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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What is the prevention of Inflammatory breast cancer?
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Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of breast cancer. Try to:
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What are the Overview of Knee bursitis?
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Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints.
Any of the bursae in the knee can be affected by painful swelling, also called inflammation. But most often, knee bursitis happens over the kneecap or on the inner side of the knee below the joint.
Knee bursitis causes pain and can limit your movement. Treatment often includes a mix of self-care techniques and medical treatments to ease pain and inflammation.
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What are the symptoms of Knee bursitis?
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Knee bursitis symptoms vary. They depend on which bursa is affected and what's causing the inflammation.
The affected portion of your knee might feel warm, tender and swollen. You also might feel pain when you move or when you're at rest.
A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time.
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What are the causes of Knee bursitis?
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Knee bursitis can be caused by:
• Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces.
• Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity.
• A direct blow to the knee.
• An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut.
• Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.
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What are the risk factors of Knee bursitis?
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Factors that can raise the risk of getting knee bursitis include:
• Prolonged kneeling.The risk of bursitis is higher for people who work on their knees for long amounts of time. This includes carpet layers, plumbers and gardeners.
• Playing certain sports.Sports that can lead to direct blows or frequent falls on the knee raise your risk of knee bursitis. So do sports that create friction between the knee and a mat. These sports include wrestling, football, basketball and volleyball. Runners also can get pain and inflammation in the bursa that's located on the inner side of the knee below the joint. This is called pes anserine bursitis.
• Obesity and osteoarthritis.Pes anserine bursitis often occurs in obese women with osteoarthritis.
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What is the prevention of Knee bursitis?
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The following tips can help you prevent bursitis or keep it from coming back:
• Wear kneepads.This can help if you often work on your knees or play sports that put your knees at risk. Use padding to cushion and protect your knees.
• Take breaks.If you're on your knees for a while, take regular breaks to stretch your legs and rest your knees.
• Reach and stay at a healthy weight.This can help take pressure off the knee joints.
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What are the Overview of Male breast cancer?
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Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men.
Breast cancer is typically thought of as a condition that happens in women. But everyone is born with some breast tissue. So anyone can get breast cancer.
Male breast cancer is rare. It happens most often in older men, though it can occur at any age.
Treatment for male breast cancer typically involves surgery to remove the breast tissue. Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be recommended as well.
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What are the symptoms of Male breast cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer can include:
• A painless lump or thickening of the skin on the chest.
• Changes to the skin covering the chest, such as dimpling, puckering, scaling or changes in the color of the skin.
• Changes to the nipple, such as changes in the skin color or scaling, or a nipple that begins to turn inward.
• Discharge or bleeding from the nipple.
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What are the causes of Male breast cancer?
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It's not clear what causes male breast cancer.
Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Male breast cancer?
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Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include:
• Older age.The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s.
• Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen.If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises.
• Family history of breast cancer.If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.
• Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk.Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. People born with these DNA changes have a greater risk of breast cancer. For example, the DNA changes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of male breast cancer.
• Klinefelter syndrome.This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome affects the development of the testicles. It causes changes in the balance of hormones in the body, which can increase the risk of male breast cancer.
• Liver disease.Certain conditions, such as cirrhosis of the liver, can change the balance of hormones in the body. This raises the risk of male breast cancer.
• Obesity.Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer.
• Testicle disease or surgery.Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.
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What is the prevention of Male breast cancer?
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For most men, there's no way to prevent male breast cancer. For those that have an increased risk of cancer, there may be ways to lower the risk.
• If breast cancer runs in your family.Certain DNA changes are linked to breast cancer. If these DNA changes run in your family, you might have an increased risk of breast cancer. DNA changes that increase the risk of male breast cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2.If you know that a blood relative carries DNA changes linked to breast cancer, tell your doctor or other health care professional. Together you can decide whether you should have genetic testing to see if you also carry the DNA changes.If you carry a DNA change that increases your risk, you might need breast cancer screening. Usually this involves becoming familiar with the skin and tissue on your chest. Tell your health professional if you notice any changes. You also might have an annual exam of your chest.
• If you're a transgender man.If you haven't had gender-affirming surgery on your chest, talk with your doctor or other health care professional about breast cancer screening. In general, follow the screening guidelines for people assigned female at birth.If you've had gender-affirming surgery to your chest, breast cancer is still possible, though it's rare. Often a small amount of breast tissue remains after surgery. Get to know the look and feel of the skin on your chest. Report any changes to your health care team right away.
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What are the Overview of Mastitis?
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Mastitis is swelling and redness, called inflammation, of breast tissue. It sometimes involves an infection. Besides causing swelling and redness, mastitis causes breast pain and warmth. An infection also can cause fever and chills.
Mastitis most often affects people who are breastfeeding. This is called lactation mastitis. But mastitis can happen to people who aren't breastfeeding.
Lactation mastitis can cause you to feel run down, making it hard to care for your baby. Sometimes mastitis causes people to wean their babies earlier than they meant to. But continuing to breastfeed is better for you and your baby. This is true even if you're taking an antibiotic.
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What are the symptoms of Mastitis?
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Symptoms of mastitis can appear suddenly. They may be in one or both breasts. Symptoms may include:
• Breast tenderness or warmth.
• Breast swelling.
• Thickening of breast tissue, or a breast lump.
• Pain or a burning feeling all the time or while breastfeeding.
• Skin redness, often in a wedge-shaped pattern. The redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
• Feeling ill.
• Fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or greater.
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What are the causes of Mastitis?
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Milk that is trapped in the breast is the main cause of mastitis. Other causes include:
• A blocked milk duct.If a breast doesn't empty all the way during feedings, one of the milk ducts can get clogged. Then milk backs up, leading to breast infection.
• Germs going into the breast.Germs from the skin's surface and baby's mouth can enter the milk ducts. This can happen through a crack in the skin of the nipple or through a milk duct opening. Germs can grow in milk that stays in a breast that isn't emptied.
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What are the risk factors of Mastitis?
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Risk factors for mastitis include:
• Having a history of mastitis.
• Having sore or cracked nipples.
• Putting pressure on a breast that restricts milk flow. Wearing a tight bra or using a tight seat belt can cause pressure.
• Not nursing correctly.
• Being overly tired or stressed.
• Eating poorly.
• Smoking.
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What are the complications of Mastitis?
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Mastitis that isn't treated or that is due to a blocked duct can cause pus to build up in the breast. This is called an abscess. An abscess most often needs to be drained surgically.
To avoid this complication, talk with your healthcare professional as soon as you get symptoms of mastitis. You may need to take a course of antibiotics.
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What is the prevention of Mastitis?
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Before you start breastfeeding, think about meeting with a breastfeeding specialist, called a lactation consultant. This can help you avoid complications such as mastitis.
Lower your chances of getting mastitis by following these tips:
• Feed your baby on demand or let out milk with your hand, called expressing, often.
• Fully drain the milk from your breasts while breastfeeding.
• Let your baby empty one breast all the way before switching to the other breast during feeding.
• Change the position you use to breastfeed from one feeding to the next.
• Make sure your baby latches on well during feedings.
• If you smoke, talk with your healthcare professional about how to quit.
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What are the Overview of Meralgia paresthetica?
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Meralgia paresthetica is a condition that causes tingling, numbness and burning pain in the outer thigh. It's caused by compression of the nerve that provides feeling to the skin covering the thigh. Meralgia paresthetica also is known as lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment.
Tight clothing, obesity or weight gain, and pregnancy are common causes of meralgia paresthetica. But meralgia paresthetica also can be due to an injury or a disease such as diabetes.
Meralgia paresthetica often can be relieved with conservative measures, including wearing looser clothing. If symptoms aren't relieved by those measures, treatment may include medicines. Rarely, surgery is needed.
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What are the symptoms of Meralgia paresthetica?
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Meralgia paresthetica may cause these symptoms in the outer part of the thigh:
• Tingling.
• Burning pain.
• Decreased feeling or numbness.
• Increased sensitivity and pain to even a light touch.
These symptoms commonly occur on one side of your body and might intensify after walking or standing.
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What are the causes of Meralgia paresthetica?
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Meralgia paresthetica occurs when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is pinched, also known as compression. The nerve supplies feeling to the surface of the outer thigh. The nerve only affects sensation and doesn't impact your ability to use your leg muscles.
In most people, this nerve passes through the groin to the upper thigh without trouble. But in meralgia paresthetica, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve becomes trapped. Often the inguinal ligament pinches the nerve. This ligament runs along the groin from the stomach to the upper thigh.
Common causes of this compression include any condition that increases pressure on the groin, including:
• Tight clothing, such as belts, corsets and tight pants.
• Obesity or weight gain.
• Wearing a heavy tool belt.
• Pregnancy.
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen causing increased abdominal pressure.
• Scar tissue near the inguinal ligament due to injury or past surgery.
Nerve injury also can cause meralgia paresthetica. Nerve injury can be due to diabetes, trauma after surgery or seat belt injury after a motor vehicle accident.
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What are the risk factors of Meralgia paresthetica?
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The following might increase your risk of meralgia paresthetica:
• Extra weight.Being overweight or obese can increase the pressure on your lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
• Pregnancy.A growing belly puts added pressure on your groin, through which the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve passes.
• Diabetes.Diabetes-related nerve injury can lead to meralgia paresthetica.
• Age.People between ages 30 and 60 are at a higher risk.
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What are the Overview of Osteomyelitis?
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Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs.
People who smoke and people with chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney failure, are at higher risk of getting osteomyelitis. People who have diabetes with foot ulcers may get osteomyelitis in the bones of their feet.
Most people with osteomyelitis need surgery to remove areas of the affected bone. After surgery, most often people need strong antibiotics given through a vein.
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What are the symptoms of Osteomyelitis?
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Symptoms of osteomyelitis may include:
• Swelling, warmth and tenderness over the area of the infection.
• Pain near the infection.
• Tiredness.
• Fever.
Sometimes osteomyelitis causes no symptoms. When it does cause symptoms, they can be like symptoms of other conditions. This may be especially true for infants, older adults and people who have weakened immune systems.
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What are the causes of Osteomyelitis?
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Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people.
Germs can enter a bone through:
• The bloodstream.Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder.
• Injuries.Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin.
• Surgery.Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.
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What are the risk factors of Osteomyelitis?
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Healthy bones resist infection. But bones are less able to resist infection as you get older. Besides wounds and surgery, other factors that can increase your risk of osteomyelitis may include:
• Conditions that weaken the immune system.This includes diabetes that isn't well-controlled.
• Peripheral artery disease.This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs.
• Sickle cell disease.This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow.
• Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing.Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don't work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside.
• Pressure injuries.People who can't feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected.
• Illicit drugs by needles.People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren't sterile and if they don't clean the skin before using the needles.
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What are the complications of Osteomyelitis?
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Osteomyelitis complications may include:
• Bone death, also called osteonecrosis.An infection in your bone can block blood flow within the bone, leading to bone death. If you have areas where bone has died, you need surgery to remove the dead tissue for antibiotics to work.
• Septic arthritis.Infection within bones can spread into a nearby joint.
• Impaired growth.Osteomyelitis can affect the growth of bones in children. This is true if osteomyelitis is in the softer areas, called growth plates, at either end of the long bones of the arms and legs.
• Long-term osteomyelitis, called chronic osteomyelitis.Osteomyelitis that doesn't respond to treatment can become chronic osteomyelitis.
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What is the prevention of Osteomyelitis?
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If you have an increased risk of infection, talk with your healthcare professional about ways to prevent infections. Cutting your risk of infection will cut your risk of osteomyelitis.
Take care not to get cuts, scrapes, and animal scratches or bites. These give germs a way to get into your body. If you or your child has a minor injury, clean the area right away. Put a clean bandage on it. Check wounds often for signs of infection.
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What are the Overview of Pediatric brain tumors?
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Pediatric brain tumors are growths of cells that start in or near the brain in children. The growths, called tumors, can grow to press on nearby parts of the brain. This can cause symptoms, such as headaches and nausea.
Many types of pediatric brain tumors exist. Some grow quickly, and some grow slowly. Some are cancerous, and some aren't cancerous. Noncancerous brain tumors also are called benign brain tumors.
The type of brain tumor a child has helps determine the best treatment plan. Other things your child's healthcare team considers include the tumor's location, whether it has spread beyond the brain, and your child's age and overall health.
Treatment for brain tumors in children is often quite different from treatment for adult brain tumors. For this reason, seek out care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors.
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What are the symptoms of Pediatric brain tumors?
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Pediatric brain tumor symptoms may vary depending on the tumor's location within the brain. Symptoms also might depend on the size of the tumor and how quickly it's growing.
Some of the more common signs and symptoms of pediatric brain tumors include:
• Headaches, which may become more frequent and more severe. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that the child is more irritable than usual.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Vision changes, such as double vision. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that a child squints or covers one eye when trying to look at something.
Other possible signs and symptoms include:
• A fuller soft spot on the skull in babies.
• Changes in the way the eyes move.
• Confusion and irritability.
• Difficulty with balance.
• Hearing problems.
• Memory problems.
• Personality or behavior changes.
• Seizures, especially in a child who hasn't had a seizure before.
• Slurred speech.
• Trouble walking.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Weakness or drooping on one side on the face.
• Weakness or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg.
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What are the causes of Pediatric brain tumors?
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Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn't known.
Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue.
Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.
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What are the risk factors of Pediatric brain tumors?
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Factors that may increase the risk of pediatric brain tumors include:
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What is the prevention of Pediatric brain tumors?
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There's no way to prevent pediatric brain tumors. If your child develops a brain tumor, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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What are the Overview of Ureteral obstruction?
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A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it's not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild — pain, fever and infection — to severe — loss of kidney function, sepsis and death.
Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it's treatable, severe complications are rare.
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What are the symptoms of Ureteral obstruction?
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Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it's partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys.
Signs and symptoms might include:
• Pain.
• Changes in how much urine you produce (urine output).
• Difficulty urinating.
• Blood in the urine.
• Urinary tract infections.
• High blood pressure (hypertension).
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What are the risk factors of Ureteral obstruction?
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Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.
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What are the complications of Ureteral obstruction?
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Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.
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What are the Overview of Urinary incontinence?
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Urinary incontinence — the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time.
Though it occurs more often as people get older, urinary incontinence isn't an inevitable consequence of aging. If urinary incontinence affects your daily activities, don't hesitate to see your doctor. For most people, simple lifestyle and dietary changes or medical care can treat symptoms of urinary incontinence.
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What are the symptoms of Urinary incontinence?
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Many people experience occasional, minor leaks of urine. Others may lose small to moderate amounts of urine more frequently.
Types of urinary incontinence include:
• Stress incontinence.Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy.
• Urge incontinence.You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. You may need to urinate often, including throughout the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as a neurological disorder or diabetes.
• Overflow incontinence.You experience frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely.
• Functional incontinence.A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough.
• Mixed incontinence.You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence — most often this refers to a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence.
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What are the causes of Urinary incontinence?
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Urinary incontinence can be caused by everyday habits, underlying medical conditions or physical problems. A thorough evaluation by your doctor can help determine what's behind your incontinence.
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What are the risk factors of Urinary incontinence?
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Factors that increase your risk of developing urinary incontinence include:
• Gender.Women are more likely to have stress incontinence. Pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and normal female anatomy account for this difference. However, men who have prostate gland problems are at increased risk of urge and overflow incontinence.
• Age.As you get older, the muscles in your bladder and urethra lose some of their strength. Changes with age reduce how much your bladder can hold and increase the chances of involuntary urine release.
• Being overweight.Extra weight increases pressure on your bladder and surrounding muscles, which weakens them and allows urine to leak out when you cough or sneeze.
• Smoking.Tobacco use may increase your risk of urinary incontinence.
• Family history.If a close family member has urinary incontinence, especially urge incontinence, your risk of developing the condition is higher.
• Some diseases.Neurological disease or diabetes may increase your risk of incontinence.
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What are the complications of Urinary incontinence?
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Complications of chronic urinary incontinence include:
• Skin problems.Rashes, skin infections and sores can develop from constantly wet skin.
• Urinary tract infections.Incontinence increases your risk of repeated urinary tract infections.
• Impacts on your personal life.Urinary incontinence can affect your social, work and personal relationships.
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What is the prevention of Urinary incontinence?
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Urinary incontinence isn't always preventable. However, to help decrease your risk:
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Practice pelvic floor exercises
• Avoid bladder irritants, such as caffeine, alcohol and acidic foods
• Eat more fiber, which can prevent constipation, a cause of urinary incontinence
• Don't smoke, or seek help to quit if you're a smoker
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What are the Overview of C. difficile infection?
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Clostridioides difficile (klos-TRID-e-oi-deez dif-uh-SEEL) is a bacterium that causes an infection of the colon, the longest part of the large intestine. Symptoms can range from diarrhea to life-threatening damage to the colon. The bacterium is often called C. difficile or C. diff.
Illness from C. difficile often occurs after using antibiotic medicines. It mostly affects older adults in hospitals or in long-term care settings. People not in care settings or hospitals also can get C. difficile infection. Some strains of the bacterium that can cause serious infections are more likely to affect younger people.
The bacterium used to be called Clostridium (klos-TRID-e-um) difficile.
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What are the symptoms of C. difficile infection?
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Symptoms often begin within 5 to 10 days after starting an antibiotic. But symptoms can occur as soon as the first day or up to three months later.
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What are the causes of C. difficile infection?
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C. difficile bacteria enter the body through the mouth. They can begin reproducing in the small intestine. When they reach the part of the large intestine, called the colon, the bacteria can release toxins that damage tissues. These toxins destroy cells and cause watery diarrhea.
Outside the colon, the bacteria aren't active. They can live for a long time in places such as:
• Human or animal feces.
• Surfaces in a room.
• Unwashed hands.
• Soil.
• Water.
• Food, including meat.
When bacteria once again find their way into a person's digestive system, they become active again and cause infection. Because C. difficile can live outside the body, the bacteria spread easily. Not washing hands or cleaning well make it easy to spread the bacteria.
Some people carry C. difficile bacteria in their intestines but never get sick from it. These people are carriers of the bacteria. They can spread infections without being sick.
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What are the risk factors of C. difficile infection?
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People who have no known risk factors have gotten sick from C. difficile. But certain factors increase the risk.
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What are the complications of C. difficile infection?
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Complications of C. difficile infection include:
• Loss of fluids, called dehydration.Severe diarrhea can lead to a serious loss of fluids and minerals called electrolytes. This makes it hard for the body to work as it should. It can cause blood pressure to drop so low as to be dangerous.
• Kidney failure.In some cases, dehydration can occur so quickly that the kidneys stop working, called kidney failure.
• Toxic megacolon.In this rare condition, the colon can't get rid of gas and stool. This causes it to enlarge, called megacolon. Untreated, the colon can burst.Bacteria also may enter the bloodstream. Toxic megacolon may be fatal. It needs emergency surgery.
• A hole in the large intestine, called bowel perforation.This rare condition results from damage to the lining of the colon or occurs after toxic megacolon. Bacteria spilling from the colon into the hollow space in the middle of the body, called the abdominal cavity, can lead to a life-threatening infection called peritonitis.
• Death.Serious C. difficile infection can quickly become fatal if not treated promptly. Rarely, death can occur with mild to moderate infection.
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What is the prevention of C. difficile infection?
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To protect against C. difficile, don't take antibiotics unless you need them. Sometimes, you may get a prescription for antibiotics to treat conditions not caused by bacteria, such as viral illnesses. Antibiotics don't help infections caused by viruses.
If you need an antibiotic, ask if you can get a prescription for a medicine that you take for a shorter time or is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics target a limited number of bacteria types. They're less likely to affect healthy bacteria.
To help prevent the spread of C. difficile, hospitals and other health care settings follow strict rules to control infections. If you have a loved one in a hospital or nursing home, follow the rules. Ask questions if you see caregivers or other people not following the rules.
Measures to prevent C. difficile include:
• Hand-washing.Health care workers should make sure their hands are clean before and after treating each person in their care. For a C. difficile outbreak, using soap and warm water is better for cleaning hands. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers don't destroy C. difficile spores.Visitors to health care facilities also should wash their hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving rooms or using the bathroom.
• Contact precautions.People who are hospitalized with C. difficile infection have a private room or share a room with someone who has the same illness. Hospital staff and visitors wear disposable gloves and isolation gowns while in the room.
• Thorough cleaning.In any health care setting, all surfaces should be carefully disinfected with a product that has chlorine bleach. C. difficile spores can survive cleaning products that don't have bleach.
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What are the Overview of Calciphylaxis?
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Calciphylaxis (kal-sih-fuh-LAK-sis) is a rare, serious disease. It involves a buildup of calcium in small blood vessels of fat tissues and skin.
Calciphylaxis symptoms include blood clots, lumps under the skin and painful open sores called ulcers. If an ulcer becomes infected, it can be life-threatening.
The exact cause of calciphylaxis isn't clear. But people with the disease usually have kidney failure. That's a condition in which the kidneys no longer work as they should. Often, these same people also have received kidney failure treatments such as dialysis or a kidney transplant. Calciphylaxis can happen in people without kidney disease too.
Calciphylaxis treatments include various medicines, procedures and surgery. Treatment can help prevent blood clots and infections, reduce calcium buildups, heal sores, and ease pain.
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What are the symptoms of Calciphylaxis?
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Calciphylaxis symptoms include:
• Large netlike patterns on the skin that may look purple-pink in color.
• Deep, painful lumps in the skin that can become ulcers. The ulcers often have a black-brown crust that doesn't heal on its own. Ulcers tend to appear in areas with high fat content, such as the stomach, thighs, buttocks and breasts. But they can form anywhere.
• Infections from ulcers that don't heal.
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What are the causes of Calciphylaxis?
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The exact cause of calciphylaxis isn't known. The disease involves the buildup of calcium in the smallest parts of the arteries in fat tissues and skin.
Many people who get calciphylaxis also have kidney failure or receive dialysis. It's not known why people with kidney failure or people receiving dialysis are at higher risk of calciphylaxis.
For some people, the calcium buildup in calciphylaxis is linked with small organs in the neck called parathyroid glands. If the glands release too many parathyroid hormones, that can cause calcium to collect. But the link isn't clear. Most people with seriously overactive parathyroid glands don't get calciphylaxis. And many people with kidney failure and calciphylaxis don't have overactive parathyroid glands.
Other factors that seem to play roles in calciphylaxis include:
• A greater tendency for blood to clot. Blood clots can deprive fat tissues and skin of oxygen and nourishment.
• Reduced blood flow in small arteries, which can lead to skin lumps and ulcers.
• Thickening or scarring of tissue, also called fibrosis.
• Ongoing damage to the thin layer of cells that lines blood vessels. This also is called vascular endothelial injury.
• Swelling, called inflammation, in the body.
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What are the risk factors of Calciphylaxis?
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Calciphylaxis most often affects people who have kidney failure. Other risk factors include:
• Being born female.
• Obesity.
• Diabetes mellitus.
• Liver failure, when the liver stops working as it should.
• A history of dialysis. This procedure removes waste and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys no longer can.
• A greater tendency for blood to clot, also called a hypercoagulable state.
• An imbalance in the body of the minerals calcium or phosphate, or of the protein albumin.
• Some medicines, such as warfarin (Jantoven), calcium-binding agents and corticosteroids.
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What are the complications of Calciphylaxis?
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Complications of calciphylaxis include:
• Serious pain.
• Large, deep ulcers that do not heal on their own.
• Blood infections.
• Death, mainly due to infection or organ failure.
Often, the outlook for people with calciphylaxis isn't hopeful. Finding and treating any infections early is key to preventing serious complications.
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What is the prevention of Calciphylaxis?
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There isn't a clear way to prevent calciphylaxis. But if you are on dialysis or have low kidney function due to advanced chronic kidney disease, it's important to keep blood levels of calcium and phosphorus under control.
Keeping blood levels of phosphorus under control often is a challenge. Your healthcare professional might have you take medicines with meals. You also may need to restrict certain foods that are high in phosphorus. It's very important to follow your healthcare professional's directions and go to all follow-up healthcare checkups.
If you have calciphylaxis, your healthcare team helps you prevent ulcer infections or other complications. You may need to apply special wound dressings or clean the ulcers daily to prevent germs called bacteria from growing.
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What are the Overview of Cancer?
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Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout your body.
Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the world. But survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening, treatment and prevention.
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What are the symptoms of Cancer?
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Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected.
Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer, include:
• Fatigue
• Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
• Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
• Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Persistent cough or trouble breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
• Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
• Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
• Unexplained bleeding or bruising
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What are the causes of Cancer?
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Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform, as well as how to grow and divide. Errors in the instructions can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous.
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What are the risk factors of Cancer?
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While doctors have an idea of what may increase your risk of cancer, the majority of cancers occur in people who don't have any known risk factors. Factors known to increase your risk of cancer include:
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What are the complications of Cancer?
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Cancer and its treatment can cause several complications, including:
• Pain.Pain can be caused by cancer or by cancer treatment, though not all cancer is painful. Medications and other approaches can effectively treat cancer-related pain.
• Fatigue.Fatigue in people with cancer has many causes, but it can often be managed. Fatigue associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy treatments is common, but it's usually temporary.
• Difficulty breathing.Cancer or cancer treatment may cause a feeling of being short of breath. Treatments may bring relief.
• Nausea.Certain cancers and cancer treatments can cause nausea. Your doctor can sometimes predict if your treatment is likely to cause nausea. Medications and other treatments may help you prevent or decrease nausea.
• Diarrhea or constipation.Cancer and cancer treatment can affect your bowels and cause diarrhea or constipation.
• Weight loss.Cancer and cancer treatment may cause weight loss. Cancer steals food from normal cells and deprives them of nutrients. This is often not affected by how many calories or what kind of food is eaten; it's difficult to treat. In most cases, using artificial nutrition through tubes into the stomach or vein does not help change the weight loss.
• Chemical changes in your body.Cancer can upset the normal chemical balance in your body and increase your risk of serious complications. Signs and symptoms of chemical imbalances might include excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation and confusion.
• Brain and nervous system problems.Cancer can press on nearby nerves and cause pain and loss of function of one part of your body. Cancer that involves the brain can cause headaches and stroke-like signs and symptoms, such as weakness on one side of your body.
• Unusual immune system reactions to cancer.In some cases the body's immune system may react to the presence of cancer by attacking healthy cells. Called paraneoplastic syndromes, these very rare reactions can lead to a variety of signs and symptoms, such as difficulty walking and seizures.
• Cancer that spreads.As cancer advances, it may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Where cancer spreads depends on the type of cancer.
• Cancer that returns.Cancer survivors have a risk of cancer recurrence. Some cancers are more likely to recur than others. Ask your doctor about what you can do to reduce your risk of cancer recurrence. Your doctor may devise a follow-up care plan for you after treatment. This plan may include periodic scans and exams in the months and years after your treatment, to look for cancer recurrence.
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What is the prevention of Cancer?
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Doctors have identified several ways to reduce your risk of cancer, such as:
• Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking is linked to several types of cancer — not just lung cancer. Stopping now will reduce your risk of cancer in the future.
• Avoid excessive sun exposure.Harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can increase your risk of skin cancer. Limit your sun exposure by staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing or applying sunscreen.
• Eat a healthy diet.Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean proteins. Limit your intake of processed meats.
• Exercise most days of the week.Regular exercise is linked to a lower risk of cancer. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. If you haven't been exercising regularly, start out slowly and work your way up to 30 minutes or longer.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight or obese may increase your risk of cancer. Work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Schedule cancer screening exams.Talk to your doctor about what types of cancer screening exams are best for you based on your risk factors.
• Ask your doctor about immunizations.Certain viruses increase your risk of cancer. Immunizations may help prevent those viruses, including hepatitis B, which increases the risk of liver cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV), which increases the risk of cervical cancer and other cancers. Ask your doctor whether immunization against these viruses is appropriate for you.
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What are the Overview of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide builds up in the blood. When too much carbon monoxide is in the air, carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in the red blood cells. This can lead to serious tissue damage or even death.
Carbon monoxide is a gas that has no odor, taste or color. It comes from burning fuels, including gasoline, wood, propane or charcoal. Appliances and engines that aren't well vented can cause the carbon monoxide to build up to dangerous levels. A tightly enclosed space makes the buildup worse.
Anyone exposed to carbon monoxide needs to get into fresh air and seek medical care right away. Call 911 or emergency medical services right away for someone who is not conscious or can't respond.
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What are the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Carbon monoxide poisoning affects the brain and heart the most. Exposure over time might lead to symptoms that can be mistaken for those of the flu without the fever. Clearer symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can include:
• Headache.
• Weakness.
• Dizziness.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Shortness of breath.
• Confusion.
• Blurred vision.
• Sleepiness.
• Loss of muscle control.
• Loss of consciousness.
Symptoms related to the nervous system and brain can come on after recovery from carbon monoxide poisoning. The risk of these is higher in older people and people who lost consciousness from breathing carbon monoxide. Symptoms might include:
• Memory loss.
• Personality changes.
• Movement problems.
Carbon monoxide poisoning can be especially dangerous for people who are asleep or have used illicit drugs, alcohol or medicines that make them very sleepy. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause brain damage or death before anyone realizes there's a problem.
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What are the causes of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Many fuel-burning products and engines make carbon monoxide. In areas with good airflow, the amount of carbon monoxide from these sources most often isn't cause for worry. But if they're used in a partly closed or closed space, the carbon monoxide level can be a danger. Examples are using a charcoal grill indoors or leaving a running car inside a garage.
Breathing the fumes causes carbon monoxide to replace oxygen in the blood. This prevents oxygen from getting to tissues and organs.
Breathing in smoke during a fire also can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. And smoking through a water pipe, called a hookah, has been linked to increasing numbers of younger people getting carbon monoxide poisoning.
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What are the risk factors of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Breathing in carbon monoxide can be especially dangerous for:
• Unborn babies, also called fetuses.Fetal blood cells take up carbon monoxide more easily than adult blood cells do.
• Infants and children.Young children take breaths more often than adults do.
• Older adults.Older people who have carbon monoxide poisoning may be more likely to get brain damage.
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What are the complications of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Damage from carbon monoxide depends on how much is breathed in and for how long. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause:
• Brain damage that doesn't heal.
• Damage to the heart, possibly leading to life-threatening heart problems.
• Death.
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What is the prevention of Carbon monoxide poisoning?
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To help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning:
• Place carbon monoxide detectors in the home.Put them near each sleeping area on every level of the house. Check the batteries at least twice a year at the same time you test smoke detector batteries.If the alarm sounds, believe it! Leave the house and call 911 or emergency medical help. Carbon monoxide detectors also are made for motor homes and boats.
• Open the garage door before starting the car.Never leave a car running in the garage, especially if the garage is attached to the house. That's true even if the garage door is open.
• Use gas appliances only as intended.Never use a gas stove or oven for heat. Use gas camp stoves outdoors only. Use fuel-burning space heaters only when someone is awake to watch them and when doors or windows are open. Don't run a generator in an enclosed space, such as a basement or garage.
• Make sure there's space around fuel-burning appliances and engines.These include all gas appliances, space heaters and wood-burning stoves. Make sure they're vented properly.Have professionals set up all gas-, oil- or coal-burning appliances. Have a qualified service professional check them yearly.
• Keep fireplaces in good condition.Clean the fireplace chimney and flue every year.
• Don't block vents and chimneys during remodeling.Check that they aren't covered by tarps or debris.
• Do repairs before returning to where the poisoning occurred.If carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred in the home, find and repair the source of the carbon monoxide leak before staying there again. Have a qualified service professional check and repair any appliances that might have caused the leak.
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What are the Overview of Carcinoid tumors?
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Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. Carcinoid tumors, which are one subset of tumors called neuroendocrine tumors, usually begin in the digestive tract (stomach, appendix, small intestine, colon, rectum) or in the lungs.
Carcinoid tumors often don't cause signs and symptoms until late in the disease. Carcinoid tumors can produce and release hormones into your body that cause signs and symptoms such as diarrhea or skin flushing.
Treatment for carcinoid tumors usually includes surgery and may include medications.
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What are the symptoms of Carcinoid tumors?
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Some carcinoid tumors don't cause any signs or symptoms. When they do occur, signs and symptoms are usually vague and depend on the location of the tumor.
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What are the causes of Carcinoid tumors?
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It's not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. The mutations allow the cell to continue growing and dividing when healthy cells would normally die.
The accumulating cells form a tumor. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Doctors don't know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells.
Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions. Some hormones that are produced by neuroendocrine cells are histamine, insulin and serotonin.
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What are the risk factors of Carcinoid tumors?
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Factors that increase the risk of carcinoid tumors include:
• Older age.Older adults are more likely to be diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor than are younger people or children.
• Sex.Women are more likely than men to develop carcinoid tumors.
• Family history.A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), increases the risk of carcinoid tumors. In people with MEN 1 multiple tumors occur in glands of the endocrine system.
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What are the complications of Carcinoid tumors?
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The cells of carcinoid tumors can secrete hormones and other chemicals, causing a range of complications including:
• Carcinoid syndrome.Carcinoid syndrome causes redness or a feeling of warmth in your face and neck (skin flushing), chronic diarrhea, and difficulty breathing, among other signs and symptoms.
• Carcinoid heart disease.Carcinoid tumors may secrete hormones that can cause thickening of the lining of heart chambers, valves and blood vessels. This can lead to leaky heart valves and heart failure that may require valve-replacement surgery. Carcinoid heart disease can usually be controlled with medications.
• Cushing syndrome.A lung carcinoid tumor can produce an excess of a hormone that can cause your body to produce too much of the hormone cortisol.
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What are the Overview of Carcinoma of unknown primary?
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Carcinoma of unknown primary is a diagnosis healthcare professionals give when they can't find where a cancer started. A carcinoma of unknown primary is an advanced cancer that has spread in the body.
Most often, health professionals detect a cancer when it grows in the place where it started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer. Sometimes health professionals first detect a cancer when it spreads. When cancer spreads it's called metastatic cancer.
In carcinoma of unknown primary, healthcare professionals find the metastatic cancer. But they can't find the primary cancer. Carcinoma of unknown primary also is called occult primary cancer.
Healthcare teams often use the kind of primary cancer you have to help decide on the treatment. If you're found to have carcinoma of unknown primary, this piece of information is missing. Your healthcare team will work to find out what kind of cancer you have.
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What are the symptoms of Carcinoma of unknown primary?
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Signs and symptoms of carcinoma of unknown primary include:
• A cough that won't go away.
• Feeling very tired.
• Fever that doesn't have a clear cause.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Pain in one part of the body.
• Swelling of the belly.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
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What are the causes of Carcinoma of unknown primary?
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The cause of carcinoma of unknown primary often isn't known. Healthcare professionals use this diagnosis when they find signs of cancer that has spread but can't find where the cancer started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer.
Carcinoma of unknown primary can happen if:
• The primary cancer is too small to detect with imaging tests.
• The primary cancer was killed by the body's immune system.
• The primary cancer was removed in an operation for another condition.
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What are the risk factors of Carcinoma of unknown primary?
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The risk of carcinoma of unknown primary might be related to:
• Older age.This type of cancer happens most often in people older than 60.
• Family history of cancer.If a close relative had carcinoma of unknown primary, you may have an increased risk of this cancer. There also is some evidence that carcinoma of unknown primary happens more often in people with a family history of cancer that affects the lungs, kidneys or colon.
• Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes may have a higher risk of carcinoma of unknown primary.
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What are the Overview of Cardiomyopathy?
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Cardiomyopathy (kahr-dee-o-my-OP-uh-thee) is a disease of the heart muscle. It causes the heart to have a harder time pumping blood to the rest of the body, which can lead to symptoms of heart failure. Cardiomyopathy also can lead to some other serious heart conditions.
There are various types of cardiomyopathy. The main types include dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Treatment includes medicines and sometimes surgically implanted devices and heart surgery. Some people with severe cardiomyopathy need a heart transplant. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and how serious it is.
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What are the symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?
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Some people with cardiomyopathy don't ever get symptoms. For others, symptoms appear as the condition becomes worse. Cardiomyopathy symptoms can include:
• Shortness of breath or trouble breathing with activity or even at rest.
• Chest pain, especially after physical activity or heavy meals.
• Heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or fluttering.
• Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, stomach area and neck veins.
• Bloating of the stomach area due to fluid buildup.
• Cough while lying down.
• Trouble lying flat to sleep.
• Fatigue, even after getting rest.
• Dizziness.
• Fainting.
Symptoms tend to get worse unless they are treated. In some people, the condition becomes worse quickly. In others, it might not become worse for a long time.
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What are the complications of Cardiomyopathy?
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Cardiomyopathy can lead to serious medical conditions, including:
• Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Without treatment, heart failure can be life-threatening.
• Blood clots.Because the heart can't pump well, blood clots might form in the heart. If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block the blood flow to other organs, including the heart and brain.
• Heart valve problems.Because cardiomyopathy can cause the heart to become larger, the heart valves might not close properly. This can cause blood to flow backward in the valve.
• Cardiac arrest and sudden death.Cardiomyopathy can trigger irregular heart rhythms that cause fainting. Sometimes, irregular heartbeats can cause sudden death if the heart stops beating effectively.
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What is the prevention of Cardiomyopathy?
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Inherited types of cardiomyopathy can't be prevented. Let your healthcare professional know if you have a family history of the condition.
You can help lower the risk of acquired types of cardiomyopathy, which are caused by other conditions. Take steps to lead a heart-healthy lifestyle, including:
• Stay away from alcohol or illegal drugs such as cocaine.
• Control any other conditions you have, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Get regular exercise.
• Get enough sleep.
• Lower your stress.
These healthy habits also can help people with inherited cardiomyopathy control their symptoms.
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What are the Overview of Carotid artery disease?
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Carotid artery disease occurs when fatty deposits, called plaques, clog the blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain and head (carotid arteries). The clog increases the risk of stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the brain loses all or much of its blood supply.
During a stroke, the brain doesn't get oxygen and brain cells begin to die within minutes. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the U.S.
Carotid artery disease often develops slowly. The first sign of the condition might be a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAis a temporary shortage of blood flow to the brain.
Treatment of carotid artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes, medicines and sometimes surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Carotid artery disease?
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In its early stages, carotid artery disease often doesn't have symptoms. The condition might not be obvious until it's serious enough to deprive the brain of blood, causing a stroke orTIA.
Symptoms of a stroke orTIAinclude:
• Sudden numbness or weaknessin the face or limbs, often on one side of the body.
• Sudden trouble speakingand understanding speech.
• Sudden trouble seeingin one or both eyes.
• Sudden dizzinessor loss of balance.
• Sudden, severe headachewith no known cause.
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What are the causes of Carotid artery disease?
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A buildup of fatty deposits, known as plaques, in the arteries that send blood to the brain cause carotid artery disease. Plaques are clumps that include cholesterol, fat and blood cells that form in the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.
Carotid arteries that are clogged with plaques narrow. A clog in carotid arteries makes it hard for oxygen and nutrients to reach the brain.
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What are the risk factors of Carotid artery disease?
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Factors that increase the risk of carotid artery disease include:
• High blood pressure.Too much pressure on artery walls can weaken them and make them easier to damage.
• Tobacco use.Nicotine can irritate the inner lining of the arteries. Smoking also increases heart rate and blood pressure.
• Diabetes.Diabetes lowers the ability to process fats, creating a greater risk of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.
• High blood-fat levels.High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides, a blood fat, help the buildup of plaques.
• Family history.The risk of carotid artery disease is higher if a relative has atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease.
• Age.Arteries become less flexible and more likely to be injured with age.
• Obesity.Excess weight increases the chances of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
• Sleep apnea.Spells of stopping breathing at night might increase the risk of stroke.
• Lack of exercise.Not exercising leads to conditions that can damage the arteries, including high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
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What are the complications of Carotid artery disease?
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Carotid artery disease causes about 10% to 15% of strokes. A stroke is a medical emergency that can cause brain damage, muscle weakness and possibly death.
Carotid artery disease can lead to stroke through:
• Reduced blood flow.A carotid artery might get so narrow because of atherosclerosis that not enough blood reaches parts of the brain.
• Ruptured plaques.A piece of a plaque can break off and travel to smaller arteries in the brain. The piece of plaque can get stuck in one of these smaller arteries. This blockage cuts off blood supply to part of the brain.
• Blood clot blockage.Some plaques are prone to cracking and forming irregular surfaces on the artery wall. The body reacts as it does to an injury. It sends blood cells that help the clotting process to the area. The result can be a large clot that blocks or slows blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke.
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What is the prevention of Carotid artery disease?
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These steps can help prevent carotid artery disease or keep it from getting worse:
• Don't smoke.Within a few years of quitting, a former smoker's risk of stroke is like a nonsmoker's.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
• Eat a healthy diet.Focus on fruits and vegetables, whole grains and fish, nuts and legumes. Limit cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats.
• Limit salt.Too much salt can increase blood pressure in some people. Experts recommend that healthy adults eat less than 1,500 milligrams of salt a day.
• Exercise regularly.Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol — and improve the overall health of your blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress.
• Limit or avoid alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Control illnesses.Managing conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure helps protect arteries.
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What are the Overview of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
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Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common hand conditions. It is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the palm side of the hand. When the median nerve is compressed, symptoms can include numbness, tingling and weakness in the thumb and fingers.
Wrist anatomy, health conditions and possibly repetitive hand motions can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome.
Proper treatment usually relieves the tingling and numbness and restores hand function.
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What are the symptoms of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
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Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome usually start gradually and include:
• Tingling and numbness.Tingling and numbness may occur in the fingers or hand. Usually the thumb, index, middle and ring fingers are affected, but not the little finger. You might have a feeling like an electric shock in these fingers. These symptoms often occur while holding a steering wheel, phone or newspaper, or they may wake you from sleep.The sensation also can travel from the wrist up the arm.Many people "shake out" their hands to try to relieve their symptoms. The numb feeling may become constant over time.
• Weakness.People with carpal tunnel syndrome may experience weakness in the hand and drop objects. This may be due to numbness or to weakness of the thumb's pinching muscles, which also are controlled by the median nerve.
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What are the causes of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
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Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve.
The median nerve runs from the forearm through a passageway in the wrist to the hand, known as the carpal tunnel. The median nerve provides sensation to the palm side of the thumb and all of the fingers except the little finger. This nerve also provides signals to move the muscles around the base of the thumb. This movement is known as motor function.
Anything that squeezes or irritates the median nerve in the carpal tunnel space may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. A wrist fracture can narrow the carpal tunnel and irritate the nerve. This also may occur due to swelling and inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis or other diseases.
Many times, there is no single cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Or the cause may not be known. It may be that a combination of risk factors contributes to the development of the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
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Several factors have been linked with carpal tunnel syndrome. Although they may not directly cause carpal tunnel syndrome, they may increase the risk of irritation or damage to the median nerve. These include:
• Anatomical factors.A wrist fracture or dislocation can alter the space within the carpal tunnel. Arthritis that causes changes to the small bones in the wrist can affect the carpal tunnel. These changes can put pressure on the median nerve.People who have smaller carpal tunnels may be more likely to have carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Sex assigned at birth.Carpal tunnel syndrome is generally more common in women. This may be because the carpal tunnel area is relatively smaller in women than in men. Or it may be due to the effect of hormones on the lining of the tendons in the carpal tunnel.Women who have carpal tunnel syndrome also may have smaller carpal tunnels than do women who don't have the condition.
• Nerve-damaging conditions.Some chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, increase the risk of nerve damage, including damage to the median nerve.
• Inflammatory conditions.Rheumatoid arthritis, gout and other conditions that cause swelling, known as inflammation, can affect the lining around the tendons in the wrist. This can put pressure on the median nerve.
• Medicines.Some studies have shown a link between carpal tunnel syndrome and anastrozole (Arimidex), a medicine used to treat breast cancer.
• Obesity.Being obese is a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Body fluid changes.Fluid retention may increase the pressure within the carpal tunnel, irritating the median nerve. This is common during pregnancy and menopause. Carpal tunnel syndrome that happens with pregnancy generally gets better on its own after pregnancy.
• Other medical conditions.Certain conditions, such as thyroid disorders, kidney failure and lymphedema, may increase the chances of getting carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Workplace factors.Working with vibrating tools or on an assembly line that requires repeated movements that flex the wrist may create pressure on the median nerve. Such work also may worsen existing nerve damage. Pressure on the nerve can be worse if the work is done in a cold environment.However, the scientific evidence is conflicting and these factors haven't been established as direct causes of carpal tunnel syndrome.Several studies have evaluated whether there is a link between computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome. Some evidence suggests that mouse use, but not the use of a keyboard, may be related to carpal tunnel syndrome. There has not been enough quality and consistent evidence to support extensive computer use as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome. However, computer use may cause a different form of hand pain.
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What is the prevention of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
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There are no proven strategies to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, but you can lessen stress on the hands and wrists with these methods:
• Reduce your force and relax your grip.If your work involves a cash register or keyboard, for instance, hit the keys softly.
• Take short, frequent breaks.Gently stretch and bend your hands and wrists periodically. Alternate tasks when possible. This is especially important if you use equipment that vibrates or that requires you to exert a great amount of force. Taking a break for even a few minutes each hour can make a difference.
• Watch your form.Do not bend your wrist all the way up or down when using a keyboard. A relaxed middle position with the wrists parallel to the floor is best. Keep your keyboard at elbow height or slightly lower.
• Improve your posture.The wrong posture can occur when you adjust your body to view a computer screen rather than adjusting the screen height and distance to a correct posture. The wrong posture rolls shoulders forward, shortens the neck and shoulder muscles, and compresses nerves in the neck. This can cause neck pain and also may bother the hands and arms.
• Change your computer mouse.Make sure that your computer mouse is comfortable to use and doesn't strain your wrist.
• Keep your hands warm.You're more likely to develop hand pain and stiffness if you work in a cold environment. If you can't control the temperature at work, put on fingerless gloves that keep the hands and wrists warm.
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What are the Overview of Cataracts?
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A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye, which is typically clear. For people who have cataracts, seeing through cloudy lenses is like looking through a frosty or fogged-up window. Clouded vision caused by cataracts can make it more difficult to read, drive a car at night or see the expression on a friend's face.
Most cataracts develop slowly and don't disturb eyesight early on. But with time, cataracts will eventually affect vision.
At first, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help deal with cataracts. But if impaired vision affects usual activities, cataract surgery might be needed. Fortunately, cataract surgery is generally a safe, effective procedure.
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What are the symptoms of Cataracts?
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Symptoms of cataracts include:
• Clouded, blurred or dim vision.
• Trouble seeing at night.
• Sensitivity to light and glare.
• Need for brighter light for reading and other activities.
• Seeing "halos" around lights.
• Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription.
• Fading or yellowing of colors.
• Double vision in one eye.
At first, the cloudiness in your vision caused by a cataract may affect only a small part of the eye's lens. You may not notice any vision loss. As the cataract grows larger, it clouds more of your lens. More clouding changes the light passing through the lens. This may lead to symptoms you notice more.
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What are the causes of Cataracts?
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Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye's lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down. This causes vision to become hazy or cloudy.
Some disorders passed down from parents that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts also can be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medicines also may cause cataracts to develop.
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What are the risk factors of Cataracts?
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Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include:
• Increasing age.
• Diabetes.
• Getting too much sunlight.
• Smoking.
• Obesity.
• Family history of cataracts.
• Previous eye injury or inflammation.
• Previous eye surgery.
• Prolonged use of corticosteroid medicines.
• Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
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What is the prevention of Cataracts?
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No studies have proved how to prevent or slow the growth of cataracts. But health care professionals think several strategies may be helpful, including:
• Regular eye exams.Eye exams can help detect cataracts and other eye problems at their earliest stages. Ask your health care team how often you should have an eye examination.
• Do not smoke.Ask a member of your health care team how to stop smoking. Medicines, counseling and other strategies are available to help you.
• Manage other health problems.Follow your treatment plan if you have diabetes or other medical conditions that can increase your risk of cataracts.
• Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables.Adding fruits and vegetables to your diet ensures that you're getting many vitamins and nutrients. Fruits and vegetables have antioxidants. Antioxidants help maintain the health of your eyes.Studies haven't proved that antioxidants in pill form can prevent cataracts. But a large population study recently showed that a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals reduced the risk of developing cataracts. Fruits and vegetables have many proven health benefits. Eating them is a safe way to get enough minerals and vitamins in your diet.
• Wear sunglasses.Ultraviolet light from the sun may cause cataracts. Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet B rays when you're outdoors.
• Reduce alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of cataracts.
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What are the Overview of Cavernous malformations?
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Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are groups of tightly packed, irregular small blood vessels with thin walls. They may be present in the brain or spinal cord. The vessels contain slow-moving blood that's usually clotted. CCMs look like small mulberries. In some people, CCMs can cause blood to leak in the brain or spinal cord.
CCMs vary in size. Often they are less than half an inch (1 centimeter). Most CCMs are sporadic. This means the CCM occurs as a single cavernous malformation and there isn't a family history. But about 20% of CCMs affect people of the same family. These are known as familial CCMs. Familial CCMs are related to a gene change passed down through families. People with familial CCMs usually have multiple cavernous malformations.
A CCM is one of several types of brain vascular malformations that contain irregular blood vessels. Other types of vascular malformations include:
• Arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
• Dural arteriovenous fistula.
• Developmental venous anomaly (DVA).
• Capillary telangiectasia.
For people who have the sporadic form, it's common to have both a DVA and a CCM.
CCMs may leak blood and lead to bleeding in the brain or spinal cord, known as a hemorrhage. Brain hemorrhages can cause many symptoms, such as seizures.
Depending on the location, CCMs also can cause stroke-like symptoms such as trouble with movement or feeling in the legs and sometimes the arms. CCMs also may cause bowel and bladder symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Cavernous malformations?
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Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) may not cause symptoms. Sometimes when the CCM occurs on the outer surface of the brain, it can cause seizures.
And CCMs found in other areas can have a variety of symptoms. These include CCMs in the spinal cord, the brainstem linking the spinal cord and brain, and the basal ganglia in the inner brain. For example, bleeding in the spinal cord may cause bowel and bladder symptoms or trouble with movement or feeling in the legs or arms.
Generally, symptoms of CCMs may include:
• Seizures.
• Bad headaches.
• Weakness in the arms or legs.
• Numbness.
• Trouble speaking.
• Poor memory and attention.
• Trouble balancing and walking.
• Vision changes, such as double vision.
Symptoms can get worse over time with repeated bleeding. Bleeding can happen again soon after the first bleed or much later. In some people, a repeat bleed may never occur.
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What are the causes of Cavernous malformations?
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Most cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are known as the "sporadic form." They occur as a single malformation without any family history. The sporadic form often has an associated developmental venous anomaly (DVA), which is an irregular vein with a witch's broom appearance.
However, about 20% of people with a CCM have a genetic form. This form is passed down in families, known as familial cavernous malformation syndrome. People with this form may have family members with CCMs, most often with more than one malformation. A diagnosis can be confirmed by a genetic test that requires a blood or saliva sample. Genetic testing is often recommended for people who have:
• MRI evidence of multiple CCMs without a DVA.
• A family history of CCMs.
Radiation to the brain or spinal cord also may result in CCMs within 2 to 20 years afterward. Other rare syndromes may be associated with CCM.
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What are the risk factors of Cavernous malformations?
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Most cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) have no clear cause. But the form that's passed down through families can cause multiple CCMs, both to start with and over time.
To date, research has identified three genetic changes responsible for cavernous malformations passed down through families. Almost all familial cases of cavernous malformations have been traced through those genetic changes.
Familial CCMs are passed down in families through a change in one of these genes:
• KRIT1, also called CCM1.
• CCM2.
• PDCD10, also called CCM3.
These genes are responsible for affecting the leakiness of blood vessels and the proteins that keep the blood vessel cells together.
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What are the complications of Cavernous malformations?
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The most serious complications of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) stem from repeated bleeding, known as hemorrhages. CCMs that bleed over and over again may cause a hemorrhagic stroke and lead to damage in the nervous system.
Bleeding is more likely to return in people with prior hemorrhages. Bleeding also is more likely to happen again with CCMs located in the brainstem.
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