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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Cavities and tooth decay?
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Cavities are areas in the hard surface of your teeth that are damaged. These areas of tooth decay become tiny openings or holes that can lead to a serious toothache, infection and tooth loss. There are several causes of cavities, including bacteria in your mouth, snacking a lot, sipping sugary drinks and not cleaning your teeth well.
Cavities and tooth decay are among the world's most common health problems. They're especially common in children, teenagers and older adults. But anyone who has teeth can get cavities, including babies.
If cavities aren't treated, they get larger and affect deeper layers of your teeth. Regular dental visits and good brushing and flossing habits are the best ways to protect your teeth from cavities.
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What are the symptoms of Cavities and tooth decay?
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The symptoms of cavities vary, depending on how many you have and where they're located. When a cavity is just beginning, you may not have any symptoms. As the decay gets larger, it may cause symptoms such as:
• Toothache and other pain.
• Tooth sensitivity.
• Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot or cold.
• Holes or pits in your teeth that you can see.
• Brown, black or white staining on any surface of a tooth.
• Pain when you bite down.
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What are the causes of Cavities and tooth decay?
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Tooth decay causes cavities. This is a process that occurs over time.
Here's how tooth decay happens:
• Plaque forms.Dental plaque is a clear sticky film that coats your teeth. It's due to eating a lot of sugars and starches and not cleaning your teeth well. When you don't clean sugars and starches off your teeth, bacteria quickly begin feeding on them and forming plaque. Plaque that stays on your teeth can harden under or above your gumline into tartar. Tartar makes plaque harder to remove and creates a shield for bacteria. A dental professional needs to remove this plaque.
• Plaque attacks.The acids from bacteria remove minerals in your tooth's hard, outer enamel. This erosion causes tiny openings or holes in the enamel — the first stage of cavities. Once areas of enamel are worn away, the bacteria and acid can reach the next layer of your teeth, called dentin. This layer is softer than enamel and less resistant to acid, causing your teeth to be more sensitive.
• Damage continues.As tooth decay happens, the bacteria and acid move through your teeth to the inner tooth material (pulp) that contains nerves and blood vessels. The pulp becomes swollen and irritated from the bacteria. Because there is no place for the swelling to expand inside of a tooth, the nerve becomes pressed, causing pain. Sometimes pain and damage can spread outside of the tooth root to the bone, causing bone loss around the tooth and even reaching nearby teeth.
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What are the risk factors of Cavities and tooth decay?
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Anyone who has teeth can get cavities, but these factors raise the risk:
• Tooth location.Decay most often occurs in your back teeth — your molars and premolars. These teeth have lots of grooves, pits and crannies, and multiple roots that can collect food particles. That's why they're harder to keep clean than your smoother, easy-to-reach front teeth.
• Certain foods and drinks.Foods that cling to your teeth for a long time are more likely to cause decay than foods that are easily washed away by saliva. These foods include milk, ice cream, honey, sugar, soda, dried fruit, cake, cookies, hard candy and mints, dry cereal, and chips.
• Snacking or sipping a lot.When you snack or sip sugary drinks a lot, you give mouth bacteria more fuel to make acids that attack your teeth and wear them down. And sipping soda or other acidic drinks throughout the day helps create a continual acid bath over your teeth.
• Bedtime baby feeding.When babies are given bedtime bottles filled with milk, formula, juice or other liquids that have sugar, these beverages remain on their teeth for hours while they sleep. This feeds bacteria that can cause decay. This damage often is called baby bottle tooth decay. Similar damage can occur when toddlers wander around drinking from a sippy cup filled with these beverages.
• Not brushing your teeth well.If you don't clean your teeth soon after eating and drinking, plaque forms quickly, and the first stages of decay and gingivitis can begin.
• Not getting enough fluoride.Fluoride, a naturally occurring mineral, helps prevent cavities. It also can reverse the earliest stages of tooth damage. Because of its benefits for teeth, fluoride is added to many public water supplies. It's also a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouth rinses. But bottled water usually does not contain fluoride.
• Younger or older age.In the U.S., cavities are common in very young children and teenagers. Older adults also are at higher risk. Over time, teeth can wear down and gums may recede, making teeth more likely to decay. Older adults also may use more medicines that reduce saliva flow, raising the risk of tooth decay.
• Dry mouth.Dry mouth is caused by a lack of saliva. Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by washing away food and plaque from your teeth. Substances found in saliva also help counter the acid produced by bacteria. Certain medicines, some medical conditions, radiation to your head or neck, or certain chemotherapy drugs can raise your risk of cavities by reducing saliva production.
• Worn fillings or dental devices.Over the years, dental fillings can weaken, begin to break down or get rough edges. This allows plaque to build up more easily and makes it harder to remove. Dental devices can stop fitting well, allowing decay to begin under them.
• Heartburn.Heartburn, a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can cause stomach acid to flow into your mouth. This is called reflux. It can wear away the enamel of your teeth and cause a lot of damage. This exposes more of the dentin to bacteria, creating tooth decay. Your dentist may recommend that you talk with your healthcare professional to see if GERD is causing your enamel loss.
• Eating disorders.Anorexia and bulimia can lead to a lot of tooth erosion and cavities. Stomach acid from repeated vomiting, called purging, washes over the teeth and begins eating away at the enamel. Eating disorders also can get in the way of saliva production.
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What are the complications of Cavities and tooth decay?
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Cavities and tooth decay are so common that you may not take them seriously. And you may think that it doesn't matter if children get cavities in their baby teeth. But cavities and tooth decay can have serious and lasting complications, even for children who don't have their permanent teeth yet.
Complications of cavities may include:
• Pain.
• Abscess — a bacterial infection that causes a pocket of pus to form in a tooth.
• Swelling or pus around a tooth.
• Damage or broken teeth.
• Chewing problems.
• Positioning shifts of teeth after tooth loss.
When cavities and decay become serious, you may have:
• Pain that makes it hard to live your daily life.
• Weight loss or nutrition problems because it's painful or difficult to eat or chew.
• Tooth loss, which may affect your appearance, confidence and self-esteem.
• In rare cases, a tooth abscess, which can lead to more-serious or even life-threatening infections.
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What is the prevention of Cavities and tooth decay?
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Good oral and dental hygiene can help keep you from getting cavities. Here are some tips to help prevent cavities. Ask your dentist which tips are best for you.
• Brush with fluoride toothpaste after eating or drinking.Brush your teeth at least twice a day, and ideally after every meal, using toothpaste with fluoride. To clean between your teeth, floss or use an interdental cleaner. This cleaner helps reach areas where a toothbrush can't reach.
• Rinse your mouth.If your dentist feels that you have a high risk of getting cavities, a mouth rinse with fluoride may be recommended.
• Visit your dentist regularly.Get professional teeth cleanings and regular oral exams, which can help prevent problems or spot them early. Your dentist can recommend a schedule that's best for you.
• Consider dental sealants.A sealant is a protective plastic coating applied to the chewing surface of back teeth. It seals off grooves and crannies that tend to collect food, protecting tooth enamel from plaque and acid. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends sealants for all school-age children. Sealants may last for several years before they need to be replaced, but they need to be checked regularly.
• Drink some tap water.Most public water supplies have added fluoride, which can reduce tooth decay greatly. If you drink only bottled water that doesn't contain fluoride, you'll miss out on the benefits of fluoride.
• Avoid snacking and sipping a lot.Whenever you eat or drink beverages other than water, you help your mouth bacteria create acids that can destroy tooth enamel. If you snack or drink throughout the day, your teeth are under constant attack.
• Eat tooth-healthy foods.Some foods and beverages are better for your teeth than others. Avoid foods that get stuck in grooves and pits of your teeth for long periods, or brush soon after eating them. Foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables increase saliva flow, and unsweetened coffee, tea and sugar-free gum help wash away food particles.
• Consider fluoride treatments.Your dentist may recommend periodic fluoride treatments, especially if you aren't getting enough fluoride through fluoridated drinking water and other sources. Your dentist also may recommend custom trays that fit over your teeth to apply prescription fluoride if your risk of tooth decay is very high.
• Ask about antiseptic and disinfecting treatments.If tooth decay is likely — for example, because of a medical condition — your dentist may recommend special antiseptic and disinfecting mouth rinses like chlorhexidine or other treatments to cut down on harmful bacteria in your mouth. Unless your dentist tells you otherwise, mouth rinses, also called mouthwash, generally are not recommended for children younger than the age of 6 so they don't swallow too much of it.
• Combined treatments.Chewing sugar-free gum along with prescription fluoride and an antibacterial rinse can help reduce the risk of cavities. But in some people, xylitol, which is often found in sugar-free gum or sugar-free candies, may cause gas or diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.
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What are the Overview of Celiac disease?
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Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye.
If you have celiac disease, eating gluten triggers an immune response to the gluten protein in your small intestine. Over time, this reaction damages your small intestine's lining and prevents it from absorbing nutrients, a condition called malabsorption.
The intestinal damage often causes symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, bloating or anemia. It also can lead to serious complications if it is not managed or treated. In children, malabsorption can affect growth and development in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms.
There's no definite cure for celiac disease. But for most people, following a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms and help the intestines heal.
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What are the symptoms of Celiac disease?
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The symptoms of celiac disease can vary greatly. They also may be different in children and adults. Digestive symptoms for adults include:
• Diarrhea.
• Fatigue.
• Weight loss.
• Bloating and gas.
• Abdominal pain.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Constipation.
However, more than half the adults with celiac disease have symptoms that are not related to the digestive system, including:
• Anemia, usually from iron deficiency due to decreased iron absorption.
• Loss of bone density, called osteoporosis, or softening of bones, called osteomalacia.
• Itchy, blistery skin rash, called dermatitis herpetiformis.
• Mouth ulcers.
• Headaches and fatigue.
• Nervous system injury, including numbness and tingling in the feet and hands, possible problems with balance, and cognitive impairment.
• Joint pain.
• Reduced functioning of the spleen, known as hyposplenism.
• Elevated liver enzymes.
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What are the causes of Celiac disease?
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Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn't known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress.
When the body's immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can't get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.
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What are the risk factors of Celiac disease?
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Celiac disease tends to be more common in people who have:
• A family member with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis.
• Type 1 diabetes.
• Down syndrome, William syndrome or Turner syndrome.
• Autoimmune thyroid disease.
• Microscopic colitis.
• Addison's disease.
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What are the complications of Celiac disease?
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Celiac disease that is not treated can lead to:
• Malnutrition.This occurs if your small intestine can't absorb enough nutrients. Malnutrition can lead to anemia and weight loss. In children, malnutrition can cause slow growth and short stature.
• Bone weakening.In children, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can lead to a softening of the bone, called osteomalacia or rickets. In adults, it can lead to a loss of bone density, called osteopenia or osteoporosis.
• Infertility and miscarriage.Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can contribute to reproductive issues.
• Lactose intolerance.Damage to your small intestine might cause you abdominal pain and diarrhea after eating or drinking dairy products that contain lactose. Once your intestine has healed, you might be able to tolerate dairy products again.
• Cancer.People with celiac disease who don't maintain a gluten-free diet have a greater risk of developing several forms of cancer, including intestinal lymphoma and small bowel cancer.
• Nervous system conditions.Some people with celiac disease can develop conditions such as seizures or a disease of the nerves to the hands and feet, called peripheral neuropathy.
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What are the Overview of Cellulite?
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Cellulite is a very common, harmless skin condition that causes lumpy, dimpled flesh on the thighs, hips, buttocks and abdomen. The condition is most prevalent in women.
Many people try, with variable success, to improve the appearance of their skin through weight loss, exercise, massage and creams marketed as a solution to cellulite. Medically proven treatment options are available as well, though results aren't immediate or long lasting.
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What are the symptoms of Cellulite?
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Cellulite looks like dimpled or bumpy skin. It's sometimes described as having a cottage cheese or orange peel texture.
You can see mild cellulite only if you pinch your skin in an area where you have cellulite, such as your thighs. Cellulite that is more severe makes the skin appear rumpled and bumpy with areas of peaks and valleys.
Cellulite is most common around the thighs and buttocks, but it can also be found on the breasts, lower abdomen and upper arms.
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What are the risk factors of Cellulite?
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Cellulite is much more common in women than in men. In fact, most women develop some cellulite after puberty. This is because women's fat is typically distributed in the thighs, hips and buttocks — common areas for cellulite. Cellulite is also more common with aging, when the skin loses elasticity. Weight gain can make cellulite more noticeable, but some lean people have cellulite, as well. It tends to run in families, so genetics might play the biggest role in whether you develop cellulite. An inactive lifestyle also can increase your chances of having cellulite, as can pregnancy.
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What are the symptoms of Central nervous system vascular malformations?
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Symptoms depend on the type of central nervous system vascular malformation and where it's found. Some vascular malformations have no symptoms. They're found on imaging for something else.
Symptoms for some central nervous system vascular malformations can include:
• Bleeding.
• Seizures.
• Headache.
• Brain and nervous system problems, called neurological deficits, that get worse over time. Neurological deficits can affect speech, vision, balance, memory and other abilities.
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What are the causes of Central nervous system vascular malformations?
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The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear. Some are present at birth, called congenital. Others come later.
Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformation. Injury to the central nervous system might be another cause.
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What are the complications of Central nervous system vascular malformations?
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Central nervous system vascular malformations can damage the brain or spinal cord. Damage can come from bleeding, called hemorrhage, into nearby tissues. Vascular malformations also can block oxygen flow to tissues and put pressure on parts of the brain or spinal cord.
Complications can include:
• Stroke.
• Brain damage from a burst blood vessel.
• Death.
• Learning and behavior problems in children.
Once bleeding occurs, there's a greater risk of having another bleed. For someone who has a vascular malformation, being pregnant might increase the risk of bleeding.
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What are the Overview of Central sleep apnea?
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Central sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.
Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. This condition is different from obstructive sleep apnea, in which breathing stops because the throat muscles relax and block the airway. Central sleep apnea is less common than obstructive sleep apnea.
Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude.
Treatments for central sleep apnea might involve managing existing conditions, using a device to assist breathing or using supplemental oxygen.
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What are the symptoms of Central sleep apnea?
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Common symptoms of central sleep apnea include:
• Observed episodes of not breathing during sleep.
• Sudden awakenings with shortness of breath.
• Not being able to stay asleep, known as insomnia.
• Excessive daytime sleepiness, known as hypersomnia.
• Trouble focusing.
• Mood changes.
• Morning headaches.
• Snoring.
Although snoring suggests some degree of a blocked airway, snoring also can occur in people with central sleep apnea. However, snoring may not be as prominent with central sleep apnea as it is with obstructive sleep apnea.
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What are the causes of Central sleep apnea?
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Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn't transmit signals to your breathing muscles.
The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing.
The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include:
• Cheyne-Stokes breathing.This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.During Cheyne-Stokes breathing, breathing effort and airflow gradually rise and then lessen. During the weakest breathing effort, a total lack of airflow can occur.
• Drug-induced apnea.Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. These medicines can be taken by mouth or by shot, also called injection. They include morphine (MS Contin, Mitigo, others), oxycodone (Roxicodone, Oxycontin, others) and codeine.
• High-altitude periodic breathing.A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you're at a very high altitude. The change in oxygen at a high altitude can cause fast breathing, known as hyperventilation, followed by taking in too little air.
• Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea.Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for treatment. This condition is known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. It is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas.
• Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea.Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. This type of sleep apnea doesn't involve Cheyne-Stokes breathing.
• Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea.The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Central sleep apnea?
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Certain factors put you at increased risk of central sleep apnea:
• Sex.Males are more likely to develop central sleep apnea than are females.
• Age.Central sleep apnea is more common among older adults, especially those older than age 60. This could be because people older than 60 are likely to have other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are linked to central sleep apnea.
• Heart disorders.Heart problems put people at higher risk of central sleep apnea. An irregular heartbeat, known as atrial fibrillation, can increase the risk. Having heart muscles that don't pump enough blood for the body's needs, known as congestive heart failure, also can raise the risk.
• Stroke, brain tumor or a structural problem with the brainstem.These brain conditions can affect the brain's ability to regulate breathing.
• High altitude.Sleeping at an altitude higher than you're used to may increase your risk of sleep apnea. High-altitude sleep apnea resolves a few weeks after returning to a lower altitude.
• Opioid use.Opioid medicines may increase the risk of central sleep apnea.
• CPAP.Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This condition is known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. It is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas.For some people, complex sleep apnea goes away with continued use of theirCPAPdevice. Other people may be treated with a different kind of positive airway pressure therapy.
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What are the complications of Central sleep apnea?
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Central sleep apnea is a serious medical condition. Some complications include:
• Fatigue.The repeated awakenings associated with sleep apnea make restorative sleep impossible. People with central sleep apnea often have severe fatigue, daytime drowsiness and irritability.You might have trouble focusing. You also may find yourself falling asleep at work, while watching television or even while driving.
• Cardiovascular problems.Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can affect heart health.If you have heart disease, repeated episodes of low blood oxygen increase the risk of irregular heart rhythms.
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What are the Overview of Cerebral palsy?
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Cerebral palsy is a group of conditions that affect movement and posture. It's caused by damage that occurs to the developing brain, most often before birth.
Symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years and vary from very mild to serious. Children with cerebral palsy may have exaggerated reflexes. The arms, legs and trunk may appear floppy. Or they may have stiff muscles, known as spasticity. Symptoms also can include irregular posture, movements that can't be controlled, a walk that's not steady or some combination of these.
Cerebral palsy may make it hard to swallow. It also can cause eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes don't focus on the same object. People with the condition might have reduced range of motion in their joints due to muscle stiffness.
The cause of cerebral palsy and its effect on function vary from person to person. Some people with cerebral palsy can walk while others need assistance. Some people have intellectual disabilities, but others do not. Epilepsy, blindness or deafness also might affect some people with cerebral palsy. There is no cure, but treatments can help improve function. The symptoms of cerebral palsy may vary during the child's development, but the condition doesn't get worse. The condition generally stays the same over time.
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What are the symptoms of Cerebral palsy?
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Symptoms of cerebral palsy can vary greatly. In some people, cerebral palsy affects the whole body. In other people, symptoms might only affect one or two limbs or one side of the body. General symptoms include trouble with movement and coordination, speech and eating, development, and other issues.
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What are the causes of Cerebral palsy?
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Cerebral palsy is caused by irregular brain development or damage to the developing brain. This usually happens before a child is born, but it can occur at birth or in early infancy. Often the cause isn't known. Many factors can lead to changes in brain development. Some include:
• Gene changesthat result in genetic conditions or differences in brain development.
• Maternal infectionsthat affect an unborn baby.
• Stroke,which interrupts blood supply to the developing brain.
• Bleeding into the brainin the womb or as a newborn.
• Infant infectionsthat cause swelling in or around the brain.
• Traumatic head injuryto an infant, such as from a motor vehicle accident, fall or physical trauma.
• Lack of oxygento the brain related to a hard labor or delivery, although this cause is less common than previously thought.
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What are the risk factors of Cerebral palsy?
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A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.
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What are the complications of Cerebral palsy?
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Muscle weakness, muscle spasticity and trouble with coordination can contribute to complications in childhood or in adulthood, including:
• Contracture.Contracture is muscle tissue shortening due to severe muscle tightening. This can be the result of spasticity. Contracture can slow bone growth, cause bones to bend, and result in joint changes, dislocation or partial dislocation. These can include a dislocated hip, a curved spine or other bone changes.
• Malnutrition.Trouble with swallowing and feeding can make it hard to get enough nutrition, particularly for an infant. This can impair growth and weaken bones. Some children or adults need a feeding tube to get enough nutrition.
• Mental health conditions.People with cerebral palsy might have mental health conditions, such as depression. Social isolation and the challenges of coping with disabilities can contribute to depression. Behavior issues also can occur.
• Heart and lung disease.People with cerebral palsy may develop heart disease, lung disease and breathing conditions. Trouble swallowing can result in respiratory issues, such as aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia happens when a child inhales food, drink, saliva or vomit into the lungs.
• Osteoarthritis.Pressure on joints or misalignment of joints from muscle spasticity may lead to this painful bone disease.
• Osteoporosis.Fractures due to low bone density can result from lack of mobility, poor nutrition and anti-seizure medicines.
• Other complications.These can include sleep conditions, chronic pain, skin breakdown, intestinal issues and issues with oral health.
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What is the prevention of Cerebral palsy?
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Often cerebral palsy can't be prevented, but you can reduce risks. If you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, take these steps to minimize pregnancy complications:
• Make sure you're vaccinated.Getting vaccinated against diseases such as rubella might prevent an infection. It's best to make sure you're fully vaccinated before getting pregnant.
• Take care of yourself.The healthier you are heading into a pregnancy, the less likely you'll be to develop an infection that results in cerebral palsy.
• Seek early and continuous prenatal care.See your health care professional regularly during pregnancy. Proper prenatal care can reduce health risks to you and your unborn baby. Seeing your health care professional regularly can help prevent premature birth, low birth weight and infections.
• Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs.These have been linked to cerebral palsy risk.
Rarely, cerebral palsy can be caused by brain damage that occurs in childhood. Practice good general safety. Prevent head injuries by providing your child with a car seat, bicycle helmet, safety rails on the bed and appropriate supervision.
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What are the symptoms of Cervical cancer?
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When it starts, cervical cancer might not cause symptoms. As it grows, cervical cancer might cause signs and symptoms, such as:
• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause.
• Menstrual bleeding that is heavier and lasts longer than usual.
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor.
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
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What are the causes of Cervical cancer?
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Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes in theirDNA. A cell'sDNAcontains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Most cervical cancers are caused byHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Cervical cancer?
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Risk factors for cervical cancer include:
• Smoking tobacco.Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer. WhenHPVinfections happen in people who smoke, the infections tend to last longer and are less likely to go away.HPVcauses most cervical cancers.
• Increasing number of sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of gettingHPV.
• Early sexual activity.Having sex at an early age increases your risk ofHPV.
• Other sexually transmitted infections.Having other sexually transmitted infections, also calledSTIs, increases the risk ofHPV, which can lead to cervical cancer. OtherSTIs that increase the risk include herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis andHIV/AIDS.
• A weakened immune system.You may be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you haveHPV.
• Exposure to miscarriage prevention medicine.If your parent took a medicine called diethylstilbestrol, also known as DES, while pregnant, your risk of cervical cancer might be increased. This medicine was used in the 1950s to prevent miscarriage. It's linked to a type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.
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What is the prevention of Cervical cancer?
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To reduce your risk of cervical cancer:
• Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk of cervical cancer and otherHPV-related cancers. Ask your health care team if anHPVvaccine is right for you.
• Have routine Pap tests.Pap tests can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix. These conditions can be monitored or treated in order to prevent cervical cancer. Most medical organizations suggest beginning routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them every few years.
• Practice safe sex.Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections. This may include using a condom every time you have sex and limiting the number of sexual partners you have.
• Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, talk to a health care professional about ways to help you quit.
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What are the Overview of Cervicitis?
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Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
Possible symptoms of cervicitis include bleeding between menstrual periods, pain with intercourse or during a pelvic exam, and abnormal vaginal discharge. However, it's also possible to have cervicitis and not experience any signs or symptoms.
Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation.
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What are the symptoms of Cervicitis?
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Most often, cervicitis causes no signs and symptoms, and you may only learn you have the condition after a pelvic exam performed by your doctor for another reason. If you do have signs and symptoms, they may include:
• Large amounts of unusual vaginal discharge
• Frequent, painful urination
• Pain during sex
• Bleeding between menstrual periods
• Vaginal bleeding after sex, not associated with a menstrual period
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What are the causes of Cervicitis?
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Possible causes of cervicitis include:
• Sexually transmitted infections.Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes.
• Allergic reactions.An allergy, either to contraceptive spermicides or to latex in condoms, may lead to cervicitis. A reaction to feminine hygiene products, such as douches or feminine deodorants, also can cause cervicitis.
• Bacterial overgrowth.An overgrowth of some of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis) can lead to cervicitis.
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What are the risk factors of Cervicitis?
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You're at greater risk of cervicitis if you:
• Engage in high-risk sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners or sex with someone who engages in high-risk behaviors
• Began having sexual intercourse at an early age
• Have a history of sexually transmitted infections
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What are the complications of Cervicitis?
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Your cervix acts as a barrier to keep bacteria and viruses from entering your uterus. When the cervix is infected, there's an increased risk that the infection will travel into your uterus.
Cervicitis that's caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia can spread to the uterine lining and the fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause fertility problems if left untreated.
Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner.
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What is the prevention of Cervicitis?
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To reduce your risk of cervicitis from sexually transmitted infections, use condoms consistently and correctly each time you have sex. Condoms are very effective against the spread of STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, which can lead to cervicitis. Being in a long-term relationship in which both you and your uninfected partner are committed to having sex with each other exclusively can lower your odds of an STI.
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What are the Overview of Chemo brain?
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Chemo brain is a common term people with cancer use to describe trouble with thinking and memory that can happen during and after cancer treatment. Chemo brain also can be called chemo fog, cancer-related cognitive impairment or cognitive dysfunction.
Chemo brain is a widely used term because this condition was first reported in people having chemotherapy treatments. But experts don't fully know the causes of these concentration and memory changes. There's likely more than one cause.
No matter the cause, chemo brain can be a tough side effect of cancer and its treatment. Researchers are working to understand the memory changes that people with cancer have.
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What are the symptoms of Chemo brain?
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Chemo brain signs and symptoms include changes in memory and thinking.
Symptoms of chemo brain linked to memory may include:
• Trouble recalling what you've said to others.
• Trouble recalling what you've seen, such as images or lists of words.
• Trouble recalling what's happened recently, called short-term memory issues.
Symptoms of chemo brain linked to thinking may include:
• Trouble finding the right words.
• Trouble learning new skills.
• Trouble doing more than one thing at a time.
• Mental fog.
• Short attention span.
• Taking longer than usual to do routine tasks.
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What are the causes of Chemo brain?
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There are many causes of changes in memory and thinking in people with cancer. These chemo brain symptoms can be caused by the cancer, treatment for the cancer, complications of cancer treatment and other things.
Cancer-related causes may include:
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What are the risk factors of Chemo brain?
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Factors that may increase the risk of chemo brain and memory changes in people with cancer include:
• Brain cancer.
• Cancer that spreads to the brain.
• Higher doses of chemotherapy or radiation.
• Radiation therapy to the brain.
• Younger age at time of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
• Older age.
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What are the complications of Chemo brain?
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Some people with chemo brain have thinking and memory changes that affect their ability to work. Most people with cancer can return to work at least part-time. But some may find that tasks now take extra focus or time. Others may not be able to return to work.
If you have trouble focusing on what you need to do for your job, tell your healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist who can help, such as an occupational therapist. This person can help find ways to make it easier to do your job.
Rarely, people with chemo brain can't work. Ask your healthcare team to refer you to a social worker. This person may help you find programs that support people who can't work because of a health condition.
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What are the Overview of Chest pain?
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Chest pain is pain or discomfort in the area between the neck and belly. Chest pain may be sharp or dull. It might come and go, or you might always feel the pain. The exact symptoms depend on the cause.
Many different things can cause chest pain. The most life-threatening causes involve the heart or lungs. So it's important to get medical help for an accurate diagnosis.
If you think your chest pain is due to a heart attack, call 911 or your local emergency number right away.
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What are the symptoms of Chest pain?
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Chest pain symptoms depend on the cause.
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What are the causes of Chest pain?
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Chest pain has many possible causes.
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What are the Overview of Chickenpox?
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Chickenpox is an illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It brings on an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. Chickenpox spreads very easily to people who haven't had the disease or haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine. Chickenpox used to be a widespread problem, but today the vaccine protects children from it.
The chickenpox vaccine is a safe way to prevent this illness and the other health problems that can happen during it.
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What are the symptoms of Chickenpox?
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The rash caused by chickenpox appears 10 to 21 days after you're exposed to the varicella-zoster virus. The rash often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the rash include:
• Fever.
• Loss of appetite.
• Headache.
• Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell.
Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases:
• Raised bumps called papules, which break out over a few days.
• Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles, which form in about one day and then break and leak.
• Crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take a few more days to heal.
New bumps keep showing up for several days. So you may have bumps, blisters and scabs at the same time. You can spread the virus to other people for up to 48 hours before the rash appears. And the virus stays contagious until all broken blisters have crusted over.
The disease is by and large mild in healthy children. But sometimes, the rash can cover the whole body. Blisters may form in the throat and eyes. They also may form in tissue that lines the inside of the urethra, anus and vagina.
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What are the causes of Chickenpox?
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A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. It can spread through direct contact with the rash. It also can spread when a person with chickenpox coughs or sneezes and you breathe in the air droplets.
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What are the risk factors of Chickenpox?
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Your risk of getting infected with the virus that causes chickenpox is higher if you haven't already had chickenpox or if you haven't had the chickenpox vaccine. It's extra important for people who work in child care or school settings to be vaccinated.
Most people who have had chickenpox or have gotten the vaccine are immune to chickenpox. If you've been vaccinated and still get chickenpox, symptoms are often milder. You may have fewer blisters and mild or no fever. A few people can get chickenpox more than once, but this is rare.
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What are the complications of Chickenpox?
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Chickenpox is often a mild disease. But it can be serious and can lead to other health problem including:
• Infected skin, soft tissues, bones, joints or bloodstream caused by bacteria.
• Dehydration, when the body runs too low on water and other fluids.
• Pneumonia, an illness in one or both lungs.
• Swelling of the brain called encephalitis.
• Toxic shock syndrome, a dangerous complication of some illnesses caused by bacteria.
• Reye's syndrome, a disease that causes swelling in the brain and liver. This can happen in children and teens who take aspirin during chickenpox.
In very rare cases, chickenpox could lead to death.
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What is the prevention of Chickenpox?
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The chickenpox vaccine, also called the varicella vaccine, is the best way to prevent chickenpox. In the United States, experts from theCDCreport that two doses of the vaccine prevent illness over 90% of the time. Even if you get chickenpox after receiving the vaccine, your symptoms may be much milder.
In the United States, two chickenpox vaccines are licensed for use: Varivax contains only the chickenpox vaccine. It can be used in the United States to vaccinate people age 1 or older. ProQuad combines the chickenpox vaccine with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It can be used in the United States for children ages 1 to 12. This is also called the MMRV vaccine.
In the United States, children receive two doses of the varicella vaccine: the first between ages 12 and 15 months and the second between ages 4 and 6 years. This is part of the routine vaccination schedule for children.
For some children between the ages of 12 and 23 months, the MMRV combination vaccine may raise the risk of fever and seizure from the vaccine. Ask your child's health care provider about the pros and cons of using the combined vaccines.
Children 7 to 12 years old who haven't been vaccinated should receive two doses of the varicella vaccine. The doses should be given at least three months apart.
People age 13 or older who haven't been vaccinated should receive two catch-up doses of the vaccine at least four weeks apart. It's even more important to get the vaccine if you have a higher risk of getting exposed to chickenpox. This includes health care workers, teachers, child-care employees, international travelers, military personnel, adults who live with young children and all nonpregnant women of childbearing age.
If you don't remember whether you've had chickenpox or the vaccine, your provider can give you a blood test to find out.
Other chickenpox vaccines are offered outside the United States. Talk to your health care provider for more information on how well they prevent chickenpox.
Do not get the chickenpox vaccine if you're pregnant. If you decide to get vaccinated before pregnancy, don't try to get pregnant during the series of shots or for one month after the last dose of the vaccine.
Other people also shouldn't get the vaccine, or they should wait. Check with your health care provider about whether you should get the vaccine if you:
• Have a weaker immune system. This includes people who haveHIVor take medicines that have an effect on the immune system.
• Are allergic to gelatin or the antibiotic neomycin.
• Have any kind of cancer or are getting cancer treatment with radiation or medicines.
• Recently received blood from a donor or other blood products.
Talk to your provider if you're not sure whether you need the vaccine. If you plan on getting pregnant, ask your provider if you're up to date on your vaccines.
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What are the Overview of Chilblains?
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Chilblains (CHILL-blayns) is a condition that causes inflamed swollen patches and blistering on the hands and feet. It's caused by exposure to damp air that's cold but not freezing. Symptoms may show up a few hours after being in the cold.
Chilblains can be prevented by limiting your time in the cold, dressing warmly and covering exposed skin. If you do get chilblains, keeping the skin warm and dry can help ease the symptoms.
Chilblains, also known as perniosis, usually clears up in 2 or 3 weeks, especially if the weather gets warmer. You may get the symptoms each cold season for years.
The condition doesn't usually result in permanent injury.
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What are the symptoms of Chilblains?
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Symptoms of chilblains include:
• Small, itchy areas on your skin, often on your feet or hands.
• Sores or blistering.
• Swelling.
• Pain or stinging.
• Changes in skin color.
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What are the causes of Chilblains?
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The exact cause of chilblains is unknown. They may be an unusual reaction of your body to cold followed by rewarming. Rewarming of cold skin can cause small blood vessels under the skin to expand more quickly than nearby larger blood vessels can handle.
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What are the complications of Chilblains?
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Chilblains symptoms that are long-lasting and develop after repeated exposure to cold and damp conditions can cause scarring and thin skin.
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What is the prevention of Chilblains?
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To prevent chilblains:
• Avoid or limit your exposure to the cold.
• When you come in from the cold, rewarm the skin gradually.
• Dress in layers of loose clothing and wear mittens, a scarf and a hat, and warm, water-resistant footwear.
• Cover all exposed skin as completely as possible when going outside in cold weather.
• Keep your hands, feet and face dry and warm.
• Keep your home and workplace comfortably warm.
• Don't smoke.
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What are the Overview of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their lips, jaws and tongues when speaking.
InCAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. The brain isn't able to properly direct the movements needed for speech. The speech muscles aren't weak, but the muscles don't form words the right way.
To speak correctly, the brain has to make plans that tell the speech muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue. The movements usually result in accurate sounds and words spoken at the proper speed and rhythm.CASaffects this process.
CASis often treated with speech therapy. During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases.
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What are the symptoms of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) may have a variety of speech symptoms. Symptoms vary depending on a child's age and the severity of the speech problems.
CAScan result in:
• Babbling less or making fewer vocal sounds than is typical between the ages of 7 to 12 months.
• Speaking first words late, typically after ages 12 to 18 months old.
• Using a limited number of consonants and vowels.
• Often leaving out sounds when speaking.
• Using speech that is hard to understand.
These symptoms are usually noticed between ages 18 months and 2 years. Symptoms at this age may indicate suspectedCAS. SuspectedCASmeans a child may potentially have this speech disorder. The child's speech development should be watched to determine if therapy should begin.
Children usually produce more speech between ages 2 and 4. Signs that may indicateCASinclude:
• Vowel and consonant distortions.
• Pauses between syllables or words.
• Voicing errors, such as "pie" sounding like "bye."
Many children withCAShave trouble getting their jaws, lips and tongues to the correct positions to make a sound. They also may have a hard time moving smoothly to the next sound.
Many children withCASalso have language problems, such as reduced vocabulary or trouble with word order.
Some symptoms may be unique to children withCAS, which helps to make a diagnosis. However, some symptoms ofCASare also symptoms of other types of speech or language disorders. It's hard to diagnoseCASif a child has only symptoms that are found both inCASand in other disorders.
Some characteristics, sometimes called markers, help distinguishCASfrom other types of speech disorders. Those associated withCASinclude:
• Trouble moving smoothly from one sound, syllable or word to another.
• Groping movements with the jaw, lips or tongue to try to make the correct movement for speech sounds.
• Vowel distortions, such as trying to use the correct vowel but saying it incorrectly.
• Using the wrong stress in a word, such as pronouncing "banana" as "BUH-nan-uh" instead of "buh-NAN-uh."
• Using equal emphasis on all syllables, such as saying "BUH-NAN-UH."
• Separation of syllables, such as putting a pause or gap between syllables.
• Inconsistency, such as making different errors when trying to say the same word a second time.
• Having a hard time imitating simple words.
• Voicing errors, such as saying "down" instead of "town."
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What are the causes of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes. But often a cause can't be determined. There usually isn't an observable problem in the brain of a child withCAS.
However,CAScan be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury.
CASalso may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition.
CASis sometimes referred to as developmental apraxia. But children withCASdon't make typical developmental sound errors and they don't grow out ofCAS. This is unlike children with delayed speech or developmental disorders who typically follow patterns in speech and sounds development but at a slower pace than usual.
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What are the risk factors of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Changes in theFOXP2gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. TheFOXP2gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in theFOXP2gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.
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What are the complications of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Many children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) have other problems that affect their ability to communicate. These problems aren't due toCAS, but they may be seen along withCAS.
Symptoms or problems that are often present along withCASinclude:
• Delayed language. This may include trouble understanding speech, reduced vocabulary, or not using correct grammar when putting words together in a phrase or sentence.
• Delays in intellectual and motor development and problems with reading, spelling and writing.
• Trouble with gross and fine motor movement skills or coordination.
• Trouble using communication in social interactions.
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What is the prevention of Childhood apraxia of speech?
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Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem. If your child experiences speech problems, have a speech-language pathologist evaluate your child as soon as you notice any speech problems.
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What are the Overview of Childhood obesity?
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Childhood obesity is a serious health condition that involves having excess body fat early in life. The extra weight often starts children on the path to other health conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Childhood obesity also can lead to poor self-esteem and depression.
The symptoms of childhood obesity aren't straightforward or simply based on how children look. And various factors can play a part in causing this condition. Some factors may be within a family's ability to change, such as eating and physical activity habits. Many other possible factors can't be changed, such those related to genes and hormones.
You can help manage or prevent childhood obesity by having your whole family regularly eat balanced meals and snacks. It also helps for the whole family to lead an active lifestyle. Steps such as these help protect your child's health now and in the future.
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What are the symptoms of Childhood obesity?
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The symptoms of childhood obesity aren't clear-cut. Not all children who carry extra pounds are overweight. Some children have larger than average body frames. And it's typical for children to carry different amounts of body fat at the various stages of development. So you might not know if weight is a concern based on how your child looks.
A measurement called the body mass index (BMI) helps healthcare professionals check for overweight status and obese status. A child'sBMIis based on the child's weight and height compared with those of other children the same age and sex using growth charts. Speak with your child's healthcare professional about how your child'sBMIfits with other clues of children's health. For instance, growth patterns, eating and activity habits, stress, sleep, and family history also play a key role in health. Other tests also can help your child's healthcare professional figure out if your child's weight might pose health risks.
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What are the causes of Childhood obesity?
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Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include:
• Genetic and hormonal factors.
• Food access.
• Stress.
• Sleep.
• Social and economic factors.
• Eating and physical activity habits.
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What are the risk factors of Childhood obesity?
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Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family's ability to change include the following:
• Eating habits.Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight. These include fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks. Candy and desserts also can cause weight gain. So can sugary drinks such as sodas, fruit juices and sports drinks. These types of foods and drinks are found everywhere, and they're designed to appeal to the taste buds. It's OK to enjoy treats such as these once in a while. Try to eat or drink them slowly and mindfully, paying attention to each bite or sip. And be sure to look at the serving sizes listed on the labels. Try not to have more than those amounts in one sitting.
• Not enough movement.Children who don't get enough daily movement are more likely to gain weight. So encourage your child or teen to get at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day. Too much time spent being inactive also plays a part in weight gain. Examples of being inactive include sitting to watch TV, play video games or use lots of social media. TV and online shows also may feature junk food commercials or ads. If your child is age 2 or older, try to limit leisure screen time not used for schoolwork to no more than two hours a day. If your child is younger than 2, don't let your child have any screen time.
• Mental health factors.Personal stress and family stress can raise a child's risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. They also can trigger cravings for foods that have lots of fat and added sugar. If you think your child has too much stress, talk with your child's healthcare professional. You may be referred to a counselor or another mental healthcare professional who can test your child and offer treatment if needed.
• Certain medicines.Some prescription medicines can raise the risk of obesity. They include prednisone, lithium, amitriptyline, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), propranolol (Inderal LA, Hemangeol), quetiapine (Seroquel), carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, others), medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal). Your child's healthcare professional can review the medicines that your child takes. If a certain medicine might be causing weight gain, the healthcare professional might change the dose or switch medicines.
Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent's ability to control. They include the following:
• Family factors.If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight.
• Genes and hormones.Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body.
• Social and economic factors.People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don't spoil quickly. These include frozen meals, crackers and cookies. Access to fresh produce, meats and other proteins, and whole grain foods may be limited. And access to safe places for movement activities and outdoor hobbies also may be limited.
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What are the complications of Childhood obesity?
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Childhood obesity often causes health concerns and conditions known as complications. These can affect a child's physical, social and mental well-being.
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What is the prevention of Childhood obesity?
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To help prevent childhood obesity, take the following steps:
• Set a good example.Make healthy eating and regular physical activity a family affair. That way, everyone benefits and no one feels singled out. It's ideal for your child to get an hour of physical activity a day at least five days a week.
• Offer balanced meals and snacks each day.To serve a balanced meal, think of the space for food on a plate. Fruits and vegetables should take up half of the plate. Grains such as bulgur, brown rice and whole-wheat pasta should take up a quarter of the plate. Proteins such as lean meat, poultry, seafood and lentils should take up the other quarter of the plate. Between meals, offer snacks that have lots of nutrients and little added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Examples of balanced snacks include yogurt with berries, an apple with nut butter, and whole grain crackers with turkey and avocado. Feel free to get creative when you combine different foods.
• Keep offering new foods.Your child might not like a new food right away. But if you offer it again, your child may learn to enjoy it over time.
• Support a healthy relationship with junk food.Some foods such as fast food, cookies and chips are tasty, but they don't have much nutrition. Many junk foods also have high levels of saturated fat, sodium or added sugar. Sweet drinks and fruit juices also tend to have lots of sugar with little to no nutrition. Explain to your children that they can enjoy these tasty foods on occasion, such as ice cream during a family day out. But help them understand that junk foods don't give the all-day energy that nutritious foods provide. Think about keeping junk foods off the grocery list and out of the home. Doing so could help the family focus on nutritious foods for meals and snacks.
• Limit screen time.Don't let your family watch TV during meals, and have family members put phones and tablets away. Since your child likely will use screens at other times, think about setting a time limit that everyone in the home follows. Encourage children to have fun doing things that don't involve a screen.
• Choose rewards that aren't food.Try not to promise your child snacks for good behavior. Suggest a fun activity reward instead. Examples include playing a game together or taking a trip to the park or the zoo.
• Be sure your child gets enough sleep.Too little sleep may raise the risk of obesity. How much sleep children need depends on their age. For instance, children ages 6 to 12 need about 9 to 12 hours of sleep a day. Teens ages 13 to 18 need about 8 to 10 hours. Try to help your child go to sleep and wake up at the same times each day.
• Breastfeed your baby.Breastfeeding your infant from birth to 6 months old may lower the risk of obesity later in life.
Be sure that your child gets well-child checkups at least once a year too. During this visit, a healthcare professional measures your child's height and weight and figures out your child'sBMI. If your child'sBMIrises a lot over one year, your child may be at risk of becoming overweight.
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What are the Overview of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Chlamydia (kluh-MID-e-uh) is a common sexually transmitted disease.
Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.
Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex.
You might not know you have chlamydia because many people don't have symptoms, such as genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia trachomatis affects mostly young women, but it can occur in both men and women and in all age groups.
It's not difficult to treat, but if left untreated it can lead to more-serious health problems.
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What are the symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infections often cause few symptoms. Even when symptoms occur, they're often mild. That makes them easy to overlook, which is why regular screening is important.
Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can include:
• Painful urination.
• Vaginal discharge.
• Discharge from the penis.
• Painful vaginal sex.
• Vaginal bleeding between periods and after sex.
• Testicular pain.
Depending on a person's sexual activity, Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eyes, throat or rectum.
Eye infections, called conjunctivitis, cause the inside of the eyelid to be red and irritated. In the throat, an infection may have no symptoms, or a person may have a sore throat. An infection in the rectum may have no symptoms or may cause rectal pain, discharge or bleeding.
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What are the causes of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.
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What are the risk factors of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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People who have sex before age 25 are at higher risk of chlamydia than are older people. That's because younger people are more likely to have more than one risk factor.
Risk factors for chlamydia include:
• Not using a condom or incorrect condom use.
• Less use of health services to prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections.
• New or multiple sex partners.
• Changing sex partners before learning about a chlamydia infection.
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What are the complications of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Chlamydia trachomatis can be associated with:
• Pelvic inflammatory disease, also called PID.PID is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Severe infections might require care in the hospital. PID can damage the fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus, including the cervix.
• Infection near the testicles.A chlamydia infection can inflame the coiled tube located beside each testicle, called the epididymis. The infection can result in fever, scrotal pain and swelling.
• Prostate gland infection.Rarely, the chlamydia bacteria can spread to the prostate gland. Prostatitis can cause pain during or after sex, fever and chills, painful urination, and lower back pain.
• Infections in newborns.The chlamydia infection can pass from the vaginal canal to your child during delivery, causing pneumonia or a serious eye infection.
• Ectopic pregnancy.This occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The egg needs to be removed to prevent life-threatening complications, such as a burst tube. A chlamydia infection increases this risk.
• Infertility.Chlamydia infections can cause scarring and obstruction in the fallopian tubes, which might lead to infertility.
• Reactive arthritis.People who have Chlamydia trachomatis are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome. This condition typically affects the joints, eyes and urethra — the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body.
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What is the prevention of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can:
• Use condoms.Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don't eliminate the risk of infection.
• Limit your number of sex partners.Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
• Get regular screenings.If you're sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women.
Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.
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What are the Overview of Cholecystitis?
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Cholecystitis (ko-luh-sis-TIE-tis) is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly under the liver. The gallbladder holds fluid that digests food. This fluid is called bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine.
Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections.
If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, such as gallbladder rupture. These can be life-threatening. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves surgery to remove the gallbladder.
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What are the symptoms of Cholecystitis?
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Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:
• Severe pain in the upper right or center belly area.
• Pain that spreads to the right shoulder or back.
• Tenderness over the belly area when it's touched.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Fever.
Cholecystitis symptoms often come on after a meal. A large or fatty meal is most likely to cause symptoms.
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What are the causes of Cholecystitis?
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Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by:
• Gallstones.Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder. The tube is called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation.
• Tumor.A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis.
• Bile duct blockage.Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage.
• Infection.AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation.
• Serious illness.Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.
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What are the risk factors of Cholecystitis?
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Having gallstones is the main risk factor for getting cholecystitis.
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What are the complications of Cholecystitis?
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If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, including:
• Infection within the gallbladder.If bile builds up in the gallbladder, the bile may get infected.
• Death of gallbladder tissue.Cholecystitis that isn't treated can cause tissue in the gallbladder to die. This is called gangrene. This most common complication mainly affects older people, those who wait to get treatment and those with diabetes. Gangrene can lead to a tear in the gallbladder. Or it may cause the gallbladder to burst.
• Torn gallbladder.A tear, called a perforation, in the gallbladder may result from gallbladder swelling or infection or the death of gallbladder tissue.
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What is the prevention of Cholecystitis?
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You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones:
• Lose weight slowly.Fast weight loss can raise the risk of gallstones.
• Be at a healthy weight.Being overweight makes you more likely to get gallstones. To get to a healthy weight, cut calories and increase your physical activity. Stay at a healthy weight through healthy eating and exercise.
• Choose a healthy-eating plan.Eating foods high in fat and low in fiber may raise the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
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What are the Overview of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, commonly known as cholestasis of pregnancy, is a liver condition that can occur in late pregnancy. The condition triggers intense itching, but without a rash. Itching is usually on the hands and feet but also can occur on other parts of the body.
Cholestasis of pregnancy can make you very uncomfortable. But more worrisome are the potential complications, especially for your baby. Because of the risk of complications, your pregnancy care provider may recommend early term delivery around 37 weeks.
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What are the symptoms of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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Intense itching is the main symptom of cholestasis of pregnancy. But there is no rash. Typically, you feel itchy on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet, but you may feel itchy everywhere. The itching is often worse at night and may bother you so much that you can't sleep.
The itching is most common during the third trimester of pregnancy but sometimes begins earlier. It may feel worse as your due date gets near. But once your baby arrives, the itchiness usually goes away within a few days.
Other less common signs and symptoms of cholestasis of pregnancy may include:
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite
• Oily, foul-smelling stools
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What are the causes of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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The exact cause of cholestasis of pregnancy is unclear. Cholestasis is reduced or stopped bile flow. Bile is the digestive fluid made in the liver that helps break down fats. Instead of leaving the liver for the small intestine, bile builds up in the liver. As a result, bile acids eventually enter the bloodstream. High levels of bile acids appear to cause the symptoms and complications of cholestasis of pregnancy.
Pregnancy hormones, genetics and the environment may all play a role.
• Hormones.Pregnancy hormones rise the closer you get to your due date. This may slow the flow of bile.
• Genes.Sometimes, the condition runs in families. Certain gene changes have been identified that may be linked to cholestasis of pregnancy.
• Environment.Although the exact environmental factors aren't clear, risk varies by geographic location and season.
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What are the risk factors of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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Some factors that may increase your risk of developing cholestasis of pregnancy include:
• Personal or family history of cholestasis of pregnancy
• History of liver damage or disease, including hepatitis C and gallbladder stones
• Being pregnant with multiple babies
• Pregnancy at an older age, such as 35 years or older
If you have a history of cholestasis in a prior pregnancy, your risk of developing it during another pregnancy is high. About 60% to 70% of females have it happen again. This is called a recurrence. In severe cases, the risk of recurrence may be as high as 90%.
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What are the complications of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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Complications from cholestasis of pregnancy appear to be due to high bile acid levels in the blood. Complications may occur in the mom, but the developing baby is especially at risk.
In moms, the condition may temporarily affect the way the body absorbs fat. Poor absorption of fat could result in decreased levels of vitamin K-dependent factors involved with blood clotting. But this complication is rare. Future liver problems may occur but are uncommon.
Also, cholestasis of pregnancy increases the risk of complications during pregnancy such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes.
In babies, the complications of cholestasis of pregnancy can be severe. They may include:
• Being born too early, also called preterm birth.
• Lung problems from breathing in meconium. Meconium is the sticky, green substance that typically collects in the developing baby's intestines. Meconium may pass into the amniotic fluid if a mom has cholestasis.
• Death of the baby late in pregnancy before delivery, also called stillbirth.
Because complications can be very dangerous for your baby, your pregnancy care provider may consider inducing labor before your due date.
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What is the prevention of Cholestasis of pregnancy?
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There is no known way to prevent cholestasis of pregnancy.
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What are the Overview of Chondrosarcoma?
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Chondrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that usually begins in the bones, but can sometimes occur in the soft tissue near bones. Chondrosarcoma happens most often in the pelvis, hip and shoulder. More rarely, it can happen in the bones of the spine.
Most chondrosarcomas grow slowly and may not cause many signs and symptoms at first. Some rare types grow rapidly and have a high risk of spreading to other areas of the body, which can make these cancers difficult to treat.
Chondrosarcoma treatment usually involves surgery. Other options might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Chondrosarcoma?
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Chondrosarcoma tends to grow slowly, so it might not cause signs and symptoms at first. When they occur, signs and symptoms of chondrosarcoma may include:
• Increasing pain
• A growing lump or area of swelling
• Weakness or bowel and bladder control problems, if the cancer presses on the spinal cord
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What are the causes of Chondrosarcoma?
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It's not clear what causes chondrosarcoma. Doctors know that cancer begins when a cell develops changes (mutations) in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell it what to do. The instructions tell the cell to multiply quickly and to continue living when healthy cells would die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that can grow to invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, cells can break away and spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Chondrosarcoma?
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Factors that can increase the risk of chondrosarcoma include:
• Increasing age.Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in middle-aged and older adults, though it can occur at any age.
• Other bone diseases.Ollier's disease and Maffucci's syndrome are conditions that cause noncancerous bone growths (enchondromas) in the body. These growths sometimes transform into chondrosarcoma.
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What are the Overview of Chordoma?
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Chordoma is a rare type of bone cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the bones of the spine or the skull. It most often forms where the skull sits atop the spine, called the skull base, or at the bottom of the spine, called the sacrum.
Chordoma begins in cells that help form the spine before birth. The cells typically become the disks of the spine. If any of these cells are left over when a baby is born, they typically go away soon after birth. But sometimes a few of these cells stay and, rarely, they can become cancerous.
Chordoma usually grows slowly. It can be difficult to treat because a chordoma can grow very close to the spinal cord and other important structures, such as arteries, nerves or the brain. This cancer often comes back after treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Chordoma?
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Signs and symptoms of chordoma may include:
• Headache.
• Neck pain.
• Vision trouble, including blurred or double vision or vision loss.
• Trouble with balance.
• Hearing loss.
• Facial paralysis.
• Muscle weakness.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Chordoma?
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It's not clear what causes most chordomas. This cancer most often starts in the bones in the skull or spine.
Chordoma happens when cells in the bones develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Chordoma?
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Factors that may increase the risk of chordoma include:
• Age.Chordoma can happen at any age. Most often, however, this cancer happens in people ages 40 to 60.
• Family history.People with a family history of chordoma may have a greater chance of developing it.
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What are the Overview of Choroid plexus carcinoma?
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Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare type of brain cancer that happens mainly in children.
Choroid plexus carcinoma begins as a growth of cells in the part of the brain called the choroid plexus. Cells in the choroid plexus produce the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid, also known as CSF. As the cancer grows, it can cause too much CSF in the brain. This can lead to symptoms such as irritability, nausea or vomiting, and headaches.
Treatment and chance of recovery depend on many factors. These include the cancer's size, location, whether it has spread, and your child's age and general health.
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What are the symptoms of Choroid plexus carcinoma?
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Choroid plexus carcinoma symptoms include:
• Blurred or double vision.
• Headaches.
• Increased tiredness.
• Irritability.
• Nausea.
• Seizures.
• Vomiting.
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What are the causes of Choroid plexus carcinoma?
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It's not clear what causes most choroid plexus carcinomas. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the brain.
Choroid plexus carcinoma happens when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
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What are the risk factors of Choroid plexus carcinoma?
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Factors that increase the risk of choroid plexus carcinoma include:
• Young age.Choroid plexus carcinoma can happen at any age. This brain cancer happens most often in children under 2 years old.
• Inherited syndromes.Some choroid plexus carcinomas are linked to certain genetic changes that can run in families, such as with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
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