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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Undescended testicle?
The testicles need to be slightly cooler than regular body temperature to develop and work well. The scrotum provides this cooler place. Complications of a testicle not being located where it's supposed to be include: • Testicular cancer.Men who've had an undescended testicle have a higher risk of testicular cancer. This disease often begins in testicle cells that make immature sperm. It's not clear why these cells turn into cancer.The risk is greater in men who've had undescended testicles located in the stomach area than in men who've had undescended testicles in the groin. The risk also is higher when both testicles are affected. Surgery to correct an undescended testicle might lower the risk of testicular cancer. But the cancer risk doesn't go away completely. • Fertility problems.These problems make it harder to get a partner pregnant. They're more likely to happen in men who've had an undescended testicle. Fertility problems might be worse if an undescended testicle goes without treatment for a long time. Other health conditions linked with an undescended testicle include: • Testicular torsion.This is the twisting of the cord that brings blood to the scrotum. It's a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. Without quick treatment, the testicle might become so damaged that it needs to be removed with surgery. • Trauma.If a testicle is in the groin, it might get damaged from pressure against the pubic bone. • Inguinal hernia.A part of the intestines can push into the groin through a weak spot in the muscles of the stomach area. The bulge this causes can be painful.
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What are the symptoms of Vaginal cancer?
Vaginal cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. As it grows, vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms, such as: • Vaginal bleeding that isn't typical, such as after menopause or after sex. • Vaginal discharge. • A lump or mass in the vagina. • Painful urination. • Frequent urination. • Constipation. • Pelvic pain.
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What are the causes of Vaginal cancer?
Vaginal cancer begins when cells in the vagina develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Most DNA changes that lead to vaginal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Vaginal cancer?
Factors that may increase your risk of vaginal cancer include:
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What are the complications of Vaginal cancer?
Vaginal cancer can spread to other parts of the body. It most often spreads to the lungs, liver and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What is the prevention of Vaginal cancer?
There is no sure way to prevent vaginal cancer. However, you may lower your risk if you:
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What are the Overview of Vulvar cancer?
Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. It includes the clitoris and labia. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults. Vulvar cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue. Sometimes vulvar cancer surgery requires removing the entire vulva. The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Vulvar cancer?
Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: • A lump, wartlike bump or an open sore on the vulva. • Bleeding in the genital area that isn't from menstruation. • Itching of the skin of the vulva that doesn't go away. • Pain and tenderness that affects the vulva. • Skin changes, such as changes in the color of the skin of the vulva or thickening of the skin.
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What are the causes of Vulvar cancer?
It's not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva. Vulvar cancer happens when cells in the vulva develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn't always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It's associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
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What are the risk factors of Vulvar cancer?
Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include: • Older age.The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65. • Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also calledHPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact.HPVincreases the risk of several cancers, including vulvar cancer and cervical cancer. Many young, sexually active people are exposed toHPV. For most the infection goes away on its own. For some, the infection causes cell changes and increases the risk of cancer in the future. • Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vulvar cancer. • Having a weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of vulvar cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, can weaken the immune system. • Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva.Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer. • Having a skin condition involving the vulva.Lichen sclerosus causes the vulvar skin to become thin and itchy. It also increases the risk of vulvar cancer.
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What is the prevention of Vulvar cancer?
To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don't smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.
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What are the Overview of Vulvodynia?
Vulvodynia (vul-voe-DIN-e-uh) is a type of long-term pain or discomfort around the outer part of the female genitals, called the vulva. It lasts at least three months and has no clear cause. The pain, burning or irritation linked with vulvodynia can make you so uncomfortable that sitting for a long time or having sex becomes unthinkable. The condition can last for months to years. If you have symptoms of vulvodynia, don't let embarrassment or a lack of visible signs stop you from talking with your gynecologist or another healthcare professional. Treatments can ease your discomfort. And your care team might be able to find a cause for your pain. So, it's key to get a medical exam.
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What are the symptoms of Vulvodynia?
The main vulvodynia symptom is pain in the vulva, which includes the opening of the vagina. The pain often is described as: • Burning. • Irritation. • Stinging. • Rawness. • Soreness. • Sharp or knife-like pain. You also may feel aching, throbbing and swelling. How often the symptoms happen and where exactly they're felt varies from person to person. Your pain might be constant, or it may come and go. It might flare up only when the vulva is touched. You might feel the pain throughout your entire vulva. This is called generalized vulvodynia. Or the pain may flare up in a certain area, such as the tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina, called the vestibule. This is known as localized vulvodynia, and it's more common than the generalized kind. The tissue of the vulva might look slightly inflamed or swollen. More often, your vulva doesn't look different than usual.
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What are the causes of Vulvodynia?
Experts don't know what causes vulvodynia. Factors that might play a role include: • Injury to or irritation of the nerves of the vulva. • Past infections of the vagina. • Painful swelling called inflammation that affects the vulva. • Some genetic conditions. • Allergies. • Hormonal changes. • Muscle spasm or weakness in the pelvic floor, which supports the uterus, bladder and bowel.
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What are the complications of Vulvodynia?
Without treatment, vulvodynia can affect mental health, relationships and other aspects of your life. The condition is linked with anxiety and depression. It's also tied to less sexual desire, arousal and enjoyment. Fear of having painful sex can cause spasms in the muscles around the vagina, a condition called vaginismus. Intimacy issues such as these lead many people with vulvodynia to say they feel shame, lower self-esteem, negative about body image and lacking as a sexual partner. The pain and other symptoms of vulvodynia might make it harder to keep up with work. You may feel less social too. And you may have trouble getting quality sleep.
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What are the Overview of Wilms tumor?
Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, it's the most common cancer of the kidneys in children. Wilms tumor most often affects children ages 3 to 4. It becomes much less common after age 5, but it can affect older children and even adults. Wilms tumor mostly occurs in just one kidney. But it can sometimes be in both kidneys at the same time. Over the years, progress in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms tumor has greatly improved the prognosis for children with this disease. With treatment, the outlook for most children with Wilms tumor is good.
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What are the symptoms of Wilms tumor?
Symptoms of Wilms tumor vary a lot. Some children don't seem to have any symptoms. But others with Wilms tumor have one or more of these symptoms: • A mass in the stomach area that can be felt. • Swelling in the stomach area. • Pain in the stomach area. Other symptoms might include: • Fever. • Blood in the urine. • Low red blood cell level, also known as anemia. • High blood pressure.
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What are the causes of Wilms tumor?
It's not clear what causes Wilms tumor. Cancer begins when cells develop changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cells what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells live while healthy cells die as part of their natural life cycle. With Wilms tumor, the changes make extra cells in the kidney that form the tumor. Rarely, DNA changes passed from parents to children can increase the risk of Wilms tumor.
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What are the risk factors of Wilms tumor?
Factors that may increase the risk of Wilms tumor include: • Being Black.In North America and Europe, Black children have a slightly higher risk of getting Wilms tumor than do children of other races. Asian-American children appear to have a lower risk than children of other races. • Having a family history of Wilms tumor.Having someone in the family who's had Wilms tumor increases the risk of getting the disease. Wilms tumor occurs more often in children who have certain conditions present at birth, including: • Aniridia.In aniridia (an-ih-RID-e-uh), the colored portion of the eye, known as the iris, forms only in part or not at all. • Hemihypertrophy.Hemihypertrophy (hem-e-hi-PUR-truh-fee) means one side of the body or a part of the body is larger than the other side. Wilms tumor can occur as part of rare syndromes, including: • WAGR syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital and urinary system problems, and intellectual disabilities. • Denys-Drash syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, kidney disease and male pseudohermaphroditism (soo-do-her-MAF-roe-dit-iz-um). In male pseudohermaphroditism, a boy's genitals aren't clearly male. • Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.Children with this syndrome tend to be much larger than what is typical, known as macrosomia. This syndrome might cause organs in the stomach area to jut into the base of the umbilical cord, a large tongue, large internal organs and ears that are formed unusually.
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What is the prevention of Wilms tumor?
Wilms tumor can't be prevented. If a child has any of the conditions that increase the risk for Wilms tumor, a health care provider might suggest doing kidney ultrasounds at times to look for anything unusual in the kidneys. Although this screening can't prevent Wilms tumor, it may help find the disease at an early stage.
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What are the Overview of Yeast infection (vaginal)?
A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. It causes irritation, discharge and itching of the vagina and the vulva. Vaginal yeast infection also is called vaginal candidiasis. Vaginal yeast infection affects most people assigned female at birth at some point in life. Many have at least two infections. People who don't have sex can get a vaginal yeast infection. So it isn't though of as a sexually transmitted infection. But you can get vaginal yeast infections through sex. There's a higher risk of vaginal yeast infection when you start having sex. And some vaginal yeast infections may be linked to sexual contact between the mouth and genital area, called oral-genital sex. Medicines can treat vaginal yeast infections. Yeast infections that happen four times or more a year may need a longer treatment course and a plan to prevent them.
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What are the symptoms of Yeast infection (vaginal)?
Yeast infection symptoms range from mild to moderate. They may include: • Itching and irritation in the vagina and tissues at the vaginal opening, called the vulva. • A burning feeling, mainly during intercourse or while urinating. • Redness and swelling of the vulva. Redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin than on white skin. • Vaginal pain and soreness. • Thick, white vaginal shedding of fluid and cells, called discharge, with little or no odor. The discharge looks like cottage cheese.
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What are the causes of Yeast infection (vaginal)?
The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections. Most often, the vagina has a balance of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria called lactobacillus work to prevent too much yeast. But some factors can affect the balance. Too much candida or the fungus growing deeper into vaginal cells causes symptoms of a yeast infection. Too much yeast can result from: • Antibiotic use. • Pregnancy. • Diabetes that isn't well-managed. • A weakened immune system. • Use of birth control pills or hormone therapy that raises levels of the hormone estrogen. Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat.
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What are the risk factors of Yeast infection (vaginal)?
Factors that raise the risk of getting a yeast infection include: • Antibiotic use.Yeast infections are common in people who take antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill a range of bacteria. They also kill healthy bacteria in the vagina. This can lead to too much yeast. • Raised estrogen levels.Yeast infections are more common in people with higher estrogen levels. Pregnancy, birth control pills and hormone therapy can raise estrogen levels. • Diabetes that isn't well-managed.People with poorly managed blood sugar are at greater risk of yeast infections than are people with well-managed blood sugar. • Weakened immune system.People with lowered immunity are more likely to get yeast infections. Lower immunity might be from corticosteroid therapy or HIV infection or other diseases that suppress the immune system.
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What is the prevention of Yeast infection (vaginal)?
To lower your risk of vaginal yeast infections, wear underwear that has a cotton crotch and doesn't fit too tightly. Also, these tips might help prevent a yeast infection: • Do not wear tight pantyhose, underwear or jeans. • Do not douche. This removes some of the good germs in the vagina that protect from infection. • Do not use scented products in the vaginal area. For instance, don't use scented bubble bath, soap, menstrual pads and tampons. • Do not use hot tubs or take hot baths. • Do not use antibiotics you don't need. For instance, don't take antibiotics for colds or other viral infections. • Do not stay in wet clothes, such as swimsuits and workout clothes, for longer than needed.
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What are the Overview of Dandruff?
Dandruff is a common condition that causes the skin on the scalp to flake. It isn't contagious or serious. But it can be embarrassing and difficult to treat. Mild dandruff can be treated with a gentle daily shampoo. If that doesn't work, a medicated shampoo may help. Symptoms may return later. Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis.
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What are the symptoms of Dandruff?
Dandruff signs and symptoms may include: • Skin flakes on your scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard or mustache, and shoulders • Itchy scalp • Scaly, crusty scalp in infants with cradle cap The signs and symptoms may be more severe if you're stressed, and they tend to flare in cold, dry seasons.
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What are the causes of Dandruff?
Dandruff may have several causes, including: • Irritated, oily skin • Dry skin • A yeastlike fungus (malassezia) that feeds on oils on the scalps of most adults • Sensitivity to hair care products (contact dermatitis) • Other skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema
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What are the risk factors of Dandruff?
Almost anyone can have dandruff, but certain factors can make you more susceptible: • Age.Dandruff usually begins in young adulthood and continues through middle age. That doesn't mean older adults don't get dandruff. For some people, the problem can be lifelong. • Being male.Dandruff is more prevalent in males than in females. • Certain illnesses.Parkinson's disease and other diseases that affect the nervous system also seem to increase risk of dandruff. So does having HIV or a weakened immune system.
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What are the Overview of De Quervain tenosynovitis?
De Quervain tenosynovitis (dih-kwer-VAIN ten-oh-sine-oh-VIE-tis) is a painful condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. If you have de Quervain tenosynovitis, you will probably feel pain when you turn your wrist, grasp anything or make a fist. Although the exact cause of de Quervain tenosynovitis isn't known, any activity that relies on repetitive hand or wrist movement — such as working in the garden, playing golf or racket sports, or lifting a baby — can make it worse.
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What are the symptoms of De Quervain tenosynovitis?
Symptoms of de Quervain tenosynovitis include: • Pain near the base of the thumb • Swelling near the base of the thumb • Difficulty moving the thumb and wrist when doing something that involves grasping or pinching • A "sticking" or "stop-and-go" sensation in the thumb when moving it If the condition goes too long without treatment, the pain may spread farther into the thumb or forearm or both. Moving the thumb and wrist may make the pain worse.
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What are the risk factors of De Quervain tenosynovitis?
Risk factors for de Quervain tenosynovitis include: • Age.People between the ages of 30 and 50 have a higher risk of developing de Quervain tenosynovitis than do people in other age groups, including children. • Sex.The condition is more common in women. • Being pregnant.The condition may be associated with pregnancy. • Baby care.Lifting a child repeatedly involves using the thumbs as leverage and may be associated with the condition. • Jobs or hobbies that involve repetitive hand and wrist motions.These may contribute to de Quervain tenosynovitis.
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What are the complications of De Quervain tenosynovitis?
When de Quervain tenosynovitis goes untreated, it can become difficult to use the hand and wrist properly. The wrist may lose some range of motion.
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What are the Overview of Delayed ejaculation?
Delayed ejaculation is a condition in which it takes a long period of sexual arousal to reach climax and release semen from the penis, called ejaculate. Some people with delayed ejaculation can't ejaculate at all. Delayed ejaculation can be a brief or lifelong problem. Possible causes of delayed ejaculation include certain ongoing health conditions, surgeries and medicines. Treatment for delayed ejaculation depends on the cause. Delayed ejaculation can happen from time to time. Delayed ejaculation is a problem only if it's ongoing and causes stress or worry for you and your partner.
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What are the symptoms of Delayed ejaculation?
There's no set time that means a diagnosis of delayed ejaculation. Some people with delayed ejaculation need many minutes of sexual stimulation to have an orgasm and ejaculate. Others might not be able to ejaculate at all, called anejaculation. In delayed ejaculation, the delay causes upset. Also delayed ejaculation might mean stopping sex due to tiredness, physical irritation, loss of erection or because the partner wants to stop. Often, there's trouble reaching orgasm during sexual intercourse or other sexual activities with a partner. Some people can ejaculate only when masturbating. But others may not be able to ejaculate by masturbating. Delayed ejaculation is divided into the following types based on symptoms: • Lifelong versus acquired.With lifelong delayed ejaculation, the problem is present from the time of sexual maturity. Acquired delayed ejaculation happens after a period of typical sexual functioning. • Generalized versus situational.Generalized delayed ejaculation isn't limited to certain sex partners or certain kinds of arousal. Situational delayed ejaculation happens only under certain conditions.
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What are the causes of Delayed ejaculation?
Some medicines, certain ongoing health conditions and surgeries can cause delayed ejaculation. Other causes include substance misuse or a mental health concern, such as depression, anxiety or stress. Often, it's due to a mix of physical and psychological concerns. Psychological causes of delayed ejaculation include: • Depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions. • Relationship problems due to stress, not communicating well or other concerns. • Anxiety about performance. • Poor body image. • Cultural or religious taboos. • Differences between the reality of sex with a partner and sexual fantasies. Medicines and other substances that can cause delayed ejaculation include: • Some antidepressants or antipsychotics. • Certain high blood pressure medicines. • Certain water pills, called diuretics. • Some antipsychotic medicines. • Some antiseizure medicines. • Too much alcohol. Physical causes of delayed ejaculation include: • Certain birth defects that affect the reproductive system. • Injury to the pelvic nerves that control orgasm. • Certain infections, such as a urinary tract infection. • Prostate surgery, such as transurethral resection of the prostate or prostate removal. • Neurological diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, stroke or nerve damage to the spinal cord. • Hormone-related conditions, such as low thyroid hormone level, called hypothyroidism, or low testosterone level, called hypogonadism. • A condition in which the semen goes backward into the bladder rather than out of the penis, called retrograde ejaculation.
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What are the risk factors of Delayed ejaculation?
The following can increase the risk of having delayed ejaculation: • Older age. With aging, ejaculation takes longer. • Psychological conditions, such as depression or anxiety. • Medical conditions, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis. • Certain medical treatments, such as prostate surgery. • Medicines, such as certain antidepressants, high blood pressure medicines or water pills, called diuretics. • Relationship problems, such as not being able to talk to your partner. • Excessive alcohol use, especially long-term heavy drinking.
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What are the complications of Delayed ejaculation?
Complications of delayed ejaculation can include: • Less sexual pleasure for you and your partner. • Stress or anxiety about having sex. • Marital or relationship problems due to a poor sex life. • Not being able to get your partner pregnant, called infertility.
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What are the Overview of Delayed sleep phase?
Delayed sleep phase is a sleep disorder that affects the internal clock, known as circadian rhythm. People with this sleep disorder have sleep patterns that are delayed two hours or more from usual sleep patterns. They go to sleep later and wake later. This makes it hard to wake in time for work or school. Delayed sleep phase also is known as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. A treatment plan might include making changes to sleep habits, taking melatonin supplements and using light therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Delayed sleep phase?
People with delayed sleep phase fall asleep and wake later than they want and later than usual sleep and wake times. Sleep and wake times are delayed at least two hours and may be delayed up to 3 to 6 hours. People with delayed sleep phase may regularly go to sleep at 3 a.m. and wake at 10 a.m., for example. Symptoms are persistent. They last at least three months and often for years. Symptoms may include: • Not being able to fall asleep at a typical bedtime, known as insomnia. • Trouble waking up in the morning in time to go to work or school. • Extreme daytime drowsiness. • Trouble staying alert during the day.
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What are the causes of Delayed sleep phase?
Delayed sleep phase is caused by a person's internal clock being out of sync with the environment. Your internal clock lets you know when it's time to sleep and when it's time to wake. Known as circadian rhythm, your internal clock is on a 24-hour cycle. Cues in the environment influence the sleep-wake cycle. These cues include light, darkness, eating and physical activity. The exact cause of delayed sleep phase isn't known. But circadian rhythms can be delayed in teenagers for biological reasons. Staying up late to do homework, watch TV or use the internet can make the sleep delay worse.
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What are the risk factors of Delayed sleep phase?
Delayed sleep phase can affect children and adults of any age. However, delayed sleep phase is more common among teenagers and young adults.
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What are the Overview of Delirium?
Delirium is a serious change in mental abilities. It results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness of someone's surroundings. The disorder usually comes on fast — within hours or a few days. Delirium can often be traced to one or more factors. Factors may include a severe or long illness or an imbalance in the body, such as low sodium. The disorder also may be caused by certain medicines, infection, surgery, or alcohol or drug use or withdrawal. Symptoms of delirium are sometimes confused with symptoms of dementia. Health care providers may rely on input from a family member or caregiver to diagnose the disorder.
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What are the symptoms of Delirium?
Symptoms of delirium usually begin over a few hours or a few days. They typically occur with a medical problem. Symptoms often come and go during the day. There may be periods of no symptoms. Symptoms tend to be worse at night when it's dark and things look less familiar. They also tend to be worse in settings that aren't familiar, such as in a hospital. Primary symptoms include the following.
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What are the causes of Delirium?
Delirium occurs when signals in the brain aren't sent and received properly. The disorder may have a single cause or more than one cause. For example, a medical condition combined with the side effects of a medicine could cause delirium. Sometimes no cause can be found. Possible causes include: • Certain medicines or medicine side effects • Alcohol or drug use or withdrawal • A medical condition such as a stroke, heart attack, worsening lung or liver disease, or an injury from a fall • An imbalance in the body, such as low sodium or low calcium • Severe, long-lasting illness or an illness that will lead to death • Fever and a new infection, particularly in children • Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, the flu orCOVID-19, especially in older adults • Exposure to a toxin, such as carbon monoxide, cyanide or other poisons • Poor nutrition or a loss of too much body fluid • Lack of sleep or severe emotional distress • Pain • Surgery or another medical procedure that requires being put in a sleep-like state Some medicines taken alone or taken in combination can trigger delirium. These include medicines that treat: • Pain • Sleep problems • Mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression • Allergies • Asthma • Swelling • Parkinson's disease • Spasms or convulsions
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What are the risk factors of Delirium?
Any condition that results in a hospital stay increases the risk of delirium. This is mostly true when someone is recovering from surgery or is put in intensive care. Delirium is more common in older adults and in people who live in nursing homes. Examples of other conditions that may increase the risk of delirium include: • Brain disorders such as dementia, stroke or Parkinson's disease • Past delirium episodes • Vision or hearing loss • Multiple medical problems
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What are the complications of Delirium?
Delirium may last only a few hours or as long as several weeks or months. If the causes are addressed, the recovery time is often shorter. Recovery depends to some extent on the health and mental status before symptoms began. People with dementia, for example, may experience an overall decline in memory and thinking skills after a delirium episode. People in better health are more likely to fully recover. People with other serious, long-lasting or terminal illnesses may not regain the thinking skills or function that they had before the onset of delirium. Delirium in seriously ill people is more likely to lead to: • A general decline in health • Poor recovery from surgery • The need for long-term care • An increased risk of death
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What is the prevention of Delirium?
The best way to prevent delirium is to target risk factors that might trigger an episode. Hospital settings present a special challenge. Hospital stays often involve room changes, invasive procedures, loud noises and poor lighting. Lack of natural light and lack of sleep can make confusion worse. Some steps can help prevent or reduce the severity of delirium. To do this, promote good sleep habits, help the person remain calm and well-oriented, and help prevent medical problems or other complications. Also avoid medicines used for sleep, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl Allergy, Unisom, others).
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What are the Overview of Dementia?
Dementia describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities. The symptoms interfere with a person's daily life. Dementia isn't one specific disease. Several diseases can cause dementia. Memory loss is one of the early symptoms of dementia. But having memory loss alone doesn't mean you have dementia because memory loss can have different causes. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in older adults, but there are other causes. Depending on the cause, some dementia symptoms might be reversible.
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What are the symptoms of Dementia?
Dementia symptoms vary depending on the cause. Common symptoms include:
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What are the risk factors of Dementia?
Many factors can eventually contribute to dementia. Some factors, such as age, can't be changed, but you can address other factors to reduce your risk.
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What are the complications of Dementia?
Dementia can affect many body systems and, therefore, the ability to function. Dementia can lead to: • Poor nutrition.Many people with dementia eventually reduce or stop eating, affecting their nutrient intake. Ultimately, they may be unable to chew and swallow. • Pneumonia.Trouble swallowing increases the risk of choking. And food or liquids can enter the lungs, known as aspiration. This can block breathing and cause pneumonia. • Inability to perform self-care tasks.As dementia gets worse, people have a hard time bathing, dressing, and brushing their hair or teeth. They need help using the toilet and taking medicines as directed. • Personal safety challenges.Some day-to-day situations can present safety issues for people with dementia. These include driving, cooking, and walking and living alone. • Death.Coma and death can occur in late-stage dementia. This often happens because of an infection.
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What is the prevention of Dementia?
There's no sure way to prevent dementia, but there are steps you can take that might help. More research is needed, but it might help to do the following: • Keep your mind active.Mentally stimulating activities might delay the onset of dementia and decrease its effects. Spend time reading, solving puzzles and playing word games. • Be physically and socially active.Physical activity and social interaction might delay the onset of dementia and reduce its symptoms. Aim for 150 minutes of exercise a week. • Quit smoking.Some studies have shown that smoking in middle age and beyond might increase the risk of dementia and blood vessel conditions. Quitting smoking might reduce the risk and improve health. • Get enough vitamins.Some research suggests that people with low levels of vitamin D in their blood are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. You can increase your vitamin D levels with certain foods, supplements and sun exposure. More study is needed before an increase in vitamin D intake is recommended for preventing dementia. But it's a good idea to make sure you get adequate vitamin D. Taking a daily B-complex vitamin and vitamin C also might help. • Manage cardiovascular risk factors.Treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. Pay attention to your levels of LDL cholesterol and get treatment if the levels are too high. High levels of LDL cholesterol in middle age raise the risk of dementia. Lose weight if you're overweight. High blood pressure might lead to a higher risk of some types of dementia. More research is needed to determine whether treating high blood pressure may reduce the risk of dementia. • Take care of your mental health.See your healthcare professional if you have depression or anxiety. • Maintain a healthy diet.A diet such as the Mediterranean diet might promote health and lower the risk of developing dementia. A Mediterranean diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and omega-3 fatty acids, which are commonly found in certain fish and nuts. This type of diet also improves cardiovascular health, which may help lower dementia risk. • Get good-quality sleep.Practice good sleep hygiene. Talk with a healthcare professional if you snore loudly or have times when you stop breathing or gasp during sleep. • Treat hearing loss.People with hearing loss have a greater chance of developing a condition related to thinking known as cognitive decline. Early treatment of hearing loss, such as use of hearing aids, might help decrease the risk. • Get regular eye exams and treat vision loss.Research suggests that not treating vision loss may be associated with a raised risk of dementia.
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What are the Overview of Dengue fever?
Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death. Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. But the disease has been spreading to new areas, including local outbreaks in Europe and southern parts of the United States. Researchers are working on dengue fever vaccines. For now, in areas where dengue fever is common, the best ways to prevent infection are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to take steps to reduce the mosquito population.
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What are the symptoms of Dengue fever?
Many people experience no signs or symptoms of a dengue infection. When symptoms do occur, they may be mistaken for other illnesses — such as the flu — and usually begin four to 10 days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito. Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms: • Headache • Muscle, bone or joint pain • Nausea • Vomiting • Pain behind the eyes • Swollen glands • Rash Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening. This is called severe dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Severe dengue happens when your blood vessels become damaged and leaky. And the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your bloodstream drops. This can lead to shock, internal bleeding, organ failure and even death. Warning signs of severe dengue fever — which is a life-threatening emergency — can develop quickly. The warning signs usually begin the first day or two after your fever goes away, and may include: • Severe stomach pain • Persistent vomiting • Bleeding from your gums or nose • Blood in your urine, stools or vomit • Bleeding under the skin, which might look like bruising • Difficult or rapid breathing • Fatigue • Irritability or restlessness
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What are the causes of Dengue fever?
Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. You can't get dengue fever from being around an infected person. Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person's bloodstream and causes an infection. After you've recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. This means you can be infected again in the future by one of the other three virus types. Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.
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What are the risk factors of Dengue fever?
You have a greater risk of developing dengue fever or a more severe form of the disease if: • You live or travel in tropical areas.Being in tropical and subtropical areas increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever. Especially high-risk areas include Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. • You have had dengue fever in the past.Previous infection with a dengue fever virus increases your risk of severe symptoms if you get dengue fever again.
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What are the complications of Dengue fever?
Severe dengue fever can cause internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can drop to dangerous levels, causing shock. In some cases, severe dengue fever can lead to death. Women who get dengue fever during pregnancy may be able to spread the virus to the baby during childbirth. Additionally, babies of women who get dengue fever during pregnancy have a higher risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight or fetal distress.
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What are the Overview of Depersonalization-derealization disorder?
Depersonalization-derealization disorder occurs when you always or often feel that you're seeing yourself from outside your body or you sense that things around you are not real — or both. Feelings of depersonalization and derealization can be very disturbing. You may feel like you're living in a dream. Many people have a passing experience of depersonalization or derealization at some point. But when these feelings keep occurring or never fully go away, and they make it hard for you to function, it's likely depersonalization-derealization disorder. This condition is more common in people who experience trauma, such as violence, abuse or other kinds of extreme stress. Depersonalization-derealization disorder can be serious and may get in the way of your relationships and work. It also can disrupt other daily activities. The main treatment for depersonalization-derealization disorder is psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy. Sometimes medicines also are used.
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What are the causes of Depersonalization-derealization disorder?
The cause of depersonalization-derealization disorder is not well understood. Some people may be more likely to experience depersonalization and derealization than others. This is possibly due to genetic and environmental factors. High levels of stress and fear may cause bouts. Symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder may be related to childhood trauma or other experiences or events that cause severe emotional stress or trauma.
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What are the risk factors of Depersonalization-derealization disorder?
Factors that may raise the risk of depersonalization-derealization disorder include: • Certain personality traitsthat make you want to stay away from stressful situations or make it hard to describe your emotional experience. • Serious traumaas a child or an adult, like going through or seeing a traumatic event, such as violence or abuse. • Serious stress,such as major relationship, financial or work-related issues. • Depression or anxiety,especially serious depression, depression that lasts a long time or anxiety with panic attacks. • Drug misuse,which can cause bouts of depersonalization or derealization.
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What are the complications of Depersonalization-derealization disorder?
Bouts of depersonalization or derealization can be scary and make it hard to function. They can: • Make it hard to focus on tasks or remember things. • Get in the way of work and other routine activities. • Cause problems in relationships with your family and friends. • Make you feel anxious, depressed or hopeless.
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What are the Overview of Dermatitis?
Dermatitis is a common condition that causes swelling and irritation of the skin. It has many causes and forms and often involves itchy, dry skin or a rash. Or it might cause the skin to blister, ooze, crust or flake. Three common types of this condition are atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis is also known as eczema. Dermatitis isn't contagious, but it can be very uncomfortable. Moisturizing regularly helps control the symptoms. Treatment also may include medicated ointments, creams and shampoos.
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What are the symptoms of Dermatitis?
Each type of dermatitis tends to occur on a different part of the body. Symptoms may include: • Itchiness that can be painful. • Dry, cracked, scaly skin, more typical on white skin. • Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on skin color. • Blisters, perhaps with oozing and crusting. • Dandruff. • Thickened skin. • Small, raised bumps, more typical on brown or Black skin.
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What are the causes of Dermatitis?
A common cause of dermatitis is contact with something that irritates your skin or triggers an allergic reaction. Examples of such things are poison ivy, perfume, lotion and jewelry containing nickel. Other causes of dermatitis include dry skin, a viral infection, bacteria, stress, genetic makeup and a problem with the immune system.
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What are the risk factors of Dermatitis?
Common risk factors for dermatitis include: • Age.Dermatitis can occur at any age, but atopic dermatitis is more common in children than adults. It often begins in infancy. • Allergies, atopic dermatitis and asthma.People who have a personal or family history of atopic dermatitis, allergies, hay fever or asthma are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. • Occupation.Jobs that put you in contact with certain metals, solvents or cleaning supplies increase your risk of contact dermatitis. Being a health care worker is linked to hand eczema. • Other health conditions.Health conditions that put you at increased risk of seborrheic dermatitis include Parkinson's disease, immunodeficiency andHIV/AIDS.
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What are the complications of Dermatitis?
Repeated scratching that breaks the skin can cause open sores and cracks. These increase the risk of infection from bacteria and fungi. These skin infections can spread and become life-threatening, though this is rare. In people with brown and Black skin, dermatitis might cause the affected skin to darken or lighten. These conditions are called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and post-inflammatory hypopigmentation. It might take months or years for the skin to return to its usual color.
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What is the prevention of Dermatitis?
Wear protective clothing if you're doing a task that involves irritants or caustic chemicals. Developing a basic skin care routine also may help prevent dermatitis. The following habits can help reduce the drying effects of bathing: • Take shorter baths and showers.Limit your bath or shower to about 10 minutes. Use lukewarm, not hot, water. Bath oil also may be helpful. • Use a mild soap or a soapless cleanser.Choose a cleanser that has no dyes, alcohols and fragrance. Some soaps can dry the skin. For young children, you usually need only warm water to get them clean — no soap or bubble bath needed. Don't scrub the skin with a washcloth or loofah. • Pat dry.After bathing, gently pat the skin with a soft towel. Avoid aggressive rubbing. • Moisturize all the skin.While the skin is still damp, seal in moisture with an oil, cream or lotion. Moisturize throughout the day as needed.Many moisturizers are sold. Try different products to find one that works for you. The ideal moisturizer is safe, unscented, effective, affordable and one that you like to use regularly. Examples include Vanicream, Eucerin, CeraVe and Cetaphil.
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What are the symptoms of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
Symptoms of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include: • A lump or lumps on the skin that look like pimples, scars or birthmarks. • A lump or lumps on the skin that may feel hard to the touch or rubberlike. • A patch of skin that feels firm to the touch. The lumps typically appear on the arms, legs or trunk. They rarely form on the head or neck.
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What are the causes of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
The cause of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans often isn't known. This skin cancer happens when cells in the skin develop changes. The changes happen in the cells' chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike structures inside cells that contain DNA and proteins. The changes in the chromosomes cause the cells to make many more cells quickly. The cancer cells form a growth that starts underneath the skin and may push up to create a lump over time. Other lumps may appear as well.
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What are the risk factors of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
Risk factors for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include: • Age.This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in adults ages 20 to 50. • Race.This cancer happens more often in Black people than it does in people of other races. • Prior skin injury.People with skin that has been burned, treated with radiation or scarred from surgery may be more likely to have this cancer. • History of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.This cancer can come back locally after surgical removal. There is no way to prevent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
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What are the Overview of Dermatographia (Dermatographism)?
Dermatographia is a condition in which lightly scratching your skin causes raised, inflamed lines or welts. These marks tend to go away in less than 30 minutes. The condition is also known as dermatographism and skin writing. The cause of dermatographia is unknown, but it may be related to an infection, emotional upset or a medicine you're taking. Dermatographia is harmless. Most people who have this condition don't need treatment. If your symptoms bother you, talk with your health care provider, who might prescribe an allergy medicine.
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What are the symptoms of Dermatographia (Dermatographism)?
Symptoms of dermatographia may include: • Raised, inflamed lines where you scratched. • Welts from friction. • Swelling. • Itching. The symptoms may occur within a few minutes of the skin being rubbed or scratched. They tend to go away within 30 minutes. Rarely, the skin symptoms develop more slowly and lasts several hours to days. The condition itself can last for months or years.
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What are the causes of Dermatographia (Dermatographism)?
The exact cause of dermatographia isn't clear. It may be an allergic reaction, though no specific allergen has been found. Simple things may cause symptoms of dermatographia. For example, rubbing from your clothes or bedsheets may irritate your skin. In some people, the symptoms are preceded by an infection, emotional stress, vibration, cold exposure or taking a medicine.
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What are the risk factors of Dermatographia (Dermatographism)?
Dermatographia can occur at any age. It tends to be more common in teens and young adults. If you have other skin conditions, you may be at greater risk. One such condition is atopic dermatitis (eczema).
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What is the prevention of Dermatographia (Dermatographism)?
Try these tips to reduce discomfort and prevent the symptoms of dermatographia: • Treat skin gently.Use a mild soap or nonsoap cleanser and pat skin dry. Wear things made of cloth that doesn't itch. Use warm water when you take a bath or shower. • Don't scratch your skin.Try not to scratch. This is a good tip for any skin condition. • Keep your skin moisturized.Use creams, lotions or ointments daily. Creams and ointments are thicker and tend to work better than lotions do. Apply your skin product while your skin is still damp from washing. Use it again during the day as needed.
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What are the symptoms of Desmoid tumors?
Desmoid tumor symptoms differ based on where the tumors occur. Desmoid tumors most often happen in the abdomen, arms and legs. But they can form anywhere in the body. In general, signs and symptoms include: • A mass or area of swelling • Pain • Loss of function in the affected area • Cramping and nausea, when desmoid tumors occur in the abdomen
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What are the risk factors of Desmoid tumors?
Factors that may increase the risk of desmoid tumors include: • Young adult age.Desmoid tumors tend to occur in younger adults in their 20s and 30s. This tumor is rare in children and older people. • A genetic syndrome that causes many colon polyps.People with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have an increased risk of desmoid tumors.FAPis caused by a gene mutation that can be passed down from parents to children. It causes numerous growths (polyps) in the colon. • Pregnancy.Rarely, a desmoid tumor may develop during or soon after pregnancy. • Injury.A small number of desmoid tumors develop in people who've recently had an injury or surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Desmoplastic small round cell tumors?
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor symptoms vary depending on where the cancer begins. Most often it begins in the abdomen. Signs and symptoms of desmoplastic small round cell tumors in the abdomen include: • Swelling of the abdomen • Abdominal pain • Constipation • Difficulty urinating
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What are the causes of Desmoplastic small round cell tumors?
It's not clear what causes desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply quickly. This creates a clump of cancer cells called a tumor. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Desmoplastic small round cell tumors?
Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. This cancer can happen to anyone, but it's more common in young men and boys.
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What are the Overview of Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel. The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems. Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes happens when blood sugar levels are higher than normal. But the blood sugar levels aren't high enough to be called diabetes. And prediabetes can lead to diabetes unless steps are taken to prevent it. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. But it may go away after the baby is born.
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What are the symptoms of Diabetes?
Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they haveprediabetes,gestational diabetesortype 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms. Intype 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are: • Feeling more thirsty than usual. • Urinating often. • Losing weight without trying. • Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin. • Feeling tired and weak. • Feeling irritable or having other mood changes. • Having blurry vision. • Having slow-healing sores. • Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections. Type 1 diabetes can start at any age. But it often startsduring childhoodor teen years. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age. Type 2 diabetes is more common in people older than 40. Buttype 2 diabetes in childrenis increasing.
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What are the causes of Diabetes?
To understand diabetes, it's important to understand how the body normally uses glucose.
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What are the risk factors of Diabetes?
Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes. Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes. Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are at higher risk. Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in people who are overweight or obese.
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What are the complications of Diabetes?
Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes — and the less controlled your blood sugar — the higher the risk of complications. Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. In fact, prediabetes can lead to type 2 diabetes. Possible complications include: • Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease.Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you're more likely to have heart disease or stroke. • Nerve damage from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy).Too much sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction. • Kidney damage from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy).The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. • Eye damage from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy).Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye. This could lead to blindness. • Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of many foot complications. • Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections. • Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes. • Alzheimer's disease.Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. • Depression related to diabetes.Depression symptoms are common in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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What is the prevention of Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent them: • Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep from feeling bored. • Get more physical activity.Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk daily walk. If you can't fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions throughout the day. • Lose excess pounds.If you're overweight, losing even 7% of your body weight can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of diabetes.But don't try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider about how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.To keep your weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to your eating and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem. Sometimes drugs are an option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. But healthy lifestyle choices are important. If you have prediabetes, have your blood sugar checked at least once a year to make sure you haven't developed type 2 diabetes.
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What are the symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus in adults include: • Being very thirsty, often with a preference for cold water. • Making large amounts of pale urine. • Getting up to urinate and drink water often during the night. Adults typically urinate an average of 1 to 3 quarts (about 1 to 3 liters) a day. People who have diabetes insipidus and who drink a lot of fluids may make as much as 20 quarts (about 19 liters) of urine a day. A baby or young child who has diabetes insipidus may have these symptoms: • Large amounts of pale urine that result in heavy, wet diapers. • Bed-wetting. • Being very thirsty, with a preference for drinking water and cold liquids. • Weight loss. • Poor growth. • Vomiting. • Irritability. • Fever. • Constipation. • Headache. • Problems sleeping. • Vision problems.
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What are the causes of Diabetes insipidus?
Diabetes insipidus happens when the body can't balance its fluid levels in a healthy way. Fluid in the blood is filtered through the kidneys to remove waste. Afterward, most of that fluid is returned to the bloodstream. The waste and a small amount of fluid leave the kidneys as urine. Urine leaves the body after it's temporarily stored in the bladder. A hormone known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) — also called vasopressin — is needed to get the fluid that's filtered by the kidneys back into the bloodstream.ADHis made in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's then stored in the pituitary gland, a small gland found at the base of the brain. Conditions that cause the brain to make too littleADHor disorders that block the effect ofADHcause the body to make too much urine. In diabetes insipidus, the body can't properly balance fluid levels. The cause of the fluid imbalance depends on the type of diabetes insipidus. • Central diabetes insipidus.Damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus from surgery, a tumor, a head injury or an illness can cause central diabetes insipidus. That damage affects the production, storage and release ofADH. An inherited disorder may cause this condition too. It also can be the result of an autoimmune reaction that causes the body's immune system to damage the cells that makeADH. • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.This happens when there's a problem with the kidneys that makes them unable to properly respond toADH. That problem may be due to:An inherited disorder.Certain medicines, including lithium and antiviral medicines such as foscarnet (Foscavir).Low levels of potassium in the blood.High levels of calcium in the blood.A blocked urinary tract or a urinary tract infection.A chronic kidney condition. • An inherited disorder. • Certain medicines, including lithium and antiviral medicines such as foscarnet (Foscavir). • Low levels of potassium in the blood. • High levels of calcium in the blood. • A blocked urinary tract or a urinary tract infection. • A chronic kidney condition. • Gestational diabetes insipidus.This rare form of diabetes insipidus only happens during pregnancy. It develops when an enzyme made by the placenta destroysADHin a pregnant person. • Primary polydipsia.This condition also is called dipsogenic diabetes insipidus. People who have this disorder constantly feel thirsty and drink lots of fluids. It can be caused by damage to the thirst-regulating mechanism in the hypothalamus. It also has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia. Sometimes no clear cause of diabetes insipidus can be found. In that case, repeat testing over time often is useful. Testing may be able to identify an underlying cause eventually.
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What are the risk factors of Diabetes insipidus?
Anyone can get diabetes insipidus. But those at higher risk include people who: • Have a family history of the disorder. • Take certain medicines, such as diuretics, that could lead to kidney problems. • Have high levels of calcium or low levels of potassium in their blood. • Have had a serious head injury or brain surgery.
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What are the Overview of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. It's also called diabetic kidney disease. In the United States, about 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy affects the kidneys' usual work of removing waste products and extra fluid from the body. The best way to prevent or delay diabetic nephropathy is by living a healthy lifestyle and keeping diabetes and high blood pressure managed. Over years, diabetic nephropathy slowly damages the kidneys' filtering system. Early treatment may prevent this condition or slow it and lower the chance of complications. Diabetic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure. This also is called end-stage kidney disease. Kidney failure is a life-threatening condition. Treatment options for kidney failure are dialysis or a kidney transplant.
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What are the symptoms of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, there might not be symptoms. In later stages, symptoms may include: • High blood pressure that gets harder to control. • Swelling of feet, ankles, hands or eyes. • Foamy urine. • Confusion or difficulty thinking. • Shortness of breath. • Loss of appetite. • Nausea and vomiting. • Itching. • Tiredness and weakness.
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What are the causes of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
Diabetic nephropathy happens when diabetes damages blood vessels and other cells in the kidneys.
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What are the risk factors of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
If you have diabetes, the following can raise your risk of diabetic nephropathy: • Uncontrolled high blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia. • Uncontrolled high blood pressure, also called hypertension. • Smoking. • High blood cholesterol. • Obesity. • A family history of diabetes and kidney disease.
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What are the complications of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
Complications of diabetic nephropathy can come on slowly over months or years. They may include: • Body fluid buildup. This could lead to swelling in the arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in the lungs, called pulmonary edema. • A rise in the levels of the mineral potassium in the blood, called hyperkalemia. • Heart and blood vessel disease, also called cardiovascular disease. This could lead to a stroke. • Fewer red blood cells to carry oxygen. This condition also is called anemia. • Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the pregnant person and the growing fetus. • Damage to the kidneys that can't be fixed. This is called end-stage kidney disease. Treatment is either dialysis or a kidney transplant.
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What is the prevention of Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)?
To lower your risk of developing diabetic nephropathy: • See your health care team regularly to manage diabetes.Keep appointments to check on how well you are managing your diabetes and to check for diabetic nephropathy and other complications. Your appointments might be yearly or more often. • Treat your diabetes.With good treatment of diabetes, you can keep your blood sugar levels in the target range as much as possible. This may prevent or slow diabetic nephropathy. • Manage high blood pressure or other medical conditions.If you have high blood pressure or other conditions that raise your risk of kidney disease, work with your health care professional to control them. • Take medicines you get without a prescription only as directed.Read the labels on the pain relievers you take. This might include aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as naproxen sodium (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). For people with diabetic nephropathy, these types of pain relievers can lead to kidney damage. • Stay at a healthy weight.If you're at a healthy weight, work to stay that way by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with a member of your health care team about the best way for you to lose weight. • Don't smoke.Cigarette smoking can damage kidneys or make kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to a member of your health care team about ways to quit. Support groups, counseling and some medicines might help.
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What are the Overview of Diarrhea?
Diarrhea — loose, watery and possibly more-frequent passage of stool — is a common problem. Sometimes, it's the only symptom of a condition. At other times, it may be associated with other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or weight loss. Luckily, diarrhea is usually short-lived, lasting no more than a few days. But when diarrhea lasts beyond a few days, it is usually a clue to another problem — such as medicine side effects, changes in diet, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or a more serious disorder, including ongoing infection, celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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What are the symptoms of Diarrhea?
Symptoms associated with loose, watery stools, also called diarrhea, may include: • Belly cramps or pain. • Bloating. • Nausea. • Vomiting. • Fever. • Blood in the stool. • Mucus in the stool. • Urgent need to pass stool.
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