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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the causes of Pneumothorax?
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A pneumothorax can be caused by:
• Chest injury.Any blunt or penetrating injury to your chest can cause lung collapse. Some injuries may happen during physical assaults or car crashes, while others may inadvertently occur during medical procedures that involve the insertion of a needle into the chest.
• Lung disease.Damaged lung tissue is more likely to collapse. Lung damage can be caused by many types of underlying diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer or pneumonia. Cystic lung diseases, such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, cause round, thin-walled air sacs in the lung tissue that can rupture, resulting in pneumothorax.
• Ruptured air blisters.Small air blisters (blebs) can develop on the top of the lungs. These air blisters sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the space that surrounds the lungs.
• Mechanical ventilation.A severe type of pneumothorax can occur in people who need mechanical assistance to breathe. The ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest. The lung may collapse completely.
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What are the risk factors of Pneumothorax?
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In general, men are far more likely to have a pneumothorax than women are. The type of pneumothorax caused by ruptured air blisters is most likely to occur in people between 20 and 40 years old, especially if the person is very tall and underweight.
Underlying lung disease or mechanical ventilation can be a cause or a risk factor for a pneumothorax. Other risk factors include:
• Smoking.The risk increases with the length of time and the number of cigarettes smoked, even without emphysema.
• Genetics.Certain types of pneumothorax appear to run in families.
• Previous pneumothorax.Anyone who has had one pneumothorax is at increased risk of another.
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What are the complications of Pneumothorax?
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Potential complications vary, depending on the size and severity of the pneumothorax as well as the cause and treatment. Sometimes air may continue to leak if the opening in the lung won't close or pneumothorax may recur.
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What are the Overview of Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
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Primary sclerosing (skluh-ROHS-ing) cholangitis (koh-lan-JIE-tis) is a disease of the bile ducts. Bile ducts carry the digestive liquid bile from your liver to your small intestine. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammation causes scars within the bile ducts. These scars make the ducts hard and narrow and gradually cause serious liver damage. A majority of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
In most people with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the disease progresses slowly. It can eventually lead to liver failure, repeated infections, and tumors of the bile duct or liver. A liver transplant is the only known cure for advanced primary sclerosing cholangitis, but the disease may recur in the transplanted liver in a small number of patients.
Care for primary sclerosing cholangitis focuses on monitoring liver function, managing symptoms and, when possible, doing procedures that temporarily open blocked bile ducts.
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What are the symptoms of Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis is often diagnosed before symptoms appear when a routine blood test or an X-ray taken for an unrelated condition shows liver abnormalities.
Early signs and symptoms often include:
• Fatigue
• Itching
• Yellow eyes and skin (jaundice)
• Abdominal pain
Many people diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis before they have symptoms continue to feel generally well for several years. But there's no reliable way to predict how quickly or slowly the disease will progress for any individual.
Signs and symptoms that may appear as the disease progresses include:
• Fever
• Chills
• Night sweats
• Enlarged liver
• Enlarged spleen
• Weight loss
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What are the causes of Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
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It's not clear what causes primary sclerosing cholangitis. An immune system reaction to an infection or toxin may trigger the disease in people who are genetically predisposed to it.
A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, an umbrella term that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease don't always appear at the same time, though. In some cases, primary sclerosing cholangitis is present for years before inflammatory bowel disease occurs. If primary sclerosing cholangitis is diagnosed, it's important to look for inflammatory bowel disease because there is a greater risk of colon cancer.
Somewhat less often, people being treated for inflammatory bowel disease turn out to have primary sclerosing cholangitis as well. And rarely, people with primary sclerosing cholangitis develop inflammatory bowel disease only after having a liver transplant.
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What are the risk factors of Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
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Factors that may increase the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis include:
• Age.Primary sclerosing cholangitis can occur at any age, but it's most often diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 40.
• Sex.Primary sclerosing cholangitis occurs more often in men.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease.
• Geographical location.People with Northern European heritage have a higher risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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What are the complications of Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
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Complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis may include:
• Liver disease and failure.Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts throughout your liver can lead to tissue scarring (cirrhosis), liver cell death and, eventually, loss of liver function.
• Repeated infections.If scarring of the bile ducts slows or stops the flow of bile out of the liver, you may experience frequent infections in the bile ducts. The risk of infection is particularly high after you've had a surgical procedure to expand a badly scarred bile duct or remove a stone blocking a bile duct.
• Portal hypertension.Your portal vein is the major route for blood flowing from your digestive system into your liver. Portal hypertension refers to high blood pressure in this vein.Portal hypertension can cause fluid from the liver to leak into your abdominal cavity (ascites). It can also divert blood from the portal vein to other veins, causing these veins to become swollen (varices). Varices are weak veins and tend to bleed easily, which can be life-threatening.
• Thinning bones.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis may experience thinning bones (osteoporosis). Your doctor may recommend a bone density exam to test for osteoporosis every few years. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be prescribed to help prevent bone loss.
• Bile duct cancer.If you have primary sclerosing cholangitis, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the bile ducts or gallbladder.
• Colon cancer.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of colon cancer. If you've been diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, your doctor may recommend testing for inflammatory bowel disease, even if you have no signs or symptoms, since the risk of colon cancer is elevated if you have both diseases.
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What are the Overview of Prostate cancer?
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Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Prostate cancer is usually found early, and it often grows slowly. Most people with prostate cancer are cured.
People diagnosed with early prostate cancer often have many treatment options to consider. It can feel overwhelming to learn about all the options and make a choice. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy or carefully watching the prostate cancer to see if it grows.
If the cancer grows beyond the prostate or if it spreads, there are still many treatment options. Prostate cancer that spreads can be more difficult to cure. But even when a cure isn't possible, treatments can slow the growth of the cancer and help you live longer.
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What are the symptoms of Prostate cancer?
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Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms at first. Most prostate cancers are found at an early stage. This means that the cancer is only in the prostate. An early-stage prostate cancer often doesn't cause symptoms.
When they happen, early-stage prostate cancer signs and symptoms can include:
• Blood in the urine, which might make the urine look pink, red or cola-colored.
• Blood in the semen.
• Needing to urinate more often.
• Trouble getting started when trying to urinate.
• Waking up to urinate more often at night.
If the prostate cancer spreads, other symptoms can happen. Prostate cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic prostate cancer. It also might be called stage 4 prostate cancer or advanced prostate cancer.
Signs and symptoms of advanced prostate cancer can include:
• Accidental leaking of urine.
• Back pain.
• Bone pain.
• Difficulty getting an erection, called erectile dysfunction.
• Feeling very tired.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Weakness in the arms or legs.
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What are the causes of Prostate cancer?
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It's often not clear what causes prostate cancer. Healthcare professionals have found some things that raise the risk of this cancer. These include older age, obesity and a family history of prostate cancer. The exact cause of prostate cancer often isn't known.
Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Prostate cancer?
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Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include:
• Older age.The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It's most common after age 50.
• Race and ethnicity.In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren't exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected.
• Family history of prostate cancer.If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents' siblings.
• Family history of DNA changes.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer are passed from parents to children. The DNA changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 can cause a higher risk of prostate cancer. These DNA changes are best known for increasing the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
• Obesity.People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment.
• Smoking tobacco.Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
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What are the complications of Prostate cancer?
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Complications of prostate cancer and its treatments include:
• Cancer that spreads.Prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or other organs. When prostate cancer spreads, it's called metastatic prostate cancer.
• Incontinence.Prostate cancer and its treatment can cause leaking of urine, also called urinary incontinence.
• Erectile dysfunction.Difficulty getting an erection is called erectile dysfunction. It can be caused by prostate cancer or its treatment.
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What is the prevention of Prostate cancer?
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There is no sure way to prevent prostate cancer. You can help reduce your risk of prostate cancer if you:
• Choose a healthy diet.Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit the amount of animal fats you eat. Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins and nutrients that can do good for your health.Foods that have been linked to a lower risk of prostate cancer include tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower and soy. No studies have proved that these foods can prevent cancer. If you already enjoy eating these foods, there may be some added benefit in including them in your diet.
• Exercise most days of the week.It's not clear whether exercise can prevent prostate cancer. It may help you maintain a healthy weight. Exercise also may improve your overall health and your mood. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you're new to exercise, talk about it with a healthcare professional. Start slow and work your way up to more exercise time each day.
• Maintain a healthy weight.If your current weight is healthy, work to maintain it. Choose a healthy diet and exercise most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, add more exercise and eat fewer calories. Ask your healthcare professional for help creating a plan for healthy weight loss.
• Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about what might help you quit. Medicines, nicotine replacement products and counseling can help.
• Medicines to lower the risk of prostate cancer.If you have a high risk of prostate cancer, you and your healthcare professional may consider medicines to lower the risk. These medicines include finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart). They are most often used to treat prostate gland enlargement.Ask your healthcare professional to talk about the benefits and risks of these medicines with you. When prostate cancer happens in people taking these medicines, it tends to grow faster. Your healthcare professional can help explain your risk and whether these medicines are right for you.
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What are the Overview of Rectal cancer?
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Rectal cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the rectum. The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine. It starts at the end of the final segment of the colon and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage known as the anus.
Cancer inside the rectum and cancer inside the colon are often referred to together as colorectal cancer.
While rectal and colon cancers are similar in many ways, their treatments are quite different. This is mainly because the rectum is barely separated from other organs and structures. It sits in a tight space that can make surgery to remove rectal cancer complex.
Rectal cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.
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What are the symptoms of Rectal cancer?
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Rectal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of rectal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of rectal cancer include:
• A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation or a more-frequent need to pass stool.
• A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely.
• Abdominal pain.
• Dark maroon or bright red blood in stool.
• Narrow stool.
• Weight loss that happens without trying.
• Weakness or fatigue.
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What are the Your guide to navigating rectal cancer treatment of Rectal cancer?
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Making rectal cancer treatment decisions can be
challenging. We're here to help. Get our free guide and learn more about what rectal
cancer might mean for you so you can make decisions with confidence.
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What are the causes of Rectal cancer?
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The exact cause of most rectal cancers isn't known.
Rectal cancer happens when cells in the rectum develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Rectal cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of rectal cancer are the same as those that increase the risk of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer risk factors include:
• A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Your risk of colorectal cancer is higher if you've already had rectal cancer, colon cancer or adenomatous polyps.
• Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colorectal cancer than do people of other races.
• Diabetes.People with type 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
• Drinking alcohol.Heavy drinking increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
• A diet low in vegetables.Colorectal cancer may be related to a diet low in vegetables and high in red meat.
• Family history of colorectal cancer.You're more likely to develop colorectal cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with colon or rectal cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, increase your risk of colorectal cancer.
• Inherited syndromes that increase colorectal cancer risk.In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. These changes are involved in only a small percentage of rectal cancers. Inherited syndromes may include familial adenomatous polyposis, also known as FAP, and Lynch syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these and other, rarer inherited colorectal cancer syndromes.
• Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with people considered to be at a healthy weight.
• Older age.Colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but most people with this type of cancer are older than 50. The rates of colorectal cancer in people younger than 50 have been increasing, but healthcare professionals aren't sure why.
• Radiation therapy for previous cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Smoking.People who smoke may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
• Too little exercise.If you're inactive, you're more likely to develop colorectal cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of cancer.
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What are the complications of Rectal cancer?
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Rectal cancer can lead to complications, including:
• Bleeding in the rectum.Rectal cancer often causes bleeding in the rectum. Sometimes the amount of blood is worrying, and treatment might be needed to stop it right away.
• Intestinal obstruction.Rectal cancer can grow to block the intestines. This prevents stool from leaving the body. Surgery to remove the cancer often relieves an obstruction. If you can't have surgery right away, you might need other treatments to ease the blockage.
• Intestinal perforation.Rectal cancer may cause a tear in the intestines. Perforation typically requires surgery.
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What is the prevention of Rectal cancer?
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There's no sure way to prevent rectal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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What are the Overview of Retinoblastoma?
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Retinoblastoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye.
The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
Retinoblastoma happens most often in young children. It's usually diagnosed before age 2. It most often affects one eye. Sometimes it happens in both eyes.
There are several treatments for retinoblastoma. For most children, treatment doesn't require removing the eye to get rid of the cancer. The outlook for children diagnosed with retinoblastoma is quite good.
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What are the symptoms of Retinoblastoma?
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Retinoblastoma signs and symptoms include:
• A white color in the center circle of the eye when light is shone in the eye. It might show up in flash photos.
• Eye redness.
• Eye swelling.
• Eyes that seem to be looking in different directions.
• Vision loss.
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What are the causes of Retinoblastoma?
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Retinoblastoma is caused by changes inside the cells in the eye. It's not always clear what causes the changes that lead to this eye cancer.
Retinoblastoma starts when cells in the eye get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In retinoblastoma, this growth of cells happens in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye. The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
As the cancer cells build up in the retina, they can form a mass, called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Retinoblastoma rarely spreads, especially if it's found early.
For most instances of retinoblastoma, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to cancer. However, it's possible for children to inherit DNA changes from their parents. These changes can increase the risk of retinoblastoma.
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What are the risk factors of Retinoblastoma?
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Risk factors for retinoblastoma include:
• Young age.Retinoblastoma is most common in very young children. It's typically diagnosed by age 2. Retinoblastoma that happens later in life is very rare.
• DNA changes that run in families.DNA variations that increase the risk of retinoblastoma can be passed from parents to children. Children with these inherited DNA changes tend to get retinoblastoma at a younger age. They also tend to have retinoblastoma in both eyes.
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What are the complications of Retinoblastoma?
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Children with retinoblastoma can develop complications.
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What is the prevention of Retinoblastoma?
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There's no way to prevent retinoblastoma.
Some retinoblastomas are caused by DNA changes that run in families. If retinoblastoma runs in your family, tell your healthcare professional. Together you might consider genetic testing to look for variations in your DNA that increase the risk of retinoblastoma. Your health professional might refer you to a genetic counselor or other healthcare professional trained in genetics. This person can help you decide whether to undergo genetic testing.
If your children have an increased risk of retinoblastoma, care can be planned to manage that risk. For instance, eye exams may begin soon after birth. That way, retinoblastoma may be diagnosed very early. These screening tests could find the cancer when it is small and has a greater chance of being cured.
If you haven't had children, but are planning to, talk with your healthcare team about your family history of retinoblastoma. Genetic testing might help you and your partner understand whether there is a risk of passing DNA variations to your future children. Your healthcare team may have options to help you manage this risk.
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What are the Overview of Scoliosis?
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Scoliosis is a side-to-side curve of the spine. It's most often diagnosed after age 10 or in the early teen years. The spine can curve to either side and in different parts of the back. Experts don't know the cause of most childhood scoliosis.
Most scoliosis is mild. But some curves get worse as children grow. If the curve gets very bad, scoliosis can cause pain and breathing problems. A bad curve of the spine can push on the lungs and make it hard to breathe.
Healthcare professionals watch growing children who have mild scoliosis with follow-up visits a few times a year. This most often involves X-rays and a physical exam to see if the curve is getting worse. Many people with scoliosis don't need treatment.
Some children may need to wear a brace to stop the curve from getting worse. Others may need surgery to correct the curves.
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What are the symptoms of Scoliosis?
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Symptoms of scoliosis may include:
• Change in posture.
• Shoulders that aren't even.
• One shoulder blade that looks bigger than the other.
• Waist that isn't even.
• One hip higher than the other.
• One side of the rib cage pushing forward.
• One side of the back poking out when bending forward.
Most often with scoliosis, the spine rotates or twists as well as curving side to side. This causes the ribs or muscles on one side of the body to stick out farther than those on the other side.
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What are the causes of Scoliosis?
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Experts don't know what causes the most common type of scoliosis. But the condition can run in families. The following may cause some types of scoliosis:
• Certain conditions of the muscles and nerves that let the body move, called neuromuscular conditions. Conditions include cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.
• Birth conditions that affect how the bones of the spine form.
• Surgery on the chest wall as a baby or surgery to remove bone over the back of the spine.
• Spinal cord conditions.
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What are the risk factors of Scoliosis?
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Risk factors for getting the most common type of scoliosis include:
• Being age 10 or older.Symptoms most often begin in the early teen years.
• Being assigned female at birth.Both sexes get mild scoliosis at about the same rate. But people assigned female at birth have a higher risk of the curve getting worse and needing treatment.
• Having a family history.Scoliosis can run in families. But most children with scoliosis don't have a family history of the condition.
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What are the complications of Scoliosis?
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Most people with scoliosis have a mild form. In a growing child, scoliosis can get worse. Worse scoliosis sometimes causes complications, including:
• Breathing problems.The spine may press against the lungs. This can make it harder to breathe.
• Back problems.People who get scoliosis as children may be more likely to have chronic back pain as adults. This is more often true for curves that are large and not treated.
• Changes in how the body looks.As scoliosis gets worse, it can cause body changes. These changes may include hips and shoulders that aren't even, ribs that stick out, being short, and a shift of the waist and trunk to the side.
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What are the Overview of Self-injury/cutting?
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Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It's usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress.
While self-injury may bring a brief sense of calm and a release of physical and emotional tension, it's usually followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. Life-threatening injuries are usually not intended, but it's possible that more-serious and even fatal self-harm could happen.
Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope.
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What are the symptoms of Self-injury/cutting?
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Symptoms of self-injury may include:
• Scars, often in patterns.
• Fresh cuts, scratches, bruises, bite marks or other wounds.
• Excessive rubbing of an area to create a burn.
• Keeping sharp objects or other items used for self-injury on hand.
• Wearing long sleeves or long pants to hide self-injury, even in hot weather.
• Frequent reports of accidental injury.
• Difficulties in relationships with others.
• Behaviors and emotions that change quickly and are impulsive, intense and unexpected.
• Talk of helplessness, hopelessness or worthlessness.
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What are the causes of Self-injury/cutting?
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There's no one single or simple cause that leads someone to self-injure. In general, self-injury may result from:
• Poor coping skills.Nonsuicidal self-injury is usually the result of an inability to cope in healthy ways with stress and emotional pain.
• Difficulty managing emotions.Having a hard time controlling, expressing or understanding emotions may lead to self-injury. The mix of emotions that triggers self-injury is complex. For example, there may be feelings of worthlessness, loneliness, panic, anger, guilt, rejection and self-hatred. Being bullied or having questions about sexual identity may be part of the mix of emotions.
Self-injury may be an attempt to:
• Manage or reduce severe distress or anxiety and provide a sense of relief.
• Provide a distraction from painful emotions through physical pain.
• Feel a sense of control over the body, feelings or life situations.
• Feel something — anything — even if it's physical pain, when feeling emotionally empty.
• Express internal feelings in an external way.
• Communicate feelings of stress or depression to the outside world.
• Punish oneself.
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What are the risk factors of Self-injury/cutting?
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Teenagers and young adults are most likely to self-injure, but those in other age groups do it, too. Self-injury often starts in the preteen or early teen years, when emotional changes happen fast, often and unexpectedly. During this time, teens also face increasing peer pressure, loneliness, and conflicts with parents or other authority figures.
Certain factors may increase the risk of self-injury, including:
• Having friends who self-injure.Having friends who intentionally harm themselves makes it more likely for someone to begin self-injuring.
• Life issues.Past experiences of neglect, sexual, physical or emotional abuse, or other traumatic events may increase the risk of self-injury. So can growing up and remaining in an unstable family environment. Other risk factors include questioning personal or sexual identity and social isolation.
• Mental health issues.Being highly self-critical and struggling with problem solving increases the risk of self-injury. Also, self-injury is commonly linked with certain mental health conditions, such as borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders.
• Alcohol or drug use.Being under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs may increase the risk of self-injury.
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What are the complications of Self-injury/cutting?
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Self-injury can cause complications, such as:
• Worsening feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem.
• Infection, either from wounds or from sharing tools.
• Permanent scars or other permanent harm to the body.
• Worsening of underlying issues and conditions, if not properly treated.
• Severe injury that could possibly lead to death.
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What are the Overview of Skin cancer?
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Skin cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the skin. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. Sometimes the cells break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Many kinds of skin cancer exist. The most common skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. While these are the most common, they often can be cured. The most dangerous form of skin cancer is melanoma. It is more likely to spread, making it harder to cure.
Most skin cancers happen on skin that gets a lot of sunlight. The light that comes from the sun is thought to cause most skin cancers. You can reduce your risk of skin cancer by covering your skin with clothes or sunscreen to protect it from the sun.
Some skin cancers happen on skin that doesn't typically get sun. This likely means that something else is causing these cancers. To reduce your risk of these kinds of skin cancers, check your skin regularly for any changes. Report these changes to your healthcare professional.
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What are the causes of Skin cancer?
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Most skin cancers are caused by exposure to light from the sun. The light that comes from the sun is a kind of ultraviolet light. That kind of light also can come from tanning beds and tanning lamps. Ultraviolet light contains radiation that changes the DNA inside skin cells and leads to skin cancer.
Not all skin cancers happen on skin that typically gets a lot of sun. This means something else also causes skin cancer. It's not always clear what causes skin cancer. But healthcare professionals have found some things that increase the risk. These include having a weakened immune system and having a family history of skin cancer.
Skin cancer starts when skin cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Skin cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of skin cancer include:
• Skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get skin cancer. But the risk is higher in people with skin that sunburns easily. The risk of skin cancer also is higher in people who have blond or red hair, light-colored eyes or freckles.
• Light from the sun.Ultraviolet light from the sun increases the risk of skin cancer. Covering the skin with clothes or sunblock can help lower the risk.
• Light from tanning beds.People who use indoor tanning beds have an increased risk of skin cancer. The lights used in tanning beds give off harmful ultraviolet light.
• A history of sunburns.Having had one or more sunburns that raised blisters increases the risk of developing skin cancer. If the sunburns happened during childhood, they increase the risk of getting skin cancer as an adult even more.
• A history of skin cancer.People who've had skin cancer once are much more likely to get it again.
• A family history of skin cancer.If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, had skin cancer, you may be more likely to get skin cancer.
• A weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicine or disease, there might be a higher risk of skin cancer. People with weakened immune systems include those taking medicine to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Some health conditions, such as HIV infection, also can weaken the immune system.
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What is the prevention of Skin cancer?
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Most skin cancers can be prevented by protecting yourself from the sun. To lower the risk of skin cancer you can:
• Stay out of the sun during the middle of the day.For much of North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Plan outdoor activities at other times of the day. When outside, stay in shade as much as possible.
• Wear sunscreen year-round.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Apply again every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
• Wear protective clothing.Wear dark, tightly woven clothes that cover your arms and legs. Wear a wide-brimmed hat that shades your face and ears. Don't forget sunglasses.
• Don't use tanning beds.The lights in tanning beds give off ultraviolet light. Using tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer.
• Check your skin often and report changes to your healthcare team.Look at your skin often for new growths. Look for changes in moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. Use mirrors to check your face, neck, ears and scalp.Look at your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Look at the front and back of your legs and your feet. Look at the bottom of the feet and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.
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What are the symptoms of Soft tissue sarcoma?
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A soft tissue sarcoma may not cause any symptoms at first. As the cancer grows, it may cause:
• A noticeable lump or swelling.
• Pain, if the growth presses on nerves or muscles.
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What are the risk factors of Soft tissue sarcoma?
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Factors that may raise the risk of sarcoma include:
• Inherited syndromes.A risk of soft tissue sarcoma can run in families. Genetic syndromes that increase the risk include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis and Werner syndrome.
• Chemical exposure.Being exposed to certain chemicals may increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas. These chemicals include herbicides, arsenic and dioxin.
• Radiation exposure.Radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas.
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What are the Overview of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the skin. It starts in cells called squamous cells. The squamous cells make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of skin cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life-threatening. But if it's not treated, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can grow large or spread to other parts of the body. The growth of the cancer can cause serious complications.
Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are caused by too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation.UVradiation comes either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. Protecting your skin fromUVlight can help reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and other forms of skin cancer.
Squamous cell carcinomas can be anywhere on the skin. In people who sunburn easily, the cancer is usually found on areas of skin that have had a lot of sun. In people with Black and brown skin, squamous cell carcinomas are more likely to be on skin that isn't exposed to sun, such as the genitals.
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What are the symptoms of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin most often occurs on sun-exposed skin. This includes the scalp, the backs of the hands, the ears or the lips. But it can occur anywhere on the body. It can even occur inside the mouth, on the bottoms of the feet or on the genitals. When squamous cell carcinoma of the skin happens in people with Black and brown skin, it tends to happen in places that aren't exposed to the sun.
Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
• A firm bump on the skin, called a nodule. The nodule might be the same color as the skin, or it might look different. It can look pink, red, black or brown, depending on skin color.
• A flat sore with a scaly crust.
• A new sore or raised area on an old scar or sore.
• A rough, scaly patch on the lip that may become an open sore.
• A sore or rough patch inside the mouth.
• A raised patch or wartlike sore on or in the anus or on the genitals.
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What are the causes of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin occurs when the squamous cells in the skin get changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell cells what to do. The changes tell the squamous cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle.
This causes too many cells. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells.UVradiation can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds.
But skin cancers also can grow on skin that's not usually in sunlight. This means that other factors might add to the risk of skin cancer. One such factor might be having a condition that weakens the immune system.
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What are the risk factors of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Factors that can increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
• Having skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. But it's more common in people who have low levels of melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than people with white skin.The risk of squamous cell carcinoma is highest in people who have blond or red hair, have light-colored eyes and freckle or sunburn easily.
• Being in the sun too much.UVradiation from the sun increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Covering the skin with clothes or sunblock can help lower the risk.
• Using tanning beds.People who use indoor tanning beds have an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
• Having a history of sunburns.Having had one or more sunburns that raised blisters as a child or teenager increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin as an adult. Sunburns in adulthood also are a risk factor.
• Having a history of precancerous skin lesions.Some types of skin sores can turn into skin cancer. Examples are actinic keratosis or Bowen disease. Having one of these conditions increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
• Having a history of skin cancer.People who've had squamous cell carcinoma of the skin once are much more likely to get it again.
• Having a weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems have an increased risk of skin cancer. This includes people who have leukemia or lymphoma. And it includes those who take medicines to control the immune system, such as those who have had organ transplants.
• Having a rare genetic disorder.People with xeroderma pigmentosum, which causes great sensitivity to sunlight, have a greatly increased risk of developing skin cancer.
• Having human papillomavirus infection (HPV).This common infection that's passed through sexual contact increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
• Having scars or long-lasting wounds on the skin.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can form in scars, burns and sores that don't heal.
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What are the complications of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can destroy nearby healthy tissue. It can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. And it can be fatal, although this is not common.
The risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin spreading may be higher if the cancer:
• Grows very large or deep.
• Involves the mucous membranes, such as the lips.
• Occurs in a person with a weakened immune system. Examples of things that might cause a weakened immune system include having chronic leukemia or taking medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.
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What is the prevention of Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be prevented. To protect yourself:
• Stay out of the sun during the middle of the day.For much of North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Plan outdoor activities at other times of the day, even during winter or when the sky is cloudy. When outside, stay in shade as much as possible.
• Wear sunscreen year-round.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Apply again every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
• Wear protective clothing.Wear dark, tightly woven clothes that cover arms and legs. Wear a wide-brimmed hat that shades your face and ears. Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types ofUVradiation,UVAandUVBrays.
• Don't use tanning beds.The lights in tanning beds give offUVradiation. Using tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer.
• Check your skin often and report changes to your health care team.Look at your skin often for new growths. Look for changes in moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. Use mirrors to check your face, neck, ears and scalp.Look at your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Look at the front and back of your legs and your feet. Look at the bottom of the feet and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.
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What are the Overview of Stomach cancer?
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Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a growth of cells that starts in the stomach. The stomach is in the upper middle part of the belly, just below the ribs. The stomach helps to break down and digest food.
Stomach cancer can happen in any part of the stomach. In most of the world, stomach cancers happen in the main part of the stomach. This part is called the stomach body.
In the United States, stomach cancer is more likely to start by the gastroesophageal junction. This is the part where the long tube that carries food you swallow meets the stomach. The tube that carries food to the stomach is called the esophagus.
Where the cancer starts in the stomach is one factor health care providers think about when making a treatment plan. Other factors might include the cancer's stage and the type of cells involved. Treatment often includes surgery to remove the stomach cancer. Other treatments may be used before and after surgery.
Stomach cancer treatment is most likely to be successful if the cancer is only in the stomach. The prognosis for people with small stomach cancers is quite good. Many can expect to be cured. Most stomach cancers are found when the disease is advanced and a cure is less likely. Stomach cancer that grows through the stomach wall or spreads to other parts of the body is harder to cure.
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What are the symptoms of Stomach cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer may include:
• Trouble swallowing
• Belly pain
• Feeling bloated after eating
• Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
• Not feeling hungry when you would expect to be hungry
• Heartburn
• Indigestion
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Losing weight without trying
• Feeling very tired
• Stools that look black
Stomach cancer doesn't always cause symptoms in its early stages. When they happen, symptoms might include indigestion and pain in the upper part of the belly. Symptoms might not happen until the cancer is advanced. Later stages of stomach cancer might cause symptoms such as feeling very tired, losing weight without trying, vomiting blood and having black stools.
Stomach cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic stomach cancer. It causes symptoms specific to where it spreads. For example, when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes it might cause lumps you can feel through the skin. Cancer that spreads to the liver might cause yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. If cancer spreads within the belly, it might cause fluid to fill the belly. The belly might look swollen.
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What are the causes of Stomach cancer?
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It's not clear what causes stomach cancer. Experts believe most stomach cancers start when something hurts the inside lining of the stomach. Examples include having an infection in the stomach, having long-standing acid reflux and eating a lot of salty foods. Not everyone with these risk factors gets stomach cancer, though. So more research is needed to find out exactly what causes it.
Stomach cancer begins when something hurts cells in the inner lining of the stomach. It causes the cells to develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells can go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the stomach. The cells can form a mass called a tumor.
Cancer cells in the stomach can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They might start to grow deeper into the wall of the stomach. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer cells spread to another part of the body it's called metastasis.
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What are the risk factors of Stomach cancer?
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Factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer include:
• Ongoing problems with stomach acid backing up into the esophagus, which is called gastroesophageal reflux disease
• A diet high in salty and smoked foods
• A diet low in fruits and vegetables
• Infection in the stomach caused by a germ called Helicobacter pylori
• Swelling and irritation of the inside of the stomach, which is called gastritis
• Smoking
• Growths of noncancerous cells in the stomach, called polyps
• Family history of stomach cancer
• Family history of genetic syndromes that increase the risk of stomach cancer and other cancers, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Lynch syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis
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What is the prevention of Stomach cancer?
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To lower the risk of stomach cancer, you can:
• Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.Try to include fruits and vegetables in your diet each day. Choose a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
• Reduce the amount of salty and smoked foods you eat.Protect your stomach by limiting these foods.
• Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking increases your risk of stomach cancer and many other types of cancer. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help.
• Tell your health care provider if stomach cancer runs in your family.People with a strong family history of stomach cancer might have stomach cancer screening. Screening tests can detect stomach cancer before it causes symptoms.
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What are the Overview of Stroke?
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An ischemic stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced. This prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. Another type of stroke is a hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or bursts and causes bleeding in the brain. The blood increases pressure on brain cells and damages them.
A stroke is a medical emergency. It's crucial to get medical treatment right away. Getting emergency medical help quickly can reduce brain damage and other stroke complications.
The good news is that fewer Americans die of stroke now than in the past. Effective treatments also can help prevent disability from stroke.
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What are the symptoms of Stroke?
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If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins.
Symptoms of stroke include:
• Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying.A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech.
• Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg.This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile.
• Problems seeing in one or both eyes.The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double.
• Headache.A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache.
• Trouble walking.Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination.
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What are the causes of Stroke?
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There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAdoesn't cause lasting symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Stroke?
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Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include:
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What are the complications of Stroke?
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A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include:
• Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis.You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm.
• Trouble talking or swallowing.A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing.
• Memory loss or trouble thinking.Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts.
• Emotional symptoms.People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression.
• Pain.Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm.
• Changes in behavior and self-care.People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores.
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What is the prevention of Stroke?
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You can take steps to prevent a stroke. It's important to know your stroke risk factors and follow the advice of your healthcare professional about healthy lifestyle strategies. If you've had a stroke, these measures might help prevent another stroke. If you have had a transient ischemic attack (TIA), these steps can help lower your risk of a stroke. The follow-up care you receive in the hospital and afterward also may play a role.
Many stroke prevention strategies are the same as strategies to prevent heart disease. In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include:
• Control high blood pressure, known as hypertension.This is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your stroke risk. If you've had a stroke, lowering your blood pressure can help prevent aTIAor stroke in the future. Healthy lifestyle changes and medicines often are used to treat high blood pressure.
• Lower the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet.Eating less cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fats and trans fats, may reduce buildup in the arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, you may need a cholesterol-lowering medicine.
• Quit tobacco use.Smoking raises the risk of stroke for smokers and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Quitting lowers your risk of stroke.
• Manage diabetes.Diet, exercise and losing weight can help you keep your blood sugar in a healthy range. If lifestyle factors aren't enough to control blood sugar, you may be prescribed diabetes medicine.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight contributes to other stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
• Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.Eating five or more servings of fruits or vegetables every day may reduce the risk of stroke. The Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes olive oil, fruit, nuts, vegetables and whole grains, may be helpful.
• Exercise regularly.Aerobic exercise reduces the risk of stroke in many ways. Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase the levels of good cholesterol, and improve the overall health of the blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress. Gradually work up to at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most or all days of the week. The American Heart association recommends getting 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week. Moderate intensity activities can include walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.Drinking large amounts of alcohol increases the risk of high blood pressure, ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Alcohol also may interact with other medicines you're taking. However, drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol may help prevent ischemic stroke and decrease the blood's clotting tendency. A small to moderate amount is about one drink a day. Talk to your healthcare professional about what's appropriate for you.
• Treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).OSAis a sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing for short periods several times during sleep. Your healthcare professional may recommend a sleep study if you have symptoms ofOSA. Treatment includes a device that delivers positive airway pressure through a mask to keep the airway open while you sleep.
• Don't use illicit drugs.Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are established risk factors for aTIAor a stroke.
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What are the Overview of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. Breathing stops. The person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death.
Emergency treatment for sudden cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and shocks to the heart with a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED). Survival is possible with fast, appropriate medical care.
Sudden cardiac arrest isn't the same as a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is not due to a blockage. However, a heart attack can cause a change in the heart's electrical activity that leads to sudden cardiac arrest.
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What are the symptoms of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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Symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest are immediate and severe and include:
• Sudden collapse.
• No pulse.
• No breathing.
• Loss of consciousness.
Sometimes other symptoms occur before sudden cardiac arrest. These might include:
• Chest discomfort.
• Shortness of breath.
• Weakness.
• Fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heartbeat called palpitations.
But sudden cardiac arrest often occurs with no warning.
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What are the causes of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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A change in the heart's electrical activity causes sudden cardiac arrest. The change makes the heart stop pumping blood. No blood flow goes to the body.
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What are the risk factors of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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The same things that increase the risk of heart disease can raise the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. These include:
• A family history of coronary artery disease.
• Smoking.
• High blood pressure.
• High blood cholesterol.
• Obesity.
• Diabetes.
• An inactive lifestyle.
Other things that might increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest include:
• A previous episode of sudden cardiac arrest or a family history of it.
• A previous heart attack.
• A personal or family history of other forms of heart disease such as heart rhythm disease, heart failure and heart conditions present at birth.
• Growing older.
• Being male.
• Using illicit drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines.
• Low potassium or magnesium levels.
• A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
• Chronic kidney disease.
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What are the complications of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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When sudden cardiac arrest occurs, less blood flows to the brain. If the heart rhythm isn't rapidly restored, complications may include brain damage and death.
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What is the prevention of Sudden cardiac arrest?
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Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps:
• Eat healthy.
• Stay active and get regular exercise.
• Do not smoke or use tobacco.
• Have regular checkups.
• Get screened for heart disease.
• Control blood pressure and cholesterol.
Genetic tests can be done to see if you have long QT syndrome, a common cause of sudden cardiac death. Check with your insurer to see if it is covered. If you have the long QT gene, your healthcare professional may recommend that other family members also be tested.
If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone.
You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart's rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren't always covered by health insurance.
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What are the Overview of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexplained death of a baby. The baby is usually less than a year old and seems to be healthy. It often happens during sleep. Sudden infant death syndrome also is known asSIDS. It is sometimes called crib death because infants often die in their cribs.
The cause ofSIDSis unknown. But it may be caused by problems in the area of an infant's brain that controls breathing and waking up from sleep.
Researchers have found some things that might put babies at higher risk. They've also found some things you can do to help protect your child fromSIDS. The most important action may be to place a baby on the back to sleep.
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What are the causes of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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Both physical and sleep factors put an infant at risk ofSIDS. These factors vary from child to child.
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What are the risk factors of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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SIDScan happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include:
• Sex.Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die ofSIDS.
• Age.Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life.
• Race.For reasons that aren't well understood,SIDSoccurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants.
• Family history.Babies with siblings who died ofSIDSare at higher risk ofSIDS.
• Secondhand smoke.Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk ofSIDS.
• Premature birth.Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby's chances ofSIDS.
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What is the prevention of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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There's no definite way to preventSIDS. But you can help your baby sleep more safely by following these tips:
• Back to sleep.Place your baby to sleep in the correct position — on the back. Be sure to use the back position every time you or anyone else puts your baby to sleep for the first year of life. Don't trust that others will place your baby to sleep in the correct position: Insist on it. This won't be needed once your baby can roll over both ways without help.Don't put your baby on the stomach or side to sleep. Advise a caregiver to only use the stomach position when the baby and caregiver are both in the same room and both are awake. Short periods of "tummy time" help a baby build muscle strength. But the baby should never be left alone during tummy time.
• Keep the crib as bare as possible.Use a firm, flat mattress. Make sure the mattress does not sit at an angle higher than 10 degrees. Avoid placing your baby on thick, fluffy padding, such as lambskin or a thick quilt. Don't leave pillows, fluffy toys or stuffed animals in the crib. They can cause problems with breathing if your baby's face presses against them.
• Don't overheat your baby.To keep your baby warm, try a sleep sack. Or dress your baby in layers instead of using blankets. Don't cover your baby's head.
• Have your baby sleep in your room.If possible, your baby should sleep in your room with you, but not in the same bed. Have your baby sleep alone in a crib or bassinet with a mattress designed for infant bedding. Your baby should sleep in the same room with you for at least six months.Adult beds aren't safe for infants. A baby can become trapped and suffocate between the headboard slats. Those are the spaces between the mattress and the bed frame. A baby also can get trapped in the space between the mattress and the wall. And a baby can suffocate if a sleeping parent accidentally rolls over and covers the baby's nose and mouth.
• Breastfeed your baby, if possible.Breastfeeding for at least six months to a year lowers the risk ofSIDS.
• Don't use baby monitors and other commercial devices that claim to reduce the risk ofSIDS.The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages the use of monitors and other devices. These devices do not preventSIDS. And they cannot be used instead of safe sleep practices.
• Offer a pacifier.Sucking on a pacifier at nap time or bedtime may reduce the risk ofSIDS. Make sure the pacifier does not have a strap or cord. If you're breastfeeding, wait to offer a pacifier until you and your baby have settled into a nursing routine. It usually takes 3 to 4 weeks to set up a nursing routine.If your baby is not interested in the pacifier, don't force it. Try again another day. If the pacifier falls out while your baby is sleeping, don't put it back in.
• Vaccinate your baby.There's no evidence that recommended shots to protect against diseases increase the risk ofSIDS. Some evidence shows that such shots may help preventSIDS.
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What are the Overview of Swimmer's itch?
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Swimmer's itch is a rash that can occur after you go swimming or wading outdoors. It's most common after being in freshwater lakes and ponds, but you can get it in saltwater too.
Swimmer's itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you're swimming or wading in warm, calm water. These parasites can't survive in people, so they soon die.
Swimmer's itch usually clears on its own within a few days. In the meantime, you can control itching with medicine.
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What are the symptoms of Swimmer's itch?
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Swimmer's itch symptoms include an itchy rash that looks like pimples or blisters. Symptoms may begin within minutes or as long as two days after swimming or wading in contaminated water.
Usually the rash affects skin that's not covered by swimsuits, wetsuits or waders. Your sensitivity to swimmer's itch can increase each time you're exposed to the parasites that cause it.
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What are the causes of Swimmer's itch?
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Swimmer's itch is caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin from warm water. These parasites are found in some animals that live near ponds and lakes, including geese, ducks and muskrats.
The parasites' eggs get into the water through the animals' waste. When the young parasites hatch, they live and grow in a type of snail that lives in shallow water. The snails then release the parasites into the water, where they can infect humans.
Swimmer's itch isn't contagious from person to person.
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What are the risk factors of Swimmer's itch?
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Factors that can increase the risk of swimmer's itch include:
• Spending time in water that's infested with certain parasites.
• Forgetting to dry off with a towel after getting out of the water.
• Being sensitive to the parasites that cause swimmer's itch.
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What are the complications of Swimmer's itch?
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Swimmer's itch usually isn't serious, but your skin can become infected if you scratch the rash.
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What is the prevention of Swimmer's itch?
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Follow these tips to avoid swimmer's itch:
• Choose swimming spots carefully.Avoid being in water near the shore where swimmer's itch is a known problem or where signs have been posted warning of the risk. Also avoid being in marshy areas where snails are often found.
• Rinse after swimming.Rinse exposed skin with clean water right after leaving the water. Then dry the skin with a towel.
• Skip the bread crumbs.Don't feed birds on piers or near swimming areas.
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What are the Overview of Testicular cancer?
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Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. The testicles, which are also called testes, are in the scrotum. The scrotum is a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles make sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Testicular cancer isn't a common type of cancer. It can happen at any age, but it happens most often between the ages of 15 and 45.
The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. The cancer cells can grow quickly. They often spread outside the testicle to other parts of the body.
Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when it spreads to other parts of the body. Treatments depend on the type of testicular cancer that you have and how far it has spread. Common treatments include surgery and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Testicular cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include:
• A lump or swelling in either testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
• Sudden swelling in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
• Enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue
• Back pain
Usually testicular cancer only happens in one testicle.
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What are the causes of Testicular cancer?
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It's not clear what causes most testicular cancers.
Testicular cancer starts when something causes changes to the DNA of testicle cells. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the testicle that can form a mass called a tumor.
In time, the tumor can grow beyond the testicle. Some cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most often spreads to the lymph nodes, liver and lungs. When testicular cancer spreads, it's called metastatic testicular cancer.
Nearly all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells. The germ cells in the testicle make sperm. It's not clear what causes DNA changes in the germ cells.
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What are the risk factors of Testicular cancer?
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Factors that may increase your risk of testicular cancer include:
• Having an undescended testicle, which is called cryptorchidism.The testes form in the belly during fetal development. They typically descend into the scrotum before birth. If you have a testicle that never descended, your risk of testicular cancer is higher. The risk is increased even if you've had surgery to move the testicle to the scrotum.
• Having a family history of testicular cancer.If testicular cancer runs in your family, you might have an increased risk.
• Being a young adult.Testicular cancer can happen at any age. But it's most common in teens and young adults between 15 and 45.
• Being white.Testicular cancer is most common in white people.
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What is the prevention of Testicular cancer?
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There's no way to prevent testicular cancer. If you get testicular cancer, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.
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What are the Overview of Throat cancer?
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Throat cancer refers cancer that develops in your throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx).
Your throat is a muscular tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck. Throat cancer most often begins in the flat cells that line the inside of your throat.
Your voice box sits just below your throat and also is susceptible to throat cancer. The voice box is made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords that vibrate to make sound when you talk.
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What are the symptoms of Throat cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of throat cancer may include:
• A cough
• Changes in your voice, such as hoarseness or not speaking clearly
• Difficulty swallowing
• Ear pain
• A lump or sore that doesn't heal
• A sore throat
• Weight loss
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What are the causes of Throat cancer?
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Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat.
It's not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk.
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What are the risk factors of Throat cancer?
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Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include:
• Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco
• Excessive alcohol use
• Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus
• A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Exposure to toxic substances at work
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What is the prevention of Throat cancer?
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There's no proven way to prevent throat cancer from occurring. But in order to reduce your risk of throat cancer, you can:
• Stop smoking or don't start smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Stopping smoking can be very difficult, so get some help. Your doctor can discuss the benefits and risks of the many stop-smoking strategies, such as medication, nicotine replacement products and counseling.
• Drink alcohol only in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables.The vitamins and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may reduce your risk of throat cancer. Eat a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
• Protect yourself fromHPV.Some throat cancers are thought to be caused by the sexually transmitted infection human papillomavirus (HPV). You can reduce your risk ofHPVby limiting your number of sexual partners and using a condom every time you have sex. Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine, which may reduce the risk of throat cancer and otherHPV-related cancers.
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What are the Overview of Thyroid cancer?
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Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the thyroid. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid produces hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.
Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first. But as it grows, it can cause signs and symptoms, such as swelling in your neck, voice changes and difficulty swallowing.
Several types of thyroid cancer exist. Most types grow slowly, though some types can be very aggressive. Most thyroid cancers can be cured with treatment.
Thyroid cancer rates seem to be increasing. The increase may be caused by improved imaging technology that allows health care providers to find small thyroid cancers on CT and MRI scans done for other conditions (incidental thyroid cancers). Thyroid cancers found in this way are usually small cancers that respond well to treatments.
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What are the symptoms of Thyroid cancer?
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Most thyroid cancers don't cause any signs or symptoms early in the disease. As thyroid cancer grows, it may cause:
• A lump (nodule) that can be felt through the skin on your neck
• A feeling that close-fitting shirt collars are becoming too tight
• Changes to your voice, including increasing hoarseness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
• Pain in your neck and throat
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What are the causes of Thyroid cancer?
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Thyroid cancer happens when cells in the thyroid develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to grow and multiply rapidly. The cells go on living when healthy cells would naturally die. The accumulating cells form a mass called a tumor.
The tumor can grow to invade nearby tissue and can spread (metastasize) to the lymph nodes in the neck. Sometimes the cancer cells can spread beyond the neck to the lungs, bones and other parts of the body.
For most thyroid cancers, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that cause the cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Thyroid cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include:
• Female sex.Thyroid cancer occurs more often in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen. People who are assigned female sex at birth generally have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies.
• Exposure to high levels of radiation.Radiation therapy treatments to the head and neck increase the risk of thyroid cancer.
• Certain inherited genetic syndromes.Genetic syndromes that increase the risk of thyroid cancer include familial medullary thyroid cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia, Cowden syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. Types of thyroid cancer that sometimes run in families include medullary thyroid cancer and papillary thyroid cancer.
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What is the prevention of Thyroid cancer?
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Doctors aren't sure what causes the gene changes that lead to most thyroid cancers, so there's no way to prevent thyroid cancer in people who have an average risk of the disease.
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What are the Overview of Ulcerative colitis?
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Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in part of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) affects the innermost lining of the large intestine, called the colon, and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than coming on suddenly.
Ulcerative colitis can weaken the body and can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. While it has no known cure, treatment can greatly reduce and relieve symptoms of the disease. It also may bring about long-term remission.
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What are the symptoms of Ulcerative colitis?
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Ulcerative colitis symptoms can vary, depending on how serious the inflammation is and where it happens. Symptoms may include:
• Diarrhea, often with blood or pus.
• Rectal bleeding — passing a small amount of blood with stool.
• Belly pain and cramping.
• Rectal pain.
• Urgency to pass stool.
• Not being able to pass stool despite urgency.
• Weight loss.
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• In children, failure to grow.
About half of the people with ulcerative colitis have mild to moderate symptoms. The course of ulcerative colitis may vary, with some people having long periods of remission.
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What are the causes of Ulcerative colitis?
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The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn't known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don't cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include:
• Immune system issue.One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
• Genetic traits.Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.
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What are the risk factors of Ulcerative colitis?
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Ulcerative colitis affects about the same number of women and men. Risk factors may include:
• Age.Ulcerative colitis usually begins before the age of 30. But it can occur at any age, and some people may not develop the disease until after age 60.
• Race or ethnicity.Although white people have the highest risk of the disease, ulcerative colitis can happen in any race. The risk is even higher for those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
• Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a close relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, with the disease.
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What are the complications of Ulcerative colitis?
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Possible complications of ulcerative colitis include:
• Severe bleeding.
• A hole in the colon, known as a perforated colon.
• Severe dehydration.
• Loss of red blood cells, known as anemia.
• Bone loss, called osteoporosis.
• Inflammation of the skin, joints and eyes.
• An increased risk of colon cancer.
• A rapidly swelling colon, called toxic megacolon.
• Increased risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.
• Delayed growth and development in children.
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What are the Overview of Undescended testicle?
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A testicle that doesn't move down into its proper place in the scrotum before birth is called an undescended testicle. It's also known as cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kih-diz-um). Most often, it's just one testicle that doesn't descend into the scrotum, which is the bag of skin that hangs below the penis. But sometimes both testicles are affected.
An undescended testicle is more common in premature babies than it is in full-term infants. An undescended testicle often moves down on its own within a few months after the baby is born. If your baby has an undescended testicle that doesn't correct itself, surgery can be done to move the testicle into the scrotum.
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What are the symptoms of Undescended testicle?
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Not seeing or feeling a testicle in the scrotum is the main symptom of an undescended testicle.
Testicles form in an unborn baby's lower belly. During the last few months of pregnancy, the testicles typically move down from the stomach area. They move through a tubelike passage in the groin, called the inguinal canal, and descend into the scrotum. With an undescended testicle, that process stops or is delayed.
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What are the causes of Undescended testicle?
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The exact cause of an undescended testicle isn't known. Genes, the health of the baby's mother and other factors might have a combined effect. Together they may disrupt the hormones, physical changes and nerve activity that play roles in how the testicles develop.
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What are the risk factors of Undescended testicle?
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Things that might raise the risk of an undescended testicle in a newborn include:
• Premature birth or low birth weight.
• Family history of undescended testicles.
• Health conditions in the baby, such as cerebral palsy or a problem with the wall of the abdomen.
• The mother having diabetes before or during pregnancy.
• Alcohol use during pregnancy.
• Smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy.
• Exposure to some pesticides during pregnancy.
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