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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Mesothelioma?
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Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
Mesothelioma is pronounced me-zoe-thee-lee-O-muh. It most often happens in the tissue around the lungs. This is called pleural mesothelioma. Mesothelioma also can happen in the tissues in the belly, around the heart and around the testicles.
Mesothelioma, which is sometimes called malignant mesothelioma, is a fast-growing and deadly form of cancer. There are mesothelioma treatments. But for many people with mesothelioma, there is no cure.
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What are the symptoms of Mesothelioma?
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Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma depend on where the cancer starts.
Pleural mesotheliomaaffects the tissue around the lungs. Symptoms may include:
• Chest pain.
• Painful coughing.
• Shortness of breath.
• Lumps under the skin on the chest.
• Tiredness.
• Weight loss without trying.
Peritoneal mesotheliomaaffects tissue in the belly. Symptoms may include:
• Belly pain.
• Belly swelling.
• Nausea.
• Tiredness.
• Weight loss without trying.
Other types of mesotheliomaare very rare. Not as much is known about these other types.
Pericardial mesothelioma affects tissue around the heart. It may cause trouble breathing and chest pains.
Mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis affects tissue around the testicles. It may first appear as swelling or a mass on a testicle.
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What are the causes of Mesothelioma?
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It's not always clear what causes mesothelioma. Experts believe that being around asbestos causes many mesotheliomas. But not everyone with mesothelioma has been around asbestos. Exactly what causes the cancer may not be known.
Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
Mesothelioma happens when cells in the mesothelium develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Mesothelioma?
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Being around asbestos is the biggest risk factor for mesothelioma. Asbestos is a natural mineral. Asbestos fibers are strong, and they resist heat. This makes them useful in many ways. Asbestos gets used in insulation, brakes, shingles, flooring and many other products.
Mining asbestos or removing asbestos insulation breaks up the mineral. This may create dust. If people breathe in or swallow the dust, the asbestos fibers settle in the lungs or in the stomach. This may lead to mesothelioma.
Experts don't know the exact way asbestos causes mesothelioma. It can take 15 to 40 years or more to get mesothelioma after being exposed to asbestos.
Most people who have been around asbestos don't get mesothelioma. So other factors may be involved. For instance, it could run in families, or some other condition could raise the risk.
Factors that may raise the risk of mesothelioma include:
• Being around asbestos.If you've been directly exposed to asbestos fibers at work or at home, your risk of mesothelioma is increased.
• Living with someone who works with asbestos.People who work with asbestos may carry the fibers home on their skin and clothing. Over many years, these fibers can put others in the home at risk of mesothelioma.
• A family history of mesothelioma.If your parent, sibling or child has mesothelioma, you may have a higher risk of this disease.
• Radiation therapy to the chest.If you had radiation therapy to your chest for cancer, you might have a higher risk of mesothelioma.
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What are the complications of Mesothelioma?
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As pleural mesothelioma spreads in the chest, it puts pressure on the structures in that area. This can cause complications such as:
• Trouble breathing.
• Chest pain.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Pain caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord.
• Buildup of fluid in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid can press on the nearby lung and make breathing hard.
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What is the prevention of Mesothelioma?
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Reducing your exposure to asbestos may lower your risk of mesothelioma.
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What are the Overview of Microscopic colitis?
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Microscopic colitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the large intestine. This large intestine is also called the colon. Microscopic colitis causes symptoms of watery diarrhea.
The condition gets its name from needing to look at colon tissue under a microscope to diagnose it. The tissue appears typical on exam with a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy.
There are two subtypes of microscopic colitis:
• Collagenous colitis, in which a thick layer of protein called collagen grows in colon tissue.
• Lymphocytic colitis, in which white blood cells called lymphocytes increase in colon tissue.
Researchers believe collagenous (kuh-LAYJ-uh-nus) colitis and lymphocytic colitis may be forms of the same condition. Symptoms, testing and treatment are the same for both subtypes.
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What are the symptoms of Microscopic colitis?
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Symptoms of microscopic colitis include:
• Watery diarrhea.
• Belly pain, cramps or bloating.
• Weight loss.
• Nausea.
• Not being able to control bowel movements, called fecal incontinence.
• The body not having enough water, called dehydration.
The symptoms of microscopic colitis can come and go. At times, symptoms improve on their own.
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What are the causes of Microscopic colitis?
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It's not clear what causes the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the colon found in microscopic colitis. Researchers believe that the causes may include:
• Medicinesthat can inflame the lining of the colon.
• Bile acidnot absorbed as it should be that inflames the lining of the colon.
• Bacteriathat make toxins or viruses that interact with the lining of the colon.
• Autoimmune diseaselinked to microscopic colitis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease or psoriasis. Autoimmune disease happens when the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues.
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What are the risk factors of Microscopic colitis?
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Risk factors for microscopic colitis include:
• Age.Microscopic colitis is most common in people older than age 50.
• Sex.Women are more likely to have microscopic colitis than are men. Some studies suggest a link between post-menopausal hormone therapy and microscopic colitis.
• Autoimmune disease.People with microscopic colitis sometimes also have an autoimmune disorder, such as celiac disease, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes or psoriasis.
• Genetic link.Research suggests that there may be a link between microscopic colitis and a family history of irritable bowel syndrome.
• Smoking.Recent research studies have shown a link between tobacco smoking and microscopic colitis, mostly in people ages 16 to 44.
Some research studies show a link between using certain medicines that may increase the risk of microscopic colitis. But not all studies agree.
Medicines that may be linked to the condition include:
• Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
• Proton pump inhibitors including lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), omeprazole (Prilosec) and dexlansoprazole (Dexilant).
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline (Zoloft).
• Acarbose.
• Flutamide.
• Ranitidine.
• Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, others).
• Clozapine (Clozaril, Versacloz).
• Entacapone (Comtan).
• Paroxetine (Paxil).
• Simvastatin (Flolipid, Zocor).
• Topiramate (Topamax, Qsymia, others).
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What are the complications of Microscopic colitis?
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There are minimal complications for most people once microscopic colitis is successfully treated. The condition does not increase the risk of colon cancer.
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What are the Overview of Mouth cancer?
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Mouth cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the mouth. Mouth cancer can happen in any of the parts that make up the mouth. Mouth cancer can occur on the:
• Lips.
• Gums.
• Tongue.
• Inner lining of the cheeks.
• Roof of the mouth.
• Floor of the mouth.
The mouth also is called the oral cavity. Cancer that happens in the mouth is sometimes called oral cancer or oral cavity cancer.
Mouth cancer is one of several cancers that are considered to be types of head and neck cancer. Mouth cancer and other head and neck cancers often have similar treatments.
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What are the symptoms of Mouth cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of mouth cancer may include:
• A lip or mouth sore that won't heal.
• A white or reddish patch on the inside of the mouth.
• Loose teeth.
• A growth or lump inside the mouth.
• Mouth pain.
• Ear pain.
• Difficult or painful swallowing.
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What are the causes of Mouth cancer?
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It's not always clear what causes mouth cancer. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the mouth. It most often starts in cells called squamous cells. These are flat, thin cells that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
Mouth cancer happens when cells on the lips or in the mouth develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Mouth cancer?
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Factors that can increase the risk of mouth cancer include:
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What is the prevention of Mouth cancer?
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There's no proven way to prevent mouth cancer. However, you may reduce your risk of mouth cancer if you:
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What are the Overview of Multiple myeloma?
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Healthy plasma cells help fight infections by making proteins called antibodies. Antibodies find and attack germs.
In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells build up in bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. In the bone marrow, the cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than make helpful antibodies, the cancer cells make proteins that don't work right. This leads to complications of multiple myeloma.
Multiple myeloma treatment isn't always needed right away. If the multiple myeloma is slow growing and isn't causing symptoms, close watching might be the first step. For people with multiple myeloma who need treatment, there are a number of ways to help control the disease.
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What are the symptoms of Multiple myeloma?
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Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include:
• Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips.
• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Loss of appetite.
• Mental fogginess or confusion.
• Tiredness.
• Infections.
• Weight loss.
• Weakness.
• Thirst.
• Needing to urinate often.
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What are the causes of Multiple myeloma?
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It's not clear what causes myeloma.
Multiple myeloma begins with one plasma cell in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. Something happens that turns the plasma cell into a cancerous myeloma cell. The myeloma cell begins making a lot more myeloma cells quickly.
Healthy cells grow at a set pace and die at a set time. Cancer cells don't follow these rules. They make a lot of extra cells. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die. In myeloma, the cancer cells build up in the bone marrow and crowd out the healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections.
The myeloma cells continue trying to make antibodies, as healthy plasma cells do. But the body can't use these antibodies, called monoclonal proteins or M proteins. Instead, the M proteins build up in the body and cause problems, such as damage to the kidneys. Myeloma cells can damage bones and increase the risk of broken bones.
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What are the risk factors of Multiple myeloma?
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Factors that may increase the risk of multiple myeloma include:
• Getting older.Most people are diagnosed in their late 60s.
• Being male.Men are more likely to develop the disease than are women.
• Being Black.Black people are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than are people of other races.
• Having a family history of multiple myeloma.Having a sibling or parent with multiple myeloma increases the risk of the disease.
• Having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, also calledMGUS.Multiple myeloma starts asMGUS, so having this condition increases the risk.
There's no way to prevent multiple myeloma. If you get multiple myeloma, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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What are the complications of Multiple myeloma?
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Complications of multiple myeloma include:
• Infections.Having multiple myeloma lowers the body's ability to fight infections.
• Bone problems.Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones.
• Kidney problems.Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure.
• Low red blood cell count, called anemia.As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.
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What are the Overview of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a group of symptoms linked to swollen, called inflamed, organs or tissues. People withMIS-Cneed care in the hospital.
MIS-Cwas first detected in April 2020.MIS-Cis currently linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Experts are still studying the cause ofMIS-Cand risk factors for getting it.
Most children who catch theCOVID-19virus have only a mild illness. But in children withMIS-C, after infection with theCOVID-19virus, the blood vessels, digestive system, skin or eyes become swollen and irritated.
MIS-Cis rare. It most often happens within 2 months after havingCOVID-19. The child may have had a known infection. Or a close contact may have a confirmed infection.
Most children who haveMIS-Ceventually get better with medical care. But some kids quickly get worse.MIS-Ccan cause life-threatening illness or death.
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What are the causes of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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The exact cause ofMIS-Cis not known yet. Many children withMIS-Chave had a recent infection with theCOVID-19virus. Some may have a current infection with the virus.
One idea of a possible cause ofMIS-Cis that infection with the virus that causesCOVID-19, either current or earlier, causes the immune system to overreact.
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What are the risk factors of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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Children diagnosed withMIS-Care often between the ages of 5 and 11 years old. But cases are reported among children ages 1 to 15. A few cases have also happened in older kids and in babies.
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What are the complications of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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MIS-Cis thought to be a complication ofCOVID-19. Without early diagnosis and treatment,MIS-Ccan lead to severe problems with vital organs, such as the heart. In rare cases,MIS-Ccould lead to permanent damage or even death.
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What is the prevention of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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In the U.S.,COVID-19vaccines are now offered to people age 6 months and older.
A vaccine can prevent you or your child from getting or spreading theCOVID-19virus. If you or your child getsCOVID-19, aCOVID-19vaccine could prevent you or your child from becoming seriously ill.
To prevent getting theCOVID-19virus and spreading it to others, theCDCrecommends following these precautions:
• Keep hands clean.Wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use a hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol.
• Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick.Avoid people who are coughing, sneezing or showing other signs that they might be sick and contagious.
• In public indoor spaces, keep distance between yourself and others.This is especially important in places with poor airflow.
• WhenCOVID-19community levels are high, wear a face mask in public indoor places.If your area has a high number of people withCOVID-19in the hospital, masks help prevent infection. TheCDCsuggests wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, fits well and is comfortable.
• Avoid touching your nose, eyes and mouth.Urge your child to follow your lead and avoid touching the face.
• Cover your mouth with a tissue or your elbow when you sneeze or cough.Throw away the used tissue. Wash your hands right away.
• Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces regularly.This includes areas of your home such as doorknobs, light switches, remotes and keyboards.
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What are the Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
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What are the Related information of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
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• Mayo Clinic Q and A: COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndromes in children and adults - Related informationMayo Clinic Q and A: COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndromes in children and adults
• Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast: Children, COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome - Related informationMayo Clinic Q&A podcast: Children, COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome
• COVID-19 in babies and children - Related informationCOVID-19 in babies and children
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Related informationCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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What are the Overview of Muscle cramp?
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A muscle cramp is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more muscles. Sometimes called a charley horse, a muscle cramp can be very painful. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to muscle cramps. Some medicines and illnesses also might cause muscle cramps.
Muscle cramps aren't usually harmful. Self-care measures can treat most muscle cramps.
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What are the symptoms of Muscle cramp?
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Muscle cramps occur mostly in leg muscles, most often in the calf. Cramps usually last for seconds to minutes. After the cramp eases, the area might be sore for hours or days.
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What are the causes of Muscle cramp?
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A muscle cramp can happen after working a muscle too hard or straining it, losing body fluids through sweat or simply holding a position for a long time. Often, however, the cause isn't known.
Most muscle cramps are harmless. But some might be related to a medical concern, such as:
• Not enough blood flow.A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops.
• Nerve compression.Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. Walking bent slightly forward, such as when pushing a shopping cart, might ease cramping.
• Not enough minerals.Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. Medicines often prescribed for high blood pressure can cause increased urination, which may drain the body of these minerals.
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What are the risk factors of Muscle cramp?
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Factors that might increase the risk of muscle cramps include:
• Age.Older people lose muscle mass. Then the muscles can't work as hard and can get stressed more easily.
• Poor conditioning.Not being in shape for an activity causes muscles to tire more easily.
• Extreme sweating.Athletes who get tired and sweat a lot while playing sports in warm weather often get muscle cramps.
• Pregnancy.Muscle cramps are common during pregnancy.
• Medical issues.Having diabetes or illnesses that involve nerves, liver or thyroid can increase the risk of muscle cramps.
• Weight.Being overweight can increase the risk of muscle cramps.
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What is the prevention of Muscle cramp?
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These steps might help prevent cramps:
• Drink plenty of liquids every day.Muscles need fluids to work well. During activity, drink liquids regularly. Keep drinking water or other liquids without caffeine or alcohol after the activity.
• Stretch your muscles.Stretch gently before and after using any muscle for a time. To avoid getting leg cramps at night, stretch before bedtime. Light exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle for a few minutes before bedtime, also may help prevent cramps while you sleep.
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What are the Overview of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)?
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complicated disorder.
It causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity but don't fully improve with rest.
The cause ofME/CFSis unknown, although there are many theories. Experts believe it might be triggered by a combination of factors.
There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis. You may need a variety of medical tests to rule out other health problems that have similar symptoms. Treatment for the condition focuses on easing symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)?
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Symptoms ofME/CFScan vary from person to person, and the severity of symptoms can fluctuate from day to day. In addition to fatigue, symptoms may include:
• Extreme exhaustion after physical or mental exercise.
• Problems with memory or thinking skills.
• Dizziness that worsens with moving from lying down or sitting to standing.
• Muscle or joint pain.
• Unrefreshing sleep.
Some people with this condition have headaches, sore throats, and tender lymph nodes in the neck or armpits. People with the condition also may become extra sensitive to light, sound, smells, food and medicines.
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What are the causes of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)?
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The cause of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is still unknown. A combination of factors may be involved, including:
• Genetics.ME/CFSappears to run in some families, so some people may be born with a higher likelihood of developing the disorder.
• Infections.Some people developME/CFSsymptoms after getting better from a viral or bacterial infection.
• Physical or emotional trauma.Some people report that they experienced an injury, surgery or significant emotional stress shortly before their symptoms began.
• Problems with energy usage.Some people withME/CFShave problems converting the body's fuel, primarily fats and sugars, into energy.
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What are the risk factors of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)?
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Factors that may increase your risk ofME/CFSinclude:
• Age.ME/CFScan occur at any age, but it most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults.
• Sex.Women are diagnosed withME/CFSmuch more often than men, but it may be that women are simply more likely to report their symptoms to a doctor.
• Other medical problems.People who have a history of other complex medical problems, such as fibromyalgia or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, may be more likely to developME/CFS.
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What are the complications of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)?
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Symptoms ofME/CFScan come and go, and often are triggered by physical activity or emotional stress. This can make it difficult for people to maintain a regular work schedule or to even take care of themselves at home.
Many people may be too weak to get out of bed at different points during their illness. Some may need to use a wheelchair.
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What are the Overview of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat. It sits behind the nose.
Nasopharyngeal (nay-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul) carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That's most likely because the nasopharynx isn't easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first.
Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a mix of the two. Work with your healthcare professional to find the approach that's right for you.
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What are the symptoms of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include:
• A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node.
• Bleeding from the nose.
• Bloody saliva.
• Double vision.
• Ear infections.
• Facial numbness.
• Headaches.
• Hearing loss.
• Nasal stuffiness.
• Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus.
• Sore throat.
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What are the causes of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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The exact cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma often isn't known.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a kind of cancer that starts in the upper part of the throat, called the nasopharynx. It happens when cells in the nasopharynx develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Researchers have found some factors that seem to raise the risk of getting nasopharyngeal carcinoma. They include:
• Certain ancestries.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is more common in parts of China, Southeast Asia, northern Africa and the Arctic. People who live in these areas or have ancestry that comes from these parts of the world may have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
• Middle age.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma can occur at any age. But most often it's diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60.
• Salt-cured foods.Chemicals released in steam when cooking salt-cured foods might raise the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The steam from foods such as fish and preserved vegetables may enter the nose during cooking. Contact with these chemicals at an early age may raise the risk even more.
• Epstein-Barr virus.This common virus most often causes mild symptoms like those of a cold. Sometimes it can cause infectious mononucleosis. The Epstein-Barr virus also is linked to some cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
• Family history.Having a family member with nasopharyngeal carcinoma raises the risk of the disease.
• Alcohol and tobacco.Heavy alcohol intake and tobacco use can raise your risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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What are the complications of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include:
• Cancer that grows into nearby structures.Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain.
• Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver.
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What is the prevention of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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There's no sure way to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. But, if you're worried about your risk of this cancer, think about giving up habits that have been linked with the disease. For instance, don't use tobacco. You may choose to cut back on or not eat salt-cured foods.
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What are the Overview of Neck pain?
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Neck pain is common. Poor posture — whether from leaning over a computer or hunching over a workbench — strains neck muscles. Osteoarthritis also is a common cause of neck pain.
Rarely, neck pain can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Seek medical care for neck pain with numbness or loss of strength in the arms or hands or for pain that shoots into a shoulder or down an arm.
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What are the symptoms of Neck pain?
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Symptoms include:
• Pain that's often worsened by holding the head in one place for long periods, such as when driving or working at a computer
• Muscle tightness and spasms
• Decreased ability to move the head
• Headache
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What are the causes of Neck pain?
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Because the neck supports the weight of the head, it can be at risk of injuries and conditions that cause pain and restrict motion. Neck pain causes include:
• Muscle strains.Overuse, such as too many hours hunched over a computer or a smartphone, often triggers muscle strains. Even minor things, such as reading in bed, can strain neck muscles.
• Worn joints.As with other joints in the body, neck joints tend to wear with age. In response to this wear and tear, the body often forms bone spurs that can affect joint motion and cause pain.
• Nerve compression.Herniated disks or bone spurs in the vertebrae of the neck can press on the nerves branching out from the spinal cord.
• Injuries.Rear-end auto collisions often result in whiplash injury. This occurs when the head jerks backward and then forward, straining the soft tissues of the neck.
• Diseases.Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis or cancer, can cause neck pain.
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What is the prevention of Neck pain?
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Most neck pain is associated with poor posture combined with age-related wear and tear. To help prevent neck pain, keep your head centered over your spine. Some simple changes in your daily routine may help. Consider trying to:
• Use good posture.When standing and sitting, be sure your shoulders are in a straight line over your hips and your ears are directly over your shoulders. When using cell phones, tablets and other small screens, keep your head up and hold the device straight out rather than bending your neck to look down at the device.
• Take frequent breaks.If you travel long distances or work long hours at your computer, get up, move around, and stretch your neck and shoulders.
• Adjust your desk, chair and computerso that the monitor is at eye level. Knees should be slightly lower than hips. Use your chair's armrests.
• If you smoke, quit.Smoking can increase the risk of developing neck pain.
• Avoid carrying heavy bags with straps over your shoulder.The weight can strain your neck.
• Sleep in a healthy position.Your head and neck should be aligned with your body. Use a small pillow under your neck. Try sleeping on your back with your thighs elevated on pillows, which will flatten your spinal muscles.
• Stay active.If you don't move much, increase your activity level.
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What are the Overview of Neuroblastoma?
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Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are immature nerve cells. They are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma most often starts in the neuroblasts in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. The glands make hormones that control important functions in the body. Other parts of the body that have neuroblasts and can get neuroblastoma include the spine, belly, chest and neck.
Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body.
Some forms of neuroblastoma may go away on their own. Other forms of neuroblastoma need treatment. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant. Your child's healthcare team will select the neuroblastoma treatments that are best for your child.
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What are the symptoms of Neuroblastoma?
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Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma in the bellymay cause symptoms such as:
• Belly pain.
• A lump under the skin that typically isn't tender when touched.
• Diarrhea or constipation.
Neuroblastoma in the chestmay cause symptoms such as:
• Wheezing.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes.
Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include:
• Lumps of tissue under the skin.
• Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets.
• Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises.
• Back pain.
• Fever.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Bone pain.
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What are the causes of Neuroblastoma?
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It's not clear what causes neuroblastoma. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma starts when neuroblasts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Neuroblastoma?
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The risk of neuroblastoma is higher in children. This cancer happens mostly in children age 5 and younger.
Children with a family history of neuroblastoma may be more likely to develop the disease. Yet, healthcare professionals think only a small number of neuroblastomas are inherited.
There are no known ways to prevent neuroblastoma.
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What are the complications of Neuroblastoma?
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Complications of neuroblastoma may include:
• Spread of the cancer.With time, the cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body. Neuroblastoma cells most often spread to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
• Pressure on the spinal cord.A neuroblastoma may grow and press on the spinal cord, causing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression may cause pain and paralysis.
• Symptoms caused by cancer secretions.Neuroblastoma cells may secrete chemicals that irritate other tissues. The irritated tissues can cause symptoms called paraneoplastic syndromes. Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes may include rapid eye movements and difficulty with coordination. Other symptoms include abdominal swelling and diarrhea.
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What are the Overview of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of organs, glands, tubelike vessels and clusters of cells called lymph nodes. It's part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma happens when germ-fighting cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. The cells can form growths, called tumors, throughout the body.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a broad group of lymphomas. There are many subtypes in this group. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are among the most common subtypes. The other broad group of lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma.
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma have helped improve the prognosis for people with this condition.
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What are the symptoms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
• Belly pain or swelling.
• Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing.
• Feeling very tired.
• Fever.
• Night sweats.
• Weight loss without trying.
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What are the causes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer starts when germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the cancer cells often build up in the lymph nodes. They also can build up in other parts of the lymphatic system.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect the:
• Lymph nodes.
• Lymph vessels.
• Adenoids.
• Tonsils.
• Spleen.
• Thymus.
• Bone marrow.
• Rarely, parts of the body that aren't part of the lymphatic system.
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What are the risk factors of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Factors that may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
• Medicines that lower the immune response.Taking medicines that manage the immune system after an organ transplant might raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Infection with certain viruses and bacteria.Certain infections seem to raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Viruses linked to this type of cancer include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. Bacteria linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma include the stomach ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
• Chemicals.Certain chemicals, such as those used to kill insects and weeds, may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. More research is needed to find the possible link between pesticides and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Older age.Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can happen at any age. But it's most common in people 60 or older.
There's no way to prevent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Oral thrush?
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Oral thrush, also called oral candidiasis (kan-dih-DIE-uh-sis), is a condition in which the fungus Candida albicans builds up in the mouth. It's natural for candida, a yeast, to live in the mouth. But sometimes it can grow too much and cause symptoms.
Oral thrush causes creamy white patches or spots, usually on the tongue or inner cheeks. Sometimes oral thrush may spread to the roof of the mouth, gums or tonsils, or the back of your throat.
Although oral thrush can affect anyone, it's more likely to occur in babies and older adults because they have lower immunity. It's also more likely to occur in other people with weakened immune systems or certain health conditions or people who take certain medicines. Oral thrush is a minor problem if you're healthy. But if you have a weakened immune system, symptoms may be more serious and harder to control.
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What are the causes of Oral thrush?
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A healthy immune system works to get rid of harmful invading organisms, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. This maintains a balance between "good" and "bad" microbes in your body. But sometimes these protective measures fail. Then candida fungus grows and allows an oral thrush infection to take hold.
The most common type of candida fungus is Candida albicans. Several factors, such as a weakened immune system, can raise your risk of oral thrush.
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What are the risk factors of Oral thrush?
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You may have a higher risk of oral thrush infection if you have any of these issues:
• Weakened immunity.Oral thrush is more likely in babies and older adults due to lower immunity. Some medical conditions and treatments can weaken your immune system. They include cancer and its treatments, an organ transplant, medicines that weaken the immune system, andHIV/AIDS.
• Diabetes.If you have diabetes that isn't treated or the disease isn't well controlled, your saliva may contain large amounts of sugar. This sugar causes candida to grow.
• Vaginal yeast infections.The same fungus that causes oral thrush causes vaginal yeast infections. You can pass the infection to your baby.
• Medicines.Medicines such as prednisone, inhaled corticosteroids or antibiotics that disturb the natural balance of microorganisms in your body can raise your risk of oral thrush.
• Other oral conditions.Wearing dentures, especially upper dentures, or conditions that cause dry mouth can raise the risk of oral thrush.
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What are the complications of Oral thrush?
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Oral thrush usually isn't a big concern for healthy children and adults. But for people with lowered immunity, such as from cancer treatment orHIV/AIDS, thrush can be more serious. Oral thrush that isn't treated can lead to more-serious systemic candida infections. If you have a weakened immune system, thrush may spread to your esophagus or other parts of your body.
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What is the prevention of Oral thrush?
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These measures may help lower your risk of getting candida infections:
• Rinse your mouth.If you need to use a corticosteroid inhaler, be sure to rinse your mouth with water or brush your teeth after taking your medicine.
• Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss dailyor as often as your dentist recommends.
• Check your dentures.Remove your dentures at night. Make sure dentures fit properly and don't cause irritation. Clean your dentures daily. Ask your dentist for the best way to clean your type of dentures.
• See your dentist regularly,especially if you have diabetes or wear dentures. Ask your dentist how often you need to be seen.
• Watch what you eat.Try limiting how much sugar you eat, including foods that contain sugar. These foods may cause candida to grow.
• Control your blood sugar if you have diabetes.Well-controlled blood sugar can lower the amount of sugar in your saliva. This keeps candida from growing.
• Treat a vaginal yeast infectionas soon as possible.
• Treat dry mouth.Ask your healthcare professional about ways to avoid or treat your dry mouth.
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What are the Overview of Ovarian cancer?
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Ovarian cancer is a growth of cells that forms in the ovaries. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Ovarian cancer?
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When ovarian cancer first develops, it might not cause any noticeable symptoms. When ovarian cancer symptoms happen, they're usually attributed to other, more common conditions.
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
• Abdominal bloating or swelling
• Quickly feeling full when eating
• Weight loss
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Fatigue
• Back pain
• Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
• A frequent need to urinate
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What are the causes of Ovarian cancer?
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It's not clear what causes ovarian cancer, though doctors have identified things that can increase the risk of the disease.
Doctors know that ovarian cancer begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of cancer cells. The cancer cells continue living when healthy cells would die. They can invade nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumor to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Ovarian cancer?
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Factors that can increase your risk of ovarian cancer include:
• Older age.The risk of ovarian cancer increases as you age. It's most often diagnosed in older adults.
• Inherited gene changes.A small percentage of ovarian cancers are caused by genes changes you inherit from your parents. The genes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer includeBRCA1andBRCA2. These genes also increase the risk of breast cancer.Several other gene changes are known to increase the risk of ovarian cancer, including gene changes associated with Lynch syndrome and the genesBRIP1,RAD51CandRAD51D.
• Family history of ovarian cancer.If you have blood relatives who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease.
• Being overweight or obese.Being overweight or obese increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
• Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.Taking hormone replacement therapy to control menopause signs and symptoms may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
• Endometriosis.Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that lines the inside of your uterus grows outside your uterus.
• Age when menstruation started and ended.Beginning menstruation at an early age or starting menopause at a later age, or both, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
• Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
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What is the prevention of Ovarian cancer?
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There's no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer. But there may be ways to reduce your risk:
• Consider taking birth control pills.Ask your doctor whether birth control pills (oral contraceptives) may be right for you. Taking birth control pills reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. But these medications do have risks, so discuss whether the benefits outweigh those risks based on your situation.
• Discuss your risk factors with your doctor.If you have a family history of breast and ovarian cancers, bring this up with your doctor. Your doctor can determine what this may mean for your own risk of cancer. You may be referred to a genetic counselor who can help you decide whether genetic testing may be right for you. If you're found to have a gene change that increases your risk of ovarian cancer, you may consider surgery to remove your ovaries to prevent cancer.
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What are the Overview of Ovarian cysts?
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Ovarian cysts are sacs, usually filled with fluid, in an ovary or on its surface. Females have two ovaries. One ovary is located on each side of the uterus.
Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. Eggs develop and mature in the ovaries. Eggs are released in monthly cycles during the childbearing years.
Ovarian cysts are common. Most of the time, you have little or no discomfort, and the cysts are harmless. Most cysts go away without treatment within a few months.
But sometimes ovarian cysts can become twisted or burst open (rupture). This can cause serious symptoms. To protect your health, get regular pelvic exams and know the symptoms that can signal what might be a serious problem.
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What are the symptoms of Ovarian cysts?
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Most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But a large ovarian cyst can cause:
• Pelvic pain that may come and go. You may feel a dull ache or a sharp pain in the area below your bellybutton toward one side.
• Fullness, pressure or heaviness in your belly (abdomen).
• Bloating.
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What are the causes of Ovarian cysts?
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Most ovarian cysts form as a result of your menstrual cycle. These are called functional cysts. Other types of cysts are much less common.
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What are the risk factors of Ovarian cysts?
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The risk of having an ovarian cyst is higher with:
• Hormonal problems.These include taking a fertility drug that causes you to ovulate, for example clomiphene or letrozole (Femara).
• Pregnancy.Sometimes, the follicle that forms when you ovulate stays on your ovary throughout pregnancy. It can sometimes grow larger.
• Endometriosis.Some of the tissue can attach to your ovary and form a cyst.
• Severe pelvic infection.If the infection spreads to the ovaries, it can cause cysts.
• Previous ovarian cysts.If you've had one ovarian cyst, you're likely to develop more.
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What are the complications of Ovarian cysts?
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They don't happen often, but complications can occur with ovarian cysts. These include:
• Ovarian torsion.Cysts that become large can cause the ovary to move. This increases the chance of painful twisting of the ovary (ovarian torsion). If this happens, you might have sudden, severe pelvic pain and nausea and vomiting. Ovarian torsion can also reduce or stop blood flow to the ovary.
• Cyst rupture.A cyst that bursts open (ruptures) can cause severe pain and bleeding inside the pelvis. The larger the cyst, the greater the risk of rupture. Vigorous activity that affects the pelvis, such as vaginal sex, also increases the risk of rupture.
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What is the prevention of Ovarian cysts?
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There's no way to prevent most ovarian cysts. But, regular pelvic exams help ensure that changes in your ovaries are diagnosed as early as possible. Be alert to changes in your monthly cycle. Make a note of unusual menstrual symptoms, especially ones that go on for more than a few cycles. Talk to your health care provider about changes that concern you.
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What are the Overview of Pancreatic cancer?
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Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind the lower part of the stomach. It makes enzymes that help digest food and hormones that help manage blood sugar.
The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This type begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer rarely is found at its early stages when the chance of curing it is greatest. This is because it often doesn't cause symptoms until after it has spread to other organs.
Your health care team considers the extent of your pancreatic cancer when creating your treatment plan. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a mix of these.
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What are the symptoms of Pancreatic cancer?
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Pancreatic cancer often doesn't cause symptoms until the disease is advanced. When they happen, signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer may include:
• Belly pain that spreads to the sides or back.
• Loss of appetite.
• Weight loss.
• Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, called jaundice.
• Light-colored or floating stools.
• Dark-colored urine.
• Itching.
• New diagnosis of diabetes or diabetes that's getting harder to control.
• Pain and swelling in an arm or leg, which might be caused by a blood clot.
• Tiredness or weakness.
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What are the causes of Pancreatic cancer?
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It's not clear what causes pancreatic cancer. Doctors have found some factors that might raise the risk of this type of cancer. These include smoking and having a family history of pancreatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Pancreatic cancer?
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Factors that might raise the risk of pancreatic cancer include:
• Smoking.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Chronic inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis.
• Family history of DNA changes that can increase cancer risk. These include changes in theBRCA2gene, Lynch syndrome and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome.
• Family history of pancreatic cancer.
• Obesity.
• Older age. Most people with pancreatic cancer are over 65.
• Drinking a lot of alcohol.
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What are the complications of Pancreatic cancer?
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As pancreatic cancer progresses, it can cause complications such as:
• Weight loss.People with pancreatic cancer might lose weight as the cancer uses more of the body's energy. Nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatments or a cancer pressing on the stomach might make it hard to eat. Sometimes the body has trouble getting nutrients from food because the pancreas isn't making enough digestive juices.
• Jaundice.Pancreatic cancer that blocks the liver's bile duct can cause jaundice. Signs include yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. Jaundice can cause dark-colored urine and pale-colored stools. Jaundice often occurs without belly pain.If the bile duct is blocked, a plastic or metal tube called a stent can be put inside it. The stent helps hold the bile duct open. This is done using a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, also called ERCP.DuringERCP, a health care professional puts a long tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope, down the throat. The tube goes through the stomach and into the upper part of the small intestine. The health professional puts a dye into the pancreatic ducts and bile ducts through a small tube that fits through the endoscope. The dye helps the ducts show up on imaging tests. The health professional uses those images to place a stent at the right spot in the duct to help hold it open.
• Pain.A growing tumor may press on nerves in your abdomen, causing pain that can become severe. Pain medications can help you feel more comfortable. Treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, might help slow tumor growth and provide some pain relief.When medicines aren't helping, a health care professional might suggest a celiac plexus block. This procedure uses a needle to put alcohol into the nerves that control pain in the belly. The alcohol stops the nerves from sending pain signals to the brain.
• Bowel blockage.Pancreatic cancer can grow into or press on the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. This can block the flow of digested food from the stomach into the intestines.A health care professional might suggest putting a tube called a stent in the small intestine to hold it open. Sometimes, it might help to have surgery to place a feeding tube. Or surgery can attach the stomach to a lower part of the intestines where the cancer isn't causing a blockage.
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What are the Overview of Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system?
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Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare conditions that develop in some people who have cancer. In addition to the nervous system, paraneoplastic syndromes also can affect other organ systems including hormones, skin, blood and joints.
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system occur when cancer-fighting agents of the immune system also attack parts of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or muscle.
Depending on where the nervous system is affected, paraneoplastic syndromes can affect muscle movement, coordination, sensory perception, memory, thinking skills or even sleep.
Sometimes the injury to the nervous system can be reversed with therapy directed toward the cancer and the immune system. But sometimes paraneoplastic syndromes can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
Treating the cancer and other therapies may prevent further damage and improve symptoms and quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system?
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Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system can develop relatively quickly, often over days to weeks. They often begin even before a cancer is diagnosed.
Symptoms vary depending on the body part being injured, and may include:
• Trouble walking.
• Trouble with balance.
• Loss of muscle coordination.
• Loss of muscle tone or weakness.
• Loss of fine motor skills, such as picking up objects.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Slurred speech or stuttering.
• Memory loss and other thinking impairment.
• Vision changes.
• Trouble sleeping.
• Seizures.
• Hallucinations.
• Movements that can't be controlled.
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What are the causes of Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system?
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Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are not caused by cancer cells directly or by the cancer spreading, known as metastasis. They're also not caused by other complications, such as infections or treatment side effects. Instead, the syndromes occur alongside the cancer as a result of the activation of your immune system.
Researchers believe that paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are caused by cancer-fighting abilities of the immune system. In particular, antibodies and certain white blood cells, known as T cells, are thought to be involved. Instead of attacking only the cancer cells, these immune system agents also attack the healthy cells of the nervous system.
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What are the risk factors of Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system?
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Any cancer may be associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome of the nervous system. However, it occurs more often in people with cancers of the lung, ovary, breast, testis or lymphatic system.
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What are the Overview of Peyronie disease?
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Peyronie (pay-roe-NEE) disease is a condition in which fibrous scar tissue forms in the deeper tissues under the skin of the penis. This causes curved, painful erections. It also can make the penis shorter while erect. Peyronie disease is not caused by cancer.
Penises vary in shape and size. So having a curved erection isn't always a cause for concern. But Peyronie disease causes a serious bend or pain in some people.
This can prevent you from having sex. Or it might make it hard to get or keep an erection, which also is called erectile dysfunction. For many people, Peyronie disease also causes stress and anxiety.
Peyronie disease rarely goes away on its own. In most people with the condition, it will remain as is or may get slightly worse early on. Early treatment soon after you get the condition may keep it from getting worse or even improve symptoms. Even if you've had Peyronie disease for some time, treatment may help ease symptoms such as pain, curving and shortening.
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What are the symptoms of Peyronie disease?
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Peyronie disease symptoms might start suddenly or appear over time. The most common symptoms include:
• Scar tissue.The scar tissue linked with Peyronie disease also is called plaque. It's different from plaque that can build up in blood vessels or on your teeth. It can be felt under the skin of the penis as flat lumps or a band of hard tissue. The area over the scar tissue may feel tender.
• A bend to the penis.The penis might curve upward or downward or bend to one side.
• Erection problems.Peyronie disease might cause problems getting or keeping an erection. This also is called erectile dysfunction. Often though, people with Peyronie disease say they notice erectile dysfunction before the start of their other penile symptoms.
• Shortening of the penis.The penis might become shorter during erections due to Peyronie disease.
• Pain in the penis.This symptom might happen with or without an erection.
• Other changes in how the penis looks.In some people with Peyronie disease, the erect penis might look narrow or indented. It might even take on an hourglass-like shape, with a tight, narrow band around the shaft.
The curving and penile shortening linked with Peyronie disease might become worse over time. Physical changes in the penis often get worse or stay the same during the first year to year and a half.
Pain during erections usually gets better within 1 to 2 years. The scar tissue, penile shortening and curving often remain. It's not common, but the curving and pain of Peyronie disease can get better without treatment.
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What are the causes of Peyronie disease?
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The exact cause of Peyronie disease isn't clear. But various factors seem to be involved.
It's thought Peyronie disease most often results from repeated injury to the penis during vigorous sex. But the penis also could be damaged during athletic activities or accidents. Many people with Peyronie disease can't recall a specific injury that led to their symptoms.
During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms. This can lead to a lump you can feel or to a curve in the penis.
Each side of the penis contains a spongelike tube called a corpus cavernosum. These tubes have many tiny blood vessels. Each of the corpora cavernosa is encased in a sheath of elastic tissue called the tunica albuginea (TOO-nih-kuh al-BYOO-JIN-e-uh). The sheath stretches during an erection.
When you become sexually aroused, more blood flows to these chambers. As the chambers fill with blood, the penis expands, straightens and stiffens into an erection.
In Peyronie disease, when the penis becomes erect, the area with the scar tissue doesn't stretch. As a result, the penis bends or goes through other changes. This can be painful.
In most people, Peyronie disease symptoms come on slowly and don't seem to be linked with an injury. Researchers are looking into whether Peyronie disease might be tied to a genetic trait or certain health conditions.
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What are the complications of Peyronie disease?
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Peyronie disease might lead to troubles that include:
• Not being able to have sex.
• Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
• Anxiety, stress, or depression over challenges having sex or the way your penis looks.
• Stress on your relationship with your sexual partner.
• Trouble having a child because it's challenging or not possible to have sex.
• Shorter penis length.
• Penile pain.
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What are the Overview of Pilonidal cyst?
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A pilonidal (pie-low-NIE-dul) cyst is an unusual pocket in the skin that usually contains hair and skin debris. The cyst is almost always near the tailbone at the top of the buttocks.
Pilonidal cysts usually occur when hair punctures the skin and then becomes embedded. If a pilonidal cyst becomes infected, it can be very painful. The cyst can be drained through a small cut in the skin. Sometimes, surgery is needed.
Pilonidal cysts are most common in young adult males, and the problem tends to recur. People who sit for long periods of time are at higher risk of developing pilonidal cysts.
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What are the symptoms of Pilonidal cyst?
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A pilonidal cyst may not cause symptoms. But if it's infected, the skin around the cyst may be swollen and painful. Symptoms of an infected pilonidal cyst include:
• A pit near the top of the buttocks crease.
• Pain.
• Inflamed, swollen skin.
• Pus or blood leaking from an opening in the skin.
• An odor from draining pus.
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What are the causes of Pilonidal cyst?
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The cause of most pilonidal cysts is loose hairs that puncture the skin. Friction and pressure from rubbed skin, tight clothing, cycling or long periods of sitting can force hair into the skin.
The body creates a cyst around the hair to try to push it out. Most pilonidal cysts form on the tailbone. People who groom animals or cut hair can develop a cyst between their fingers.
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What are the risk factors of Pilonidal cyst?
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Factors that might increase your risk of a pilonidal cyst include:
• Being a young adult white male.
• Being overweight.
• Having an inactive lifestyle.
• Sitting for long periods at a time.
• Having thick, stiff body hair.
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What are the complications of Pilonidal cyst?
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Some people have pilonidal cysts that become infected again and again over a long time. Without treatment, these people may be at increased risk of a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.
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What is the prevention of Pilonidal cyst?
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To help prevent pilonidal cysts, try to:
• Wash regularly.
• Achieve or maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid prolonged sitting.
If you've had pilonidal cysts in the past, you might want to regularly shave the affected area or use hair removal products to reduce the risk of a new cyst.
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What are the Overview of Pink eye (conjunctivitis)?
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Pink eye is an inflammation of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball. This membrane is called the conjunctiva. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become swollen and irritated, they're more visible. This is what causes the whites of the eyes to appear reddish or pink. Pink eye also is called conjunctivitis.
Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or — in babies — an incompletely opened tear duct.
Though pink eye can be irritating, it rarely affects your vision. Treatments can help ease the discomfort of pink eye. Because pink eye can be contagious, getting an early diagnosis and taking certain precautions can help limit its spread.
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What are the symptoms of Pink eye (conjunctivitis)?
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The most common pink eye symptoms include:
• Redness in one or both eyes.
• Itchiness in one or both eyes.
• A gritty feeling in one or both eyes.
• A discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night that may prevent your eye or eyes from opening in the morning.
• Tearing.
• Sensitivity to light, called photophobia.
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What are the causes of Pink eye (conjunctivitis)?
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Causes of pink eye include:
• Viruses.
• Bacteria.
• Allergies.
• A chemical splash in the eye.
• A foreign object in the eye.
• In newborns, a blocked tear duct.
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What are the risk factors of Pink eye (conjunctivitis)?
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Risk factors for pink eye include:
• Exposure to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis.
• Exposure to something you're allergic to, for allergic conjunctivitis.
• Using contact lenses, especially extended-wear lenses.
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What are the complications of Pink eye (conjunctivitis)?
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In both children and adults, pink eye can cause inflammation in the cornea that can affect vision. Prompt evaluation and treatment by your healthcare professional can reduce the risk of complications. See your professional if you have:
• Eye pain.
• A feeling that something is stuck in the eye.
• Blurred vision.
• Light sensitivity.
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What are the Overview of Pneumothorax?
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A pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.
A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. Or it may occur for no obvious reason. Symptoms usually include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. On some occasions, a collapsed lung can be a life-threatening event.
Treatment for a pneumothorax usually involves inserting a needle or chest tube between the ribs to remove the excess air. However, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own.
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What are the symptoms of Pneumothorax?
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The main symptoms of a pneumothorax are sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. Severity of symptoms may depend on how much of the lung is collapsed.
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