instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dyshidrosis?
|
For most people with dyshidrosis, it's just an itchy inconvenience. For others, the pain and itching may limit the use of their hands or feet. Intense scratching can increase the risk of a bacterial infection of the affected skin.
After healing, you may notice skin color changes in the affected area. This is called postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. It's more likely to occur in people with brown or Black skin. This complication most often goes away in time without treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dyshidrosis?
|
There's no way to prevent dyshidrosis. It may help to manage stress and avoid exposure to metal salts, such as cobalt and nickel.
Good skin care practices may help protect the skin as well. These include:
• Using mild, nonsoap cleansers and lukewarm water to wash your hands.
• Drying your hands well.
• Applying moisturizer at least twice a day.
• Wearing gloves. But if you notice that wearing gloves worsens the rash, you may be sensitive to gloves. Let your doctor know about this. Try cotton gloves to prevent irritation. For wet activities, you might try wearing cotton gloves under waterproof gloves.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dyslexia?
|
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language.
Dyslexia is not due to problems with intelligence, hearing or vision. Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program. Emotional support also plays an important role.
Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood, but it's never too late to seek help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dyslexia?
|
Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dyslexia?
|
Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dyslexia?
|
A family history of dyslexia or other reading or learning disabilities increases the risk of having dyslexia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dyslexia?
|
Dyslexia can lead to several problems, including:
• Trouble learning.Because reading is a skill basic to most other school subjects, a child with dyslexia is at a disadvantage in most classes and may have trouble keeping up with peers.
• Social problems.Left untreated, dyslexia may lead to low self-esteem, behavior problems, anxiety, aggression, and withdrawal from friends, parents and teachers.
• Problems as adults.The inability to read and comprehend can prevent children from reaching their potential as they grow up. This can have negative long-term educational, social and economic impacts.
Children who have dyslexia are at increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and vice versa.ADHDcan cause difficulty keeping attention. It can also cause hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can make dyslexia harder to treat.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dysphagia?
|
Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can be a painful condition. In some cases, swallowing is impossible.
Occasional difficulty swallowing, such as when you eat too fast or don't chew your food well enough, usually isn't cause for concern. But ongoing dysphagia can be a serious medical condition that needs treatment.
Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it's more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dysphagia?
|
Symptoms associated with dysphagia can include:
• Pain while swallowing.
• Not being able to swallow.
• Feeling as if food is stuck in the throat or chest or behind the breastbone.
• Drooling.
• Hoarseness.
• Food coming back up, called regurgitation.
• Frequent heartburn.
• Food or stomach acid backing up into the throat.
• Weight loss.
• Coughing or gagging when swallowing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dysphagia?
|
Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves. Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia.
Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dysphagia?
|
The following are risk factors for dysphagia:
• Aging.Older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. This is due to natural aging and wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease. But dysphagia isn't considered a typical sign of aging.
• Certain health conditions.People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dysphagia?
|
Difficulty swallowing can lead to:
• Malnutrition, weight loss and dehydration.Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough food and fluids.
• Aspiration pneumonia.Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs.
• Choking.Food stuck in the throat can cause choking. If food completely blocks the airway and no one intervenes with a successful Heimlich maneuver, death can occur.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Dysphagia?
|
Although swallowing difficulties can't be prevented, you can reduce your risk of occasional difficulty swallowing by eating slowly and chewing your food well. However, if you have symptoms of dysphagia, see a healthcare professional.
If you haveGERD, see a healthcare professional for treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Dystonia?
|
Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract. This can cause twisting motions or other movements that happen repeatedly and that aren't under the person's control.
When the condition affects one part of the body, it's called focal dystonia. When it affects two or more areas of the body next to each other, it's called segmental dystonia. When dystonia affects all parts of the body, it's known as general dystonia. The muscle spasms can range from mild to more serious. They may be painful, and they can affect the person's ability to complete daily tasks.
There's no cure for dystonia, but medicines and therapy can improve symptoms. Surgery is sometimes used to disable or regulate nerves or certain brain regions in people with serious dystonia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Dystonia?
|
Dystonia affects different people in different ways. Muscle spasms might:
• Begin in a single area, such as your leg, neck or arm. Focal dystonia that begins after age 21 usually starts in the neck, arm or face. Although it tends to remain in the single area, it may spread to a neighboring area of the body.
• Occur during a specific action, such as writing by hand.
• Worsen with stress, fatigue or anxiety.
• Become more noticeable over time.
Areas of the body that can be affected include:
• Neck.When the neck muscles are involved, it's called cervical dystonia. Contractions cause the head to twist and turn to one side. Or the head may pull forward or backward. Cervical dystonia sometimes causes pain.
• Eyelids.When muscles controlling eye blinks are involved, it's called blepharospasm. Rapid blinking or muscle spasms that cause your eyes to close make it hard to see. The muscle spasms usually aren't painful. They might increase in bright light or while reading, watching TV or interacting with people. They also might increase under stress. The eyes might feel dry, gritty or sensitive to light.
• Jaw or tongue.When the muscles of the jaw and tongue are affected, it's called oromandibular dystonia. It can cause slurred speech, drooling, and trouble chewing or swallowing. This type of dystonia can be painful. It often occurs with cervical dystonia or blepharospasm.
• Voice box and vocal cords.When the voice box or vocal cords are affected, it's called laryngeal dystonia. It can cause a strained or whispering voice.
• Hand and forearm.Some types of dystonia occur only while doing an activity over and over, such as writing or playing a musical instrument. These are known as writer's dystonia and musician's dystonia. Symptoms usually don't happen when the arm is at rest.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Dystonia?
|
The exact cause of dystonia isn't known. But it might involve changes in communication between nerve cells in several regions of the brain. Some forms of dystonia are passed down in families.
Dystonia also can be a symptom of another disease or condition, including:
• Parkinson's disease.
• Huntington's disease.
• Wilson's disease.
• Traumatic brain injury.
• Birth injury.
• Stroke.
• Brain tumor or certain conditions that develop in some people with cancer, known as paraneoplastic syndromes.
• Lack of oxygen or carbon monoxide poisoning.
• Infections, such as tuberculosis or encephalitis.
• Reactions to certain medicines or heavy metal poisoning.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Dystonia?
|
Your risk for dystonia increases if you have a family history of the movement disorder. Women also have a higher risk. They have dystonia twice as often as men do.
Another risk factor for dystonia is having a condition that causes dystonia, such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Dystonia?
|
Depending on the type of dystonia, complications can include:
• Physical disabilities that affect daily activities or specific tasks.
• Trouble with vision.
• Trouble moving the jaw, swallowing or speaking.
• Pain and fatigue from the constant contraction of your muscles.
• Depression, anxiety and social withdrawal.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Foot drop?
|
Foot drop, sometimes called drop foot, is a general term for difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. If you have foot drop, the front of your foot might drag on the ground when you walk.
Foot drop isn't a disease. Rather, it is a sign of an underlying neurological, muscular or anatomical problem.
Sometimes foot drop is temporary, but it can be permanent. If you have foot drop, you might need to wear a brace on your ankle and foot to support the foot and hold it in position.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Foot drop?
|
Foot drop makes it difficult to lift the front part of the foot, so it might drag on the floor when you walk. To help the foot clear the floor, a person with foot drop may raise the thigh more than usual when walking, as though climbing stairs. This unusual kind of walking, called steppage gait, might cause the foot to slap down onto the floor with each step. In some cases, the skin on the top of the foot and toes feels numb.
Depending on the cause, foot drop can affect one or both feet.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Foot drop?
|
Foot drop is caused by weakness or paralysis of the muscles involved in lifting the front part of the foot. Causes of foot drop might include:
• Nerve injury.The most common cause of foot drop is compression of a nerve in the leg that controls the muscles involved in lifting the foot. This nerve is called the peroneal nerve. A serious knee injury can lead to the nerve being compressed. It also can be injured during hip or knee replacement surgery, which may cause foot drop.A nerve root injury — "pinched nerve" — in the spine also can cause foot drop. People who have diabetes are more susceptible to nerve disorders, which are associated with foot drop.
• Muscle or nerve disorders.Various forms of muscular dystrophy, an inherited disease that causes progressive muscle weakness, can contribute to foot drop. So can other neurological disorders, such as polio or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
• Brain and spinal cord disorders.Disorders that affect the spinal cord or brain — such as stroke, multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — may cause foot drop.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Foot drop?
|
The peroneal nerve controls the muscles that lift the foot. This nerve runs near the surface of the skin on the side of the knee closest to the hand. Activities that compress this nerve can increase the risk of foot drop. Examples include:
• Leg crossing.People who habitually cross their legs can compress the peroneal nerve on their uppermost leg.
• Prolonged kneeling.Occupations that involve prolonged squatting or kneeling — such as picking strawberries or laying floor tile — can result in foot drop.
• Wearing a leg cast.Plaster casts that enclose the ankle and end just below the knee can exert pressure on the peroneal nerve.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Frontotemporal dementia?
|
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for a group of brain diseases that mainly affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas of the brain are associated with personality, behavior and language.
In frontotemporal dementia, parts of these lobes shrink, known as atrophy. Symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected. Some people with frontotemporal dementia have changes in their personalities. They become socially inappropriate and may be impulsive or emotionally indifferent. Others lose the ability to properly use language.
Frontotemporal dementia can be misdiagnosed as a mental health condition or as Alzheimer's disease. ButFTDtends to occur at a younger age than does Alzheimer's disease. It often begins between the ages of 40 and 65, although it can occur later in life as well.FTDis the cause of dementia about 10% to 20% of the time.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Frontotemporal dementia?
|
Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia differ from one person to the next. Symptoms get worse over time, usually over years.
People with frontotemporal dementia tend to have clusters of symptom types that occur together. They also may have more than one cluster of symptom types.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Frontotemporal dementia?
|
Your risk of getting frontotemporal dementia is higher if you have a family history of dementia. There are no other known risk factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Gastroparesis?
|
Gastroparesis is a condition in which the muscles in the stomach don't move food as they should for it to be digested.
Most often, muscles contract to send food through the digestive tract. But with gastroparesis, the stomach's movement, called motility, slows or doesn't work at all. This keeps the stomach from emptying well.
Often, the cause of gastroparesis is not known. Sometimes it's linked to diabetes. And some people get gastroparesis after surgery or after a viral illness.
Certain medicines, such as opioid pain relievers, some antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, weight loss and allergies can slow stomach emptying. The symptoms can be like those of gastroparesis. For people who already have gastroparesis, these medicines may make the condition worse.
Gastroparesis affects digestion. It can cause nausea, vomiting and belly pain. It also can cause problems with blood sugar levels and nutrition. There's no cure for gastroparesis. But medicines and changes to diet can give some relief.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Gastroparesis?
|
Symptoms of gastroparesis include:
• Vomiting.
• Nausea.
• Belly bloating.
• Belly pain.
• Feeling full after eating just a few bites and long after eating a meal.
• Vomiting undigested food eaten a few hours earlier.
• Acid reflux.
• Changes in blood sugar levels.
• Not wanting to eat.
• Weight loss and not getting enough nutrients, called malnutrition.
Many people with gastroparesis don't notice any symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Gastroparesis?
|
It's not always clear what leads to gastroparesis. But sometimes damage to a nerve that controls the stomach muscles can cause it. This nerve is called the vagus nerve.
The vagus nerve helps manage what happens in the digestive tract. This includes telling the muscles in the stomach to contract and push food into the small intestine. A damaged vagus nerve can't send signals to the stomach muscles as it should. This may cause food to stay in the stomach longer.
Conditions such as diabetes or surgery to the stomach or small intestine can damage the vagus nerve and its branches.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Gastroparesis?
|
Gastroparesis can cause several complications, such as:
• Loss of body fluids, called dehydration.Repeated vomiting can cause dehydration.
• Malnutrition.Not wanting to eat can mean you don't take in enough calories. Or your body may not be able to take in enough nutrients due to vomiting.
• Food that doesn't digest that hardens and stays in the stomach.This food can harden into a solid mass called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause nausea and vomiting. They may be life-threatening if they keep food from passing into the small intestine.
• Blood sugar changes.Gastroparesis doesn't cause diabetes. But the changes in the rate and amount of food passing into the small bowel can cause sudden changes in blood sugar levels. These blood sugar changes can make diabetes worse. In turn, poor control of blood sugar levels makes gastroparesis worse.
• Lower quality of life.Symptoms can make it hard to work and keep up with daily activities.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Indigestion?
|
Indigestion is discomfort or pain in the belly. Symptoms may include a burning pain, feeling full while eating or feeling full long after eating. Indigestion symptoms may happen once in a while or often.
Indigestion may be caused by a digestive system condition. But often, there is no clear underlying cause. Frequent or long-lasting indigestion often can be treated with changes in diet and lifestyle, mental health therapy, and medicines.
Indigestion also is called upset stomach or dyspepsia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Indigestion?
|
Symptoms of indigestion may include:
• Early fullness during a mealor not being able to finish a typical meal.
• Uncomfortable fullnessthat lasts longer than it should after a meal.
• Mild to severe painin the upper abdomen, which is the area between the bottom of your breastbone and your belly button.
• Burning sensationin the upper abdomen.
• Bloatingthat feels like swelling or tightness in the upper abdomen.
• Feeling the need to vomitor vomiting.
• Burpingor burping up food.
Sometimes people with indigestion also experience heartburn. Heartburn is a pain or burning feeling in the center of your chest during or after eating. The pain or burning feeling may radiate into your neck or back.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Indigestion?
|
Indigestion usually has no clear underlying medical condition as a cause. Long-lasting or frequent indigestion with no clear underlying medical cause is called functional indigestion.
Many factors may contribute to or worsen functional indigestion. These include:
• Overeating or eating too quickly.
• Fatty, greasy or spicy foods.
• Caffeine, alcohol or carbonated beverages.
• Acidic foods, such as tomatoes and oranges.
• Anxiety, depression or trauma.
• Smoking.
• Certain antibiotics and pain relievers.
H. pylori bacteria can cause ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. H. pylori may contribute to indigestion even if it has not caused an ulcer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Indigestion?
|
Several factors can make it more likely for you to have symptoms even though they don't always cause indigestion:
• Eating too fast, overeating, or eating spicy, fatty, acidic or greasy foods.
• Too many alcoholic, caffeinated or carbonated drinks.
• Depression, anxiety or trauma.
• Smoking or using other tobacco products.
• Pregnancy-related hormones and pressure on the digestive system during pregnancy.
• Carrying extra weight, particularly around the belly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Indigestion?
|
Although indigestion doesn't usually have serious complications, it can affect your quality of life. You may eat less. You also might miss work or school because of your symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Lewy body dementia?
|
Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Protein deposits called Lewy bodies develop in nerve cells in the brain. The protein deposits affect brain regions involved in thinking, memory and movement. There are two forms of LBD that cause cognitive symptoms — dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia.
Lewy body dementia causes a decline in mental abilities that gradually gets worse over time. People with LBD might see things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations. They also may have changes in alertness and attention.
People with Lewy body dementia commonly have symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These symptoms might include rigid muscles, slow movement, trouble walking and tremors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Lewy body dementia?
|
Lewy body dementia symptoms can include:
• Visual hallucinations.Seeing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations, might be one of the first symptoms of Lewy body dementia. This symptom often occurs regularly and may include seeing shapes, animals or people that aren't there. Hallucinations involving sounds, smells or touch are possible.
• Movement symptoms.Signs of Parkinson's disease may occur. These symptoms include slowed movement, rigid muscles, tremor or a shuffling walk. This can cause the person to fall.
• Poor regulation of body functions.The part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions is called the autonomic nervous system. Lewy body dementia can affect how well the autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure, heart rate, sweating and digestion. This can result in sudden drops in blood pressure upon standing, dizziness, falls, loss of bladder control and bowel issues such as constipation.
• Cognitive changes.People with Lewy body dementia might have changes in thinking that are similar to symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. These symptoms may include confusion, poor attention, visual-spatial problems and memory loss.
• Trouble with sleep.People with Lewy body dementia can have rapid eye movement, also known as REM sleep behavior disorder. This disorder causes people to physically act out their dreams while asleep. People with REM sleep behavior disorder may punch, kick, yell or scream while sleeping.
• Varying attention.Episodes of drowsiness, long periods of staring into space, long naps during the day or disorganized speech are possible.
• Depression or apathy.People with Lewy body dementia might develop depression or lose motivation.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Lewy body dementia?
|
In people with Lewy body dementia, there's a buildup of proteins known as Lewy bodies. This protein also is associated with Parkinson's disease. People who have Lewy bodies in their brains also can have the plaques and tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Lewy body dementia?
|
A few factors seem to increase the risk of developing Lewy body dementia, including:
• Age.People older than 60 have a higher risk of getting the disease.
• Sex.Lewy body dementia affects more men than women.
• Family history.Those who have a family member with Lewy body dementia or Parkinson's disease are at greater risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Lewy body dementia?
|
Lewy body dementia is progressive. This means it gradually gets worse over time. As symptoms get worse, the disease can lead to:
• Worsening dementia.
• Aggressive behavior.
• Depression.
• Increased risk of falling and injury.
• Worsening of movement symptoms, such as tremors.
• Death, on average about 7 to 8 years after symptoms start.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Narcolepsy?
|
Narcolepsy is a condition that makes people very sleepy during the day and can cause them to fall asleep suddenly. Some people also have other symptoms, such as muscle weakness when they feel strong emotions.
The symptoms can have serious effects on daily life. People with narcolepsy have trouble staying awake for long periods of time. When narcolepsy causes a sudden loss of muscle tone, it is known as cataplexy (KAT-uh-plek-see). This can be triggered by a strong emotion, especially one that causes laughter.
Narcolepsy is divided into two types. Most people with type 1 narcolepsy have cataplexy. Most people with type 2 narcolepsy don't have cataplexy.
Narcolepsy is a lifelong condition and does not have a cure. However, medicines and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms. Support from family, friends, employers and teachers can help people cope with the condition.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Narcolepsy?
|
The symptoms of narcolepsy may get worse during the first few years. Then they continue for life. Symptoms include:
• Extreme daytime sleepiness.Daytime sleepiness is the first symptom to appear, and the sleepiness makes it hard to focus and function. People with narcolepsy feel less alert and focused during the day. They also fall asleep without warning. Sleep can happen anywhere and at any time. It may happen when they are bored or while doing a task. For example, people with narcolepsy can suddenly fall asleep while working or talking with friends. It can be especially dangerous to fall asleep while driving. Sleep may last only a few minutes or up to a half-hour. After waking, people with narcolepsy feel refreshed but get sleepy again.
• Automatic behaviors.Some people with narcolepsy continue doing a task when they fall asleep briefly. For example, they may fall asleep while writing, typing or driving. They might continue to perform that task while asleep. After waking, they can't remember what they did, and they probably didn't do it well.
• Sudden loss of muscle tone.This condition is called cataplexy. It can cause slurred speech or complete weakness of most muscles for up to a few minutes. It's triggered by intense emotions — often positive emotions. Laughter or excitement may cause sudden muscle weakness. But sometimes fear, surprise or anger can cause the loss of muscle tone. For example, when you laugh, your head may drop without your control. Or your knees may suddenly lose strength, causing you to fall. Some people with narcolepsy experience only one or two episodes of cataplexy a year. Others have several episodes a day. Not everyone with narcolepsy has these symptoms.
• Sleep paralysis.People with narcolepsy may experience sleep paralysis. During sleep paralysis, the person can't move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. The paralysis is usually brief — lasting a few seconds or minutes. But it can be scary. You may be aware of it happening and can recall it afterward. Not everyone with sleep paralysis has narcolepsy.
• Hallucinations.Sometimes people see things that aren't there during sleep paralysis. Hallucinations also may happen in bed without sleep paralysis. These are called hypnagogic hallucinations if they happen as you fall asleep. They're called hypnopompic hallucinations if they happen upon waking. For example, the person might think they see a stranger in the bedroom who isn't there. These hallucinations may be vivid and frightening because you may not be fully asleep when you begin dreaming.
• Changes in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.REM sleep is when most dreaming happens. Typically, people enter REM sleep 60 to 90 minutes after falling asleep. But people with narcolepsy often move more quickly to REM sleep. They tend to enter REM sleep within 15 minutes of falling asleep. REM sleep also can happen at any time of the day.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Narcolepsy?
|
The exact cause of narcolepsy is not known. People with type 1 narcolepsy have low levels of hypocretin (hi-poe-KREE-tin), also called orexin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain that helps control being awake and entering REM sleep.
Hypocretin levels are low in people who have cataplexy. Exactly what causes the loss of hypocretin-producing cells in the brain isn't known. But experts suspect it's due to an autoimmune reaction. An autoimmune reaction is when the body's immune system destroys its own cells.
It's also likely that genetics plays a role in narcolepsy. But the risk of a parent passing this sleep condition to a child is very low — only about 1% to 2%.
Narcolepsy may be linked to exposure to the H1N1 flu, sometimes called the swine flu. It also may be linked to a certain type of the H1N1 vaccine that was given in Europe.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Narcolepsy?
|
There are only a few known risk factors for narcolepsy, including:
• Age.Narcolepsy typically begins between ages 10 and 30.
• Family history.Your risk of narcolepsy is 20 to 40 times higher if you have a close family member who has it.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Narcolepsy?
|
Narcolepsy can cause complications, such as:
• Misbeliefs about the condition.Narcolepsy can affect work, school or your personal life. Others might see people with narcolepsy as lazy or sluggish.
• Effects on intimate relationships.Intense feelings, such as anger or joy, can trigger cataplexy. This can cause people with narcolepsy to withdraw from emotional interactions.
• Physical harm.Falling asleep suddenly may result in injury. You're at increased risk of a car accident if you fall asleep while driving. Your risk of cuts and burns is greater if you fall asleep while cooking.
• Obesity.People with narcolepsy are more likely to be overweight. Sometimes weight goes up quickly when symptoms start.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Neurodermatitis?
|
Neurodermatitis is a skin condition that starts with an itchy patch of skin. Scratching makes it itch more. With more scratching, the skin becomes thick and leathery. You may develop several itchy spots, typically on the neck, wrists, forearms, legs or groin area.
Neurodermatitis — also known as lichen simplex chronicus — is not life-threatening or contagious. But the itching can be so intense it disrupts your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.
Breaking the itch-scratch cycle of neurodermatitis is challenging, and neurodermatitis is usually a long-term condition. It may clear up with treatment but often returns. Treatment focuses on controlling the itching and preventing scratching. It also may help to identify and eliminate factors that worsen your symptoms, such as dry skin.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Neurodermatitis?
|
Symptoms of neurodermatitis include:
• An itchy, scaly skin patch or patches
• Open sores that bleed
• Thick, leathery skin
• Discolored, wrinkled genital skin
• Raised, rough patches that are inflamed or darker than the rest of the skin
The condition involves areas that can be reached for scratching — the scalp, neck, wrists, forearms, ankles, vulva, scrotum and anus. The itchiness, which can be intense, may come and go or be nonstop. You may scratch your skin out of habit and while sleeping.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Neurodermatitis?
|
The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn't known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches.
Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Neurodermatitis?
|
Factors that can increase the risk of neurodermatitis include:
• Age.The condition is most common among people between 30 and 50 years of age.
• Other skin conditions.People who have or had other skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, are more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
• Family history.People whose blood relatives have or had hay fever, childhood eczema or asthma may be more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
• Anxiety disorders.Anxiety and emotional stress can trigger neurodermatitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Neurodermatitis?
|
Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation). The itch of neurodermatitis can affect your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Neuromyelitis optica?
|
Symptoms of neuromyelitis optica are related to the inflammation that occurs in the nerves of the eye and spinal cord.
Vision changes caused byNMOare called optic neuritis. These may include:
• Blurred vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
• Not being able to see color.
• Eye pain.
Symptoms related to the spinal cord are called transverse myelitis. These may include:
• Stiffness, weakness or numbness in the legs and sometimes in the arms.
• Loss of feeling in the arms or legs.
• Not being able to empty the bladder or trouble managing bowel or bladder function.
• A tingling feeling or shooting pain in the neck, back or stomach.
Other symptoms ofNMOmay include:
• Hiccups.
• Nausea and vomiting.
Children can have confusion, seizures or coma. However, these symptoms in children are more common in a related condition known as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).
Symptoms may get better and then worse again. When they get worse, it's known as a relapse. Relapses can happen after weeks, months or years. Over time, relapses can lead to total blindness or loss of feeling, known as paralysis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Neuromyelitis optica?
|
Neuromyelitis optica is rare. Some factors that may raise the risk of gettingNMOinclude:
• Sex assigned at birth.Women haveNMOmore often than do men.
• Age.Most often,NMOaffects adults. The average age of diagnosis is 40. However, children and older adults also can have neuromyelitis optica.
• Race or ethnicity.People of Hispanic, Asian, or African or Afro-Caribbean descent haveNMOat higher rates than do people who are white.
Some research suggests that not having enough vitamin D in the body, smoking and having few infections early in life also may raise the risk of neuromyelitis optica.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)?
|
Painful intercourse can happen for reasons that range from structural problems to psychological concerns. Many people have painful intercourse at some point in their lives.
The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). It is lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex. Talk with your healthcare professional if you're having painful intercourse. Treatments focus on the cause and can help stop or ease this common problem.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)?
|
If you have painful intercourse, you might feel:
• Pain only at sexual entry, called penetration.
• Pain with every penetration, including putting in a tampon.
• Deep pain during thrusting.
• Burning pain or aching pain.
• Throbbing pain lasting hours after sex.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)?
|
Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)?
|
Physical causes of painful intercourse differ, depending on whether the pain happens at entry or with deep thrusting. Emotional factors can be linked to many types of painful intercourse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)?
|
Many factors can raise the risk of painful intercourse. They include illnesses, surgeries and other medical treatments, and mental health issues.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
Persistent depressive disorder is a continuous, long-term form of depression. You may feel sad and empty, lose interest in daily activities and have trouble getting things done. You may also have low self-esteem, feel like a failure and feel hopeless. These feelings last for years and may interfere with your relationships, school, work and daily activities.
If you have persistent depressive disorder, you may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. You may be described as having a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or not able to have fun. Persistent depressive disorder is not as severe as major depression, but your current depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe.
Because persistent depressive disorder is long term, coping with depression symptoms can be challenging. A combination of talk therapy and medicine can be effective in treating this condition.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
Persistent depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years. The intensity of symptoms can change over time. But symptoms usually don't disappear for more than two months at a time. Also, major depression episodes may occur before or during persistent depressive disorder.
Symptoms of persistent depressive disorder can cause major problems in your life and may include:
• Sadness, emptiness or feeling down.
• Loss of interest in daily activities.
• Tiredness and lack of energy.
• Low self-esteem, self-criticism or feeling you're not capable.
• Trouble focusing clearly and trouble making decisions.
• Problems getting things done well and on time.
• Quickly becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.
• Avoidance of social activities.
• Feelings of guilt and worries over the past.
• Poor appetite or overeating.
• Sleep problems.
• Hopelessness.
In children, symptoms of persistent depressive disorder may include depressed mood and being irritable, which means easily becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
The exact cause of persistent depressive disorder is not known. As with major depression, it may involve more than one cause, such as:
• Biological differences.People with persistent depressive disorder may have physical changes in their brains. It's not clear how these changes affect the disorder, but they may eventually help determine the causes.
• Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals. Research indicates that changes in neurotransmitters may play a large part in depression and its treatment.
• Inherited traits.Persistent depressive disorder appears to be more common in people whose blood relatives also have the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
• Life events.As with major depression, traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or a high level of stress can trigger persistent depressive disorder in some people.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
Persistent depressive disorder often begins early — in childhood, the teen years or young adult life — and continues for a long time. Certain factors appear to increase the risk of developing persistent depressive disorder, including:
• Having a first-degree blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with major depressive disorder or other depressive disorders.
• Traumatic or stressful life events, such as the loss of a loved one or major financial problems.
• Personality traits that include negativity, such as low self-esteem, being too dependent or self-critical, or always thinking the worst will happen.
• History of other mental health disorders, such as a personality disorder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
Conditions that may be linked with persistent depressive disorder include:
• Lower quality of life.
• Major depression, anxiety disorders and other mood disorders.
• Substance misuse.
• Relationship difficulties and family conflicts.
• School or work problems and trouble getting things done.
• Continuing pain and general medical illnesses.
• Suicidal thoughts or behavior.
• Personality disorders or other mental health disorders.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Persistent depressive disorder?
|
There's no sure way to prevent persistent depressive disorder. Because it often starts in childhood or during the teenage years, identifying children at risk of the condition may help them get early treatment.
Strategies that may help reduce or prevent symptoms include the following:
• Take steps to control stress,to increase your ability to recover from problems — which is called resilience — and to boost your self-esteem.
• Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you get through rough spells.
• Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent symptoms from worsening.
• Consider getting long-term treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Postpartum depression?
|
The birth of a baby can start a variety of powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something you might not expect — depression.
Most new moms experience postpartum "baby blues" after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Baby blues usually begin within the first 2 to 3 days after delivery and may last for up to two weeks.
But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. Sometimes it's called peripartum depression because it can start during pregnancy and continue after childbirth. Rarely, an extreme mood disorder called postpartum psychosis also may develop after childbirth.
Postpartum depression is not a character flaw or a weakness. Sometimes it's simply a complication of giving birth. If you have postpartum depression, prompt treatment can help you manage your symptoms and help you bond with your baby.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Postpartum depression?
|
Symptoms of depression after childbirth vary, and they can range from mild to severe.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Postpartum depression?
|
There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role.
• Genetics.Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression — especially if it was major — increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression.
• Physical changes.After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed.
• Emotional issues.When you're sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you've lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Postpartum depression?
|
Any new mom can experience postpartum depression and it can develop after the birth of any child, not just the first. However, your risk increases if:
• You have a history of depression, either during pregnancy or at other times.
• You have bipolar disorder.
• You had postpartum depression after a previous pregnancy.
• You have family members who've had depression or other mood disorders.
• You've experienced stressful events during the past year, such as pregnancy complications, illness or job loss.
• Your baby has health problems or other special needs.
• You have twins, triplets or other multiple births.
• You have difficulty breastfeeding.
• You're having problems in your relationship with your spouse or partner.
• You have a weak support system.
• You have financial problems.
• The pregnancy was unplanned or unwanted.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Postpartum depression?
|
Left untreated, postpartum depression can interfere with mother-child bonding and cause family problems.
• For mothers.Untreated postpartum depression can last for months or longer, sometimes becoming an ongoing depressive disorder. Mothers may stop breastfeeding, have problems bonding with and caring for their infants, and be at increased risk of suicide. Even when treated, postpartum depression increases a woman's risk of future episodes of major depression.
• For the other parent.Postpartum depression can have a ripple effect, causing emotional strain for everyone close to a new baby. When a new mother is depressed, the risk of depression in the baby's other parent may also increase. And these other parents may already have an increased risk of depression, whether or not their partner is affected.
• For children.Children of mothers who have untreated postpartum depression are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems, such as sleeping and eating difficulties, crying too much, and delays in language development.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Postpartum depression?
|
If you have a history of depression — especially postpartum depression — tell your health care provider if you're planning on becoming pregnant or as soon as you find out you're pregnant.
• During pregnancy,your provider can monitor you closely for symptoms of depression. You may complete a depression-screening questionnaire during your pregnancy and after delivery. Sometimes mild depression can be managed with support groups, counseling or other therapies. In other cases, antidepressants may be recommended — even during pregnancy.
• After your baby is born,your provider may recommend an early postpartum checkup to screen for symptoms of postpartum depression. The earlier it's found, the earlier treatment can begin. If you have a history of postpartum depression, your provider may recommend antidepressant treatment or talk therapy immediately after delivery. Most antidepressants are safe to take while breastfeeding.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Retinal detachment?
|
Retinal detachment happens when the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye pulls away from its regular position. This layer of tissue is called the retina. Retinal detachment is an emergency.
Retinal detachment separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nourishment to the eye. The longer retinal detachment goes without treatment, the greater the risk of permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
Symptoms of retinal detachment can include the following: reduced vision, the sudden appearance of dark floating shapes and flashes of light in your vision, and loss of side vision. Contacting an eye doctor, called an ophthalmologist, right away can help save your vision.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Retinal detachment?
|
Retinal detachment is painless. Often, symptoms are present before a retinal detachment happens or before it has gotten worse. You may notice symptoms such as:
• The sudden appearance of tiny specks or squiggly lines that seem to drift through your field of vision. These are called floaters.
• Flashes of light in one or both eyes. These are called photopsias.
• Blurred vision.
• Side vision, also called peripheral vision, that becomes worse.
• A curtainlike shadow over your field of vision.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Retinal detachment?
|
There are three main types of retinal detachment, and their causes vary:
• Rhegmatogenous (reg-mu-TOJ-uh-nus).This type of retinal detachment is the most common. A rhegmatogenous detachment is caused by a hole or tear in the retina that lets fluid pass through and collect underneath the retina. This fluid builds up and causes the retina to pull away from underlying tissues. The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working. This causes you to lose vision.The most common cause of rhegmatogenous detachment is aging. As you age, gel-like material that fills the inside of your eye, called vitreous (VIT-ree-us), may change in texture and shrink or become more liquid. Usually, the vitreous separates from the surface of the retina without any complications. This is a common condition called a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).As the vitreous separates or peels off the retina, it may tug on the retina with enough force to create a tear. Most of the time it doesn't. But if aPVDcauses a tear and the tear isn't treated, the liquid vitreous can pass through the tear into the space behind the retina. This causes the retina to detach.
• Tractional.This type of detachment can happen when scar tissue grows on the retina's surface. The scar tissue causes the retina to pull away from the back of the eye. Tractional detachment usually is seen in people who have poorly controlled diabetes.
• Exudative.In this type of detachment, fluid builds up beneath the retina, but there are no holes or tears in the retina. Exudative detachment can be caused by age-related macular degeneration, infection, tumors or inflammatory conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Retinal detachment?
|
The following factors raise your risk of retinal detachment:
• Aging — retinal detachment is more common in people ages 40 to 70.
• Past retinal detachment in one eye.
• Family history of retinal detachment.
• Extreme nearsightedness, also called myopia.
• Past eye surgery, such as cataract removal.
• Past severe eye injury.
• History of other eye disease or condition, including retinoschisis, uveitis or thinning of the peripheral retina called lattice degeneration.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Seborrheic dermatitis?
|
Seborrheic (seb-o-REE-ik) dermatitis is a common skin condition that mainly affects your scalp. It causes scaly patches, inflamed skin and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids and chest. This condition can be irritating but it's not contagious, and it doesn't cause permanent hair loss.
Seborrheic dermatitis may go away without treatment. Or you may need to use medicated shampoo or other products long term to clear up symptoms and prevent flare-ups.
Seborrheic dermatitis is also called dandruff, seborrheic eczema and seborrheic psoriasis. When it occurs in infants, it's called cradle cap.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Seborrheic dermatitis?
|
Seborrheic dermatitis signs and symptoms may include:
• Flaking skin (dandruff) on your scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard or mustache
• Patches of greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales or crust on the scalp, face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, chest, armpits, groin area or under the breasts
• Rash that may look darker or lighter in people with brown or Black skin and redder in those with white skin
• Ring-shaped (annular) rash, for a type called petaloid seborrheic dermatitis
• Itchiness (pruritus)
The signs and symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis tend to flare with stress, fatigue or a change of season.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Seborrheic dermatitis?
|
The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis isn't clear. It may be due to the yeast Malassezia, excess oil in the skin or a problem in the immune system.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Seborrheic dermatitis?
|
Risk factors for seborrheic dermatitis include:
• Stress
• Fatigue
• A change of season
• Nervous system conditions, such as Parkinson's disease
• Having a mental health condition, such as depression
• Immune system disorders, such as HIV infection
• Recovery from stressful medical conditions, such as a heart attack
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Teen depression?
|
Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. Although depression can occur at any time in life, symptoms may be different between teens and adults.
Issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring a lot of ups and downs for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary feelings — they're a symptom of depression.
Teen depression isn't a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower — it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Teen depression?
|
Teen depression signs and symptoms include a change from the teenager's previous attitude and behavior that can cause significant distress and problems at school or home, in social activities, or in other areas of life.
Depression symptoms can vary in severity, but changes in your teen's emotions and behavior may include the examples below.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Teen depression?
|
It's not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include:
• Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression.
• Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression.
• Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives — such as a parent or grandparent — also have the condition.
• Early childhood trauma.Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression.
• Learned patterns of negative thinking.Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless — rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life's challenges.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Teen depression?
|
Many factors increase the risk of developing or triggering teen depression, including:
• Having issues that negatively impact self-esteem, such as obesity, peer problems, long-term bullying or academic problems
• Having been the victim or witness of violence, such as physical or sexual abuse
• Having other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, an anxiety disorder, a personality disorder, anorexia or bulimia
• Having a learning disability or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Having ongoing pain or a chronic physical illness such as cancer, diabetes or asthma
• Having certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
• Abusing alcohol, nicotine or other drugs
• Being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender in an unsupportive environment
Family history and issues with family or others may also increase your teenager's risk of depression, such as:
• Having a parent, grandparent or other blood relative with depression, bipolar disorder or alcohol use problems
• Having a family member who died by suicide
• Having a family with major communication and relationship problems
• Having experienced recent stressful life events, such as parental divorce, parental military service or the death of a loved one
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Teen depression?
|
Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your teenager's life. Complications related to teen depression may include, for example:
• Alcohol and drug misuse
• Academic problems
• Family conflicts and relationship difficulties
• Suicide attempts or suicide
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Teen depression?
|
There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. Encourage your teenager to:
• Take steps to control stress,increase resilience and boost self-esteem to help handle issues when they arise
• Practice self-care,for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and using electronics responsibly and in moderation
• Reach out for friendship and social support,especially in times of crisis
• Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening
• Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended,even after symptoms let up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Traveler's diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and stomach cramps. It's caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Fortunately, traveler's diarrhea usually isn't serious in most people — it's just unpleasant.
When you visit a place where the climate or sanitary practices are different from yours at home, you have an increased risk of developing traveler's diarrhea.
To reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea, be careful about what you eat and drink while traveling. If you do develop traveler's diarrhea, chances are it will go away without treatment. However, it's a good idea to have doctor-approved medicines with you when you travel to high-risk areas. This way, you'll be prepared in case diarrhea gets severe or won't go away.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Traveler's diarrhea may begin suddenly during your trip or shortly after you return home. Most people improve within 1 to 2 days without treatment and recover completely within a week. However, you can have multiple episodes of traveler's diarrhea during one trip.
The most common symptoms of traveler's diarrhea are:
• Suddenly passing three or more looser watery stools a day.
• An urgent need to pass stool.
• Stomach cramps.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Fever.
Sometimes, people experience moderate to severe dehydration, ongoing vomiting, a high fever, bloody stools, or severe pain in the belly or rectum. If you or your child experiences any of these symptoms or if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days, it's time to see a healthcare professional.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
It's possible that traveler's diarrhea may stem from the stress of traveling or a change in diet. But usually infectious agents — such as bacteria, viruses or parasites — are to blame. You typically develop traveler's diarrhea after ingesting food or water contaminated with organisms from feces.
So why aren't natives of high-risk countries affected in the same way? Often their bodies have become used to the bacteria and have developed immunity to them.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Each year millions of international travelers experience traveler's diarrhea. High-risk destinations for traveler's diarrhea include areas of:
• Central America.
• South America.
• Mexico.
• Africa.
• South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Traveling to Eastern Europe, South Africa, Central and East Asia, the Middle East, and a few Caribbean islands also poses some risk. However, your risk of traveler's diarrhea is generally low in Northern and Western Europe, Japan, Canada, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.
Your chances of getting traveler's diarrhea are mostly determined by your destination. But certain groups of people have a greater risk of developing the condition. These include:
• Young adults.The condition is slightly more common in young adult tourists. Though the reasons why aren't clear, it's possible that young adults lack acquired immunity. They may also be more adventurous than older people in their travels and dietary choices, or they may be less careful about avoiding contaminated foods.
• People with weakened immune systems.A weakened immune system due to an underlying illness or immune-suppressing medicines such as corticosteroids increases risk of infections.
• People with diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or severe kidney, liver or heart disease.These conditions can leave you more prone to infection or increase your risk of a more-severe infection.
• People who take acid blockers or antacids.Acid in the stomach tends to destroy organisms, so a reduction in stomach acid may leave more opportunity for bacterial survival.
• People who travel during certain seasons.The risk of traveler's diarrhea varies by season in certain parts of the world. For example, risk is highest in South Asia during the hot months just before the monsoons.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Because you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals during a bout with traveler's diarrhea, you may become dehydrated, especially during the summer months. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
Dehydration caused by diarrhea can cause serious complications, including organ damage, shock or coma. Symptoms of dehydration include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, or extreme weakness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Type 1 diabetes?
|
Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition. In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults.
Even after a lot of research, type 1 diabetes has no cure. Treatment is directed toward managing the amount of sugar in the blood using insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
|
Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include:
• Feeling more thirsty than usual
• Urinating a lot
• Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night
• Feeling very hungry
• Losing weight without trying
• Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
• Feeling tired and weak
• Having blurry vision
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Type 1 diabetes?
|
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
• Genetics
• Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Type 1 diabetes?
|
Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include:
• Family history.Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition.
• Genetics.Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
• Geography.The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator.
• Age.Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Type 1 diabetes?
|
Over time, type 1 diabetes complications can affect major organs in the body. These organs include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Having a normal blood sugar level can lower the risk of many complications.
Diabetes complications can lead to disabilities or even threaten your life.
• Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases the risk of some problems with the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure.
• Nerve damage (neuropathy).Too much sugar in the blood can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that feed the nerves. This is especially true in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. This usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and spreads upward. Poorly controlled blood sugar could cause you to lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs over time.Damage to the nerves that affect the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, erectile dysfunction may be an issue.
• Kidney damage (nephropathy).The kidneys have millions of tiny blood vessels that keep waste from entering the blood. Diabetes can damage this system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease needs to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
• Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the retina (part of the eye that senses light) (diabetic retinopathy). This could cause blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of other serious vision conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.
• Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of some foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections. These infections may need to be treated with toe, foot or leg removal (amputation).
• Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to infections of the skin and mouth. These include bacterial and fungal infections. Gum disease and dry mouth also are more likely.
• Pregnancy complications.High blood sugar levels can be dangerous for both the parent and the baby. The risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and birth defects increases when diabetes isn't well-controlled. For the parent, diabetes increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic eye problems (retinopathy), pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and preeclampsia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Type 1 diabetes?
|
There's no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. But researchers are working on preventing the disease or further damage of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.
Ask your provider if you might be eligible for one of these clinical trials. It is important to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of any treatment available in a trial.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's body no longer produces an important hormone (insulin). Your child needs insulin to survive, so the missing insulin needs to be replaced with injections or with an insulin pump. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.
The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children can be overwhelming, especially in the beginning. Suddenly you and your child — depending on your child's age — must learn how to give injections, count carbohydrates and monitor blood sugar.
There's no cure for type 1 diabetes in children, but it can be managed. Advances in blood sugar monitoring and insulin delivery have improved blood sugar management and quality of life for children with type 1 diabetes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children usually develop quickly, and may include:
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination, possibly bed-wetting in a toilet-trained child
• Extreme hunger
• Unintentional weight loss
• Fatigue
• Irritability or behavior changes
• Fruity-smelling breath
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process.
Once the islet cells of the pancreas are destroyed, your child produces little or no insulin. Insulin performs the critical job of moving sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream to the body's cells for energy.
Sugar enters the bloodstream when food is digested. Without enough insulin, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
Type 1 diabetes most often occurs in children but can occur at any age. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children include:
• Family history.Anyone with a parent or siblings with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition.
• Genetics.Certain genes indicate an increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
• Race.In the United States, type 1 diabetes is more common among white children of non-Hispanic descent than among children of other races.
• Certain viruses.Exposure to various viruses may trigger the autoimmune destruction of the islet cells.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
Type 1 diabetes can affect the major organs in your body. Keeping your blood sugar level close to normal most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications.
Complications can include:
• Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases your child's risk of developing conditions such as narrowed blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke later in life.
• Nerve damage.Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels that nourish your child's nerves. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. Nerve damage usually happens gradually over a long period of time.
• Kidney damage.Diabetes can damage the numerous tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste from your child's blood.
• Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye's retina, which may lead to vision problems.
• Osteoporosis.Diabetes may decrease bone mineral density, increasing your child's risk of osteoporosis as an adult.
You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
• Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
• Teaching your child the importance of eating a healthy diet and participating in regular physical activity
• Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes health care professional
Children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of other autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease and celiac disease. Your child's health care provider may recommend tests for these conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Type 1 diabetes in children?
|
There's currently no sure way to prevent type 1 diabetes, but this is a very active area of research.
The antibodies associated with type 1 diabetes in children who have a high risk of the disorder can be detected months or even years before the first symptoms of type 1 diabetes appear. Researchers are working on:
• Preventing or delaying the start of type 1 diabetes in people who have a high risk of the disease.
• Preventing further destruction of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Type 2 diabetes?
|
Type 2 diabetes happens when the body cannot use insulin correctly and sugar builds up in the blood. It was once called adult-onset diabetes.
Over time, high blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. This can happen because the pancreas doesn't make enough of a hormone called insulin that helps sugar enter the cells. It happens also because the cells respond poorly to insulin by taking in less sugar.
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more young people with type 2 diabetes.
There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the condition. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage blood sugar, diabetes medicines or insulin therapy may help.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.