or depression.
• Panic disorderinvolves repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). You may have feelings of impending doom, shortness of breath, chest pain, or a rapid, fluttering or pounding heart (heart palpitations). These panic attacks may lead to worrying about them happening again or avoiding situations in which they've occurred.
• Selective mutismis a consistent failure of children to speak in certain situations, such as school, even when they can speak in other situations, such as at home with close family members. This can interfere with school, work and social functioning.
• Separation anxiety disorderis a childhood disorder characterized by anxiety that's excessive for the child's developmental level and related to separation from parents or others who have parental roles.
• Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)involves high levels of anxiety, fear and avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
• Specific phobiasare characterized by major anxiety when you're exposed to a specific object or situation and a desire to avoid it. Phobias provoke panic attacks in some people.
• Substance-induced anxiety disorderis characterized by symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are a direct result of misusing drugs, taking medications, being exposed to a toxic substance or withdrawal from drugs.
• Other specified anxiety disorder and unspecified anxiety disorderare terms for anxiety or phobias that don't meet the exact criteria for any other anxiety disorders but are significant enough to be distressing and disruptive.
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What are the causes of Anxiety disorders?
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The causes of anxiety disorders aren't fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor.
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What are the risk factors of Anxiety disorders?
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These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder:
• Trauma.Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event also can develop anxiety disorders.
• Stress due to an illness.Having a health condition or serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.
• Stress buildup.A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety — for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances.
• Personality.People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are.
• Other mental health disorders.People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often also have an anxiety disorder.
• Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder.Anxiety disorders can run in families.
• Drugs or alcohol.Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.
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What are the complications of Anxiety disorders?
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Having an anxiety disorder does more than make you worry. It can also lead to, or worsen, other mental and physical conditions, such as:
• Depression (which often occurs with an anxiety disorder) or other mental health disorders
• Substance misuse
• Trouble sleeping (insomnia)
• Digestive or bowel problems
• Headaches and chronic pain
• Social isolation
• Problems functioning at school or work
• Poor quality of life
• Suicide
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What is the prevention of Anxiety disorders?
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There's no way to predict for certain what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:
• Get help early.Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.
• Stay active.Participate in activities that you enjoy and that make you feel good about yourself. Enjoy social interaction and caring relationships, which can lessen your worries.
• Avoid alcohol or drug use.Alcohol and drug use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your doctor or find a support group to help you.
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What are the Overview of Aortic aneurysm?
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An aortic aneurysm is a bulge that occurs in the wall of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The aorta carries blood from the heart to the body. Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere in the aorta. They may be tube shaped or round.
Aortic aneurysms include:
• Abdominal aortic aneurysm.This type occurs along the part of the aorta that passes through the belly area.
• Thoracic aortic aneurysm.This type occurs along the part of the aorta that passes through the chest cavity.
Some people may have both types of aortic aneurysms.
An aortic aneurysm increases the risk of a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called anaortic dissection.
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What are the Clinical trials of Aortic aneurysm?
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Explore Mayo Clinic studiestesting new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.
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What are the symptoms of Aortic valve disease?
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Some people with aortic valve disease may not notice symptoms for many years. Symptoms of aortic valve disease may include:
• Chest pain or tightness.
• Dizziness.
• Fainting.
• Fatigue after activity or having less ability to be active.
• Irregular heartbeat.
• Shortness of breath, particularly during vigorous activity or when lying down.
• Not eating enough. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis.
• Not gaining enough weight. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis.
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What are the causes of Aortic valve disease?
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Aortic valve disease may be caused by a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Other causes of aortic valve disease later in life include:
• Age-related changes to the heart.
• Infections.
• High blood pressure.
• Injury to the heart.
To better understand the causes of aortic valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart valves typically work.
The heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct direction. These valves are:
• Aortic valve.
• Mitral valve.
• Tricuspid valve.
• Pulmonary valve.
Each valve has flaps, also called cusps or leaflets, that open and close once during each heartbeat.
In aortic valve disease, the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery doesn't work properly. The lower left heart chamber is called the left ventricle. The body's main artery is called the aorta.
The valve may become thick and stiff or the valve may not close properly.
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What are the complications of Aortic valve disease?
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Potential complications of aortic valve disease may include:
• Blood clots.
• Stroke.
• Heart failure.
• Heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias.
• Death due to sudden cardiac arrest.
Proper diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications.
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What are the Overview of Aortic valve regurgitation?
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Aortic valve regurgitation — also called aortic regurgitation — is a type of heart valve disease. The valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery doesn't close tightly. As a result, some of the blood pumped out of the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, leaks backward.
The leakage may prevent the heart from doing a good enough job of pumping blood to the rest of the body. You may feel tired and short of breath.
Aortic valve regurgitation can develop suddenly or over many years. Once the condition becomes severe, surgery often is needed to repair or replace the valve.
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What are the symptoms of Aortic valve regurgitation?
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Most often, aortic valve regurgitation develops over time. You may have no symptoms for years. You might not realize that you have the condition. But sometimes, aortic valve regurgitation occurs suddenly. Usually, this is due to an infection of the valve.
As aortic valve regurgitation becomes worse, symptoms may include:
• Shortness of breath with exercise or when lying down.
• Tiredness and weakness, especially when being more active than usual.
• Irregular heartbeat.
• Lightheadedness or fainting.
• Pain, discomfort or tightness in the chest, which often gets worse during exercise.
• Sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
• Swollen ankles and feet.
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What are the risk factors of Aortic valve regurgitation?
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Things that raise the risk of aortic valve regurgitation include:
• Older age.
• Heart problems present at birth, also called congenital heart defects.
• History of infections that can affect the heart.
• Certain conditions passed down through families that can affect the heart, such as Marfan syndrome.
• Other types of heart valve disease, such as aortic valve stenosis.
• High blood pressure.
The condition also can happen without any known risk factors.
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What are the complications of Aortic valve regurgitation?
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Complications of aortic valve regurgitation can include:
• Fainting or feeling lightheaded.
• Heart failure.
• Certain heart infections such as endocarditis.
• Heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias.
• Death.
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What is the prevention of Aortic valve regurgitation?
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If you have any type of heart disease, get regular health checkups.
If you have a parent, child or sibling with a bicuspid aortic valve, you should have an imaging test called an echocardiogram. This can check for aortic valve regurgitation. Early diagnosis of heart valve disease, such as aortic valve regurgitation, is important. Doing so may make the condition easier to treat.
Also, take steps to prevent conditions that can raise the risk of aortic valve regurgitation. For example:
• Get a health checkup if you have a severe sore throat.Untreated strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever. Strep throat is treated with medicines that fight bacteria, called antibiotics.
• Check your blood pressure regularly.Have your blood pressure checked at least every two years starting at age 18. Some people need more-frequent checks.
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What are the Overview of Aortic valve stenosis?
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Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. The aortic valve is between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery, called the aorta. In aortic valve stenosis, the valve is narrowed and doesn't open fully. This reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the aorta and to the rest of the body.
Treatment of aortic stenosis depends on how severe the condition is. Treatment may include surgery to fix or replace the valve. Without treatment, severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to life-threatening complications.
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What are the symptoms of Aortic valve stenosis?
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Aortic valve stenosis ranges from mild to severe. Symptoms generally happen when the valve is very narrowed. Some people with aortic valve stenosis may not have symptoms for many years.
Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include:
• Chest pain or tightness with activity.
• Feeling faint or dizzy or fainting with activity.
• Shortness of breath, especially with activity.
• Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity.
• Rapid, fluttering heartbeat.
Children with aortic valve stenosis may have other symptoms such as:
• Not eating enough.
• Not gaining enough weight.
Aortic valve stenosis may lead to heart failure. Heart failure symptoms include extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, and swollen ankles and feet.
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What are the causes of Aortic valve stenosis?
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To understand the causes of aortic valve stenosis, it may help to know how the heart and heart valves typically work.
The heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct way:
• Aortic valve.
• Mitral valve.
• Tricuspid valve.
• Pulmonary valve.
Each valve has flaps, also called cusps, that open and close once during each heartbeat. Sometimes, the valves don't open or close properly. If a valve doesn't fully open or close, blood flow is reduced or blocked.
In aortic valve stenosis, the valve between the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle, and the body's main artery, called the aorta, is narrowed and doesn't open completely. This narrowing is called stenosis.
When the aortic valve opening is narrowed, the heart must work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra work can cause the lower left heart chamber to get thick. Eventually the heart may become weak.
Aortic valve stenosis causes include:
• Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it's called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.
• Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification.Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that's related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn't cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people — particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth — calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age.
• Rheumatic fever.This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.
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What are the risk factors of Aortic valve stenosis?
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Risk factors of aortic valve stenosis include:
• Older age.
• Some heart conditions present at birth, called congenital heart defects. An example is a bicuspid aortic valve.
• Long-term kidney disease.
• Heart disease risk factors, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
• Infections that can affect the heart, such as rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis.
• Radiation therapy to the chest.
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What are the complications of Aortic valve stenosis?
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Possible complications of aortic valve stenosis are:
• Heart failure.
• Stroke.
• Blood clots.
• Bleeding.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Infections that affect the heart, such as endocarditis.
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What is the prevention of Aortic valve stenosis?
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Some possible ways to prevent aortic valve stenosis are:
• Get a health checkup when you have a sore throat.Strep throat that is not treated can lead to rheumatic fever, which can damage heart valves. Strep throat can usually be easily treated with antibiotics. Rheumatic fever is more common in children and young adults.
• Keep the heart healthy.Talk about your risk factors for heart disease with your healthcare team. Ask how to prevent and manage them. Risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity and high cholesterol may be linked to aortic valve stenosis.
• Take care of the teeth and gums.There may be a link between infected gums, called gingivitis, and a heart infection known as endocarditis. Endocarditis is a risk factor for aortic valve stenosis.
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What are the Overview of Appendicitis?
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Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch that sticks out from the colon on the lower right side of the belly, also called the abdomen.
Appendicitis causes pain in the lower right part of the belly. However, in most people, pain begins around the belly button and then moves. As inflammation worsens, appendicitis pain typically increases and eventually becomes serious.
Although anyone can develop appendicitis, most often it happens in people between the ages of 10 and 30. Treatment of appendicitis is usually antibiotics and, in most instances, surgery to remove the appendix.
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What are the symptoms of Appendicitis?
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Symptoms of appendicitis may include:
• Sudden pain that begins on the right side of the lower belly.
• Sudden pain that begins around the belly button and often shifts to the lower right belly.
• Pain that worsens with coughing, walking or making other jarring movements.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Low-grade fever that may rise as the illness worsens.
• Constipation or diarrhea.
• Belly bloating.
• Gas.
The site of the pain may vary, depending on age and the position of the appendix. In pregnancy, the pain may seem to come from the upper belly because the appendix is higher during pregnancy.
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What are the causes of Appendicitis?
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A blockage in the lining of the appendix, called the lumen, is the likely cause of appendicitis. This blockage can cause an infection. The bacteria then multiply quickly, causing the appendix to become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus. If not treated right away, the appendix may burst or break open.
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What are the risk factors of Appendicitis?
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Risk factors for appendicitis include:
• Age. Anyone can develop appendicitis, but it most often happens in people between the ages of 10 and 30.
• Your sex. Men have a slightly higher risk of appendicitis than do women.
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What are the complications of Appendicitis?
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Appendicitis may cause serious complications, such as:
• A burst appendix.A burst appendix, also called ruptured appendix, spreads infection throughout the abdomen, a condition called peritonitis. Possibly life-threatening, this condition requires immediate surgery to remove the appendix and clean the abdominal cavity.
• A pocket of pus that forms in the abdomen.If the appendix bursts, a pocket of infection may develop. This is called an abscess. In most cases, a surgeon drains the abscess by placing a tube through the abdominal wall into the abscess. The tube is left in place for about two weeks, and antibiotics are prescribed to clear the infection.Once the infection is clear, the appendix can be removed surgically. In some people, the abscess is drained, and the appendix is removed immediately.
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What are the Overview of ARDS?
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body's organs don't get the oxygen they need to work properly.
ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath — the main symptom of ARDS — within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS.
Many people who get ARDS don't survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.
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What are the symptoms of ARDS?
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The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what's causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include:
• Severe shortness of breath.
• Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual.
• Cough.
• Chest discomfort.
• Fast heart rate.
• Confusion and extreme tiredness.
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What are the causes of ARDS?
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Causes of ARDS include:
• Sepsis.The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream.
• Severe pneumonia.Severe cases of pneumonia usually affect all five lobes of the lungs.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).People who have severe COVID-19 may get ARDS. Because COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, it can cause lung injury and swelling that can lead to COVID-19-related ARDS.
• Head, chest or other major injury.Accidents, such as falls or car crashes, can damage the lungs or the portion of the brain that controls breathing.
• Breathing in harmful substances.Breathing in a lot of smoke or chemical fumes can lead to ARDS, as can breathing in vomit. Breathing in water in cases of near-drownings also can cause ARDS.
• Other conditions and treatments.Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis), massive blood transfusions and severe burns can lead to ARDS.
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What are the risk factors of ARDS?
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Most people who get ARDS already are in a hospital for another condition. Many are critically ill. People are especially at risk if they have an infection, such as sepsis or pneumonia. They're also at higher risk if they have COVID-19, especially if they also have metabolic syndrome.
People who have alcohol use disorder or who use recreational drugs or smoke ― lifestyle habits that can harm the lungs ― are at higher risk of getting ARDS. Having a history of alcohol, drug or tobacco use also raises the risk of ARDS.
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What are the complications of ARDS?
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ARDS can cause other medical problems while in the hospital, including:
• Blood clots.Lying still in the hospital while you're on a ventilator can make it more likely that you'll get blood clots, particularly in the deep veins in your legs. If a clot forms in your leg, a portion of it can break off and travel to one or both of your lungs, where it can block blood flow. This is called a pulmonary embolism.
• Collapsed lung, also called pneumothorax.In most people with ARDS, a breathing machine called a ventilator brings more oxygen into the body and forces fluid out of the lungs. But the pressure and air volume of the ventilator can force gas to go through a small hole in the very outside of a lung and cause that lung to collapse.
• Infections.A ventilator attaches to a tube inserted in your windpipe. This makes it much easier for germs to infect and injure your lungs.
• Scarred and damaged lungs, known as pulmonary fibrosis.Scarring and thickening of the tissue between the air sacs in the lungs can occur within a few weeks of the start of ARDS. This makes your lungs stiffer, and it's even harder for oxygen to flow from the air sacs into your bloodstream.
• Stress ulcers.Extra acid that your stomach makes because of serious illness or injury can irritate the stomach lining and lead to ulcers.
Thanks to better treatments, more people are surviving ARDS. But many survivors end up with potentially serious and sometimes lasting effects:
• Breathing problems.After having ARDS, many people get most of their lung function back within several months to several years, but others may have breathing problems for the rest of their lives. Even people who do well usually have shortness of breath and fatigue and may need extra oxygen at home for a few months.
• Depression.Most ARDS survivors also report going through a period of depression, which can be treated.
• Problems with memory and thinking clearly.Sedatives and low levels of oxygen in the blood can lead to memory loss and learning problems after ARDS. In some people, the effects may get better over time. But in others, the damage may last for the rest of their lives.
• Tiredness and muscle weakness.Being in the hospital and on a ventilator can cause your muscles to weaken. You also may feel very tired after treatment.
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What are the Overview of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes used to mean the same thing. But there's a difference between the two terms.
Arteriosclerosishappens when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become thick and stiff. These blood vessels are called arteries. Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic. But over time, the walls in the arteries can harden, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosisis a specific type of arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.
Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart condition, it can affect arteries anywhere in the body. Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis.
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What are the symptoms of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause symptoms.
Atherosclerosis symptoms usually don't happen until an artery is so narrowed or clogged that it can't send enough blood to organs and tissues. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart. If this happens, it may cause a heart attack or stroke.
Symptoms of moderate to severe atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are affected. For example, if you have atherosclerosis:
• In your heart arteries,you may have chest pain or pressure, called angina.
• In the arteries leading to your brain,you may have sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, trouble speaking, slurred speech, sudden or temporary loss of vision in one eye, or drooping muscles in your face. These are symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Untreated, a TIA can lead to a stroke.
• In the arteries in your arms and legs,you may have leg pain when walking, called claudication. This is a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). You also might have lower blood pressure in the affected arm or leg.
• In the arteries leading to your kidneys,you may get high blood pressure or kidney failure.
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What are the causes of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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Atherosclerosis is a disease that slowly gets worse. It may begin as early as childhood. The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Artery damage may be caused by:
• High blood pressure.
• High cholesterol.
• High triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood.
• Smoking or other tobacco use.
• Diabetes.
• Insulin resistance.
• Obesity.
• Inflammation from an unknown cause or from diseases such as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease.
Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery.
Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.
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What are the risk factors of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you can't control include:
• Aging.
• A family history of early heart disease or stroke.
• Changes in genes that make atherosclerosis more likely.
• Having inflammatory conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you may be able to control include:
• An unhealthy diet.
• Diabetes.
• High blood pressure.
• High cholesterol.
• Lack of exercise.
• Obesity.
• Sleep apnea.
• Smoking and other tobacco use.
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What are the complications of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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The complications of atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are narrowed or blocked. For example:
• Coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the heart can lead to coronary artery disease. This may cause chest pain, a heart attack or heart failure.
• Carotid artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the brain. Complications include a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
• Peripheral artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries in the arms or legs. Complications include blocked or changed blood flow in the affected areas. Rarely, the lack of blood flow may cause tissue death, called gangrene.
• Aneurysms.Sometimes atherosclerosis can form a bulge in the wall of an artery. This is called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can occur anywhere in the body. Most people with aneurysms have no symptoms. If an aneurysm bursts, it can cause life-threatening bleeding inside the body.
• Chronic kidney disease.Atherosclerosis can cause the arteries leading to the kidneys to narrow. This prevents the kidneys from getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The kidneys need the blood flow to help remove fluids and waste products from the body.
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What is the prevention of Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis?
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The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy:
• Do not smoke or use tobacco.
• Eat nutritious foods.
• Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle.
• Keep a healthy weight.
• Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.
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What are the symptoms of Arteriovenous malformation?
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Symptoms of an arteriovenous malformation, also known as an AVM, can vary. Sometimes anAVMdoesn't cause symptoms. TheAVMcan be found while getting images for another health concern.
Often the first symptoms appear after bleeding occurs. Besides bleeding, symptoms can include:
• Trouble with thinking that gets worse over time.
• Headaches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Seizures.
• Loss of consciousness.
Other possible symptoms include:
• Weak muscles, such as weakness in the legs.
• Loss of movement and feeling in one part of the body, known as paralysis.
• Loss of coordination that can cause trouble with walking.
• Trouble doing tasks that require planning.
• Back pain.
• Dizziness.
• Vision problems. This may include losing part of the field of vision, trouble moving the eyes or swelling of part of the optic nerve.
• Trouble with speech or understanding language.
• Numbness, tingling or sudden pain.
• Memory loss or dementia.
• Seeing or hearing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations.
• Confusion.
Children and teens might have trouble with learning or behavior.
One type ofAVMcalled a vein of Galen malformation causes symptoms that appear at or shortly after birth. A vein of Galen malformation occurs deep inside the brain. Signs can include:
• A buildup of fluid in the brain that causes the head to be larger than usual.
• Swollen veins on the scalp.
• Seizures.
• Failure to thrive.
• Congestive heart failure.
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What are the risk factors of Arteriovenous malformation?
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Rarely, having a family history of an arteriovenous malformation can increase your risk. But most types aren't inherited.
Certain hereditary conditions can increase your risk of an arteriovenous malformation. These include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome.
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What are the complications of Arteriovenous malformation?
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The most common complications of an arteriovenous malformation are bleeding and seizures. Bleeding can cause brain damage and may cause death if you don't get treated.
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What are the Overview of Arthritis?
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Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Osteoarthritis causes cartilage — the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint — to break down. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints.
Uric acid crystals, which form when there's too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis.
Treatments vary depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Arthritis?
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The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis involve the joints. Depending on the type of arthritis, signs and symptoms may include:
• Pain
• Stiffness
• Swelling
• Redness
• Decreased range of motion
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What are the causes of Arthritis?
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The two main types of arthritis — osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis — damage joints in different ways.
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What are the risk factors of Arthritis?
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Risk factors for arthritis include:
• Family history.Some types of arthritis run in families, so you may be more likely to develop arthritis if your parents or siblings have the disorder.
• Age.The risk of many types of arthritis — including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout — increases with age.
• Your sex.Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while most of the people who have gout, another type of arthritis, are men.
• Previous joint injury.People who have injured a joint, perhaps while playing a sport, are more likely to eventually develop arthritis in that joint.
• Obesity.Carrying excess pounds puts stress on joints, particularly your knees, hips and spine. People with obesity have a higher risk of developing arthritis.
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What are the complications of Arthritis?
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Severe arthritis, particularly if it affects your hands or arms, can make it difficult for you to do daily tasks. Arthritis of weight-bearing joints can keep you from walking comfortably or sitting up straight. In some cases, joints may gradually lose their alignment and shape.
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What are the Overview of Asthma?
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Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath.
For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack.
Asthma can't be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it's important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust your treatment as needed.
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What are the symptoms of Asthma?
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Asthma symptoms vary from person to person. You may have infrequent asthma attacks, have symptoms only at certain times — such as when exercising — or have symptoms all the time.
Asthma signs and symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or pain
• Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children
• Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
• Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu
Signs that your asthma is probably worsening include:
• Asthma signs and symptoms that are more frequent and bothersome
• Increasing difficulty breathing, as measured with a device used to check how well your lungs are working (peak flow meter)
• The need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often
For some people, asthma signs and symptoms flare up in certain situations:
• Exercise-induced asthma,which may be worse when the air is cold and dry
• Occupational asthma,triggered by workplace irritants such as chemical fumes, gases or dust
• Allergy-induced asthma,triggered by airborne substances, such as pollen, mold spores, cockroach waste, or particles of skin and dried saliva shed by pets (pet dander)
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What are the causes of Asthma?
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It isn't clear why some people get asthma and others don't, but it's probably due to a combination of environmental and inherited (genetic) factors.
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What are the risk factors of Asthma?
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A number of factors are thought to increase your chances of developing asthma. They include:
• Having a blood relative with asthma, such as a parent or sibling
• Having another allergic condition, such as atopic dermatitis — which causes red, itchy skin — or hay fever — which causes a runny nose, congestion and itchy eyes
• Being overweight
• Being a smoker
• Exposure to secondhand smoke
• Exposure to exhaust fumes or other types of pollution
• Exposure to occupational triggers, such as chemicals used in farming, hairdressing and manufacturing
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What are the complications of Asthma?
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Asthma complications include:
• Signs and symptoms that interfere with sleep, work and other activities
• Sick days from work or school during asthma flare-ups
• A permanent narrowing of the tubes that carry air to and from your lungs (bronchial tubes), which affects how well you can breathe
• Emergency room visits and hospitalizations for severe asthma attacks
• Side effects from long-term use of some medications used to stabilize severe asthma
Proper treatment makes a big difference in preventing both short-term and long-term complications caused by asthma.
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What is the prevention of Asthma?
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While there's no way to prevent asthma, you and your doctor can design a step-by-step plan for living with your condition and preventing asthma attacks.
• Follow your asthma action plan.With your doctor and health care team, write a detailed plan for taking medications and managing an asthma attack. Then be sure to follow your plan.Asthma is an ongoing condition that needs regular monitoring and treatment. Taking control of your treatment can make you feel more in control of your life.
• Get vaccinated for influenza and pneumonia.Staying current with vaccinations can prevent flu and pneumonia from triggering asthma flare-ups.
• Identify and avoid asthma triggers.A number of outdoor allergens and irritants — ranging from pollen and mold to cold air and air pollution — can trigger asthma attacks. Find out what causes or worsens your asthma, and take steps to avoid those triggers.
• Monitor your breathing.You may learn to recognize warning signs of an impending attack, such as slight coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath.But because your lung function may decrease before you notice any signs or symptoms, regularly measure and record your peak airflow with a home peak flow meter. A peak flow meter measures how hard you can breathe out. Your doctor can show you how to monitor your peak flow at home.
• Identify and treat attacks early.If you act quickly, you're less likely to have a severe attack. You also won't need as much medication to control your symptoms.When your peak flow measurements decrease and alert you to an oncoming attack, take your medication as instructed. Also, immediately stop any activity that may have triggered the attack. If your symptoms don't improve, get medical help as directed in your action plan.
• Take your medication as prescribed.Don't change your medications without first talking to your doctor, even if your asthma seems to be improving. It's a good idea to bring your medications with you to each doctor visit. Your doctor can make sure you're using your medications correctly and taking the right dose.
• Pay attention to increasing quick-relief inhaler use.If you find yourself relying on your quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol, your asthma isn't under control. See your doctor about adjusting your treatment.
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What are the Overview of Asthma attack?
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An asthma attack is a sudden worsening of asthma symptoms. Asthma is a long-term condition that makes breathing difficult because airways in the lungs become narrow. Symptoms of asthma attack include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and difficulty getting enough air.
These symptoms happen because muscles around airways tighten up, the airways become irritated and swollen, and the lining of the airways produces a fluid called mucus. All of these factors make it difficult to breathe.
People who already have a diagnosis of asthma usually have an asthma action plan. This tells them what medicines to take if they have an asthma attack and when to get emergency care. People who do not have a diagnosis or don't have a treatment plan should get emergency care if they have these symptoms.
Frequent asthma attacks show that a person's asthma is not under control. A healthcare professional might make changes in medicines and the asthma action plan to improve control.
An asthma attack also is called an asthma exacerbation or asthma flare-up.
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What are the symptoms of Asthma attack?
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Symptoms of asthma attacks may include:
• Shortness of breath.
• Chest tightness or pain.
• Coughing.
• Wheezing.
Severe symptoms also may include:
• Gasping for breath.
• Difficulty speaking because of shortness of breath.
• Straining of chest muscles to breathe.
• Worse symptoms when lying on the back.
• Severe sweating.
The result of an at-home test, called a peak flow meter, can be an important sign of an asthma attack. This device measures how quickly you can force air out of your lungs. Peak flow readings are usually a percentage of how your lungs work at their best. This is called your personal best peak flow.
An asthma action plan often includes steps to take based on a peak flow reading. A reading below 80% of a best peak flow can be a sign of an asthma attack.
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What are the causes of Asthma attack?
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Asthma is usually a lifelong disease of inflammation in the lungs caused by an overactive immune system. Inflammation in the lungs includes the tightening of muscles around airways, swelling of tissues in the airways and the release of mucus that can block airways. When this happens, it's difficult to breathe.
Asthma attacks occur when something triggers the immune system to take action. Triggers may include:
• Allergic reaction to pollen, pets, mold, cockroaches and dust mites.
• Colds, the flu or other illnesses affecting the nose, mouth and throat.
• Tobacco smoke.
• Cold, dry air.
• Exercise.
• A condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that results in stomach acids entering the tube between the mouth and stomach.
• Pollution or irritating chemicals in the air.
• Pain relievers, such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and some other medicines.
• Depression or anxiety.
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What are the risk factors of Asthma attack?
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Anyone who has asthma is at risk of an asthma attack. Factors that can increase the risk include:
• Poorly controlled allergies.
• Exposure to triggers in the environment.
• Not taking daily asthma medicines.
• Incorrect use of inhaler.
• Long-lasting depression or anxiety.
• Other long-term illnesses, such as heart disease or diabetes.
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What are the complications of Asthma attack?
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Asthma attacks affect both a person's health and quality of life. Problems may include:
• Missed days of school or work.
• Frequent emergency or urgent care visits.
• Interrupted sleep.
• Limits on regular exercise or recreational activities.
Severe asthma attacks can cause death. Life-threatening asthma attacks are more likely for people who frequently use quick-relief medicines, have had emergency room visits or hospital stays to treat asthma, or have other long-term illnesses.
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What is the prevention of Asthma attack?
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An important step to prevent an allergy attack is to follow your asthma action plan:
• Take your long-term asthma control medicine every day.
• Take peak flow readings as directed.
• Take your quick-relief medicine before exercise as directed.
• Use quick-relief medicine as stated in your plan.
• Keep track of how often you use quick-relief medicine.
Your input on how well the plan is working helps your healthcare professional adjust the treatment to prevent asthma attacks.
Other steps to prevent asthma attacks include the following:
• Avoid triggers as much as possible.
• Stay indoors when there are poor air quality warnings.
• Get tested for possible allergies and take allergy medicines as directed.
• Wash your hands frequently to lower the risk of getting a cold or the flu.
• Keep current on vaccinations, including annual flu and COVID-19 shots, and others recommended by your healthcare professional.
• Get treatment for depression, anxiety or related conditions.
• If you smoke, quit.
• Wear a mask while cleaning.
• Cover your mouth with a scarf or mask on cold days.
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What are the symptoms of Astrocytoma?
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Astrocytoma signs and symptoms may vary based on where the tumor starts. This tumor can happen in the brain or in the spinal cord.
Symptoms of astrocytomas in the brain include:
• Seizures, which might cause loss of consciousness or changes in behavior, such as staring off into space.
• Headaches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Personality changes.
• Problems speaking.
• Feeling very tired or weak.
Symptoms of astrocytomas in the spinal cord include:
• Pain in the affected area.
• Pain that worsens at night.
• Weakness in the arms or legs that gets worse over time.
• Trouble walking.
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What are the risk factors of Astrocytoma?
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Risk factors for astrocytoma include:
• History of radiation therapy.If you had radiation treatments for another cancer type, especially radiation near your head or neck, you may be more at risk.
• Middle age.Astrocytoma can happen at any age. It's most common in adults between ages 30 and 55.
• Hereditary syndromes.People with some disorders that run in families may be more likely to have astrocytoma. Examples include neurofibromatosis type 1, Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
There is no way to prevent astrocytoma.
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What are the symptoms of Ataxia?
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Ataxia symptoms can develop over time or start suddenly. Ataxia can be a symptom of several nervous system conditions. Symptoms may include:
• Poor coordination.
• Walking unsteadily or with the feet set wide apart.
• Poor balance.
• Trouble with fine motor tasks such as eating, writing or buttoning a shirt.
• Changes in speech.
• Back-and-forth eye movements that can't be controlled.
• Trouble swallowing.
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What are the risk factors of Ataxia?
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There are several risk factors for ataxia. People who have a family history of ataxia are at a higher risk of having ataxia themselves.
Other risk factors include:
• Drinking too much alcohol over a long period.
• Having hypothyroidism or hypoparathyroidism.
• Having multiple sclerosis.
• Having an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten, known as celiac disease.
• Having a disease that causes inflammatory cells to build up in parts of the body, known as sarcoidosis.
• Having a degenerative disease called multiple system atrophy.
• Having a paraneoplastic syndrome triggered by cancer.
• Taking medicines that increase the risk of ataxia, such as anti-seizure medicines and sedatives.
• Being exposed to heavy metals, such as lead or mercury, or solvents, such as from paint thinner.
• Not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Getting too much vitamin B-6 also is a risk factor.
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What are the Overview of Atelectasis?
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Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung, also known as a lobe. It happens when tiny air sacs within the lung, called alveoli, lose air.
Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. It's also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object.
This condition can make breathing hard, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on what's causing the collapse and how severe it is.
The definition of atelectasis is broader than pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks). Pneumothorax is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing part or all of a lung to collapse. Pneumothorax is one of several causes of atelectasis.
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What are the symptoms of Atelectasis?
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There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include:
• Having a hard time breathing.
• Rapid, weak breathing.
• Wheezing.
• Coughing.
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What are the causes of Atelectasis?
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A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis.
General anesthesia — which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery — is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.
When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to:
• Mucus plug.A mucus plug is a buildup of sputum or phlegm in your airways. It commonly occurs during and after surgery because you can't cough. Drugs given during surgery make you breathe less deeply. So mucus that usually would move out of your lungs may build up in your airways. Suctioning the lungs during surgery helps clear them. But sometimes mucus still builds up. Mucus plugs also are common in children, people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks.
• Foreign body.Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object into their lungs, such as a peanut or part of a small toy.
• Tumor inside the airway.A growth, which may or may not be cancer, can narrow or block the airway.
Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:
• Injury.Chest trauma, such as from a fall or car accident, can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths due to pain. This can lead to the squeezing of your lungs.
• Pleural effusion.This condition involves the buildup of fluid in the space between the lining of your lungs and the inside of your chest wall.
• Pneumonia.Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis.
• Pneumothorax.This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse.
• Scarring of lung tissue.Injury, lung disease or surgery could cause scarring.
• Tumor.A large tumor can press against the lung and force air out of it.
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What are the risk factors of Atelectasis?
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Factors that make you more likely to get atelectasis include:
• Any condition that makes it hard to swallow.
• Needing to stay in bed over a long time and not having enough changes of position.
• Lung disease, such as asthma, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis.
• Recent surgery in the stomach area or chest.
• Recent general anesthesia.
• Weak breathing muscles due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition.
• Medicines that may cause weak breathing.
• Pain or injury that may make it painful to cough or cause weak breathing, including stomach pain or a broken rib.
• Smoking.
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What are the complications of Atelectasis?
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A small area of atelectasis, especially in adults, usually can be treated. These complications may come from atelectasis:
• Low blood oxygen (hypoxemia).Atelectasis makes it harder for your lungs to get oxygen to the air sacs.
• Pneumonia.Your risk of pneumonia continues until the atelectasis goes away. Mucus in a collapsed lung may lead to infection.
• Respiratory failure.Loss of a lobe or a whole lung, especially in an infant or someone with lung disease, can be life-threatening.
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What is the prevention of Atelectasis?
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Atelectasis in children is often caused by a blockage in the airway. To lower the risk of atelectasis, keep small objects out of the reach of children.
In adults, atelectasis most commonly occurs after major surgery. If you're scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.
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What are the Overview of Athlete's foot?
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Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes.
Signs and symptoms of athlete's foot include an itchy, scaly rash. The condition is contagious and can be spread via contaminated floors, towels or clothing.
Athlete's foot is closely related to other fungal infections such as ringworm and jock itch. It can be treated with antifungal medications, but the infection often comes back.
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What are the symptoms of Athlete's foot?
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Athlete's foot can affect one or both feet. Common signs and symptoms are:
• Scaly, peeling or cracked skin between the toes
• Itchiness, especially right after taking off shoes and socks
• Inflamed skin that might appear reddish, purplish or grayish, depending on your skin color
• Burning or stinging
• Blisters
• Dry, scaly skin on the bottom of the foot that extends up the side
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What are the causes of Athlete's foot?
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Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth.
Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes. You can also spread it from the foot to other parts of the body, especially if you scratch or pick the infected parts of your foot.
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What are the risk factors of Athlete's foot?
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You are at higher risk of athlete's foot if you:
• Frequently wear enclosed footwear
• Sweat heavily
• Share mats, rugs, bed linens, clothes or shoes with someone who has a fungal infection
• Walk barefoot in public areas where the infection can spread, such as locker rooms, saunas, swimming pools, communal baths and showers
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