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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?
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Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often come on slowly. In fact, people can live with type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. When there are symptoms, they may include:
• More thirst.
• More urination.
• More hunger.
• Weight loss.
• Tiredness.
• Blurred vision.
• Slow-healing sores.
• Frequent infections.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
• Areas of darkened skin, most often in the armpits and neck.
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What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes?
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Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues:
• Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don't respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don't take in enough sugar.
• The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can't make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.
Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.
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What are the risk factors of Type 2 diabetes?
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Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:
• Excess weight.Being overweight or obese is a main risk.
• Waist size.Storing fat mainly in the belly rather than in the hips and thighs raises the risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in people assigned male at birth whose waists measure more than 40 inches (101.6 centimeters). For people assigned female at birth, a waist measure of more than 35 inches (88.9 centimeters) raises the risk.
• Sitting.The less active a person is, the higher the risk. Physical activity helps manage weight, uses up glucose as energy and helps cells take in insulin.
• Family history.Having a parent or sibling who has type 2 diabetes raises the risk.
• Race and ethnicity.It's not clear why, but people of certain races and ethnicities are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than white people are. Races and ethnicities include Black people, Hispanic people, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Island people.
• Blood lipid levels.A higher risk is linked with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Also called HDL cholesterol, this is the "good" cholesterol. Higher risk also is linked with high levels of a certain type of fat in the blood, called triglycerides.
• Age.The risk of type 2 diabetes goes up with age, mainly after age 35.
• Prediabetes.Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar is higher than the standard range, but not high enough to be called type 2 diabetes. If not treated, prediabetes often moves on to become type 2 diabetes.
• Pregnancy-related risks.The risk of getting type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant. And it's higher in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome.This condition results in irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity. It raises the risk of diabetes.
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What are the complications of Type 2 diabetes?
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Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs. These include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Also, factors that raise the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Managing diabetes and blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:
• Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes is linked with a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowed blood vessels, called atherosclerosis.
• Nerve damage in arms and legs.This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. Neuropathy may cause tingling, numbness, burning, pain or loss of feeling. It most often begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and slowly spreads upward.
• Other nerve damage.Damage to nerves of the heart can cause irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
• Kidney disease.Diabetes may lead to long-term kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease may need to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant.
• Eye damage.Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye conditions. Conditions include cataracts and glaucoma. Diabetes also may damage the blood vessels of the retina, which is the part of the eye that senses light. This is called diabetic retinopathy. This damage can lead to blindness.
• Skin conditions.Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems. Skin problems may include bacterial and fungal infections.
• Slow healing.Cuts and blisters that aren't treated can become serious infections. The infections may heal poorly. Bad damage can result in the need to use surgery to remove a toe, foot or leg. This surgery is called amputation.
• Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
• Sleep apnea.Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people who have type 2 diabetes. Obesity may be the main cause of both conditions.
• Dementia.Type 2 diabetes seems to raise the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions that cause dementia. Poorly managed blood sugar is linked to a faster loss of memory and other thinking skills.
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What is the prevention of Type 2 diabetes?
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Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow the condition or keep it from becoming diabetes.
A healthy lifestyle includes the following:
• Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Be active.Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, bicycling, running or swimming.
• Lose weight.If you are overweight, losing some weight and keeping it off may slow prediabetes from becoming type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may lower the risk of diabetes.
• Don't sit for long.Sitting for long periods can raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. Get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least a few minutes.
People with prediabetes may take metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others), a diabetes medicine, to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is most often prescribed for older adults who are obese and who can't lower blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes.
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What are the Overview of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic disease that affects the way your child's body processes sugar (glucose) for fuel. Without treatment, the disorder causes sugar to build up in the bloodstream, which can lead to serious long-term consequences.
Type 2 diabetes occurs more commonly in adults. In fact, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But the increasing number of children with obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.
There's plenty you can do to help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes in your child. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods, get plenty of physical activity and maintain a healthy weight. If healthy eating and exercise aren't enough to control type 2 diabetes, oral medication or insulin treatment may be needed.
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What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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Type 2 diabetes in children may develop so gradually that there are no noticeable symptoms. Sometimes, the disorder is diagnosed during a routine check-up.
Some children might experience these signs and symptoms as a result of too much sugar in their bloodstreams:
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Increased hunger
• Fatigue
• Blurry vision
• Darkened areas of skin, most often around the neck or in the armpits and groin
• Unintended weight loss, although this is less common in children with type 2 diabetes than in children with type 1 diabetes
• Frequent infections
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What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that children with type 2 diabetes can't process sugar (glucose) properly.
Most of the sugar in the body comes from food. When food is digested, sugar enters the bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter the cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in the blood.
Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. The pancreas sends insulin to the blood when food is eaten. When the blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
When your child has type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling cells, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can happen because:
• The pancreas may not make enough insulin
• The cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in
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What are the risk factors of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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Researchers don't fully understand why some children develop type 2 diabetes and others don't, even if they have similar risk factors. However, it's clear that certain factors increase the risk, including:
• Weight.Being overweight is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children. The more fatty tissue children have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around the abdomen — the more resistant their bodies' cells become to insulin.
• Inactivity.The less active children are, the greater their risk of type 2 diabetes.
• Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
• Family history.Children's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if they have a parent or sibling with the disease.
• Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
• Age and sex.Many children develop type 2 diabetes in their early teens, but it may occur at any age. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than are adolescent boys.
• Maternal gestational diabetes.Children born to women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Low birth weight or preterm birth.Having a low birth weight is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Babies born prematurely — before 39 to 42 weeks' gestation —have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes in children is often associated with metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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What are the complications of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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Type 2 diabetes can affect nearly every organ in your child's body, including the blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. The long-term complications of type 2 diabetes develop gradually over many years. Eventually, diabetes complications may be severe or even life-threatening.
Complications of type 2 diabetes are related to high blood sugar and include:
• High cholesterol
• Heart and blood vessel disease
• Stroke
• Nerve damage
• Kidney disease
• Eye disease, including blindness
Keeping your child's blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
• Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
• Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity
• Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes treatment team
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What is the prevention of Type 2 diabetes in children?
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Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to:
• Eat healthy foods.Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom.
• Get more physical activity.Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.
Better yet, make it a family affair. The lifestyle choices that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children can do the same for adults.
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What are the Overview of Voice disorders?
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People develop a voice disorder for many reasons. A voice disorder is a change in how the voice sounds. Health care providers trained in ear, nose and throat illnesses and speech-language pathologists diagnose and treat voice issues.
Treatment depends on what's causing the voice change. Treatment can include voice therapy, drugs, shots or surgery.
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What are the causes of Voice disorders?
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The voice box, also called the larynx, is made of a smooth covering, muscle and soft, moist areas. The voice box sits at the top of the windpipe, also known as the trachea, and the base of the tongue. The vocal cords vibrate to create sound.
Air moving through the voice box causes the vocal cords to vibrate and brings them closer together. The vocal cords also help close the voice box during swallowing to stop you from breathing in food or liquid.
If vocal cords become swollen, or inflamed, develop growths or can't move as they should, they can't work properly. Any of these might cause a voice disorder.
Some common voice disorders include:
• Laryngitis
• Voice changes related to the brain and nervous system, known as spasmodic dysphonia (spaz-MOD-ki dis-FOE-nee-uh)
• Polyps, nodules or cysts on the vocal cords — growths that aren't cancer
• Precancerous and cancerous growths
• Vocal cord paralysis or weakness
• White patches, also known asleukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-key-uh)
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What are the risk factors of Voice disorders?
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Many factors can lead to a voice disorder, such as:
• Aging
• Alcohol use
• Allergies
• Conditions related to the brain and nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease or a stroke
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Illnesses, such ascolds or upper respiratory infections
• Scarring from neck surgery or from trauma to the front of the neck
• Screaming
• Smoking
• Throat cancer
• Throat dehydration
• Thyroid problems
• Voice misuse or overuse
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What are the Overview of E. coli?
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals. Most types ofE. coliare harmless or cause relatively brief diarrhea. But a few strains, such asE. coliO157:H7, can cause severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.
You may be exposed toE. colifrom contaminated water or food — especially raw vegetables and undercooked ground beef. Healthy adults usually recover from infection withE. coliO157:H7 within a week. Young children and older adults have a greater risk of developing a life-threatening form of kidney failure.
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What are the symptoms of E. coli?
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Signs and symptoms ofE. coliO157:H7 infection usually begin three or four days after exposure to the bacteria. But you may become ill as soon as one day after exposure to more than a week later. Signs and symptoms include:
• Diarrhea, which may range from mild and watery to severe and bloody
• Stomach cramping, pain or tenderness
• Nausea and vomiting, in some people
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What are the causes of E. coli?
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Only a few strains ofE. colitrigger diarrhea. TheE. coliO157:H7 strain belongs to a group ofE. colithat produces a powerful toxin that damages the lining of the small intestine. This can cause bloody diarrhea. You develop anE. coliinfection when you ingest this strain of bacteria.
Unlike many other disease-causing bacteria,E. colican cause an infection even if you ingest only small amounts. Because of this, you can be sickened byE. colifrom eating a slightly undercooked hamburger or from swallowing a mouthful of contaminated pool water.
Potential sources of exposure include contaminated food or water and person-to-person contact.
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What are the risk factors of E. coli?
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E. colican affect anyone who is exposed to the bacteria. But some people are more likely to develop problems than are others. Risk factors include:
• Age.Young children and older adults are at higher risk of experiencing illness caused byE. coliand more-serious complications from the infection.
• Weakened immune systems.People who have weakened immune systems — fromAIDSor from drugs to treat cancer or prevent the rejection of organ transplants — are more likely to become ill from ingestingE. coli.
• Eating certain types of food.Riskier foods include undercooked hamburger; unpasteurized milk, apple juice or cider; and soft cheeses made from raw milk.
• Time of year.Though it's not clear why, the majority ofE. coliinfections in the U.S. occur from June through September.
• Decreased stomach acid levels.Stomach acid offers some protection againstE. coli. If you take medications to reduce stomach acid, such as esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec), you may increase your risk of anE. coliinfection.
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What are the complications of E. coli?
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Most healthy adults recover fromE. coliillness within a week. Some people — particularly young children and older adults — may develop a life-threatening form of kidney failure called hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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What is the prevention of E. coli?
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No vaccine or medication can protect you fromE. coli-based illness, though researchers are investigating potential vaccines. To reduce your chance of being exposed toE. coli, avoid swallowing water from lakes or pools, wash your hands often, avoid risky foods, and watch out for cross-contamination.
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What are the Overview of Eating disorders?
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Eating disorders are serious health conditions that affect both your physical and mental health. These conditions include problems in how you think about food, eating, weight and shape, and in your eating behaviors. These symptoms can affect your health, your emotions and your ability to function in important areas of life.
If not treated effectively, eating disorders can become long-term problems and, in some cases, can cause death. The most common eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder.
Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on weight, body shape and food. This can lead to dangerous eating behaviors. These behaviors can seriously affect the ability to get the nutrition your body needs. Eating disorders can harm the heart, digestive system, bones, teeth and mouth. They can lead to other diseases. They're also linked with depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
With proper treatment, you can return to healthier eating habits and learn healthier ways to think about food and your body. You also may be able to reverse or reduce serious problems caused by the eating disorder.
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What are the symptoms of Eating disorders?
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Symptoms vary, depending on the type of eating disorder. Anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. People with eating disorders can have all different body types and sizes.
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What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Eating disorders?
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Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
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What are the causes of Eating disorders?
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The exact cause of eating disorders is not known. As with other mental health conditions, there may be different causes, such as:
• Genetics.Some people may have genes that increase their risk of developing eating disorders.
• Biology.Biological factors, such as changes in brain chemicals, may play a role in eating disorders.
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What are the risk factors of Eating disorders?
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Anyone can develop an eating disorder. Eating disorders often start in the teen and young adult years. But they can occur at any age.
Certain factors may increase the risk of developing an eating disorder, including:
• Family history.Eating disorders are more likely to occur in people who have parents or siblings who've had an eating disorder.
• Other mental health issues.Trauma, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other mental health issues can increase the likelihood of an eating disorder.
• Dieting and starvation.Frequent dieting is a risk factor for an eating disorder, especially with weight that is constantly going up and down when getting on and off new diets. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of an eating disorder are symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and can lead to mood changes, rigid thinking, anxiety and reduced appetite. This may cause severely limited eating or problem eating behaviors to continue and make it difficult to return to healthy eating habits.
• A history of weight bullying.People who have been teased or bullied for their weight are more likely to develop problems with eating and eating disorders. This includes people who have been made to feel ashamed of their weight by peers, health care professionals, coaches, teachers or family members.
• Stress.Whether it's heading off to college, moving, landing a new job, or a family or relationship issue, change can bring stress. And stress may increase the risk of an eating disorder.
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What are the complications of Eating disorders?
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Eating disorders cause a wide variety of complications, some of them life-threatening. The more severe or long lasting the eating disorder, the more likely it is that serious complications may occur. These may include:
• Serious health problems.
• Depression and anxiety.
• Suicidal thoughts or behavior.
• Problems with growth and development.
• Social and relationship problems.
• Substance use disorders.
• Work and school issues.
• Death.
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What is the prevention of Eating disorders?
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There's no sure way to prevent eating disorders, but you can take steps to develop healthy eating habits. If you have a child, you can help your child lower the risk of developing eating disorders.
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What are the Overview of Ebstein anomaly?
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Ebstein anomaly is a rare heart condition that's present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect.
In this condition, the valve that separates the top and bottom right heart chambers does not form correctly. This valve is called the tricuspid valve. As a result, the valve does not close as it should. Blood moves backward from the bottom to top chamber, making it harder for the heart to work.
In people with Ebstein anomaly, the heart can grow larger. The condition can lead to heart failure.
Treatment of Ebstein anomaly depends on the symptoms. Some people without symptoms only need regular health checkups. Others may need medicines and surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Ebstein anomaly?
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Some babies born with Ebstein anomaly have few or no symptoms. Others have a tricuspid valve that leaks severely and causes more-noticeable symptoms. Sometimes symptoms don't occur until later in life.
Symptoms of Ebstein anomaly may include:
• Blue or gray lips or fingernails. Depending on skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Fatigue.
• Feeling of a pounding or rapid heartbeat or irregular heartbeats.
• Shortness of breath, especially with activity.
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What are the causes of Ebstein anomaly?
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Ebstein anomaly is a heart condition that a person is born with. The cause is not known. To understand more about Ebstein anomaly, it may help to know how the heart works.
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What are the risk factors of Ebstein anomaly?
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Ebstein anomaly occurs as the baby, also called a fetus, grows in the womb during pregnancy.
Researchers aren't sure exactly what increases the risk of Ebstein anomaly. Genetics and environmental factors are believed to be involved. Using some medicines during pregnancy, such as lithium, might increase the risk of Ebstein anomaly in the baby.
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What are the complications of Ebstein anomaly?
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Possible complications of Ebstein anomaly include:
• Irregular heartbeats.
• Heart failure.
• Sudden cardiac arrest.
• Stroke.
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What are the Overview of Ectropion?
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Ectropion (ek-TROH-pee-on) is a condition in which your eyelid turns outward. This leaves the inner eyelid surface exposed and prone to irritation.
Ectropion is more common in older adults, and it generally affects only the lower eyelid. In severe ectropion, the entire length of the eyelid is turned out. In less severe ectropion, only one segment of the eyelid sags away from the eye.
Artificial tears and lubricating ointments can help relieve symptoms of ectropion. But usually surgery is needed to fully correct the condition.
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What are the symptoms of Ectropion?
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Normally when you blink, your eyelids distribute tears evenly across your eyes, keeping the surfaces of the eyes lubricated. These tears drain into small openings on the inner part of your eyelids (puncta).
If you have ectropion, your lower lid pulls away from your eye and tears don't drain properly into the puncta. The resulting signs and symptoms can include:
• Watery eyes (excessive tearing).Without proper drainage, your tears may pool and constantly flow over your eyelids.
• Excessive dryness.Ectropion can cause your eyes to feel dry, gritty and sandy.
• Irritation.Stagnant tears or dryness can irritate your eyes, causing a burning sensation and redness in your eyelids and the whites of your eyes.
• Sensitivity to light.Stagnant tears or dry eyes can irritate the surface of the cornea, making you sensitive to light.
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What are the causes of Ectropion?
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Ectropion can be caused by:
• Muscle weakness.As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and tendons stretch out. These muscles and tendons hold your eyelid taut against your eye. When they weaken, your eyelid can begin to droop.
• Facial paralysis.Certain conditions, such as Bell's palsy, and certain types of tumors can paralyze facial nerves and muscles. Facial paralysis that affects eyelid muscles can lead to ectropion.
• Scars or previous surgeries.Skin that has been damaged by burns or trauma, such as a dog bite, can affect the way that your eyelid rests against your eye. Previous eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) can cause ectropion, particularly if a considerable amount of skin was removed from the eyelid at the time of surgery.
• Eyelid growths.Benign or cancerous growths on your eyelid can cause the lid to turn outward.
• Genetic disorders.Rarely is ectropion present at birth (congenital). When it is, it's usually associated with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.
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What are the risk factors of Ectropion?
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Factors that increase your risk of developing ectropion include:
• Age.The most common cause of ectropion is weakening muscle tissue associated with aging.
• Previous eye surgeries.People who have had eyelid surgery are at higher risk of developing ectropion later.
• Previous cancer, burns or trauma.If you've had spots of skin cancer on your face, facial burns or trauma, you're at higher risk of developing ectropion.
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What are the complications of Ectropion?
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Ectropion leaves your cornea irritated and exposed, making it more susceptible to drying. The result can be abrasions and ulcers on the cornea, which can threaten your vision.
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What are the Overview of Edema?
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Edema is swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body's tissues. Edema can affect any part of the body. But it's more likely to show up in the legs and feet.
Medicines and pregnancy can cause edema. It also can be the result of a disease, such as congestive heart failure, kidney disease, venous insufficiency or cirrhosis of the liver.
Wearing compression garments and reducing salt in the diet often relieves edema. When a disease causes edema, the disease needs treatment, as well.
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What are the symptoms of Edema?
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Symptoms of edema include:
• Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms.
• Stretched or shiny skin.
• Skin that holds a dimple, also known as pitting, after it's been pressed for a few seconds.
• Swelling of the belly, also called the abdomen, so that it's bigger than usual.
• Feeling of leg heaviness.
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What are the causes of Edema?
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Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. The fluid builds up in nearby tissues. The leak leads to swelling.
Causes of mild cases of edema include:
• Sitting or staying in one position for too long.
• Eating too much salty food.
• Being premenstrual.
• Being pregnant.
Edema also can be a side effect of some medicines. These include:
• High blood pressure medicines.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.
• Steroid medicines.
• Estrogens.
• Certain diabetes medicines called thiazolidinediones.
• Medicines use to treat nerve pain.
Sometimes edema can be a sign of a more serious condition. Illnesses that can cause edema include:
• Congestive heart failure.Congestive heart failure causes one or both of the heart's lower chambers stop pumping blood well. As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema.Congestive heart failure can also cause swelling in the stomach area. This condition also can cause fluid to build up in the lungs. Known as pulmonary edema, this can lead to shortness of breath.
• Liver damage.This liver damage from cirrhosis can cause fluid to build up in the stomach area. and in the legs. This fluid buildup in the stomach area is known as ascites.
• Kidney disease.Kidney disease can cause fluid and salts in the blood to build up. Edema linked to kidney disease usually occurs in the legs and around the eyes.
• Kidney damage.Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in the kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, decreased levels of protein in the blood can lead to edema.
• Weakness or damage to veins in your legs.This condition, known as chronic venous insufficiency, harms the one-way valves in the leg. One-way valves keep blood flowing in one direction. Damage to the valves allows blood to pool in the leg veins and causes swelling.
• Deep vein thrombosis, also called DVT.Sudden swelling in one leg with pain in the calf muscle can be due to a blood clot in one of the leg veins.DVTrequires medical help right away.
• Problems with the system in the body that clears extra fluid from tissues.If the body's lymphatic system is damaged, such as by cancer surgery, the lymphatic system might not drain well.
• Severe, long-term lack of protein.An extreme lack of protein in the diet over time can lead to edema.
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What are the risk factors of Edema?
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The following increases the risk of edema:
• Being pregnant.
• Taking certain medicines.
• Having a long-lasting illness, such as congestive heart failure or liver or kidney disease.
• Having surgery that involves a lymph node.
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What are the complications of Edema?
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If left untreated, edema can cause:
• Swelling that gets more and more painful.
• Problems walking.
• Stiffness.
• Stretched skin, which can itch.
• Increased risk of infection in the swollen area.
• Scarring between layers of tissue.
• Less blood flow.
• Less ability of the of arteries, veins, joints and muscles to stretch.
• Increased risk of skin ulcers.
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What are the causes of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
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Different types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are associated with a variety of genetic causes, some of which are inherited and passed on from parent to child. If you have the most common form, hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, there's a 50% chance that you'll pass on the gene to each of your children.
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What are the complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
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Complications depend on the types of signs and symptoms you have. For example, overly flexible joints can result in joint dislocations and early-onset arthritis. Fragile skin may develop prominent scarring.
People who have vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are at risk of often fatal ruptures of major blood vessels. Some organs, such as the uterus and intestines, also may rupture. Pregnancy can increase the risk of a rupture in the uterus.
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What is the prevention of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
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If you have a personal or family history of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and you're thinking about starting a family, you may benefit from talking to a genetic counselor — a health care professional trained to assess the risk of inherited disorders. Genetic counseling can help you understand the inheritance pattern of the type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that affects you and the risks it poses for your children.
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What are the Overview of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are similar tick-borne illnesses that cause flu-like symptoms, including fever, muscle aches and headache. Signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis usually appear within 14 days after a tick bite.
If treated quickly with appropriate antibiotics, you'll likely recover within a few days. Untreated ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis can result in serious or life-threatening complications.
The best way to prevent these infections is to avoid tick bites. Tick repellents, thorough body checks after being outside and proper removal of ticks are your best defenses against these tick-borne diseases.
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What are the symptoms of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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Signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are generally the same, although they usually are more severe in ehrlichiosis. Symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, which vary widely from person to person, include:
• Moderate fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Muscles aches or pains
• General feeling of being unwell
• Joint pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
Additional signs and symptoms associated with ehrlichiosis but rarely with anaplasmosis include:
• Confusion or changes in mental state
• Rash
Some people may be infected and not develop symptoms.
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What are the causes of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by different bacteria.
Ehrlichiosis is caused by different species of ehrlichia bacteria. The Lone Star tick — found in south-central, southeastern and eastern coastal states — is the primary carrier of bacteria causing ehrlichiosis. Black-legged ticks, commonly called deer ticks, in the Upper Midwest are less common carriers.
Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It's primarily carried by deer ticks in the Upper Midwest, northeastern states and central Canadian provinces. It's also carried by the Western black-legged tick in Western coastal states and other tick species in Europe and Asia.
The ehrlichia and anaplasma species belong to the same family of bacteria. Although each bacterium appears to have a specific target among immune system cells in the host, all of these infectious agents generally cause the same symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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Ticks live near the ground in wooded or brushy areas. They do not fly or jump, so they can only reach a host who brushes up against them. Factors that increase your risk of a tick bite include:
• Being outdoors in warm spring and summer months
• Participating in activities in wooded areas, such as camping, hiking or hunting
• Wearing clothes that leave your skin exposed in tick-friendly habitat
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What are the complications of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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Without prompt treatment, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis can have serious effects on an otherwise healthy adult or child. People with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of more-serious and life-threatening complications.
Complications of an untreated infection may include:
• Kidney failure
• Respiratory failure
• Heart failure
• Damage to the central nervous system
• Seizures
• Coma
• Severe secondary infections
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What is the prevention of Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?
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The best way to steer clear of ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis is to avoid tick bites when you are outdoors. Most ticks attach themselves to your lower legs and feet as you walk or work in grassy, wooded areas or overgrown fields. After a tick attaches to your body, it usually crawls upward to find a location to burrow into your skin.
If you are going to be working or playing in an area that is a likely tick habitat, follow these tips to protect yourself.
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What are the Overview of Eisenmenger syndrome?
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Eisenmenger (I-sun-meng-ur) syndrome is a long-term complication of an unrepaired heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Eisenmenger syndrome is life-threatening.
In Eisenmenger syndrome, there is irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. This causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs' arteries. Eisenmenger syndrome causes permanent to the blood vessels in the lungs.
Early diagnosis and repair of congenital heart defects usually prevents Eisenmenger syndrome. If it does develop, treatment involves regular health checkups and medicines to improve symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome?
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Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include:
• Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Chest pain or tightness.
• Coughing up blood.
• Dizziness or fainting.
• Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity.
• Headaches.
• Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing.
• Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes.
• Shortness of breath while at rest.
• Skipped or racing heartbeats.
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What are the causes of Eisenmenger syndrome?
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Eisenmenger syndrome is usually caused by an unrepaired hole between the main blood vessels or chambers of the heart. The hole is called a shunt. A shunt is a heart problem present at birth, which means it's a congenital heart defect.
Congenital heart defects that can cause Eisenmenger syndrome include:
• Ventricular septal defect.This is the most common cause of Eisenmenger syndrome. There is a hole in the wall of tissue between the bottom heart chambers.
• Atrioventricular canal defect.This is a large hole in the center of the heart. The hole is where the walls between the upper chambers and lower chambers meet. Some of the valves in the heart also may not work as they should.
• Atrial septal defect.This is a hole in the wall of tissue between the two upper heart chambers.
• Patent ductus arteriosus.This is an opening between the artery that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the body's main artery.
In any of these heart conditions, blood flows in a way it usually doesn't. As a result, pressure rises in the pulmonary artery. Over time, the increased pressure damages the smaller blood vessels in the lungs. The damaged blood vessel walls make it hard for the heart to pump blood to the lungs.
In Eisenmenger syndrome, blood pressure rises in the side of the heart that has oxygen-poor blood, also called blue blood. The blue blood goes through the hole in the heart or blood vessels. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood now mix. This causes low blood oxygen levels.
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What are the risk factors of Eisenmenger syndrome?
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A family history of congenital heart defects increases the risk of similar heart problems in a baby. If you've been diagnosed with Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about screening other family members for congenital heart defects.
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What are the complications of Eisenmenger syndrome?
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Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions.
Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include:
• Low blood oxygen levels.The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse.
• Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.Eisenmenger syndrome causes the heart walls to get bigger and thicker. It also causes a drop in oxygen levels. These changes may lead to irregular heartbeats. Some irregular heartbeats increase the risk of blood clots that can cause heart attacks or strokes.
• Sudden cardiac arrest.This is the sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. If not treated immediately, sudden cardiac arrest can quickly lead to death. Survival is possible with fast, proper medical care.
• Heart failure.The increased pressure in the heart can cause the heart muscle to weaken. It becomes harder for the heart to pump blood.
• Bleeding in the lungs.Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. Bleeding also can occur in other parts of the body.
• Stroke.If a blood clot travels from the right side to the left side of the heart, the clot may block a blood vessel in the brain. A blood clot in the brain can lead to a stroke.
• Kidney disease.Low oxygen levels in the blood may lead to trouble with the kidneys.
• Gout.Eisenmenger syndrome can increase the risk of a type of arthritis called gout. Gout causes sudden, severe attacks of pain and swelling in one or more joints, usually the big toe.
• Heart infection.People with Eisenmenger syndrome have a higher risk of a heart infection called endocarditis.
• Pregnancy risks.During pregnancy, the heart and lungs have to work harder to support the growing baby. Because of this, pregnancy with Eisenmenger syndrome poses a high risk of death for both the pregnant person and the baby. If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks.
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What are the Overview of Embryonal tumors?
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Embryonal tumors are growths of cells that happen in the brain. The growths involve cells that are left over from fetal development, called embryonal cells.
Embryonal tumors are a type of brain cancer, also called malignant brain tumor. This means the cells that make up the tumor can grow to invade the brain and cause damage to healthy brain tissue. They also can spread through the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called cerebrospinal fluid.
Embryonal tumors most often happen in babies and young children. But they can happen at any age.
There are several kinds of embryonal tumors. The most common is medulloblastoma. This type of embryonal tumor starts in the lower back part of the brain, called the cerebellum.
If your child is diagnosed with an embryonal tumor, seek care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors. Medical centers with expertise in pediatric brain tumors provide access to the latest treatments and technology to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Embryonal tumors?
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Symptoms of an embryonal tumor may include:
• Headaches.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Feeling more tired than usual.
• Double vision.
• Difficulty with balance.
• Seizures.
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What are the causes of Embryonal tumors?
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The cause of an embryonal tumor often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the brain. The growth involves cells that are left over from fetal development, called embryonal cells.
Embryonal tumors start when embryonal cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow and press on parts of the brain. The cancer cells also can travel in the fluid that supports the brain and spine. This can spread the cancer to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Embryonal tumors?
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Risk factors for embryonal tumors include:
• Young age.This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in children.
• Hereditary syndromes.Some conditions that run in families can raise the risk of embryonal tumor. Examples include Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Turcot syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Emphysema?
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Emphysema is a long-term lung condition that causes shortness of breath. Over time, the condition damages the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. In healthy lungs, these sacs stretch and fill with air when you breathe in. The elastic sacs help the air leave when you breathe out. But when the air sacs are damaged in emphysema, it's hard to move air out of your lungs. This doesn't leave room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter your lungs.
Symptoms of emphysema include trouble breathing, especially with activity, and a wheezing sound when breathing out. How severe the condition is can vary.
Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Treatment can help with symptoms and may slow how fast the condition gets worse. But it can't reverse the damage.
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What are the symptoms of Emphysema?
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You can have emphysema for many years without noticing any symptoms. They usually begin gradually and include:
• Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity. This is the main symptom of emphysema.
• Wheezing, whistling or squeaking sound when you breathe out.
• Coughing.
• Chest tightness or heaviness.
• Feeling very tired.
• Weight loss and ankle swelling that may happen as the condition gets worse over time.
You may start avoiding activities that cause you to be short of breath, so the symptoms don't become a problem until they keep you from doing daily tasks. Emphysema eventually causes trouble breathing even while you're resting.
Emphysema is one of the two common types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The other common type is chronic bronchitis. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the tubes that carry air to your lungs, called bronchial tubes, become irritated and swollen. This inflammation limits the space for air to move in and out of the lungs and makes extra mucus that blocks the airways. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis often occur together, so the general term COPD may be used.
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What are the causes of Emphysema?
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Emphysema results from long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including:
• Smoking cigarettes, which is the most common cause.
• Chemical fumes, especially in the workplace.
• Vapors and dusts, especially in the workplace.
Rarely, emphysema results from a gene change passed down in families. This gene change causes low levels of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). AAT is made in the liver and is passed into the bloodstream to help protect the lungs from damage caused by smoke, fumes and dust. Low levels of AAT, a condition called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, can cause liver damage, lung conditions such as emphysema or both. With AAT deficiency, there is usually a family history of emphysema, and symptoms begin at a younger age.
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What are the risk factors of Emphysema?
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Lung damage in emphysema develops gradually. In most people with the condition, symptoms start after age 40.
Factors that increase your risk of developing emphysema include:
• Smoking.Smoking cigarettes or having smoked in the past is the biggest risk factor for emphysema. But people who smoke cigars, pipes or marijuana also are at risk. The risk for all types of smokers increases with the number of years of smoking and the amount of tobacco smoked.
• Being around secondhand smoke.Secondhand smoke is smoke that you breathe in from someone else's cigarette, pipe or cigar. Being around secondhand smoke raises your risk of emphysema.
• Job exposure to fumes, vapors or dust.If you breathe in fumes or vapors from certain chemicals or dust from grain, cotton, wood or mining products, you're more likely to develop emphysema. This risk is even greater if you also smoke.
• Exposure to indoor and outdoor pollution.Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel, as well as outdoor pollutants, such as smog or car exhaust, increases your risk of emphysema.
• Genetics.The uncommon condition called AAT deficiency raises the risk of emphysema. Other genetic factors may make certain smokers more likely to get emphysema.
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What are the complications of Emphysema?
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People who have emphysema are more likely to develop:
• High blood pressure in lung arteries.Emphysema may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. This serious condition is called pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension can cause the right side of the heart to expand and weaken, a condition called cor pulmonale.
• Other heart problems.For reasons that aren't fully understood, emphysema can raise your risk of heart disease, including heart attack.
• Large air spaces in the lungs.Large air spaces called bullae form in the lungs when the inner walls of the alveoli are destroyed. This leaves one very large air sac instead of a cluster of many smaller ones. These bullae can become very large, even as large as half the lung. The bullae lessen the space available for the lung to expand. Also, giant bullae can increase the risk of a collapsed lung.
• Collapsed lung.A collapsed lung called pneumothorax can be life-threatening in people who have severe emphysema because their lungs are already damaged. This is not common but it's serious when it happens.
• Lung cancer.People with emphysema have a higher risk of getting lung cancer. Smoking raises this risk even more.
• Anxiety and depression.Problems breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And having a serious medical condition such as emphysema can sometimes cause anxiety and depression.
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What is the prevention of Emphysema?
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To prevent emphysema or to keep symptoms from getting worse:
• Don't smoke. Talk to your healthcare professional about options for quitting.
• Stay away from secondhand smoke.
• Wear a special mask or use other measures to protect your lungs if you work with chemical fumes, vapors or dust.
• Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke and air pollution when possible.
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What are the Overview of Encephalitis?
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Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or by immune cells mistakenly attacking the brain. Viruses that can lead to encephalitis can be spread by insects such as mosquitos and ticks.
When inflammation is caused by an infection in the brain, it's known as infectious encephalitis. And when it's caused by the immune system attacking the brain, it's known as autoimmune encephalitis. Sometimes there is no known cause.
Encephalitis can sometimes lead to death. Getting diagnosed and treated right away is important because it's hard to predict how encephalitis may affect each person.
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What are the symptoms of Encephalitis?
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Encephalitis may cause many different symptoms including confusion, personality changes, seizures or trouble with movement. Encephalitis also may cause changes in sight or hearing.
Most people with infectious encephalitis have flu-like symptoms, such as:
• Headache.
• Fever.
• Aches in muscles or joints.
• Fatigue or weakness.
Typically, these are followed by more-serious symptoms over a period of hours to days, such as:
• Stiff neck.
• Confusion, agitation or hallucinations.
• Seizures.
• Loss of feeling or being unable to move certain areas of the face or body.
• Irregular movements.
• Muscle weakness.
• Trouble with speech or hearing.
• Loss of consciousness, including coma.
In infants and young children, symptoms also might include:
• Bulging of the soft spots of an infant's skull.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Stiffness affecting the whole body.
• Poor feeding or not waking for a feeding.
• Irritability.
In autoimmune encephalitis, symptoms may develop more slowly over several weeks. Flu-like symptoms are less common but can sometimes happen weeks before more-serious symptoms start. Symptoms are different for everyone, but it's common for people to have a combination of symptoms, including:
• Changes in personality.
• Memory loss.
• Trouble understanding what is real and what is not, known as psychosis.
• Seeing or hearing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations.
• Seizures.
• Changes in vision.
• Sleep problems.
• Muscle weakness.
• Loss of sensation.
• Trouble walking.
• Irregular movements.
• Bladder and bowel symptoms.
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What are the causes of Encephalitis?
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In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known.
In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis:
• Infectious encephalitis.This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks. Very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by bacteria, fungus or parasites.
• Autoimmune encephalitis.This condition occurs when your own immune cells mistakenly attack the brain or make antibodies targeting proteins and receptors in the brain. The exact reason why this happens is not completely understood. Sometimes autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by cancerous or noncancerous tumors, known as paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Other types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can be triggered by an infection in the body. This is known as post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis. In many instances, no trigger for the immune response is found.
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What are the risk factors of Encephalitis?
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Anyone can develop encephalitis. Factors that may increase the risk include:
• Age.Some types of encephalitis are more common or more serious in certain age groups. In general, young children and older adults are at greater risk of most types of viral encephalitis. Similarly, some forms of autoimmune encephalitis are more common in children and young adults, whereas others are more common in older adults.
• Weakened immune system.People who have HIV/AIDS, take immune-suppressing medicines or have another condition causing a weakened immune system are at increased risk of encephalitis.
• Geographical regions.Mosquito- or tick-borne viruses are common in particular geographical regions.
• Season of the year.Mosquito- and tick-borne diseases tend to be more common in summer in many areas of the United States.
• Autoimmune disease.People who already have an autoimmune condition may be more prone to develop autoimmune encephalitis.
• Smoking.Smoking increases the chances of developing lung cancer, which in turn increases the risk of developing paraneoplastic syndromes including encephalitis.
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What are the complications of Encephalitis?
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The complications of encephalitis vary, depending on factors such as:
• Your age.
• The cause of your infection.
• The severity of your initial illness.
• The time from disease onset to treatment.
People with relatively mild illness usually recover within a few weeks with no long-term complications.
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What is the prevention of Encephalitis?
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The best way to prevent viral encephalitis is to take precautions to avoid exposure to viruses that can cause the disease. Try to:
• Practice good hygiene.Wash hands often and thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before and after meals.
• Don't share utensils.Don't share tableware and drinks.
• Teach your children good habits.Make sure they practice good hygiene and avoid sharing utensils at home and school.
• Get vaccinations.Keep your own and your children's vaccinations current. Before traveling, talk to your healthcare professional about recommended vaccinations for different destinations.
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What are the Overview of End-stage renal disease?
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End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys no longer work as they should to meet your body's needs.
Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When your kidneys lose their filtering abilities, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body.
With end-stage renal disease, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. But you can also choose to opt for conservative care to manage your symptoms — aiming for the best quality of life during your remaining time.
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What are the symptoms of End-stage renal disease?
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Early in chronic kidney disease, you might have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include:
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue and weakness
• Changes in how much you urinate
• Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
• Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
• Swelling of feet and ankles
• High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
• Headaches
• Difficulty sleeping
• Decreased mental sharpness
• Muscle twitches and cramps
• Persistent itching
• Metallic taste
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.
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What are the causes of End-stage renal disease?
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Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. For some people, kidney damage can continue to progress even after the underlying condition is resolved.
Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include:
• Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) — an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
• Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
• Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
• Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
• Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
• Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)
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What are the risk factors of End-stage renal disease?
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Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage renal disease, including:
• Diabetes with poor blood sugar control
• Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that filter wastes from the blood
• Polycystic kidney disease
• High blood pressure
• Tobacco use
• Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian heritage
• Family history of kidney failure
• Older age
• Frequent use of medications that could be damaging to the kidney
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What are the complications of End-stage renal disease?
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Kidney damage, once it occurs, can't be reversed. Potential complications can affect almost any part of your body and can include:
• Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
• A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening
• Heart disease
• Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
• Anemia
• Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
• Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
• Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
• Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
• Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
• Malnutrition
• Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival
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What is the prevention of End-stage renal disease?
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If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices:
• Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
• Be active most days
• Limit protein and eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods
• Control your blood pressure
• Take your medications as prescribed
• Have your cholesterol levels checked every year
• Control your blood sugar level
• Don't smoke or use tobacco products
• Get regular checkups
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What are the Overview of Endometriosis?
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Endometriosis (en-doe-me-tree-O-sis) is an often-painful condition in which tissue that is similar to the inner lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It often affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis. Rarely, endometriosis growths may be found beyond the area where pelvic organs are located.
Endometriosis tissue acts as the lining inside the uterus would — it thickens, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. But it grows in places where it doesn't belong, and it doesn't leave the body. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas may form. Surrounding tissue can become irritated and form scar tissue. Bands of fibrous tissue called adhesions also may form. These can cause pelvic tissues and organs to stick to each other.
Endometriosis can cause pain, especially during menstrual periods. Fertility problems also may develop. But treatments can help you take charge of the condition and its complications.
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What are the symptoms of Endometriosis?
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The main symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain. It's often linked with menstrual periods. Although many people have cramping during their periods, those with endometriosis often describe menstrual pain that's far worse than usual. The pain also may become worse over time.
Common symptoms of endometriosis include:
• Painful periods.Pelvic pain and cramping may start before a menstrual period and last for days into it. You also may have lower back and stomach pain. Another name for painful periods is dysmenorrhea.
• Pain with sex.Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.
• Pain with bowel movements or urination.You're most likely to have these symptoms before or during a menstrual period.
• Excessive bleeding.Sometimes, you may have heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods.
• Infertility.For some people, endometriosis is first found during tests for infertility treatment.
• Other symptoms.You may have fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea. These symptoms are more common before or during menstrual periods.
The seriousness of your pain may not be a sign of the number or extent of endometriosis growths in your body. You could have a small amount of tissue with bad pain. Or you could have lots of endometriosis tissue with little or no pain.
Still, some people with endometriosis have no symptoms. Often, they find out they have the condition when they can't get pregnant or after they get surgery for another reason.
For those with symptoms, endometriosis sometimes may seem like other conditions that can cause pelvic pain. These include pelvic inflammatory disease or ovarian cysts. Or it may be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which causes bouts of diarrhea, constipation and stomach cramps. IBS also can happen along with endometriosis. This makes it harder for your health care team to find the exact cause of your symptoms.
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What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Endometriosis?
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What are the causes of Endometriosis?
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The exact cause of endometriosis isn't clear. But some possible causes include:
• Retrograde menstruation.This is when menstrual blood flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity instead of out of the body. The blood contains endometrial cells from the inner lining of the uterus. These cells may stick to the pelvic walls and surfaces of pelvic organs. There, they might grow and continue to thicken and bleed over the course of each menstrual cycle.
• Transformed peritoneal cells.Experts suggest that hormones or immune factors might help transform cells that line the inner side of the abdomen, called peritoneal cells, into cells that are like those that line the inside of the uterus.
• Embryonic cell changes.Hormones such as estrogen may transform embryonic cells — cells in the earliest stages of development — into endometrial-like cell growths during puberty.
• Surgical scar complication.Endometrial cells may attach to scar tissue from a cut made during surgery to the stomach area, such as a C-section.
• Endometrial cell transport.The blood vessels or tissue fluid system may move endometrial cells to other parts of the body.
• Immune system condition.A problem with the immune system may make the body unable to recognize and destroy endometriosis tissue.
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What are the risk factors of Endometriosis?
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Factors that raise the risk of endometriosis include:
• Never giving birth.
• Starting your period at an early age.
• Going through menopause at an older age.
• Short menstrual cycles — for instance, less than 27 days.
• Heavy menstrual periods that last longer than seven days.
• Having higher levels of estrogen in your body or a greater lifetime exposure to estrogen your body produces.
• Low body mass index.
• One or more relatives with endometriosis, such as a mother, aunt or sister.
Any health condition that prevents blood from flowing out of the body during menstrual periods also can be an endometriosis risk factor. So can conditions of the reproductive tract.
Endometriosis symptoms often happen years after menstruation starts. The symptoms may get better for a time with pregnancy. Pain may become milder over time with menopause, unless you take estrogen therapy.
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What are the Overview of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
Pseudogynecomastia is an increase in fat but not gland tissue in male breasts.
Newborns, boys going through puberty and older men may develop gynecomastia due to natural changes in hormone levels. There are other causes too.
Most often, gynecomastia isn't a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed.
Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn't, medicine or surgery may help.
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What are the symptoms of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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Gynecomastia symptoms can include:
• Pain, especially in teenagers.
• Swollen breast tissue.
• Tender breasts.
• Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes.
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What are the causes of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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In people assigned male at birth, the body mainly makes the sex hormone testosterone. It also makes small amounts of the hormone estrogen. Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level.
Some things that can change the body's hormone balance include the following:
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What are the risk factors of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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Risk factors for gynecomastia include:
• Puberty.
• Older age.
• Obesity.
• Use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance.
• Certain health conditions. These include liver and kidney disease, thyroid disease, Klinefelter syndrome and some tumors.
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What are the complications of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.
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What is the prevention of Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)?
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Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia:
• Don't use drugs.Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana.
• Limit or stay away from alcohol.It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.
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What are the Overview of Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)?
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Your spleen is an organ that sits just below your left rib cage. Many conditions — including infections, liver disease and some cancers — can cause an enlarged spleen. An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee).
An enlarged spleen usually doesn't cause symptoms. It's often discovered during a routine physical exam. A doctor usually can't feel the spleen in an adult unless it's enlarged. Imaging and blood tests can help identify the cause of an enlarged spleen.
Treatment for an enlarged spleen depends on what's causing it. Surgery to remove an enlarged spleen usually isn't needed, but sometimes it's recommended.
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What are the symptoms of Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)?
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An enlarged spleen typically causes no signs or symptoms, but sometimes it causes:
• Pain or fullness in the left upper belly that can spread to the left shoulder
• A feeling of fullness without eating or after eating a small amount because the spleen is pressing on your stomach
• Low red blood cells (anemia)
• Frequent infections
• Bleeding easily
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What are the causes of Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)?
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A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. Contributing factors include:
• Viral infections, such as mononucleosis
• Bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of your heart's inner lining (endocarditis)
• Parasitic infections, such as malaria
• Cirrhosis and other diseases affecting the liver
• Various types of hemolytic anemia — a condition characterized by early destruction of red blood cells
• Blood cancers, such as leukemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms, and lymphomas, such as Hodgkin's disease
• Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease
• Pressure on the veins in the spleen or liver or a blood clot in these veins
• Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis
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What are the risk factors of Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)?
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Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including:
• Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis
• People who have Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and several other inherited metabolic disorders affecting the liver and spleen
• People who live in or travel to areas where malaria is common
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What are the complications of Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)?
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Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are:
• Infection.An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible.
• Ruptured spleen.Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.
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What are the Overview of Entropion?
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Entropion (en-TROH-pee-on) is a condition in which your eyelid turns inward so that your eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface. This causes irritation and discomfort.
When you have entropion, your eyelid may be turned in all the time or only when you blink hard or squeeze your eyelids shut. Entropion is more common in older adults, and it generally affects only the lower eyelid.
Artificial tears and lubricating ointments can help relieve symptoms of entropion. But usually surgery is needed to fully correct the condition. Left untreated, entropion can cause damage to the transparent covering in the front part of your eye (cornea), eye infections and vision loss.
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What are the symptoms of Entropion?
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The signs and symptoms of entropion result from the friction of your eyelashes and outer eyelid against the surface of your eye. You may experience:
• The feeling that something is in your eye
• Eye redness
• Eye irritation or pain
• Sensitivity to light and wind
• Watery eyes (excessive tearing)
• Mucous discharge and eyelid crusting
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What are the causes of Entropion?
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Entropion can be caused by:
• Muscle weakness.As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and the tendons stretch out. This is the most common cause of entropion.
• Scars or previous surgeries.Skin scarred by chemical burns, trauma or surgery can distort the normal curve of the eyelid.
• Eye infection.An eye infection called trachoma is common in many developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Pacific Islands. It can cause scarring of the inner eyelid, leading to entropion and even blindness.
• Inflammation.An irritation of the eye caused by dryness or inflammation can lead you to try to relieve the symptoms by rubbing the eyelids or squeezing them shut. This can lead to a spasm of the eyelid muscles and a rolling of the edge of the lid inward against the cornea (spastic entropion).
• Developmental complication.When entropion is present at birth (congenital), it may be caused by an extra fold of skin on the eyelid that causes turned-in eyelashes.
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What are the risk factors of Entropion?
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Factors that increase your risk of developing entropion include:
• Age.The older you are, the greater your chances of developing the condition.
• Previous burns or trauma.If you've had a burn or other injury on your face, the resulting scar tissue may put you at higher risk of developing entropion.
• Trachoma infection.Because trachoma can scar the inner eyelids, people who have had this infection are more likely to develop entropion.
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What are the complications of Entropion?
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Corneal irritation and injury are the most serious complications related to entropion because they can lead to permanent vision loss.
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What is the prevention of Entropion?
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Generally, entropion isn't preventable. You may be able to prevent the type caused by trachoma infection. If your eyes become red and irritated after you visit an area where trachoma infection is common, seek evaluation and treatment immediately.
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