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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the complications of Broken leg?
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Complications of a broken leg may include:
• Knee or ankle pain.A broken bone in your leg may produce pain in your knee or ankle.
• Bone infection (osteomyelitis).If a broken bone cuts through the skin and causes a wound, it is called an open fracture. If you have an open fracture, the bone may be exposed to germs that can cause infection.
• Poor or delayed healing.A severe leg fracture may not heal quickly or completely. This is particularly common in an open fracture of the tibia because of lower blood flow to this bone.
• Nerve or blood vessel damage.Leg fractures can injure nearby nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate medical help if you notice any numbness, pale skin or circulation problems.
• Compartment syndrome.This condition causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in muscles near the broken bone. This is a rare complication that is more common with high-impact injuries, such as a car or motorcycle accident.
• Arthritis.Fractures that extend into the joint and poor bone alignment can cause osteoarthritis years later. If your leg starts to hurt long after a break, see your health care provider for an evaluation.
• Unequal leg length.The long bones of a child grow from the ends of the bones, in softer areas called growth plates. If a fracture goes through a growth plate, that limb might eventually become shorter or longer than the opposite limb.
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What is the prevention of Broken leg?
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A broken leg can't always be prevented. But these basic tips may reduce your risk:
• Build bone strength.Calcium-rich foods, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, can help build strong bones. A calcium or vitamin D supplement also may improve bone strength. Ask your health care provider if these supplements are right for you.
• Wear proper athletic shoes.Choose the appropriate shoe for your favorite sports or activities. And replace athletic shoes regularly. Discard sneakers as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the shoes are wearing unevenly.
• Cross-train.Alternating activities can prevent stress fractures. Rotate running with swimming or biking. If you run on a sloped track indoors, alternate the direction of your running to even out the stress on your skeleton.
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What are the Overview of Broken ribs?
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A broken rib is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in the rib cage breaks or cracks. The most common causes are hard impacts from falls, car accidents or contact sports.
Many broken ribs are simply cracked. Cracked ribs are painful. But they don't cause the problems that ribs that have broken into pieces can. The sharp edge of a broken bone can harm major blood vessels or lungs and other organs.
Usually, broken ribs heal on their own in about six weeks. Pain control is important for being able to breathe deeply and avoid lung issues, such as pneumonia.
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What are the symptoms of Broken ribs?
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The following can cause pain with a broken rib or make pain worse:
• A deep breath.
• Pressure on the injured area.
• A bend or a twist of the body.
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What are the causes of Broken ribs?
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Direct impact — such as from a car accident, a fall, child abuse or contact sports — is the most common cause of broken ribs. Ribs also can be broken by repeated impact from sports such as golf and rowing or from coughing hard and long.
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What are the risk factors of Broken ribs?
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The following can increase the risk of breaking a rib:
• Osteoporosis.This disease in which bones lose their bulk increases the risk of breaking a bone.
• Sports.Playing contact sports, such as hockey or football, increases the risk of injury to the chest.
• Cancer in a rib.Cancer can weaken the bone, making it more likely to break.
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What are the complications of Broken ribs?
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A broken rib can harm blood vessels and internal organs. Having more than one broken rib increases the risk.
Complications depend on which ribs break. Possible complications include:
• Tear in the main artery of the body, known as the aorta.A sharp end from a break in one of the first three ribs at the top of the rib cage could pierce a major blood vessel, including the aorta.
• Tear in a lung.The jagged end of a broken middle rib can punch a hole in a lung and cause it to cave in.
• Ripped spleen, liver or kidneys.The bottom two ribs rarely break because they can move more than the upper and middle ribs. But the ends of a broken lower rib can cause serious harm to the spleen, liver or a kidney.
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What is the prevention of Broken ribs?
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To help keep a rib from breaking:
• Protect from athletic injuries.Wear protective equipment when playing contact sports.
• Reduce the risk of falls in the house.Remove clutter from floors. Wipe up spills right away. Use a rubber mat in the shower. Keep your home well lit. Put backing on carpets and area rugs to keep them from sliding.
• Strengthen bones.Getting enough calcium and vitamin D in the diet is important for strong bones. Get about 1,200 milligrams of calcium and 600 international units of vitamin D daily from food and supplements.
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What are the Overview of Broken toe?
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A broken toe is a common injury that's most often caused by dropping something on a foot or stubbing a toe.
Usually, treating a broken toe involves taping it to the next toe. But if the fracture is severe — especially if it's in the big toe — proper healing might require a cast or even surgery to heal well.
Most broken toes heal well, usually within 4 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, however, a broken toe can get infected. Also, the break might increase the risk of getting osteoarthritis in that toe in the future.
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What are the symptoms of Broken toe?
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Signs and symptoms of a broken toe include:
• Pain
• Swelling
• Change in skin color from bruising or bleeding under the skin
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What are the causes of Broken toe?
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Dropping something heavy on a foot and stubbing the toe against something hard are the most common causes of a broken toe.
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What are the complications of Broken toe?
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Complications may include:
• Infection.If the skin is cut near the injured toe, the risk of getting an infection in the bone increases.
• Osteoarthritis.This wear-and-tear type of arthritis is more likely to occur when the break affects one of the toe joints.
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What are the Overview of Broken wrist?
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A broken wrist is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your wrist. The most common of these injuries occurs in the wrist when people try to catch themselves during a fall and land hard on an outstretched hand.
You may be at higher risk of a broken wrist if you participate in sports like in-line skating or snowboarding, or if you have a condition in which bones become thinner and more fragile (osteoporosis).
It's important to treat a broken wrist as soon as possible. Otherwise, the bones might not heal in proper alignment, which might affect your ability to do everyday activities, such as writing or buttoning a shirt. Early treatment will also help minimize pain and stiffness.
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What are the symptoms of Broken wrist?
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A broken wrist might cause these signs and symptoms:
• Severe pain that might worsen when gripping or squeezing or moving your hand or wrist
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Bruising
• Obvious deformity, such as a bent wrist
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What are the causes of Broken wrist?
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A broken wrist can be caused by:
• Falls.Falling onto an outstretched hand is one of the most common causes of a broken wrist.
• Sports injuries.Many wrist fractures occur during contact sports or sports in which you might fall onto an outstretched hand — such as in-line skating or snowboarding.
• Motor vehicle crashes.Motor vehicle crashes can cause wrist bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
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What are the risk factors of Broken wrist?
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Participating in certain sports activities and having the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis can increase your chances of breaking a wrist.
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What are the complications of Broken wrist?
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Complications of a broken wrist are rare, but they might include:
• Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability.Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.
• Osteoarthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your wrist starts to hurt or swell long after a break, see your doctor for an evaluation.
• Nerve or blood vessel damage.Trauma to the wrist can injure adjacent nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate attention if you have numbness or circulation problems.
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What is the prevention of Broken wrist?
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It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause a broken wrist. But these tips might offer some protection.
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What are the Overview of Bronchiolitis?
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Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection in young children and infants. It causes swelling and irritation and a buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. These small airways are called bronchioles. Bronchiolitis is almost always caused by a virus.
Bronchiolitis starts out with symptoms much like a common cold. But then it gets worse, causing coughing and a high-pitched whistling sound when breathing out called wheezing. Sometimes children have trouble breathing. Symptoms of bronchiolitis can last for 1 to 2 weeks but occasionally can last longer.
Most children get better with care at home. A small number of children need a stay in the hospital.
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What are the symptoms of Bronchiolitis?
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For the first few days, the symptoms of bronchiolitis are much like a cold:
• Runny nose.
• Stuffy nose.
• Cough.
• Sometimes a slight fever.
Later, your child may have a week or more of working harder than usual to breathe, which may include wheezing.
Many infants with bronchiolitis also have an ear infection called otitis media.
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What are the causes of Bronchiolitis?
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Bronchiolitis happens when a virus infects the bronchioles, which are the smallest airways in the lungs. The infection makes the bronchioles swollen and irritated. Mucus collects in these airways, which makes it difficult for air to flow freely in and out of the lungs.
Bronchiolitis is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).RSVis a common virus that infects just about every child by 2 years of age. Outbreaks ofRSVinfection often happen during the colder months of the year in some locations or the rainy season in others. A person can get it more than once. Bronchiolitis also can be caused by other viruses, including those that cause the flu or the common cold.
The viruses that cause bronchiolitis are easily spread. You can get them through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks. You also can get them by touching shared items — such as dishes, doorknobs, towels or toys — and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
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What are the risk factors of Bronchiolitis?
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Bronchiolitis usually affects children under the age of 2 years. Infants younger than 3 months have the highest risk of getting bronchiolitis because their lungs and their ability to fight infections aren't yet fully developed. Rarely, adults can get bronchiolitis.
Other factors that increase the risk of bronchiolitis in infants and young children include:
• Being born too early.
• Having a heart or lung condition.
• Having a weakened immune system. This makes it hard to fight infections.
• Being around tobacco smoke.
• Contact with lots of other children, such as in a child care setting.
• Spending time in crowded places.
• Having siblings who go to school or get child care services and bring home the infection.
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What are the complications of Bronchiolitis?
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Complications of severe bronchiolitis may include:
• Low oxygen in the body.
• Pauses in breathing, which is most likely to happen in babies born too early and in babies under 2 months old.
• Not being able to drink enough liquids. This can cause dehydration, when too much body fluid is lost.
• Not being able to get the amount of oxygen needed. This is called respiratory failure.
If any of these happen, your child may need to be in the hospital. Severe respiratory failure may require that a tube be guided into the windpipe. This helps your child breathe until the infection improves.
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What is the prevention of Bronchiolitis?
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Because the viruses that cause bronchiolitis spread from person to person, one of the best ways to prevent infection is to wash your hands often. This is especially important before touching your baby when you have a cold, flu or other illness that can be spread. If you have any of these illnesses, wear a face mask.
If your child has bronchiolitis, keep your child at home until the illness is past to avoid spreading it to others.
To help prevent infection:
• Limit contact with people who have a fever or cold.If your child is a newborn, especially a premature newborn, avoid being around people with colds. This is especially important in the first two months of life.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces.Clean and disinfect surfaces and items that people often touch, such as toys and doorknobs. This is especially important if a family member is sick.
• Wash hands often.Frequently wash your own hands and those of your child. Wash with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Keep an alcohol-based hand sanitizer handy to use when you're away from home. Make sure it contains at least 60% alcohol.
• Cover coughs and sneezes.Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. Throw away the tissue. Then wash your hands. If soap and water aren't available, use a hand sanitizer. If you don't have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow, not your hands.
• Use your own drinking glass.Don't share glasses with others, especially if someone in your family is ill.
• Breastfeed, when possible.Respiratory infections are less common in breastfed babies.
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What are the Overview of Bronchitis?
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Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes. These tubes carry air to and from your lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discolored. Bronchitis may start suddenly and be short term (acute) or start gradually and become long term (chronic).
Acute bronchitis, which often develops from a cold or other respiratory infection, is very common. Also called a chest cold, acute bronchitis usually improves within a week to 10 days without lasting effects, although the cough may linger for weeks.
Chronic bronchitis, a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking. If you have repeated bouts of bronchitis, you may have chronic bronchitis, which requires medical attention. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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What are the symptoms of Bronchitis?
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If you have acute bronchitis, you may have cold symptoms, such as:
• Cough
• Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood
• Sore throat
• Mild headache and body aches
• Slight fever and chills
• Fatigue
• Chest discomfort
• Shortness of breath and wheezing
While these symptoms usually improve in about a week, you may have a nagging cough that lingers for several weeks.
For chronic bronchitis, signs and symptoms may include:
• Cough
• Production of mucus
• Fatigue
• Chest discomfort
• Shortness of breath
Chronic bronchitis is typically defined as a productive cough that lasts at least three months, with bouts that recur for at least two consecutive years. If you have chronic bronchitis, you're likely to have periods when your cough or other symptoms worsen. It's also possible to have an acute infection on top of chronic bronchitis.
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What are the causes of Bronchitis?
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Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses, typically the same viruses that cause colds and flu (influenza). Many different viruses — all of which are very contagious — can cause acute bronchitis. Antibiotics don't kill viruses, so this type of medication isn't useful in most cases of bronchitis.
Viruses spread mainly from person to person by droplets produced when an ill person coughs, sneezes or talks and you inhale the droplets. Viruses may also spread through contact with an infected object. This happens when you touch something with the virus on it and then touch your mouth, eyes or nose.
The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is cigarette smoking. Air pollution and dust or toxic gases in the environment or workplace also can contribute to the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Bronchitis?
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Factors that increase your risk of bronchitis include:
• Cigarette smoke.People who smoke or who live with a smoker are at higher risk of both acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.
• Low resistance.This may result from another acute illness, such as a cold, or from a chronic condition that compromises your immune system. Older adults, infants and young children have greater vulnerability to infection.
• Exposure to irritants on the job.Your risk of developing bronchitis is greater if you work around certain lung irritants, such as grains or textiles, or are exposed to chemical fumes.
• Gastric reflux.Repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate your throat and make you more prone to developing bronchitis.
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What are the complications of Bronchitis?
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Although a single episode of bronchitis usually isn't cause for concern, it can lead to pneumonia in some people. Repeated bouts of bronchitis, however, may mean that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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What is the prevention of Bronchitis?
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To reduce your risk of bronchitis, follow these tips:
• Get an annual flu shot.Many cases of acute bronchitis result from influenza, a virus. Getting a yearly flu vaccine can help protect you from getting the flu. Also ask your doctor or clinic if you need a vaccination that protects against certain types of pneumonia.
• Wash your hands.To reduce your risk of catching a viral infection, wash your hands frequently and get in the habit of using alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Also, avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
• Avoid close contact with people who have a viral infection.Stay away from people who have the flu or another respiratory illness.
• Avoid cigarette smoke.Cigarette smoke increases your risk of chronic bronchitis.
• Wear appropriate face covering.If you haveCOPD, consider wearing a face mask at work if you're exposed to dust or fumes. Talk to your employer about the appropriate protection. Wearing a face mask when you're going to be among crowds helps reduce exposure to infections.
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What are the Overview of Buerger disease?
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Buerger disease is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger disease — also called thromboangiitis obliterans — blood vessels become blocked. This reduces blood flow to the affected areas. Blood clots may form in the blood vessels.
Over time, the lack of blood flow damages or destroys skin tissue. The damage can lead to infection and death of body tissue, called gangrene. Buerger disease is usually first seen in the feet. It may eventually affect the blood vessels of the hand. Blood clots may form in the small veins of the arms and legs.
People who get Buerger disease almost always smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco, such as chewing tobacco. Quitting all forms of tobacco is the only way to stop Buerger disease. For those who don't quit, surgery to remove fingers and toes might be needed.
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What are the symptoms of Buerger disease?
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Buerger disease symptoms include:
• Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes.
• Changes in skin color in the hands and feet. The skin may look pale gray, red or blue. Depending on your skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Fingers and toes that turn white then blue when exposed to cold, known as Raynaud's disease. Depending on your skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Pain in the feet that occurs with walking. The pain may make it difficult to walk long distances.
• Painful open sores on fingers and toes. Pain in the fingers and toes may become severe and occur at rest.
• Inflammation of a vein just below the skin's surface, due to a blood clot in the vein.
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What are the causes of Buerger disease?
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The exact cause of Buerger disease is unknown. The condition is strongly linked to tobacco use. It's thought that chemicals in tobacco may hurt the lining of the blood vessels.
Experts think that some people have genes that make them more likely to get Buerger disease. It's also possible that the disease occurs when the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue by mistake.
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What are the risk factors of Buerger disease?
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The biggest risk factor for Buerger disease is smoking or using any type of tobacco. The disease can occur in people who smoke cigarettes, use cigars and chew tobacco. The rates of Buerger disease are highest in areas of the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia where heavy smoking is most common.
Some research says that long-term use of marijuana, also called cannabis, also raises the risk of blood vessel problems similar to those of Buerger disease.
Other risk factors for Buerger disease include being male and being younger than 45 years old. Long-term infection of the gums in the mouth may also increase the risk. But more study is needed to confirm this link.
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What are the complications of Buerger disease?
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Buerger disease decreases blood flow to the hands and feet. As the disease gets worse, the skin and tissue in the affected areas do not get enough blood. This can cause painful open sores that do not heal. The sores may lead to a complication called gangrene.
Symptoms of gangrene include black or blue skin, a loss of feeling in the affected finger or toe, and a bad smell from the area. Gangrene is a serious condition. Surgery is usually needed to remove the affected finger, toe or other tissue.
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What is the prevention of Buerger disease?
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Nearly everyone who has Buerger disease has smoked or used some form of tobacco. To prevent Buerger disease, it's important to not use tobacco.
Quitting smoking can be hard. Talk to a health care provider about ways to quit.
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What are the Overview of Bulimia nervosa?
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Bulimia (boo-LEE-me-uh) nervosa, commonly called bulimia, is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia binge eat. This means people feel like they've lost control over their eating. They eat large amounts of food in one sitting. This often occurs in secret, and they often feel very guilty and shameful. Then they try to get rid of the food and extra calories in an unhealthy way, such as vomiting or misusing laxatives. This is called purging.
If you have bulimia, you probably focus on your weight and body shape even when you're trying to think about other things. You may judge yourself severely and harshly for what you see as flaws in your appearance and personality. Bulimia is related to how you see yourself — not just about food. It can be hard to overcome, and it can be dangerous.
It's important to remember that an eating disorder is not something you choose. Bulimia is a complex illness that affects how your brain works and how you make decisions. But effective treatment can help you feel better about yourself, eat healthier and reverse serious complications.
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What are the symptoms of Bulimia nervosa?
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Bulimia symptoms may include:
• Living in fear of gaining weight and trying to lose weight in unhealthy ways.
• Repeatedly eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting.
• Feeling a loss of control during binge eating. You may feel like you can't stop eating or can't control what you eat.
• Vomiting on purpose or exercising to extremes after binge eating so that you don't gain weight.
• Using medicines that make you urinate, called water pills or diuretics, or laxatives or enemas to pass stool when they're not needed.
• Fasting, limiting calories or not eating certain foods between binges.
• Using dietary supplements or herbal products for weight loss. These products can be dangerous.
• Being very unhappy with your body shape and weight.
• Letting your body shape and weight guide how you feel about yourself and your worth.
• Having extreme mood swings.
People with bulimia may use different methods to purge. The severity of bulimia depends on the number of times a week that you purge and the problems caused by doing so.
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What are the causes of Bulimia nervosa?
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The exact cause of bulimia is not known. Genes may play a role in the development of bulimia and other eating disorders. Emotional health and family history may play a role. Also, pressures from society to be thin may play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Bulimia nervosa?
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Females are more likely to have bulimia than males. Bulimia often begins in the late teens or young adulthood.
Factors that raise your risk of bulimia include:
• Family history and genes.Having a family history of eating problems and weight-control issues can increase the risk of an eating disorder. People with first-degree relatives — siblings, parents or children — who are diagnosed with an eating disorder may be more likely to have an eating disorder. This suggests a possible genetic link.
• Mental health and emotional issues.Mental health and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse, are linked closely with eating disorders. People with bulimia may feel badly about themselves, especially if they're bullied about weight or shape. In some cases, distressing events and factors that cause emotional distress may play a part, such as being mistreated as a child.
• Dieting.People who diet are more likely to have eating disorders. Many people with bulimia severely limit calories between binge-eating sessions. This may cause them to binge eat again and then purge. Other causes for binge eating can include stress, strong emotions, having a distorted or negative body image and boredom.
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What are the complications of Bulimia nervosa?
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Bulimia may cause many serious and even life-threatening complications, including:
• Not seeing yourself as worthy and feeling hopeless or even suicidal.
• Problems getting along with others or being socially isolated.
• Poor nutrition.
• Not drinking enough fluids, which can lead to major medical problems, such as kidney failure.
• Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat or heart failure.
• Severe tooth decay and gum disease.
• Not having a period or not having a period on a regular schedule.
• Gastrointestinal problems, including tears in the tube that carries food, or a hole in your stomach or small intestine. You also could have rectal prolapse, which is when part of the large intestine slips outside the anus.
Conditions that often occur along with bulimia include anxiety, depression, personality disorders or bipolar disorder, and misuse of alcohol or drugs. Self-harm, thoughts about suicide or suicide also can occur.
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What is the prevention of Bulimia nervosa?
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Although there's no sure way to prevent bulimia, you can steer someone toward healthier behavior or professional treatment before it gets worse. Here's how you can help:
• Promote and support a healthy body image in your children, no matter what their size or shape. Help them become more confident in many parts of their personality, not just how they look.
• Have regular, enjoyable family meals.
• Don't talk about weight or shape at home.
• Discourage dieting. This is especially important when it involves unhealthy weight-control behaviors, such as fasting, labeling foods as good or bad, using weight-loss supplements or laxatives, or vomiting.
• Talk with your primary healthcare professional to look for early signs of an eating problem.
• If you notice a loved one or friend who seems to have food issues that could lead to or suggest an eating disorder, think about talking to the person about these issues and ask how you can help. If you do so, be supportive.
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What are the Overview of Bullous pemphigoid?
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Bullous pemphigoid (BUL-us PEM-fih-goid) is a rare skin condition that causes large fluid-filled blisters. They often appear on the skin near creases, such as the upper thighs and armpits. Sometimes, people get a rash instead of blisters. The affected areas may be painful and are usually very itchy. Blisters or sores also might form in the mouth, but this is rare.
Bullous pemphigoid occurs when the immune system attacks a layer of tissue in the skin. The reason for this immune system response is not well understood. In some people, the condition is brought on by certain medicines.
Bullous pemphigoid often goes away on its own in a few months, but it may take as many as five years to go away for good. Treatment usually helps heal the blisters and prevent new ones from forming.
The condition is most common in people over age 60.
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What are the symptoms of Bullous pemphigoid?
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The symptoms of bullous pemphigoid may include:
• Itching, which can start weeks or months before blisters form.
• Large blisters that don't break easily, often found along skin folds. On brown and Black skin the blisters may be dark pink, brown or black. On white skin they may be yellow, pink or red.
• Pain.
• A rash.
• Small blisters or sores in the mouth or other mucous membranes. This is a symptom of a rare type of the disease called mucous membrane pemphigoid.
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What are the causes of Bullous pemphigoid?
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The symptoms of bullous pemphigoid occur when the immune system attacks a layer of tissue in the skin. The cause of this problem is not well understood. In some cases, the condition is brought on by:
• Medicines.Several medicines are known to increase the risk of bullous pemphigoid. Examples are diuretics such as furosemide; antibiotics such as amoxicillin, penicillin and ciprofloxacin; NSAIDs such as aspirin and ibuprofen; diabetic medicines such as sitagliptin (Januvia); and medicines to treat cancer such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab.
• Light and radiation treatments.Ultraviolet light therapy to treat certain skin conditions may bring on bullous pemphigoid. Also, radiation to treat cancer can cause the condition.
• Medical conditions.Psoriasis, lichen planus, dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis are among the conditions that may be related with bullous pemphigoid.
The condition isn't an infection and it isn't contagious.
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What are the risk factors of Bullous pemphigoid?
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Bullous pemphigoid is most common in people over age 60, and the risk increases with age. The condition can be life-threatening for older people who have other conditions at the same time.
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What are the complications of Bullous pemphigoid?
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Possible complications of bullous pemphigoid include:
• Infection.
• Changes in skin color after the affected skin heals. This change in skin color is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation when the skin darkens and post-inflammatory hypopigmentation when the skin loses color. People with brown or Black skin have a higher risk of long-term skin color changes.
• Side effects from the medicine used to treat bullous pemphigoid.
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What are the Overview of Burkitt lymphoma?
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Burkitt lymphoma is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of organs, glands, tubelike vessels and clusters of cells called lymph nodes. It's part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphoma types are often divided into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Burkitt lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Burkitt lymphoma starts in a type of germ-fighting white blood cell called B cells, also called B lymphocytes. In Burkitt lymphoma, changes happen that turn the B lymphocytes into cancer cells. The cancer cells can grow in the lymph nodes, jaw or other bones in the face, parts of the intestines, bone marrow, central nervous system, and other areas of the body.
Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive type of cancer, but it may be cured when diagnosed and treated right away. Treatment for Burkitt lymphoma often includes a combination of chemotherapy medicines. Other treatments may include immunotherapy, clinical trials, bone marrow transplant, also called a bone marrow stem cell transplant, and radiation therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma?
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Burkitt lymphoma signs and symptoms may include:
• A fast-growing tumor in the lymph nodes or other parts of the body, such as the jaw.
• Painless swelling in the neck, armpit or groin.
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Night sweats.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Feeling full quickly.
Burkitt lymphoma can happen in the part of the belly where the large intestine and small intestine meet. This is known as the ileocecal region. When this region is affected, symptoms may include:
• A fast-growing tumor in the belly.
• Pain or fullness in the belly.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Losing weight without trying.
If Burkitt lymphoma is present in the brain and spinal cord, it may cause neurological symptoms such as headaches, confusion, vision changes and more.
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What are the causes of Burkitt lymphoma?
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It's not clear what causes Burkitt lymphoma. This cancer starts in a type of white blood cell that fights infections, called a B cell, also known as a B lymphocyte. In Burkitt lymphoma, gene changes cause the cell's DNA to rearrange. This is known as translocation. Translocation causes the B lymphocytes to turn into cancer cells. The cancer cells can build up in different areas of the body and cause tumors.
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What are the risk factors of Burkitt lymphoma?
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Factors that can increase the risk of Burkitt lymphoma include:
• Age.Endemic and sporadic Burkitt lymphomas are more common in children.
• Certain infections.Certain infections can increase the risk of developing Burkitt lymphoma. These include Epstein-Barr virus, HIV and malaria.
• A weakened immune system.Having a condition that affects the immune system can increase the risk of Burkitt lymphoma. Conditions may include ataxia-telangiectasia, Duncan syndrome, and X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, EBV infection and neoplasia (XMEN). The immune system also may be weakened after organ transplant.
• A family history of lymphoma.Having a relative with lymphoma may increase your risk of Burkitt lymphoma.
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What are the complications of Burkitt lymphoma?
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A complication of Burkitt lymphoma is the risk of the cancer coming back. Even after successful treatment, Burkitt lymphoma may come back. This is called a relapse. The risk of relapse is higher in people with cancer of the central nervous system. For people who have relapsed, the prognosis is much worse.
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What are the Overview of Burning mouth syndrome?
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Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. You may feel this burning on your tongue, gums, lips, inside of your cheeks, roof of your mouth or large areas of your whole mouth. The feeling of burning can be severe, as if you injured your mouth with a very hot drink.
Burning mouth syndrome usually comes on suddenly, but it can develop slowly over time. Often the specific cause can't be found. Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Burning mouth syndrome?
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Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome may include:
• A burning or scalding feeling that most commonly affects your tongue, but also may affect your lips, gums, roof of your mouth, throat or whole mouth.
• A feeling of dry mouth with increased thirst.
• Taste changes in your mouth, such as a bitter or metallic taste.
• Loss of taste.
• Tingling, stinging or numbness in your mouth.
The discomfort from burning mouth syndrome can have several different patterns. It may:
• Happen every day, with little discomfort when waking up, but become worse as the day goes on.
• Start as soon as you wake up and last all day.
• Come and go.
Whatever pattern of mouth discomfort you have, burning mouth syndrome may last for months to years. In rare cases, symptoms may suddenly go away on their own or happen less often. Sometimes the burning feeling may be briefly relieved during eating or drinking.
Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn't cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen.
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What are the causes of Burning mouth syndrome?
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The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary.
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What are the risk factors of Burning mouth syndrome?
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Burning mouth syndrome is uncommon. However, your risk may be greater if you're:
• Female.
• In perimenopause or you're postmenopausal.
• Over the age of 50.
• A smoker.
Burning mouth syndrome usually starts suddenly, for no known reason. But certain factors may increase your risk of developing burning mouth syndrome, including:
• Recent illness.
• Some long-term medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, Parkinson's disease, autoimmune disorders and neuropathy.
• Previous dental work.
• Allergic reactions to food.
• Certain medicines.
• Traumatic life events.
• Stress.
• Anxiety.
• Depression.
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What are the complications of Burning mouth syndrome?
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Complications that burning mouth syndrome may cause are mainly related to discomfort, such as problems falling asleep or difficulty eating. Long-term cases involving a lot of discomfort also could lead to anxiety or depression.
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What is the prevention of Burning mouth syndrome?
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There's no known way to prevent burning mouth syndrome. But you may be able to reduce your discomfort by not using tobacco, limiting acidic or spicy foods, not drinking carbonated beverages, and using stress management methods. Or these measures may prevent your discomfort from feeling worse.
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What are the Overview of Burns?
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Burns are tissue damage that results from too much sun, hot liquids, flames, chemicals, electricity, steam and other sources. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies.
The treatment of burns depends on where they are on the body and how bad they are. Sunburns and small scalds can often be treated with first aid. Deep or widespread burns and chemical or electrical burns need medical care right away. Some people need treatment at specialized burn centers and monthslong follow-up care.
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What are the symptoms of Burns?
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Burn symptoms vary depending on how deep the skin damage is. It can take a day or two for the symptoms of a severe burn to develop.
• First-degree burn, also called superficial burn.This minor burn affects only the outer layer of the skin, which is called the epidermis. It may cause pain and redness or other changes in skin color.
• Second-degree burn, also called partial-thickness burn.This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin, which is called the dermis. It may cause swelling and red, white or splotchy skin. Blisters may develop, and pain can be terrible. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring.
• Third-degree burn, also called full-thickness burn.This burn involves all of the layers of skin and sometimes the fat and muscle tissue under the skin. Burned areas may be black, brown or white. The skin may look leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, so there may be little or no pain.
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What are the causes of Burns?
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Burns are caused by:
• Fire.
• Hot liquid or steam.
• Hot metal, glass or other objects.
• Electrical currents.
• Nonsolar radiation, such as that from X-rays.
• Sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation, such as tanning beds.
• Chemicals such as strong acids, lye, paint thinner or gasoline.
• Abuse.
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What are the risk factors of Burns?
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Risk factors for burns include:
• Workplace factors.People who work outdoors and people who work with flames, chemicals and other substances that cause burns are at increased risk of burns. Most burns occur in adults.
• Dementia.Older adults with dementia are more likely to have burns from heat sources, such as too-hot tap water, hot drinks, food fats and cooking oils.
• Being young.Very young children are unable to get away from heat sources or flames. Their burns often come from kitchen, car seat and bath hazards.
• Alcohol.Risk of burns is increased among people who drink alcohol or use other substances that affect judgment.
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What are the complications of Burns?
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Complications of deep or widespread burns can include:
• Infection. Examples include bacterial infection, tetanus, and pneumonia.
• Fluid loss. This includes low blood volume, which is also known as hypovolemia.
• Dangerously low body temperature. This is known as hypothermia.
• Breathing problems. These can occur after taking in hot air or smoke.
• Irregular heartbeats. Also called arrythmias, irregular heartbeats can occur after electrical burns.
• Scars and changes in skin color. Scars or ridged areas can be caused by an overgrowth of scar tissue. These types of scars are called hypertrophic scars or keloids. Black people have an increased risk of this type of scarring and may benefit from seeing a burn specialist or surgeon. Other people may develop skin color changes after burns if healed skin is lighter or darker than skin that wasn't burned.
• Pain. Burn scars can be painful. Some people may experience itching or discomfort related to damaged nerves, causing numbness or tingling.
• Bone and joint problems. Scar tissue can shorten and tighten skin, muscles or tendons. This condition is also known as a contracture.
• Depression and anxiety disorders.
• Skin cancer. Skin cancer can sometimes happen in scars from previous burns. Contact your healthcare professional if you notice a sore that isn't healing within a burn scar.
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What is the prevention of Burns?
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Burns are very common, and most of them are preventable. Kitchen-related injuries from hot drinks, soups and microwaved foods are especially common among children. You can take steps to reduce the risk of household burns.
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What are the Overview of Bursitis?
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Bursitis (bur-SY-tis) is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae (bur-SEE) — that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed.
The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. But you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe. Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion.
Treatment typically involves resting the affected joint and protecting it from further trauma. In most cases, bursitis pain goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment, but recurrent flare-ups of bursitis are common.
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What are the symptoms of Bursitis?
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If you have bursitis, the affected joint might:
• Feel achy or stiff
• Hurt more when you move it or press on it
• Look swollen and red
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What are the causes of Bursitis?
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The most common causes of bursitis are repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae around a joint. Examples include:
• Throwing a baseball or lifting something over your head repeatedly
• Leaning on your elbows for long periods
• Extensive kneeling for tasks such as laying carpet or scrubbing floors
Other causes include injury or trauma to the affected area, inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout and infection.
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What are the risk factors of Bursitis?
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Anyone can develop bursitis, but certain factors can increase your risk:
• Age.Bursitis becomes more common with aging.
• Occupations or hobbies.If your work or hobby requires repetitive motion or pressure on particular bursae, your risk of developing bursitis increases. Examples include carpet laying, tile setting, gardening, painting and playing a musical instrument.
• Other medical conditions.Certain systemic diseases and conditions — such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout and diabetes — increase your risk of developing bursitis. Being overweight can increase your risk of developing hip and knee bursitis.
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What is the prevention of Bursitis?
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While not all types of bursitis can be prevented, you can reduce your risk and the severity of flare-ups by changing the way you do certain tasks. Examples include:
• Using kneeling pads.Use some type of padding to reduce the pressure on your knees if your job or hobby requires a lot of kneeling.
• Lifting properly.Bend your knees when you lift. Failing to do so puts extra stress on the bursae in your hips.
• Wheeling heavy loads.Carrying heavy loads puts stress on the bursae in your shoulders. Use a dolly or a wheeled cart instead.
• Taking frequent breaks.Alternate repetitive tasks with rest or other activities.
• Maintaining a healthy weight.Being overweight places more stress on your joints.
• Exercising.Strengthening your muscles can help protect your affected joint.
• Warming up and stretchingbefore strenuous activities to protect your joints from injury.
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What are the symptoms of Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)?
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Signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma include:
• Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• Intensely itchy skin
• White-colored stools
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain on the right side, just below the ribs
• Losing weight without trying
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Dark urine
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What are the causes of Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)?
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Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma.
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What are the risk factors of Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)?
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Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include:
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis.This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts.
• Chronic liver disease.Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
• Bile duct problems present at birth.People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
• A liver parasite.In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish.
• Older age.Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50.
• Smoking.Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
• Diabetes.People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
• Certain inherited conditions.Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)?
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To reduce your risk of cholangiocarcinoma, you can:
• Stop smoking.Smoking is linked to an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. If you smoke, stop. If you have tried quitting in the past and haven't been successful, talk with your doctor about strategies to help you quit.
• Reduce your risk of liver disease.Chronic liver disease is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Some causes of liver disease can't be prevented, but others can. Do what you can to take care of your liver.For instance, to reduce your risk of liver inflammation (cirrhosis), drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. Maintain a healthy weight. When working with chemicals, follow the safety instructions.
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What are the Overview of Cystitis?
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Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation is when a part of your body is swollen and hot. It can also be painful.
Most of the time, cystitis happens when there's an infection caused by bacteria. This is called a urinary tract infection (UTI). Having a bladder infection can be painful and annoying. It can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys.
Cystitis also may occur as a reaction to certain drugs or radiation therapy. Things that sometimes irritate the bladder, such as hygiene products, spermicide jelly or long-term catheter use, can also lead to cystitis. Cystitis can also happen as a complication of another illness.
The usual treatment for cystitis caused by bacteria is to take antibiotic medication. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on the cause.
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What are the symptoms of Cystitis?
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Cystitis signs and symptoms may include:
• A strong, persistent urge to urinate
• Pain or a burning feeling when urinating
• Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic discomfort
• A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen)
• Low-grade fever
In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn't likely to happen because of aUTI.
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What are the causes of Cystitis?
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Your urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. All play a role in removing waste from your body.
Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located toward the back of your upper abdomen. They filter waste from your blood and regulate the concentrations of many substances.
Tubes called ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until you feel the need to urinate. Urine then leaves your body through the urethra.
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What are the risk factors of Cystitis?
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Some people are more likely than others to develop bladder infections or repeated urinary tract infections. Women can have this problem. A key reason is physical anatomy. Women have a short urethra. This means bacteria that can cause an infection don't have as far to travel to reach the bladder.
You may be at greater risk of bladder infections or repeatedUTIsif you:
• Are sexually active.During sex, bacteria can be pushed into the urethra.
• Use certain types of birth control.Using a diaphragm increases the risk of aUTI. Diaphragms that contain spermicide may increase risk even more.
• Are pregnant.Hormone changes during pregnancy may increase the risk of a bladder infection.
• Have gone through menopause.Changes to hormones that happen after menopause often can lead toUTIs.
Other risk factors include:
• Interference with the flow of urine.This can occur in conditions such as a stone in the bladder or an enlarged prostate.
• Changes in the immune system.This can happen with certain conditions, such as diabetes,HIVinfection and cancer treatment.
• Long-term use of urinary catheters.These tubes may be needed in people with chronic illnesses or in older adults. Prolonged use can put you at greater risk of bacterial infections as well as bladder tissue damage.
In generally healthy men, cystitis is rare.
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What are the complications of Cystitis?
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When treated right away with the proper medicine, bladder infections rarely lead to complications. But if they aren't treated, they can become something more serious. Complications may include:
• Kidney infection.An untreated bladder infection can lead to a kidney infection. This is also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis). Kidney infections may permanently damage the kidneys.
• Blood in the urine.With cystitis, you may have blood cells in the urine. Often, they can be seen only with a microscope. This condition is called microscopic hematuria. It usually goes away after treatment. If blood cells still appear in the urine after treatment, you may need to see a specialist to find out the cause.Blood in the urine that you can see is called gross hematuria. This happens rarely with typical, bacterial cystitis. But this sign may be more common if you have cystitis that happens after chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer.
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What is the prevention of Cystitis?
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Self-care measures to prevent repeated bladder infections aren't well studied. But some providers recommend these tips for prevention:
• Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.Drinking lots of fluids is especially important after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, particularly on treatment days.
• Urinate frequently.If you feel the urge to urinate, don't delay using the toilet.
• Wipe from front to back after a bowel movement.This prevents bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.
• Take showers rather than tub baths.If you're prone to infections, showering rather than taking a bath may help prevent them.
• Gently wash the skin around the genitals.Do this daily, but don't use harsh soaps or wash too vigorously. The delicate skin in this area can become irritated.
• Empty your bladder as soon as possible after sex.Drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
• Avoid using deodorant sprays or hygiene products in the genital area.These products can irritate the urethra and bladder.
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What are the Overview of Fecal incontinence?
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Fecal incontinence is accidental passing of solid or liquid stool. Fecal incontinence may happen when a person has a sudden urge to pass stool and cannot get to a toilet in time. Also, stool may leak when a person doesn't sense the need to pass stool.
Common causes of fecal incontinence include diarrhea, constipation, and muscle or nerve damage. Fecal incontinence can affect a person's ability to work, socialize or do typical daily activities. It often causes embarrassment or emotional stress.
Diagnosis and treatment are often avoided because the condition is difficult to discuss with a healthcare professional. Treatments can improve fecal incontinence and overall quality of life.
Fecal incontinence also may be called bowel incontinence or accidental bowel leakage.
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What are the symptoms of Fecal incontinence?
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The main symptom is not being able to control passing stool. This may happen during a short-term illness that causes diarrhea. For some people, fecal incontinence is an ongoing condition.
There are two types of fecal incontinence:
• Urge incontinenceis the sudden urge to pass stool but not being able to control the urge. The need to pass stool may come on so suddenly that it's not possible to get to the toilet in time.
• Passive incontinenceis passing stool when a person isn't aware of the need to pass stool. A person may not be able to feel that the rectum is full of stool.
Fecal incontinence also may be leakage of stool when a person passes gas.
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What are the causes of Fecal incontinence?
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For many people, there is more than one cause of fecal incontinence.
Causes may include:
Diarrhea and constipation.Very soft and very hard stools can lead to fecal incontinence. Problems include:
• Loose or watery stool that quickly fills the rectum and is difficult to hold.
• Large, hard stool that blocks the rectum and results in leakage of softer stool around it.
Damaged or weakened muscles.The muscles of the anus, rectum and pelvic floor control the holding and passing of stool. Damaged or weak muscles can cause fecal incontinence. Conditions that can weaken or damage muscles include:
• Injury during vaginal delivery, particularly with forceps.
• Surgical cut of the vagina during delivery, called an episiotomy.
• Injury from accidents, surgery or radiation therapy.
• Age-related weakening of muscles.
Nervous system disorders.Injury or illness can affect how the nerves and muscles of the anus, rectum or pelvis work. Nervous system disorders also may affect a person's awareness of the need for passing stool. These conditions may include:
• Diseases of the brain, such Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, stroke, or cerebral palsy.
• Long-term diseases affecting nerve function, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis.
• Spinal cord injury or tumor.
• Damage to nerves during surgery.
Physical problems of the anus or rectum.Irregular physical changes in the anus or rectum can contribute to fecal incontinence. These include:
• Scarring or inflammation of the rectum — from injury or long-term disease — that affects the ability of the rectum to hold stool.
• Dropping of the rectum through the anus, called rectal prolapse.
• Hemorrhoids that may prevent the closing of the anal muscles.
• Bulging of the rectum into the vagina, also called rectocele.
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What are the risk factors of Fecal incontinence?
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A number of factors may increase your risk of developing fecal incontinence, including:
• Age.Fecal incontinence is more likely in adults over 65.
• Sex.Fecal incontinence is more common in women, likely because of possible injuries during delivery. Hormone treatments for menopause also may increase the risk.
• Diseases of the digestive system.The risk of fecal incontinence is increased with long-term diseases that affect the intestines. These include:Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.Irritable bowel syndrome.Celiac disease.
• Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
• Irritable bowel syndrome.
• Celiac disease.
• Mental disability.A mental disability or dementia may affect a person's ability to plan to use the toilet or be aware of the need to use the toilet.
• Physical disability.A physical disability or limited mobility may make it difficult to reach a toilet in time. An injury that caused a physical disability may cause nerve or muscle damage that increases the risk of fecal incontinence.
• Lifestyle factors.Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of incontinence include being overweight, not being active, smoking, and drinking caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.
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What are the complications of Fecal incontinence?
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Complications of fecal incontinence may include:
• Emotional distress.Many people feel embarrassed about fecal incontinence. And they often experience anxiety or depression. They may try to hide the problem and avoid social situations.
• Tissue irritation.The skin around the anus is delicate and sensitive. Repeated contact with stool can lead to pain and itching. Sores, called ulcers, may appear in the tissues of the rectum.
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What is the prevention of Fecal incontinence?
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Depending on the cause, it may be possible to improve or prevent fecal incontinence. These actions may help:
• Reduce constipation.Increase your exercise, eat more high-fiber foods and drink plenty of fluids.
• Control diarrhea.Avoid food or drinks that may make diarrhea worse, such as caffeinated drinks, alcohol, dairy products and fatty foods.
• Do not strain.Straining during bowel movements can eventually weaken anal sphincter muscles or damage nerves.
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What are the Overview of Geographic tongue?
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Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. The tongue usually is covered with tiny, pinkish-white bumps called papillae. These papillae are actually fine, hairlike structures. With geographic tongue, patches on the surface of the tongue are missing papillae. These patches are smooth and red, often with slightly raised borders.
This condition is called geographic tongue because the patches make your tongue look like a map. The patches often appear in one area and then move to a different part of the tongue.
Although geographic tongue may look alarming, it does not cause health issues. It's not related to infection or cancer. Geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain and make you more sensitive to certain foods, such as spices, salt and even sweets.
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What are the symptoms of Geographic tongue?
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Symptoms of geographic tongue may include:
• Smooth, red, irregularly shaped patches on the top or side of your tongue. These patches may look like sores.
• Frequent changes in the location, size and shape of the patches.
• Pain or burning feeling in some cases, most often related to eating spicy or acidic foods.
Many people with geographic tongue have no symptoms.
Geographic tongue can continue for days, months or years. The problem often goes away on its own, but it may appear again later.
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What are the risk factors of Geographic tongue?
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Factors that may increase your risk of geographic tongue include:
• Family history.Some people with geographic tongue have a family history of it. So genetic factors may raise the risk.
• Fissured tongue.People with geographic tongue often have a condition called fissured tongue. This is when deep grooves, called fissures, appear on the surface of the tongue.
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What are the complications of Geographic tongue?
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Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.
This condition can cause anxiety. That's because the appearance of the tongue may be embarrassing, depending on how well the patches can be seen. It also may be hard to believe that nothing is seriously wrong.
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What are the Overview of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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IgAnephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger disease, is a kidney disease. It happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (IgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
IgAnephropathy often becomes worse slowly over years. But the course of the disease varies from person to person. Some people leak blood into their urine without having other problems. Others might have complications such as losing kidney function and spilling protein into the urine. Still others develop kidney failure, which means the kidneys stop working well enough to filter the body's waste on their own.
There's no cure forIgAnephropathy, but medicines can slow how quickly it becomes worse. Some people need treatment to lower inflammation, reduce the spilling of protein into the urine and prevent the kidneys from failing. Such treatments may help the disease become not active, a state called remission. Keeping blood pressure under control and lowering cholesterol also slow the disease.
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What are the symptoms of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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IgAnephropathy often doesn't cause symptoms early on. You might not notice any health effects for 10 years or more. Sometimes, routine medical tests find signs of the disease, such as protein and red blood cells in the urine that are seen under a microscope.
WhenIgAnephropathy causes symptoms, they might include:
• Cola- or tea-colored urine caused by blood. You might notice these color changes after a cold, sore throat or respiratory infection.
• Blood that can be seen in the urine.
• Foamy urine from protein leaking into the urine. This is called proteinuria.
• Pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs.
• Swelling in the hands and feet called edema.
• High blood pressure.
• Weakness and tiredness.
If the disease leads to kidney failure, symptoms may include:
• Rashes and itchy skin.
• Muscle cramps.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Less appetite.
• Metallic taste in the mouth.
• Confusion.
Kidney failure is life-threatening without treatment. But dialysis or a kidney transplant can help people live for many more years.
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What are the causes of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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The kidneys are two bean-shaped, fist-sized organs located at the small of the back, one on each side of the spine. Each kidney contains tiny blood vessels called glomeruli. These vessels filter waste, extra water and other substances from the blood. Then the filtered blood goes back into the bloodstream. The waste products pass into the bladder and out of the body in urine.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of protein called an antibody. The immune system makesIgAto help attack germs and fight infections. But withIgAnephropathy, this protein collects in the glomeruli. This causes inflammation and affects their filtering ability over time.
Researchers don't know exactly what causesIgAto build up in the kidneys. But the following things might be linked with it:
• Genes.IgAnephropathy is more common in some families and in certain ethnic groups, such as people of Asian and European descent.
• Liver diseases.These include scarring of the liver called cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B and C infections.
• Celiac disease.Eating gluten, a protein found in most grains, triggers this digestive condition.
• Infections.These includeHIVand some bacterial infections.
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What are the risk factors of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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The exact cause ofIgAnephropathy is unknown. But these factors might raise the risk of getting it:
• Sex.In North America and Western Europe,IgAnephropathy affects at least twice as many men as it does women.
• Ethnicity.IgAnephropathy is more common in white people and people of Asian descent than it is in Black people.
• Age.IgAnephropathy most often develops between the mid-teens and mid-30s.
• Family history.IgAnephropathy appears to run in some families.
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What are the complications of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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The course ofIgAnephropathy varies from person to person. Some people have the disease for years with few or no problems. Many don't get diagnosed. Other people develop one or more of the following complications:
• High blood pressure.Damage to the kidneys fromIgAbuildup can raise blood pressure. And high blood pressure can do more damage to the kidneys.
• High cholesterol.High levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of a heart attack.
• Acute kidney failure.If the kidneys can't filter blood well enough due to buildup ofIgA, levels of waste products rise quickly in the blood. And if kidney function gets worse very quickly, health care professionals may use the term rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
• Chronic kidney disease.IgAnephropathy can cause the kidneys to stop working over time. Then a treatment called dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed to live.
• Nephrotic syndrome.This is a group of problems that can be caused by damage to the glomeruli. The problems can include high urine protein levels, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol and lipids, and swelling of the eyelids, feet and stomach area.
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What is the prevention of IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
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You can't preventIgAnephropathy. Talk with your doctor if you have a family history of the disease. Ask what you can do to keep your kidneys healthy. For example, it helps to lower high blood pressure and keep cholesterol at healthy levels.
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What are the Overview of Inflammatory breast cancer?
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Inflammatory breast cancer is a form of breast cancer that causes breast swelling and skin changes.
Inflammatory breast cancer happens when a growth of cells forms in the breast tissue. The cells break away from where they started to grow and travel to the lymphatic vessels in the skin. The cells can block the vessels and cause the skin on the breast to look swollen. This skin on the breast might look red or purple.
Inflammatory breast cancer is considered a locally advanced cancer. When a cancer is locally advanced, that means it has spread from where it started to nearby tissue and possibly to nearby lymph nodes.
Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is a much more common cause of breast swelling and skin changes. Seek medical attention right away if you notice skin changes on your breast.
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What are the symptoms of Inflammatory breast cancer?
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Inflammatory breast cancer doesn't commonly form a lump, as occurs with other forms of breast cancer. Instead, signs and symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include:
• Fast change in the appearance of one breast, over the course of several weeks.
• Thickness, heaviness or swelling of one breast.
• Changes in skin color, giving the breast a red, purple, pink or bruised appearance.
• Unusual warmth of the affected breast.
• Dimpling or ridges on the skin of the affected breast, similar to an orange peel.
• Tenderness, pain or aching.
• Enlarged lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or below the collarbone.
• Flattened nipple or nipple that turns inward on the affected breast.
For inflammatory breast cancer to be diagnosed, these symptoms must have been present for less than six months.
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What are the causes of Inflammatory breast cancer?
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Inflammatory breast cancer happens when cells in the breast develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Most often the DNA changes happen in a cell in one of the tubes, called ducts, that can carry breast milk to the nipple. But the cancer also can begin with a cell in the glandular tissue, called lobules, where breast milk can be produced.
In inflammatory breast cancer, the cancer cells break away from where they started. They travel to the lymphatic vessels in the breast skin. The cells grow to clog the vessels. The blockage in the lymphatic vessels causes skin color changes, swelling and dimpled skin. This skin is a classic sign of inflammatory breast cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Inflammatory breast cancer?
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Factors that increase the risk of inflammatory breast cancer include:
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