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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Common variable immunodeficiency?
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How bad symptoms are varies greatly between people withCVID. Symptoms of common variable immunodeficiency may appear during childhood or the teen years. But many people don't get symptoms until they're adults.
If you haveCVID, you'll likely have repeated infections before being diagnosed. The most common types of infections include pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infections and gastrointestinal infections.
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What are the causes of Common variable immunodeficiency?
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In mostCVIDcases, the cause is unknown. In around 10% of people withCVID, a gene change has been found. Researchers believe that the condition is caused by a mix of factors in the environment and in genes. As of now, the environmental factors are unclear.
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What are the Clinical trials of Common variable immunodeficiency?
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Explore Mayo Clinic studiestesting new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.
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What are the Overview of Common warts?
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Common warts are small, grainy skin growths that occur most often on the fingers or hands. They're rough to the touch and often have tiny black dots. These dots are clotted blood vessels.
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. It can take 2 to 6 months for a wart to develop. The warts are usually harmless and over time go away on their own. But many people choose to remove them because they find them bothersome or embarrassing.
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What are the symptoms of Common warts?
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Common warts symptoms include:
• Small, fleshy, grainy bumps on the fingers or hands.
• Feeling rough to the touch.
• A sprinkling of black dots, which are clotted blood vessels.
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What are the causes of Common warts?
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Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains ofHPVare spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails.
Each person's immune system responds toHPVdifferently. So not everyone who comes in contact withHPVdevelops warts.
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What are the risk factors of Common warts?
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People at higher risk of developing common warts include:
• Children and young adults.
• People with weakened immune systems, such as those withHIV/AIDSor those who have had organ transplants.
• People with the habit of nail biting or picking at hangnails.
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What is the prevention of Common warts?
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To help prevent common warts:
• Don't touch or pick at warts, including your own.
• Don't use the same emery board, pumice stone or nail clipper on your warts as you use on healthy skin and nails. Use a disposable emery board.
• Don't bite your fingernails or pick at hangnails.
• Groom with care. And avoid brushing, clipping or shaving areas that have warts.
• Avoid shared hot tubs, showers and warm baths. And don't share washcloths or towels.
• Use hand moisturizer daily. This helps prevent dry, cracked skin.
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What are the Overview of Complicated grief?
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Losing a loved one is one of the most distressing and, unfortunately, common experiences people face. Most people experiencing normal grief and bereavement have a period of sorrow, numbness, and even guilt and anger. Gradually these feelings ease, and it's possible to accept loss and move forward.
For some people, feelings of loss are debilitating and don't improve even after time passes. This is known as complicated grief, sometimes called persistent complex bereavement disorder. In complicated grief, painful emotions are so long lasting and severe that you have trouble recovering from the loss and resuming your own life.
Different people follow different paths through the grieving experience. The order and timing of these phases may vary from person to person:
• Accepting the reality of your loss
• Allowing yourself to experience the pain of your loss
• Adjusting to a new reality in which the deceased is no longer present
• Having other relationships
These differences are normal. But if you're unable to move through these stages more than a year after the death of a loved one, you may have complicated grief. If so, seek treatment. It can help you come to terms with your loss and reclaim a sense of acceptance and peace.
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What are the symptoms of Complicated grief?
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During the first few months after a loss, many signs and symptoms of normal grief are the same as those of complicated grief. However, while normal grief symptoms gradually start to fade over time, those of complicated grief linger or get worse. Complicated grief is like being in an ongoing, heightened state of mourning that keeps you from healing.
Signs and symptoms of complicated grief may include:
• Intense sorrow, pain and rumination over the loss of your loved one
• Focus on little else but your loved one's death
• Extreme focus on reminders of the loved one or excessive avoidance of reminders
• Intense and persistent longing or pining for the deceased
• Problems accepting the death
• Numbness or detachment
• Bitterness about your loss
• Feeling that life holds no meaning or purpose
• Lack of trust in others
• Inability to enjoy life or think back on positive experiences with your loved one
Complicated grief also may be indicated if you continue to:
• Have trouble carrying out normal routines
• Isolate from others and withdraw from social activities
• Experience depression, deep sadness, guilt or self-blame
• Believe that you did something wrong or could have prevented the death
• Feel life isn't worth living without your loved one
• Wish you had died along with your loved one
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What are the causes of Complicated grief?
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It's not known what causes complicated grief. As with many mental health disorders, it may involve your environment, your personality, inherited traits and your body's natural chemical makeup.
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What are the risk factors of Complicated grief?
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Complicated grief occurs more often in females and with older age. Factors that may increase the risk of developing complicated grief include:
• An unexpected or violent death, such as death from a car accident, or the murder or suicide of a loved one
• Death of a child
• Close or dependent relationship to the deceased person
• Social isolation or loss of a support system or friendships
• Past history of depression, separation anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse or neglect
• Other major life stressors, such as major financial hardships
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What are the complications of Complicated grief?
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Complicated grief can affect you physically, mentally and socially. Without appropriate treatment, complications may include:
• Depression
• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
• Anxiety, including PTSD
• Significant sleep disturbances
• Increased risk of physical illness, such as heart disease, cancer or high blood pressure
• Long-term difficulty with daily living, relationships or work activities
• Alcohol, nicotine use or substance misuse
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What is the prevention of Complicated grief?
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It's not clear how to prevent complicated grief. Getting counseling soon after a loss may help, especially for people at increased risk of developing complicated grief. In addition, caregivers providing end-of-life care for a loved one may benefit from counseling and support to help prepare for death and its emotional aftermath.
• Talking.Talking about your grief and allowing yourself to cry also can help prevent you from getting stuck in your sadness. As painful as it is, trust that in most cases, your pain will start to lift if you allow yourself to feel it.
• Support.Family members, friends, social support groups and your faith community are all good options to help you work through your grief. You may be able to find a support group focused on a particular type of loss, such as the death of a spouse or a child. Ask your doctor to recommend local resources.
• Bereavement counseling.Through early counseling after a loss, you can explore emotions surrounding your loss and learn healthy coping skills. This may help prevent negative thoughts and beliefs from gaining such a strong hold that they're difficult to overcome.
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What are the Overview of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Compulsive sexual behavior is sometimes called hypersexuality or sexual addiction. It's an intense focus on sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors that can't be controlled. This causes distress and problems for your health, job, relationships or other parts of your life.
Compulsive sexual behavior may involve different kinds of commonly enjoyable sexual experiences. Examples include masturbation, sexual arousal by using a computer to communicate, multiple sexual partners, use of pornography or paying for sex. But when these sexual behaviors become a major, constant focus in your life, are difficult to control, cause problems in your life, or are harmful to you or others, that's likely compulsive sexual behavior.
No matter what it's called or the exact nature of the behavior, untreated compulsive sexual behavior can damage your self-esteem, relationships, career, health and other people. But with treatment and self-help, you can learn to manage compulsive sexual behavior.
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What are the symptoms of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Some signs that you may have compulsive sexual behavior include:
• You have repeated and intense sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors that take up a lot of your time and feel as if they're beyond your control.
• You feel driven or have frequent urges to do certain sexual behaviors, feel a release of the tension afterward, but also feel guilt or deep regret.
• You've tried without success to reduce or control your sexual fantasies, urges or behavior.
• You use compulsive sexual behavior as an escape from other problems, such as loneliness, depression, anxiety or stress.
• You continue to engage in sexual behaviors in spite of them causing serious problems. These could include the possibility of getting or giving someone else a sexually transmitted infection, the loss of important relationships, trouble at work, financial issues, or legal problems.
• You have trouble making and keeping healthy and stable relationships.
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What are the causes of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Although the exact causes of compulsive sexual behavior are not clear, possible causes may include:
• Changes in brain pathways.Compulsive sexual behavior, over time, might cause changes in the brain's pathways, called neural circuits. This may happen especially in areas of the brain that are related to reinforcement. Over time, more-intense sexual content and stimulation are usually needed to get satisfaction or relief.
• An imbalance of natural brain chemicals.Certain chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters — such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine — help control your mood. When these are out of balance, your sexual desire and behavior could be affected.
• Conditions that affect the brain.Certain health conditions, such as dementia, may cause damage to parts of the brain that affect sexual behavior. Also, treatment of Parkinson's disease with certain medicines may cause compulsive sexual behavior.
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What are the risk factors of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Compulsive sexual behavior can happen in both men and women, though it may be more common in men. It can affect anyone, regardless of sexual orientation. Factors that may increase the risk of compulsive sexual behavior include:
• How easy it is to get sexual content.Advances in technology and social media give people easy access to intense sexual images and information.
• Privacy.The secret and private nature of compulsive sexual activities can allow these problems to worsen over time.
Also, the risk of compulsive sexual behavior may be higher in people who have:
• Problems with alcohol or drug use.
• Another mental health condition, such as depression, anxiety or a gambling addiction.
• Family conflicts or family members with problems such as addiction.
• A history of physical or sexual abuse.
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What are the complications of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Compulsive sexual behavior can cause many problems that affect both you and others. You may:
• Struggle with feelings of guilt,shame and low self-esteem.
• Develop other mental health conditions,such as depression, severe distress and anxiety. You also may think about or attempt suicide.
• Neglect or lie to your partner and family,harming or destroying important relationships.
• Lose your focus or engage in sexual activity or search internet pornography at work,risking your job.
• Have financial problemsfrom buying pornography, internet or telephone sex, and sexual services.
• GetHIV, hepatitis or another sexually transmitted infection,or pass a sexually transmitted infection to someone else.
• Have problems with drugs and alcohol,such as using recreational drugs or drinking too much alcohol.
• Get arrestedfor sexual offenses.
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What is the prevention of Compulsive sexual behavior?
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Because the cause of compulsive sexual behavior isn't known, it's not clear how to prevent it. But a few things may help you keep control of problem behavior:
• Get help early for problems with sexual behavior.Identifying and treating early problems may help prevent compulsive sexual behavior from getting worse over time. Getting help also may prevent shame, relationship problems and harmful acts from getting worse.
• Seek treatment early for mental health conditions.Depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions can make compulsive sexual behavior worse.
• Get help for problems with alcohol and drug use.These can cause a loss of control that leads to poor judgment and sexual behaviors that aren't healthy.
• Avoid risky situations.Don't risk your health or that of others by putting yourself into situations where you'll be tempted to engage in risky sexual activities.
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What are the Overview of Concussion?
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A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that affects brain function. Effects are often short term and can include headaches and trouble with concentration, memory, balance, mood and sleep.
Concussions usually are caused by an impact to the head or body that is associated with a change in brain function. Not everyone who experiences a blow to the body or head has a concussion.
Some concussions cause the person to lose consciousness, but most do not.
Falls are the most common cause of concussions. Concussions also are common among athletes who play a contact sport, such as American football or soccer. Most people recover fully after a concussion.
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What are the symptoms of Concussion?
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The symptoms of a concussion can be subtle and may not occur right away. Symptoms can last for days, weeks or even longer.
Common symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury are headache, confusion and loss of memory, known as amnesia. The amnesia usually involves forgetting the event that caused the concussion.
Physical symptoms of a concussion may include:
• Headache.
• Ringing in the ears.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Fatigue or drowsiness.
• Blurry vision.
Other symptoms of a concussion include:
• Confusion or feeling as if in a fog.
• Amnesia surrounding the event.
• Dizziness or "seeing stars."
A witness may observe these symptoms in the person with a concussion:
• Temporary loss of consciousness, though this doesn't always occur.
• Slurred speech.
• Delayed response to questions.
• Dazed appearance.
• Forgetfulness, such as asking the same question over and over.
Some symptoms of a concussion occur right away. But sometimes symptoms may not occur for days after the injury, such as:
• Trouble with concentration and memory.
• Irritability and other personality changes.
• Sensitivity to light and noise.
• Trouble with sleep.
• Feeling emotional or depressed.
• Changes in taste and smell.
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What are the causes of Concussion?
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During a concussion, the brain slides back and forth against the inner walls of the skull. This forceful movement can be caused by a violent blow to the head and neck or upper body. It also may be caused by the sudden acceleration or deceleration of the head. This may happen during a car crash, a fall from a bike or from a collision with another player in sports.
These movements injure the brain and affect brain function, usually for a brief period of time. Sometimes a mild traumatic brain injury can lead to bleeding in or around the brain, causing prolonged drowsiness, confusion and, sometimes, death. Anyone who experiences a brain injury needs to be monitored in the hours afterward and seek emergency care if symptoms worsen.
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What are the risk factors of Concussion?
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Events and factors that may increase the risk of a concussion include:
• Activities that can lead to falls, especially in young children and older adults.
• High-risk sports such as American football, hockey, soccer, rugby, boxing or other contact sports.
• Not using proper safety equipment and supervision when playing high-risk sports.
• Auto accidents.
• Pedestrian or bicycle accidents.
• Military combat.
• Physical abuse.
Having had a previous concussion also increases the risk of having another.
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What are the complications of Concussion?
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Potential complications of concussion include:
• Post-traumatic headaches.Some people experience concussion-related headaches for several days to weeks after a brain injury.
• Post-traumatic vertigo.Some people experience a sense of spinning or dizziness for days or weeks after a brain injury.
• Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also known as post-concussion syndrome.A small number of people may have multiple symptoms that last longer than expected. Longer lasting symptoms may include headaches, dizziness and trouble with thinking. If these symptoms persist beyond three months, they're called persistent post-concussive symptoms.
• Effects of multiple brain injuries.Researchers are studying the effects of repeated head injuries that don't cause symptoms, known as subconcussive injury. At this time, there's no conclusive evidence that these repeated brain injuries affect brain function.
• Second impact syndrome.Rarely, experiencing a second concussion before symptoms of a first concussion go away may result in rapid brain swelling. This can lead to death. It's important that athletes never return to sports while they're still experiencing symptoms of concussion.
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What is the prevention of Concussion?
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These tips may help you prevent or minimize the risk of a concussion:
• Wear protective gear during sports and other recreational activities.Make sure the equipment fits properly, is well maintained and is worn correctly. Follow the rules of the game and practice good sportsmanship.Be sure to wear a helmet when bicycling, motorcycling, snowboarding or doing any activity that may result in a head injury.
• Buckle your seat belt.Wearing a seat belt may prevent serious injury, including head injury, during a traffic accident.
• Make your home safe.Keep your home well lit. Keep your floors free of anything that might cause you to trip and fall. Falls around the home are a leading cause of head injury.
• Protect your children.To help lessen the risk of head injuries in children, block off stairways and install window guards.
• Exercise regularly.Exercise strengthens your leg muscles and improves your balance.
• Educate others about concussions.Educate coaches, athletes, parents and others about concussions to help spread awareness. Coaches and parents also can help encourage good sportsmanship.
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What are the Overview of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the medical name for a group of genetic conditions that affect the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are a pair of walnut-sized organs above the kidneys. They make important hormones, including:
• Cortisol. This controls the body's response to illness or stress.
• Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. These control sodium and potassium levels.
• Androgens such as testosterone. These sex hormones are needed for growth and development in both males and females.
In people withCAH, a gene change results in a lack of one of the enzyme proteins needed to make these hormones.
The two major types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia are:
• ClassicCAH.This type is rarer and more serious. It's usually found by tests at birth or in early infancy.
• NonclassicCAH.This type is milder and more common. It may not be found until childhood or early adulthood.
There is no cure for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. But with proper treatment, most people who haveCAHcan lead full lives.
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What are the symptoms of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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Symptoms ofCAHvary. The symptoms depend on which gene is affected. They also depend on how greatly the adrenal glands lack one of the enzymes needed to make hormones. WithCAH, the hormones that the body needs to work properly are thrown out of balance. That may lead to too little cortisol, too little aldosterone, too many androgens or a mix of these issues.
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What are the causes of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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The most common cause ofCAHis the lack of the enzyme protein known as 21-hydroxylase. Sometimes,CAHis called 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The body needs this enzyme to make proper amounts of hormones. Very rarely, a lack of other much rarer enzymes also can causeCAH.
CAHis a genetic condition. That means it's passed from parents to children. It's present at birth. Children with the condition have two parents who both carry the genetic change that causesCAH. Or they have two parents who haveCAHthemselves. This is known as the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.
People can carry theCAHgene and not have symptoms of the condition. This is called being a silent carrier. If a silent carrier becomes pregnant, that person can pass the gene to a child. If tests show that you're a silent carrier of theCAHgene and you have a partner of the opposite sex, talk with your healthcare professional. It's likely that your partner will need to get tested for theCAHgene before pregnancy so that you can better understand the risks.
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What are the risk factors of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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Factors that raise the risk of havingCAHinclude:
• Parents who both haveCAH.
• Parents who are both carriers of the changed gene that causesCAH.
• Being of Ashkenazi Jewish, Latino, Mediterranean, Yugoslav or Yup'ik descent.
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What are the complications of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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People who have classicCAHare at risk of a life-threatening condition called adrenal crisis. This emergency needs to be treated right away. Adrenal crisis can happen within the first few days after birth. It also can be triggered at any age by an infectious illness or physical stress such as surgery.
With adrenal crisis, very low levels of cortisol in the blood can cause:
• Diarrhea.
• Vomiting.
• Dehydration.
• Confusion.
• Low blood sugar levels.
• Seizures.
• Shock.
• Coma.
Aldosterone also may be low. This leads to dehydration, low sodium and high potassium levels. The nonclassic form ofCAHdoesn't cause adrenal crisis.
People who have either classic or nonclassicCAHmay have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility issues.
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What is the prevention of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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There is no known way to preventCAH. If you're thinking of starting a family and you're at risk of having a child withCAH, talk with your healthcare professional. You may be told to see a genetic counselor.
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What are the symptoms of Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ranges in severity. It may be mild and have few or no effects on the baby, or it can be more serious and affect the ability to bring oxygen to the rest of the body.
Babies born withCDHmay have:
• Severe trouble breathing due to small lungs that don't work well (pulmonary hypoplasia).
• A type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart (pulmonary hypertension).
• Problems with development of the heart.
• Damage to the intestines, stomach, liver and other abdominal organs if they move through the hernia into the chest.
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What are the causes of Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?
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In most cases, the cause of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not known. In some cases,CDHcan be linked to a genetic disorder or random gene changes called mutations. In these cases, the baby may have more issues at birth, such as problems with the heart, eyes, arms and legs, or stomach and intestines.
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What are the Overview of Congenital heart defects in children?
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A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
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What are the symptoms of Congenital heart defects in children?
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Serious congenital heart defects usually are found soon after birth or during the first few months of life. Symptoms could include:
• Pale gray or blue lips, tongue, or fingernails. Depending on the skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Rapid breathing.
• Swelling in the legs, belly or areas around the eyes.
• Shortness of breath during feedings, leading to poor weight gain.
Less-serious congenital heart defects may not be found until later in childhood. Symptoms of congenital heart defects in older children may include:
• Easily getting short of breath during exercise or activity.
• Getting tired very easily during exercise or activity.
• Fainting during exercise or activity.
• Swelling in the hands, ankles or feet.
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What are the causes of Congenital heart defects in children?
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To understand the causes of congenital heart defects, it may help to know how the heart usually works.
The typical heart has four chambers. There are two on the right and two on the left.
• The two upper chambers are called the atria.
• The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
To pump blood through the body, the heart uses its left and right sides for different tasks.
• The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs through the lung arteries, called the pulmonary arteries.
• In the lungs, the blood gets oxygen. The blood then goes to the heart's left side through the pulmonary veins.
• The left side of the heart pumps the blood through the body's main artery, called the aorta. It then goes to the rest of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Congenital heart defects in children?
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Most congenital heart defects result from changes that occur early as the baby's heart is developing before birth. The exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. But some risk factors have been identified.
Risk factors for congenital heart defects include:
• Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can cause changes in a baby's heart development. A blood test done before pregnancy can determine if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
• Diabetes.Careful control of blood sugar before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. It generally doesn't increase a baby's risk of heart defects.
• Some medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. Medicines linked to congenital heart defects include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
• Drinking alcohol during pregnancy.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
• Genetics.Congenital heart defects appear to run in families, which means they are inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
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What are the complications of Congenital heart defects in children?
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Possible complications of a congenital heart defect include:
• Congestive heart failure.This serious complication may develop in babies who have a severe congenital heart defect. Symptoms of congestive heart failure include rapid breathing, often with gasping breaths, and poor weight gain.
• Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves,called endocarditis. Untreated, this infection can damage or destroy the heart valves or cause a stroke. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental care to prevent this infection. Regular dental checkups are important. Healthy gums and teeth reduce the risk of endocarditis.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.Scar tissue in the heart from surgeries to fix a congenital heart condition can lead to changes in heart signaling. The changes can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly. Some irregular heartbeats may cause stroke or sudden cardiac death if not treated.
• Slower growth and development (developmental delays).Children with more-serious congenital heart defects often develop and grow more slowly than do children who don't have heart defects. They may be smaller than other children of the same age. If the nervous system has been affected, a child may learn to walk and talk later than other children.
• Stroke.Although uncommon, a congenital heart defect can let a blood clot pass through the heart and travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
• Mental health disorders.Some children with congenital heart defects may develop anxiety or stress because of developmental delays, activity restrictions or learning difficulties. Talk to your child's healthcare professional if you're concerned about your child's mental health.
Complications of congenital heart defects may occur years after the heart condition is treated.
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What is the prevention of Congenital heart defects in children?
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Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child's overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as:
• Get proper prenatal care.Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy.
• Take a multivitamin with folic acid.Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby's brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well.
• Don't drink or smoke.These lifestyle habits can harm a baby's health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
• Get a rubella vaccine.Also called German measles, having rubella during pregnancy may affect a baby's heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant.
• Control blood sugar.If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.
• Manage chronic health conditions.If you have other health conditions, talk to your healthcare professional about the best way to treat and manage them.
• Avoid harmful substances.During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products.
• Tell your care team about your medicines.Some medicines can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Tell your care team about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.
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What are the Overview of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Congenital means that you're born with the condition. A congenital heart condition can change the way blood flows through the heart.
There are many different types of congenital heart defects. This article focuses on congenital heart disease in adults.
Some types of congenital heart disease may be mild. Others may cause life-threatening complications. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival for those born with a heart problem.
Treatment for congenital heart disease may include regular health checkups, medicines or surgery. If you have adult congenital heart disease, ask your healthcare professional how often you need a checkup.
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What are the symptoms of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Some people born with a heart problem don't notice symptoms until later in life. Symptoms also may return years after a congenital heart defect is treated.
Common congenital heart disease symptoms in adults include:
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Blue or gray skin, lips and fingernails due to low oxygen levels. Depending on the skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Shortness of breath.
• Feeling tired very quickly with activity.
• Swelling due to fluid collecting inside body tissues, called edema.
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What are the causes of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Researchers aren't sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. They think that gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Risk factors for congenital heart disease include:
• Genetics.Congenital heart disease appears to run in families, which means it is inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
• German measles, also called rubella.Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. A blood test done before pregnancy can find out if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
• Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may change how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. Gestational diabetes generally doesn't increase the risk of congenital heart disease.
• Medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. Medicines linked to congenital heart defects include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
• Alcohol.Drinking alcohol while pregnant has been linked to heart conditions in the baby.
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
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What are the complications of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Complications of congenital heart disease may occur years after the heart condition is treated.
Complications of congenital heart disease in adults include:
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.Scar tissue in the heart from surgeries to fix a congenital heart condition can lead to changes in heart signaling. The changes can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly. Some irregular heartbeats may cause stroke or sudden cardiac death if not treated.
• Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, called endocarditis.Untreated, this infection can damage or destroy the heart valves or cause a stroke. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental care to prevent this infection. Regular dental checkups are important. Healthy gums and teeth reduce the risk of endocarditis.
• Stroke.Congenital heart disease can let a blood clot pass through the heart and travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
• High blood pressure in the lung arteries, called pulmonary hypertension.Some heart conditions present at birth send more blood to the lungs, causing pressure to build. This eventually causes the heart muscle to weaken and sometimes to fail.
• Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
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What is the prevention of Congenital heart disease in adults?
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Because the exact cause of most congenital heart disease is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these heart conditions. Some types of congenital heart disease occur in families. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
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What are the Congenital heart disease in adults of Congenital mitral valve anomalies?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Congenital myasthenic syndromes?
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Congenital myasthenic syndromes are a group of rare hereditary conditions caused by a gene change that results in muscle weakness, which worsens with physical activity. Any muscles used for movement can be affected, including muscles that control speaking, chewing and swallowing, seeing and blinking, breathing, and walking.
There are many types of congenital myasthenic syndromes, depending on which gene is affected. The changed gene also determines many of the signs and symptoms and severity of the condition.
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are usually identified at birth or early childhood and are lifelong conditions.
There is no cure for congenital myasthenic syndromes. Medications are generally an effective treatment for muscle weakness symptoms. Which medication works depends on which gene is identified as the cause of the congenital myasthenic syndrome. Rarely, some children may have a mild form that doesn't need treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Congenital myasthenic syndromes?
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Congenital myasthenic syndromes are typically identified at birth. But if signs and symptoms are mild, the condition may not be identified until childhood, or rarely, early adulthood.
Depending on the type of congenital myasthenic syndrome, the severity of signs and symptoms vary greatly, from minor weakness to the inability to move. Some symptoms can be life-threatening.
Common to all congenital myasthenic syndromes is muscle weakness that worsens with physical activity. Any muscles used for movement can be affected, but the most commonly affected muscles are those that control movement of the eyelids and eyes and chewing and swallowing.
During infancy and early childhood, progressive loss of essential voluntary muscle activity occurs with muscle use. Impaired muscle weakness can result in:
• Droopy eyelids and poor eye control, often with double vision.
• Difficulty chewing and swallowing.
• Weakness of facial muscles.
• Weak cry.
• Slurring or nasal speech.
• Delayed crawling and walking.
• Delayed development of wrist, hand and finger skills, such as brushing teeth or combing hair.
• Trouble supporting the head in an upright position.
• Problems breathing, such as feeling short of breath and having short pauses in breathing, sometimes worsened by infection, fever or stress.
Depending on the type of congenital myasthenic syndrome, other signs and symptoms can include:
• Skeletal deformities, such as joint, spine or foot deformities.
• Unusual facial features, such as narrow jaw or wide-set eyes.
• Hearing loss.
• Weakness, numbness and pain, usually in hands and feet.
• Seizures.
• Kidney problems.
• Cognitive impairment, rarely.
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What are the causes of Congenital myasthenic syndromes?
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Caused by any one of more than 30 identified genes, the type of congenital myasthenic syndrome depends on which gene is affected.
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are classified by which location is affected in the neuromuscular junction ― the area that provides signals (impulses) between the nerve cells and the muscle cells to trigger movement (synapses). Disrupted signals that cause loss of muscle function can occur in different locations:
• Nerve cells where the impulse starts (presynaptic).
• Space between your nerve and muscle cells (synaptic).
• Muscle cells where the impulse is received (postsynaptic), the most common location.
Some types of congenital myasthenic syndromes are the result of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Glycosylation is a complex chemical process that plays a role in regulating communication between cells. Glycosylation defects can adversely affect the transmission of signals from nerve cells to muscles.
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are most commonly inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. That means both parents must be carriers, but they do not typically show signs of the condition. The affected child inherits two copies of the abnormal gene — one from each parent. If children inherit only one copy, they won't develop the syndrome, but they'll be carriers and possibly pass the gene to their own children.
Rarely, congenital myasthenic syndromes can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that only one parent passes on the affected gene. In some cases, the affected gene occurs randomly and is not inherited. In other cases, no gene can be identified.
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What are the risk factors of Congenital myasthenic syndromes?
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A child is at risk of a congenital myasthenic syndrome if both parents are carriers of a gene known to cause the syndrome. The child then inherits two copies of the gene. Children who inherit only one copy of the gene from one parent typically won't develop the syndrome but will be carriers.
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What are the symptoms of Conjoined twins?
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There are no specific symptoms that indicate a conjoined twin pregnancy. As with other twin pregnancies, the uterus may grow faster than it does with a single baby. And there may be more tiredness, nausea and vomiting early in the pregnancy. Conjoined twins can be diagnosed early in the pregnancy using an ultrasound.
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What are the causes of Conjoined twins?
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Identical twins (monozygotic twins) occur when a single fertilized egg splits and develops into two individuals. Eight to 12 days after conception, the embryonic layers that split to form monozygotic twins begin to develop into specific organs and structures.
It's believed that when the embryo splits later than this — usually between 13 and 15 days after conception — separation stops before the process is complete. The resulting twins are conjoined.
An alternative theory suggests that two separate embryos may somehow fuse together in early development.
What might cause either chain of events to occur is unknown.
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What are the risk factors of Conjoined twins?
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Because conjoined twins are so rare, and the cause isn't clear, it's unknown what might make some couples more likely to have conjoined twins.
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What are the complications of Conjoined twins?
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Pregnancy with conjoined twins is complex and greatly increases the risk of serious complications. Conjoined babies require surgical delivery by cesarean section (C-section).
As with twins, conjoined babies are likely to be born prematurely, and one or both could be stillborn or die shortly after birth. Severe health issues for twins can occur immediately, such as trouble breathing or heart problems. Later in life, health issues such as scoliosis, cerebral palsy or learning disabilities may occur.
Possible complications depend on where the twins are joined, which organs or other parts of the body they share, and the expertise and experience of the health care team. When conjoined twins are expected, the family and the health care team need to discuss in detail the possible complications and how to prepare for them.
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What are the Overview of Constipation?
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Constipation is a problem with passing stool. Constipation generally means passing fewer than three stools a week or having a difficult time passing stool.
Constipation is fairly common. A lack of dietary fiber, fluids and exercise can cause constipation. But other medical conditions or certain medicines may be the cause.
Constipation is usually treated with changes in diet and exercise or with nonprescription medicines. Constipation may require medicines, changes in medicines or other treatments prescribed by a health care professional.
Long-term constipation, also called chronic constipation, may require treating another disease or condition that can cause or worsen constipation.
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What are the symptoms of Constipation?
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Symptoms of constipation include:
• Fewer than three stools a week.
• Hard, dry or lumpy stools.
• Straining or pain when passing stools.
• A feeling that not all stool has passed.
• A feeling that the rectum is blocked.
• The need to use a finger to pass stool.
Chronic constipation is having two or more of these symptoms for three months or longer.
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What are the causes of Constipation?
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Patterns of bowel movements vary from one person to another. The typical range is three times a day to three times a week. So it's important to know what is typical for you.
In general, constipation occurs when stool moves too slowly through the large intestine, also called the colon. If the stool moves slowly, the body absorbs too much water from the stool. The stool can become hard, dry and difficult to pass.
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What are the risk factors of Constipation?
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Factors that may increase your risk of chronic constipation include:
• Being an older adult
• Being a woman
• Getting little or no physical activity
• Having a mental health condition such as depression or an eating disorder
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What are the complications of Constipation?
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Complications of chronic constipation include:
• Swollen tissues around the anus, also called hemorrhoids.
• Torn tissues of the anus, also called anal fissures.
• Hard stools backed up into the colon, also called fecal impaction.
• Exposed tissues of the rectum that have slipped out of the anal opening, also called rectal prolapse.
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What is the prevention of Constipation?
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The following tips can help you avoid developing constipation.
• Eat lots of high-fiber foods, including vegetables, fruits, beans and whole-grain foods.
• Eat fewer foods with low amounts of fiber such as processed foods, dairy and meats.
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Stay active and exercise regularly.
• Don't ignore the urge to pass stool.
• Create a regular schedule for passing stool, especially after a meal.
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What are the Overview of Contact dermatitis?
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Contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. The rash isn't contagious, but it can be very uncomfortable.
Many substances can cause this reaction, such as cosmetics, fragrances, jewelry and plants. The rash often shows up within days of exposure.
To treat contact dermatitis successfully, you need to identify and avoid the cause of your reaction. If you avoid the substance causing the reaction, the rash often clears up in 2 to 4 weeks. You can try soothing your skin with a cool, wet cloth and other self-care steps.
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What are the symptoms of Contact dermatitis?
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Contact dermatitis shows up on skin that has been directly exposed to the substance causing the reaction. For example, the rash may show up along a leg that brushed against poison ivy. The rash can develop within minutes to hours of exposure, and it can last 2 to 4 weeks.
Signs and symptoms of contact dermatitis vary widely and may include:
• An itchy rash
• Leathery patches that are darker than usual (hyperpigmented), typically on brown or Black skin
• Dry, cracked, scaly skin, typically on white skin
• Bumps and blisters, sometimes with oozing and crusting
• Swelling, burning or tenderness
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What are the causes of Contact dermatitis?
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Contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to a substance that irritates your skin or triggers an allergic reaction. The substance could be one of thousands of known allergens and irritants. Often people have irritant and allergic reactions at the same time.
Irritant contact dermatitisis the most common type. This nonallergic skin reaction occurs when an irritant damages your skin's outer protective layer.
Some people react to strong irritants after a single exposure. Others may develop a rash after repeated exposures to even mild irritants, such as soap and water. And some people develop a tolerance to the substance over time.
Common irritants include:
• Solvents
• Rubber gloves
• Bleach and detergents
• Hair products
• Soap
• Airborne substances
• Plants
• Fertilizers and pesticides
Allergic contact dermatitisoccurs when a substance to which you're sensitive (allergen) triggers an immune reaction in your skin. It often affects only the area that came into contact with the allergen. But it may be triggered by something that enters your body through foods, flavorings, medicine, or medical or dental procedures (systemic contact dermatitis).
People often become sensitized to allergens after many contacts with it over years. Once you develop an allergy to a substance, even a small amount of it can cause a reaction.
Common allergens include:
• Nickel, which is used in jewelry, buckles and many other items
• Medications, such as antibiotic creams
• Balsam of Peru, which is used in many products, such as perfumes, toothpastes, mouth rinses and flavorings
• Formaldehyde, which is in preservatives, cosmetics and other products
• Personal care products, such as body washes, hair dyes and cosmetics
• Plants such as poison ivy and mango, which contain a highly allergenic substance called urushiol
• Airborne allergens, such as ragweed pollen and spray insecticides
• Products that cause a reaction when you're in the sun (photoallergic contact dermatitis), such as some sunscreens and cosmetics
Children develop allergic contact dermatitis from the usual offenders and also from exposure to diapers, baby wipes, jewelry used in ear piercing, clothing with snaps or dyes, and so on.
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What are the risk factors of Contact dermatitis?
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The risk of contact dermatitis may be higher in people who have certain jobs and hobbies. Examples include:
• Agricultural workers
• Cleaners
• Construction workers
• Cooks and others who work with food
• Florists
• Hair stylists and cosmetologists
• Health care workers, including dental workers
• Machinists
• Mechanics
• Scuba divers or swimmers, due to the rubber in face masks or goggles
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What are the complications of Contact dermatitis?
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Contact dermatitis can lead to an infection if you repeatedly scratch the affected area, causing it to become wet and oozing. This creates a good place for bacteria or fungi to grow and may cause an infection.
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What is the prevention of Contact dermatitis?
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You can take the following steps to help prevent contact dermatitis:
• Avoid irritants and allergens.Try to identify and avoid the cause of your rash. For ear and body piercings, use jewelry made of hypoallergenic material, such as surgical steel or gold.
• Wash your skin.For poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, you might be able to remove most of the rash-causing substance if you wash your skin right away after coming into contact with it. Use a mild, fragrance-free soap and warm water. Rinse completely. Also wash any clothing or other items that may have come into contact with a plant allergen, such as poison ivy.
• Wear protective clothing or gloves.Face masks, goggles, gloves and other protective items can shield you from irritating substances, including household cleansers.
• Apply an iron-on patch to cover metal fasteners next to your skin.This can help you avoid a reaction to jean snaps, for example.
• Apply a barrier cream or gel.These products can provide a protective layer for your skin. For example, a nonprescription skin cream containing bentoquatam (Ivy Block) may prevent or lessen your skin's reaction to poison ivy.
• Use moisturizer.Regularly applying moisturizing lotions can help restore your skin's outermost layer and keep your skin supple.
• Take care around pets.Allergens from plants, such as poison ivy, can cling to pets and then be spread to people. Bathe your pet if you think it got into poison ivy or something similar.
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What are the Overview of COPD?
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an ongoing lung condition caused by damage to the lungs. The damage results in swelling and irritation, also called inflammation, inside the airways that limit airflow into and out of the lungs. This limited airflow is known as obstruction. Symptoms include trouble breathing, a daily cough that brings up mucus and a tight, whistling sound in the lungs called wheezing.
COPD is most often caused by long-term exposure to irritating smoke, fumes, dust or chemicals. The most common cause is cigarette smoke.
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common types of COPD. These two conditions usually occur together and can vary in severity among people with COPD.
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the tubes that bring air into the lungs. These tubes are called bronchi. The inflammation prevents good airflow into and out of the lungs and makes extra mucus. In emphysema, the small air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli, are damaged. The damaged alveoli can't pass enough oxygen into the bloodstream.
Although COPD is a condition that can get worse over time, COPD is treatable. With proper management, most people with COPD can control symptoms and improve their quality of life. Proper management also can lower the risk of other conditions linked to COPD, such as heart disease and lung cancer.
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What are the symptoms of COPD?
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COPD symptoms often don't appear until a lot of lung damage has occurred. Symptoms usually worsen over time, especially if smoking or other irritating exposure continues.
Symptoms of COPD may include:
• Trouble catching your breath, especially during physical activities.
• Wheezing or whistling sounds when breathing.
• Ongoing cough that may bring up a lot of mucus. The mucus may be clear, white, yellow or greenish.
• Chest tightness or heaviness.
• Lack of energy or feeling very tired.
• Frequent lung infections.
• Losing weight without meaning to. This may happen as the condition worsens.
• Swelling in ankles, feet or legs.
People with COPD also are likely to have times when their symptoms become worse than the usual day-to-day variation. This time of worsening symptoms is called an exacerbation (eg-zas-er-bay-shun). Exacerbations can last for several days to weeks. They can be caused by triggers such as smells, cold air, air pollution, colds or infections. Symptoms may include:
• Working harder than usual to breathe or having trouble breathing.
• Chest tightness.
• Coughing more often.
• More mucus or changes in mucus color or thickness.
• Fever.
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What are the causes of COPD?
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The main cause of COPD in developed countries is tobacco smoking. In the developing world, COPD often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes that don't have good airflow. Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the workplace is another cause of COPD.
Not all people who have smoked for a long time have COPD symptoms, but they may still have lung damage, so their lungs don't work as well as they used to. Some people who smoke get less common lung conditions that may be diagnosed as COPD until a more thorough exam shows a different diagnosis.
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What are the risk factors of COPD?
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Risk factors for COPD include:
• Tobacco smoke.The biggest risk factor for COPD is long-term cigarette smoking. The more years you smoke and the more packs you smoke, the greater your risk. Pipe, cigar and marijuana smoking also may raise your risk. People who breathe in large amounts of secondhand smoke are at risk of COPD too.
• Asthma.Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. Asthma may be a risk factor for developing COPD. The mix of asthma and smoking raises the risk of COPD even more.
• Workplace exposure.Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, smoke, vapors and dusts in the workplace can irritate and cause swelling in the lungs. This can raise the risk of COPD.
• Fumes from burning fuel.In the developing world, people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes with poor airflow are at higher risk of COPD.
• Genetics.AAT deficiency caused by a gene change passed down in families is the cause of COPD in some people. This genetic form of emphysema is not common. Other genetic factors may make certain people who smoke more likely to get COPD.
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What are the complications of COPD?
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COPD can cause many complications, including:
• Respiratory infections.People with COPD are more likely to have colds, the flu and pneumonia. Any respiratory infection can make it much harder to breathe and could cause more damage to lung tissue.
• Heart problems.For reasons that aren't fully understood, COPD can raise the risk of heart disease, including heart attack.
• Lung cancer.People with COPD have a higher risk of getting lung cancer.
• High blood pressure in lung arteries.COPD may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. This condition is called pulmonary hypertension.
• Anxiety and depression.Difficulty breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And having a serious medical condition such as COPD can sometimes cause anxiety and depression.
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What is the prevention of COPD?
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Unlike some other medical conditions, COPD often has a clear cause and a clear way to prevent it. Most of the time, COPD is directly linked to cigarette smoking. The best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke. If you smoke and have COPD, stopping now can slow how fast the condition worsens.
If you've smoked for a long time, quitting can be hard, especially if you've tried quitting once, twice or many times before. But keep trying to quit. It's critical to find a stop-smoking program that can help you quit for good. It's your best chance for lessening damage to your lungs. Talk with your healthcare professional about options that might work best for you.
Workplace exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts is another risk factor for COPD. If you work with these types of lung irritants, talk with your supervisor about the best ways to protect yourself. This may include wearing equipment that prevents you from breathing in these substances.
Here are some steps you can take to help prevent complications linked with COPD:
• Quit smoking to help lower your risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
• Get an annual flu vaccination and vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia to lower your risk of or prevent some infections. Also talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional about when you need the COVID-19 vaccine and the RSV vaccine.
• Talk with your healthcare professional or a mental health professional if you feel sad or hopeless or think that you may have depression.
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What are the Overview of Corns and calluses?
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Corns and calluses are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure. They often form on feet and toes or hands and fingers.
If you're healthy, you don't need treatment for corns and calluses unless they cause pain or you don't like how they look. For most people, simply removing the source of the friction or pressure makes corns and calluses disappear.
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What are the symptoms of Corns and calluses?
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Signs and symptoms of corns and calluses include:
• A thick, rough area of skin
• A hardened, raised bump
• Tenderness or pain under the skin
• Flaky, dry or waxy skin
Corns and calluses are not the same thing.
• Cornsare smaller and deeper than calluses and have a hard center surrounded by swollen skin. They can be painful when pressed. Hard corns often form on the top of the toes or the outer edge of the small toe. Soft corns tend to form between the toes.
• Callusesare rarely painful and tend to develop on pressure spots, such as the heels, the balls of the feet, the palms and the knees. They may vary in size and shape and are often larger than corns.
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What are the causes of Corns and calluses?
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Corns and calluses are caused by friction and pressure from repeated actions. Some sources of this friction and pressure include:
• Wearing ill-fitting shoes and socks.Tight shoes and high heels can squeeze areas of the feet. If your shoes are loose, your foot may repeatedly slide and rub against the shoe. Your foot may also rub against a seam or stitch inside the shoe. Socks that don't fit right can also be a problem.
• Skipping socks.Wearing shoes and sandals without socks can cause friction on your feet.
• Playing instruments or using hand tools.Calluses on the hands may result from the repeated pressure of activities such as playing instruments and using hand tools or even a pen.
• Inheriting a tendency to develop corns.The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.
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What are the risk factors of Corns and calluses?
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Risk factors for corns and calluses include:
• Wearing shoes that increase the pressure or friction on your feet.
• Having a condition that increases the pressure or friction on your feet. Examples are hammertoe and hallux valgus, which causes a bunion-like bulge at the base of the big toe.
• Inheriting a tendency to develop corns. The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.
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What are the complications of Corns and calluses?
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If you have diabetes or another condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet, you're at greater risk of complications from corns and calluses.
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What is the prevention of Corns and calluses?
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These approaches may help you prevent corns and calluses:
• Wear shoes that give your toes plenty of room.If you can't wiggle your toes, your shoes are too tight. Have a shoe shop stretch your shoes at any point that rubs or pinches. Shop for shoes when your feet are most swollen, usually at the end of the day. If you use orthotics and inserts, be sure to have them on while fitting your shoes at the store.
• Use protective coverings.Wear felt pads, nonmedicated corn pads or bandages over areas that rub against your footwear. You can also try toe separators or some lamb's wool between your toes.
• Wear padded gloves when using hand tools.Or try padding your tool handles with cloth tape or covers.
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What are the Overview of Coronary artery disease?
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease. It affects the main blood vessels that supply blood to the heart, called the coronary arteries. In CAD, there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. A buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, usually causes coronary artery disease. The buildup, called plaque, makes the arteries narrow.
Coronary artery disease often develops over many years. Symptoms are from the lack of blood flow to the heart. They may include chest pain and shortness of breath. A complete blockage of blood flow can cause a heart attack.
Treatment for coronary artery disease may include medicines and surgery. Eating a nutritious diet, getting regular exercise and not smoking can help prevent coronary artery disease and the conditions that can cause it.
Coronary artery disease also may be called coronary heart disease.
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What are the symptoms of Coronary artery disease?
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Symptoms of coronary artery disease happen when the heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. Coronary artery disease symptoms may include:
• Chest pain, called angina.You may feel squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest. It may feel like somebody is standing on your chest. The chest pain usually affects the middle or left side of the chest. Activity or strong emotions can trigger angina. There are different types of angina. The type depends on the cause and whether rest or medicine makes symptoms better. In some people, especially women, the pain may be brief or sharp and felt in the neck, arm or back.
• Shortness of breath.You may feel like you can't catch your breath.
• Fatigue. If the heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs, you may feel unusually tired.
Symptoms of coronary artery disease may not be noticed at first. Sometimes symptoms only happen when the heart is beating hard, such as during exercise. As the coronary arteries continue to narrow, symptoms can get more severe or frequent.
A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. Common heart attack symptoms include:
• Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, squeezing or aching.
• Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or sometimes the upper belly.
• Cold sweats.
• Fatigue.
• Heartburn.
• Nausea.
• Shortness of breath.
• Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness.
Chest pain is usually the most common symptom of heart attack. But for some people, such as women, the elderly and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, they may have nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back. Some people having a heart attack don't notice symptoms.
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What are the causes of Coronary artery disease?
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Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot.
Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are:
• Diabetes or insulin resistance.
• High blood pressure.
• Lack of exercise.
• Smoking or tobacco use.
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What are the risk factors of Coronary artery disease?
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Coronary artery disease is common.
Coronary artery disease risk factors you can't control include:
• Age.Getting older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries.
• Birth sex.Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause.
• Family history.A family history of heart disease makes you more likely to get coronary artery disease. This is especially true if a parent, brother, sister or child got heart disease at an early age. The risk is highest if your father or a brother had heart disease before age 55 or if your mother or a sister developed it before age 65.
Coronary artery disease risk factors you can control are:
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking is bad for heart health. People who smoke have a much greater risk of heart disease. Breathing in secondhand smoke also increases the risk.
• High blood pressure.Uncontrolled high blood pressure can make arteries hard and stiff. This can lead to atherosclerosis, which causes coronary artery disease.
• Cholesterol.Too much "bad" cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. "Bad" cholesterol is called low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Not enough "good" cholesterol, called high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, also leads to atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease share some risk factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.
• Obesity.Too much body fat is bad for overall health. Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Ask your healthcare team what a healthy weight is for you.
• Chronic kidney disease.Having long-term kidney disease increases the risk of coronary artery disease.
• Not getting enough exercise.Physical activity is important for good health. A lack of exercise is linked to coronary artery disease and some of its risk factors.
• A lot of stress. Emotional stress may damage the arteries and worsen other risk factors for coronary artery disease.
• Unhealthy diet.Eating foods with a lot of saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar can increase the risk of coronary artery disease.
• Alcohol use.Heavy alcohol use can lead to heart muscle damage. It also can worsen other risk factors of coronary artery disease.
• Amount of sleep.Too little sleep and too much sleep both have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
Risk factors often happen together. One risk factor may trigger another. When grouped together, some risk factors make you even more likely to develop coronary artery disease. For example, metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, too much body fat around the waist and high triglyceride levels. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of coronary artery disease.
Other possible risk factors for coronary artery disease may include:
• Breathing pauses during sleep, called obstructive sleep apnea.This condition causes breathing to stop and start during sleep. It can cause sudden drops in blood oxygen levels. The heart must work harder to pump blood. Blood pressure goes up.
• Increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).This protein appears in higher than usual amounts when there's inflammation somewhere in the body. High hs-CRP levels may be a risk factor for heart disease. It's thought that as coronary arteries narrow, the level of hs-CRP in the blood goes up.
• High triglycerides.This is a type of fat in the blood. High levels may raise the risk of coronary artery disease, especially for women.
• High levels of homocysteine.Homocysteine is a substance that the body uses to make protein and to build and maintain tissue. But high levels of homocysteine may raise the risk of coronary artery disease.
• Preeclampsia.This pregnancy complication causes high blood pressure and increased protein in the urine. It can lead to a higher risk of heart disease later in life.
• Other pregnancy complications.Diabetes or high blood pressure during pregnancy are known risk factors for coronary artery disease.
• Certain autoimmune diseases.People who have conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus have an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
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What are the complications of Coronary artery disease?
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Complications of coronary artery disease may include:
• Chest pain, also called angina.This is a symptom of coronary artery disease. But it also can be a complication of worsening CAD. The chest pain happens when arteries narrow and the heart doesn't get enough blood.
• Heart attack.A heart attack can happen if atherosclerosis causes a blood clot. A clot can block blood flow. The lack of blood can damage the heart muscle. The amount of damage depends in part on how quickly you are treated.
• Heart failure.Narrowed arteries in the heart or high blood pressure can slowly make the heart weak or stiff. This can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
• Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.If the heart doesn't get enough blood, changes in heart signaling can happen. This can cause irregular heartbeats.
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What are the Overview of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. It started spreading at the end of 2019 and became a pandemic disease in 2020.
The virus that causesCOVID-19spreads most commonly through the air in tiny droplets of fluid between people in close contact. Many people withCOVID-19have no symptoms or mild illness. But for older adults and people with certain medical conditions,COVID-19can lead to the need for care in the hospital or death.
Staying up to date on yourCOVID-19vaccine helps prevent serious illness, the need for hospital care due toCOVID-19and death fromCOVID-19. Other ways that may help prevent the spread of this coronavirus includes good indoor air flow, physical distancing, wearing a mask in the right setting and good hygiene.
Medicine can limit the seriousness of the viral infection. Most people recover without long-term effects, but some people have symptoms that continue for months.
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What are the symptoms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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TypicalCOVID-19symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
• Dry cough.
• Shortness of breath.
• Loss of taste or smell.
• Extreme tiredness, called fatigue.
• Digestive symptoms such as upset stomach, vomiting or loose stools, called diarrhea.
• Pain, such as headaches and body or muscle aches.
• Fever or chills.
• Cold-like symptoms such as congestion, runny nose or sore throat.
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive forCOVID-19are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don't have symptoms ofCOVID-19illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spreadCOVID-19to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people withCOVID-19have mild to moderate symptoms. ButCOVID-19can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
• In broad terms, mild COVID-19 doesn't affect the ability of the lungs to get oxygen to the body.
• In moderate COVID-19 illness, the lungs also work properly but there are signs that the infection is deep in the lungs.
• Severe COVID-19 means that the lungs don't work correctly, and the person needs oxygen and other medical help in the hospital.
• Critical COVID-19 illness means the lung and breathing system, called the respiratory system, has failed and there is damage throughout the body.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened toMIS-C. In adults, the name isMIS-A.
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What are the causes of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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COVID-19is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people withCOVID-19cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with theCOVID-19virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person's breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It's possible to getCOVID-19more than once.
• Over time, the body's defense against theCOVID-19virus can fade.
• A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense.
• As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causesCOVID-19changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.
The virus that causesCOVID-19can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It's rare for a person to getCOVID-19from a pet.
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What are the risk factors of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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The main risk factors forCOVID-19are:
• If someone you live with hasCOVID-19.
• If you spend time in places with poor air flow and a higher number of people when the virus is spreading.
• If you spend more than 30 minutes in close contact with someone who hasCOVID-19.
Many factors affect your risk of catching the virus that causesCOVID-19. How long you are in contact, if the space has good air flow and your activities all affect the risk. Also, if you or others wear masks, if someone hasCOVID-19symptoms and how close you are affects your risk. Close contact includes sitting and talking next to one another, for example, or sharing a car or bedroom.
It seems to be rare for people to catch the virus that causesCOVID-19from an infected surface. While the virus is shed in waste, called stool,COVID-19infection from places such as a public bathroom is not common.
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What are the complications of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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Complications ofCOVID-19include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
Complications of severeCOVID-19illness can include:
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome, when the body's organs do not get enough oxygen.
• Shock caused by the infection or heart problems.
• Overreaction of the immune system, called the inflammatory response.
• Blood clots.
• Kidney injury.
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What is the prevention of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends aCOVID-19vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. TheCOVID-19vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused byCOVID-19.
TheCOVID-19vaccines available in the United States are:
• Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
• Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.
• People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
• ModernaCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
• Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.
• People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
• NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine, adjuvanted 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 12 years and older.Among people with a typical immune system:People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
• People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don't need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
• Children ages 6 months to 4 years.
• People age 5 years and older with weakened immune systems.
• People age 12 and older who have had one shot of the Novavax vaccine should get the second Novavax shot in the two-dose series.
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
• The vaccine you or your child got earlier isn't available.
• You don't know which vaccine you or your child received.
• You or your child started a vaccine series but couldn't finish it due to side effects.
People with weakened immune systems
Your healthcare team may suggest added doses ofCOVID-19vaccine if you have a moderately or seriously weakened immune system. TheFDAhas also authorized the monoclonal antibody pemivibart (Pemgarda) to preventCOVID-19in some people with weakened immune systems.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causesCOVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or haveCOVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you're sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
• Test forCOVID-19.If you have symptoms ofCOVID-19test for the infection. Or test five days after you came in contact with the virus.
• Help from afar.Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms, if possible.
• Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
• Cover your coughs and sneezes.Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
• Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces.For example, clean doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters regularly.
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
TheCDCrecommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you're in an area with a high number of people withCOVID-19in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
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What are the Overview of Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome)?
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Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die.
Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time.
Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language.
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What are the symptoms of Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome)?
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Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include:
• Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time.
• Poor coordination.
• Trouble with balance.
• Stiffness.
• Postures of the hands or feet that can't be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist.
• Muscle jerks.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Changes in eye movements.
• Trouble with thinking and language skills.
• Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech.
Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.
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What are the causes of Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome)?
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Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) can have several causes. Most commonly, the disease results from a buildup of a protein called tau in brain cells. The buildup of tau may lead to the breakdown of the cells. This can cause symptoms of corticobasal degeneration.
Half of the people who have symptoms have corticobasal degeneration. But the second most common cause of corticobasal degeneration symptoms is Alzheimer's disease. Other causes of corticobasal degeneration include progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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What are the risk factors of Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome)?
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There are no known risk factors for corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome).
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What are the complications of Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome)?
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People with corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) may develop serious complications. People with the disease may develop pneumonia, blood clots in the lungs or a dangerous response to an infection, known as sepsis. Complications often lead to death.
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What are the Overview of Cradle cap?
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Cradle cap causes crusty or oily scaly patches on a baby's scalp. The condition isn't painful or itchy. But it can cause thick white or yellow scales that aren't easy to remove.
Cradle cap usually clears up on its own in weeks or a few months. Home care measures include washing your baby's scalp daily with a mild shampoo. This can help you loosen and remove the scales. Don't scratch cradle cap.
If cradle cap doesn't stop or seems serious, your baby's doctor or other health care professional may suggest a medicated shampoo, lotion or other treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Cradle cap?
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Common symptoms of cradle cap include:
• Patchy scaling or thick crusts on the scalp.
• Oily or dry skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales.
• Skin flakes.
• Mild inflammation.
Similar scales also may be present on the ears, eyelids, nose and groin.
Cradle cap is common in newborns. It usually isn't itchy.
Cradle cap is the common term for infantile seborrheic dermatitis. It's sometimes confused with another skin condition, atopic dermatitis. A major difference between these conditions is that atopic dermatitis can be very itchy.
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What are the causes of Cradle cap?
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The cause of cradle cap isn't known. One factor may be hormones that pass from the mother to the baby before birth. These hormones can cause oil glands and hair follicles to make too much oil. This oil is called sebum.
Another factor may be a fungus called malassezia (mal-uh-SEE-zhuh) that grows in the sebum along with bacteria. Antifungal treatments often help control symptoms. This supports the idea that malassezia is a cause. An example of an antifungal treatment is ketoconazole.
Cradle cap isn't contagious, and it's not caused by poor hygiene.
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What are the risk factors of Cradle cap?
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Cradle cap is very common in babies. There are no known risk factors for it.
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What is the prevention of Cradle cap?
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Shampooing your baby's hair every few days can help prevent cradle cap. Use a baby shampoo unless your baby's doctor or other health care professional suggests a stronger product.
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