instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Diarrhea?
|
A number of diseases and conditions can cause diarrhea, including:
• Viruses.Viruses that can cause diarrhea include Norwalk virus, also known as norovirus, enteric adenoviruses, astrovirus, cytomegalovirus and viruses that cause hepatitis. Rotavirus is a common cause of sudden childhood diarrhea. The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also has been linked to gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
• Bacteria and parasites.Exposure to certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, or parasites through contaminated food or water can lead to diarrhea. When traveling in developing countries, diarrhea caused by bacteria or parasites is often called traveler's diarrhea. Clostridioides difficile, also known as C. diff, is another bacterium that causes diarrhea, and it can occur after a course of antibiotics or during a hospital stay.
• Medicines.Many medicines, such as antibiotics, can cause diarrhea. Antibiotics get rid of infections by killing bacteria that cause illness, but they also kill good bacteria that are helpful in the body. This disturbs the natural balance of bacteria in the intestines, leading to diarrhea or an infection such as C. diff. Other medicines that cause diarrhea are anticancer drugs and antacids with magnesium.
• Lactose intolerance.Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. People who have trouble digesting lactose often have diarrhea after eating dairy products. Lactose intolerance can increase with age because levels of the enzyme that helps digest lactose become lower as people get older.
• Fructose.Fructose is a sugar found naturally in fruits and honey. It's sometimes added as a sweetener to certain beverages. Fructose can lead to diarrhea in people who have trouble digesting it.
• Artificial sweeteners.Sorbitol, erythritol and mannitol — nonabsorbable sugars used as artificial sweeteners in chewing gum and other sugar-free products — can cause diarrhea in some otherwise healthy people.
• Surgery.Partial intestine or gallbladder removal surgeries can sometimes cause diarrhea.
• Other digestive disorders.Chronic diarrhea has a number of other causes, such as IBS, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, microscopic colitis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Diarrhea?
|
Some common risk factors for diarrhea include:
• Exposure to viruses, bacteria or parasites.This is a major risk factor for sudden onset of diarrhea.
• Diet.Certain foods or drinks, including coffee, tea, dairy products, or foods containing artificial sweeteners can cause diarrhea in some people.
• Medicines.Some medicines, such as antibiotics, laxatives, magnesium supplements, antidepressants, NSAIDs, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, can cause diarrhea.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Diarrhea?
|
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which can be life-threatening if not treated. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children, older adults and those with weakened immune systems.
If you have symptoms of serious dehydration, seek medical help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
|
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of organs, glands, tubelike vessels and clusters of cells called lymph nodes. It's part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can affect lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other tissues throughout the body, such as in the gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, bones or skin.
There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphoma types are often divided into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of DLBCL.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma gets its name from the kind of cell that makes up this cancer. This cancer starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called B cells. B cells also are called B lymphocytes. When healthcare professionals look at the cells with a microscope, the cancer cells are larger than healthy cells. The cancer cells spread out in the tissue, so healthcare professionals say they are diffuse.
DLBCL is a fast-growing cancer. However, it can often be treated and sometimes cured, especially when diagnosed early and treated right away. Treatment may include immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and bone marrow transplant, also called bone marrow stem cell transplant.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
|
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma symptoms can vary depending on where the lymphoma develops. The most common signs and symptoms include:
• Fast-growing mass in the neck or belly.
• Painless swelling in the neck, armpit or groin.
• Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Drenching night sweats.
• Losing weight without trying.
If DLBCL is in the gastrointestinal system, symptoms may include:
• Pain or fullness in the belly.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Losing weight without trying.
DLBCL of the nervous system can affect the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord and the protective coatings on the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. It also may affect the eyes. When the nervous system is involved, symptoms may include:
• Headaches.
• Confusion.
• Vision changes.
• Troubles with thinking and speaking.
• Changes in behavior.
• Seizures.
DLBCL can affect other parts of the body and cause symptoms such as:
• In the chest, cough, shortness of breath, trouble swallowing and pain when breathing.
• In the bones, bone pain with risk of fracture.
• In the liver, belly pain.
• In the kidneys, blood in the urine, increased urination, frequently waking up to urinate, and belly or lower back pain.
• In the skin, skin changes and a rash on the legs.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
|
It's not clear what causes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas start as other types of lymphoma, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. These slow-growing lymphomas can become more aggressive, turning into diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
|
Factors that can increase the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma include:
• Older age.DLBCL can happen at any age. But it's most common in people 60 or older.
• A family history of lymphoma.Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with lymphoma may increase your risk of DLBCL.
• A weakened immune system or an autoimmune condition.Having a condition that affects the immune system can increase the risk of DLBCL. Conditions may include ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
• Some infections.Some infections have been linked to types of DLBCL. These include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
|
Complications of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can include side effects of treatment and risk of relapse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Diffuse midline glioma (DMG)?
|
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a rare type of cancerous brain tumor. It's most common in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years old, though it can also affect adults. The name means:
• Diffuse: The cancer cells have spread beyond the tumor and into healthy brain tissue.
• Midline: The tumor is found in the middle section of the central nervous system, usually the thalamus, spinal cord or brainstem, also called the pons.
• Glioma: The tumor grew from glial cells, which are "helper" cells in the white matter of the brain.
The term "diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma" (DIPG) used to be used for tumors in the pons area of the brain. Now the term DMG is used to describe these tumors instead of the older term, DIPG. DIPG also may be called H3K27-altered DMG.
The name DIPG means:
• Diffuse: The cancer cells have spread beyond the tumor into healthy brain tissue.
• Intrinsic: The tumor grew from inside the brain tissue.
• Pontine: The tumor is found in the pons, the area of the brainstem that helps control things such as breathing and heartbeats.
• Glioma: The tumor grew from glial cells, which are helper cells found in the white matter of the brain.
DMG is an aggressive type of cancer. Symptoms of DMG usually start suddenly and quickly get worse. DMG may be diagnosed with a review of symptoms, a brain MRI and other tests. There is no cure for DMG. The most common treatments are radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These treatments aim to ease discomfort and help extend life, but they do not cure the cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Diffuse midline glioma (DMG)?
|
Symptoms of diffuse pontine glioma (DMG) depend on where in the central nervous system the tumor is growing. Symptoms at first may be mild and easy to overlook. But they get worse over a few weeks or months. It's very difficult to diagnose DMG in the early stages.
Common symptoms of DMG include:
• Drooping on one side of the face.
• Weakness in the facial muscles.
• Weakness in the arms and legs, particularly on one side.
• Clumsiness.
• Fatigue.
• Headaches, particularly in the morning.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Problems with speech or swallowing.
• Balance problems.
• Difficulty walking.
• Tingling or numbness, which may affect the face, arms, hands or legs.
• Difficulty concentrating.
• Seizures.
• Back pain.
• Changes in bladder and bowel function.
• Vision problems, including blurry or double vision.
• Hearing problems, including loss of hearing.
• Behavior changes, such as irritability or trouble at school.
• Gaining weight.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Diffuse midline glioma (DMG)?
|
The cause of diffuse midline glioma (DMG) isn't completely understood. It's thought to be caused by a gene change that is not expected, such as a random mistake. Genes provide a set of instructions for every cell that tell it how to grow and function. Gene changes, also called mutations, happen when there is an error in these instructions.
The mutations that cause DMG affect the H3K27-altered gene, which is a histone gene. Histone genes help package DNA in cells and manage which genes are turned off or on. When histone genes change, cells cannot regulate themselves properly and don't stop growing when they should. This allows the cells to multiply very quickly and form a tumor.
Another cause of DMG is a change, also called disruption, in the healthy growth of glial cells. Glial cells are part of the white matter of the brain. They support healthy cell development and function. Also caused by the histone gene mutation, this disruption causes the glial cells to grow out of control.
It's possible that DMG may be related to the rapid brain growth of children between the ages of 5 and 10, since this is the most common age for people to be diagnosed with DMG. This time period where the brain grows rapidly may make the brain at risk for these changes in genes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Diffuse midline glioma (DMG)?
|
There are no known risk factors for diffuse midline glioma and no known way to prevent these tumors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a condition caused when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing. This deletion causes several body systems to develop poorly.
The term 22q11.2 deletion syndrome covers terms once thought to be different conditions. These terms include DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial (vel-oh-cahr-dee-oh-fay-shell) syndrome and other conditions caused by the same missing part of chromosome 22. But features may vary slightly.
Medical problems commonly related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome include heart problems, lowered immunity, a cleft palate, complications from low levels of calcium, various eye issues and autoimmune disorders. Complications also include hearing loss, skeletal differences, kidney and genital differences, and delayed development with behavioral and emotional problems.
The number and severity of symptoms related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome vary. But specialists in various fields need to treat almost everyone with this syndrome.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
Symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome can vary based on what body systems are affected and the severity of the problems. Some symptoms may be clear at birth, but others may not appear until later in infancy or as a young child, or as an adult.
Symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome may include:
• Heart issues, such as problems with the structure of the heart and vessels, or a heart murmur and bluish skin because of poor circulation of blood, also known as cyanosis.
• Frequent infections.
• Distinctive facial features, such as an underdeveloped chin, ears that look different, wide-set eyes, hooded eyes and an enlarged nose tip. Asymmetric crying facies also may be present. This is when muscles on one side of the mouth don't develop fully, causing that side of the mouth to droop when crying, though the face looks balanced at rest.
• A gap in the roof of the mouth, also known as a cleft palate, or other problems with the palate.
• A hard time feeding, failure to gain weight or stomach problems.
• Hearing loss.
• Poor muscle tone.
• Kidney problems.
• Poor vision and other eye problems.
• Low levels of calcium in the blood.
• Scoliosis.
Other symptoms may include:
• Delayed growth.
• Delayed development, such as delays in rolling over, sitting up or other infant milestones.
• Delayed speech development or nasal-sounding speech.
• Learning delays or disabilities.
• Behavioral problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
Each person has two copies of chromosome 22 — one inherited from each parent. If a person has DiGeorge syndrome, one copy of chromosome 22 is missing a segment that includes an estimated 30 to 40 genes. Many of these genes haven't been clearly identified and aren't well understood. The region of chromosome 22 that's deleted is known as 22q11.2.
The deletion of genes from chromosome 22 usually occurs as a random event in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg. Or it may occur early when the baby is developing. Rarely, the deletion is passed to a child from a parent who also has a deletion in chromosome 22 but may have fewer or mild symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
Babies who are missing a portion of chromosome 22, specifically a region known as 22q11.2, are most at risk of DiGeorge syndrome. This missing portion causes several body systems to develop poorly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
The portions of chromosome 22 missing in DiGeorge syndrome affect the development of several body systems. As a result, the condition can cause several errors during fetal development.
• Heart issues.22q11.2 deletion syndrome often causes heart problems that could lead to too little oxygen-rich blood. For example, problems may include a hole between the lower chambers of the heart, also known as a ventricular septal defect. Or there may be only one large vessel rather than two vessels leading out of the heart, also known as truncus arteriosus. Or there may be four problems with heart structure, also known as tetralogy of Fallot.
• Hypoparathyroidism.The four parathyroid glands in the neck regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome can cause parathyroid glands to be smaller than usual and produce too little parathyroid hormone. This leads to hypoparathyroidism. This condition results in low levels of calcium and high levels of phosphorus in the blood.
• Thymus gland dysfunction.The thymus gland, which is beneath the breastbone, is where T cells — a type of white blood cell — mature. Mature T cells help fight infections. In children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, the thymus gland may be small or missing. This leads to poor immune function and frequent, severe infections.
• Cleft palate.A common condition of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a cleft palate, which is an opening in the roof of the mouth, with or without a cleft lip. Other, less visible problems with the structure of the palate can make it hard to swallow or make certain sounds in speech.
• Distinct facial features.A number of particular facial features may be present in some people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. These may include small, low-set ears, short width of eye openings (palpebral fissures), hooded eyes, a relatively long face, an enlarged nose tip (bulbous), or a short or flattened groove in the upper lip.
• Learning, behavioral and mental health problems.22q11.2 deletion syndrome may cause problems with development and function of the brain, resulting in learning, social, developmental or behavioral problems. Delays in toddler speech development and finding it hard to learn are common. Some children develop attention-deficit/hyperactivity condition (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder. Later in life, the risk of depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions is higher.
• Autoimmune conditions.People with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome also may have a greater risk of getting autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves' disease.
• Other problems.Many medical conditions may be related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, such as hearing problems, eye problems and poor kidney function.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)?
|
In some cases, an affected parent may pass DiGeorge syndrome to a child. If you're worried about a family history of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome or if you already have a child with the syndrome, you may want to see a doctor who specializes in genetic conditions. This doctor is called a geneticist. Or you may want to see a genetic counselor to help plan future pregnancies.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dislocated shoulder?
|
A dislocated shoulder is an injury in which the upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that's part of the shoulder blade. The shoulder is the body's most flexible joint, which makes it more likely to dislocate.
If you suspect a dislocated shoulder, seek prompt medical attention. Most people regain full use of their shoulder within a few weeks. However, once a shoulder dislocates, the joint might be prone to repeat dislocations.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dislocated shoulder?
|
Dislocated shoulder symptoms can include:
• A visibly deformed or out-of-place shoulder
• Swelling or bruising
• Intense pain
• Inability to move the joint
Shoulder dislocation can also cause numbness, weakness or tingling near the injury, such as in the neck or down the arm. The muscles in the shoulder might spasm, which can increase the pain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dislocated shoulder?
|
The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated joint of the body. Because it moves in several directions, the shoulder can dislocate forward, backward or downward. It might dislocate completely or partially.
Most dislocations occur through the front of the shoulder. The ligaments — tissue that joins the bones — of the shoulder can be stretched or torn, often making the dislocation worse.
It takes a strong force, such as a sudden blow to the shoulder, to pull the bones out of place. Extreme twisting of the shoulder joint can pop the ball of the upper arm bone out of the shoulder socket. In a partial dislocation, the upper arm bone is partially in and partially out of the shoulder socket.
Causes of a dislocated shoulder include:
• Sports injuries.Shoulder dislocation is a common injury in contact sports, such as football and hockey. It's also common in sports that might involve falls, such as downhill skiing, gymnastics and volleyball.
• Trauma not related to sports.A hard blow to the shoulder during a motor vehicle accident can cause dislocation.
• Falls.Landing awkwardly after a fall, such as from a ladder or from tripping on a loose rug, can dislocate a shoulder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dislocated shoulder?
|
Anyone can dislocate a shoulder. However, dislocated shoulders occur most often in people in their teens and 20s, particularly athletes involved in contact sports.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dislocated shoulder?
|
Complications of a dislocated shoulder might include:
• Tearing of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that reinforce the shoulder joint
• Nerve or blood vessel damage in or around the shoulder joint
• Becoming more prone to repeat dislocations, especially if the injury is severe
Stretched or torn ligaments or tendons in the shoulder or damaged nerves or blood vessels around the shoulder might require surgery for repair.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dislocated shoulder?
|
To help prevent a dislocated shoulder:
• Take careto avoid falls and other shoulder injuries
• Wear protective gearwhen playing contact sports
• Exercise regularlyto maintain strength and flexibility in joints and muscles
Having a dislocated shoulder joint can increase the risk of future shoulder dislocations. To help avoid a recurrence, keep doing the strength and stability exercises prescribed for the injury.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dissociative disorders?
|
Symptoms depend on the type of dissociative disorder, but may include:
• A sense of being separated from yourself and your emotions.
• Thinking that people and things around you are distorted and not real.
• A blurred sense of your own identity.
• Severe stress or problems in relationships, work or other important areas of life.
• Not being able to cope well with emotional or work-related stress.
• Memory loss, also called amnesia, of certain time periods, events, people and personal information.
• Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
The American Psychiatric Association defines three major dissociative disorders: Depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dissociative disorders?
|
Dissociative disorders usually start as a way to cope with shocking, distressing or painful events. The disorders most often form in children who go through long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Less often, the disorders form in children who've lived in a home where they went through frightening times or they never knew what to expect. The stress of war or natural disasters also can bring on dissociative disorders.
When you go through an event that's too much to handle emotionally, you may feel like you're stepping outside of yourself and seeing the event as if it's happening to another person. Mentally escaping in this way may help you get through a shocking, distressing or painful time.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dissociative disorders?
|
You're at greatest risk of having a dissociative disorder if you've had long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse during childhood.
Other shocking, distressing or painful events also may cause dissociative disorders to arise. These may include war, natural disasters, kidnapping, torture, extensive early-life medical procedures or other events.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dissociative disorders?
|
Having a dissociative disorder increases the risk of complications and having other mental health conditions. These may include:
• Depression and anxiety.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Sleep disorders, including nightmares, insomnia and sleepwalking.
• Physical symptoms such as lightheadedness or seizures that are not due to epilepsy.
• Eating disorders.
• Problems with sexual function.
• Problems with alcohol and drug use.
• Personality disorders.
• Major problems in personal relationships, at school and at work.
• Self-injury or high-risk behavior.
• Suicidal thoughts and behavior.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dissociative disorders?
|
Children who are physically, emotionally or sexually abused are at increased risk of developing mental health conditions, such as dissociative disorders. If stress or other personal issues are affecting the way you treat your child, seek help.
• Talk to a trusted person such as a friend, your health care professional or a leader in your faith community.
• Ask for help finding resources such as parenting support groups and family therapists.
• Look for churches, other faith-based groups and community education programs that offer parenting classes that also may help you learn a healthier parenting style.
If you or your child was abused or went through another shocking, distressing or painful event, see a doctor or other health care professional right away. Your doctor can refer you to a mental health professional who can help you or your child recover and learn healthy coping skills. Or you may be able to contact mental health services directly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Diverticulitis?
|
Diverticulitis is inflammation of irregular bulging pouches in the wall of the large intestine.
Typically, the wall of the large intestine, also called the colon, is smooth. An irregular, bulging pouch in the colon wall is called a diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula.
Diverticula are common, especially after age 50. They are usually found in the lower part of the colon. Most often, they don't cause problems. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis. Diverticulosis isn't a disease condition.
When these pouches become inflamed, the condition is called diverticulitis. Inflammation is immune system activity that increases blood flow and fluids to a site in the body and delivers disease-fighting cells. Inflammation of diverticula can cause severe pain, fever, nausea and changes in your stool habits.
Mild diverticulitis is usually treated with rest, changes in your diet and possibly antibiotics. Severe diverticulitis usually needs antibiotic treatment in the hospital. Surgery may be needed for severe or frequent diverticulitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Diverticulitis?
|
A common symptom of diverticulitis is pain in the area below the chest called the abdomen. Most often, pain is in the lower left abdomen.
Pain from diverticulitis is usually sudden and intense. Pain may be mild and gradually worsen, or the intensity of the pain may vary over time.
Other signs and symptoms of diverticulitis may include:
• Nausea.
• Fever.
• Tenderness in the abdomen when touched.
• Changes in stool, including sudden diarrhea or constipation.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Diverticulitis?
|
Diverticula gradually develop over time in the walls of the colon. They are common in older adults. Pressure in the colon — possibly from spasms or straining — may cause diverticula to form where the wall of the colon is weak.
Diverticulitis is inflammation of one or more diverticula. This may happen because of bacterial disease or damage to diverticula tissues.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Diverticulitis?
|
Diverticulitis is more common among people over 50. Other factors that increase the risk of diverticulitis include:
• Obesity.
• Smoking.
• A diet of low-fiber foods.
• A diet high in red meat.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• Lack of exercise.
• Low vitamin D levels.
• Certain medicines, such as steroids, opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Diverticulitis?
|
About 15 percent of people with diverticulitis develop complications. These may include:
• A pocket of pus from bacterial disease, called an abscess.
• Blockage of the colon.
• An irregular passageway, called a fistula, between the bowel and another organ in the body.
• A tear in the colon wall that allows waste to spill out, causing serious disease of the abdomen lining, called peritonitis.
• Bleeding from ruptured blood vessels, also called diverticular hemorrhage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Diverticulitis?
|
To help prevent diverticulitis:
• Exercise regularly.Regular, vigorous exercise decreases the risk of diverticulitis.
• Eat a high-fiber diet.A high-fiber diet improves the movement of waste through the colon and decreases the risk of diverticulitis. Fiber-rich foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seeds and beans. Cut back on red meats and sweets.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Talk to your healthcare professional or a dietitian about goals for a healthy weight for you and strategies to reach your goals.
• Drink plenty of fluids.Fiber works by absorbing water and increasing the soft, bulky waste in your colon. Drinking fluids improves the movement of waste and prevents constipation.
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol use.Smoking and heavy alcohol use are associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis.
In the past, healthcare professionals recommended that people with diverticulitis avoid nuts, seeds and popcorn. Studies have shown that these foods do not increase the risk of diverticulitis. Seeds and some nuts are good sources of fiber.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dizziness?
|
Dizziness is a term that people use to describe a range of sensations, such as feeling faint, woozy, weak or wobbly. The sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving is more precisely termed vertigo.
Dizziness is one of the more common reasons adults see a healthcare professional. Frequent dizzy spells or constant dizziness can have serious effects on your life. But dizziness rarely means that you have a life-threatening condition.
Treatment of dizziness depends on the cause and your symptoms. Treatment often helps, but the symptoms may come back.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dizziness?
|
People who have bouts of dizziness may describe symptoms such as:
• A sense of motion or spinning, also called vertigo.
• Lightheadedness or feeling faint.
• A loss of balance or the sense of not feeling steady.
• A feeling of floating, wooziness or heavy-headedness.
These feelings may be triggered or made worse by walking, standing up or moving your head. Your dizziness may happen along with an upset stomach. Or your dizziness may be so sudden or severe that you need to sit or lie down. The bout may last seconds or days, and it may come back.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dizziness?
|
Dizziness has many possible causes. These include conditions that affect the inner ear, motion sickness and medicine side effects. Very rarely, dizziness may be caused by a condition such as poor circulation, infection or injury.
The way dizziness makes you feel and the things that trigger it for you provide clues about possible causes. How long the dizziness lasts and any other symptoms that you have also can help healthcare professionals pinpoint the cause.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dizziness?
|
Factors that may raise your risk of getting dizzy include:
• Age.Older adults are more likely to have health conditions that cause dizziness, especially a sense of less balance. They're also more likely to take medicines that can cause dizziness.
• A past bout of dizziness.If you've had dizziness before, you're more likely to get dizzy in the future.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dizziness?
|
Dizziness can lead to other health concerns called complications. For instance, it can raise your risk of falling and hurting yourself. Getting dizzy while driving a car or running heavy machinery can make an accident more likely. You also may have long-term complications if you don't get treatment for a health condition that may be causing your dizziness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Double uterus?
|
A double uterus is a rare condition that is present at birth in some women. In a female fetus, the uterus starts out as two small tubes. As the fetus grows, the tubes typically join to create one larger, hollow organ. This organ is the uterus.
Sometimes the tubes don't join completely. Instead, each one develops into a separate organ. A double uterus may have one opening into one vagina. This opening is called the cervix. In other cases, each uterus has its own cervix. Often, there's also a thin wall of tissue that runs down the length of the vagina. This divides the vagina in two, with two separate openings.
Women who have a double uterus often have successful pregnancies. But the condition can make you more likely to have a miscarriage or premature birth.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Double uterus?
|
A double uterus often causes no symptoms. The condition may be discovered during a regular pelvic exam. Or it may be found during imaging tests to find the cause of repeated miscarriages.
Women who have a double vagina along with a double uterus may first see a health care provider for menstrual bleeding that isn't stopped by a tampon. This can happen when a tampon is placed in one vagina, but blood still flows from the second uterus and vagina.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Double uterus?
|
Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Double uterus?
|
Health experts don't know exactly why some fetuses develop a double uterus. Genetics may play a role. That's because this rare condition sometimes runs in families.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Double uterus?
|
The risk factors for a double uterus are not well understood. The cause of the condition isn't known either. Genetics likely plays a role, along with other unknown factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Double uterus?
|
Many women with a double uterus have active sex lives. They also may have routine pregnancies and successful deliveries. But sometimes a double uterus and other uterine factors can cause:
• Infertility.
• Miscarriage.
• Premature birth.
• Kidney problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Congenital heart defects in children of Double-outlet right ventricle?
|
• Symptoms &causes
• Diagnosis &treatment
• Doctors &departments
• Care atMayo Clinic
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Down syndrome?
|
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused when an unusual cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome.
The term "syndrome" refers to a set of symptoms that tend to happen together. With a syndrome, there is a pattern of differences or problems. The condition is named after an English physician, John Langdon Down, who first described it.
Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals. The condition causes lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It's the most common genetic chromosomal cause of intellectual disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical conditions, including heart and digestive system problems.
Better understanding of Down syndrome and early interventions can greatly improve the quality of life for children and adults with this condition and help them live fulfilling lives.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Down syndrome?
|
Each person with Down syndrome is an individual. Problems with intellect and development are usually mild to moderate. Some people are healthy while others have serious health issues such as heart problems that are present at birth.
Children and adults with Down syndrome have distinct face and body features. Though not all people with Down syndrome have the same features, some of the more common features include:
• Flattened face and small nose with a flat bridge.
• Small head.
• Short neck.
• Tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth.
• Upward slanting eyelids.
• Skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye.
• Small, rounded ears.
• Wide, small hands with a single crease in the palm and short fingers.
• Small feet with a space between the first and second toes.
• Tiny white spots on the colored part of the eye called the iris. These white spots are called Brushfield's spots.
• Short height.
• Poor muscle tone in infancy.
• Joints that are loose and too flexible.
Infants with Down syndrome may be average size, but typically they grow slowly and remain shorter than other children the same age.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Down syndrome?
|
Human cells usually contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the sperm, the other from the egg.
Down syndrome results from an unusual cell division involving chromosome 21. This unusual cell division results in an extra partial or full chromosome 21. This extra genetic material changes how the body and brain develop. It is responsible for the physical features and developmental problems of Down syndrome.
Any one of three genetic changes can cause Down syndrome:
• Trisomy 21.About 95% of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. This means the person has three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the usual two copies. The extra chromosome 21 is in all cells in the body. Trisomy 21 results from an unusual cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.
• Mosaic Down syndrome.This is a rare form of Down syndrome. People with mosaic Down syndrome have only some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of typical and changed cells is caused by an unusual cell division after the egg has been fertilized by the sperm.
• Translocation Down syndrome.In a small number of people, Down syndrome can occur when a part of chromosome 21 becomes attached, also called translocated, onto another chromosome. This can happen before or at conception. The person has the usual two copies of chromosome 21, but also has extra genetic material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Down syndrome?
|
Some parents have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. Risk factors include:
• Older age.Chances of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome goes up with age because older eggs have a greater risk of unusual chromosome division. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases after a pregnant person is 35 years of age. But most children with Down syndrome are born to pregnant people under age 35 because they have far more babies.
• Being carriers of the genetic translocation for Down syndrome.Either parent can pass the genetic translocation for Down syndrome on to their children.
• Having had one child with Down syndrome.Both parents who have one child with Down syndrome and parents who have a translocation themselves are at higher risk of having another child with Down syndrome. A genetic counselor can help parents understand the risk of having a second child with Down syndrome.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Down syndrome?
|
Health concerns that result from having Down syndrome can be mild, moderate or severe. Some children with Down syndrome are healthy, while others may have serious health problems. Some health concerns may become more of a problem as the person gets older.
Health concerns can include:
• Heart problems.About half the children with Down syndrome are born with some type of heart condition that is present at birth. These heart problems can be life-threatening and may require surgery in early infancy.
• Problems with the digestive system and digesting food.Stomach and intestinal conditions occur in some children with Down syndrome. These may include changes in the structure of the stomach and intestines. There is a higher risk of developing digestive problems, such as intestinal blockage, heartburn called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or celiac disease.
• Problems with the immune system.Because of differences in their immune systems, people with Down syndrome are at higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders, some forms of cancer and infectious diseases such as pneumonia.
• Sleep apnea.Soft tissue and spinal changes can lead to blockage of the airways. Children and adults with Down syndrome are at greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea.
• Being overweight.People with Down syndrome are more likely to be overweight or obese compared with the general population.
• Spinal problems.In some people with Down syndrome, the top two vertebrae in the neck may not line up as they should. This is called atlantoaxial instability. The condition puts people at risk of serious injury to the spinal cord from activities that bend the neck too far. Some examples of these activities include contact sports and horseback riding.
• Leukemia.Young children with Down syndrome have a higher risk of leukemia.
• Alzheimer's disease.Having Down syndrome greatly raises the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Also, dementia often occurs at an earlier age than in the general population. Symptoms may begin around age 50.
• Other problems.Down syndrome also may also be linked with other health conditions, such as thyroid problems, dental problems, seizures, ear infections, and hearing and vision problems. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also may be more common.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Down syndrome?
|
There's no way to prevent Down syndrome. If you're at higher risk of having a child with Down syndrome or you already have one child with Down syndrome, you may want to talk with a genetic counselor before becoming pregnant.
A genetic counselor can help you understand your chances of having a child with Down syndrome. The counselor also can explain the prenatal tests that are available and help explain the pros and cons of testing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dressler syndrome?
|
Dressler syndrome is swelling and irritation of the sac around the heart that happens after damage to the heart muscle. The damage may trigger an immune system response that causes the condition. The damage can result from a heart attack, heart surgery or a serious injury.
Symptoms of Dressler syndrome include chest pain that can feel like chest pain from a heart attack.
Swelling and irritation of the sac around the heart is called pericarditis. Dressler syndrome is a type of pericarditis that can start after the heart muscle is damaged. So you may hear Dressler syndrome called post-traumatic pericarditis.
Some other names for the condition are:
• Post-myocardial infarction syndrome.
• Post-cardiac injury syndrome.
• Post-pericardiotomy syndrome.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dressler syndrome?
|
Symptoms of Dressler syndrome are likely to start weeks to a few months after a heart attack, surgery or injury to the chest. Symptoms can include:
• Chest pain, which may get worse with deep breaths.
• Fever.
• Shortness of breath.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dressler syndrome?
|
Experts think Dressler syndrome is caused by the immune system's response to heart damage. The body reacts to the injured tissue by sending immune cells and proteins called antibodies to clean up and repair the affected area. Sometimes this response causes swelling due to the inflammation in the sac around the heart that's known as the pericardium.
Dressler syndrome can happen after a heart attack or some heart surgeries or procedures. It also can happen after a serious injury to the chest, such as trauma from a car accident.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dressler syndrome?
|
Damage to the heart muscle increases the risk of Dressler syndrome. Some things that cause heart muscle are:
• Chest injury.
• Some types of heart surgery.
• Heart attack.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dressler syndrome?
|
A complication of Dressler syndrome is fluid buildup in the tissues surrounding the lungs called pleural effusion.
Rarely, Dressler syndrome can cause more-serious complications, including:
• Cardiac tamponade.Swelling of the pericardium can cause fluid to build up in the sac. The fluid can put pressure on the heart. The pressure forces the heart to work harder, and the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
• Constrictive pericarditis.Swelling that's ongoing or that keeps coming back can cause the pericardium to become thick or scarred. The scarring can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dressler syndrome?
|
Some studies suggest that taking the anti-inflammatory medicine colchicine (Colcrys, Gloperba, others) soon after heart surgery may help prevent Dressler syndrome.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Drug allergy?
|
A drug allergy is the reaction of the immune system to a medicine. Any medicine — over-the-counter, prescription or herbal — can trigger a drug allergy. However, a drug allergy is more likely with certain medicines.
The most common symptoms of drug allergy are hives, rash and fever. But a drug allergy also may cause serious reactions. This includes a severe, life-threatening condition known as anaphylaxis.
A drug allergy is not the same as a medicine side effect. A side effect is a known possible reaction to a medicine. Side effects to medicines are listed on their labels. A drug allergy also is different from drug toxicity. Drug toxicity is caused by an overdose of medicine.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Drug allergy?
|
Symptoms of a serious drug allergy often happen within an hour after taking a medicine. Other reactions, particularly rashes, can happen hours, days or weeks later.
Drug allergy symptoms may include:
• Skin rash.
• Hives.
• Itching.
• Fever.
• Swelling.
• Shortness of breath.
• Wheezing.
• Runny nose.
• Itchy, watery eyes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Drug allergy?
|
A drug allergy happens when the immune system mistakenly identifies a medicine as a harmful substance, such as a virus or bacterium. Once the immune system detects a medicine as a harmful substance, it develops an antibody specific to that medicine. This can happen the first time you take a medicine, but sometimes an allergy doesn't develop until there have been repeated exposures.
The next time you take the medicine, these specific antibodies flag the medicine and direct immune system attacks on the substance. Chemicals released by this activity cause the symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.
You may not be aware of your first exposure to a medicine, however. Some evidence suggests that trace amounts of a medicine in the food supply, such as an antibiotic, may be enough for the immune system to create an antibody to it.
Some allergic reactions may result from a somewhat different process. Researchers believe that some medicines can bind directly to a certain type of immune system white blood cell called a T cell. This event causes the release of chemicals that can result in an allergic reaction the first time you take the medicine.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Drug allergy?
|
While anyone can have an allergic reaction to a drug, a few factors can increase someone's risk. These include:
• A history of other allergies, such as a food allergy or hay fever.
• A personal or family history of drug allergy.
• Increased exposure to a medicine because of high doses, repeated use or prolonged use.
• Certain infections commonly associated with allergic drug reactions, such as HIV infection or Epstein-Barr virus infection.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Drug allergy?
|
If you have a drug allergy, the best prevention is to avoid using the problem medicine. Steps you can take to protect yourself include the following:
• Inform healthcare professionals.Be sure that your drug allergy is clearly identified in your medical records. Inform other healthcare professionals, such as your dentist or any medical specialist.
• Wear a bracelet.Wear a medical alert bracelet that identifies your drug allergy. This information can ensure proper treatment in an emergency.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dry mouth?
|
Dry mouth, also called xerostomia (zeer-o-STOE-me-uh), is when the salivary glands in the mouth don't make enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. Dry mouth often is due to aging, the side effects of certain medicines or radiation therapy for cancer. Less often, a condition directly affecting the salivary glands can cause dry mouth. You also may experience dry mouth temporarily if you are thirsty or feel anxious about something.
For some people, dry mouth is only annoying. For others, dry mouth can greatly affect general health and the health of teeth and gums. Also, it can affect how much people eat and how much they enjoy what they eat.
Treatment for dry mouth depends on the cause.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dry mouth?
|
If you're not producing enough saliva, you may notice these symptoms all or most of the time:
• Dryness or a feeling of stickiness in your mouth.
• Saliva that seems thick and stringy.
• Bad breath.
• Having a hard time chewing, speaking and swallowing.
• Dry or sore throat and hoarseness.
• Dry or grooved tongue.
• A changed sense of taste.
• Problems wearing dentures.
• Lipstick stuck to teeth.
Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by washing away sugar and food particles and making bacteria neutral and less harmful. When you don't have enough saliva, you may find it harder to taste, chew and swallow. You also may have a hard time digesting food.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dry mouth?
|
Dry mouth is caused when the salivary glands in the mouth don't make enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. Sometimes these glands may not work properly due to:
• Medicines.Hundreds of medicines, including many medicines available without a prescription, can cause dry mouth. Among the medicines more likely to cause problems are those for depression, high blood pressure and anxiety, as well as some antihistamines, decongestants, muscle relaxants and pain relievers.
• Aging.Many older people have symptoms of dry mouth as they age. Certain changes in how the body processes medicine, poor nutrition and long-term health problems can cause dry mouth.
• Cancer therapy.Medicine to treat cancer, called chemotherapy, can change the nature of saliva and the amount produced. This may be for a limited time, with typical salivary flow returning after treatment ends. Radiation treatments to the head and neck can damage salivary glands, greatly lowering saliva production. This may be for a limited time, or it could be lasting, depending on the radiation dose and area treated.
• Nerve damage.An injury or surgery that causes nerve damage to the head and neck area can be due to dry mouth.
• Other health conditions.Dry mouth can be due to certain health conditions, such as diabetes, stroke, a yeast infection in the mouth or Alzheimer's disease. Or dry mouth could be due to autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren syndrome orHIV/AIDS.
• Snoring and mouth breathing.Snoring and breathing with the mouth open can lead to dry mouth.
• Tobacco and alcohol use.Drinking alcohol and smoking or chewing tobacco can lead to more dry mouth symptoms.
• Use of legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets.Methamphetamine use can cause serious dry mouth, and it can damage teeth. Marijuana use also can cause dry mouth.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dry mouth?
|
Risk of dry mouth is higher in people who:
• Take medicines that have dry mouth listed as a possible side effect.
• Are being treated for cancer.
• Have nerve damage in the head and neck area.
• Have other health conditions, such as diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Sjogren syndrome orHIV/AIDS.
• Use tobacco products.
• Drink alcohol.
• Use street drugs.
• Eat sugary or acidic foods or candies.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dry mouth?
|
Not having enough saliva and getting dry mouth can lead to:
• Increased plaque, tooth decay and gum disease.
• Mouth sores.
• A yeast infection in the mouth, also known as thrush.
• Sores or split skin at the corners of the mouth, or cracked lips.
• Poor nutrition from having problems with chewing and swallowing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dry skin?
|
Dry skin makes the skin look and feel rough, itchy, flaky or scaly. The location where these dry patches form vary from person to person. It's a common condition that affects people of all ages.
Dry skin, also known as xerosis or xeroderma, has many causes, including cold or dry weather, sun damage, harsh soaps, and overbathing.
You can do a lot on your own to improve dry skin, including moisturizing and practicing sun protection year-round. Try various products and skin care routines to find an approach that works for you.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dry skin?
|
Dry skin is often temporary or seasonal — you might get it only in winter, for example — or you might need to treat it long term. Signs and symptoms of dry skin might vary based on your age, health status, skin tone, living environment and sun exposure. They include:
• A feeling of skin tightness
• Skin that feels and looks rough
• Itchiness (pruritus)
• Slight to severe flaking skin, which causes the ashy look that can affect dry brown and black skin
• Slight to severe scaling or peeling
• Cracked "dry riverbed" look to leg
• Fine lines or cracks
• Skin that ranges from reddish on white skin to grayish on brown and black skin
• Deep cracks that may bleed
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dry skin?
|
Dry skin is due to water loss from the outer layer of skin. It might be caused by:
• Heat.Central heating, wood-burning stoves, space heaters and fireplaces all reduce humidity.
• Environment.Living in cold, windy conditions or low-humidity climates.
• Too much bathing or scrubbing.Taking long, hot showers or baths or scrubbing your skin too much can dry your skin. Bathing more than once a day can remove the natural oils from your skin too.
• Harsh soaps and detergents.Many popular soaps, detergents and shampoos strip moisture from your skin because they are formulated to remove oil.
• Other skin conditions.People with skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) or psoriasis are more likely to have dry skin.
• Medical treatments.Some people develop dry, thick skin after undergoing treatment for cancer, receiving dialysis or taking certain medications.
• Aging.As people age, the skin thins and produces less of the oils needed for the skin to retain water.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dry skin?
|
Anyone can develop dry skin. But you're more likely to develop the condition if you:
• Are over 40, as the skin's ability to retain moisture diminishes with age
• Live in cold, windy conditions or low-humidity climates
• Have a job that requires you to immerse your hands in water, such as nursing or hairstyling
• Use your hands to work with cement, clay or soil
• Swim frequently in chlorinated pools
• Have certain diseases or conditions, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes or malnutrition
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dry skin?
|
Dry skin is usually harmless. But when it's not cared for, dry skin may lead to:
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema).If you're prone to develop this condition, excessive dryness can lead to activation of the disease, causing a rash and cracking skin.
• Infections.Dry skin may crack, allowing bacteria to enter, causing infections.
These complications are most likely to occur when your skin's protective mechanisms are severely compromised. For example, severely dry skin can cause deep cracks or fissures, which can open and bleed, providing an avenue for invading bacteria.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dry skin?
|
Try these tips to help your skin retain moisture:
• Moisturize.Moisturizer seals in water to help keep your skin's protective barrier healthy. Use moisturizer throughout the day, especially on the hands. And before going outdoors, use a moisturizer that contains sunblock or a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
• Limit water exposure.Keep bath and shower time to 10 minutes or less. Use warm, not hot, water. Rinse and pat dry. Try to bathe no more than once a day.
• Use a gentle cleanser or allergen-free soap.Try a nonsoap cleansing cream or shower gel. Or use fragrance-free moisturizing soap with no alcohol or allergy-causing substances (hypoallergenic soap), especially if you handwash often. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry. Apply a moisturizing cream while your skin is still damp.
• Shave with care.Shaving can be drying. If you shave, use a lubricating agent before you start. Shave in the direction of hair growth, unless that irritates your skin. Use a sharp blade and rinse it with warm water after each stroke. When done, apply moisturizer.
• Cover as much skin as possible in cold or windy weather.Harsh weather can be especially drying to skin. Scarves, hats, and gloves or mittens help protect your skin when you're outdoors.
• Wear gloves.Protect your hands with suitable gloves when gardening, using harsh cleansers and doing other skin-drying activities.
• Rinse and moisturize after swimming.This is especially important if you've been swimming in a heavily chlorinated pool.
• Drink when you're thirsty.Drink noncaffeinated beverages each day to help keep all your body's tissues, including your skin, well hydrated.
• Bathe babies with care.For babies, using a cleanser every 1-2 weeks for bathing usually is enough. Otherwise, bathe them in just water. However, clean their diaper area with each diaper change. Apply a thin layer of petroleum jelly (Vaseline, Aquaphor, others) while the skin is still damp.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
|
Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven't spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It's sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer.
DCIS is usually found during a mammogram done as part of breast cancer screening or to investigate a breast lump. DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.
Treatment for DCIS often involves surgery. Other treatments may combine surgery with radiation therapy or hormone therapy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
|
Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn't typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS.
DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as:
• A breast lump.
• Bloody nipple discharge.
DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
|
It's not clear what causes ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS.
This early form of breast cancer happens when cells inside a breast duct develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In DCIS, the cancer cells don't yet have the ability to break out of the breast duct and spread into the breast tissue.
Healthcare professionals don't know exactly what causes the changes in the cells that leads to DCIS. Factors that may play a part include lifestyle, environment and DNA changes that run in families.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
|
Several factors may increase the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS. DCIS is an early form of breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer may include:
• A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
• A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
• A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are a sign of a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
• Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
• Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
• Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
• Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
• Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
• Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
• Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
|
Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of ductal carcinoma in situ. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. To lower your risk of breast cancer, try to:
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dupuytren contracture?
|
Dupuytren contracture is a condition that causes one or more fingers to bend toward the palm of the hand. The affected fingers can't straighten completely.
Knots of tissue form under the skin. They eventually create a thick cord that can pull the fingers into a bent position. The condition gradually gets worse with time.
Dupuytren contracture most often affects the two fingers farthest from the thumb. This can complicate everyday activities such as placing your hands in your pockets, putting on gloves or shaking hands.
There's no cure for Dupuytren contracture. Treatments can relieve symptoms and slow how quickly the condition gets worse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dupuytren contracture?
|
Dupuytren contracture gets worse slowly, over years. The condition begins with a firm lump in the palm of the hand. This lump can be painful or painless.
Over time, the lump can extend into a hard cord under the skin and up into the finger. This cord tightens and pulls the finger toward the palm, sometimes severely.
Dupuytren contracture most commonly affects the two fingers farthest from the thumb. The condition often occurs in both hands.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dupuytren contracture?
|
The cause of Dupuytren contracture is unknown. The condition tends to run in families. It’s more common in men than in women.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dural arteriovenous fistulas?
|
Some people with dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) may not have symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may be characterized as benign or aggressive. An aggressivedAVFhas more-serious symptoms.
AggressivedAVFsymptomscan result from bleeding in the brain, known as intracerebral hemorrhage. Bleeding in the brain often causes a sudden headache. It also may cause other symptoms based on the location and size of the hemorrhage.
Aggressive symptoms also may result from nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits (NHNDs), which can include seizures or changes in mental abilities. These symptoms usually develop more gradually, over days to weeks. Symptoms are typically related to the area of the brain affected.
Aggressive symptoms can include:
• Sudden headache.
• Trouble walking and falls.
• Seizures.
• Speech or language issues.
• Facial pain.
• Dementia.
• Slowed movement, stiffness and tremor, known as parkinsonism.
• Trouble with coordination.
• Burning or prickling sensations.
• Weakness.
• Lack of interest, known as apathy.
• Failure to thrive.
• Symptoms related to increased pressure, such as headaches, nausea and vomiting.
OtherdAVFsymptomscan include hearing issues. People with hearing symptoms may hear a rhythmic sound in the ear that occurs with the heartbeat, known as pulsatile tinnitus. Symptoms also may include trouble with vision, such as:
• Vision changes.
• Eye bulge.
• Swelling in the eye lining.
• Paralysis of a muscle in or around the eye.
Rarely, dementia may occur due to increased pressure in the blood vessels in the brain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dural arteriovenous fistulas?
|
Most dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) have no clear origin. But some result from a traumatic head injury, infection, previous brain surgery, blood clots in deep veins or tumors.
Most experts think thatdAVFsinvolving larger brain veins occur from the narrowing or blockage of one of the brain's venous sinuses. The venous sinuses are channels in the brain that route circulated blood from the brain back to the heart.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dural arteriovenous fistulas?
|
Risk factors of dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) include being inclined to blood clots in the vein, known as vein thrombosis. Changes in the way the blood clots may increase the risk of a blockage or narrowing of the venous sinuses.
Most often,dAVFsaffect people between ages 50 and 60. But they can occur in people at younger ages, including in children.
Research has found that noncancerous tumors found in the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord may be associated withdAVFs.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dwarfism?
|
Dwarfism is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition. Stature is the height of a person in a standing position. Dwarfism generally is defined as an adult height of 4 feet, 10 inches (147 cm) or less. The average adult height among people with dwarfism is 4 feet, 1 inch (125 cm) for women and 4 feet, 4 inches (132 cm) for men.
Many medical conditions cause dwarfism. In general, dwarfism is divided into two broad categories:
• Disproportionate dwarfism.This is when some parts of the body are small, and others are of average or above-average size. Conditions causing this category of dwarfism get in the way of bone development.
• Proportionate dwarfism.This is when all parts of the body are small to the same degree and appear like a body of average stature. Medical conditions present at birth or that occur in early childhood limit overall growth and development.
Some people prefer the term "short stature" or "little people" rather than "dwarf" or "dwarfism." It's important to be sensitive to the preference of someone who has this condition. Short stature conditions don't include familial short stature — short height that's thought of as a typical variation with typical bone development.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dwarfism?
|
Symptoms — other than short stature — vary greatly across the range of dwarfism conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dwarfism?
|
Most often dwarfism is caused by gene changes, also called genetic variants. In many children, it's due to a random change in a child's gene. But dwarfism also can be inherited due to a genetic variant in one or both parents. Other causes can include low levels of hormones and poor nutrition. Sometimes the cause of dwarfism is not known.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dwarfism?
|
Risk factors depend on the type of dwarfism. In many cases, a gene change related to dwarfism happens at random and is not passed from parent to child. If one or both parents have dwarfism, the risk of having a child with dwarfism rises.
If you want to become pregnant and need to understand the chances of your child having dwarfism, talk with your healthcare professional about getting genetic testing. Also ask about other risk factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dwarfism?
|
Complications of dwarfism-related conditions can vary greatly, but some complications are common to several conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dysarthria?
|
Dysarthria happens when the muscles used for speech are weak or are hard to control. Dysarthria often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand.
Common causes of dysarthria include conditions that affect the nervous system or that cause facial paralysis. These conditions may cause tongue or throat muscle weakness. Certain medicines also can cause dysarthria.
Treating the underlying cause of dysarthria may improve your speech. You also may need speech therapy. For dysarthria caused by prescription medicines, changing or stopping the medicines may help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dysarthria?
|
Symptoms of dysarthria depend on the underlying cause and the type of dysarthria.
Symptoms may include:
• Slurred speech.
• Slow speech.
• Not being able to speak louder than a whisper or speaking too loudly.
• Rapid speech that is difficult to understand.
• Nasal, raspy or strained voice.
• Uneven speech rhythm.
• Uneven speech volume.
• Monotone speech.
• Trouble moving your tongue or facial muscles.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dysarthria?
|
Dysarthria can be caused by conditions that make it hard to move the muscles in the mouth, face or upper respiratory system. These muscles control speech.
Conditions that may lead to dysarthria include:
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease.
• Brain injury.
• Brain tumor.
• Cerebral palsy.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome.
• Head injury.
• Huntington's disease.
• Lyme disease.
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Muscular dystrophy.
• Myasthenia gravis.
• Parkinson's disease.
• Stroke.
• Wilson's disease.
Some medicines also can cause dysarthria. These may include certain sedatives and seizure medicines.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dysarthria?
|
Dysarthria risk factors include having a neurological condition that affects the muscles that control speech.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dysarthria?
|
Complications of dysarthria may come from having trouble with communication. Complications may include:
• Trouble socializing.Communication problems may affect your relationships with family and friends. These problems also may make social situations challenging.
• Depression.In some people, dysarthria may lead to social isolation and depression.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dyshidrosis?
|
Dyshidrosis is a skin condition that causes small, fluid-filled blisters to form on the palms of the hands and sides of the fingers. Sometimes the bottoms of the feet are affected too.
The itchy blisters last a few weeks and often come back.
Treatment for dyshidrosis most often includes prescription steroid skin creams or ointments. Your doctor or other health care provider may suggest a different treatment, such as light therapy or medicine taken by mouth or injection. The right treatment depends on how severe your symptoms are.
Dyshidrosis is also called dyshidrotic eczema and pompholyx.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dyshidrosis?
|
Dyshidrosis symptoms include painful, itchy and fluid-filled blisters on the sides of the fingers, the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet. The blisters are small — about the width of a standard pencil lead. They are grouped in clusters and can look like tapioca.
With severe disease, the small blisters can merge to form larger blisters. Skin affected by dyshidrosis can be painful and very itchy. After a few weeks, the blisters dry and flake off.
Dyshidrosis tends to come back regularly for months or years.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dyshidrosis?
|
The cause of dyshidrosis isn't known. It tends to happen in people who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic conditions, such as hay fever or glove allergy. Dyshidrosis isn't contagious.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dyshidrosis?
|
Risk factors for dyshidrosis include:
• Stress.Dyshidrosis appears to be more common during times of emotional or physical stress.
• Exposure to certain metals.These include cobalt and nickel — often in an industrial setting.
• Sensitive skin.People who develop a rash after contact with certain irritants are more likely to form the blisters of dyshidrosis.
• Atopic dermatitis.Some people with atopic dermatitis may have dyshidrosis.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.