instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic cough?
|
A chronic cough can occur with other symptoms, including:
• A runny or stuffy nose.
• A feeling of liquid running down the back of your throat, also known as postnasal drip.
• Clearing your throat a lot.
• Sore throat.
• Hoarseness.
• Wheezing and shortness of breath.
• Heartburn or a sour taste in your mouth.
• In rare cases, coughing up blood.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic cough?
|
Being a current or former smoker is one of the leading risk factors for chronic cough. Exposure to a lot of secondhand smoke also can lead to coughing and lung damage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic cough?
|
Having a cough that doesn't stop can be very tiring. Coughing can cause various concerns, including:
• Sleep disruption.
• Headache.
• Dizziness.
• Vomiting.
• Sweating a lot.
• Unintended bladder loss, also known as urinary incontinence.
• Broken ribs.
• Passing out, also known as syncope.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic daily headaches?
|
Most people have headaches from time to time. But if you have a headache more days than not, you might have chronic daily headaches.
Rather than a specific headache type, chronic daily headaches include a variety of headache subtypes. Chronic refers to how often the headaches occur and how long the condition lasts.
The constant nature of chronic daily headaches makes them one of the most disabling headache conditions. Aggressive initial treatment and steady, long-term management might reduce pain and lead to fewer headaches.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic daily headaches?
|
By definition, chronic daily headaches occur 15 days or more a month, for longer than three months. True (primary) chronic daily headaches aren't caused by another condition.
There are short-lasting and long-lasting chronic daily headaches. Long-lasting headaches last more than four hours. They include:
• Chronic migraine
• Chronic tension-type headache
• New daily persistent headache
• Hemicrania continua
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic daily headaches?
|
The causes of many chronic daily headaches aren't well-understood. True (primary) chronic daily headaches don't have an identifiable underlying cause.
Conditions that might cause nonprimary chronic daily headaches include:
• Inflammation or other problems with the blood vessels in and around the brain, including stroke
• Infections, such as meningitis
• Intracranial pressure that's either too high or too low
• Brain tumor
• Traumatic brain injury
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic daily headaches?
|
Factors associated with developing frequent headaches include:
• Female sex
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Sleep disturbances
• Obesity
• Snoring
• Overuse of caffeine
• Overuse of headache medication
• Other chronic pain conditions
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic daily headaches?
|
If you have chronic daily headaches, you're also more likely to have depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other psychological and physical problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Chronic daily headaches?
|
Taking care of yourself might help ease chronic daily headaches.
• Avoid headache triggers.Keeping a headache diary can help you determine what triggers your headaches so that you can avoid the triggers. Include details about every headache, such as when it started, what you were doing at the time and how long it lasted.
• Avoid medication overuse.Taking headache medications, including over-the-counter medications, more than twice a week can increase the severity and frequency of your headaches. Consult your doctor about how to wean yourself off the medication because there can be serious side effects if done improperly.
• Get enough sleep.The average adult needs seven to eight hours of sleep a night. It's best to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Talk to your doctor if you have sleep disturbances, such as snoring.
• Don't skip meals.Eat healthy meals at about the same times daily. Avoid food or drinks, such as those containing caffeine, that seem to trigger headaches. Lose weight if you're obese.
• Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic physical activity can improve your physical and mental well-being and reduce stress. With your doctor's OK, choose activities you enjoy — such as walking, swimming or cycling. To avoid injury, start slowly.
• Reduce stress.Stress is a common trigger of chronic headaches. Get organized. Simplify your schedule. Plan ahead. Stay positive. Try stress-reduction techniques, such as yoga, tai chi or meditation.
• Reduce caffeine.While some headache medications include caffeine because it can be beneficial in reducing headache pain, it can also aggravate headaches. Try to minimize or eliminate caffeine from your diet.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic granulomatous disease?
|
Chronic granulomatous (gran-u-LOM-uh-tus) disease (CGD) is a genetic condition in which infection-fighting white blood cells don't work properly. These white blood cells are called phagocytes. When phagocytes don't work as they should, they can't protect the body from bacterial and fungal infections.
People with CGD may develop infections in their lungs, skin, lymph nodes, liver, stomach and intestines, or other areas. They also may develop clusters of white blood cells in infected areas. CGD is inherited, meaning it runs in families. Most people are diagnosed with CGD during childhood, but some people may not be diagnosed until adulthood.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic granulomatous disease?
|
People with chronic granulomatous disease get a serious bacterial or fungal infection every few years. An infection in the lungs, including pneumonia, is common. People with CGD may develop a serious type of fungal pneumonia after being exposed to dead leaves, mulch or hay.
It's also common for people with CGD to experience infections of the skin, liver, stomach and intestines, brain, and eyes. Symptoms that may happen with infections include:
• Fever.
• Chest pain when inhaling or exhaling.
• Swollen and sore lymph glands.
• An ongoing runny nose.
• Skin irritation that may include a rash, swelling or redness.
• Swelling and redness in the mouth.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Gastrointestinal problems that may include:
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• Stomach pain.
• Bloody stool.
• A painful pocket of pus near the anus, called an abscess.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic granulomatous disease?
|
A change in one of five genes can cause CGD. People with CGD inherit the changed gene from a parent. These genes produce proteins that form an enzyme. This enzyme helps your immune system work properly. The enzyme is active in white blood cells, called phagocytes, that protect you from infections by destroying fungi and bacteria. The enzyme also is active in immune cells that help your body heal.
When there are changes to one of these genes, the protective proteins are not produced. Or they're produced, but they don't work properly.
Some people with CGD don't have one of these changed genes. In these cases, medical professionals don't know what causes the condition.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic granulomatous disease?
|
Boys are more likely to have CGD.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic hives?
|
Hives — also called urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) — is a skin reaction that causes itchy welts. Chronic hives are welts that last for more than six weeks and return often over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives isn't clear.
The welts often start as itchy patches that turn into swollen welts that vary in size. These welts appear and fade at random as the reaction runs its course. Each individual welt typically lasts less than 24 hours.
Chronic hives can be very uncomfortable and interfere with sleep and daily activities. For many people, anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines, provide relief.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic hives?
|
Symptoms of chronic hives include:
• Batches of welts, called weals, that can arise anywhere on the body.
• Welts that might be red, purple or skin-colored, depending on your skin color.
• Welts that vary in size, change shape, and appear and fade repeatedly.
• Itchiness, also called pruritus, which can be intense.
• Painful swelling, called angioedema, around the eyes, cheeks or lips.
• Flares triggered by heat, exercise or stress.
• Symptoms that persist for more than six weeks and recur often and anytime, sometimes for months or years.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic hives?
|
The welts that come with hives are caused by the release of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, into your bloodstream. It's often not known why chronic hives happen or why short-term hives sometimes turn into a long-term problem.
The skin reaction may be triggered by:
• Heat or cold.
• Sunlight.
• Vibration, such as caused by jogging or using lawn mowers.
• Pressure on the skin, as from a tight waistband.
• Medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, infection, allergy and cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic hives?
|
In most cases, chronic hives is not predictable. In some people, the risk of chronic hives increases if they have certain medical conditions. These include infection, thyroid disease, allergy, cancer and swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic hives?
|
Chronic hives don't put you at sudden risk of a serious allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis. If you do get hives as part of a severe allergic reaction, seek emergency care. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include dizziness, trouble breathing, and swelling of the tongue, lips, mouth or throat.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Chronic hives?
|
To lower your likelihood of getting hives, use these self-care tips:
• Avoid known triggers.If you know what has triggered your hives, try to avoid that substance.
• Bathe and change your clothes.If pollen or animal contact has triggered your hives in the past, take a bath or shower and change your clothes if you're exposed to pollen or animals.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic kidney disease?
|
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes to build up in your body.
In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.
Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic kidney disease?
|
Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue and weakness
• Sleep problems
• Urinating more or less
• Decreased mental sharpness
• Muscle cramps
• Swelling of feet and ankles
• Dry, itchy skin
• High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
• Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
• Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic kidney disease?
|
Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years.
Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:
• Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
• Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
• Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
• Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
• Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
• Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic kidney disease?
|
Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Heart (cardiovascular) disease
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Being Black, Native American or Asian American
• Family history of kidney disease
• Abnormal kidney structure
• Older age
• Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic kidney disease?
|
Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include:
• Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
• A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's function and can be life-threatening
• Anemia
• Heart disease
• Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
• Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
• Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
• Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
• Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
• Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
• Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Chronic kidney disease?
|
To reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:
• Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications.When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage.
• Maintain a healthy weight.If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss.
• Don't smoke.Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop.
• Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
|
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
The term "chronic" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that this leukemia typically progresses more slowly than other types of leukemia. The term "lymphocytic" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the cells affected by the disease — a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help your body fight infection.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia most commonly affects older adults. There are treatments to help control the disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
|
Many people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have no symptoms at first. Signs and symptoms might develop as the cancer progresses. They might include:
• Enlarged, but painless, lymph nodes
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Pain in the upper left portion of the abdomen, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen
• Night sweats
• Weight loss
• Frequent infections
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
|
Doctors aren't certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What's known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes.
Beyond being ineffective, these abnormal lymphocytes continue to live and multiply when healthy lymphocytes would die. The abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in the blood and certain organs, where they cause complications. They may crowd healthy cells out of the bone marrow and interfere with blood cell production.
Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
|
Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include:
• Your age.This disease occurs most often in older adults.
• Your race.White people are more likely to develop chronic lymphocytic leukemia than are people of other races.
• Family history of blood and bone marrow cancers.A family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other blood and bone marrow cancers may increase your risk.
• Exposure to chemicals.Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• A condition that causes excess lymphocytes.Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) causes an increased number of one type of lymphocyte (B cells) in the blood. For a small number of people withMBL, the condition may develop into chronic lymphocytic leukemia. If you haveMBLand also have a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may have a higher risk of developing cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
|
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia may cause complications such as:
• Frequent infections.If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may experience frequent infections that can be serious. Sometimes infections happen because your blood doesn't have enough germ-fighting antibodies (immunoglobulins). Your doctor might recommend regular immunoglobulin infusions.
• A switch to a more aggressive form of cancer.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop a more aggressive form of cancer called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Doctors sometimes refer to this as Richter's syndrome.
• Increased risk of other cancers.People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have an increased risk of other types of cancer, including skin cancer and cancers of the lung and the digestive tract.
• Immune system problems.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop an immune system problem that causes the disease-fighting cells of the immune system to mistakenly attack the red blood cells (autoimmune hemolytic anemia) or the platelets (autoimmune thrombocytopenia).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic myelogenous leukemia?
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia, also calledCML, is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.CMLcauses an increased number of white blood cells in the blood.
The term "chronic" in chronic myelogenous leukemia means this cancer tends to progress more slowly than severe forms of leukemia. The term "myelogenous" (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) refers to the type of cells affected by this cancer.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia also can be called chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. It typically affects older adults and rarely occurs in children, though it can occur at any age.
Advances in treatment have improved the prognosis of people with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Most people can achieve remission and live for many years after diagnosis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic myelogenous leukemia?
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia often doesn't cause symptoms. It might be detected during a blood test.
When they occur, symptoms may include:
• Bone pain.
• Bleeding easily.
• Feeling full after eating a small amount of food.
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Weight loss without trying.
• Loss of appetite.
• Pain or fullness below the ribs on the left side.
• Excessive sweating during sleep.
• Blurry vision caused by bleeding in the back of the eye.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic myelogenous leukemia?
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia happens when something causes changes to the bone marrow cells. It's not clear what starts this process. However, doctors have discovered how it progresses into chronic myelogenous leukemia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic myelogenous leukemia?
|
Factors that increase the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia include:
• Older age.CMLis more common in older people than in children and teens.
• Being male. Men are slightly more at risk of developingCMLthan are women.
• Radiation exposure. Radiation therapy for certain types of cancer has been linked toCML.
There's no way to prevent chronic myelogenous leukemia. If you get it, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic pelvic pain?
|
Chronic pelvic pain is pain in the area below the bellybutton and between the hips that lasts six months or longer.
Chronic pelvic pain can have more than one cause. It may be a symptom of another disease, or it can be a condition in its own right.
If chronic pelvic pain seems to be caused by another health condition, treating that problem may get rid of the pain.
But tests may not be able to find a cause for chronic pelvic pain. In that case, the goal of treatment is to ease pain and other symptoms. That could make your quality of life better.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic pelvic pain?
|
You may feel chronic pelvic pain in different parts of your pelvic area, rather than in just one spot. You might describe the pain in one or more of the following ways:
• Serious and steady.
• Pain that comes and goes.
• Dull aching.
• Sharp pains or cramping.
• Pressure or heaviness deep within the pelvis.
The pain also may happen:
• During sex.
• While having a bowel movement or urinating.
• When you sit or stand for a long time.
Chronic pelvic pain may be mild. Or it may be so intense that you miss work and can't sleep or exercise.
Other symptoms can include:
• An urgent or frequent need to urinate.
• Bloating.
• Upset stomach.
• Constipation or diarrhea.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Chronic pelvic pain?
|
Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic pelvic pain?
|
Many conditions are linked to chronic pelvic pain. Having more than one condition that causes pelvic pain, such as endometriosis and fibroids, raises the risk. A history of sexual or physical abuse also may raise the risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic sinusitis?
|
Chronic sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose and head, called sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. The condition lasts 12 weeks or longer, even with treatment.
This common condition keeps mucus from draining. It makes the nose stuffy. Breathing through the nose might be hard. The area around the eyes might feel swollen or tender.
Infection, growths in the sinuses, called nasal polyps, and swelling of the lining of the sinuses might all be part of chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis is also called chronic rhinosinusitis. The condition affects adults and children.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic sinusitis?
|
Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis include:
• Thick, discolored mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose.
• Mucus down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
• Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
• Pain, tenderness and swelling around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead.
• Reduced sense of smell and taste.
Other symptoms can include:
• Ear pain.
• Headache.
• Aching in the teeth.
• Cough.
• Sore throat.
• Bad breath.
• Tiredness.
Chronic sinusitis and acute sinusitis have similar symptoms. But acute sinusitis is a short-lived infection of the sinuses often linked to a cold.
The symptoms of chronic sinusitis last at least 12 weeks. There might be many bouts of acute sinusitis before it becomes chronic sinusitis. Fever isn't common with chronic sinusitis. But fever might be part of acute sinusitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic sinusitis?
|
The cause of chronic sinusitis usually is not known. Some medical conditions, including cystic fibrosis, can cause chronic sinusitis in children and teens.
Some conditions can make chronic sinusitis worse. These include:
• A common coldor other infection that affects the sinuses. Viruses or bacteria can cause these infections.
• A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic sinusitis?
|
The following factors raise the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
• A dental infection.
• A fungal infection.
• Regularly being around cigarette smoke or other pollutants.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Chronic sinusitis?
|
Serious complications of chronic sinusitis are rare. They can include:
• Vision problems.If a sinus infection spreads to an eye socket, it can reduce vision or possibly cause blindness.
• Infections.It's not common. But a serious sinus infection can spread to the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord. The infection is called meningitis. Other serious infections can spread to the bones, called osteomyelitis, or to skin, called cellulitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Chronic sinusitis?
|
Take these steps to lower the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
• Protect your health.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially before meals.
• Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control. Stay away from things you're allergic to when possible.
• Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate the lungs and inside the nose, called the nasal passages.
• Use a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air with a humidifier may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
|
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE, is a brain disease likely caused by repeated head injuries. It causes the death of nerve cells in the brain, known as degeneration. CTE gets worse over time. The only way to definitively diagnosis CTE is after death during an autopsy of the brain.
CTE is rare and not well understood, but experts don't believe it's related to a single head injury. CTE appears to be related to repeated head injuries, often occurring in contact sports or military combat. CTE also has been associated with second impact syndrome, when a second head injury occurs before symptoms of a previous head injury have fully resolved.
Experts are still trying to understand how repeated head injuries and other factors might contribute to the changes in the brain that result in CTE. Researchers are looking at how the number of head injuries someone experiences and how bad the injuries are may affect risk of CTE. Experts also don't yet know how often CTE occurs in the population.
CTE has been found in the brains of people who played U.S. football and other contact sports, including boxing. It also may occur in military members who were exposed to explosive blasts. Symptoms of CTE are thought to include trouble with thinking and emotions, physical symptoms, and other behaviors. It's thought that symptoms develop years to decades after head trauma occurs.
Researchers are working on developing tests for CTE, but none has been validated yet. Healthcare professionals may diagnose traumatic encephalopathy syndrome when the symptoms associated with CTE occur together. There is no cure for CTE.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
|
There are no specific symptoms that have been clearly linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE. Some of the possible symptoms can occur in many other conditions. In people who were confirmed to have CTE at autopsy, symptoms have included cognitive, behavioral, mood and movement changes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
|
Repeated head trauma is likely the cause of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE. Football players in the United States, ice hockey players and military members serving in war zones have been the focus of most CTE studies. However, other sports and factors such as physical abuse can lead to repeated head injuries. Research also has found that CTE can affect people who played both amateur and professional sports. This was discovered when autopsies were done of the brains of young people who had died and had repeated head injuries during their lives.
A head injury can cause a concussion, which may lead to headaches, trouble with memory and other symptoms. Not everyone who experiences repeated concussions, including athletes and military members, goes on to develop CTE. Some studies have shown no increased incidence of CTE in people exposed to repeated head injuries.
In brains with CTE, researchers have found that there is a buildup of a protein called tau around the blood vessels. Tau buildup in CTE is different from tau buildup in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. CTE is thought to cause areas of the brain to waste away, known as atrophy. This happens because injuries to nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses affect communication between cells.
It's possible that people with CTE may show signs of another neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease or frontotemporal dementia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
|
Repeated traumatic brain injuries are thought to increase the risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Experts are still learning about the risk factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
|
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE, can be prevented by lowering the risk of getting a concussion. People who have had one concussion are more likely to have another head injury. The current recommendation to prevent CTE is to reduce mild traumatic brain injuries and to prevent additional injury after a concussion.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Cirrhosis?
|
Cirrhosis is advanced scarring of the liver caused by many diseases and conditions, including hepatitis or alcohol use disorder.
Each time the liver is injured — whether by alcohol use disorder or another cause, such as infection — it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis gets worse, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to do its job. Advanced cirrhosis is life-threatening.
The liver damage caused by cirrhosis generally can't be undone. But if liver cirrhosis is diagnosed early and the underlying cause is treated, further damage can be limited. In rare cases, it may be reversed.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Cirrhosis?
|
Cirrhosis often has no symptoms until liver damage is serious. When symptoms do happen, they may include:
• Extreme tiredness.
• Easily bleeding or bruising.
• Loss of appetite.
• Nausea.
• Swelling in the legs, feet or ankles, called edema.
• Weight loss.
• Itchy skin.
• Yellow discoloration in the skin and eyes, called jaundice.
• Fluid buildup in the belly, called ascites (uh-SAHY-teez).
• Spiderlike blood vessels on the skin.
• Redness in the palms of the hands.
• Pale fingernails, especially the thumb and index finger.
• Clubbing of the fingers, in which the fingertips spread out and become rounder than usual.
• For women, absence of or loss of periods not related to menopause.
• For men, loss of sex drive, testicular shrinkage or breast enlargement, known as gynecomastia.
• Confusion, drowsiness or slurred speech.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Cirrhosis?
|
A wide range of diseases and conditions can damage the liver and lead to cirrhosis. Some of the causes include:
• Long-term alcohol abuse.
• Ongoing viral hepatitis (hepatitis B, C and D).
• Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease — formerly called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease — a condition in which fat builds up in the liver.
• Hemochromatosis, a condition that causes iron buildup in the body.
• Autoimmune hepatitis, which is a liver disease caused by the body's immune system.
• Destruction of the bile ducts caused by primary biliary cholangitis.
• Hardening and scarring of the bile ducts caused by primary sclerosing cholangitis.
• Wilson's disease, a condition in which copper build up in the liver.
• Cystic fibrosis.
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
• Poorly formed bile ducts, a condition known as biliary atresia.
• Disorders of sugar metabolism, such as galactosemia or glycogen storage disease.
• Alagille syndrome, a genetic digestive disorder.
• Infection, such as syphilis or brucellosis.
• Medicines, including methotrexate or isoniazid.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Cirrhosis?
|
• Drinking too much alcohol.Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for cirrhosis.
• Being overweight.Being obese increases the risk of conditions that may lead to cirrhosis. These conditions include metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, formerly called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, formerly called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
• Having viral hepatitis.Not everyone with chronic hepatitis will develop cirrhosis, but it's one of the world's leading causes of liver disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Cirrhosis?
|
Complications of cirrhosis can include:
• High blood pressure in the veins that supply the liver.This condition is known as portal hypertension. Cirrhosis slows the regular flow of blood through the liver. This increases pressure in the vein that brings blood to the liver.
• Swelling in the legs and belly.The increased pressure in the portal vein can cause fluid to build up in the legs, called edema, and in the belly, called ascites. Edema and ascites also may happen if the liver can't make enough of certain blood proteins, such as albumin.
• Swelling of the spleen.Portal hypertension can cause the spleen to trap white blood cells and platelets. This makes the spleen swell, a condition known as splenomegaly. Fewer white blood cells and platelets in your blood can be the first sign of cirrhosis.
• Bleeding.Portal hypertension can cause blood to be redirected to smaller veins. Strained by the extra pressure, these smaller veins can burst, causing serious bleeding. Portal hypertension also may cause enlarged veins, called varices (VAIR-uh-seez), in the esophagus or the stomach. These varices also may lead to life-threatening bleeding. If the liver can't make enough clotting factors, this also can contribute to continued bleeding.
• Infections.Having cirrhosis makes it hard for the body to fight infections. Ascites also can lead to bacterial peritonitis, a serious infection.
• Malnutrition.Cirrhosis may make it more difficult for the body to process nutrients, leading to weakness and weight loss.
• Buildup of toxins in the brain.A liver damaged by cirrhosis can't clear toxins from the blood as well as a healthy liver can. These toxins can then build up in the brain and cause mental confusion and difficulty concentrating. This is known as hepatic encephalopathy. With time, hepatic encephalopathy can progress to unresponsiveness or coma.
• Jaundice.Jaundice happens when the diseased liver doesn't remove enough bilirubin, a blood waste product, from the blood. Jaundice causes yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes and darkening of urine.
• Bone disease.Some people with cirrhosis lose bone strength and are at greater risk of fractures.
• Increased risk of liver cancer.A large proportion of people who develop liver cancer have pre-existing cirrhosis.
• Acute-on-chronic cirrhosis.Some people end up experiencing multiorgan failure. Researchers now believe this is a complication in some people who have cirrhosis. However, they don't fully understand what causes it.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Cirrhosis?
|
Lower the risk of cirrhosis by taking these steps to care for your liver:
• Do not drink alcohol if you have cirrhosis.If you have liver disease, you should not drink alcohol.
• Eat a healthy diet.Choose a diet that's full of fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean sources of protein. Cut down on the amount of fatty and fried foods you eat.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Too much body fat can damage the liver. Talk to a healthcare professional about a weight-loss plan if you are obese or overweight.
• Reduce your risk of hepatitis.Sharing needles and having unprotected sex can increase the risk of hepatitis B and C. Ask a care professional about hepatitis vaccinations.
If you're concerned about your risk of liver cirrhosis, talk to a health professional about ways to reduce your risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
Cleft lip and cleft palate are openings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate) or both. Cleft lip and cleft palate occur when an unborn baby's face and mouth are developing and the upper lip and palate don't close fully.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are among the most common birth defects. These birth defects can occur on their own or together. Sometimes a syndrome may cause these birth defects. But the cause is often not known.
Having a baby born with a cleft can be upsetting, but treatment can correct cleft lip and cleft palate. After a series of surgeries, the lips and palate work like they should and the baby looks much better. Usually, only slight scarring occurs.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
Usually, a split (cleft) in the lip or roof of the mouth (palate) can be seen right away at birth. It may be found before birth during a prenatal ultrasound. Cleft lip and cleft palate may look like:
• A split in the lip and palate that affects one or both sides of the face.
• A split in the lip that appears as only a small notch in the lip or extends from the lip through the upper gum and palate into the bottom of the nose.
• A split in the roof of the mouth that doesn't affect how the face looks.
Less often, a cleft occurs only in the muscles of the soft palate, which are at the back of the mouth and covered by the mouth's lining. This is called a submucous cleft palate. This type of cleft may not be seen at birth and may not be diagnosed until later when signs arise, such as:
• Having a hard time feeding.
• Nasal speaking voice.
• Constant ear infections.
• Rarely, having a hard time swallowing. Liquids or foods may come out of the nose.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
Cleft lip and cleft palate occur when tissues in the baby's face and mouth don't come together properly before birth. Usually, the tissues that make up the lip and palate come together in the first few weeks of pregnancy. But in babies with cleft lip and cleft palate, they never come together or only come together partway, leaving an opening.
Both genes and the environment may cause cases of cleft lip and cleft palate. But in many babies, the cause is not known.
The mother or the father can pass on genes that cause clefting, either alone or as part of a genetic syndrome that includes a cleft lip or cleft palate as one of its signs. In some cases, babies inherit a gene that makes them more likely to get a cleft, and the mix with environmental factors causes the cleft to occur.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
Several factors may make it more likely that a baby gets a cleft lip and cleft palate, including:
• Family history.Parents with a family history of cleft lip or cleft palate may be at more risk of having a baby with a cleft.
• Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy.Cleft lip and cleft palate may be more likely to occur in pregnant women who use tobacco, drink alcohol or take certain medicines.
• Not getting certain vitamins during pregnancy.For example, not having enough folate in the body during the first trimester of pregnancy may raise the risk of cleft lip and cleft palate.
Males are more likely to have a cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Cleft palate without cleft lip is more common in females. In the U.S., cleft lip and cleft palate are most common in people of Native American or Asian heritage and least common in African American heritage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
Children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate face various challenges, depending on the type and severity of the cleft, including:
• Having a hard time feeding.One concern right away after birth is feeding. While most babies with cleft lip can breastfeed, a cleft palate may make it hard to suck.
• Ear infections and hearing loss.Babies with cleft palate are especially at risk of developing middle ear fluid and losing hearing.
• Dental problems.If the cleft extends through the upper gum, teeth may not develop properly.
• Having a hard time with speech.Because babies use the palate to form sounds, a cleft palate can affect the usual development of speech. Also, speech may have a nasal sound.
• Challenges of coping with a medical condition.Children with clefts may face social, emotional and behavioral problems due to differences in how they look and the stress of medical care.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Cleft lip and cleft palate?
|
After a baby is born with a cleft, parents could be concerned about whether they'll have another child with the same condition. While many cases of cleft lip and cleft palate can't be prevented, think about these steps to lower your risk:
• Consider genetic counseling.If you have a family history of cleft lip and cleft palate, tell your healthcare professional before you become pregnant. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a genetic counselor who can help figure out your risk of having children with cleft lip and cleft palate.
• Take prenatal vitamins.If you're planning to get pregnant soon, ask your healthcare professional if you should take prenatal vitamins. These contain important vitamins and minerals that you and your unborn baby need.
• Don't use tobacco or alcohol.Use of alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy raises the risk of having a baby with health problems at birth.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Clubfoot?
|
If your child has clubfoot, here's what it might look like:
• The top of the foot is usually pointed in and down. This raises the arch and turns the heel inward.
• The foot may be turned so severely that it looks like it is upside down.
• The foot or big toe may be slightly shorter than the other foot.
• The calf muscles in the leg with clubfoot are usually smaller.
At birth, clubfoot doesn't cause any discomfort or pain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Clubfoot?
|
The cause of clubfoot is not known, but it may be due to genetics and environmental factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Clubfoot?
|
Boys are about twice as likely as girls to have clubfoot.
Risk factors include:
• Family history.If a child has a parent, brother or sister with clubfoot, that child is more likely to have it too.
• Part of other conditions.Sometimes clubfoot may happen with other skeletal conditions that are present at birth. One example is spina bifida, a condition that happens when the spine and spinal cord don't develop or close properly before birth. Certain conditions related to changes in chromosomes also may raise the risk of clubfoot.
• Environment.Smoking during pregnancy can raise the baby's risk of clubfoot.
• Not enough amniotic fluid during pregnancy.Amniotic fluid is the liquid that surrounds the baby in the womb. Not having enough amniotic fluid may raise the risk of clubfoot.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Clubfoot?
|
Clubfoot usually doesn't cause any problems until a child starts to stand and walk. Treatment can bring the foot into the proper position and help a child walk well. But a child may still have some problems with:
• Movement.The foot may be a little stiff and not bend easily.
• Leg length.The leg with clubfoot may be slightly shorter, but this usually doesn't stop a child from learning to walk.
• Shoe size.The foot may be up to 1 1/2 shoe sizes smaller than the other foot.
• Calf size.The muscles of the calf on the side with clubfoot may always be smaller than those on the other side.
• Foot shape.It's common for the foot to have a bean shape and a small inward point, even after treatment.
If clubfoot is not treated, more-serious problems can happen. These can include:
• Problems walking.When clubfoot is not treated, children with the condition can walk but may put their weight on the side of the foot or the top of the foot. This can cause sores or calluses, problems finding shoes, and a limp.
• Problems with late treatment.Delayed treatment of clubfoot can result in needing more casts and even surgery to correct the foot. Results are better with early treatment before the bones of the foot become misshapen from the poor foot position.
• Arthritis.There may be swelling and tenderness in one or more joints.
• Poor self-image.The unusual look of the foot may make body image a concern during the teen years.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Clubfoot?
|
Because healthcare professionals don't know what causes clubfoot, there's no sure way to prevent it. But if you're pregnant, you can do things to have a healthy pregnancy and lower your baby's risk of problems that affect the baby's development:
• Don't smoke or spend time in places with secondhand smoke.
• Don't drink alcohol.
• Don't use legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets or take medicines that aren't approved by your healthcare professional.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Cluster headache?
|
Cluster headache is a very painful type of headache. It usually occurs in periods of frequent attacks known as clusters. Cluster headaches can wake people from sleep. These headaches cause intense pain in or around one eye on one side of the head.
Cluster periods can last from weeks to months. Then usually the headaches stop for a period of time, which may last for months or years.
Cluster headache is rare. Treatments can shorten cluster headache attacks and lessen the pain. Also, medicines can reduce the number of cluster headaches.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Cluster headache?
|
Experts don't know what causes cluster headache. Cluster headache patterns suggest a link to the area of the brain that helps run the body's biological clock, known as the hypothalamus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Cluster headache?
|
Risk factors for cluster headache include:
• Sex.Men are more likely to have cluster headaches than women are.
• Age.Most people who develop cluster headaches are between ages 20 and 50. But the condition can start at any age.
• Smoking.Many people who get cluster headaches are smokers. But quitting smoking usually doesn't stop the headaches.
• Alcohol use.If you have cluster headaches, drinking alcohol during a cluster period may increase the risk of an attack.
• Family history.Having a parent, brother or sister who has cluster headache might increase the risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Cold sore?
|
Cold sores, or fever blisters, are a common viral infection. They are tiny, fluid-filled blisters on and around the lips. These blisters are often grouped together in patches. After the blisters break, a scab forms that can last several days. Cold sores usually heal in 2 to 3 weeks without leaving a scar.
Cold sores spread from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. They're usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and less commonly herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Both of these viruses can affect the mouth or genitals and can be spread by oral sex. The virus can spread even if you don't see the sores.
There's no cure for cold sores, but treatment can help manage outbreaks. Prescription antiviral medicine or creams can help sores heal more quickly. And they may make future outbreaks happen less often and be shorter and less serious.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Cold sore?
|
A cold sore usually passes through several stages:
• Tingling and itching.Many people feel itching, burning or tingling around the lips for a day or so before a small, hard, painful spot appears and blisters form.
• Blisters.Small fluid-filled blisters often form along the border of the lips. Sometimes they appear around the nose or cheeks or inside the mouth.
• Oozing and crusting.The small blisters may merge and then burst. This can leave shallow open sores that ooze and crust over.
Symptoms vary, depending on whether this is your first outbreak or a recurrence. The first time you have a cold sore, symptoms may not start for up to 20 days after you were first exposed to the virus. The sores can last several days. And the blisters can take 2 to 3 weeks to heal completely. If blisters return, they'll often appear at the same spot each time and tend to be less severe than the first outbreak.
In a first-time outbreak, you also might experience:
• Fever.
• Painful gums.
• Sore throat.
• Headache.
• Muscle aches.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
Children under 5 years old may have cold sores inside their mouths. These sores are often mistaken for canker sores. Canker sores involve only the mucous membrane and aren't caused by the herpes simplex virus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Cold sore?
|
Cold sores are caused by certain strains of the herpes simplex virus (HSV).HSV-1usually causes cold sores.HSV-2is often the cause of genital herpes. But either type can spread to the face or genitals through close contact, such as kissing or oral sex. Shared eating utensils, razors and towels can also spreadHSV-1.
Cold sores are most likely to spread when you have oozing blisters. But you can spread the virus even if you don't have blisters. Many people who are infected with the virus that causes cold sores never develop symptoms.
Once you've had a herpes infection, the virus can hide in nerve cells in the skin and may cause another cold sore at the same place as before. A return of cold sores may be triggered by:
• Viral infection or fever.
• Hormonal changes, such as those related to a menstrual period.
• Stress.
• Fatigue.
• Being in the sun or wind.
• Changes in the immune system.
• Injury to the skin.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Cold sore?
|
Almost everyone is at risk of cold sores. Most adults carry the virus that causes cold sores, even if they've never had symptoms.
You're most at risk of complications from the virus if you have a weak immune system from conditions and treatments such as:
• HIV/AIDS.
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema).
• Cancer chemotherapy.
• Anti-rejection medicine for organ transplants.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Cold sore?
|
In some people, the virus that causes cold sores can cause problems in other areas of the body, including:
• Fingertips.BothHSV-1andHSV-2can be spread to the fingers. This type of infection is often referred to as herpes whitlow. Children who suck their thumbs may transfer the infection from their mouths to their thumbs.
• Eyes.The virus can sometimes cause eye infection. Repeated infections can cause scarring and injury, which may lead to vision problems or loss of vision.
• Widespread areas of skin.People who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) are at higher risk of cold sores spreading all across their bodies. This can become a medical emergency.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Cold sore?
|
Your health care provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine for you to take on a regular basis if you develop cold sores more than nine times a year or if you're at high risk of serious complications. If sunlight seems to trigger your condition, apply sunblock to the spot where the cold sore tends to form. Or talk with your health care provider about using an oral antiviral medicine before you do an activity that tends to cause a cold sore to return.
Take these steps to help avoid spreading cold sores to other people:
• Avoid kissing and skin contact with people while blisters are present.The virus spreads most easily when the blisters leak fluid.
• Avoid sharing items.Utensils, towels, lip balm and other personal items can spread the virus when blisters are present.
• Keep your hands clean.When you have a cold sore, wash your hands carefully before touching yourself and other people, especially babies.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Colon cancer?
|
Colon cancer is a growth of cells that begins in a part of the large intestine called the colon. The colon is the first and longest part of the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. The digestive system breaks down food for the body to use.
Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually begins as small clumps of cells called polyps that form inside the colon. Polyps generally aren't cancerous, but some can turn into colon cancers over time.
Polyps often don't cause symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to look for polyps in the colon. Finding and removing polyps helps prevent colon cancer.
If colon cancer develops, many treatments can help control it. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Colon cancer is sometimes called colorectal cancer. This term combines colon cancer and rectal cancer, which begins in the rectum.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Colon cancer?
|
Many people with colon cancer don't have symptoms at first. When symptoms appear, they'll likely depend on the cancer's size and where it is in the large intestine.
Symptoms of colon cancer can include:
• A change in bowel habits, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation.
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• Ongoing discomfort in the belly area, such as cramps, gas or pain.
• A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty all the way during a bowel movement.
• Weakness or tiredness.
• Losing weight without trying.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Colon cancer?
|
Doctors aren't certain what causes most colon cancers.
Colon cancer happens when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA. A cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells die as part of their natural lifecycle.
This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Colon cancer?
|
Factors that may increase the risk of colon cancer include:
• Older age.Colon cancer can happen at any age. But most people with colon cancer are older than 50. The numbers of people younger than 50 who have colon cancer has been growing. Doctors don't know why.
• Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
• A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Having had colon cancer or colon polyps increases the risk of colon cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel diseases.Conditions that cause pain and swelling of the intestines, called inflammatory bowel diseases, can increase the risk of colon cancer. These conditions include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
• Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of colon cancer run in families. The most common inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk are familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome.
• Family history of colon cancer.Having a blood relative who has colon cancer increases the risk of getting colon cancer. Having more than one family member who has colon cancer or rectal cancer increases the risk more.
• Low-fiber, high-fat diet.Colon cancer and rectal cancer might be linked with a typical Western diet. This type of diet tends to be low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat.
• Not exercising regularly.People who are not active are more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity might help lower the risk.
• Diabetes.People with diabetes or insulin resistance have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer. Obesity also increases the risk of dying of colon cancer.
• Smoking.People who smoke can have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Drinking alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of colon cancer.
• Radiation therapy for cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers increases the risk of colon cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Colon polyps?
|
A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Most colon polyps are harmless. But over time, some colon polyps can develop into colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer can be deadly when found in its later stages.
Anyone can develop colon polyps, and your risk increases as you age. Your risk for colorectal cancer also is higher if you are overweight, smoke, have a personal history of colon polyps, or a family history of advanced colon polyps or colorectal cancer.
Colon polyps don't usually cause symptoms. It's important to have regular screening tests because colon polyps found early can usually be removed safely and completely. The best prevention for colorectal cancer is regular screening.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Colon polyps?
|
Most people with colon polyps do not have any symptoms. Colon polyps are often found as a part of routine colorectal cancer screening.
Symptoms that should prompt an appointment with a healthcare professional include:
• Change in bowel habits.Constipation or diarrhea that lasts longer than a week may mean the presence of a larger colon polyp or cancer. However, several other conditions also can cause changes in bowel habits.
• Change in stool color.Blood can show up as red streaks in the stool or make stool appear black. A change in color also may be caused by certain foods, medicines or dietary supplements.
• Iron deficiency anemia.Bleeding from polyps can happen slowly over time, without visible blood in the stool. Chronic bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anemia, which can cause tiredness and shortness of breath.
• Pain.A large colon polyp or cancer can block part of the bowel, leading to cramping and belly pain.
• Rectal bleeding.This can be a sign of colon polyps or cancer or other conditions, such as hemorrhoids or minor tears of the anus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Colon polyps?
|
Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way. Changes in certain cells can lead to continued dividing even when new cells aren't needed. In the colon and rectum, this continued growth of cells can cause polyps to form. Polyps can grow anywhere in the large intestine.
There are two main categories of polyps, nonneoplastic and neoplastic. Nonneoplastic polyps typically do not become cancerous. Neoplastic polyps include adenomas and serrated lesions. Most cases of colorectal cancer arise from an adenoma that has been present for a long time. However, serrated lesions also can become cancerous. In general for neoplastic polyps, the larger the polyp, the greater the risk of cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Colon polyps?
|
Some colon polyps may become cancerous. The earlier polyps are removed, the less likely it is that they will become cancerous.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Colon polyps?
|
The risk of colon polyps and colorectal cancer may be greatly reduced by having regular screenings. Certain lifestyle changes also can help:
• Adopt healthy habits.Include plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains in your diet and reduce your fat intake. Limit alcohol and quit all tobacco use. Stay physically active and maintain a healthy body weight.
• Consider your options if you're at high risk.If you have a family history of colon polyps, talk to a healthcare professional. If you have a personal history of 10 or more neoplastic polyps, consider having genetic counseling. Referral to a genetic counselor also may be considered depending upon your family history. If you've been diagnosed with a hereditary disorder that causes colon polyps, you'll need regular colonoscopies starting in young adulthood.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Color blindness?
|
Color blindness is an eye condition in which someone can't see the difference between certain colors. Though many people commonly use the term "color blind" for this condition, true color blindness — in which everything is seen in shades of black and white — is rare. The medical term for color blindness is known as color vision deficiency.
Color blindness is usually inherited, meaning it's passed down through families. Men are more likely to be born with color blindness. Most people with color blindness can't tell the difference between certain shades of red and green. Less commonly, people with color blindness can't tell the difference between shades of blue and yellow.
Certain eye diseases and some medicines also can cause color blindness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Color blindness?
|
You may have a color vision deficiency and not know it. Some people figure out that they or their child has the condition when it causes confusion — such as when there are problems differentiating the colors in a traffic light or interpreting color-coded learning materials.
People affected by color blindness may not be able to distinguish:
• Different shades of red and green.
• Different shades of blue and yellow.
• Any colors.
The most common color deficiency is an inability to see some shades of red and green. Often, a person who is red-green or blue-yellow deficient isn't completely insensitive to both colors. Defects can be mild, moderate or severe.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Color blindness?
|
Seeing colors across the light spectrum is a complex process that begins with your eyes' ability to respond to different wavelengths of light.
Light, which contains all color wavelengths, enters your eye through the cornea and passes through the lens and transparent, jellylike tissue in your eye (vitreous humor) to wavelength-sensitive cells (cones) at the back of your eye in the macular area of the retina. The cones are sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) or long (red) wavelengths of light. Chemicals in the cones trigger a reaction and send the wavelength information through your optic nerve to your brain.
If your eyes work as they should, you perceive color. But if your cones don't work properly, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red, green or blue.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Color blindness?
|
Several factors increase the risk of color blindness, including:
• Gender.Colorblindness is much more common in males than in females.
• Family history.Colorblindness is often inherited, meaning it is passed down through families. You can inherit a mild, moderate or severe degree of the condition. Inherited color deficiencies usually affect both eyes, and the severity doesn't change over your lifetime.
• Diseases.Some conditions that can increase the risk of color deficiency include sickle cell anemia, diabetes, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, chronic alcoholism and leukemia. One eye may be more affected than the other, and the color deficiency may get better if the underlying disease can be treated.
• Certain medicines.Some medicines can affect color vision, such as hydrochloroquine, a medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
• Damage to the eye.Color blindness can be caused by trauma to the eye as a result of injury, surgery, radiation therapy or laser treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Coma?
|
Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication. A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection.
Coma is a medical emergency. Quick action is needed to preserve life and brain function. Healthcare professionals typically order a series of blood tests and a brain scan to try to learn what's causing the coma so that proper treatment can begin.
A coma doesn't usually last longer than several weeks. People who are unconscious for a longer time might transition to a lasting vegetative state, known as a persistent vegetative state, or brain death.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Coma?
|
The symptoms of a coma commonly include:
• Closed eyes.
• Depressed brainstem reflexes, such as pupils not responding to light.
• No responses of limbs except for reflex movements.
• No response to painful stimuli except for reflex movements.
• Irregular breathing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Coma?
|
Many types of problems can cause a coma. Some examples are:
• Traumatic brain injuries.These are often caused by traffic collisions or acts of violence.
• Stroke.Reduced or stopped blood supply to the brain, known as a stroke, can result from blocked arteries or a burst blood vessel.
• Tumors.Tumors in the brain or brainstem can cause a coma.
• Diabetes.Blood sugar levels that become too high or too low can cause a coma.
• Lack of oxygen.People who have been rescued from drowning or revived after a heart attack might not awaken due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
• Infections.Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis cause swelling of the brain, spinal cord or the tissues that surround the brain. Severe cases of these infections can result in brain damage or a coma.
• Seizures.Ongoing seizures can lead to a coma.
• Toxins.Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide or lead, can cause brain damage and a coma.
• Drugs and alcohol.Overdosing on drugs or alcohol can result in a coma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Coma?
|
Risk factors for coma include:
• Serious head injury.
• Stroke.
• Bleeding in and around the brain, known as an intracranial bleed.
• Brain tumor.
• Diabetes with blood sugar that's very high or very low.
• Health conditions, such as hypothyroidism or very low sodium in the blood.
• Very low blood pressure from serious heart failure.
• Epilepsy, including having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another without the person regaining consciousness.
• Serious infection, such as sepsis, encephalitis or meningitis.
• Near drowning, which decreases oxygen to the brain.
• Excessive use of alcohol or use of illegal drugs.
• Exposure to carbon monoxide, lead or other toxins.
The risk of coma goes up with age. This is especially true if older adults:
• Have a brain disease or another condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease.
• Take several medicines, which can lead to drug interactions or accidental overdose.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Coma?
|
Although many people gradually recover from a coma, others enter a persistent vegetative state or die. Some people who recover from a coma end up with major or minor disabilities.
During a coma, bedsores, urinary tract infections, blood clots in the legs and other problems may develop.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Common cold?
|
The common cold is an illness affecting your nose and throat. Most often, it's harmless, but it might not feel that way. Germs called viruses cause a common cold.
Often, adults may have two or three colds each year. Infants and young children may have colds more often.
Most people recover from a common cold in 7 to 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. If symptoms don't get better or if they get worse, see your health care provider.
Illnesses of the nose and throat caused by germs are called upper respiratory tract infections.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Common cold?
|
Most often, common cold symptoms start 1 to 3 days after someone is exposed to a cold virus. Symptoms vary. They can include:
• Runny or stuffy nose.
• Sore or scratchy throat.
• Cough.
• Sneezing.
• Generally feeling unwell.
• Slight body aches or a mild headache.
• Low-grade fever.
The mucus from your nose may start out clear and become thicker and yellow or green. This change is normal. Most often, it doesn't mean that you have a bacterial illness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Common cold?
|
Many viruses can cause a common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause.
A cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread by:
• Droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.
• Hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold.
• Sharing objects with the virus on them, such as dishes, towels, toys or telephones.
• Touching your eyes, nose or mouth after contact with the virus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Common cold?
|
These factors can increase the chances of getting a cold:
• Age.Infants and young children have a greater risk of colds than other people, especially if they spend time in child care settings.
• Weakened immune system.Having a long-term illness or weakened immune system increases your risk.
• Time of year.Both children and adults are more likely to get colds in fall and winter.
• Smoking.Smoking or being around secondhand smoke increases the risk of catching a cold.
• Exposure.Being in crowds, such as at school or on an airplane, increases the chance of getting a cold.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Common cold?
|
These conditions can occur along with your cold:
• Middle ear infection.This is the swelling and build-up of fluids in the space behind the eardrum. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria. Typical signs and symptoms include earaches or the return of a fever following a common cold.
• Asthma.A cold can trigger wheezing, even in people who don't have asthma. For people with asthma, a cold can make it worse.
• Sinusitis.In adults or children, a common cold that lasts a while can lead to swelling and pain in the sinuses. These are air-filled spaces in the skull above the eyes and around the nose. A virus or bacteria may cause sinusitis.
• Other illnesses.A common cold can lead to illnesses of the lungs, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. People with asthma or weakened immune systems have an increased risk of these conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Common cold?
|
There's no vaccine for the common cold. You can take these steps to slow the spread of the virus and prevent illness:
• Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Teach your children the importance of hand-washing. Try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.
• Clean and disinfect.Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often. These include doorknobs, light switches, electronics, and kitchen and bathroom countertops. This is especially important when someone in your family has a cold. Wash children's toys often.
• Cover your cough.Sneeze and cough into tissues. Throw away used tissues right away, and then wash your hands. If you don't have a tissue, sneeze or cough into the bend of your elbow, and then wash your hands.
• Don't share.Don't share drinking glasses or silverware with other family members.
• Stay away from people with colds.Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold. Stay out of crowds when possible. Try not to touch your eyes, nose and mouth when you're in crowds.
• Review your child care center's policies.Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping sick children at home.
• Take care of yourself.Eat well, exercise and get plenty of sleep to help you stay healthy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Common variable immunodeficiency?
|
Common variable immunodeficiency, also called CVID, is an immune system disorder that causes low levels of the proteins in the body that help fight infections. People withCVIDhave repeated infections in the ears, sinuses and the system for breathing, called the respiratory system.
There's also an increased risk of digestive disorders, autoimmune disorders, blood disorders and cancer.CVIDcan be passed through families, called inherited.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.