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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Craniopharyngioma?
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Craniopharyngioma is a rare type of noncancerous brain tumor.
Craniopharyngioma begins as a growth of cells near the brain's pituitary gland. The pituitary gland makes hormones that control many body functions. As a craniopharyngioma slowly grows, it can affect the pituitary gland and other nearby structures in the brain.
Craniopharyngioma can happen at any age, but it occurs most often in children and older adults. Symptoms include changes in vision over time, fatigue, headaches and urinating more often. Children with craniopharyngioma may grow slowly and may be smaller than expected.
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What are the symptoms of Craniopharyngioma?
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Signs and symptoms of craniopharyngioma may include:
• Headaches.
• Vision changes.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Increased urination.
• Sleepiness.
• Memory troubles.
• Loss of balance.
• Trouble walking.
• Changes in personality or behavior.
• Weight gain and slowed growth in children.
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What are the causes of Craniopharyngioma?
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It's not clear what causes craniopharyngioma. Craniopharyngioma begins as a growth of cells near the brain's pituitary gland. The pituitary gland makes hormones that control many body functions.
Craniopharyngioma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
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What are the risk factors of Craniopharyngioma?
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Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for craniopharyngioma. This tumor can happen at any age. But it's more common in children and older adults.
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What are the Overview of Craniosynostosis?
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Craniosynostosis (kray-nee-o-sin-os-TOE-sis) is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby's brain is fully formed. Brain growth continues, giving the head a misshapen appearance.
Usually, during infancy the sutures remain flexible, allowing a baby's skull to expand as the brain grows. In the front of the skull, the sutures meet in the large soft spot (fontanel) on top of the head. The anterior fontanel is the soft spot felt just behind a baby's forehead. The next largest fontanel is at the back (posterior). Each side of the skull has a tiny fontanel.
Craniosynostosis usually involves premature fusion of a single cranial suture, but it can involve more than one of the sutures in a baby's skull (multiple suture craniosynostosis). In rare cases, craniosynostosis is caused by certain genetic syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis).
Treating craniosynostosis involves surgery to correct the shape of the head and allow for brain growth. Early diagnosis and treatment allow your baby's brain adequate space to grow and develop.
Although neurological damage can occur in severe cases, most children develop as expected in their ability to think and reason (cognitive development) and have good cosmetic results after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key.
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What are the symptoms of Craniosynostosis?
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The signs of craniosynostosis are usually noticeable at birth, but they become more apparent during the first few months of your baby's life. Signs and severity depend on how many sutures are fused and when in brain development the fusion occurs. Signs and symptoms can include:
• A misshapen skull, with the shape depending on which of the sutures are affected
• Development of a raised, hard ridge along affected sutures, with a change in the shape of the head that's not typical
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What are the causes of Craniosynostosis?
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Often the cause of craniosynostosis is not known, but sometimes it's related to genetic disorders.
• Nonsyndromic craniosynostosisis the most common type of craniosynostosis. Its cause is unknown, although it's thought to be a combination of genes and environmental factors.
• Syndromic craniosynostosisis caused by certain genetic syndromes, such as Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome or Crouzon syndrome, which can affect a baby's skull development. These syndromes usually also include other physical features and health problems.
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What are the complications of Craniosynostosis?
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If untreated, craniosynostosis may cause, for example:
• Permanently misshapen head and face
• Poor self-esteem and social isolation
The risk of increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure) from simple craniosynostosis is small if the suture and head shape are fixed surgically. But babies with an underlying syndrome may develop increased intracranial pressure if their skulls don't expand enough to make room for their growing brains.
If untreated, increased intracranial pressure can cause:
• Developmental delays
• Cognitive impairment
• Blindness
• Seizures
• Headaches
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What are the Overview of Crohn's disease?
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Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes swelling and irritation of the tissues, called inflammation, in the digestive tract. This can lead to belly pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can affect different areas of the digestive tract in different people. Crohn's most commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. The inflammation often spreads into the deeper layers of the bowel.
Crohn's disease can be both painful and debilitating. Sometimes, it may lead to serious or life-threatening complications.
There's no known cure for Crohn's disease, but therapies can greatly reduce its symptoms and even bring about long-term remission and healing of inflammation. With treatment, many people with Crohn's disease can function well.
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What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?
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Symptoms of Crohn's disease typically include:
• Diarrhea.
• Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Belly pain and cramping.
• Blood in the stool.
• Mouth sores.
• Reduced appetite and weight loss.
• Pain or drainage near or around the anus due to inflammation from a tunnel into the skin, called a fistula.
Crohn's disease can affect any part of the small or large intestine. It may involve multiple segments, or it may be continuous. It most commonly involves the last part of the small intestine. In some people, the disease is only in the colon or the large intestine.
Symptoms of Crohn's disease can range from mild to severe. They usually develop gradually, but sometimes might come on suddenly, without warning. Someone with Crohn's disease also may have periods of time with no symptoms. This is known as remission.
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What are the causes of Crohn's disease?
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The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may aggravate, but don't cause, Crohn's disease. Several factors likely play a role in its development.
• Genes.More than 200 genes have been associated with Crohn's disease. However, researchers aren't exactly sure what role they play in the condition. Having one or more of these genes may make someone more likely to get Crohn's disease.
• Immune system.It's possible that bacteria, viruses or other environmental factors may trigger Crohn's disease. For example, certain bacteria in the gut microbiome are suspected to be associated with Crohn's disease, but it is unknown if these bacteria cause Crohn's disease. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading microorganism or environmental triggers, an atypical immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract, too.
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What are the risk factors of Crohn's disease?
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Risk factors for Crohn's disease may include:
• Family history.People with a first-degree relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, are at higher risk to have the disease. As many as 1 in 5 people with Crohn's disease has a family member with the disease.
• Age.Crohn's disease can happen at any age, but it's more common to develop the condition when you're young. Most people who develop Crohn's disease are diagnosed before they're around 30 years old.
• Ethnicity.Although Crohn's disease can affect any ethnic group, white people have the highest risk, especially people of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent. However, the incidence of Crohn's disease is increasing among Black people who live in North America and the United Kingdom. Crohn's disease also is being increasingly seen in the Middle Eastern population and among migrants to the United States.
• Cigarette smoking.Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for developing Crohn's disease. Smoking also leads to more-serious disease and a greater risk of having surgery. If you smoke, it's important to stop.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve), diclofenac sodium and others. While they do not cause Crohn's disease, they can lead to inflammation of the bowel that makes Crohn's disease worse.
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What are the Overview of Cryoglobulinemia?
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Cryoglobulinemia is a family of rare conditions, called vasculitis. Vasculitis causes irritation and swelling, called inflammation, of the blood vessels.
Cryoglobulins are atypical proteins in the blood. For people who have cryoglobulinemia (kry-o-glob-u-lih-NEE-me-uh), these proteins may clump together at body temperatures below 98.6 F (37 C).
These clumps can block blood flow. This can damage the skin, joints, nerves and organs, mainly the kidneys and liver.
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What are the types of Cryoglobulinemia?
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There are three types of cryoglobulinemia.
• Type 1.This type has one kind of atypical protein, called monoclonal. Type 1 most often is linked to blood cancers.
• Type 2.This has two types of atypical protein, both monoclonal and polyclonal. Type II most often is linked to hepatitis C virus.
• Type 3.This has a mix of polyclonal proteins. Type 3 most often is linked to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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What are the symptoms of Cryoglobulinemia?
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Some people have no symptoms of cryoglobulinemia. For people who have symptoms, the symptoms might come and go. They can include:
• Skin spots.Most people with cryoglobulinemia get purple skin spots, called lesions, on their legs. On Black or brown skin, the spots might look black or brown. Some people also get open leg sores, called ulcers.
• Joint pain.Symptoms like those of rheumatoid arthritis are common in cryoglobulinemia.
• Peripheral neuropathy.Cryoglobulinemia can damage the nerves at the tips of the fingers and toes. This causes numbness and other problems.
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What are the causes of Cryoglobulinemia?
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It's not clear what causes cryoglobulinemia. It's been linked to:
• Infections.Hepatitis C is the most common infection linked to cryoglobulinemia. Others include hepatitis B, HIV, Epstein-Barr, toxoplasmosis and malaria.
• Certain cancers.Some cancers of the blood, such as multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, can cause cryoglobulinemia.
• Autoimmune diseases.Disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues by mistake, called autoimmune, increases the risk of getting cryoglobulinemia. Examples are lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome.
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What are the risk factors of Cryoglobulinemia?
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Risk factors of cryoglobulinemia may include:
• Sex.Cryoglobulinemia happens more often in women than in men.
• Age.Symptoms of cryoglobulinemia most often begin in middle age.
• Other diseases.Cryoglobulinemia is linked with diseases such as hepatitis C, HIV, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, lupus and Sjogren syndrome.
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What are the complications of Cryoglobulinemia?
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Cryoglobulinemia can affect the kidneys. The main symptoms are protein or blood in the urine. High blood pressure most often goes with the kidney symptoms. In time, kidney failure might happen.
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What are the Overview of CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak)?
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord and provides a cushion to protect them from injury. There are three layers that surround the spinal cord and brain. When there is a hole or tear in the outermost layer, aCSFleak occurs. The hole or tear in this outer layer, called the dura mater, allows some of the fluid to escape.
There are two distinct types ofCSFleaks: spinalCSFleaks and cranialCSFleaks. Each type has different symptoms, causes and treatments.
A spinalCSFleak occurs anywhere in the spinal column. The most common symptom of a spinalCSFleak is a headache.
A cranialCSFleak occurs in the skull, and often causes symptoms such as clear fluid leaking from the nose or ear.
SomeCSFleaks may heal with bed rest and other conservative treatment. ManyCSFleaks need a patch to cover the hole or surgery to repair the leak.
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What are the symptoms of CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak)?
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Symptoms vary between spinal and cranialCSFleaks.
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What are the complications of CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak)?
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If a cranialCSFleak is left untreated, complications may occur. Possible complications include meningitis and tension pneumocephalus, which is when air enters the spaces surrounding the brain. Untreated spinalCSFleaks may lead to subdural hematomas, or bleeding on the surface of the brain.
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What are the Overview of Cushing syndrome?
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Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.
Too much cortisol can cause some of the main symptoms of Cushing syndrome — a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on the skin. Cushing syndrome also can cause high blood pressure or bone loss. Sometimes, it can cause type 2 diabetes.
Treatments for Cushing syndrome can lower the body's cortisol levels and improve symptoms. The sooner treatment starts, the better the chances for recovery.
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What are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome?
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Symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary depending on the level of extra cortisol.
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What are the causes of Cushing syndrome?
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Cushing syndrome is caused by having too much cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone that is made in the adrenal glands. It helps the body respond to stress and plays many other important roles, including:
• Controlling blood pressure.
• Reducing inflammation.
• Helping the heart and blood vessels work correctly.
• Controlling blood sugar.
• Helping the body use food for energy.
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What are the complications of Cushing syndrome?
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Without treatment, Cushing syndrome can cause complications, including:
• Bone loss, also called osteoporosis, which can lead to broken bones.
• High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Serious or multiple infections.
• Loss of muscle mass and strength.
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What are the Overview of Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma?
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Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. This cancer attacks the skin. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects one type of germ-fighting white blood cells called B cells. These cells also are called B lymphocytes.
The types of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma include:
• Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma.
• Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma.
• Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
• Intravascular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma symptoms include a lump or group of lumps on the skin. Sometimes this cancer causes hard patches of skin.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Another type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the skin is called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is more common than cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
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What are the symptoms of Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma?
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Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma usually appears as a lump or group of lumps on the skin that don't go away. Symptoms may include:
• A single lump or group of lumps on the skin.
• A lump or lumps on the skin that may look pink, purple or red-brown.
• Redness around the skin lumps.
• Skin lumps that grow slowly.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas most often grow on the scalp, forehead or back. Some types of this cancer prefer to grow in other places. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphomas tend to grow on the arms or trunk. Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type usually grows on one leg.
Intravascular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma causes symptoms that are different from the other types. The symptoms may include:
• Hard skin patches.
• Skin around the patches that looks red or purple.
• Areas of skin that look like spider veins.
• Patches on the trunk or thighs.
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What are the causes of Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma?
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The cause of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called B lymphocytes.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma happens when B lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, the cancer cells build up in the skin. The cancer cells rarely spread to other areas of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma?
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Risk factors for cutaneous B-cell lymphoma include:
• Weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicine or illness, there might be a higher risk of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. People with weakened immune systems might include those taking medicine to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain health conditions also can weaken the immune system, including HIV infection.
• Bacteria transmitted by ticks.Some ticks can transmit bacteria called Borrelia. Borrelia bacteria is linked to Lyme disease. There is some research that also links Borrelia bacteria to cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
There is no way to prevent cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
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Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. The cancer affects white blood cells called T cells, also called T lymphocytes. These cells help the body's germ-fighting immune system. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the T cells attack the skin.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, also called CTCL, can cause rash and slightly raised or scaly round patches on the skin. Sometimes other growths appear on the skin.
There are several types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The most common types include:
• Mycosis fungoides.Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows slowly. Mycosis fungoides mainly affects the skin. It often causes patches of affected skin.
• Sezary syndrome.Sezary syndrome is a less common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows and expands quickly. Sezary syndrome affects the skin and the blood. In time, it causes a rash over the whole body.
Treatment depends on the type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Treatments can include skin creams, light therapy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Another type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the skin is called cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is much more common than cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
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What are the symptoms of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
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Signs and symptoms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma include:
• Patches of raised or scaly skin that might itch. The patches happen most often on skin that doesn't get much sun.
• Patches of skin that look pink, red, brown or gray. The color may be harder to see on Black and brown skin.
• Patches of skin that look lighter in color than the skin around them. This may be easier to see on Black and brown skin.
• Lumps that form on the skin and may break open.
• Lymph nodes that get bigger.
• Hair loss.
• Thickened skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
• A rash over all the skin that is scaly and itchy.
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What are the causes of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
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The cause of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called T lymphocytes.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma happens when T lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the cancer cells build up in the skin. In one type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma called Sezary syndrome, the cancer cells also are in the blood.
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What are the risk factors of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
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The risk of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be higher in:
• Older adults.The condition can happen at any age, but it's more common in people 50 and older.
• People assigned male at birth.The condition is twice as common in people assigned male at birth than it is in people assigned female at birth.
• Black people.Black people have the highest risk of getting cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Black people also are more likely to get this cancer at an earlier age.
There is no way to prevent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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Cyclothymia (sy-kloe-THIE-me-uh), also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder.
With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline. You may feel on top of the world for a time, followed by a low period when you feel somewhat down. Between these cyclothymic highs and lows, you may feel stable and fine.
Although the highs and lows of cyclothymia are less extreme than those of bipolar disorder, it's critical to seek help managing these symptoms because they can interfere with your ability to function and increase your risk of bipolar I or II disorder.
Treatment options for cyclothymia include talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications and close, ongoing follow-up with your doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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Cyclothymia symptoms alternate between emotional highs and lows. The highs of cyclothymia include symptoms of an elevated mood (hypomanic symptoms). The lows consist of mild or moderate depressive symptoms.
Cyclothymia symptoms are similar to those of bipolar I or II disorder, but they're less severe. When you have cyclothymia, you can typically function in your daily life, though not always well. The unpredictable nature of your mood shifts may significantly disrupt your life because you never know how you're going to feel.
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What are the causes of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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It's not known specifically what causes cyclothymia. As with many mental health disorders, research shows that it may result from a combination of:
• Genetics,as cyclothymia tends to run in families
• Differences in the way the brain works,such as changes in the brain's neurobiology
• Environmental issues,such as traumatic experiences or prolonged periods of stress
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What are the risk factors of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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Cyclothymia is thought to be relatively rare. But true estimates are hard to make because people may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as having other mood disorders, such as depression.
Cyclothymia typically starts during the teenage years or young adulthood. It affects about the same number of males and females.
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What are the complications of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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If you have cyclothymia:
• Not treating it can result in significant emotional problems that affect every area of your life
• There is a high risk of later developing bipolar I or II disorder
• Substance misuse is common
• You may also have an anxiety disorder
• You may be at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide
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What is the prevention of Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
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There's no sure way to prevent cyclothymia. However, treatment at the earliest indication of a mental health disorder can help prevent cyclothymia from worsening. Long-term preventive treatment also can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of hypomania, mania or major depression.
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What are the Overview of Cystic fibrosis?
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body.
CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body's internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.
CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.
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What are the symptoms of Cystic fibrosis?
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In the U.S., because of newborn screening, cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed within the first month of life, before symptoms develop. But people born before newborn screening became available may not be diagnosed until the symptoms of CF show up.
CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood.
People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren't typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia.
People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.
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What are the causes of Cystic fibrosis?
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In cystic fibrosis, a change in a gene causes problems with the protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. This gene is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. It affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. When the CFTR protein doesn't work as it should, the result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as extra salt in sweat.
Changes in the CFTR gene that cause CF are divided into several different groups based on the problems they cause. Different groups of gene changes affect how much CFTR protein is made and how well it works.
To have cystic fibrosis, children must get one copy of the changed CFTR gene from each parent. If children get only one copy, they won't develop CF. But they will be carriers and could pass the changed gene to their own children. People who are carriers may have no symptoms of CF or a few mild symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Cystic fibrosis?
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Because cystic fibrosis is a condition passed down in families, family history is a risk factor.
CF occurs in all races, but it's most common in white people of Northern European ancestry. Because it's less common in people who are Black, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American or Asian, this might lead to a much later diagnosis.
A late diagnosis may cause worse health issues. Early and effective treatment can improve your quality of life, prevent complications and help you live longer. If you're a person of color and have symptoms that could be CF, talk to your healthcare professional so that you can get tested for CF.
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What are the complications of Cystic fibrosis?
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Complications of cystic fibrosis can affect the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as other organs.
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What is the prevention of Cystic fibrosis?
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If you or your partner have close relatives with cystic fibrosis, you both may choose to have genetic testing before having children. Testing done in a lab on a sample of blood can help find out your risk of having a child with CF.
If you're already pregnant and the genetic test shows that your baby may be at risk of CF, your healthcare professional can do other tests on your unborn child.
Genetic testing isn't for everyone. Before you decide to be tested, talk with a genetic counselor about the mental health impact the test results might have.
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What are the Overview of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living.
More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you can't simply "snap out" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy or both.
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What are the symptoms of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:
• Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
• Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
• Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
• Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
• Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
• Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
• Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
• Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
• Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
• Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
• Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches
For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.
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What are the causes of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as:
• Biological differences.People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
• Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
• Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions.
• Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
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What are the risk factors of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment.
Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include:
• Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
• Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems
• Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide
• Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex) in an unsupportive situation
• History of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder
• Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
• Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease
• Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)
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What are the complications of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on you and your family. Depression often gets worse if it isn't treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life.
Examples of complications associated with depression include:
• Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
• Pain or physical illness
• Alcohol or drug misuse
• Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
• Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
• Social isolation
• Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
• Self-mutilation, such as cutting
• Premature death from medical conditions
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What is the prevention of Depression (major depressive disorder)?
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There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help.
• Take steps to control stress,to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem.
• Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells.
• Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening.
• Consider getting long-term maintenance treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
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What are the Overview of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes.
Drug addiction can start with experimental use of a recreational drug in social situations, and, for some people, the drug use becomes more frequent. For others, particularly with opioids, drug addiction begins when they take prescribed medicines or receive them from others who have prescriptions.
The risk of addiction and how fast you become addicted varies by drug. Some drugs, such as opioid painkillers, have a higher risk and cause addiction more quickly than others.
As time passes, you may need larger doses of the drug to get high. Soon you may need the drug just to feel good. As your drug use increases, you may find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the drug. Attempts to stop drug use may cause intense cravings and make you feel physically ill. These are called withdrawal symptoms.
Help from your health care provider, family, friends, support groups or an organized treatment program can help you overcome your drug addiction and stay drug-free.
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What are the symptoms of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors include, among others:
• Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day
• Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
• Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
• Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
• Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug
• Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
• Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because of drug use
• Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm
• Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
• Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
• Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the drug
• Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug
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What are the causes of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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Like many mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction. The main factors are:
• Environment.Environmental factors, including your family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, seem to play a role in initial drug use.
• Genetics.Once you've started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay or speed up the disease progression.
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What are the risk factors of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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People of any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug. Certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction:
• Family history of addiction.Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves an increased risk based on genes. If you have a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with alcohol or drug addiction, you're at greater risk of developing a drug addiction.
• Mental health disorder.If you have a mental health disorder such as depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic stress disorder, you're more likely to become addicted to drugs. Using drugs can become a way of coping with painful feelings, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness, and can make these problems even worse.
• Peer pressure.Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people.
• Lack of family involvement.Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision.
• Early use.Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction.
• Taking a highly addictive drug.Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs. Smoking or injecting drugs can increase the potential for addiction. Taking drugs considered less addicting — so-called "light drugs" — can start you on a pathway of drug use and addiction.
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What are the complications of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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Drug use can have significant and damaging short-term and long-term effects. Taking some drugs can be particularly risky, especially if you take high doses or combine them with other drugs or alcohol. Here are some examples.
• Methamphetamine, opiates and cocaine are highly addictive and cause multiple short-term and long-term health consequences, including psychotic behavior, seizures or death due to overdose. Opioid drugs affect the part of the brain that controls breathing, and overdose can result in death. Taking opioids with alcohol increases this risk.
• GHBand flunitrazepam may cause sedation, confusion and memory loss. These so-called "date rape drugs" are known to impair the ability to resist unwanted contact and recollection of the event. At high doses, they can cause seizures, coma and death. The danger increases when these drugs are taken with alcohol.
• MDMA— also known as molly or ecstasy — can interfere with the body's ability to regulate temperature. A severe spike in body temperature can result in liver, kidney or heart failure and death. Other complications can include severe dehydration, leading to seizures. Long-term,MDMAcan damage the brain.
• One particular danger of club drugs is that the liquid, pill or powder forms of these drugs available on the street often contain unknown substances that can be harmful, including other illegally manufactured or pharmaceutical drugs.
• Due to the toxic nature of inhalants, users may develop brain damage of different levels of severity. Sudden death can occur even after a single exposure.
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What is the prevention of Drug addiction (substance use disorder)?
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The best way to prevent an addiction to a drug is not to take the drug at all. If your health care provider prescribes a drug with the potential for addiction, use care when taking the drug and follow instructions.
Health care providers should prescribe these medicines at safe doses and amounts and monitor their use so that you're not given too great a dose or for too long a time. If you feel you need to take more than the prescribed dose of a medicine, talk to your health care provider.
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What are the Overview of Endometrial cancer?
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Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ where fetal development happens.
Endometrial cancer begins in the layer of cells that form the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer.
Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it causes symptoms. Often the first symptom is irregular vaginal bleeding. If endometrial cancer is found early, surgically removing the uterus often cures it.
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What are the symptoms of Endometrial cancer?
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Symptoms of endometrial cancer may include:
• Vaginal bleeding after menopause.
• Bleeding between periods.
• Pelvic pain.
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What are the causes of Endometrial cancer?
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The cause of endometrial cancer isn't known. What's known is that something happens to cells in the lining of the uterus that changes them into cancer cells.
Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes also tell the cells to continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Endometrial cancer?
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Factors that increase the risk of endometrial cancer include:
• Changes in the balance of hormones in the body.The two main hormones the ovaries make are estrogen and progesterone. Changes in the balance of these hormones cause changes in the endometrium.A disease or condition that increases the amount of estrogen, but not the level of progesterone, in the body can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Examples include obesity, diabetes and irregular ovulation patterns, which might happen in polycystic ovary syndrome. Taking hormone therapy medicine that contains estrogen but not progestin after menopause increases the risk of endometrial cancer.A rare type of ovarian tumor that gives off estrogen also can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
• More years of menstruation.Starting menstruation before age 12 or beginning menopause later increases the risk of endometrial cancer. The more periods you've had, the more exposure your endometrium has had to estrogen.
• Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you have a higher risk of endometrial cancer than someone who has had at least one pregnancy.
• Older age.As you get older, your risk of endometrial cancer increases. Endometrial cancer occurs most often after menopause.
• Obesity.Being obese increases your risk of endometrial cancer. This may happen because extra body fat can alter your body's balance of hormones.
• Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Taking the hormone therapy medicine tamoxifen for breast cancer can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. If you're taking tamoxifen, talk about the risk with your health care team. For most, the benefits of tamoxifen outweigh the small risk of endometrial cancer.
• An inherited syndrome that increases the risk of cancer.Lynch syndrome increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is caused by a DNA change that's passed from parents to children. If a family member has been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask your health care team about your risk of this genetic syndrome. If you've been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask what cancer screenings you need.
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What is the prevention of Endometrial cancer?
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To reduce your risk of endometrial cancer, you may wish to:
• Talk to your health care team about the risks of hormone therapy after menopause.If you're considering hormone replacement therapy to help control menopause symptoms, ask about the risks and benefits. Unless you've had your uterus removed, replacing estrogen alone after menopause may increase your risk of endometrial cancer. A hormone therapy medicine that combines estrogen and progestin can reduce this risk. Hormone therapy carries other risks, so weigh the benefits and risks with your health care team.
• Consider taking birth control pills.Using oral contraceptives for at least one year may reduce endometrial cancer risk. Oral contraceptives are contraceptives that are taken in pill form. They also are called birth control pills. The risk reduction is thought to last for several years after you stop taking oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives have side effects, though, so discuss the benefits and risks with your health care team.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer, so work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. If you need to lose weight, increase your physical activity and reduce the number of calories you eat each day.
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What are the Overview of Epidermoid cysts?
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Epidermoid (ep-ih-DUR-moid) cysts are harmless small bumps beneath the skin. They are most common on the face, neck and trunk.
Epidermoid cysts are slow growing and often painless, so they rarely cause problems or need treatment. You might choose to have a cyst removed if it bothers you, breaks open, or is painful or infected.
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What are the symptoms of Epidermoid cysts?
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Epidermoid cyst signs and symptoms include:
• A small, round bump under the skin, often on the face, neck or trunk
• A tiny blackhead plugging the central opening of the cyst
• A thick, smelly, cheesy substance that leaks from the cyst
• An inflamed or infected bump
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What are the causes of Epidermoid cysts?
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The surface of the skin, also called the epidermis, is made up of a thin, protective layer of cells that the body sheds nonstop. Most epidermoid cysts form when these cells move deeper into the skin rather than shed. Sometimes this type of cyst forms due to irritation or injury of the skin or a hair follicle.
Epidermal cells form the walls of the cyst and then secrete the protein keratin into it. Keratin is the thick, cheesy substance that can leak from the cyst.
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What are the risk factors of Epidermoid cysts?
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Anyone can develop an epidermoid cyst, but these factors make it more likely:
• Being past puberty.
• Having a rare, inherited condition called Gardner syndrome.
• Injuring the skin.
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What are the complications of Epidermoid cysts?
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Potential complications of epidermoid cysts include:
• Inflammation.An epidermoid cyst can become painful and swollen, even if it's not infected. An inflamed cyst is hard to remove. Your doctor is likely to postpone removing a cyst until the inflammation subsides.
• Rupture.A cyst that breaks open can lead to a boil-like infection that needs prompt treatment.
• Skin cancer.In rare cases, epidermoid cysts can lead to skin cancer.
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What are the Overview of Esophageal cancer?
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Esophageal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the esophagus. The esophagus is a long, hollow tube that runs from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus helps move swallowed food from the back of the throat to the stomach to be digested.
Esophageal cancer usually begins in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer can happen anywhere along the esophagus.
Esophageal cancer is more common in men. Risk factors include drinking alcohol and smoking.
Esophageal cancer treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.
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What are the symptoms of Esophageal cancer?
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Esophageal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of esophageal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer include:
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Chest pain, pressure or burning.
• Coughing or hoarseness.
• Weight loss without trying.
• Worsening indigestion or heartburn.
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What are the causes of Esophageal cancer?
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Esophageal cancer happens when cells lining the esophagus develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Esophageal cancer?
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Risk factors for esophageal cancer include conditions and habits that cause irritation in the esophagus. Risk factors may include:
• A steady habit of drinking very hot liquids.
• Bile reflux.
• Difficulty swallowing because a muscle in the esophagus won't relax, a condition called achalasia.
• Drinking alcohol.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD.
• Not eating enough fruits and vegetables.
• Obesity.
• Precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus.
• Radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen.
• Smoking.
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What are the complications of Esophageal cancer?
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As esophageal cancer advances, it can cause complications. Complications may include:
• A blockage in the esophagus.Cancer may make it difficult for food and liquid to pass through the esophagus.
• Bleeding in the esophagus.Esophageal cancer can cause bleeding. Though bleeding is usually gradual, it can be sudden and severe at times.
• Pain.Advanced esophageal cancer can cause pain.
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What is the prevention of Esophageal cancer?
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There's no sure way to prevent esophageal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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What are the Overview of Eye melanoma?
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Eye melanoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts in cells within the eye that make melanin. Melanin is most often known as the pigment that gives skin its color. But the eyes have cells that make melanin too. Eye melanoma also is called ocular melanoma, intraocular melanoma and uveal melanoma.
Most eye melanomas form in parts of the eye you can't see when looking in a mirror. That makes eye melanoma hard to notice. And eye melanoma typically doesn't cause symptoms at first.
Eye melanoma can be treated. Treatment for small eye melanomas may not cause vision problems. But treatment for large eye melanomas typically leads to some vision loss.
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What are the symptoms of Eye melanoma?
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Eye melanoma may not cause any symptoms. When they do happen, signs and symptoms of eye melanoma can include:
• Flashes of light or what look like specks of dust in a person's vision. These are sometimes called floaters.
• A growing dark spot in the colored part of the eye, called the iris.
• A change in the shape of the pupil. The pupil is the dark circle at the center of the eye.
• Poor vision or blurry vision in one eye.
• Not being able to see when looking to the side. This is called loss of peripheral vision.
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What are the causes of Eye melanoma?
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It's not clear what causes eye melanoma.
Eye melanoma happens when cells in the eye develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Eye melanoma?
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Risk factors for eye melanoma include:
• Light eye color.People with blue eyes or green eyes have a higher risk of melanoma of the eye.
• Being white.White people have a greater risk of eye melanoma than do people of other races.
• Age.The risk of eye melanoma goes up with age.
• Certain inherited skin conditions.A condition called dysplastic nevus syndrome, which causes unusual moles, can raise the risk of eye melanoma.People who have a condition called ocular melanocytosis also are at higher risk of eye melanoma. This condition involves unusual skin pigmentation on the eyelids and in the tissue around the eyelids. It also leads to more pigmentation on the eye's uvea.
• Certain genetic changes.Some DNA changes that are passed from parents to children may raise the risk of eye melanoma.
• Exposure to ultraviolet light.Some research suggests that exposure to ultraviolet light could raise the risk of eye melanoma. Sources of ultraviolet light include the sun, as well as tanning beds.
Healthcare professionals haven't found anything that can prevent eye melanoma.
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What are the complications of Eye melanoma?
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Some people develop other health concerns linked to eye melanoma. These are called complications. They can include the following:
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What are the Overview of Floor of the mouth cancer?
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Floor of the mouth cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells under the tongue.
Floor of the mouth cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it's called squamous cell carcinoma.
Floor of the mouth cancer causes changes in the look and feel of the tissue under the tongue. These changes may include a lump or a sore that doesn't heal.
Floor of the mouth cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Floor of the mouth cancer?
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Symptoms of floor of the mouth cancer can include:
• Mouth pain.
• Sores in the mouth that won't heal.
• Trouble moving the tongue.
• Loose teeth.
• Pain with swallowing.
• Weight loss.
• Ear pain.
• Swelling in the neck that may hurt.
• White patches in the mouth that won't go away.
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What are the causes of Floor of the mouth cancer?
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Floor of the mouth cancer happens when cells under the tongue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Floor of the mouth cancer?
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The most common factors that can increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer include:
• Using tobacco.All forms of tobacco increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff.
• Drinking alcohol.Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.
• Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.
• Having a weak immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of floor of the mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, also can weaken the immune system.
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What is the prevention of Floor of the mouth cancer?
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To lower the risk of floor of the mouth cancer:
• Don't use tobacco.If you don't use tobacco, don't start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with a health care professional about strategies to help you quit.
• Limit alcohol intake.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Ask about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk ofHPV-related cancers. Ask your doctor or other health care professional whether anHPVvaccine is right for you.
• Have regular health and dental exams.During your appointments, your dentist, doctor or other health care professional can check your mouth for signs of cancer and precancerous changes.
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What are the Overview of Gallbladder cancer?
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Gallbladder cancer is a growth of cells that begins in the gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder stores a fluid called bile that the liver makes to digest food.
Gallbladder cancer is not common. The chance for a cure is good when gallbladder cancer is found when it's small. But most gallbladder cancers are found when they've grown beyond the gallbladder. Then the chance to survive, called prognosis, often is poor.
Gallbladder cancer may not be found until it's advanced because it may cause no symptoms. When they happen, the symptoms may be like those of common conditions. Also, the gallbladder is hidden inside the body. This makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being found.
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What are the symptoms of Gallbladder cancer?
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Gallbladder cancer may have no symptoms. When there are signs and symptoms, they may include:
• Belly pain, mostly in the upper right part of the belly.
• Belly bloating.
• A mass you can feel through the skin.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Yellowing of the skin might be harder to see on Black or brown skin. Jaundice typically happens when the gallbladder cancer is very advanced.
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What are the causes of Gallbladder cancer?
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It's not clear what causes gallbladder cancer.
Healthcare professionals know that gallbladder cancer starts when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Most gallbladder cancer begins in the glandular cells that line the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way the cancer cells appear when looked at under a microscope.
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What are the risk factors of Gallbladder cancer?
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Factors that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include:
• Female sex.Gallbladder cancer is much more common in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen, which increases the risk of gallstones. People who are assigned female at birth most often have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies than do people assigned male at birth.
• Increasing age.Your risk of gallbladder cancer increases as you age. It's more common after age 65. But it can happen in children.
• A history of gallstones.Gallbladder cancer is most common in people who have gallstones or have had gallstones in the past. Larger gallstones may carry a larger risk. Gallstones are common. But even in people with gallstones, gallbladder cancer is rare.
• Other gallbladder conditions.Other gallbladder conditions that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include polyps, infections, and ongoing swelling and irritation, called chronic inflammation.
• Inflammation of the bile ducts.Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation of the ducts that drain bile from the gallbladder and liver. This condition increases the risk of gallbladder cancer.
Healthcare professionals have not found ways to prevent gallbladder cancer.
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What are the Overview of Ganglion cyst?
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Ganglion cysts are lumps that most often appear along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. They also can occur in ankles and feet. Ganglion cysts are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid. They are not cancer.
Small ganglion cysts can be pea-sized. They can change size. Ganglion cysts can be painful if they press on a nearby nerve. Sometimes they affect joint movement.
For a ganglion cyst that causes problems, having a health care provider drain the cyst with a needle might be an option. So might removing the cyst surgically. But if there are no symptoms, no treatment is necessary. Often, the cysts grow and shrink. Some go away on their own.
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What are the symptoms of Ganglion cyst?
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These are common features of ganglion cysts:
• Location.Ganglion cysts most often develop along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. The next most common locations are the ankles and feet. These cysts grow near other joints too.
• Shape and size.Ganglion cysts are round or oval. Some are too small to feel. The size of a cyst can change, often getting larger over time with joint movement.
• Pain.Ganglion cysts usually are painless. But if a cyst presses on a nerve or other structures, it can cause pain, tingling, numbness or muscle weakness.
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What are the causes of Ganglion cyst?
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No one knows what causes a ganglion cyst. It grows out of a joint or the lining of a tendon and looks like a tiny water balloon on a stalk. Inside the cyst is a thick fluid like the fluid found in joints or around tendons.
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What are the risk factors of Ganglion cyst?
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Factors that may increase the risk of ganglion cysts include:
• Sex and age.Ganglion cysts can develop in anyone, but they most often occur in women between the ages of 20 and 40.
• Osteoarthritis.People who have wear-and-tear arthritis in the finger joints closest to the fingernails are at higher risk of developing ganglion cysts near those joints.
• Joint or tendon injury.Joints or tendons that have been injured are more likely to develop ganglion cysts.
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What are the Overview of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and causes heartburn. It's often called GERD for short. This backwash is known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the lining of the esophagus.
Many people experience acid reflux now and then. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD.
Most people can manage the discomfort of GERD with lifestyle changes and medicines. And though it's uncommon, some may need surgery to help with symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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Common symptoms of GERD include:
• A burning sensation in the chest, often called heartburn. Heartburn usually happens after eating and might be worse at night or while lying down.
• Backwash of food or sour liquid in the throat.
• Upper belly or chest pain.
• Trouble swallowing, called dysphagia.
• Sensation of a lump in the throat.
If you have nighttime acid reflux, you also might experience:
• An ongoing cough.
• Inflammation of the vocal cords, known as laryngitis.
• New or worsening asthma.
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What are the causes of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content from the stomach.
When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow into the stomach. Then the sphincter closes again.
If the sphincter does not relax as is typical or it weakens, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus. This constant backwash of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, often causing it to become inflamed.
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What are the complications of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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Over time, long-lasting inflammation in the esophagus can cause:
• Inflammation of the tissue in the esophagus, known as esophagitis.Stomach acid can break down tissue in the esophagus. This can cause inflammation, bleeding and sometimes an open sore, called an ulcer. Esophagitis can cause pain and make swallowing difficult.
• Narrowing of the esophagus, called an esophageal stricture.Damage to the lower esophagus from stomach acid causes scar tissue to form. The scar tissue narrows the food pathway, leading to problems with swallowing.
• Precancerous changes to the esophagus, known as Barrett esophagus.Damage from acid can cause changes in the tissue lining the lower esophagus. These changes are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.
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What are the Overview of Genital warts?
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Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. The virus that causes the warts is called human papillomavirus (HPV). There are various types ofHPV. And nearly all sexually active people will become infected with at least one type at some point.
Genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. They can look like small, skin-colored bumps. The bumps may resemble cauliflower. Often, the warts are too small to be seen with your eyes.
Some strains of genitalHPVcan cause genital warts. Others can cause cancer. Vaccines can help protect against certain strains of genitalHPV.
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What are the symptoms of Genital warts?
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Genital warts can grow on the:
• Vulva.
• Walls of the vagina.
• Area between the outer part of the genitals and the anus.
• Anal canal.
• Cervix.
• Tip or shaft of the penis.
• Scrotum.
• Anus.
Genital warts also can form in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person.
The symptoms of genital warts include:
• Small swellings in the genital area that may be skin-colored or a different color.
• A cauliflower-like shape caused by a few warts close together.
• Itching or discomfort in your genital area.
• Bleeding with sex.
Genital warts can be so small and flat that you can't see them. But rarely, they can multiply into large clusters in someone with a weakened immune system.
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What are the causes of Genital warts?
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The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts. There are more than 40 strains ofHPVthat affect the genital area.
Genital warts almost always are spread through sexual contact. Even if your warts are too small to be seen, you could spread the infection to your sexual partner.
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What are the risk factors of Genital warts?
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Most people who are sexually active get infected with genitalHPVat some time. Factors that can raise your risk of infection include:
• Not getting theHPVvaccine.
• Having sex without a condom or with more than one partner.
• Having had another sexually transmitted infection.
• Having sex with a partner whose sexual history you don't know.
• Becoming sexually active at a young age.
• Having a weakened immune system, such as fromHIVor medicines from an organ transplant.
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What are the complications of Genital warts?
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AnHPVinfection can lead to health problems such as:
• Cancer.Cervical cancer has been closely linked with genitalHPVinfection. Certain types ofHPValso are linked with cancers of the vulva, anus, penis, and mouth and throat.HPVinfection doesn't always lead to cancer. But it's important for women to have regular Pap tests, which check for cancer of the cervix. Pap tests are key for those who've been infected with higher-risk types ofHPV.
• Problems during pregnancy.Rarely during pregnancy, warts can become larger. This makes it hard to urinate. Warts on the vaginal wall can hinder the stretching of vaginal tissues during childbirth. Large warts on the vulva or in the vagina can bleed when stretched during delivery.Very rarely, a baby born to a pregnant person with genital warts get warts in the throat. The baby might need surgery to keep the airway from being blocked.
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