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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What is the prevention of Genital warts?
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Get theHPVvaccine to help prevent genital warts. And if you have sex, limit your number of partners. It's safest to have sex with just one partner who only has sex with you. It's also a good idea to use a condom every time you have sex. But this won't fully protect you from genital warts. That's becauseHPVcan infect parts of the body that the condom doesn't cover.
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What are the Overview of Hairy cell leukemia?
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Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight off germs. There are a few different types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are called B cells. B cells are also called B lymphocytes.
In hairy cell leukemia, the body makes too manyB cells. The cells don't look like healthyB cells. Instead, they've undergone changes to become leukemia cells. The leukemia cells look "hairy" under a microscope.
Hairy cell leukemia cells keep living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle. The leukemia cells build up in the body and cause symptoms.
Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse slowly. Treatment might not need to start right away. When it's needed, treatment is usually with chemotherapy.
Scientists found a type of cancer that looks like hairy cell leukemia, but it gets worse much faster. This other type of cancer is called hairy cell leukemia variant. It's considered a separate type of cancer from hairy cell leukemia, even though it has a similar name.
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What are the symptoms of Hairy cell leukemia?
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Hairy cell leukemia might not cause symptoms. Sometimes a health care provider finds it by accident during a blood test for another condition.
When it causes symptoms, hairy cell leukemia might cause:
• A feeling of fullness in your belly that may make it uncomfortable to eat more than a little at a time
• Fatigue
• Easy bruising
• Recurring infections
• Weakness
• Losing weight without trying
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What are the causes of Hairy cell leukemia?
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It's not clear what causes hairy cell leukemia.
Hairy cell leukemia begins in the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight germs in the body. There are a few types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are calledB cells.
Hairy cell leukemia happens whenB cellsdevelop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell theB cellsto make a lot moreB cellsthat don't work right. These cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle.
TheB cellsthat don't work right crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs. This leads to the symptoms and complications of hairy cell leukemia. For example, the extra cells can cause swelling in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. If there isn't enough room for healthy blood cells, this can lead to frequent infections, easy bruising and feeling very tired.
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What are the risk factors of Hairy cell leukemia?
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The risk of hairy cell leukemia may be higher in:
• Older adults.Hairy cell leukemia can happen at any age. But most people diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia are in their 50s or 60s. It's rare in children.
• Males.Hairy cell leukemia can happen to anyone. But it's more likely in males.
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What are the complications of Hairy cell leukemia?
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Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse very slowly. Sometimes it stays stable for many years. For this reason, few complications of the disease occur.
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What are the Overview of Heart disease?
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Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Heart disease includes:
• Blood vessel disease, such as coronary artery disease.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Heart conditions that you're born with, called congenital heart defects.
• Disease of the heart muscle.
• Heart valve disease.
Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.
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What are the symptoms of Heart disease?
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Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease.
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What are the causes of Heart disease?
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Heart disease causes depend on the specific type of heart disease. There are many different types of heart disease.
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What are the risk factors of Heart disease?
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Risk factors for heart disease include:
• Age.Growing older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries and a weakened or thickened heart muscle.
• Sex assigned at birth.Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. The risk in women increases after menopause.
• Family history.A family history of heart disease increases the risk of coronary artery disease, especially if a parent developed it at an early age. That means before age 55 for a male relative, such as a brother or your father, and 65 for a female relative, such as your mother or a sister.
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Substances in tobacco smoke damage the arteries. Heart attacks are more common in people who smoke than in people who don't smoke. Talk with a healthcare professional if you need help quitting.
• Unhealthy diet.Diets high in fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol have been linked to heart disease.
• High blood pressure.High blood pressure that's not controlled can cause the arteries to become hard and thick. These changes alter blood flow to the heart and body.
• High cholesterol.Having high cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has been linked to heart attack and stroke.
• Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease. Obesity and high blood pressure increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
• Obesity.Excess weight typically worsens other heart disease risk factors.
• Lack of exercise.Being inactive is associated with many forms of heart disease and some of its risk factors too.
• Stress.Emotional stress may damage the arteries and make other heart disease risk factors worse.
• Poor dental health.Having unhealthy teeth and gums makes it easier for germs to get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. This can cause an infection called endocarditis. Brush and floss your teeth often. Also get regular dental checkups.
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What are the complications of Heart disease?
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Possible complications of heart disease are:
• Heart failure.This is one of the most common complications of heart disease. The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
• Heart attack.A heart attack can happen if a piece of plaque in an artery or a blood clot moves to the heart.
• Stroke.The risk factors that lead to heart disease also can lead to an ischemic stroke. This type of stroke happens when the arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked. Too little blood reaches the brain.
• Aneurysm.An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. If an aneurysm bursts, you may have life-threatening internal bleeding.
• Peripheral artery disease.In this condition, the arms or legs — usually the legs — don't get enough blood. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking, called claudication. Atherosclerosis can lead to peripheral artery disease.
• Sudden cardiac arrest.Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart activity, breathing and consciousness. It's usually due to a problem with the heart's electrical system. Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If not treated immediately, it results in sudden cardiac death.
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What is the prevention of Heart disease?
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The same lifestyle changes used to manage heart disease also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
• Don't smoke.
• Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
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What are the Overview of Heart failure?
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Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Some heart conditions slowly leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump blood properly. These conditions include narrowed arteries in the heart and high blood pressure.
Proper treatment may improve the symptoms of heart failure and may help some people live longer. Lifestyle changes can improve quality of life. Try to lose weight, exercise, use less salt and manage stress.
But heart failure can be life-threatening. People with heart failure may have severe symptoms. Some may need a heart transplant or a device to help the heart pump blood.
Heart failure also may be called congestive heart failure.
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What are the symptoms of Heart failure?
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If you have heart failure, your heart can't supply enough blood to meet your body's needs.
Symptoms may develop slowly. Sometimes, heart failure symptoms start suddenly. Heart failure symptoms may include:
• Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet.
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
• Reduced ability to exercise.
• Wheezing.
• A cough that doesn't go away or a cough that brings up white or pink mucus with spots of blood.
• Swelling of the belly area.
• Very rapid weight gain from fluid buildup.
• Nausea and lack of appetite.
• Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness.
• Chest pain if heart failure is caused by a heart attack.
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What are the causes of Heart failure?
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Heart failure can be caused by a weakened, damaged or stiff heart.
• If the heart is damaged or weakened, the heart chambers may stretch and get bigger. The heart can't pump out the needed amount of blood.
• If the main pumping chambers of the heart, called the ventricles, are stiff, they can't fill with enough blood between beats.
The heart muscle can be damaged by certain infections, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use and some chemotherapy medicines. Your genes also can play a role.
Any of the following conditions also can damage or weaken the heart and cause heart failure.
• Coronary artery disease and heart attack.Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure. The disease results from the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. The deposits narrow the arteries. This reduces blood flow and can lead to heart attack.A heart attack occurs suddenly when an artery feeding the heart becomes completely blocked. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean that the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
• High blood pressure.Also called hypertension, this condition forces the heart to work harder than it should to pump blood through the body. Over time, the extra work can make the heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood.
• Heart valve disease.The valves of the heart keep blood flowing the right way. If a valve isn't working properly, the heart must work harder to pump blood. This can weaken the heart over time. Treating some types of heart valve disease may reverse heart failure.
• Inflammation of the heart muscle, also called myocarditis.Myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus, and can lead to left-sided heart failure.
• A heart condition that you're born with, also called a congenital heart defect.If the heart and its chambers or valves haven't formed correctly, the other parts of the heart have to work harder to pump blood. This may lead to heart failure.
• Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.Irregular heart rhythms may cause the heart to beat too fast, creating extra work for the heart. A slow heartbeat also may lead to heart failure. Treating an irregular heart rhythm may reverse heart failure in some people.
• Other diseases.Some long-term diseases may contribute to chronic heart failure. Examples are diabetes, HIV infection, an overactive or underactive thyroid, or a buildup of iron or protein.
Causes of sudden heart failure also include:
• Allergic reactions.
• Any illness that affects the whole body.
• Blood clots in the lungs.
• Severe infections.
• Use of certain medicines.
• Viruses that attack the heart muscle.
Heart failure usually begins with the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. This is the heart's main pumping chamber. But heart failure also can affect the right side. The lower right heart chamber is called the right ventricle. Sometimes heart failure affects both sides of the heart.
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What are the risk factors of Heart failure?
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Diseases and conditions that increase the risk of heart failure include:
• Coronary artery disease.Narrowed arteries may limit the heart's supply of oxygen-rich blood, resulting in weakened heart muscle.
• Heart attack.A heart attack is a form of coronary artery disease that occurs suddenly. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
• Heart valve disease.Having a heart valve that doesn't work properly raises the risk of heart failure.
• High blood pressure.The heart works harder than it has to when blood pressure is high.
• Irregular heartbeats.Irregular heartbeats, especially if they are very frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure.
• Congenital heart disease.Some people who develop heart failure were born with changes in the structure or function of their heart.
• Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
• Sleep apnea.This inability to breathe properly during sleep results in low blood-oxygen levels and an increased risk of irregular heartbeats. These things can lead to a weakened heart.
• Obesity.People who have obesity have a higher risk of developing heart failure.
• Viral infections.Some viral infections can damage to the heart muscle.
Medicines that may increase the risk of heart failure include:
• Some diabetes medicines.The diabetes medicines rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) have been found to increase the risk of heart failure in some people. Don't stop taking these medicines without first talking to your healthcare professional.
• Some other medicines.Other medicines that may lead to heart failure or heart conditions include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, blood conditions, irregular heartbeats, nervous system diseases, mental health conditions, lung and urinary conditions, and infections.
Other risk factors for heart failure include:
• Aging.The heart's ability to work decreases with age, even in healthy people.
• Alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol may weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure.
• Smoking or using tobacco.If you smoke, quit. Using tobacco increases the risk of heart disease and heart failure.
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What are the complications of Heart failure?
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If you have heart failure, it's important to have regular health checkups, even if symptoms improve. Your healthcare professional can examine you and run tests to check for complications.
Complications of heart failure depend on your age, overall health and the severity of heart disease. They may include:
• Kidney damage or failure.Heart failure can reduce the blood flow to the kidneys. Untreated, this can cause kidney failure. Kidney damage from heart failure can require dialysis for treatment.
• Other heart changes.Heart failure can cause changes in the heart's size and function. These changes may damage heart valves and cause irregular heartbeats.
• Liver damage.Heart failure can cause fluid buildup that puts too much pressure on the liver. This fluid backup can lead to scarring, which makes it more difficult for the liver to work properly.
• Sudden cardiac death.If the heart is weak, there is a risk of dying suddenly due to a dangerous irregular heart rhythm.
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What is the prevention of Heart failure?
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One way to prevent heart failure is to treat and control the conditions that can cause it. These conditions include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
Some of the same lifestyle changes used to manage heart failure also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
• Don't smoke.
• Get plenty of exercise.
• Eat healthy foods.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Take medicines as directed.
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What are the Overview of Hip dysplasia?
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Hip dysplasia is the medical term for a hip socket that doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper thighbone. This allows the hip joint to become partially or completely dislocated. Most people with hip dysplasia are born with the condition.
Healthcare professionals will check your baby for signs of hip dysplasia shortly after birth and during well-baby visits. If hip dysplasia is diagnosed in early infancy, a soft brace can usually correct the problem.
Mild hip dysplasia might not start causing symptoms until a person is a teenager or young adult. Hip dysplasia can damage the cartilage lining the joint. It also can hurt the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear.
In older children and young adults, surgery may be needed to move the bones into the proper positions for smooth joint movement.
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What are the symptoms of Hip dysplasia?
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Symptoms vary by age group. In infants, you might notice that one leg is longer than the other. Once a child begins walking, a limp may develop. During diaper changes, one hip may be less flexible than the other.
In teenagers and young adults, hip dysplasia can cause painful complications such as osteoarthritis or a hip labral tear. This may cause activity-related groin pain. Sometimes, there might be a sensation of instability in the hip.
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What are the causes of Hip dysplasia?
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At birth, the hip joint is made of soft cartilage that gradually hardens into bone. The ball and socket need to fit together well because they act as molds for each other. If the ball isn't seated firmly into the socket, the socket will not fully form around the ball and will become too shallow.
During the final month before birth, the space within the womb can become so crowded that the ball of the hip joint moves out of its proper position. This results in a shallower socket. Factors that may reduce the amount of space in the womb include:
• First pregnancy.
• Large baby.
• Breech presentation.
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What are the risk factors of Hip dysplasia?
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Hip dysplasia tends to run in families and is more common in girls. The risk of hip dysplasia is also higher in babies born in the breech position and in babies who are swaddled tightly with the hips and knees straight.
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What are the complications of Hip dysplasia?
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Later in life, hip dysplasia can damage the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear. Hip dysplasia can also make the joint more likely to develop osteoarthritis. This happens because of higher contact pressures over a smaller surface of the socket. Over time, this wears away the smooth cartilage on the bones that helps them glide against each other as the joint moves.
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What are the Overview of Hoarding disorder?
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Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. You may experience distress at the thought of getting rid of the items. You gradually keep or gather a huge number of items, regardless of their actual value.
Hoarding often creates extremely cramped living conditions with only narrow pathways winding through stacks of clutter. Countertops, sinks, stoves, desks, stairways and all other surfaces are usually piled with stuff. You may not be able to use some areas for their intended purpose. For example, you may not be able to cook in the kitchen. When there's no more room inside your home, the clutter may spread to the garage, vehicles, yard and other storage areas.
Hoarding ranges from mild to severe. In some cases, hoarding may not have much impact on your life, while in other cases it seriously affects your daily functioning.
People with hoarding disorder may not see it as a problem, so getting them to take part in treatment can be challenging. But intensive treatment can help you understand how your beliefs and behaviors can be changed so that you can live a safer, more enjoyable life.
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What are the causes of Hoarding disorder?
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It's not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes.
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What are the risk factors of Hoarding disorder?
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Hoarding usually starts around ages 15 to 19. It tends to get worse with age. Hoarding is more common in older adults than in younger adults.
Risk factors include:
• Personality.Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving.
• Family history.There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself.
• Stressful life events.Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
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What are the complications of Hoarding disorder?
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Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including:
• Increased risk of falls.
• Injury or being trapped by shifting or falling items.
• Family conflicts.
• Loneliness and social isolation.
• Conditions that aren't clean and can be a health risk.
• A fire hazard.
• Poor work performance.
• Legal issues, such as eviction.
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What is the prevention of Hoarding disorder?
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Because little is understood about what causes hoarding disorder, there's no known way to prevent it. However, as with many mental health conditions, getting treatment at the first sign of a problem may help prevent hoarding from getting worse. This is especially important because by the time clutter becomes a noticeable problem, hoarding likely has been going on for a while.
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What are the Overview of Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)?
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Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body's germ-fighting and disease-fighting immune system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes. They are found throughout the body. Most lymph nodes are in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms and neck.
The lymphatic system also includes the spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow. Hodgkin lymphoma can affect all these areas and other organs in the body.
Hodgkin lymphoma, which used to be called Hodgkin disease, is one of two broad types of lymphoma. The other is non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full recovery.
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What are the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)?
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Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
• Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
• Fever.
• Feeling very tired.
• Night sweats.
• Weight loss that happens without trying.
• Itchy skin.
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What are the causes of Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)?
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Healthcare professionals aren't sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms.
There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. The type of lymphoma you have is based on the characteristics of the cells involved in your disease and their behavior. The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options.
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What are the risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)?
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Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include:
• Your age.Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65.
• A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma.Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Being male.People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth.
• Past Epstein-Barr infection.People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven't. One example is infectious mononucleosis.
• HIVinfection.People who are infected withHIVhave an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
There's no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Huntington's disease?
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Huntington's disease causes nerve cells in the brain to decay over time. The disease affects a person's movements, thinking ability and mental health.
Huntington's disease is rare. It's often passed down through a changed gene from a parent.
Huntington's disease symptoms can develop at any time, but they often begin when people are in their 30s or 40s. If the disease develops before age 20, it's called juvenile Huntington's disease. When Huntington's develops early, symptoms can be different and the disease may have a faster progression.
Medicines are available to help manage the symptoms of Huntington's disease. However, treatments can't prevent the physical, mental and behavioral decline caused by the disease.
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What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease?
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Huntington's disease usually causes movement disorders. It also causes mental health conditions and trouble with thinking and planning. These conditions can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms. The first symptoms vary greatly from person to person. Some symptoms appear to be worse or have a greater effect on functional ability. These symptoms may change in severity throughout the course of the disease.
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What are the causes of Huntington's disease?
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Huntington's disease is caused by a difference in a single gene that's passed down from a parent. Huntington's disease follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that a person needs only one copy of the nontypical gene to develop the disorder.
With the exception of genes on the sex chromosomes, a person inherits two copies of every gene — one copy from each parent. A parent with a nontypical gene could pass along the nontypical copy of the gene or the healthy copy. Each child in the family, therefore, has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the gene that causes the genetic condition.
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What are the risk factors of Huntington's disease?
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People who have a parent with Huntington's disease are at risk of having the disease themselves. Children of a parent with Huntington's have a 50 percent chance of having the gene change that causes Huntington's.
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What are the complications of Huntington's disease?
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After Huntington's disease starts, a person's ability to function gradually gets worse over time. How quickly the disease gets worse and how long it takes varies. The time from the first symptoms to death is often about 10 to 30 years. Juvenile Huntington's disease usually results in death within 10 to 15 years after symptoms develop.
The depression linked with Huntington's disease may increase the risk of suicide. Some research suggests that risk of suicide is greater before a diagnosis and also when a person loses independence.
Eventually, a person with Huntington's disease requires help with all activities of daily living and care. Late in the disease, the person will likely be confined to a bed and unable to speak. Someone with Huntington's disease is generally able to understand language and has an awareness of family and friends, though some won't recognize family members.
Common causes of death include:
• Pneumonia or other infections.
• Injuries related to falls.
• Complications related to trouble swallowing.
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What is the prevention of Huntington's disease?
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People with a known family history of Huntington's disease may be concerned about whether they may pass the Huntington gene on to their children. They might consider genetic testing and family planning options.
If an at-risk parent is considering genetic testing, it can be helpful to meet with a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor explains the potential risks of a positive test result, which may mean that the parent may develop the disease. Also, couples may need to make additional choices about whether to have children or to consider alternatives. They may decide to choose prenatal testing for the gene or in vitro fertilization with donor sperm or eggs.
Another option for couples is in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In this process, eggs are removed from the ovaries and fertilized with the father's sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are tested for the presence of the Huntington gene. Only those testing negative for the Huntington gene are implanted in the mother's uterus.
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What are the Overview of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened, also called hypertrophied. The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. That's because they have few, if any, symptoms. But in a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle can cause serious symptoms. These include shortness of breath and chest pain. Some people withHCMhave changes in the heart's electrical system. These changes can result in life-threatening irregular heartbeats or sudden death.
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What are the symptoms of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include one or more of the following:
• Chest pain, especially during exercise.
• Fainting, especially during or just after exercise or other physical activity.
• Sensation of fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeats called palpitations.
• Shortness of breath, especially during exercise.
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What are the causes of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is caused by changes in genes that cause the heart muscle to thicken.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically affects the wall between the two bottom chambers of the heart. This wall is called the septum. The chambers are called the ventricles. The thickened wall might block blood flow out of the heart. This is called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
If there's no significant blocking of blood flow, the condition is called nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. But the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, might stiffen. This makes it hard for the heart to relax. The stiffness also lessens the amount of blood the ventricle can hold and send to the body with each heartbeat.
Heart muscle cells also become arranged differently in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is called myofiber disarray. It can trigger irregular heartbeats in some people.
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What are the risk factors of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down through families. That means it's inherited. People with one parent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a 50% chance of having the gene change that causes the disease.
Parents, children, or brothers or sisters of a person with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should ask their healthcare team about screening tests for the disease.
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What are the complications of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include:
• Atrial fibrillation (AFib).A thickened heart muscle and changes in the structure of heart cells can trigger an irregular and often very rapid heartbeat called AFib.AFibalso raises the risk of blood clots, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.
• Blocked blood flow.In many people, the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart. This can cause shortness of breath with activity, chest pain, dizziness and fainting spells.
• Mitral valve disease.If the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart, the valve between the left heart chambers might not close properly. That valve is called the mitral valve. If it doesn't close properly, blood can leak backward into the left upper chamber. This is a condition called mitral valve regurgitation. It might make hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms worse.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy.In a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle becomes weak and doesn't work well. The condition tends to start in the left lower heart chamber. The chamber becomes larger. The heart pumps with less force.
• Heart failure.Over time, the thickened heart muscle can become too stiff to fill the heart with blood. As a result, the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
• Fainting, also called syncope.An irregular heartbeat or blockage of blood flow can sometimes cause fainting. Unexplained fainting can be related to sudden cardiac death, especially if it's happened recently and in a young person.
• Sudden cardiac death.Rarely, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause heart-related sudden death in people of all ages. Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. As a result, sudden cardiac death might be the first sign of the condition. It can happen in young people who seem healthy, including high school athletes and other young, active adults.
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What is the prevention of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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There is no known way to prevent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It's important to find the condition with tests as early as possible to guide treatment and prevent complications.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down in families. If you have a parent, brother, sister or child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ask your healthcare team if genetic screening is right for you. But not everyone withHCMhas a gene change that tests can detect. Also, some insurance companies may not cover genetic testing.
If genetic testing isn't done, or if the results aren't helpful, screening may be done with repeated echocardiograms. Echocardiograms use sound waves to make pictures of the heart.
For people who have a family member with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
• Echocardiogram screenings are recommended starting at about age 12.
• Screening with echocardiograms should continue every 1 to 3 years through ages 18 to 21.
• After that, the screenings can be done every five years through adulthood.
You may need to have an echocardiogram more often based on your overall health and healthcare team's preference.
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What are the Overview of Hypothermia?
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Hypothermia is a condition that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency. In hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh), the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Regular body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius).
When body temperature drops, the heart, nervous system and other organs can't work as well as they usually do. Left untreated, hypothermia can cause the heart and respiratory system to fail and eventually can lead to death.
Common causes of hypothermia include exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water. Treatment for hypothermia includes methods to warm the body back to a regular temperature.
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What are the symptoms of Hypothermia?
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When the temperature starts to drop, the body can start to shiver. Shivering is the body's attempt to warm itself. It is an automatic defense against cold temperature.
Symptoms of hypothermia include:
• Shivering.
• Slurred speech or mumbling.
• Slow, shallow breathing.
• Weak pulse.
• Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
• Drowsiness or very low energy.
• Confusion or memory loss.
• Loss of consciousness.
• In infants, bright red, cold skin.
People with hypothermia usually aren't aware of their condition. The symptoms often begin gradually. Also, the confused thinking associated with hypothermia prevents self-awareness. The confused thinking also can lead to risk-taking behavior.
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What are the causes of Hypothermia?
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Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. The most common causes of hypothermia are exposure to cold-weather conditions or cold water. But prolonged exposure to any environment colder than the body can lead to hypothermia if a person isn't dressed properly or can't control the conditions.
Specific conditions leading to hypothermia include:
• Wearing clothes that aren't warm enough for weather conditions.
• Staying out in the cold too long.
• Being unable to get out of wet clothes or move to a warm, dry location.
• Falling into the water, such as in a boating accident.
• Living in a house that's too cold, either from poor heating or too much air conditioning.
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What are the risk factors of Hypothermia?
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Risk factors for hypothermia include:
• Exhaustion.Fatigue reduces a person's ability to tolerate cold.
• Older age.The body's ability to regulate temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. And some older adults may not be able to tell someone when they are cold or to move to a warm location if they do feel cold.
• Very young age.Children lose heat faster than adults do. Children also may ignore the cold because they're having too much fun to think about it. They may not have the judgment to dress properly in cold weather or to get out of the cold when they should.
• Mental conditions.People with a mental illness, dementia or other conditions that interfere with judgment may not dress properly for the weather or understand the risk of cold weather. People with dementia may wander from home or get lost easily, making them more likely to be stranded outside in cold or wet weather.
• Alcohol and drug use.Alcohol may make the body feel warm inside, but it causes blood vessels to expand. As a result, the surface of the skin loses heat more rapidly. Alcohol also reduces the body's natural shivering response.In addition, the use of alcohol or recreational drugs can affect judgment about the need to get inside or wear warm clothes in cold-weather conditions. A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia.
• Certain medical conditions.Some health disorders affect the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson's disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries.
• Medicines.Some drugs can change the body's ability to regulate its temperature. Examples include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotic pain medicines and sedatives.
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What are the complications of Hypothermia?
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People who develop hypothermia because of exposure to cold weather or cold water are also vulnerable to other cold-related injuries, including:
• Frostbite, which is when skin and underlying tissues become frozen.
• Gangrene, which is when body tissue decays and dies because blood flow is blocked.
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What are the Overview of Incompetent cervix?
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An incompetent cervix happens when weak cervical tissue causes or plays a part in a premature birth or the loss of a healthy pregnancy. An incompetent cervix also is called cervical insufficiency.
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina. Before pregnancy, it's usually closed and firm. As pregnancy goes on and you get ready to give birth, the cervix slowly changes. It softens, gets shorter and opens. If you have an incompetent cervix, it might begin to open too soon causing you to give birth too early.
An incompetent cervix can be a hard problem to diagnose and treat. If your cervix begins to open early, or if you've had cervical insufficiency in the past, you might benefit from treatment. This might include having a procedure done to close the cervix with strong sutures, called a cervical cerclage. You also may take medicine to help the incompetent cervix and have ultrasound exams to check how things are going.
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What are the symptoms of Incompetent cervix?
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With an incompetent cervix, there may be no signs or symptoms during early pregnancy. Some women have mild discomfort or spotting before the diagnosis. Often, this occurs before 24 weeks of pregnancy.
Be on the lookout for:
• A feeling of pelvic pressure.
• A new backache.
• Mild stomach cramps.
• A change in vaginal discharge.
• Light vaginal bleeding.
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What are the complications of Incompetent cervix?
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An incompetent cervix may be risky for your pregnancy. Possible complications include:
• Premature birth.
• Pregnancy loss.
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What is the prevention of Incompetent cervix?
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You can't prevent an incompetent cervix. But there's a lot you can do to have a healthy, full-term pregnancy. For example:
• Seek regular prenatal care.Regular checkups during pregnancy can help your care team monitor your health and your baby's health. Tell your doctor about any signs or problems that worry you, even if they seem silly or not important.
• Eat a healthy diet.During pregnancy, you'll need more folic acid, calcium, iron and other essential nutrients. Taking a daily prenatal vitamin can help if you're not eating enough healthy foods. Prenatal vitamins can be started a few months before conception and continued throughout your pregnancy.
• Gain weight wisely.Gaining the right amount of weight can support your baby's health. A weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds, or about 11 to 16 kilograms, is often the target if you are at a healthy weight before pregnancy.
• Avoid risky substances.If you smoke, quit. Alcohol and illegal drugs are off-limits too. Get your doctor's OK before taking any medicines or supplements, even those available without a prescription.
If you've had an incompetent cervix during one pregnancy, you're at risk of premature birth or pregnancy loss in later pregnancies. If you're considering getting pregnant again, talk with your doctor to understand the risks and what you can do to promote a healthy pregnancy.
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What are the Overview of Ischemic colitis?
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Ischemic colitis happens when blood flow to part of the large intestine, called the colon, is temporarily reduced. When blood flow slows down, cells in the colon don't get enough oxygen, which may result in damage and swelling of the colon's tissues. Causes of reduced blood flow may include narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the colon or low blood pressure. Ischemic colitis is also called colonic ischemia.
Any part of the colon can be affected, but ischemic colitis most commonly causes pain on the left side of the belly area.
Ischemic colitis can be hard to diagnose because it can easily be confused with other digestive problems. You may need medicine to treat ischemic colitis or prevent infection. Or you may need surgery if your colon has been damaged. Most often, however, ischemic colitis heals on its own.
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What are the symptoms of Ischemic colitis?
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Symptoms of ischemic colitis can include:
• Pain, tenderness or cramping in the belly, which can happen suddenly or happen over time.
• Bright red or maroon blood in the stool or, at times, passage of blood alone without stool.
• A feeling of urgency to move the bowels.
• Diarrhea.
• Nausea.
The risk of serious complications is higher when symptoms happen on the right side of the belly. This is less commonly seen compared with left-sided colitis. People with right-sided colitis tend to have more underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and kidney disease. They more often have to undergo surgery and also have a higher risk of death.
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What are the causes of Ischemic colitis?
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The exact cause of decreased blood flow to the colon isn't always clear. But several factors can increase the risk of ischemic colitis:
• Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of an artery, also called atherosclerosis.
• Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, associated with dehydration, heart failure, surgery, trauma or shock.
• Bowel obstruction caused by a hernia, scar tissue or a tumor.
• Surgery involving the heart or blood vessels, or the digestive or gynecological systems.
• Medical conditions that affect the blood, including lupus, sickle cell anemia or inflammation of the blood vessels, a condition known as vasculitis.
• Cocaine or methamphetamine use.
• Colon cancer, which is rare.
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What are the risk factors of Ischemic colitis?
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Risk factors for ischemic colitis include:
• Age.The condition happens mostly in adults older than age 60. Ischemic colitis that happens in a young adult may be a sign of a blood-clotting issue. It also may be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, also known as vasculitis.
• Sex.Ischemic colitis is more common in women.
• Clotting problems.Conditions that affect the way the blood clots, such as factor V Leiden or sickle cell disease, may increase the risk of ischemic colitis.
• High cholesterol,which can lead to atherosclerosis.
• Reduced blood flow,due to heart failure, low blood pressure or shock. Blood flow also can be affected by certain conditions, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.
• Previous abdominal surgery.Scar tissue that forms after surgery may cause reduced blood flow.
• Heavy exercise,such as marathon running, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the colon.
• Surgeryinvolving the heart, digestive or gynecological systems.
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What are the complications of Ischemic colitis?
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Ischemic colitis usually gets better on its own within 2 to 3 days. In more-serious cases, complications can include:
• Tissue death,also called gangrene, resulting from diminished blood flow.
• Hole formation,also known as perforation, in the intestine or persistent bleeding.
• Bowel obstruction,also called ischemic stricture.
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What is the prevention of Ischemic colitis?
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Since the cause of ischemic colitis isn't always clear, there's no certain way to prevent the disorder. Most people who have ischemic colitis recover quickly and may never have another episode.
To prevent recurrent episodes of ischemic colitis, some healthcare professionals recommend stopping any medicine that might cause the condition. Making sure to stay hydrated, especially when doing vigorous outdoor activities, is also important. This is especially true for those living in warm climates. A test for clotting problems may be recommended as well, especially if no other cause for ischemic colitis is apparent.
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What are the Overview of Kidney cancer?
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Kidney cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the kidneys. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They're located behind the abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of the spine.
In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. Other, less common types of kidney cancer can happen. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor.
The number of kidney cancers diagnosed each year seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques such as CT scans are being used more often. These tests may lead to the incidental discovery of more kidney cancers. Kidney cancer is often found when the cancer is small and confined to the kidney.
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What are the symptoms of Kidney cancer?
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Kidney cancer doesn't usually cause symptoms at first. In time, signs and symptoms may develop, including:
• Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored.
• Loss of appetite.
• Pain in the side or back that doesn't go away.
• Tiredness.
• Unexplained weight loss.
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What are the causes of Kidney cancer?
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It's not clear what causes most kidney cancers.
Kidney cancer happens when cells in the kidney develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Kidney cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of kidney cancer include:
• Older age.The risk of kidney cancer increases with age.
• Smoking tobacco.People who smoke have a greater risk of kidney cancer than those who don't. The risk decreases after quitting.
• Obesity.People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than people who are considered to have a healthy weight.
• High blood pressure.High blood pressure, also called hypertension, increases the risk of kidney cancer.
• Certain inherited conditions.People who are born with certain inherited conditions may have an increased risk of kidney cancer. These conditions may include von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma and familial renal cancer.
• Family history of kidney cancer.The risk of kidney cancer is higher if a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has had the disease.
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What is the prevention of Kidney cancer?
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There's no sure way to prevent kidney cancer, but you may reduce your risk if you:
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What are the Overview of Kidney cysts?
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Kidney cysts are round pouches of fluid that form on or in the kidneys. Kidney cysts can occur with disorders that may impair kidney function. But more often, kidney cysts are a type called simple kidney cysts. Simple kidney cysts aren't cancer and rarely cause problems.
It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. Often, one cyst occurs on the surface of a kidney. But more than one cyst can appear on one or both kidneys. Simple kidney cysts aren't the same as cysts that form with polycystic kidney disease. Simple cysts also differ from complex cysts. Complex cysts need to be watched for changes that could be cancer.
Simple kidney cysts are often found during an imaging test for another condition. Treatment usually isn't needed unless simple cysts cause symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Kidney cysts?
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Simple kidney cysts typically don't cause symptoms. But if a simple kidney cyst grows large enough, symptoms may include:
• Dull pain in the back or side
• Fever
• Upper stomach pain
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What are the causes of Kidney cysts?
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It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. One theory suggests that kidney cysts develop when the surface layer of the kidney weakens and forms a pouch. The pouch then fills with fluid, detaches and develops into a cyst.
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What are the risk factors of Kidney cysts?
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The risk of having simple kidney cysts increases as you get older. But they can occur at any age. Simple kidney cysts are more common in men.
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What are the complications of Kidney cysts?
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Kidney cysts may sometimes lead to complications, including:
• An infected cyst.A kidney cyst may become infected, causing fever and pain.
• A burst cyst.A kidney cyst that bursts causes severe pain in the back or side. Sometimes a burst cyst may cause blood in the urine.
• Blocked urine flow.A kidney cyst that blocks the typical flow of urine may lead to kidney swelling.
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What are the Overview of Kleptomania?
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Kleptomania (klep-toe-MAY-nee-uh) is a mental health disorder that involves repeatedly being unable to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't really need. Often the items stolen have little value and you could afford to buy them. Kleptomania is rare but can be a serious condition. It can cause much emotional pain to you and your loved ones — and even legal problems — if not treated.
Kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder — a disorder that involves problems with emotional or behavioral self-control. If you have an impulse control disorder, you have difficulty resisting the temptation or powerful urge to perform an act that's excessive or harmful to you or someone else.
Many people with kleptomania live lives of secret shame because they're afraid to seek mental health treatment. Although there's no cure for kleptomania, treatment with medicine or skill-building therapy that focuses on dealing with urges may help to end the cycle of compulsive stealing.
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What are the symptoms of Kleptomania?
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Kleptomania symptoms may include:
• Inability to resist powerful urges to steal items that you don't need
• Feeling increased tension, anxiety or arousal leading up to the theft
• Feeling pleasure, relief or satisfaction while stealing
• Feeling terrible guilt, remorse, self-loathing, shame or fear of arrest after the theft
• Return of the urges and a repetition of the kleptomania cycle
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What are the causes of Kleptomania?
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The causes of kleptomania are not known. Several theories suggest that changes in the brain may be at the root of kleptomania, and that learned patterns of stealing items strengthens the problem over time. More research is needed to better understand these possible causes, but kleptomania may be linked to:
• Problems with a naturally occurring brain chemical called serotonin.Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, helps regulate moods and emotions. Low levels of serotonin are common in people prone to impulsive behaviors.
• Addictive disorders.Stealing may cause the release of dopamine — another neurotransmitter. Dopamine causes pleasurable feelings, and some people seek this rewarding feeling again and again.
• The brain's opioid system.Urges are regulated by the brain's opioid system. An imbalance in this system could make it harder to resist urges.
• Learned habit.Urges are very uncomfortable. Responding to these urges by stealing causes a temporary decrease in distress and relief from these urges. This creates a strong habit that becomes hard to break.
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What are the risk factors of Kleptomania?
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Kleptomania is not common. But some cases of kleptomania may never be diagnosed. Some people never seek treatment. Other people are jailed after repeated thefts.
Kleptomania often begins during the teen years or in young adulthood, but it can start later. About two-thirds of people with known kleptomania are female.
Kleptomania risk factors may include:
• Family history.Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with kleptomania or addictive disorders may increase the risk of kleptomania.
• Having another mental illness.People with kleptomania often have another mental health disorder, such as anxiety, depression or a substance use disorder.
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What are the complications of Kleptomania?
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Left untreated, kleptomania can result in severe emotional, family, work, legal and financial problems. For example, you know stealing is wrong but you feel powerless to resist the impulse. As a result, you may be filled with guilt, shame, self-loathing and humiliation. And you may be arrested for stealing. You may otherwise lead a law-abiding life and be confused and upset by your compulsive stealing.
Other complications and conditions associated with kleptomania may include:
• Other impulse-control disorders, such as compulsive gambling or shopping
• Alcohol or other substance misuse
• Personality disorders
• Eating disorders
• Depression
• Bipolar disorder
• Anxiety disorders
• Suicidal thoughts and behaviors
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What is the prevention of Kleptomania?
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Because the causes of kleptomania aren't clear, it's not yet known how to prevent it with any certainty. Getting treatment as soon as compulsive stealing begins may help prevent kleptomania from becoming worse and prevent some of the negative consequences.
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What are the Overview of Leukemia?
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Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults.
Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters — they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly.
Treatment for leukemia can be complex — depending on the type of leukemia and other factors. But there are strategies and resources that can help make your treatment successful.
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What are the symptoms of Leukemia?
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Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:
• Fever or chills
• Persistent fatigue, weakness
• Frequent or severe infections
• Losing weight without trying
• Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen
• Easy bleeding or bruising
• Recurrent nosebleeds
• Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
• Excessive sweating, especially at night
• Bone pain or tenderness
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What are the causes of Leukemia?
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Scientists don't understand the exact causes of leukemia. It seems to develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
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What are the risk factors of Leukemia?
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Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include:
• Previous cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing certain types of leukemia.
• Genetic disorders.Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of leukemia.
• Exposure to certain chemicals.Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene — which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry — is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia.
• Smoking.Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia.
• Family history of leukemia.If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.
However, most people with known risk factors don't get leukemia. And many people with leukemia have none of these risk factors.
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What are the Overview of Liver cancer?
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Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.
Several types of cancer can form in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are much less common.
Cancer that spreads to the liver is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells. Cancer that begins in another area of the body — such as the colon, lung or breast — and then spreads to the liver is called metastatic cancer rather than liver cancer. This type of cancer is named after the organ in which it began — such as metastatic colon cancer to describe cancer that begins in the colon and spreads to the liver.
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What are the symptoms of Liver cancer?
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Most people don't have signs and symptoms in the early stages of primary liver cancer. When signs and symptoms do appear, they may include:
• Losing weight without trying
• Loss of appetite
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• General weakness and fatigue
• Abdominal swelling
• Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• White, chalky stools
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What are the causes of Liver cancer?
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Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor — a mass of cancerous cells.
Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it's not clear what causes it.
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What are the risk factors of Liver cancer?
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Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include:
• Chronic infection with HBV or HCV.Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer.
• Cirrhosis.This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer.
• Certain inherited liver diseases.Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
• Diabetes.People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don't have diabetes.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer.
• Exposure to aflatoxins.Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products.
• Excessive alcohol consumption.Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.
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What are the Overview of Lung cancer?
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Lung cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the lungs. The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest that control breathing.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. Quitting smoking, even after smoking for many years, significantly lowers the chances of developing lung cancer. Lung cancer also can happen in people who have never smoked.
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What are the symptoms of Lung cancer?
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Lung cancer typically doesn't cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of lung cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of lung cancer that happen in and around the lungs may include:
• A new cough that doesn't go away.
• Chest pain.
• Coughing up blood, even a small amount.
• Hoarseness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Wheezing.
Signs and symptoms that happen when lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body may include:
• Bone pain.
• Headache.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Loss of appetite.
• Swelling in the face or neck.
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What are the causes of Lung cancer?
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Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. But lung cancer also happens in people who never smoked or been exposed to secondhand smoke. In these people, there may be no clear cause of lung cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Lung cancer?
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A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer. Some risk factors can be controlled, for instance, by quitting smoking. Other factors can't be controlled, such as your family history.
Risk factors for lung cancer include:
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What are the complications of Lung cancer?
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Lung cancer can cause complications, such as:
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What is the prevention of Lung cancer?
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There's no sure way to prevent lung cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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What are the Overview of Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)?
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Median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, happens when the band of tissue in the upper belly area presses on the artery that sends blood to the stomach, spleen and liver. This tissue is called the median arcuate ligament. The artery is called the celiac artery.
The median arcuate ligament creates a pathway between the chest and belly area for the body's main blood vessel, called the aorta. Typically, the ligament goes across the aorta. The celiac artery sits just below the arch.
But sometimes, the ligament or arteries may be out of place. The ligament may put pressure on the celiac artery and the network of surrounding nerves, called the celiac plexus. This pressure can cause the symptoms ofMALS. The condition can cause serious stomach pain in some people.
MALScan occur in anyone, even children. Other names forMALSare:
• Celiac artery compression syndrome.
• Celiac axis syndrome.
• Dunbar syndrome.
Treatment involves surgery to release pressure from the ligament on the artery and nerves.
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What are the symptoms of Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)?
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Pressure on the celiac artery doesn't always cause symptoms.MALSsymptoms are mainly caused by pressure on the nerves.
Symptoms ofMALSinclude:
• Stomach pain after eating or exercising.
• The stomach pain gets better by leaning forward or backward or standing while eating.
• Fear of eating food because of pain.
• Unintended weight loss.
• Bloating.
• Diarrhea.
• Nausea and vomiting.
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What are the causes of Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)?
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The exact cause of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)?
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Because the cause ofMALSis poorly understood, the risk factors are unclear. Median arcuate ligament syndrome is more common in adults than in children. It also is more common among women than among men.
MALSalso has been seen in identical twins, so genetics may play a role.
Some people have developed median arcuate ligament syndrome after pancreatic surgery or blunt injury to the upper stomach area.
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What are the complications of Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)?
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A complication of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is long-term pain, especially after meals. The pain can lead to a fear of eating and significant weight loss. The pain and related depression or anxiety can greatly impact quality of life.MALSsymptoms may be vague. The symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions. It may take some time to get an accurate diagnosis.
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What are the Overview of Merkel cell carcinoma?
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Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer. It most often appears as a bump on the face, head or neck. Merkel cell carcinoma also is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin.
Merkel cell carcinoma most often happens in people older than 50. Long-term sun exposure or a weakened immune system may raise the risk of getting this cancer.
Merkel cell carcinoma tends to grow fast and to spread quickly to other parts of the body. Treatment may depend on whether the cancer has spread beyond the skin.
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What are the symptoms of Merkel cell carcinoma?
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The first symptom of Merkel cell carcinoma most often is a growth on the skin. This skin cancer can happen anywhere on the body. It happens most often on skin that typically gets sunlight. In white people, the growth is most likely to be on the head or neck. In Black people, the growth more often is on the legs.
A Merkel cell carcinoma can cause:
• A bump on the skin that often is painless.
• A bump that grows quickly.
• A bump whose two sides don't match.
• A bump that looks pink, purple, red-brown, or the same color as the skin around it.
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What are the risk factors of Merkel cell carcinoma?
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Factors that may raise the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma include:
• Skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get Merkel cell carcinoma. But it's more common in people who have less melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging rays from the sun.People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than do people with white skin. So white people are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma than are people with Black or brown skin.
• Too much UV light.Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light can come from the sun. Being in the sun without covering the skin with clothing or sunblock raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light for treatment of the skin condition psoriasis also can raise the risk of this skin cancer.
• Tanning bed use.People who use indoor tanning beds have a higher risk of Merkel cell carcinoma.
• A weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma. A weakened immune system can happen in people with certain health conditions, such as HIV infection and chronic leukemia. It also can happen in people taking certain medicines, such as medicines that lower the immune response.
• History of other skin cancers.Merkel cell carcinoma is linked to other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
• Older age.The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma goes up with age. This cancer is most common in people older than age 50, though it can happen at any age.
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What are the complications of Merkel cell carcinoma?
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Even with treatment, Merkel cell carcinoma often spreads to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, healthcare professionals sometimes say it metastasizes. Merkel cell carcinoma tends to travel first to nearby lymph nodes.
Later it may spread to the brain, bones, liver or lungs. It can keep these organs from working as they should. Cancer that spreads is harder to treat and can be fatal.
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What is the prevention of Merkel cell carcinoma?
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While exposure to sunlight isn't proved to cause all Merkel cell carcinomas, it is thought to be a risk factor for this cancer. Getting less sun exposure may lower your risk of skin cancer.
Try to:
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