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What is the prevention of Sprained ankle?
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The following tips can help you prevent a sprained ankle or a recurring sprain:
• Warm up before you exercise or play sports.
• Be careful when walking, running or working on an uneven surface.
• Use an ankle support brace or tape on a weak or previously injured ankle.
• Wear shoes that fit well and are made for your activity.
• Minimize wearing high-heeled shoes.
• Don't play sports or participate in activities for which you are not conditioned.
• Maintain good muscle strength and flexibility.
• Practice stability training, including balance exercises.
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What are the Overview of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a weakened area in the body's main artery in the chest. The body's main artery is called the aorta. When the aortic wall is weak, the artery may get wider. When the artery gets very wide, it's called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can happen anywhere in the thoracic aorta, including near the heart.
A thoracic aortic aneurysm also is called a thoracic aneurysm. If the aneurysm is between the upper and lower parts of the aorta, it's called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm.
Thoracic aortic aneurysms are less common than aneurysms in the lower part of the aorta, called abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Treatment of a thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm and how fast it's growing. Treatment may range from regular health checkups to emergency surgery. A thoracic aortic aneurysm that ruptures or causes a tear called a dissection is a medical emergency that can lead to death.
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What are the symptoms of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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Thoracic aortic aneurysms often grow slowly. There are usually no symptoms. That makes them hard to find. Many start small and stay small. Others get bigger over time. How quickly a thoracic aortic aneurysm may grow is hard to predict.
As a thoracic aortic aneurysm grows, symptoms may include:
• Back pain.
• Cough.
• Weak, scratchy voice.
• Shortness of breath.
• Tenderness or pain in the chest.
Symptoms that a thoracic aortic aneurysm has ruptured or caused a tear called an aortic dissection include:
• Sharp, sudden pain in the upper back that spreads down the body.
• Pain in the chest, jaw, neck or arms.
• Trouble breathing.
• Low blood pressure.
• Loss of consciousness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Trouble swallowing.
Some aneurysms may never rupture or lead to dissection.
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What are the causes of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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Causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms may include:
• Atherosclerosis.A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls causes the arteries to get stiff. Over time, the walls of the arteries may get weak. High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of atherosclerosis, especially in older people.
• Genetic conditions.Aortic aneurysms in younger people are often caused by changes in genes. A genetic condition called Marfan syndrome can weaken the wall of the aorta.If you have Marfan syndrome or a related condition, such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome or vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, you have a much higher risk of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. These conditions also make you more likely to have an aortic rupture or aortic dissection.
• Blood vessel inflammation.Conditions that cause irritation and swelling of blood vessels, such as Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis, are associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms.
• Bicuspid aortic valve.Usually the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the aorta has three flaps. A bicuspid valve has only two. People who are born with a bicuspid aortic valve are more likely to get a thoracic aneurysm.
• Untreated infection.Though rare, it's possible to get a thoracic aortic aneurysm if you've had an untreated infection such as syphilis or salmonella.
• Traumatic injury.Some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes get thoracic aortic aneurysms. But this is rare.
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What are the risk factors of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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Anything that damages or weakens blood vessels may raise the risk of an aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysm risk factors include:
• Age.Thoracic aortic aneurysms occur most often in people age 65 and older.
• Smoking and tobacco use.If you smoke or chew tobacco, it's important that you quit. Using tobacco also can worsen an aneurysm and overall health.
• High blood pressure.Increased blood pressure damages the blood vessels in the body. This raises the risk of an aneurysm.
• Coronary artery disease.This type of heart disease causes reduced blood flow to the heart. It's often caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can damage the lining of a blood vessel, increasing the risk of an aneurysm. This is a more common risk in older people.
• Family history.You're more likely to get an aortic aneurysm and rupture if you have a parent, brother, sister or child with one. You may develop aneurysms at a younger age.
If you're at risk of an aortic aneurysm, you might get medicines to lower your blood pressure and relieve stress on weakened arteries.
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What are the complications of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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Possible complications of a thoracic aortic aneurysm are:
• A tear in the wall of the aorta, also called an aortic dissection.This life-threatening condition causes bleeding into and along the aortic wall. Emergency surgery is needed to prevent death.
• Rupture of the body's main artery, called an aortic rupture.If a tear in the aorta causes bleeding outside the aorta, it's called an aortic rupture. This also is a life-threatening condition that needs treatment right away. In general, the larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture.
• Blood clots.Small blood clots can develop in the area of the aortic aneurysm. If a blood clot breaks loose from the inside wall of an aneurysm, it can block a blood vessel elsewhere in the body. This can possibly cause serious complications.
• Stroke.Signs and symptoms of stroke include weakness of or an inability to move one side of the body. It may be hard to speak.
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What is the prevention of Thoracic aortic aneurysm?
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To prevent an aneurysm, keep the blood vessels as healthy as possible. Try these healthy lifestyle tips.
• Don't smoke or use tobacco.
• Control blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
• Keep a healthy weight and stay active.
• Eat nutritious foods.
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What are the Overview of Thumb arthritis?
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Thumb arthritis is common with aging and occurs when cartilage wears away from the ends of the bones that form the joint at the base of your thumb — also known as the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.
Thumb arthritis can cause severe pain, swelling, and decreased strength and range of motion, making it difficult to do simple tasks, such as turning doorknobs and opening jars. Treatment generally involves a combination of medication and splints. Severe thumb arthritis might require surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Thumb arthritis?
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Pain is the first and most common symptom of thumb arthritis. Pain can occur at the base of your thumb when you grip, grasp or pinch an object, or use your thumb to apply force.
Other signs and symptoms might include:
• Swelling, stiffness and tenderness at the base of your thumb
• Decreased strength when pinching or grasping objects
• Decreased range of motion
• Enlarged or bony appearance of the joint at the base of your thumb
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What are the causes of Thumb arthritis?
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Thumb arthritis commonly occurs with aging. Previous trauma or injury to the thumb joint also can cause thumb arthritis.
In a normal thumb joint, cartilage covers the ends of the bones — acting as a cushion and allowing the bones to glide smoothly against each other. With thumb arthritis, the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones deteriorates, and its smooth surface roughens. The bones then rub against each other, resulting in friction and joint damage.
The damage to the joint might result in growth of new bone along the sides of the existing bone (bone spurs), which can produce noticeable lumps on your thumb joint.
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What are the risk factors of Thumb arthritis?
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Factors that can increase your risk of thumb arthritis include:
• Female sex.
• Age above 40 years.
• Obesity.
• Certain hereditary conditions, such as joint ligament laxity and malformed joints.
• Injuries to your thumb joint, such as fractures and sprains.
• Diseases that change the normal structure and function of cartilage, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although osteoarthritis is the most common cause of thumb arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis can also affect the CMC joint, usually to a lesser extent than other joints of the hand.
• Activities and jobs that put high stress on the thumb joint.
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What are the Overview of Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)?
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Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a condition present at birth that restricts the tongue's range of motion.
With tongue-tie, an unusually short, thick or tight band of tissue (lingual frenulum) tethers the bottom of the tongue's tip to the floor of the mouth. Depending on how much the tissue restricts tongue movement, it may interfere with breastfeeding. Someone who has tongue-tie might have difficulty sticking out the tongue. Tongue-tie can also affect eating or speaking.
Sometimes tongue-tie may not cause problems. Some cases may require a simple surgical procedure for correction.
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What are the symptoms of Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)?
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Signs and symptoms of tongue-tie include:
• Difficulty lifting the tongue to the upper teeth or moving the tongue from side to side.
• Trouble sticking out the tongue past the lower front teeth.
• A tongue that appears notched or heart shaped when stuck out.
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What are the causes of Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)?
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Typically, the lingual frenulum separates before birth, allowing the tongue free range of motion. With tongue-tie, the lingual frenulum remains attached to the bottom of the tongue. Why this happens is largely unknown, although some cases of tongue-tie have been associated with certain genetic factors.
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What are the risk factors of Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)?
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Although tongue-tie can affect anyone, it's more common in boys than girls. Tongue-tie sometimes runs in families.
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What are the complications of Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)?
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Tongue-tie may affect a baby's oral development, as well as the way the child eats, speaks and swallows.
For example, tongue-tie can sometimes lead to:
• Breastfeeding problems.Breastfeeding requires a baby to keep the tongue over the lower gum while sucking. If unable to move the tongue or keep it in the right position, the baby might chew instead of suck on the nipple. This can cause significant nipple pain and interfere with a baby's ability to get breast milk. Ultimately, poor breastfeeding can lead to inadequate nutrition and failure to thrive.
• Speech difficulties.Tongue-tie can interfere with the ability to make certain sounds — such as "t," "d," "z," "s," "th," "n" and "l."
• Poor oral hygiene.For an older child or adult, tongue-tie can make it difficult to sweep food debris from the teeth. This can contribute to tooth decay and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis).
• Challenges with other oral activities.Tongue-tie can interfere with activities such as licking an ice cream cone, licking the lips, kissing or playing a wind instrument.
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What are the Overview of Vasculitis?
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Vasculitis involves swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of blood vessels. The inflammation can cause the walls of the blood vessels to thicken. This thickening can narrow the vessels. If the narrowing restricts blood flow, it can damage organs and tissues.
There are many types of vasculitis. Most of them are rare. Vasculitis might affect just one organ or several. The condition can be short-term or long lasting.
Vasculitis can affect anyone. But some types are more common among people in certain age groups. Some types may improve without treatment. Most types need treatment with medicines to control the inflammation and prevent flares.
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What are the symptoms of Vasculitis?
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Symptoms of most types of vasculitis can include:
• Fever.
• Headache.
• Tiredness.
• Weight loss.
• Aches and pains.
Other symptoms depend on the parts of the body affected:
• Digestive system.If vasculitis affects the stomach or intestines, there may be pain after eating. Ulcers and tears, called perforations, are possible. They may cause blood in the stool.
• Ears.Dizziness, ringing in the ears and sudden hearing loss may happen.
• Eyes.Vasculitis can make the eyes look red. They may itch or burn. Giant cell arteritis can cause double vision and brief or ongoing blindness in one or both eyes. This is sometimes the first sign of the disease.
• Hands or feet.Some types of vasculitis can cause numbness or weakness in a hand or foot. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet might swell or harden.
• Lungs.This can cause shortness of breath or coughing up blood.
• Skin.Bleeding under the skin can show up as red spots. Vasculitis also can cause lumps or open sores on the skin.
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What are the causes of Vasculitis?
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Experts don't know the exact cause of vasculitis. Some types are linked to a person's genes. Others result from the immune system attacking blood vessel cells by mistake. Causes of this immune system reaction may include:
• Infections, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
• Blood cancers.
• Immune system diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and scleroderma.
• Reactions to certain medicines.
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What are the risk factors of Vasculitis?
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Vasculitis can happen to anyone. Factors that may increase the risk of certain types include:
• Age.Giant cell arteritis is rare before the age of 50. Kawasaki disease is most common in children younger than 5 years old.
• Family history.Behcets disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and Kawasaki disease can run in families.
• Lifestyle choices.Using illicit drugs such as cocaine can increase your risk of getting vasculitis. Smoking tobacco can increase risk of Buerger disease. This applies mainly to people assigned male at birth who are younger than 45.
• Medicines.Medicines such as hydralazine, allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim) , minocycline (Arestin, Minocin, others) and propylthiouracil sometimes can cause vasculitis.
• Infections.Having hepatitis B or C can increase the risk of vasculitis.
• Immune conditions.People who have conditions in which their immune systems attack their own bodies by mistake may be at higher risk of vasculitis. These conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma.
• Sex assigned at birth.Giant cell arteritis is much more common in people assigned female at birth. Buerger disease is more common in people assigned male at birth.
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What are the complications of Vasculitis?
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Vasculitis complications depend on the type of vasculitis and how bad it is. Complications also may be linked to side effects of the prescription medicines that treat the condition. Complications of vasculitis include:
• Organ damage.Some types of vasculitis can damage major organs.
• Blood clots and aneurysms.A blood clot may form in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow. Rarely, vasculitis causes a blood vessel to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm (AN-yoo-riz-um).
• Vision loss or blindness.This may be a complication of giant cell arteritis that isn't treated.
• Infections.Some of the medicines used to treat vasculitis may weaken your immune system. This can make you more prone to infections.
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What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of Vasculitis?
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Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
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What are the Overview of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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Viral hemorrhagic (hem-uh-RAJ-ik) fevers are infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. They can damage the walls of tiny blood vessels, making them leak. And they can keep the blood from clotting.
Some viral hemorrhagic fevers include:
• Crimean-Congo.
• Dengue.
• Ebola.
• Hantavirus.
• Lassa.
• Marburg.
• Yellow fever.
These diseases most often happen in tropical areas, such as Central Africa. In the United States, most people who get them have traveled to one of those areas.
There are vaccines and treatments for only a few types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Until there are vaccines for more of them, do your best to keep from getting viral hemorrhagic fevers.
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What are the symptoms of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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Symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fevers vary by disease. Mainly, early symptoms can include:
• Fever.
• Tiredness, weakness or feeling unwell.
• Muscle, bone or joint aches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
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What are the causes of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats.
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What are the risk factors of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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Living in or traveling to an area where a certain viral hemorrhagic fever is common raises your risk of getting infected with that virus. Other factors that can increase your risk include:
• Working with infected people.
• Killing or eating infected animals.
• Having unprotected sex with an infected person.
• Working outdoors or in rat-infested buildings.
• Being around infected blood or other body fluids.
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What are the complications of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause:
• Septic shock.
• Failure in more than one organ.
• Death.
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What is the prevention of Viral hemorrhagic fevers?
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It can be hard to prevent viral hemorrhagic fevers. If you live in, work in or travel to areas where these diseases are common, use protective barriers when working with blood or body fluids. For instance, wear gloves, gowns, eye masks and face shields. Also take care working with lab specimens and waste.
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What are the Overview of Back pain?
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Back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical help or miss work. Back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide.
Fortunately, measures can help prevent or relieve most back pain episodes, especially for people younger than age 60. If prevention fails, simple home treatment and using the body correctly often can heal the back within a few weeks. Surgery is rarely needed to treat back pain.
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What are the symptoms of Back pain?
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Back pain can range from a muscle ache to a shooting, burning or stabbing feeling. Also, the pain can radiate down a leg. Bending, twisting, lifting, standing or walking can make pain worse.
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What are the causes of Back pain?
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Back pain often develops without a cause that shows up in a test or an imaging study. Conditions commonly linked to back pain include:
• Muscle or ligament strain.Repeated heavy lifting or a sudden awkward movement can strain back muscles and spinal ligaments. For people in poor physical condition, constant strain on the back can cause painful muscle spasms.
• Bulging or ruptured disks.Disks act as cushions between the bones in the spine. The soft material inside a disk can bulge or rupture and press on a nerve. However, a bulging or ruptured disk might not cause back pain. Disk disease is often found on spine X-rays,CTscans orMRIsdone for another reason.
• Arthritis.Osteoarthritis can affect the lower back. In some cases, arthritis in the spine can lead to a narrowing of the space around the spinal cord, a condition called spinal stenosis.
• Osteoporosis.The spine's vertebrae can develop painful breaks if the bones become porous and brittle.
• Ankylosing spondylitis, also called axial spondyloarthritis.This inflammatory disease can cause some of the bones in the spine to fuse. This makes the spine less flexible.
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What are the risk factors of Back pain?
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Anyone can develop back pain, even children and teens. These factors can increase the risk of developing back pain:
• Age.Back pain is more common with age, starting around age 30 or 40.
• Lack of exercise.Weak, unused muscles in the back and abdomen might lead to back pain.
• Excess weight.Excess body weight puts extra stress on the back.
• Diseases.Some types of arthritis and cancer can contribute to back pain.
• Improper lifting.Using the back instead of the legs can lead to back pain.
• Psychological conditions.People prone to depression and anxiety appear to have a greater risk of back pain. Stress can cause muscle tension, which can contribute to back pain.
• Smoking.People who smoke have increased rates of back pain. This may occur because smoking causes coughing, which can lead to herniated disks. Smoking also can decrease blood flow to the spine and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
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What is the prevention of Back pain?
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Improving one's physical condition and learning and practicing how to use the body might help prevent back pain.
To keep the back healthy and strong:
• Exercise.Regular low-impact aerobic activities can increase strength and endurance in the back and allow the muscles to work better. Walking, bicycling and swimming are good choices because they don't strain or jolt the back. Talk with your healthcare team about which activities to try.
• Build muscle strength and flexibility.Abdominal and back muscle exercises, which strengthen the body's core, help condition these muscles so that they work together to support the back.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight strains back muscles.
• Quit smoking.Smoking increases the risk of low back pain. The risk rises with the number of cigarettes smoked each day, so quitting can help reduce this risk.
Avoid movements that twist or strain the back. To use the body properly:
• Stand smart.Don't slouch. Maintain a neutral pelvic position. When standing for long periods, place one foot on a low footstool to take some of the load off the lower back. Alternate feet. Good posture can reduce the stress on back muscles.
• Sit smart.Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. Placing a pillow or rolled towel in the small of the back can maintain its typical curve. Keep knees and hips level. Change position frequently, at least every half hour.
• Lift smart.Avoid heavy lifting, if possible. If you must lift something heavy, let your legs do the work. Keep your back straight, bend only at the knees, and don't twist. Hold the load close to your body. Find a lifting partner if the object is heavy or awkward.
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What are the Overview of Bacterial vaginosis?
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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause discomfort and pain of the vagina. It happens when natural bacteria levels are out of balance. Balanced levels of bacteria help keep the vagina healthy. But when too much of some bacteria grow, it can lead toBV.
Bacterial vaginosis can happen at any age. But it's most common during the reproductive years. The changes in hormones during this time make it easier for certain kinds of bacteria to grow. Also, bacterial vaginosis is more common among those who are sexually active. It's not clear why this is. But activities such as unprotected sex and douching raise your risk of havingBV.
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What are the symptoms of Bacterial vaginosis?
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Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis include:
• Thin, vaginal discharge that may be gray, white or green.
• Foul-smelling, "fishy" vaginal odor.
• Vaginal itching.
• Burning during urination.
Many people with bacterial vaginosis have no symptoms.
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What are the causes of Bacterial vaginosis?
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Bacterial vaginosis happens when the vagina's natural bacteria levels are out of balance. The bacteria in the vagina are called the vaginal flora. Balanced vaginal flora help keep the vagina healthy. Usually "good" bacteria outnumber "bad" bacteria. The good bacteria are called lactobacilli; the bad bacteria are anaerobes. When there are too many anaerobes, they upset the balance of the flora, causing bacterial vaginosis.
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What are the risk factors of Bacterial vaginosis?
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Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis include:
• Having different sex partners or a new sex partner.The link between having sex and bacterial vaginosis isn't clear. ButBVhappens more often when someone has different or new sex partners. Also,BVis more common when the sex of both partners is female.
• Douching.The vagina is self-cleaning. So rinsing your vagina with water or something else isn't needed. It may even cause problems. Douching upsets the vagina's healthy balance of bacteria. It can lead to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, causing bacterial vaginosis.
• Natural lack of lactobacilli bacteria.If your vagina doesn't produce enough lactobacilli, you're more likely to develop bacterial vaginosis.
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What are the complications of Bacterial vaginosis?
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Bacterial vaginosis doesn't cause complications very often. But sometimes, havingBVmay lead to:
• Sexually transmitted infections.If you haveBV, you have a higher risk of getting anSTI.STIs includeHIV, herpes simplex virus, chlamydia or gonorrhea. If you haveHIV, bacterial vaginosis raises the risk of passing the virus to your partner.
• Infection risk after gynecological surgery.HavingBVmay increase the risk of developing an infection after surgery such as hysterectomy or dilation and curettage (D&C).
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Bacterial vaginosis can sometimes causePID. This infection of the uterus and the fallopian tubes raises the risk of infertility.
• Pregnancy issues.Past studies have shown a possible link betweenBVand problems with pregnancy. These include preterm birth and low birth weight. New studies show that these risks may be due to other reasons. These reasons include having a history of early delivery. But the studies agree that you should be tested if you notice symptoms ofBVwhile pregnant. If positive, your doctor can choose the best treatment for you.
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What is the prevention of Bacterial vaginosis?
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To help prevent bacterial vaginosis:
• Don't use scented products.Wash your genitals with warm water only. Scented soaps and other scented products may inflame vaginal tissues. Use unscented tampons or pads only.
• Don't douche.Douching won't clear up a vaginal infection. It may even make it worse. Your vagina doesn't require cleansing other than normal bathing. Douching disrupts the vaginal flora, raising your risk of infection.
• Practice safe sex.To lower your risk ofSTIs, use latex condoms or dental dams. Clean any sex toys. Limit your number of sex partners or don't have sex.
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What are the Overview of Bad breath?
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Bad breath, also called halitosis, can be embarrassing and in some cases may even cause anxiety. It's no wonder that store shelves are overflowing with gum, mints, mouthwashes and other products to fight bad breath. But many of these products are only short-term measures. That's because they don't address the cause of the problem.
Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. In many cases, you can make bad breath better by keeping your mouth and teeth clean. If you can't solve bad breath yourself, see your dentist or another healthcare professional to be sure a more serious condition isn't causing it.
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What are the symptoms of Bad breath?
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Bad breath odors vary, depending on the cause. Some people worry too much about their breath even though they have little or no mouth odor. Others have bad breath and don't know it. Because it's hard to know how your breath smells, ask a close friend or relative to confirm if you have bad breath.
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What are the causes of Bad breath?
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Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including:
• Food.The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. After you digest these foods, they enter your bloodstream, are carried to your lungs and affect your breath.
• Tobacco products.Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath.
• Not keeping your mouth and teeth clean.If you don't brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. A colorless, sticky film of bacteria called plaque forms on your teeth. If not brushed away, plaque can irritate your gums. Eventually, it can form plaque-filled pockets between your teeth and gums. The early stage of gum disease is known as gingivitis. Late-stage gum disease with bone loss is called periodontitis. Your tongue also can trap bacteria that produce odors. Dentures also can collect odor-causing bacteria and food particles, as can fixed or removable oral appliances such as braces that aren't cleaned regularly or don't fit properly.
• Dry mouth.Saliva helps cleanse your mouth, removing particles that cause bad odors. A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia (zeer-o-STOE-me-uh) can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva. Dry mouth naturally occurs during sleep, leading to "morning breath." It gets worse if you sleep with your mouth open. Constant dry mouth can be caused by a problem with the glands that produce saliva and by some diseases.
• Medicines.Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. The body breaks down other medicines and releases chemicals that can be carried on your breath.
• Infections in your mouth.Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath.
• Other mouth, nose and throat conditions.Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. Infections, or constant swelling in the nose, sinuses or throat, can lead to postnasal drip. This is when fluid from your nose runs down the back of your throat. This condition also can cause bad breath.
• Other causes.Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body's process of breaking food down into energy. Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath. A foreign body, such as a piece of food lodged in a nostril, can cause bad breath in young children.
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What are the risk factors of Bad breath?
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Your risk of bad breath is higher if you eat foods known to cause bad breath, such as garlic, onions and spices. Smoking, not keeping your mouth clean and some medicines also can play a part, as can dry mouth, infections of the mouth and some diseases. In addition, other conditions such asGERDor cancer can lead to bad breath.
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What are the Overview of Bags under eyes?
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Bags under eyes are mild swelling or puffiness under the eyes. They're common as you age and the tissues around your eyes weaken, including some of the muscles supporting your eyelids. Fat that helps support the eyes can then move into the lower eyelids, causing them to appear puffy. Fluid may also accumulate below your eyes.
Bags under eyes are usually a cosmetic concern and rarely a sign of a serious condition. At-home remedies, such as cool compresses, can help improve their appearance. For persistent or bothersome under-eye puffiness, eyelid surgery may be an option.
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What are the symptoms of Bags under eyes?
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Symptoms of bags under eyes can include:
• Mild swelling
• Saggy or loose skin
• Dark circles
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What are the causes of Bags under eyes?
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Bags under eyes are caused when the tissue structures and muscles supporting your eyelids weaken. The skin may start to sag, and fat that's usually around the eye can move into the area below your eyes. Also, the space below your eyes can gather fluid, making the area look puffy or swollen. Several factors cause or worsen this effect, including:
• Aging
• Fluid retention, especially upon waking or after a salty meal
• Lack of sleep
• Allergies
• Smoking
• Genetics — under-eye bags can run in families
• Medical conditions, such as dermatitis, dermatomyositis, renal disease and thyroid eye disease
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What are the risk factors of Bags under eyes?
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Factors that may increase the risk of having bags under the eyes include:
• Older age
• Fluid retention
• Lack of sleep
• Allergies
• Smoking
• Genetics
• Medical conditions
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What are the Overview of Baker cyst?
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A Baker cyst is a fluid-filled growth behind the knee. It causes a bulge and a feeling of tightness. Also called a popliteal (pop-luh-TEE-ul) cyst, a Baker cyst sometime causes pain. The pain can get worse when with activity or when fully straightening or bending the knee.
A Baker cyst is usually the result of a problem with the knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage tear. Both conditions can cause the knee to produce too much fluid.
Although a Baker cyst may cause swelling and discomfort, treating the underlying problem that is causing it usually provides relief.
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What are the symptoms of Baker cyst?
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In some cases, a Baker cyst causes no pain, and you may not notice it. If you do have symptoms, they might include:
• Swelling behind the knee, and sometimes in the leg
• Knee pain
• Stiffness and inability to fully flex the knee
The symptoms may be worse after you've been active or if you've been standing for a long time.
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What are the causes of Baker cyst?
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A lubricating fluid called synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) fluid helps the leg swing smoothly and reduces friction between the moving parts of the knee.
But sometimes underlying conditions can cause the knee to produce too much synovial fluid. When this happens, fluid can build up in the back of the knee, leading to a Baker cyst.
This can be caused by:
• Inflammation of the knee joint, which can occur with various types of arthritis
• A knee injury, such as a cartilage tear
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What are the complications of Baker cyst?
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Rarely, a Baker cyst bursts and synovial fluid leaks into the calf region, causing:
• Sharp pain in the knee
• Swelling in the calf
• Sometimes, redness of the calf or a feeling of water running down the calf
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What are the Overview of Balance problems?
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Balance problems can make you feel dizzy, as if the room is spinning, unsteady, or lightheaded. You might feel as if the room is spinning or you're going to fall down. These feelings can happen whether you're lying down, sitting or standing.
Many body systems — including your muscles, bones, joints, eyes, the balance organ in the inner ear, nerves, heart and blood vessels — must work normally for you to have normal balance. When these systems aren't functioning well, you can experience balance problems.
Many medical conditions can cause balance problems. However, most balance problems result from issues in your balance organ in the inner ear (vestibular system).
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What are the symptoms of Balance problems?
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Signs and symptoms of balance problems include:
• Sense of motion or spinning (vertigo)
• Feeling of faintness or lightheadedness (presyncope)
• Loss of balance or unsteadiness
• Falling or feeling like you might fall
• Feeling a floating sensation or dizziness
• Vision changes, such as blurriness
• Confusion
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What are the causes of Balance problems?
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Balance problems can be caused by several different conditions. The cause of balance problems is usually related to the specific sign or symptom.
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What are the symptoms of Barrett's esophagus?
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The development of Barrett's esophagus is most often attributed to long-standingGERD, which may include these signs and symptoms:
• Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents
• Difficulty swallowing food
• Less commonly, chest pain
Curiously, approximately half of the people diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux. So, you should discuss your digestive health with your doctor regarding the possibility of Barrett's esophagus.
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What are the causes of Barrett's esophagus?
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The exact cause of Barrett's esophagus isn't known. While many people with Barrett's esophagus have long-standingGERD, many have no reflux symptoms, a condition often called "silent reflux."
Whether this acid reflux is accompanied byGERDsymptoms or not, stomach acid and chemicals wash back into the esophagus, damaging esophagus tissue and triggering changes to the lining of the swallowing tube, causing Barrett's esophagus.
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What are the risk factors of Barrett's esophagus?
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Factors that increase your risk of Barrett's esophagus include:
• Family history.Your odds of having Barrett's esophagus increase if you have a family history of Barrett's esophagus or esophageal cancer.
• Being male.Men are far more likely to develop Barrett's esophagus.
• Being white.White people have a greater risk of the disease than do people of other races.
• Age.Barrett's esophagus can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 50.
• Chronic heartburn and acid reflux.HavingGERDthat doesn't get better when taking medications known as proton pump inhibitors or havingGERDthat requires regular medication can increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus.
• Current or past smoking.
• Being overweight.Body fat around your abdomen further increases your risk.
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What are the complications of Barrett's esophagus?
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People with Barrett's esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal cancer. The risk is small, even in people who have precancerous changes in their esophagus cells. Fortunately, most people with Barrett's esophagus will never develop esophageal cancer.
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What are the Overview of Bed-wetting?
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Bed-wetting — also called nighttime incontinence or nocturnal enuresis — means passing urine without intending to while asleep. This happens after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected.
Soggy sheets and pajamas — and an embarrassed child — are a familiar scene in many homes. But don't get upset if your child wets the bed. Bed-wetting isn't a sign of problems with toilet training. It's often just a typical part of a child's development.
Generally, bed-wetting before age 7 isn't a concern. At this age, your child may still be developing nighttime bladder control.
If your child continues to wet the bed, treat the problem with patience and understanding. Lifestyle changes, bladder training, moisture alarms and sometimes medicine may help lessen bed-wetting.
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What are the symptoms of Bed-wetting?
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Most kids are fully toilet trained by age 5, but there's really no target date for having complete bladder control. Between the ages of 5 and 7, bed-wetting remains a problem for some children. After 7 years of age, a small number of children still wet the bed.
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What are the causes of Bed-wetting?
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It's not known for sure what causes bed-wetting. Several issues may play a role, such as:
• A small bladder.Your child's bladder may not be developed enough to hold all the urine made during the night.
• No awareness of a full bladder.If the nerves that control the bladder are slow to mature, a full bladder may not wake your child. This may be especially true if your child is a deep sleeper.
• A hormone imbalance.During childhood, some kids do not produce enough anti-diuretic hormone, also called ADH.ADHslows down how much urine is made during the night.
• Urinary tract infection.Also called a UTI, this infection can make it hard for your child to control the urge to pass urine. Symptoms may include bed-wetting, daytime accidents, passing urine often, red or pink urine, and pain when passing urine.
• Sleep apnea.Sometimes bed-wetting is a sign of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is when a child's breathing is interrupted during sleep. This is often due to swollen and irritated or enlarged tonsils or adenoids. Other symptoms may include snoring and being sleepy during the day.
• Diabetes.For a child who's usually dry at night, bed-wetting may be the first sign of diabetes. Other symptoms may include passing large amounts of urine at once, increased thirst, extreme tiredness and weight loss in spite of a good appetite.
• Ongoing constipation.A child who is constipated does not have bowel movements often enough, and the stools may be hard and dry. When constipation is long term, the muscles involved in passing urine and stools may not work well. This can be linked to bed-wetting.
• A problem in the urinary tract or nervous system.Rarely, bed-wetting is related to a difference in the structure of the urinary tract or nervous system.
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What are the risk factors of Bed-wetting?
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Bed-wetting can affect anyone, but it's twice as common in boys as in girls.
Several factors have been linked with an increased risk of bed-wetting, including:
• Stress and anxiety.Stressful events may trigger bed-wetting. Examples include having a new baby in the family, starting a new school or sleeping away from home.
• Family history.If one or both of a child's parents wet the bed as children, their child has an increased chance of wetting the bed, too.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Bed-wetting is more common in children who haveADHD.
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What are the complications of Bed-wetting?
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Although frustrating, bed-wetting without a physical cause does not result in any health risks. But bed-wetting can create some issues for your child, including:
• Guilt and embarrassment, which can lead to low self-esteem.
• Loss of opportunities for social activities, such as sleepovers and camp.
• Rashes on your child's bottom and genital area — especially if your child sleeps in wet underwear.
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What are the Overview of Bedbugs?
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Bedbugs are small, reddish-brown blood-sucking, wingless insects. Bedbug bites usually clear up without treatment in a week or two. Bedbugs aren't known to spread disease, but they can cause an allergic reaction or a severe skin reaction in some people.
Bedbugs are about the size of an apple seed. They hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards, bed frames and other objects around a bed and come out at night to feed on their preferred host, humans. The risk of running into bedbugs is higher if you spend time in places where nighttime guests come and go often — such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters.
If you have bedbugs in your home, professional extermination is recommended.
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What are the symptoms of Bedbugs?
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Symptoms of bedbug bites are similar to symptoms of other insect bites and rashes. Bedbug bites are usually:
• Inflamed spots, often with a darker spot in the middle
• Itchy
• Arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• Located on the face, neck, arms and hands
Some people have no reaction to bedbug bites, while others experience an allergic reaction that can include severe itching, blisters or hives.
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What are the causes of Bedbugs?
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Bedbug infestations may be linked to:
• More frequent travel
• Changes in pest control practices
• Insecticide resistance
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What are the risk factors of Bedbugs?
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You're at risk of bites from bedbugs if you're in places where people come and go often, such as apartment buildings, dorm rooms, homeless shelters, hotels, cruise ships, trains, buses and refugee camps.
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What is the prevention of Bedbugs?
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• Cover up.Bedbugs don't tend to burrow under clothing. So you may be able to avoid bites by wearing pajamas that cover as much skin as possible.
• Inspect secondhand items.Look over used bedding, mattresses and upholstered furniture before bringing them into your home.
• Use hotel precautions.Check mattress seams for bedbug excrement and place your luggage on tables or dressers instead of on the floor.
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What are the Overview of Bedsores (pressure ulcers)?
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Bedsores are injuries to the skin and the tissue below the skin that are due to pressure on the skin for a long time. Bedsores most often arise on skin that covers bony areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and tailbone. Bedsores also are called pressure ulcers, pressure injuries and decubitus ulcers.
The people who are most at risk of bedsores have medical conditions that keep them from changing positions or moving. Or they spend most of their time in a bed or a chair.
Bedsores can arise over hours or days. Most sores heal with treatment, but some never heal completely. You can take steps to put a stop to bedsores and help them heal.
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What are the symptoms of Bedsores (pressure ulcers)?
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Symptoms of bedsores are:
• Changes in skin color or texture.
• Swelling.
• Pus-like draining.
• An area of skin that feels cooler or warmer to the touch than other areas.
• Sore areas.
Bedsores fall into one of several stages based on their depth, how serious they are and other features. The degree of skin and tissue damage ranges from inflamed, unbroken skin to a deep injury involving muscle and bone.
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What are the causes of Bedsores (pressure ulcers)?
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Pressure against the skin that limits blood flow to the skin causes bedsores. Limited movement can make skin prone to damage and cause bedsores.
The three main things that lead to bedsores are:
• Pressure.Constant pressure on any part of the body can lessen the blood flow to tissues. Blood flow is essential to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to tissues. Without these key nutrients, skin and nearby tissues are damaged and might die over time. Limited movement can make skin prone to the damage that the pressure causes. For people with limited mobility, pressure tends to happen in areas that aren't well padded with muscle or fat and that lie over a bone. These areas include the spine, tailbone, shoulder blades, hips, heels and elbows.
• Friction.Friction occurs when the skin rubs against clothing or bedding. It can make fragile skin more vulnerable to injury, especially if the skin also is moist.
• Shear.Shear occurs when two surfaces move in the opposite direction. For example, when a bed is raised at the head, a person can slide down in bed. As the tailbone moves down, the skin over the bone might stay in place, pulling in the opposite direction.
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What are the risk factors of Bedsores (pressure ulcers)?
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Your risk of getting bedsores is higher if you have a hard time moving and can't change position easily while seated or in bed. Risk factors include:
• Immobility.This might be due to poor health, spinal cord injury or another cause.
• Incontinence.Skin becomes more vulnerable with extended exposure to urine and stool.
• Lack of sensory perception.Spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders and other conditions can make you lose sensation. If you can't feel pain or discomfort, you won't be aware of warning signs and the need to change position.
• Poor nutrition and hydration.People need enough fluids, calories, protein, vitamins and minerals every day to maintain healthy skin and stop the breakdown of tissues.
• Medical conditions affecting blood flow.Health problems that can affect blood flow can raise the risk of tissue damage such as bedsores. Examples of these types of medical conditions are diabetes and vascular disease.
• Age.If you're over 70, you're more likely to be affected by bedsores.
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What is the prevention of Bedsores (pressure ulcers)?
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You can help stop bedsores with these steps:
• Frequently change your position to avoid stress on the skin.
• Take good care of your skin.
• Eat and drink regularly.
• Quit smoking.
• Manage stress.
• Exercise daily.
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What are the Overview of Bee sting?
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A bee sting is a common outdoor nuisance. You can take several steps to avoid stings from bees, hornets and wasps. If you're stung, basic first aid can help ease the pain of a mild or moderate reaction. You may need emergency medical help for a severe reaction.
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What are the symptoms of Bee sting?
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Bee sting symptoms can range from pain and swelling to a life-threatening allergic reaction. Having one type of reaction doesn't mean you'll always have the same reaction every time you're stung or that the next reaction will be more severe.
• Mild reaction.Most of the time, bee sting symptoms are minor and include instant, sharp burning pain, a welt and swelling. In most people, the swelling and pain go away within a few hours.
• Moderate reaction.Some people who get stung by a bee or other insect have a stronger reaction, with burning pain, a welt, itching, flushing and swelling that gets worse over the next day or two. The symptoms can last up to seven days.
• Severe reaction.A severe reaction to a bee sting is potentially life-threatening and requires emergency treatment. This type of reaction is called anaphylaxis. A small percentage of people who are stung by a bee or other insect develop anaphylaxis. It usually happens 15 minutes to an hour after the sting. Symptoms include rash, itching, trouble breathing, swollen tongue, trouble swallowing and tightness in the chest.
• Multiple bee stings.If you get stung more than a dozen times, you can have a bad reaction that makes you feel quite sick. Symptoms include those of a moderate reaction as well as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever and lightheadedness.
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What are the causes of Bee sting?
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A bee sting is an injury caused by bee venom. To sting, a bee jabs a barbed stinger into the skin. The stinger releases venom. The venom has proteins in it that cause pain and swelling around the sting area.
Generally, insects such as bees and wasps aren't aggressive and only sting in self-defense. In most cases, this results in one or perhaps a few stings. Some types of bees tend to swarm, stinging in a group. An example of this type of bee is Africanized bees.
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What are the risk factors of Bee sting?
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Risk factors for a bee sting include:
• Living in an area where bees are active.
• Being near beehives.
• Spending a lot of time outdoors.
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What is the prevention of Bee sting?
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The following tips may help reduce your risk of a bee sting:
• Take care when drinking sweet beverages outside. Use wide, open cups so you can see if a bee is in them. Inspect cans and straws before drinking from them.
• Tightly cover food containers and trash cans, as odors from them can attract insects.
• Clear away garbage, fallen fruit, and dog or other animal feces, as flies can attract wasps.
• Wear closed-toe shoes when walking outside. Don't walk through flowers.
• Don't use perfumes and scented hair and body products, as they can attract insects.
• Don't wear bright colors or floral prints, as they can attract bees.
• Be careful when mowing the lawn or trimming vegetation. Such activities might disturb insects in a beehive or wasp nest.
• Avoid being near bees, yellow jackets and hornets. For example, remove hives and nests near your home if you can do this safely.
Know what to do when bees or other stinging insects are nearby:
• If a few bees are flying around you, stay calm and slowly walk away from the area. Swatting at an insect may cause it to sting.
• If a bee or wasp stings you, or many insects start to fly around, cover your mouth and nose and quickly leave the area. When a bee stings, it releases a chemical that attracts other bees. If you can, get into a building or closed vehicle.
People who have a severe reaction to a bee sting have on average a 50% chance of anaphylaxis the next time they're stung. Talk to a healthcare professional about prevention measures such as allergy shots to avoid a similar reaction if you get stung again.
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What are the Overview of Behcet disease?
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Behcet (beh-CHET) disease, also called Behcet syndrome, is a rare condition. It causes blood vessel swelling, called inflammation, throughout the body.
Behcet disease symptoms can seem like they aren't related at first. They can include mouth sores, eye irritation and swelling, skin rashes and sores, and genital sores.
Treatment involves medicines to ease symptoms of Behcet disease and to prevent serious complications, such as blindness.
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What are the symptoms of Behcet disease?
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Behcet disease symptoms vary from person to person. Symptoms can come and go or become less serious over time. Symptoms depend on which parts of the body the condition affects.
Behcet disease most often affects the following:
• Mouth.Painful mouth sores that look like canker sores are the most common sign of Behcet disease. They begin as raised, round sores in the mouth. They quickly turn into painful ulcers.The sores most often heal in 1 to 3 weeks. But they often come back.
• Skin.Some people get sores that look like acne on their bodies. Others get raised and tender growths called nodules on their skin, mainly on the lower legs.
• Genitals.Open sores can happen on the scrotum or the vulva. The sores are most often painful and can leave scars.
• Eyes.Irritation and swelling, called inflammation, in the eye causes redness, pain and blurred vision. Called uveitis, this inflammation most often affects both eyes. In people with Behcet disease, these symptoms can come and go.
• Joints.Joint swelling and pain often affect the knees in people with Behcet disease. The ankles, elbows or wrists also might be involved. Symptoms can last 1 to 3 weeks and go away on their own.
• Blood vessels.Swelling, called inflammation, in veins and arteries can cause redness and pain. It can cause a blood clot, which leads to swelling in the arms or legs. Inflammation in the large arteries can lead to complications. These include bulges in the artery that can burst, called aneurysms, and narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
• Digestive system.Several symptoms can affect the network of organs that digest food, called the digestive system. Symptoms may include belly pain, diarrhea and bleeding.
• Brain.Swelling, called inflammation, in the brain and nervous system can cause headache, fever, confusion, poor balance or stroke.
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What are the causes of Behcet disease?
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Behcet disease might be an autoimmune disorder, which means the body's immune system attacks some of its own healthy cells by mistake. It's likely that gene changes and factors in the environment play a role.
Experts believe that swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis, causes the symptoms of Behcet disease. The condition can involve arteries and veins of all sizes. Vasculitis can damage blood vessels all through the body.
Some genes might make people more likely to get Behcet disease. Some researchers think that a germ can trigger the disease in people who have these genes.
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What are the risk factors of Behcet disease?
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Factors that might increase your risk of Behcet disease include:
• Age.Behcet disease most often affects people in their 20s and 30s. But children and older adults also can have the condition.
• Country.People from countries in the Middle East and East Asia, including Turkey, Iran, Japan and China, are more likely to get Behcet disease.
• Sex assigned at birth.Behcet disease can happen to anyone. But the disease is most often worse in people assigned male at birth.
• Genes.Certain genes may be linked with a higher risk of getting Behcet disease.
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What are the complications of Behcet disease?
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Complications of Behcet disease depend on symptoms. For instance, untreated uveitis can lead to loss of vision or blindness. If you have eye symptoms of Behcet disease, see an eye specialist, called an ophthalmologist, regularly. Treatment can help prevent this complication.
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What are the Overview of Bell's palsy?
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Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. Often the weakness is short-term and improves over weeks. The weakness makes half of the face appear to droop. Smiles are one-sided, and the eye on the affected side is hard to close.
Bell's palsy also is known as acute peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause. It can occur at any age. The exact cause is not known. Experts think it's caused by swelling and irritation of the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of the face. Bell's palsy could be caused by a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.
Symptoms usually start to improve within a few weeks, with complete recovery in about six months. A small number of people continue to have some Bell's palsy symptoms for life. Rarely, Bell's palsy occurs more than once.
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What are the symptoms of Bell's palsy?
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Symptoms of Bell's palsy come on suddenly and may include:
• Mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face — occurring within hours to days.
• Facial droop and trouble making facial expressions, such as closing an eye or smiling.
• Drooling.
• Pain around the jaw or pain in or behind the ear on the affected side.
• Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side.
• Headache.
• Loss of taste.
• Changes in the amount of tears and saliva produced.
Rarely, Bell's palsy can affect the nerves on both sides of the face.
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What are the causes of Bell's palsy?
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Although the exact reason Bell's palsy occurs isn't clear, it's often related to having a viral infection. Viruses that have been linked to Bell's palsy include viruses that cause:
• Cold sores and genital herpes, also known as herpes simplex.
• Chickenpox and shingles, also known as herpes zoster.
• Infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
• Cytomegalovirus infections.
• Respiratory illnesses, caused by adenoviruses.
• German measles, also known as rubella.
• Mumps, caused by the mumps virus.
• Flu, also known as influenza B.
• Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, caused by a coxsackievirus.
The nerve that controls facial muscles passes through a narrow corridor of bone on its way to the face. In Bell's palsy, that nerve becomes inflamed and swollen — usually related to a viral infection. Besides affecting facial muscles, the nerve affects tears, saliva, taste and a small bone in the middle of the ear.
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What are the risk factors of Bell's palsy?
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Bell's palsy occurs more often in people who:
• Are pregnant, especially during the third trimester, or who are in the first week after giving birth.
• Have an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold.
• Have diabetes.
• Have high blood pressure.
• Have obesity.
It's rare for Bell's palsy to come back. But when it does, there's often a family history of repeated attacks. This suggests that Bell's palsy might have something to do with genes.
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What are the complications of Bell's palsy?
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Mild symptoms of Bell's palsy typically disappear within a month. Recovery from more-complete facial paralysis can vary. Complications may include:
• Irreversible damage to your facial nerve.
• Irregular regrowth of nerve fibers. This may result in involuntary contraction of certain muscles when you're trying to move other muscles, known as synkinesis. For example, when you smile, the eye on the affected side may close.
• Partial or complete blindness of the eye that won't close. This is caused by excessive dryness and scratching of the clear protective covering of the eye, known as the cornea.
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What are the Overview of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo — the sudden sensation that you're spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning.
BPPVcauses brief episodes of mild to intense dizziness. It is usually triggered by specific changes in your head's position. This might occur when you tip your head up or down, when you lie down, or when you turn over or sit up in bed.
AlthoughBPPVcan be bothersome, it's rarely serious except when it increases the chance of falls. You can receive effective treatment forBPPVduring a doctor's office visit.
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What are the symptoms of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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The signs and symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may include:
• Dizziness
• A sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving (vertigo)
• A loss of balance or unsteadiness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
The signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan come and go and commonly last less than one minute. Episodes ofBPPVcan disappear for some time and then recur.
Activities that bring about the signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan vary from person to person, but are almost always brought on by a change in head position. Some people also feel out of balance when standing or walking.
Abnormal rhythmic eye movements usually accompany the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
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What are the causes of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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Often, there's no known cause forBPPV. This is called idiopathicBPPV.
When there is a known cause,BPPVis often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes ofBPPVinclude disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair.BPPValso has been associated with migraines.
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What are the risk factors of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo occurs most often in people age 50 and older, but can occur at any age.BPPVis also more common in women than in men. A head injury or any other disorder of the balance organs of your ear may make you more susceptible toBPPV.
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What are the complications of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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AlthoughBPPVis uncomfortable, it rarely causes complications. The dizziness ofBPPVcan make you unsteady, which may put you at greater risk of falling.
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What are the Overview of Benign peripheral nerve tumor?
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Benign peripheral nerve tumors are tumors that form on peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves link the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. These nerves control muscles that allow you to walk, blink, swallow, pick things up and do other activities. Benign tumors are not cancerous.
Several different types of tumors may form on the peripheral nerves. While some are caused by genetics, the cause of these tumors is usually not known.
Although most of these types of tumors are not cancerous, they can cause nerve damage and loss of muscle control. It's important to see your healthcare professional if you have a lump or if you have pain, tingling, numbness or muscle weakness.
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What are the symptoms of Benign peripheral nerve tumor?
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Symptoms depend on the location of the benign peripheral nerve tumor and the nerves and tissues it affects. Symptoms may include:
• Swelling or a lump under your skin.
• Pain, tingling or numbness.
• Weakness or loss of function in the affected area.
• Dizziness or loss of balance.
A benign peripheral nerve tumor can cause symptoms if it presses on the nerve in which it is growing. It also can press on nearby nerves, blood vessels or tissues.
As a tumor grows, it may be more likely to cause symptoms. But even small tumors can cause symptoms.
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What are the causes of Benign peripheral nerve tumor?
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The cause of benign peripheral nerve tumors usually isn't known. Some are passed down in families.
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What are the risk factors of Benign peripheral nerve tumor?
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Risk factors may be different based on the type of benign peripheral nerve tumor.
For neurofibromas, having the genetic condition known as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a risk factor. NF1 can cause someone to have several neurofibromas. But most people who have neurofibromas don't have NF1.
People with NF1 are also at increased risk for developing a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. It’s important for them to check in often with a health care professional to monitor that risk.
For schwannomas, having the gene that causes schwannomatosis is a risk factor.
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What are the Overview of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. It's also called an enlarged prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. And it often gets bigger as you get older.
An enlarged prostate can cause symptoms that may bother you, such as blocking the flow of urine out of the bladder. It also can cause bladder, urinary tract or kidney problems.
Many treatments can helpBPH. These include medicines, surgery and other procedures. Your health care provider can help you choose. The right option depends on things such as:
• Your symptoms.
• The size of your prostate.
• Other health problems you might have.
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What are the symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Common symptoms ofBPHinclude:
• Frequent or urgent need to pee, also called urination.
• Peeing more often at night.
• Trouble starting to pee.
• Weak urine stream, or a stream that stops and starts.
• Dribbling at the end of urination.
• Not being able to fully empty the bladder.
Less common symptoms include:
• Urinary tract infection.
• Not being able to pee.
• Blood in the urine.
The symptoms ofBPHtend to slowly get worse. But sometimes they stay the same or even improve over time.
The size of the prostate doesn't always determine how serious the symptoms are. Some people with slightly enlarged prostates can have major symptoms. Others who have very enlarged prostates can have minor problems. And some people with enlarged prostates don't have any symptoms at all.
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