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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the complications of Brain aneurysm?
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When a brain aneurysm ruptures, the bleeding usually lasts only a few seconds. However, the blood can cause direct damage to surrounding cells and can kill brain cells. It also increases pressure inside the skull.
If the pressure becomes too high, it may disrupt the blood and oxygen supply to the brain. Loss of consciousness or even death may occur.
Complications that can develop after the rupture of an aneurysm include:
• Re-bleeding.An aneurysm that has ruptured or has leaked is at risk of bleeding again. Re-bleeding can cause further damage to brain cells.
• Narrowed blood vessels in the brain.After a brain aneurysm ruptures, blood vessels in the brain may contract and narrow. This is known as vasospasm. Vasospasm can cause an ischemic stroke, in which there's limited blood flow to brain cells. This may cause more cell damage and loss.
• A buildup of fluid within the brain, known as hydrocephalus.Most often, a ruptured brain aneurysm happens in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering the brain. The blood can block the movement of the spinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. As a result, a buildup of fluid puts pressure on the brain and can damage tissues.
• Change in sodium level.Bleeding in the brain can disrupt the balance of sodium in the blood. A drop in blood sodium levels can lead to swelling of brain cells and permanent damage.
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What is the prevention of Brain aneurysm?
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In many cases, brain aneurysms can't be prevented. But there are some changes you can make to lower your risk. They include quitting smoking if you smoke. Also work with your healthcare professional to lower your blood pressure if it's high. Don't drink large amounts of alcohol or use drugs such as cocaine.
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What are the Overview of Broken arm?
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A broken arm involves one or more of the three bones in your arm — the ulna, radius and humerus. One of the most common causes of a broken arm is falling onto an outstretched hand. If you think you or your child has broken an arm, seek prompt medical attention. It's important to treat a fracture as soon as possible for proper healing.
Treatment depends on the site and severity of the injury. A simple break might be treated with a sling, ice and rest. However, the bone may require realignment (reduction) in the emergency room.
A more complicated break might require surgery to realign the broken bone and to implant wires, plates, nails or screws to keep the bone in place during healing.
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What are the symptoms of Broken arm?
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A snap or cracking sound might be your first indication you've broken an arm. Signs and symptoms include:
• Severe pain, which might increase with movement
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Deformity, such as a bent arm or wrist
• Inability to turn your arm from palm up to palm down or vice versa
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What are the causes of Broken arm?
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Common causes for a broken arm include:
• Falls.Falling onto an outstretched hand or elbow is the most common cause of a broken arm.
• Sports injuries.Direct blows and injuries on the field or court cause all types of arm fractures.
• Significant trauma.Any of your arm bones can break during a car accident, bike accident or other direct trauma.
• Child abuse.In children, a broken arm might be the result of child abuse.
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What are the risk factors of Broken arm?
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Certain medical conditions or physical activities can increase the risk of a broken arm.
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What are the complications of Broken arm?
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The prognosis for most arm fractures is very good if treated early. But complications can include:
• Uneven growth.Because a child's arm bones are still growing, a fracture in the area where growth occurs near each end of a long bone (growth plate) can interfere with that bone's growth.
• Osteoarthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis there years later.
• Stiffness.The immobilization required to heal a fracture in the upper arm bone can sometimes result in painfully limited range of motion of the elbow or shoulder.
• Bone infection.If a part of your broken bone protrudes through your skin, it can be exposed to germs that can cause infection. Prompt treatment of this type of fracture is critical.
• Nerve or blood vessel injury.If the upper arm bone (humerus) fractures into two or more pieces, the jagged ends can injure nearby nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate medical attention if you notice numbness or circulation problems.
• Compartment syndrome.Excessive swelling of the injured arm can cut off the blood supply to part of the arm, causing pain and numbness. Typically occurring 24 to 48 hours after the injury, compartment syndrome is a medical emergency that requires surgery.
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What is the prevention of Broken arm?
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Although it's impossible to prevent an accident, these tips might offer some protection against bone breakage.
• Eat for bone strength.Eat a healthy diet that includes calcium-rich foods, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, and vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium. You can get vitamin D from fatty fish, such as salmon; from fortified foods, such as milk and orange juice; and from sun exposure.
• Exercise for bone strength.Weight-bearing physical activity and exercises that improve balance and posture can strengthen bones and reduce the chance of a fracture. The more active and fit you are as you age, the less likely you are to fall and break a bone.
• Prevent falls.To prevent falling, wear sensible shoes. Remove home hazards that can cause you to trip, such as area rugs. Make sure your living space is well lit. Install grab bars in your bathroom and handrails on your stairways, if necessary.
• Use protective gear.Wear wrist guards for high-risk activities, such as in-line skating, snowboarding, rugby and football.
• Don't smoke.Smoking can increase your risk of a broken arm by reducing bone mass. It also hampers healing of fractures.
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What are the Overview of Broken heart syndrome?
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Broken heart syndrome is a heart condition that's often brought on by stressful situations and extreme emotions. The condition also can be triggered by a serious physical illness or surgery. Broken heart syndrome is usually temporary. But some people may continue to feel unwell after the heart is healed.
People with broken heart syndrome may have sudden chest pain or think they're having a heart attack. Broken heart syndrome affects just part of the heart. It briefly interrupts the way the heart pumps blood. The rest of the heart continues to work as usual. Sometimes the heart contracts more forcefully.
Medicines are used to treat symptoms of broken heart syndrome.
Broken heart syndrome also may be called:
• Stress cardiomyopathy.
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
• Recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
• Apical ballooning syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Broken heart syndrome?
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Symptoms of broken heart syndrome can mimic those of a heart attack. Symptoms may include:
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Broken heart syndrome?
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The exact cause of broken heart syndrome is unclear. It's thought that a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline, might damage the hearts of some people for a short time. How these hormones might hurt the heart or whether something else is the cause isn't completely clear.
A temporary squeezing of the large or small arteries of the heart may play a role in the development of broken heart syndrome. People who have broken heart syndrome also may have a change in the structure of the heart muscle.
An intense physical or emotional event often comes before broken heart syndrome. Anything that causes a strong emotional reaction may trigger the condition. Examples include:
• Sudden illness such as an asthma attack orCOVID-19.
• Major surgery.
• Sudden broken bone.
• Death of a loved one or other loss.
• Strong argument.
Rarely, use of certain medicines or illegal drugs may lead to broken heart syndrome. They include:
• Emergency medicines used to treat severe allergic reactions or severe asthma attacks.
• Some medicines used to treat anxiety.
• Medicines used to treat a stuffy nose.
• Illegal stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine and cocaine.
Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription. When starting a new medicine, talk to your care team about the potential risks and side effects.
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What are the risk factors of Broken heart syndrome?
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Risk factors for broken heart syndrome include:
• Sex.Broken heart syndrome is more common in women than in men.
• Age.Most people who have broken heart syndrome are older than 50.
• Mental health conditions.People who have had or have anxiety or depression may have a higher risk of broken heart syndrome.
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What are the complications of Broken heart syndrome?
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Most people who have broken heart syndrome quickly recover and usually don't have long-lasting effects. But sometimes the condition comes back. This is called recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Rarely, broken heart syndrome can cause death.
Complications of broken heart syndrome include:
• Backup of fluid into the lungs, called pulmonary edema.
• Low blood pressure.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Heart failure.
• Blood clots in the heart.
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What are the Overview of Canker sore?
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Canker sores, also called aphthous ulcers, are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues in your mouth or at the base of your gums. Unlike cold sores, canker sores don't occur on the surface of your lips and they aren't contagious. They can be painful, however, and can make eating and talking difficult.
Most canker sores go away on their own in a week or two. Check with your doctor or dentist if you have unusually large or painful canker sores or canker sores that don't seem to heal.
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What are the symptoms of Canker sore?
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Most canker sores are round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border. They form inside your mouth — on or under your tongue, inside your cheeks or lips, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. You might notice a tingling or burning sensation a day or two before the sores actually appear.
There are several types of canker sores, including minor, major and herpetiform sores.
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What are the causes of Canker sore?
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The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person.
Possible triggers for canker sores include:
• A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite
• Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate
• Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods
• A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron
• An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth
• Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers
• Hormonal shifts during menstruation
• Emotional stress
Canker sores may also occur because of certain conditions and diseases, such as:
• Celiac disease, a serious intestinal disorder caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in most grains
• Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• Behcet's disease, a rare disorder that causes inflammation throughout the body, including the mouth
• A faulty immune system that attacks healthy cells in your mouth instead of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria
• HIV/AIDS, which suppresses the immune system
Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not associated with herpes virus infections.
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What are the risk factors of Canker sore?
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Anyone can develop canker sores. But they occur more often in teens and young adults, and they're more common in females.
Often people with recurrent canker sores have a family history of the disorder. This may be due to heredity or to a shared factor in the environment, such as certain foods or allergens.
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What is the prevention of Canker sore?
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Canker sores often recur, but you may be able to reduce their frequency by following these tips:
• Watch what you eat.Try to avoid foods that seem to irritate your mouth. These may include nuts, chips, pretzels, certain spices, salty foods and acidic fruits, such as pineapple, grapefruit and oranges. Avoid any foods to which you're sensitive or allergic.
• Choose healthy foods.To help prevent nutritional deficiencies, eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Follow good oral hygiene habits.Regular brushing after meals and flossing once a day can keep your mouth clean and free of foods that might trigger a sore. Use a soft brush to help prevent irritation to delicate mouth tissues, and avoid toothpastes and mouth rinses that contain sodium lauryl sulfate.
• Protect your mouth.If you have braces or other dental appliances, ask your dentist about orthodontic waxes to cover sharp edges.
• Reduce your stress.If your canker sores seem to be related to stress, learn and use stress-reduction techniques, such as meditation and guided imagery.
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What are the Overview of Castleman disease?
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Castleman disease is a group of rare disorders that involves lymph nodes that get bigger, called enlarged lymph nodes, and a wide range of symptoms. The most common form of the disorder involves a single enlarged lymph node. This lymph node is usually in the chest or neck, but it can occur in other areas of the body as well. This form of the disorder is called unicentric Castleman disease (UCD).
Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) involves multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes, inflammatory symptoms and problems with organ function. There are three types of MCD:
• HHV-8-associated MCD.This type is linked to human herpes virus type 8, called HHV-8, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• Idiopathic MCD.The cause of this type is unknown. This also is called HHV-8-negative MCD.The most serious form of this type of MCD is known as iMCD-TAFRO. This condition gets its name from the symptoms it causes.
• POEMS-associated MCD.This type is linked to another condition called POEMS syndrome. POEMS syndrome is a rare blood disorder that damages nerves and affects other parts of the body.
Sometimes, people may have 2-3 enlarged lymph nodes and mild symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for MCD. These people may have another disease, or they may have the recently described subtype of Castleman disease called oligocentric Castleman disease. This subtype is rare.
Treatment and outlook vary depending on the type of Castleman disease you have. Unicentric Castleman disease, which is the type that involves only one enlarged lymph node, can usually be successfully treated with surgery.
The best treatment for oligocentric Castleman disease, which involves a few enlarged lymph nodes and has limited symptoms, is not known but is thought to be similar to the treatment for unicentric Castleman disease.
While not all people with MCD respond to the first treatment, there are medicines that work to treat HHV-8-associated MCD and idiopathic MCD.
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What are the symptoms of Castleman disease?
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Many people with unicentric Castleman disease don't notice any signs or symptoms. The enlarged lymph node may be found during a physical exam or an imaging test for a different problem.
Some people with unicentric Castleman disease might have signs and symptoms that are more often seen in multicentric Castleman disease. These may include:
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What are the causes of Castleman disease?
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It's not clear what causes unicentric Castleman disease or idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). However, HHV-8-positive MCD is known to occur in people who don't have typical function in their immune systems because of HIV or other causes.
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What are the risk factors of Castleman disease?
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Castleman disease can affect people of any age or gender. People usually are diagnosed with Castleman disease during midlife, but it can happen at any age, including during childhood.
There are no known risk factors for unicentric Castleman disease or idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Infection with HIV or having a condition that decreases how well the immune system works raises the risk of having HHV-8-positive multicentric Castleman disease.
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What are the complications of Castleman disease?
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People with unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) usually do well once the affected lymph node is removed, and life expectancy is usually not changed. But they are at increased risk of developing a rare autoimmune condition called paraneoplastic pemphigus. This condition can be life-threatening. Paraneoplastic pemphigus causes blisters in the mouth and on the skin that are often misdiagnosed. Though the risk of developing paraneoplastic pemphigus is low, being checked for this condition is important if you have UCD.
Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease can rapidly get worse to involve life-threatening problems with organ function. This requires critical care with a machine that helps with breathing, called a ventilator, and treatments that help with organs function, such as dialysis and transfusions.
HHV-8-positive multicentric Castleman disease may involve life-threatening infections and organ failure. People who also have HIV/AIDS generally have worse outcomes.
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What are the Overview of Chiari malformation?
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Chiari malformation (kee-AH-ree mal-for-MAY-shun) is a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It occurs when part of the skull is misshapen or smaller than is typical. The skull presses on the brain and forces it downward.
Chiari malformation is not common, but increased use of imaging tests has led to more diagnoses.
Health care professionals group Chiari malformation into three types. The type depends on the anatomy of the brain tissue that is pushed into the spinal canal. The type also depends on whether there are developmental changes of the brain or spine.
Chiari malformation type 1 develops as the skull and brain are growing. Symptoms may not occur until late childhood or adulthood. The pediatric forms of Chiari malformation are type 2 and type 3. These types are present at birth, which is known as congenital.
Treatment of Chiari malformation depends on the type and the symptoms. Regular monitoring, medicines and surgery are treatment options. Sometimes no treatment is needed.
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What are the symptoms of Chiari malformation?
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Many people with Chiari malformation have no symptoms and don't need treatment. They learn they have Chiari malformation only when tests are performed for unrelated conditions. But some types of Chiari malfunction can cause symptoms.
The more common types of Chiari malformation are:
• Type 1
• Type 2
These types are less serious than the rarer pediatric form, type 3. But symptoms still can disrupt life.
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What are the causes of Chiari malformation?
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Chiari malformation type 1 occurs when part of the skull is too small or is misshapen. This part of the skull contains the area of the brain called the cerebellum. The skull puts pressure on and crowds the brain. As a result, the lower part of the cerebellum known as the tonsils are pushed into the upper spinal canal.
Chiari malformation type 2 is nearly always associated with a form of spina bifida called myelomeningocele.
When the cerebellum is pushed into the upper spinal canal, it can interfere with the usual flow of cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid can build up in the brain or spinal cord. Or it can cause signals transmitted from the brain to the body to be blocked.
Also, the pressure from the cerebellum on the spinal cord or lower brainstem can cause symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Chiari malformation?
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There's evidence that Chiari malformation runs in some families. However, research into a possible hereditary component is still in its early phase.
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What are the complications of Chiari malformation?
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In some people, Chiari malformation may have no symptoms and they don't need treatment. In others, Chiari malformation gets worse over time and leads to serious complications. Complications may include:
• Hydrocephalus.Hydrocephalus occurs when too much fluid builds up in the brain. This can cause trouble with thinking. People with hydrocephalus may need a flexible tube called a shunt placed. The shunt diverts and drains excess cerebrospinal fluid to a different area of the body.
• Spina bifida.Spina bifida is a condition in which the spinal cord or its covering isn't fully developed. Part of the spinal cord is exposed, which can cause serious conditions such as paralysis. People with Chiari malformation type 2 usually have a form of spina bifida called myelomeningocele.
• Syringomyelia.Some people with Chiari malformation also develop a condition called syringomyelia. In people with this condition, a cavity or cyst called a syrinx forms within the spinal column. As the syrinx grows, it can press on the nerves and cause pain, weakness and stiffness.
• Tethered cord syndrome.In this condition, the spinal cord attaches to the spine and causes the spinal cord to stretch. This can cause serious nerve and muscle damage in the lower body.
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What are the Overview of Childhood schizophrenia?
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Childhood schizophrenia is an uncommon but severe mental disorder in which children and teenagers interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognitive), behavior or emotions. It may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs your child's ability to function.
Childhood schizophrenia is essentially the same as schizophrenia in adults, but it starts early in life — generally in the teenage years — and has a profound impact on a child's behavior and development. With childhood schizophrenia, the early age of onset presents special challenges for diagnosis, treatment, education, and emotional and social development.
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment. Identifying and starting treatment for childhood schizophrenia as early as possible may significantly improve your child's long-term outcome.
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What are the symptoms of Childhood schizophrenia?
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Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking, behavior or emotions. Signs and symptoms may vary, but usually involve delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function. The effect can be disabling.
In most people with schizophrenia, symptoms generally start in the mid- to late 20s, though it can start later, up to the mid-30s. Schizophrenia is considered early onset when it starts before the age of 18. Onset of schizophrenia in children younger than age 13 is extremely rare.
Symptoms can vary in type and severity over time, with periods of worsening and remission of symptoms. Some symptoms may always be present. Schizophrenia can be difficult to recognize in the early phases.
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What are the causes of Childhood schizophrenia?
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It's not known what causes childhood schizophrenia, but it's thought that it develops in the same way as adult schizophrenia does. Researchers believe that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment contributes to development of the disorder. It's not clear why schizophrenia starts so early in life for some and not for others.
Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they indicate that schizophrenia is a brain disease.
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What are the risk factors of Childhood schizophrenia?
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Although the precise cause of schizophrenia isn't known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia, including:
• Having a family history of schizophrenia
• Increased immune system activation, such as from inflammation
• Older age of the father
• Some pregnancy and birth complications, such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins or viruses that may impact brain development
• Taking mind-altering (psychoactive) drugs during teen years
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What are the complications of Childhood schizophrenia?
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Left untreated, childhood schizophrenia can result in severe emotional, behavioral and health problems. Complications associated with schizophrenia may occur in childhood or later, such as:
• Suicide, suicide attempts and thoughts of suicide
• Self-injury
• Anxiety disorders, panic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Depression
• Abuse of alcohol or other drugs, including nicotine
• Family conflicts
• Inability to live independently, attend school or work
• Social isolation
• Health and medical problems
• Being victimized
• Legal and financial problems, and homelessness
• Aggressive behavior, although uncommon
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What is the prevention of Childhood schizophrenia?
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Early identification and treatment may help get symptoms of childhood schizophrenia under control before serious complications develop. Early treatment is also crucial in helping limit psychotic episodes, which can be extremely frightening to a child and his or her parents. Ongoing treatment can help improve your child's long-term outlook.
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What are the Overview of Coarctation of the aorta?
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Aortic coarctation (ko-ahrk-TAY-shun) is a narrowing of a part of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The condition forces the heart to work harder to pump blood.
Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. But sometimes the condition can occur later in life.
Coarctation of the aorta often occurs along with other congenital heart defects. Treatment to fix the condition is usually successful. But regular health checkups are needed for life to watch for changes in the heart's health.
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What are the symptoms of Coarctation of the aorta?
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Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta depend on how much of the aorta is narrowed. Most people don't have symptoms.
Adults and older children with mild coarctation of the aorta may not have symptoms and their hearts may seem healthy.
If a baby is born with an extreme narrowing of the aorta, symptoms may be noticed shortly after birth. Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta in infants include:
• Difficulty breathing.
• Difficulty feeding.
• Heavy sweating.
• Irritability.
• Changes in skin color.
Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta later in life may include:
• Chest pain.
• High blood pressure.
• Headaches.
• Muscle weakness.
• Leg cramps.
• Cold feet.
• Nosebleeds.
Coarctation of the aorta often occurs with other heart conditions present at birth. Other symptoms depend on the specific types of congenital heart defects.
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What are the causes of Coarctation of the aorta?
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The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unclear. It's usually a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. A congenital heart defect happens as the baby is growing in the womb during pregnancy. The cause is often unknown.
Rarely, coarctation of the aorta can happen later in life. Conditions or events that can narrow the aorta and cause this condition include:
• Traumatic injury.
• An extreme buildup of cholesterols and fats in the arteries, called atherosclerosis.
• A rare type of swelling and irritation of blood vessels in the heart, called Takayasu arteritis.
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What are the complications of Coarctation of the aorta?
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Complications of coarctation of the aorta happen because the left lower heart chamber has to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed artery. This makes blood pressure go up in the lower left heart chamber. Also, the wall of the chamber can get thick. This condition is called ventricular hypertrophy.
Complications of coarctation of the aorta include:
• Long-term high blood pressure. Blood pressure usually drops after surgery to fix the aorta. But it may still be higher than usual.
• A weakened or bulging artery in the brain, also known as a brain aneurysm.
• Bleeding in the brain.
• A rupture or tear in the body's main artery, called an aortic dissection.
• A bulge in the wall of the body's main artery, called an aortic aneurysm.
• Coronary artery disease.
• Stroke.
Prompt treatment is needed to help prevent complications. Without treatment, coarctation of the aorta may lead to:
• Kidney failure.
• Heart failure.
• Death.
Some people have complications after treatment for coarctation of the aorta. These complications include:
• Re-narrowing of the aorta, called re-coarctation.
• Aortic aneurysm or rupture.
To prevent complications, people with coarctation of the aorta need regular health checkups for life.
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What is the prevention of Coarctation of the aorta?
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There's no known way to prevent coarctation of the aorta. Tell your healthcare team if you have a family history of heart conditions present at birth.
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What are the Overview of Dry macular degeneration?
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Dry macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is caused by the breakdown of a part of the retina known as the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is responsible for central vision. This condition is common among people over 50.
Dry macular degeneration may start in one eye then develop in the other eye. It also may develop in both eyes at the same time. Over time, vision may worsen and affect the ability to do things, such as read, drive and recognize faces. But having dry macular degeneration doesn't mean you'll lose all your sight. Vision loss is typically central, and people retain their side vision. Some people have only mild central vision loss. In others, it can be more severe.
Early detection and self-care measures may delay vision loss caused by dry macular degeneration.
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What are the symptoms of Dry macular degeneration?
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Dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain. They may include:
• Visual distortions, such as straight lines seeming bent.
• Reduced central vision in one or both eyes.
• The need for brighter light when reading or doing close-up work.
• Increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant or theater.
• Increased blurriness of printed words.
• Difficulty recognizing faces.
• A well-defined blurry spot or blind spot in the field of vision.
Dry macular degeneration can affect one or both eyes. If only one eye is affected, you may not notice any changes in your vision. This is because your good eye may compensate for the affected eye. And the condition doesn't affect the side vision, so it does not cause total blindness.
Dry macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. It can progress to wet macular degeneration, which is when blood vessels grow and leak under the retina. The dry type is more common, but it usually progresses slowly over years. The wet type is more likely to cause a relatively sudden change in vision resulting in serious vision loss.
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What are the causes of Dry macular degeneration?
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No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration. Research suggests that it may be a combination of genes and other factors, including smoking, obesity and diet.
The condition develops as the eye ages. Dry macular degeneration affects the macula. The macula is the area of the retina that's responsible for clear vision in the direct line of sight. Over time, tissue in the macula may thin and lose cells responsible for vision.
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What are the risk factors of Dry macular degeneration?
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Factors that may increase the risk of macular degeneration include:
• Age.This disease is most common in people over 50.
• Family history and genetics.This disease has a hereditary component, meaning it runs in families. Researchers have identified several genes linked to the condition.
• Race.Macular degeneration is more common in white people.
• Smoking.Smoking cigarettes or being exposed to tobacco smoke on a regular basis greatly increases the risk of macular degeneration.
• Obesity.Research suggests that obesity may increase the chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to the more serious form of the disease.
• Cardiovascular disease.If you have heart or blood vessel disease, called cardiovascular disease, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration.
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What are the complications of Dry macular degeneration?
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People whose dry macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss have a higher risk of depression and social isolation. With profound loss of vision, people may see visual hallucinations. This condition is called Charles Bonnet syndrome. Dry macular degeneration may progress to wet macular degeneration, which can quickly cause complete vision loss if left untreated.
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What is the prevention of Dry macular degeneration?
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It's important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration. The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing dry macular degeneration:
• Manage all medical conditions.For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
• Don't smoke.People who smoke are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are people who don't smoke. Ask a healthcare professional for help stopping smoking.
• Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
• Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.These foods contain antioxidant vitamins that reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration.
• Include fish in your diet.Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Nuts such as walnuts also contain omega-3 fatty acids.
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What are the Overview of Dry socket?
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Dry socket is a painful dental condition that sometimes happens after you have a tooth removed. Having a tooth removed is called an extraction. Dry socket happens when a blood clot at the site where the tooth was removed does not form, comes out or dissolves before the wound has healed.
Usually a blood clot forms at the site where a tooth was removed. This blood clot is a protective layer over the underlying bone and nerve endings in the empty tooth socket. Also, the clot contains cells that are needed for proper healing of the site.
Intense pain happens when the underlying bone and nerves are exposed. Pain occurs in the socket and along the nerves to the side of the face. The socket becomes swollen and irritated. It may fill with bits of food, making the pain worse. If you get a dry socket, the pain usually begins 1 to 3 days after the tooth removal.
Dry socket is the most common complication following tooth removals, such as the removal of third molars, also called wisdom teeth. Medicine you can buy without a prescription usually will not be enough to treat dry socket pain. Your dentist or oral surgeon can offer treatments to relieve your pain.
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What are the symptoms of Dry socket?
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Symptoms of dry socket may include:
• Severe pain within a few days after removing a tooth.
• Loss of part or all of the blood clot at the tooth removal site. The socket may look empty.
• Bone that you can see in the socket.
• Pain that spreads from the socket to your ear, eye, temple or neck on the same side of your face as the tooth removal.
• Bad breath or a foul odor coming from your mouth.
• Bad taste in your mouth.
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What are the causes of Dry socket?
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The exact cause of dry socket is still being studied. Researchers think that certain issues may be involved, such as:
• Bacteria that gets into the socket.
• Injury at the surgical site when tooth removal is difficult. This can happen with irregular wisdom tooth development or position, called an impacted wisdom tooth.
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What are the risk factors of Dry socket?
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Factors that can increase your risk of developing dry socket include:
• Smoking and tobacco use.Chemicals in cigarettes or other forms of tobacco may prevent or slow healing. These chemicals can get into the wound site. Also, the act of sucking on a cigarette may cause the blood clot to come out too early.
• Birth control pills.High estrogen levels from birth control pills may cause problems with healing and increase the risk of dry socket.
• Improper at-home care.Not following home-care instructions and having poor mouth care may increase the risk of dry socket.
• Tooth or gum infection.Current or previous infections around the area where the tooth was removed increase the risk of dry socket.
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What are the complications of Dry socket?
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Even though a dry socket can be painful, it rarely causes an infection or serious complications. But healing in the socket may be delayed. Pain may last longer than usual after a tooth removal. Dry socket also may lead to an infection in the socket.
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What are the Overview of Food allergy?
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Food allergy is an immune system reaction that happens soon after eating a certain food. Even a tiny amount of the allergy-causing food can trigger symptoms such as hives, swollen airways and digestive problems. In some people, a food allergy can cause severe symptoms or even a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.
Food allergy affects an estimated 8% of children under age 5 and up to 4% of adults. While there's no cure, some children outgrow their food allergies as they get older.
It's easy to confuse a food allergy with a much more common reaction known as food intolerance. While bothersome, food intolerance is a less serious condition that does not involve the immune system.
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What are the symptoms of Food allergy?
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For some people, an allergic reaction to a particular food may be uncomfortable but not severe. For other people, a food allergy reaction can be frightening and even life-threatening. Food allergy symptoms usually develop within a few minutes to two hours after eating the offending food. Rarely, symptoms may be delayed for several hours.
The most common food allergy symptoms include:
• Tingling or itching in the mouth.
• Hives, itching or eczema.
• Swelling of the lips, face, tongue, and throat or other parts of the body.
• Belly pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.
• Wheezing, nasal congestion or trouble breathing.
• Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting.
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What are the causes of Food allergy?
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When you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a specific food or a substance in food as something harmful. In response, your immune system triggers cells to make an antibody known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) to recognize the allergy-causing food or food substance, called an allergen.
The next time you eat even the smallest amount of that food, IgE antibodies sense it. They then signal your immune system to release a chemical called histamine, as well as other chemicals, into your bloodstream. These chemicals cause allergy symptoms.
Most food allergies are triggered by certain proteins in:
• Crustacean shellfish, such as shrimp, lobster and crab.
• Peanuts.
• Tree nuts, such as walnuts and pecans.
• Fish.
• Chicken eggs.
• Cow's milk.
• Wheat.
• Soy.
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What are the risk factors of Food allergy?
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Food allergy risk factors include:
• Family history.You're at increased risk of food allergies if asthma, eczema, hives or allergies such as hay fever are common in your family.
• Other allergies.If you're already allergic to one food, you may be at increased risk of becoming allergic to another. Similarly, if you have other types of allergic reactions, such as hay fever or eczema, your risk of having a food allergy is greater.
• Age.Food allergies are more common in children, especially toddlers and infants. As children grow older, their digestive systems mature and their bodies are less likely to react to food components that trigger allergies.Fortunately, children typically outgrow allergies to milk, soy, wheat and eggs. Severe allergies and allergies to nuts and shellfish are more likely to be lifelong.
• Asthma.Asthma and food allergy commonly occur together. When they do, both food allergy and asthma symptoms are more likely to be severe.
Factors that may increase your risk of developing an anaphylactic reaction include:
• Having a history of asthma.
• Being a teenager or younger.
• Delaying use of epinephrine to treat your food allergy symptoms.
• Not having hives or other skin symptoms.
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What are the complications of Food allergy?
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Complications of food allergy can include:
• Anaphylaxis.This is a life-threatening allergic reaction.
• Atopic dermatitis, known as eczema.Food allergy may cause a skin reaction, such as eczema.
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What are the Overview of Frozen shoulder?
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Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, involves stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin slowly, then get worse. Over time, symptoms get better, usually within 1 to 3 years.
Having to keep a shoulder still for a long period increases the risk of developing frozen shoulder. This might happen after having surgery or breaking an arm.
Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises. Sometimes treatment involves corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint. Rarely, arthroscopic surgery is needed to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely.
It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder. But some people can develop it in the other shoulder, usually within five years.
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What are the symptoms of Frozen shoulder?
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Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly in three stages.
• Freezing stage.Any movement of the shoulder causes pain, and the shoulder's ability to move becomes limited. This stage lasts from 2 to 9 months.
• Frozen stage.Pain might lessen during this stage. However, the shoulder becomes stiffer. Using it becomes more difficult. This stage lasts from 4 to 12 months.
• Thawing stage.The shoulder's ability to move begins to improve. This stage lasts from 5 to 24 months.
For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep.
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What are the risk factors of Frozen shoulder?
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Certain factors may increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder.
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What is the prevention of Frozen shoulder?
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One of the most common causes of frozen shoulder is not moving a shoulder while recovering from a shoulder injury, broken arm or stroke. If you've had an injury that makes it difficult to move your shoulder, talk to your health care provider about exercises that can help you maintain your ability to move your shoulder joint.
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What are the Overview of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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It's normal to feel anxious from time to time, especially if your life is stressful. However, excessive, ongoing anxiety and worry that are difficult to control and interfere with day-to-day activities may be a sign of generalized anxiety disorder.
It's possible to develop generalized anxiety disorder as a child or an adult. Generalized anxiety disorder has symptoms that are similar to panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other types of anxiety, but they're all different conditions.
Living with generalized anxiety disorder can be a long-term challenge. In many cases, it occurs along with other anxiety or mood disorders. In most cases, generalized anxiety disorder improves with psychotherapy or medications. Making lifestyle changes, learning coping skills and using relaxation techniques also can help.
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What are the symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms can vary. They may include:
• Persistent worrying or anxiety about a number of areas that are out of proportion to the impact of the events
• Overthinking plans and solutions to all possible worst-case outcomes
• Perceiving situations and events as threatening, even when they aren't
• Difficulty handling uncertainty
• Indecisiveness and fear of making the wrong decision
• Inability to set aside or let go of a worry
• Inability to relax, feeling restless, and feeling keyed up or on edge
• Difficulty concentrating, or the feeling that your mind "goes blank"
Physical signs and symptoms may include:
• Fatigue
• Trouble sleeping
• Muscle tension or muscle aches
• Trembling, feeling twitchy
• Nervousness or being easily startled
• Sweating
• Nausea, diarrhea or irritable bowel syndrome
• Irritability
There may be times when your worries don't completely consume you, but you still feel anxious even when there's no apparent reason. For example, you may feel intense worry about your safety or that of your loved ones, or you may have a general sense that something bad is about to happen.
Your anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause you significant distress in social, work or other areas of your life. Worries can shift from one concern to another and may change with time and age.
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What are the causes of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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As with many mental health conditions, the cause of generalized anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors, which may include:
• Differences in brain chemistry and function
• Genetics
• Differences in the way threats are perceived
• Development and personality
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What are the risk factors of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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Women are diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder somewhat more often than men are. The following factors may increase the risk of developing generalized anxiety disorder:
• Personality.A person whose temperament is timid or negative or who avoids anything dangerous may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are.
• Genetics.Generalized anxiety disorder may run in families.
• Experiences.People with generalized anxiety disorder may have a history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders may increase risk.
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What are the complications of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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Having generalized anxiety disorder can be disabling. It can:
• Impair your ability to perform tasks quickly and efficiently because you have trouble concentrating
• Take your time and focus from other activities
• Sap your energy
• Increase your risk of depression
Generalized anxiety disorder can also lead to or worsen other physical health conditions, such as:
• Digestive or bowel problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome or ulcers
• Headaches and migraines
• Chronic pain and illness
• Sleep problems and insomnia
• Heart-health issues
Generalized anxiety disorder often occurs along with other mental health problems, which can make diagnosis and treatment more challenging. Some mental health disorders that commonly occur with generalized anxiety disorder include:
• Phobias
• Panic disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Depression
• Suicidal thoughts or suicide
• Substance abuse
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What is the prevention of Generalized anxiety disorder?
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There's no way to predict for certain what will cause someone to develop generalized anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you experience anxiety:
• Get help early.Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.
• Keep a journal.Keeping track of your personal life can help you and your mental health professional identify what's causing you stress and what seems to help you feel better.
• Prioritize issues in your life.You can reduce anxiety by carefully managing your time and energy.
• Avoid unhealthy substance use.Alcohol and drug use and even nicotine or caffeine use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your doctor or find a treatment program or support group to help you.
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What are the Overview of Giant cell arteritis?
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Giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of the lining of your arteries. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. For this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called temporal arteritis.
Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness.
Prompt treatment with corticosteroid medications usually relieves symptoms of giant cell arteritis and might prevent loss of vision. You'll likely begin to feel better within days of starting treatment. But even with treatment, relapses are common.
You'll need to visit your doctor regularly for checkups and treatment of any side effects from taking corticosteroids.
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What are the symptoms of Giant cell arteritis?
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The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness — often severe — that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily.
Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include:
• Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area
• Scalp tenderness
• Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Unintended weight loss
• Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain
• Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye
Pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders or hips are common symptoms of a related disorder, polymyalgia rheumatica. About 50 percent of people with giant cell arteritis also have polymyalgia rheumatica.
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What are the causes of Giant cell arteritis?
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With giant cell arteritis, the lining of arteries becomes inflamed, causing them to swell. This swelling narrows your blood vessels, reducing the amount of blood — and, therefore, oxygen and vital nutrients — that reaches your body's tissues.
Almost any large or medium-sized artery can be affected, but swelling most often occurs in the arteries in the temples. These are just in front of your ears and continue up into your scalp.
What causes these arteries to become inflamed isn't known, but it's thought to involve abnormal attacks on artery walls by the immune system. Certain genes and environmental factors might increase your susceptibility to the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Giant cell arteritis?
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Several factors can increase your risk of developing giant cell arteritis, including:
• Age.Giant cell arteritis affects adults only, and rarely those under 50. Most people with this condition develop signs and symptoms between the ages of 70 and 80.
• Sex.Women are about two times more likely to develop the condition than men are.
• Race and geographic region.Giant cell arteritis is most common among white people in Northern European populations or of Scandinavian descent.
• Polymyalgia rheumatica.Having polymyalgia rheumatica puts you at increased risk of developing giant cell arteritis.
• Family history.Sometimes the condition runs in families.
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What are the complications of Giant cell arteritis?
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Giant cell arteritis can cause serious complications, including:
• Blindness.Diminished blood flow to your eyes can cause sudden, painless vision loss in one or, rarely, both eyes. Loss of vision is usually permanent.
• Aortic aneurysm.An aneurysm is a bulge that forms in a weakened blood vessel, usually in the large artery that runs down the center of your chest and abdomen (aorta). An aortic aneurysm might burst, causing life-threatening internal bleeding.Because this complication can occur even years after the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, your doctor might monitor your aorta with annual chest X-rays or other imaging tests, such as ultrasound andCT.
• Stroke.This is an uncommon complication of giant cell arteritis.
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What are the Overview of Gout?
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Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that can affect anyone. It's characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in one or more joints, most often in the big toe.
An attack of gout can occur suddenly, often waking you up in the middle of the night with the sensation that your big toe is on fire. The affected joint is hot, swollen and so tender that even the weight of the bedsheet on it may seem intolerable.
Gout symptoms may come and go, but there are ways to manage symptoms and prevent flares.
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What are the symptoms of Gout?
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The signs and symptoms of gout almost always occur suddenly, and often at night. They include:
• Intense joint pain.Gout usually affects the big toe, but it can occur in any joint. Other commonly affected joints include the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists and fingers. The pain is likely to be most severe within the first four to 12 hours after it begins.
• Lingering discomfort.After the most severe pain subsides, some joint discomfort may last from a few days to a few weeks. Later attacks are likely to last longer and affect more joints.
• Inflammation and redness.The affected joint or joints become swollen, tender, warm and red.
• Limited range of motion.As gout progresses, you may not be able to move your joints normally.
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What are the causes of Gout?
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Gout occurs when urate crystals accumulate in your joint, causing the inflammation and intense pain of a gout attack. Urate crystals can form when you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. Your body produces uric acid when it breaks down purines — substances that are found naturally in your body.
Purines are also found in certain foods, including red meat and organ meats, such as liver. Purine-rich seafood includes anchovies, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout and tuna. Alcoholic beverages, especially beer, and drinks sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) promote higher levels of uric acid.
Normally, uric acid dissolves in your blood and passes through your kidneys into your urine. But sometimes either your body produces too much uric acid or your kidneys excrete too little uric acid. When this happens, uric acid can build up, forming sharp, needlelike urate crystals in a joint or surrounding tissue that cause pain, inflammation and swelling.
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What are the risk factors of Gout?
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You're more likely to develop gout if you have high levels of uric acid in your body. Factors that increase the uric acid level in your body include:
• Diet.Eating a diet rich in red meat and shellfish and drinking beverages sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) increase levels of uric acid, which increase your risk of gout. Alcohol consumption, especially of beer, also increases the risk of gout.
• Weight.If you're overweight, your body produces more uric acid and your kidneys have a more difficult time eliminating uric acid.
• Medical conditions.Certain diseases and conditions increase your risk of gout. These include untreated high blood pressure and chronic conditions such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and heart and kidney diseases.
• Certain medications.Low-dose aspirin and some medications used to control hypertension — including thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta blockers — also can increase uric acid levels. So can the use of anti-rejection drugs prescribed for people who have undergone an organ transplant.
• Family history of gout.If other members of your family have had gout, you're more likely to develop the disease.
• Age and sex.Gout occurs more often in men, primarily because women tend to have lower uric acid levels. After menopause, however, women's uric acid levels approach those of men. Men are also more likely to develop gout earlier — usually between the ages of 30 and 50 — whereas women generally develop signs and symptoms after menopause.
• Recent surgery or trauma.Experiencing recent surgery or trauma can sometimes trigger a gout attack. In some people, receiving a vaccination can trigger a gout flare.
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What are the complications of Gout?
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People with gout can develop more-severe conditions, such as:
• Recurrent gout.Some people may never experience gout signs and symptoms again. Others may experience gout several times each year. Medications may help prevent gout attacks in people with recurrent gout. If left untreated, gout can cause erosion and destruction of a joint.
• Advanced gout.Untreated gout may cause deposits of urate crystals to form under the skin in nodules called tophi (TOE-fie). Tophi can develop in several areas, such as your fingers, hands, feet, elbows or Achilles tendons along the backs of your ankles. Tophi usually aren't painful, but they can become swollen and tender during gout attacks.
• Kidney stones.Urate crystals may collect in the urinary tracts of people with gout, causing kidney stones. Medications can help reduce the risk of kidney stones.
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What are the Overview of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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Guillain-Barre (gee-YAH-buh-RAY) syndrome is a condition in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves. It can cause weakness, numbness or paralysis.
Weakness and tingling in the hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread and may lead to paralysis. In its most serious form, Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical emergency. Most people with the condition need treatment in a hospital.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is rare, and the exact cause is not known. But two-thirds of people have symptoms of an infection in the six weeks before Guillain-Barre symptoms begin. Infections can include a respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection, includingCOVID-19. Guillain-Barre also can be caused by the Zika virus.
There's no known cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Several treatment options can ease symptoms and help speed recovery. Most people recover completely from Guillain-Barre syndrome, but some serious illnesses can be fatal. While recovery may take up to several years, most people are able to walk again six months after symptoms first began. Some people may have lasting effects, such as weakness, numbness or fatigue.
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What are the symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome often begins with tingling and weakness starting in the feet and legs and spreading to the upper body and arms. Some people notice the first symptoms in the arms or face. As Guillain-Barre syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can turn into paralysis.
Symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome may include:
• A pins and needles feeling in the fingers, toes, ankles or wrists.
• Weakness in the legs that spreads to the upper body.
• Unsteady walk or not being able to walk or climb stairs.
• Trouble with facial movements, including speaking, chewing or swallowing.
• Double vision or inability to move the eyes.
• Severe pain that may feel achy, shooting or cramplike and may be worse at night.
• Trouble with bladder control or bowel function.
• Rapid heart rate.
• Low or high blood pressure.
• Trouble breathing.
People with Guillain-Barre syndrome usually experience their most significant weakness within two weeks after symptoms begin.
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What are the causes of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome isn't known. It usually appears days or weeks after a respiratory or digestive tract infection. Rarely, recent surgery or vaccination can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome.
In Guillain-Barre syndrome, your immune system — which usually attacks only invading organisms — begins attacking the nerves. InAIDP, the nerves' protective covering, known as the myelin sheath, is damaged. The damage prevents nerves from transmitting signals to your brain, causing weakness, numbness or paralysis.
Guillain-Barre syndrome may be triggered by:
• Most commonly, an infection with campylobacter, a type of bacteria often found in undercooked poultry.
• Influenza virus.
• Cytomegalovirus.
• Epstein-Barr virus.
• Zika virus.
• Hepatitis A, B, C and E.
• HIV, the virus that causesAIDS.
• Mycoplasma pneumonia.
• Surgery.
• Trauma.
• Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Rarely, influenza vaccinations or childhood vaccinations.
• COVID-19virus.
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What are the risk factors of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect all age groups, but the risk increases as you age. It's also slightly more common in males than females.
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What are the complications of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome affects your nerves. Because nerves control your movements and body functions, people with Guillain-Barre syndrome may experience:
• Trouble breathing.Weakness or paralysis can spread to the muscles that control your breathing. This can potentially be fatal. Up to 22% of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome need temporary help from a machine to breathe within the first week when they're hospitalized for treatment.
• Residual numbness or other sensations.Most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome recover completely or have only minor, residual weakness, numbness or tingling.
• Heart and blood pressure problems.Blood pressure fluctuations and irregular heart rhythms are common side effects of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
• Pain.One-third of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome experience nerve pain, which may be eased with medicine.
• Trouble with bowel and bladder function.Sluggish bowel function and urine retention may result from Guillain-Barre syndrome.
• Blood clots.People who are not mobile due to Guillain-Barre syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're able to walk independently, you may need to take blood thinners and wear support stockings to improve blood flow.
• Pressure sores.You may be at risk of developing bedsores, also known as pressure sores, if you're not able to move. Changing your position often may help avoid this problem.
• Relapse.A small percentage of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome have a relapse. A relapse can cause muscle weakness even years after symptoms ended.
When early symptoms are worse, the risk of serious long-term complications goes up. Rarely, death may occur from complications such as respiratory distress syndrome and heart attacks.
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What are the Overview of Hair loss?
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Hair loss (alopecia) can affect just your scalp or your entire body, and it can be temporary or permanent. It can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions or a normal part of aging. Anyone can lose hair on their head, but it's more common in men.
Baldness typically refers to excessive hair loss from your scalp. Hereditary hair loss with age is the most common cause of baldness. Some people prefer to let their hair loss run its course untreated and unhidden. Others may cover it up with hairstyles, makeup, hats or scarves. And still others choose one of the treatments available to prevent further hair loss or restore growth.
Before pursuing hair loss treatment, talk with your doctor about the cause of your hair loss and treatment options.
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What are the symptoms of Hair loss?
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Hair loss can appear in many different ways, depending on what's causing it. It can come on suddenly or gradually and affect just your scalp or your whole body.
Signs and symptoms of hair loss may include:
• Gradual thinning on top of head.This is the most common type of hair loss, affecting people as they age. In men, hair often begins to recede at the hairline on the forehead. Women typically have a broadening of the part in their hair. An increasingly common hair loss pattern in older women is a receding hairline (frontal fibrosing alopecia).
• Circular or patchy bald spots.Some people lose hair in circular or patchy bald spots on the scalp, beard or eyebrows. Your skin may become itchy or painful before the hair falls out.
• Sudden loosening of hair.A physical or emotional shock can cause hair to loosen. Handfuls of hair may come out when combing or washing your hair or even after gentle tugging. This type of hair loss usually causes overall hair thinning but is temporary.
• Full-body hair loss.Some conditions and medical treatments, such as chemotherapy for cancer, can result in the loss of hair all over your body. The hair usually grows back.
• Patches of scaling that spread over the scalp.This is a sign of ringworm. It may be accompanied by broken hair, redness, swelling and, at times, oozing.
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What are the causes of Hair loss?
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People typically lose 50 to 100 hairs a day. This usually isn't noticeable because new hair is growing in at the same time. Hair loss occurs when new hair doesn't replace the hair that has fallen out.
Hair loss is typically related to one or more of the following factors:
• Family history (heredity).The most common cause of hair loss is a hereditary condition that happens with aging. This condition is called androgenic alopecia, male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness. It usually occurs gradually and in predictable patterns — a receding hairline and bald spots in men and thinning hair along the crown of the scalp in women.
• Hormonal changes and medical conditions.A variety of conditions can cause permanent or temporary hair loss, including hormonal changes due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and thyroid problems. Medical conditions include alopecia areata (al-o-PEE-she-uh ar-e-A-tuh), which is immune system related and causes patchy hair loss, scalp infections such as ringworm, and a hair-pulling disorder called trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh).
• Medications and supplements.Hair loss can be a side effect of certain drugs, such as those used for cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems, gout and high blood pressure.
• Radiation therapy to the head.The hair may not grow back the same as it was before.
• A very stressful event.Many people experience a general thinning of hair several months after a physical or emotional shock. This type of hair loss is temporary.
• Hairstyles and treatments.Excessive hairstyling or hairstyles that pull your hair tight, such as pigtails or cornrows, can cause a type of hair loss called traction alopecia. Hot-oil hair treatments and permanents also can cause hair to fall out. If scarring occurs, hair loss could be permanent.
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What are the risk factors of Hair loss?
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A number of factors can increase your risk of hair loss, including:
• A family history of balding on your mother's or father's side
• Age
• Significant weight loss
• Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and lupus
• Stress
• Poor nutrition
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What is the prevention of Hair loss?
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Most baldness is caused by genetics (male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness). This type of hair loss is not preventable.
These tips may help you avoid preventable types of hair loss:
• Be gentle with your hair. Use a detangler and avoid tugging when brushing and combing, especially when your hair is wet. A wide-toothed comb might help prevent pulling out hair. Avoid harsh treatments such as hot rollers, curling irons, hot-oil treatments and permanents. Limit the tension on hair from styles that use rubber bands, barrettes and braids.
• Ask your doctor about medications and supplements you take that might cause hair loss.
• Protect your hair from sunlight and other sources of ultraviolet light.
• Stop smoking. Some studies show an association between smoking and baldness in men.
• If you're being treated with chemotherapy, ask your doctor about a cooling cap. This cap can reduce your risk of losing hair during chemotherapy.
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What are the Overview of Hay fever?
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Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, causes cold-like symptoms. These may include a runny nose, itchy eyes, congestion, sneezing and sinus pressure. But unlike a cold, hay fever isn't caused by a virus. Hay fever is caused by an allergic response to a harmless outdoor or indoor substance the body identifies as harmful (allergen).
Common allergens that can trigger hay fever symptoms include pollen and dust mites. Tiny flecks of skin shed by cats, dogs, and other animals with fur or feathers (pet dander) also can be allergens.
Besides making you miserable, hay fever can affect how well you perform at work or school and can generally interfere with your life. But you don't have to put up with annoying symptoms. You can learn to avoid triggers and find the right treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Hay fever?
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Hay fever symptoms can include:
• Runny nose and nasal stuffiness, called congestion.
• Watery, itchy, red eyes.
• Sneezing.
• Cough.
• Itchy nose, roof of mouth or throat.
• Mucus that runs down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip.
• Swollen, bruised-appearing skin under the eyes, known as allergic shiners.
• Extreme tiredness and fatigue, often due to poor sleep.
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What are the causes of Hay fever?
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When someone has hay fever, the immune system identifies a harmless airborne substance as being harmful. This substance is called an allergen. The body produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to protect against allergens. When the body comes in contact with an allergen, these antibodies signal the immune system to release chemicals such as histamine into the bloodstream. This causes a reaction that leads to the symptoms of hay fever.
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What are the risk factors of Hay fever?
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The following can increase a person's risk of developing hay fever:
• Having other allergies or asthma.
• Having a condition called atopic dermatitis or eczema, which makes skin irritated and itchy.
• Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with allergies or asthma.
• Living or working in an environment that constantly exposes someone to allergens — such as animal dander or dust mites.
• Being exposed to smoke and strong odors that irritate the lining of the nose.
• Having a mother who smoked during the first year of life.
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What are the complications of Hay fever?
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Problems that may go along with hay fever include:
• Reduced quality of life.Hay fever can interfere with enjoyment of activities and cause you to be less productive. For many people, hay fever symptoms lead to missing work or school.
• Poor sleep.Hay fever symptoms can keep you awake or make it hard to stay asleep. This can lead to fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell, called malaise.
• Worsening asthma.Hay fever can worsen symptoms of asthma, such as coughing and wheezing.
• Sinusitis.Prolonged sinus congestion due to hay fever may increase your risk of getting sinusitis — an infection or inflammation of the membrane that lines the sinuses.
• Ear infection.In children, hay fever often is a factor in middle ear infection, called otitis media.
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What is the prevention of Hay fever?
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There's no way to avoid getting hay fever. If you have hay fever, the best thing to do is to lessen your exposure to the allergens that cause your symptoms. Take allergy medicines before you're exposed to allergens, as directed by your healthcare professional.
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What are the Overview of Heart arrhythmia?
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A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an irregular heartbeat. A heart arrhythmia occurs when the electrical signals that tell the heart to beat don't work properly. The heart may beat too fast or too slow. Or the pattern of the heartbeat may be inconsistent.
A heart arrhythmia may feel like a fluttering, pounding or racing heartbeat. Some heart arrhythmias are harmless. Others may cause life-threatening symptoms.
There are times when it is OK to have a fast or slow heartbeat. For example, the heart may beat faster with exercise or slow down during sleep.
Heart arrhythmia treatment may include medicines, devices such as pacemakers, or a procedure or surgery. The goals of treatment are to control or get rid of fast, slow or otherwise irregular heartbeats. A heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent heart damage that can trigger some heart arrhythmias.
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What are the symptoms of Heart arrhythmia?
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A heart arrhythmia may not cause any symptoms. The irregular heartbeat may be noticed during a health checkup for another reason.
Symptoms of an arrhythmia may include:
• A fluttering, pounding or racing feeling in the chest.
• A fast heartbeat.
• A slow heartbeat.
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath.
Other symptoms may include:
• Anxiety.
• Feeling very tired.
• Lightheadedness or dizziness.
• Sweating.
• Fainting or almost fainting.
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What are the causes of Heart arrhythmia?
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To understand the cause of heart arrhythmias, it may help to know how the heart works.
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What are the risk factors of Heart arrhythmia?
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Things that may increase the risk of heart arrhythmias include:
• Coronary artery disease, other heart problems and previous heart surgery.Narrowed heart arteries, a heart attack, heart valve disease, prior heart surgery, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other heart damage are risk factors for almost any kind of arrhythmia.
• High blood pressure.This condition increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease. It also may cause the walls of the left lower heart chamber to become stiff and thick, which can change how electrical signals travel through the heart.
• Heart problems present at birth.Also called congenital heart defects, some of these problems may affect the heart rate and rhythm.
• Thyroid disease.Having an overactive or underactive thyroid gland can raise the risk of irregular heartbeats.
• Obstructive sleep apnea.This condition causes pauses in breathing during sleep. It can lead to a slow heartbeat and irregular heartbeats, including atrial fibrillation.
• Electrolyte imbalance.Substances in the blood called electrolytes help trigger and send electrical signals in the heart. Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are examples of electrolytes. If the body's electrolytes are too low or too high, it may interfere with heart signaling and lead to irregular heartbeats.
• Some medicines and supplements.Some prescription medicines and certain cough and cold treatments can cause arrhythmias.
• Excessive alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol can affect electrical signaling in the heart. This can increase the chance of developing atrial fibrillation.
• Caffeine, nicotine or illegal drug use.Stimulants can cause the heart to beat faster and may lead to the development of more-serious arrhythmias. Illegal drugs, such as amphetamines and cocaine, may greatly affect the heart. Some may cause sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation.
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What are the complications of Heart arrhythmia?
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Complications depend on the type of heart arrhythmia. Possible complications of heart arrhythmias include:
• Blood clots, which can lead to stroke.
• Heart failure.
• Sudden cardiac death.
Blood-thinning medicines can lower the risk of stroke related to atrial fibrillation and other heart arrhythmias. If you have a heart arrhythmia, ask a healthcare professional if you need to take a blood thinner.
If an arrhythmia is causing heart failure symptoms, treatment to control the heart rate may help the heart work better.
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What is the prevention of Heart arrhythmia?
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Lifestyle changes used to manage heart disease may help prevent heart arrhythmias. Try these heart-healthy tips:
• Don't smoke.
• Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
• Limit or avoid caffeine and alcohol.
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What are the Overview of Hidradenitis suppurativa?
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Hidradenitis suppurativa (hi-drad-uh-NIE-tis sup-yoo-ruh-TIE-vuh), also known as acne inversa, is a condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin. The lumps usually develop in areas where your skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts. The lumps heal slowly, recur, and can lead to tunnels under the skin and scarring.
Hidradenitis suppurativa tends to start after puberty, usually before age 40. It can persist for many years and worsen over time. It can affect your daily life and emotional well-being. Combined medical and surgical therapy can help manage the disease and prevent complications.
Women are three times more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa, though this ratio can differ by location around the world. Also, Black people are more likely to develop this disease than people of other races. This could be attributed to genetic factors.
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What are the risk factors of Hidradenitis suppurativa?
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Factors that increase your chance of developing hidradenitis suppurativa include:
• Age.The risk of hidradenitis suppurativa is higher for people in their teens and 20s.
• Sex.Females are more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa than males.
• Race.Ethnicity or race might affect risk level. The condition occurs most in Black people, possibly due to genetic factors.
• Family history.A tendency to develop hidradenitis suppurativa can be inherited.
• Certain conditions.Hidradenitis suppurativa is more common and severe in people who are overweight. It also has an association with severe acne, arthritis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Smoking.Smoking tobacco has been linked to hidradenitis suppurativa.
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What are the complications of Hidradenitis suppurativa?
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Persistent and severe hidradenitis suppurativa can cause complications, including:
• Infection.Secondary infection is possible in the affected area, but the presence of pus is common in hidradenitis suppurativa and doesn't necessarily mean infection.
• Scars and skin changes.The wounds may heal but leave ropelike scars or pitted skin.
• Restricted movement.Sores and scar tissue can cause limited or painful movement, especially when the disease affects the armpits or thighs.
• Skin cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma has been reported with long-term hidradenitis suppurativa, particularly in people whose condition involves the perianal area. This area consists of the tissues around the anus.
• Swelling in the arms, legs or genitals.The most common sites for hidradenitis suppurativa also contain many lymph nodes. Scar tissue can interfere with the lymph drainage system, which can cause the arms, legs or genitals to swell.
• Psychological effects and social isolation.The location, drainage and odor of the sores can cause embarrassment and reluctance to go out in public, leading to anxiety or depression.
• Lifelong pain.This pain is much worse than diseases such as psoriasis.
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