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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the causes of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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The prostate gland is located beneath the bladder. The tube that moves urine from the bladder out of the penis is called the urethra. This tube passes through the center of the prostate. When the prostate gets bigger, it starts to block urine flow.
The prostate is a gland that typically keeps growing throughout life. This growth often enlarges the prostate enough to cause symptoms or to block urine flow.
It isn't clear what causes the prostate to get bigger. It might be due to changes in the balance of sex hormones as you grow older.
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What are the risk factors of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include:
• Aging.An enlarged prostate gland rarely causes symptoms before age 40. After that, the chance of having an enlarged prostate and related symptoms starts to rise.
• Family history.Having a blood relative with prostate problems makes you more likely to have problems with your prostate.
• Diabetes and heart disease.Studies show that diabetes might raise the risk ofBPH. So might heart disease.
• Lifestyle.Obesity raises the risk ofBPH. Exercise can help lower the risk.
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What are the complications of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Complications of an enlarged prostate can include:
• Not being able to pee.This also is called urinary retention. You might need to have a tube called a catheter placed into your bladder to drain the urine. Some people with an enlarged prostate need surgery to get relief.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs).Not being able to fully empty the bladder can raise the risk of infection in the urinary tract. If you often getUTIs, you might need surgery to remove part of the prostate.
• Bladder stones.These are most often caused by being unable to fully empty the bladder. Bladder stones can cause illness, bladder irritation, blood in the urine and blocked urine flow.
• Bladder damage.A bladder that doesn't empty fully can stretch and weaken over time. As a result, the muscular wall of the bladder no longer squeezes properly to force urine out. And this makes it harder to fully empty the bladder.
• Kidney damage.Pressure in the bladder from not being able to pee can damage the kidneys or let bladder infections reach the kidneys.
Treatment forBPHlowers the risk of these complications. But urinary retention and kidney damage can be serious health threats.
Having an enlarged prostate is not thought to raise the risk of getting prostate cancer.
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What are the Mayo Clinic Men's Health Center of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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For more information on on benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment at Mayo Clinic, visit theMayo Clinic Men's Health Center.
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What are the Congenital heart defects in children of Bicuspid aortic valve?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Binge-eating disorder?
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Binge-eating disorder is a serious condition. It always involves feeling like you're not able to stop eating. It also often involves eating much larger than usual amounts of food.
Almost everyone overeats on occasion, such as having seconds or thirds of a holiday meal. But regularly feeling that eating is out of control and eating an unusually large amount of food may be symptoms of binge-eating disorder.
People who have binge-eating disorder often feel embarrassed or ashamed about eating binges. People with the disorder often go through periods of trying to restrict or severely cut back on their eating as a result. But this instead may increase urges to eat and lead to a cycle of ongoing binge eating. Treatment for binge-eating disorder can help people feel more in control and balanced with their eating.
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What are the symptoms of Binge-eating disorder?
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If you have binge-eating disorder, you may be overweight or obese, or you may be at a healthy weight. Most people with binge-eating disorder feel upset about their body size or shape no matter what the number on the scale is.
Symptoms of binge-eating disorder vary but can include:
• Feeling that you don't have control over your eating behavior, for example, you can't stop once you start.
• Often eating much larger than usual amounts of food in a specific amount of time, such as over a two-hour period.
• Eating even when you're full or not hungry.
• Eating very fast during eating binges.
• Eating until you're uncomfortably full.
• Often eating alone or in secret.
• Feeling depressed, disgusted, ashamed, guilty or upset about your eating.
A person with bulimia nervosa, another eating disorder, may binge and then vomit, use laxatives or exercise excessively to get rid of extra calories. This is not the case with binge-eating disorder. If you have binge-eating disorder, you may try to diet or eat less food at mealtimes to compensate. But restricting your diet may simply lead to more binge eating.
How much eating binges affect your mood and ability to function in daily life gives an idea of how serious the condition is for you. Binge-eating disorder can vary over time. The condition may be short-lived, may go away and come back, or may continue for years if left untreated.
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What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Binge-eating disorder?
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Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
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What are the causes of Binge-eating disorder?
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The causes of binge-eating disorder are not known. But certain genes, how your body works, long-term dieting and the presence of other mental health conditions increase your risk.
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What are the risk factors of Binge-eating disorder?
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Binge-eating disorder is more common in women than in men. People of any age can have binge-eating disorder, but it often begins in the late teens or early 20s.
Factors that can raise your risk of having binge-eating disorder include:
• Family history.You're much more likely to have an eating disorder if your parents or siblings have — or had — an eating disorder. This may point to genes passed down in your family that increase the risk of having an eating disorder.
• Dieting.Many people with binge-eating disorder have a history of dieting. Dieting or limiting calories throughout the day may trigger an urge to binge eat.
• Mental health conditions.Many people who have binge-eating disorder feel negatively about themselves and their skills and accomplishments. Triggers for bingeing can include stress, poor body self-image and certain foods. Certain situations also can be triggers, for example, being at a party, having downtime or driving in your car.
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What are the complications of Binge-eating disorder?
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Mental health conditions and physical problems can happen from binge eating. Complications from binge-eating disorder may include:
• Not feeling comfortable or able to enjoy your life.
• Problems functioning at work, in your personal life or in social situations.
• Isolating or feeling isolated from others socially.
• Weight gain.
• Medical conditions related to weight gain. These may include joint problems, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), poor nutrition and some sleep-related breathing disorders.
Mental health conditions that are often linked with binge-eating disorder include:
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Substance use disorders.
• Suicidal thoughts and behavior.
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What is the prevention of Binge-eating disorder?
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If you have a child with binge-eating behaviors:
• Model body acceptance,regardless of body shape or size. Make it clear that dieting or restricting food is not healthy unless there's a diagnosed food allergy.
• Talk with your child's healthcare professional about any concerns.The healthcare professional may be in a good position to identify early symptoms of an eating disorder and help get expert treatment right away. The professional also can recommend helpful resources you can use to support your child.
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What are the Overview of Bipolar disorder?
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Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings. These include emotional highs, also known as mania or hypomania, and lows, also known as depression. Hypomania is less extreme than mania.
When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania, you may feel very excited and happy (euphoric), full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly.
Episodes of mood swings from depression to mania may occur rarely or multiple times a year. Each bout usually lasts several days. Between episodes, some people have long periods of emotional stability. Others may frequently have mood swings from depression to mania or both depression and mania at the same time.
Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, healthcare professionals use medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to treat bipolar disorder.
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What are the symptoms of Bipolar disorder?
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There are several types of bipolar and related disorders:
• Bipolar I disorder.You've had at least one manic episode that may come before or after hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may cause a break from reality. This is called psychosis.
• Bipolar II disorder.You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. But you've never had a manic episode.
• Cyclothymia.You've had at least two years — or one year in children and teenagers — of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms. These symptoms are less severe than major depression.
• Other types.These types include bipolar and related disorders caused by certain drugs or alcohol, or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke.
These types may include mania, or hypomania, which is less extreme than mania, and depression. Symptoms can cause changes in mood and behavior that can't be predicted. This can lead to a lot of distress and cause you to have a hard time in life.
Bipolar II disorder is not a milder form of bipolar I disorder. It's a separate diagnosis. While the manic episodes of bipolar I disorder can be severe and dangerous, people with bipolar II disorder can be depressed for longer periods of time.
Bipolar disorder can start at any age, but usually it's diagnosed in the teenage years or early 20s. Symptoms can differ from person to person, and symptoms may vary over time.
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What are the causes of Bipolar disorder?
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While it's not known what causes bipolar disorder, these factors may be involved:
• Biological differences.People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains. The importance of these changes is still uncertain, but more research may help identify why these changes happen.
• Genetics.Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may cause bipolar disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Bipolar disorder?
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Factors that may raise the risk of getting bipolar disorder or cause the first episode include:
• Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder.
• Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or another traumatic event.
• Drug or alcohol misuse.
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What are the complications of Bipolar disorder?
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Left untreated, bipolar disorder can lead to serious problems that affect every area of your life, including:
• Problems related to drug and alcohol misuse.
• Suicide or suicide attempts.
• Legal or financial problems.
• Trouble getting along with others.
• Poor work or school performance.
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What is the prevention of Bipolar disorder?
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There's no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. But getting treated as soon as you notice a mental health disorder can help stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse.
If you've been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, here are some ways you can stop minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression:
• Pay attention to warning signs.Talking with your care team about symptoms early on can stop episodes from getting worse. You may have found a pattern to your bipolar episodes and what causes them. Call your healthcare professional or mental health professional if you feel you're starting to have an episode of depression or mania. Ask your family members or friends to watch for warning signs.
• Get enough sleep.Sleep disruptions often cause bipolar instability.
• Stay away from drugs and alcohol.Drinking alcohol or taking street drugs can make your symptoms worse and make them more likely to come back.
• Take your medicines as directed.You may be tempted to stop treatment, but don't. Stopping your medicine or lowering your dose on your own may cause withdrawal effects. Also, your symptoms may get worse or return.
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What are the Overview of Black hairy tongue?
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Black hairy tongue is a condition of the tongue that gives it a dark, furry look. The look usually results from a buildup of dead skin cells on the many tiny, rounded bumps on the surface of the tongue. These bumps, called papillae, contain taste buds. When these bumps become longer than usual, they can easily trap and be stained by tobacco, food, drinks, bacteria or yeast, or other substances.
Black hairy tongue may look alarming, but it's usually painless and doesn't cause any health problems. The condition usually goes away by dealing with the causes and by regular mouth and tongue cleaning.
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What are the symptoms of Black hairy tongue?
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Symptoms of black hairy tongue include:
• Black color of the tongue, but the color may be brown, green, yellow or white.
• A hairy or furry look to the tongue.
• Changed taste or a metallic taste in your mouth.
• Bad breath.
• Gagging or tickling feeling in your mouth, if the papillae are very large.
• Rarely, a burning feeling on the tongue if hairy black tongue is caused by a yeast or bacterial infection.
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What are the causes of Black hairy tongue?
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Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don't shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy.
The cause of black hairy tongue can't always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include:
• Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics.
• Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue.
• Dry mouth.
• Eating a soft diet that doesn't help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue.
• Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth.
• Using tobacco.
• Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea.
• Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol.
• Certain medicines.
• Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer orHIV.
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What are the risk factors of Black hairy tongue?
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Poor mouth and tongue cleaning, dry mouth, and eating only soft foods may raise your risk of black hairy tongue.
If you're male or an older adult, if you smoke, or if you've had hairy black tongue in the past, you may have a higher risk of the condition.
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What are the symptoms of Bladder cancer?
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Bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
• Blood in urine (hematuria), which may cause urine to appear bright red or cola colored, though sometimes the urine appears normal and blood is detected on a lab test
• Frequent urination
• Painful urination
• Back pain
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What are the causes of Bladder cancer?
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Bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when healthy cells would die. The abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread (metastasize) through the body.
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What are the risk factors of Bladder cancer?
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Factors that may increase bladder cancer risk include:
• Smoking.Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of bladder cancer by causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the urine. When you smoke, your body processes the chemicals in the smoke and excretes some of them in your urine. These harmful chemicals may damage the lining of your bladder, which can increase your risk of cancer.
• Increasing age.Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55.
• Being male.Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are.
• Exposure to certain chemicals.Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it's thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products.
• Previous cancer treatment.Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.
• Chronic bladder inflammation.Chronic or repeated urinary infections or inflammations (cystitis), such as might happen with long-term use of a urinary catheter, may increase the risk of a squamous cell bladder cancer. In some areas of the world, squamous cell carcinoma is linked to chronic bladder inflammation caused by the parasitic infection known as schistosomiasis.
• Personal or family history of cancer.If you've had bladder cancer, you're more likely to get it again. If one of your blood relatives — a parent, sibling or child — has a history of bladder cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease, although it's rare for bladder cancer to run in families. A family history of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), can increase the risk of cancer in the urinary system, as well as in the colon, uterus, ovaries and other organs.
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What is the prevention of Bladder cancer?
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Although there's no guaranteed way to prevent bladder cancer, you can take steps to help reduce your risk. For instance:
• Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk to your doctor about a plan to help you stop. Support groups, medications and other methods may help you quit.
• Take caution around chemicals.If you work with chemicals, follow all safety instructions to avoid exposure.
• Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables.Choose a diet rich in a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may help reduce your risk of cancer.
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What are the Overview of Bladder exstrophy?
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Bladder exstrophy (EK-stroh-fee) is a rare condition present at birth. During pregnancy, the bladder of an unborn baby, also called a fetus, forms outside of the stomach area. This area also is called the abdomen. The exposed bladder can't store urine or work as it should. This causes the baby to leak urine after being born.
Bladder exstrophy also can affect the genitals, stomach muscles, pelvic bones, intestines and reproductive organs. The cause of the condition isn't clear, but genes may play a role.
Bladder exstrophy may be spotted on a routine ultrasound during pregnancy. But sometimes, the condition can't be seen until the baby is born. A baby born with bladder exstrophy needs surgery to close the bladder and repair other affected body parts as needed.
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What are the causes of Bladder exstrophy?
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The cause of bladder exstrophy isn't known. But researchers think that genetic factors likely play a role.
What's known is that during pregnancy, a tissue called the cloaca (klo-AY-kuh) typically covers the wall of the unborn baby's lower stomach. Later, it's replaced by stomach muscles. But if the cloaca bursts before the stomach muscles form, bladder exstrophy may develop.
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What are the risk factors of Bladder exstrophy?
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Factors that raise the risk of bladder exstrophy include:
• Family history.Firstborn children, children of a parent with bladder exstrophy or siblings of a child with bladder exstrophy have a higher chance of being born with the condition.
• Race.Bladder exstrophy is more common in white babies than in Black or Hispanic babies.
• Male sex.More boys than girls are born with bladder exstrophy.
• Use of assisted reproduction to become pregnant.Children born through fertility treatments known as assisted reproductive technologies have a higher risk of bladder exstrophy. These treatments include in vitro fertilization.
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What are the complications of Bladder exstrophy?
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Bladder exstrophy can lead to other health conditions called complications.
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What are the Overview of Blood in urine (hematuria)?
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It can be scary to see blood in urine, also called hematuria. In many cases, the cause is harmless. But blood in urine also can be a sign of a serious illness.
If you can see the blood, it's called gross hematuria. Blood that can't be seen with the naked eye is called microscopic hematuria. It's such a small amount that it can be seen only under a microscope when a lab tests the urine. Either way, it's important to figure out the reason for the bleeding.
Treatment depends on the cause.
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What are the symptoms of Blood in urine (hematuria)?
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Blood in the urine can look pink, red or cola-colored. Red blood cells cause the urine to change color. It takes only a small amount of blood to turn urine red.
The bleeding often isn't painful. But if blood clots get passed in the urine, that can hurt.
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What are the risk factors of Blood in urine (hematuria)?
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Almost anyone can have red blood cells in the urine. This includes children and teens. Some things that can raise the risk of blood in the urine include:
• Age.Middle-aged and older men may be more likely to have hematuria due to an enlarged prostate gland. The risk of some cancers that can cause blood in urine also may rise after the age of 50.
• Urinary tract infection.This is one of the top causes of blood that can be seen in children's urine.
• Family history.The chances of having blood in the urine may go up if one or more family members have had kidney disease.
• Certain medicines.Some pain relievers, blood thinners and antibiotics can raise the risk of blood in urine.
• Hard exercise.Marathon runner's hematuria is one nickname for hematuria. Contact sports can raise the risk too.
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What are the Overview of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance — a flaw that appears minor or can't be seen by others. But you may feel so embarrassed, ashamed and anxious that you may avoid many social situations.
When you have body dysmorphic disorder, you intensely focus on your appearance and body image, repeatedly checking the mirror, grooming or seeking reassurance, sometimes for many hours each day. Your perceived flaw and the repetitive behaviors cause you significant distress and impact your ability to function in your daily life.
You may seek out numerous cosmetic procedures to try to "fix" your perceived flaw. Afterward, you may feel temporary satisfaction or a reduction in your distress, but often the anxiety returns and you may resume searching for other ways to fix your perceived flaw.
Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication.
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What are the symptoms of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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Signs and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder include:
• Being extremely preoccupied with a perceived flaw in appearance that to others can't be seen or appears minor
• Strong belief that you have a defect in your appearance that makes you ugly or deformed
• Belief that others take special notice of your appearance in a negative way or mock you
• Engaging in behaviors aimed at fixing or hiding the perceived flaw that are difficult to resist or control, such as frequently checking the mirror, grooming or skin picking
• Attempting to hide perceived flaws with styling, makeup or clothes
• Constantly comparing your appearance with others
• Frequently seeking reassurance about your appearance from others
• Having perfectionist tendencies
• Seeking cosmetic procedures with little satisfaction
• Avoiding social situations
Preoccupation with your appearance and excessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors can be unwanted, difficult to control and so time-consuming that they can cause major distress or problems in your social life, work, school or other areas of functioning.
You may excessively focus over one or more parts of your body. The bodily feature that you focus on may change over time. The most common features people tend to fixate about include:
• Face, such as nose, complexion, wrinkles, acne and other blemishes
• Hair, such as appearance, thinning and baldness
• Skin and vein appearance
• Breast size
• Muscle size and tone
• Genitalia
A preoccupation with your body build being too small or not muscular enough (muscle dysmorphia) occurs almost exclusively in males.
Insight about body dysmorphic disorder varies. You may recognize that your beliefs about your perceived flaws may be excessive or not be true, or think that they probably are true, or be absolutely convinced that they're true. The more convinced you are of your beliefs, the more distress and disruption you may experience in your life.
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What are the causes of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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It's not known specifically what causes body dysmorphic disorder. Like many other mental health conditions, body dysmorphic disorder may result from a combination of issues, such as a family history of the disorder, negative evaluations or experiences about your body or self-image, and abnormal brain function or abnormal levels of the brain chemical called serotonin.
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What are the risk factors of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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Body dysmorphic disorder typically starts in the early teenage years and it affects both males and females.
Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering body dysmorphic disorder, including:
• Having blood relatives with body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Negative life experiences, such as childhood teasing, neglect or abuse
• Certain personality traits, such as perfectionism
• Societal pressure or expectations of beauty
• Having another mental health condition, such as anxiety or depression
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What are the complications of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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Complications that may be caused by or associated with body dysmorphic disorder include, for example:
• Low self-esteem
• Social isolation
• Major depression or other mood disorders
• Suicidal thoughts or behavior
• Anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Eating disorders
• Substance misuse
• Health problems from behaviors such as skin picking
• Physical pain or risk of disfigurement due to repeated surgical interventions
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What is the prevention of Body dysmorphic disorder?
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There's no known way to prevent body dysmorphic disorder. However, because body dysmorphic disorder often starts in the early teenage years, identifying the disorder early and starting treatment may be of some benefit.
Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.
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What are the Overview of Bone cancer?
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Bone cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a bone. Bone cancer can start in any bone. But it most often affects the thighbone.
The term "bone cancer" doesn't include cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the bones. Instead, cancer that spreads to the bone is named for the place it began. For example, cancer that starts in the lungs and spreads to the bones is still lung cancer. Healthcare professionals might call it lung cancer that has metastasized to the bones.
Cancer that starts in the bones is rare. Different types of bone cancers exist. Some types of bone cancers mostly happen in children. Other types happen mostly in adults.
Common bone cancer treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The best treatment for your bone cancer depends on the type of bone cancer, which bone is affected and other factors.
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What are the symptoms of Bone cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include:
• Bone pain.
• Swelling and tenderness near the affected area.
• Weakened bone, which can lead to a broken bone.
• Feeling very tired.
• Losing weight without trying.
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What are the causes of Bone cancer?
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The cause of most bone cancers isn't known. Bone cancer starts when cells in or near a bone develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Bone cancer?
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Things that increase the risk of bone cancer include:
• Inherited genetic syndromes.Certain rare genetic syndromes passed through families increase the risk of bone cancer. Examples include Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma.
• Other bone conditions.Some other bone conditions may increase the risk of bone cancer. The other bone conditions include Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia.
• Cancer treatment.Radiation therapy for cancer and some kinds of chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer may increase the risk of bone cancer.
Healthcare professionals haven't found any ways to prevent bone cancer.
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What are the Overview of Bone spurs?
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Bone spurs are bony growths that form along bone edges. They're also called osteophytes. Bone spurs often form where bones meet each other — in the joints. They also can form on the bones of the spine.
The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage linked with the most common type of arthritis. This is called osteoarthritis. Bone spurs often cause no symptoms. You might not notice them, and your healthcare team might not happen to find them for years. Bone spurs might not need treatment. If treatment is needed, it depends on where spurs are located and how they affect your health.
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What are the symptoms of Bone spurs?
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Often, bone spurs don't cause symptoms. You might not know you have bone spurs until an X-ray for another condition reveals the growths. But sometimes, bone spurs can cause pain and loss of motion in your joints.
The symptoms depend on where the bone spurs are. Examples include:
• Knee.Bone spurs in the knee can make it painful to extend and bend the leg.
• Spine.On the small bones that form the spine, bone spurs can narrow the space that contains the spinal cord. These bone spurs can pinch the spinal cord or its nerve roots. That can cause weakness or numbness in the arms or legs.
• Hip.Bone spurs can make it painful to move the hip. Sometimes, it might feel like the pain is in the knee or the thigh. Depending on their placement, bone spurs can reduce the range of motion in the hip joint.
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What are the risk factors of Bone spurs?
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The risk of bone spurs is higher in people who have arthritis.
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What are the Overview of Borderline personality disorder?
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Borderline personality disorder is a mental health condition that affects the way people feel about themselves and others, making it hard to function in everyday life. It includes a pattern of unstable, intense relationships, as well as impulsiveness and an unhealthy way of seeing themselves. Impulsiveness involves having extreme emotions and acting or doing things without thinking about them first.
People with borderline personality disorder have a strong fear of abandonment or being left alone. Even though they want to have loving and lasting relationships, the fear of being abandoned often leads to mood swings and anger. It also leads to impulsiveness and self-injury that may push others away.
Borderline personality disorder usually begins by early adulthood. The condition is most serious in young adulthood. Mood swings, anger and impulsiveness often get better with age. But the main issues of self-image and fear of being abandoned, as well as relationship issues, go on.
If you have borderline personality disorder, know that many people with this condition get better with treatment. They can learn to live stabler, more-fulfilling lives.
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What are the symptoms of Borderline personality disorder?
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Borderline personality disorder affects how you feel about yourself, relate to others and behave.
Symptoms may include:
• A strong fear of abandonment. This includes going to extreme measures so you're not separated or rejected, even if these fears are made up.
• A pattern of unstable, intense relationships, such as believing someone is perfect one moment and then suddenly believing the person doesn't care enough or is cruel.
• Quick changes in how you see yourself. This includes shifting goals and values, as well as seeing yourself as bad or as if you don't exist.
• Periods of stress-related paranoia and loss of contact with reality. These periods can last from a few minutes to a few hours.
• Impulsive and risky behavior, such as gambling, dangerous driving, unsafe sex, spending sprees, binge eating, drug misuse, or sabotaging success by suddenly quitting a good job or ending a positive relationship.
• Threats of suicide or self-injury, often in response to fears of separation or rejection.
• Wide mood swings that last from a few hours to a few days. These mood swings can include periods of being very happy, irritable or anxious, or feeling shame.
• Ongoing feelings of emptiness.
• Inappropriate, strong anger, such as losing your temper often, being sarcastic or bitter, or physically fighting.
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What are the causes of Borderline personality disorder?
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As with other mental health conditions, the causes of borderline personality disorder aren't fully known. In addition to environmental factors — such as a history of child abuse or neglect — borderline personality disorder may be linked to:
• Genetics.Some studies of twins and families suggest that personality disorders may be inherited or strongly related to other mental health conditions among family members.
• Changes in the brain.Some research has shown that changes in certain areas of the brain affect emotions, impulsiveness and aggression.
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What are the risk factors of Borderline personality disorder?
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Factors related to personality development that can raise the risk of getting borderline personality disorder include:
• Hereditary predisposition.You may be at a higher risk if a blood relative — your mother, father, brother or sister — has the same or a like condition.
• Stressful childhood.Many people with the condition report being sexually or physically abused or neglected during childhood. Some people have lost or were separated from a parent or close caregiver when they were young or had parents or caregivers with substance misuse or other mental health issues. Others have been exposed to hostile conflict and unstable family relationships.
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What are the complications of Borderline personality disorder?
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Borderline personality disorder can damage many areas of your life. It can negatively affect close relationships, jobs, school, social activities and how you see yourself.
This can result in:
• Repeated job changes or losses.
• Not finishing an education.
• Multiple legal issues, such as jail time.
• Conflict-filled relationships, marital stress or divorce.
• Injuring yourself, such as by cutting or burning, and frequent stays in the hospital.
• Abusive relationships.
• Unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, motor vehicle accidents, and physical fights due to impulsive and risky behavior.
• Attempted suicide or death due to suicide.
Also, you may have other mental health conditions, such as:
• Depression.
• Alcohol or other substance misuse.
• Anxiety disorders.
• Eating disorders.
• Bipolar disorder.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Other personality disorders.
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What are the Overview of Botulism?
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Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves. Botulism may cause life-threatening symptoms. A type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum produces the toxin. Botulism can occur as the result of food or wound contamination. The condition can also occur when bacterial spores grow in the intestines of infants. In rare cases, botulism can also be caused by medical treatment or bioterrorism.
Three common forms of botulism are:
• Foodborne botulism.The harmful bacteria thrive and make the toxin in environments with little oxygen, such as in home-canned food.
• Wound botulism.If these bacteria get into a cut, they can cause a dangerous infection that makes the toxin.
• Infant botulism.This most generic form of botulism begins after spores of C. botulinum bacteria grow in a baby's intestinal tract. It typically occurs in babies between the ages of 2 months and 8 months. In rare cases, this form of intestinal botulism also affects adults.
Occasionally, botulism happens when too much botulinum toxin is injected for cosmetic or medical reasons. This rare form is called iatrogenic botulism. The term "iatrogenic" means an illness caused by medical exam or treatment.
Another rare form of botulism can occur from inhaling toxins. This may happen as the result of bioterrorism.
All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies.
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What are the complications of Botulism?
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Because it affects muscle control throughout your body, botulinum toxin can cause many complications. The most immediate danger is that you won't be able to breathe. Being unable to breathe is a common cause of death in botulism. Other complications, which may need rehabilitation, may include:
• Difficulty speaking
• Trouble swallowing
• Long-lasting weakness
• Shortness of breath
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What are the Overview of Brachial plexus injury?
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The brachial plexus is the group of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand. A brachial plexus injury happens when these nerves are stretched, squeezed together, or in the most serious cases, ripped apart or torn away from the spinal cord.
Minor brachial plexus injuries, called stingers or burners, are common in contact sports, such as football. Babies sometimes get brachial plexus injuries when they're born. Other health issues, such as inflammation or tumors, may affect the brachial plexus.
The most serious brachial plexus injuries happen during car or motorcycle accidents. Bad brachial plexus injuries can leave the arm paralyzed, but surgery may help.
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What are the symptoms of Brachial plexus injury?
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Symptoms of a brachial plexus injury can differ depending on how serious the injury is and where it's located. Usually only one arm is affected.
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What are the causes of Brachial plexus injury?
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Brachial plexus injuries in the upper nerves happen when the shoulder is forced down on one side of the body and the head is pushed to the other side in the opposite direction. The lower nerves are more likely to be injured when the arm is forced above the head.
These injuries can happen in many ways, including:
• Contact sports.Many football players have burners or stingers. These are caused when the brachial plexus nerves get stretched past their limit during clashes with other players.
• Birth.Newborns can have brachial plexus injuries. This is more common in babies with a high birth weight, a very long labor and a bottom-first, also called breech, presentation. If a baby's shoulders get stuck in the birth canal, brachial plexus palsy is more likely. Most often, the upper nerves are injured. This is called Erb palsy.
• Injuries.Many injuries — including those from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds — can damage the brachial plexus.
• Tumors and cancer treatments.Tumors can grow on their own. Rarely, they can form because of a health condition, such as neurofibromatosis, or after radiation treatment.
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What are the risk factors of Brachial plexus injury?
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Playing contact sports, especially football and wrestling, or being in high-speed motor vehicle accidents increases the risk of brachial plexus injury.
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What are the complications of Brachial plexus injury?
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Many mild brachial plexus injuries heal over time with few to no issues. But some injuries can cause short-term or lasting problems, such as:
• Stiff joints.If you have hand or arm paralysis, the joints can get stiff. This can make it hard to move, even if you are able to use your hand or arm again. For that reason, your healthcare professional may suggest ongoing physical therapy during your recovery.
• Pain.This is caused by nerve damage and may be lifelong.
• Numbness.If you lose feeling in the arm or hand, you're at risk of burning or injuring yourself without knowing it.
• Muscle atrophy.Nerves regrow slowly and can take many years to heal after injury. During that time, not using your muscles may cause them to break down.
• Permanent disability.How well you recover from a serious brachial plexus injury depends on many things, such as your age and the type, location and seriousness of the injury. Even with surgery, some people have muscle weakness or paralysis that lasts for the rest of their lives.
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What is the prevention of Brachial plexus injury?
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Although a brachial plexus injury can't always be avoided, you can take steps to reduce your risk of complications after getting hurt:
• For yourself.If you can't use the hand or arm for a short time, daily range-of-motion exercises and physical therapy can help prevent joint stiffness. Avoid burns or cuts, as you may not feel them if you have numbness.If you're an athlete with a brachial plexus injury, your healthcare professional may suggest that you wear padding to protect the area when you play sports.
• For your child.If your child has brachial plexus palsy, it's important to exercise your child's joints and working muscles every day. You can start when your baby is just a few weeks old. This helps stop the joints from becoming permanently stiff. It also keeps your child's working muscles strong and healthy.
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What are the Overview of Bradycardia?
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Bradycardia (brad-e-KAHR-dee-uh) is a slow heart rate. The hearts of adults at rest usually beat between 60 and 100 times a minute. If you have bradycardia, your heart beats fewer than 60 times a minute.
Bradycardia can be a serious problem if the heart rate is very slow and the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body. If this happens, you may feel dizzy, very tired or weak, and short of breath. Sometimes bradycardia doesn't cause symptoms or complications.
A slow heart rate isn't always a concern. For example, a resting heart rate between 40 and 60 beats a minute is common in some people, particularly healthy young adults and trained athletes. It also is quite common during sleep.
If bradycardia is severe, a pacemaker may be needed to help the heart beat at an appropriate rate.
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What are the symptoms of Bradycardia?
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A slower than typical heartbeat is called bradycardia. If the slow heartbeat stops the brain and other organs from getting enough oxygen, symptoms may include:
• Chest pain.
• Confusion or memory problems.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness.
• Feeling very tired, especially during physical activity.
• Fainting or near-fainting.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Bradycardia?
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Bradycardia can be caused by:
• Heart tissue damage related to aging.
• Damage to heart tissues from heart disease or heart attack.
• A heart condition that you're born with, called a congenital heart defect.
• Inflammation of heart tissue, called myocarditis.
• A complication of heart surgery.
• An underactive thyroid gland, called hypothyroidism.
• Changes in the level of body minerals such as potassium or calcium.
• A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
• Inflammatory disease, such as rheumatic fever or lupus.
• Certain medicines, including sedatives, opioids, and some used to treat heart and mental health conditions.
To better understand the causes of bradycardia, it may help to know how the heart typically beats. The typical heart has four chambers.
• The two upper chambers are called the atria.
• The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
Within the heart's upper right chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node is the heart's natural pacemaker. It creates the signal that starts each heartbeat. Bradycardia happens when these signals slow down or are blocked.
Things that cause changes in heart signaling that can lead to bradycardia include:
• Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.In some people, problems in the sinus node at the top of the heart cause alternating slow and fast heart rates.
• Heart block, also called atrioventricular block.In this condition, the heart's electrical signals don't move correctly from the upper chambers to the lower chambers.
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What are the risk factors of Bradycardia?
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Bradycardia is often associated with damage to heart tissue from some type of heart disease. Anything that increases the risk of heart problems can increase the risk of bradycardia. Risk factors include:
• Older age.
• High blood pressure.
• Smoking.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• Illegal drug use.
• Stress and anxiety.
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What are the complications of Bradycardia?
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Possible complications of bradycardia include:
• Frequent fainting.
• Heart failure.
• Sudden cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death.
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What are the symptoms of Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)?
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A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) may not cause any symptoms until the AVM bursts and bleeds, known as a hemorrhage. In about half of all brain AVMs, a hemorrhage is the first sign of the malformation.
But some people with brain AVMs may experience symptoms other than bleeding, such as:
• Seizures.
• Headaches or pain in one area of the head.
• Muscle weakness or numbness in one part of the body.
Some people may experience more-serious symptoms depending on the location of the AVM, including:
• A very bad headache.
• Weakness, numbness or paralysis.
• Vision loss.
• Trouble speaking.
• Confusion or not being able to understand others.
• Trouble with walking.
Symptoms of a brain AVM may begin at any age but usually appear between ages 10 and 40. Brain AVMs can damage brain tissue over time. The effects slowly build and often cause symptoms in early adulthood.
By middle age, however, brain AVMs tend to remain stable and are less likely to cause symptoms.
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What are the causes of Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)?
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The cause of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is not known. Researchers believe most brain AVMs are present at birth and form during a baby's growth in the womb. But brain AVMs can happen later in life as well.
Brain AVMs are seen in some people who have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). HHT also is known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. HHT affects the way blood vessels form in several areas of the body, including the brain.
Typically, the heart sends oxygen-rich blood to the brain through arteries. The arteries slow blood flow by passing the blood through a series of smaller and smaller blood vessels. The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries. The capillaries slowly deliver oxygen through their thin, porous walls to the surrounding brain tissue.
The oxygen-depleted blood passes into small blood vessels and then into larger veins. The veins return the blood to the heart and lungs to get more oxygen.
The arteries and veins in an AVM lack this supporting network of smaller blood vessels and capillaries. Instead, blood flows quickly and directly from the arteries to the veins. When this happens, surrounding brain tissue doesn't receive the oxygen it needs.
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What are the risk factors of Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)?
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Anyone can be born with a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), but these factors may raise the risk:
• Being male.Brain AVMs are more common in men.
• Having a family history.Rarely, brain AVMs occur in families, but it's not clear if there's a certain genetic risk factor. It's also possible to inherit other medical conditions that increase the risk of brain AVMs, such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
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What are the complications of Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)?
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Complications of a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) include:
• Bleeding in the brain.A brain AVM puts extreme pressure on the walls of the affected arteries and veins. The pressure causes the arteries and veins to become thin or weak. This may result in the AVM breaking open and bleeding into the brain, known as a hemorrhage.This risk of a brain AVM bleeding ranges from around 2% to 3% each year. The risk of bleeding may be higher for certain types of AVM. Risk also may be higher in people who have had a brain AVM bleed in the past.Although studies haven't found that pregnancy increases the risk of hemorrhage in people with a brain AVM, more research is needed.Some hemorrhages associated with brain AVMs aren't detected because they cause no major symptoms. However, potentially dangerous bleeding can occur.Brain AVMs account for about 2% of all hemorrhagic strokes each year. In children and young adults who experience brain hemorrhage, brain AVMs are often the cause.
• Reduced oxygen to brain tissue.With a brain AVM, blood doesn't flow through the network of small blood vessels called capillaries. Instead, it flows directly from arteries to veins. Blood rushes quickly because it isn't slowed by the smaller blood vessels.Surrounding brain tissue can't easily absorb oxygen from the fast-flowing blood. Without enough oxygen, brain tissues weaken or may die off completely. This results in stroke-like symptoms, such as trouble speaking, weakness, numbness, vision loss or trouble staying steady.
• Thin or weak blood vessels.An AVM puts extreme pressure on the thin and weak walls of the blood vessels. A bulge in a blood vessel wall, known as an aneurysm, may form. The aneurysm may be at risk of bursting.
• Brain damage.The body may use more arteries to supply blood to the fast-flowing brain AVM. As a result, some AVMs may get bigger and displace or compress portions of the brain. This may prevent protective fluids from flowing freely around the brain.If fluid builds up, it can push brain tissue against the skull.
One type of brain AVM that involves a major blood vessel called the vein of Galen causes serious complications in babies. Symptoms are present at birth or appear soon after birth. This type of brain AVM causes fluid to build up in the brain and the head to swell. Swollen veins may be seen on the scalp, and seizures may occur. Children with this type of brain AVM can have a failure to thrive and congestive heart failure.
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What are the Overview of Brain metastases?
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Brain metastases happen when cancer cells spread from their original site to the brain. Any cancer can spread to the brain. But the most common types that spread are lung, breast, colon, kidney and melanoma.
Brain metastases may form one or more tumors in the brain. As they grow, they put pressure on surrounding brain tissue. This can cause symptoms such as headache, personality changes, confusion, seizures, vision changes, trouble speaking, numbness, weakness or loss of balance.
Treatment for people whose cancer has spread to the brain may include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy or chemotherapy. Other treatments might be used to decrease pain and symptoms caused by the cancer.
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What are the symptoms of Brain metastases?
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Symptoms caused by brain metastases can vary. They depend on location, size and how fast they're growing.
Symptoms of brain metastases include:
• Headache, sometimes with vomiting or nausea.
• Mental changes, such as increasing memory problems.
• Seizures.
• Weakness or numbness on one side of the body.
• Vision changes.
• Difficulty speaking or understanding language.
• Loss of balance.
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What are the causes of Brain metastases?
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Brain metastases occur when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and spread to the brain.
Cancer that spreads from its original location is known by the name of the primary cancer. For example, cancer that has spread from the breast to the brain is called metastatic breast cancer, not brain cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Brain metastases?
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Any type of cancer can spread to the brain. Some of the types that are more likely to spread include:
• Lung cancer.
• Breast cancer.
• Colon cancer.
• Kidney cancer.
• Melanoma.
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What are the Overview of Brain tumor?
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A brain tumor is a growth of cells in the brain or near it. Brain tumors can happen in the brain tissue. Brain tumors also can happen near the brain tissue. Nearby locations include nerves, the pituitary gland, the pineal gland, and the membranes that cover the surface of the brain.
Brain tumors can begin in the brain. These are called primary brain tumors. Sometimes, cancer spreads to the brain from other parts of the body. These tumors are secondary brain tumors, also called metastatic brain tumors.
Many different types of primary brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors aren't cancerous. These are called noncancerous brain tumors or benign brain tumors. Noncancerous brain tumors may grow over time and press on the brain tissue. Other brain tumors are brain cancers, also called malignant brain tumors. Brain cancers may grow quickly. The cancer cells can invade and destroy the brain tissue.
Brain tumors range in size from very small to very large. Some brain tumors are found when they are very small because they cause symptoms that you notice right away. Other brain tumors grow very large before they're found. Some parts of the brain are less active than others. If a brain tumor starts in a part of the brain that's less active, it might not cause symptoms right away. The brain tumor size could become quite large before the tumor is detected.
Brain tumor treatment options depend on the type of brain tumor you have, as well as its size and location. Common treatments include surgery and radiation therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Brain tumor?
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The signs and symptoms of a brain tumor depend on the brain tumor's size and location. Symptoms also might depend on how fast the brain tumor is growing, which is also called the tumor grade.
General signs and symptoms caused by brain tumors may include:
• Headache or pressure in the head that is worse in the morning.
• Headaches that happen more often and seem more severe.
• Headaches that are sometimes described as tension headaches or migraines.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Eye problems, such as blurry vision, seeing double or losing sight on the sides of your vision.
• Losing feeling or movement in an arm or a leg.
• Trouble with balance.
• Speech problems.
• Feeling very tired.
• Confusion in everyday matters.
• Memory problems.
• Having trouble following simple commands.
• Personality or behavior changes.
• Seizures, especially if there is no history of seizures.
• Hearing problems.
• Dizziness or a sense that the world is spinning, also called vertigo.
• Feeling very hungry and gaining weight.
Brain tumors that aren't cancerous tend to cause symptoms that develop slowly. Noncancerous brain tumors also are called benign brain tumors. They might cause subtle symptoms that you don't notice at first. The symptoms might get worse over months or years.
Cancerous brain tumors cause symptoms that get worse quickly. Cancerous brain tumors also are called brain cancers or malignant brain tumors. They cause symptoms that come on suddenly. They get worse in a matter of days or weeks.
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What are the risk factors of Brain tumor?
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In most people with primary brain tumors, the cause isn't clear. But doctors have identified some factors that may raise the risk.
Risk factors include:
• Age.Brain tumors can happen at any age, but they happen most often in older adults. Some brain tumors mostly affect adults. Some brain tumors happen most often in children.
• Race.Anyone can get a brain tumor. But some types of brain tumors are more common in people of certain races. For example, gliomas are more common in white people. Meningiomas are more common in Black people.
• Exposure to radiation.People who have been exposed to a strong type of radiation have an increased risk of brain tumor. This strong radiation is called ionizing radiation. The radiation is strong enough to cause DNA changes in the body's cells. The DNA changes can lead to tumors and cancers. Examples of ionizing radiation include radiation therapy used to treat cancer and radiation exposure caused by atomic bombs.Low-level radiation from everyday objects isn't linked to brain tumors. Low levels of radiation include the energy that comes from cellphones and radio waves. There is no convincing evidence that using cellphones causes brain tumors. But more studies are happening to make sure.
• Inherited syndromes that increase the risk of brain tumor.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of brain tumor run in families. Examples include the DNA changes that cause neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, Cowden syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Brain tumor?
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There's no way to prevent brain tumors. If you get a brain tumor, you didn't do anything to cause it.
People with an increased risk of brain tumor might consider screening tests. Screening isn't brain tumor prevention. But screening might help find a brain tumor when it's small and treatment is more likely to be successful.
If you have a family history of brain tumor or inherited syndromes that increase the risk of brain tumor, talk about it with your health care provider. You might consider meeting with a genetic counselor or other health care provider trained in genetics. This person can help you understand your risk and ways to manage it. For example, you might consider brain tumor screening tests. Testing might include an imaging test or a neurological exam to test your vision, hearing, balance, coordination and reflexes.
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What are the Overview of Breast cancer?
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Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue.
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. But breast cancer doesn't just happen in women. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
Breast cancer survival rates have been increasing. And the number of people dying of breast cancer is steadily going down. Much of this is due to the widespread support for breast cancer awareness and funding for research.
Advances in breast cancer screening allow healthcare professionals to diagnose breast cancer earlier. Finding the cancer earlier makes it much more likely that the cancer can be cured. Even when breast cancer can't be cured, many treatments exist to extend life. New discoveries in breast cancer research are helping healthcare professionals choose the most effective treatment plans.
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What are the symptoms of Breast cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
• A breast lump or thickened area of skin that feels different from the surrounding tissue.
• A nipple that looks flattened or turns inward.
• Changes in the color of the breast skin. In people with white skin, the breast skin may look pink or red. In people with brown and Black skin, the breast skin may look darker than the other skin on the chest or it may look red or purple.
• Change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast.
• Changes to the skin over the breast, such as skin that looks dimpled or looks like an orange peel.
• Peeling, scaling, crusting or flaking of the skin on the breast.
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What are the causes of Breast cancer?
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The exact cause of most breast cancers isn't known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it's not clear why some people who don't have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you.
Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
The DNA changes that lead to breast cancer most often happen in the cells that line the milk ducts. These ducts are tubes designed to carry milk to the nipple. Breast cancer that starts in the ducts is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer also can start in cells in the milk glands. These glands, called lobules, are designed to make breast milk. Cancer that happens in the lobules is called invasive lobular carcinoma. Other cells in the breast can become cancer cells, though this isn't common.
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What are the risk factors of Breast cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include:
• A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
• A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
• A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are markers for a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases your risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
• Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
• Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
• Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
• Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
• Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
• Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
• Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.
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What are the Overview of Breast cysts?
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Breast cysts are fluid-filled sacs inside the breast. They are usually noncancerous (benign). You may have one or multiple breast cysts. A breast cyst often feels like a grape or a water-filled balloon, but sometimes a breast cyst feels firm.
Breast cysts don't require treatment unless a cyst is large and painful or uncomfortable. In that case, draining the fluid from a breast cyst can ease symptoms.
Although breast cysts can be found in women of any age, they're more common in women before menopause, typically under age 50. Breast cysts also commonly occur in postmenopausal women who take hormone therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Breast cysts?
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Breast cysts may be found in one or both breasts. Signs and symptoms of a breast cyst include:
• A smooth, easily movable round or oval lump that may have smooth edges — which typically, though not always, indicates it's benign
• Nipple discharge that may be clear, yellow, straw colored or dark brown
• Breast pain or tenderness in the area of the breast lump
• An increase in breast lump size and breast tenderness just before your period
• A decrease in breast lump size and resolution of other symptoms after your period
Having breast cysts doesn't increase your risk of breast cancer. But having cysts may make it harder to find new breast lumps or other changes that might need evaluation by your doctor. Your breasts may feel lumpy and painful when you're menstruating, so it's important to be familiar with how your breasts feel throughout your menstrual cycle so that you'll know if something changes.
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What are the Overview of Breast pain?
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Breast pain (mastalgia) can be described as tenderness, throbbing, sharp, stabbing, burning pain or tightness in the breast tissue. The pain may be constant or it may occur only occasionally, and it can occur in men, women and transgender people.
Breast pain can range from mild to severe. It may occur:
• Just a few days a month, in the two to three days leading up to a menstrual period. This normal, mild-to-moderate pain affects both breasts.
• A week or longer each month, starting before a period and sometimes continuing through the menstrual cycle. The pain may be moderate or severe, and affects both breasts.
• Throughout the month, not related to a menstrual cycle.
In men, breast pain is most commonly caused by a condition called "gynecomastia" (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh). This refers to an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue that's caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
In transgender women, hormone therapy may cause breast pain. In transgender men, breast pain may be caused by the minimal amount of breast tissue that may remain after a mastectomy.
Most times, breast pain signals a noncancerous (benign) breast condition and rarely indicates breast cancer. Unexplained breast pain that doesn't go away after one or two menstrual cycles, or that persists after menopause, or breast pain that doesn't seem to be related to hormone changes needs to be evaluated.
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What are the symptoms of Breast pain?
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Breast pain can be cyclic or noncyclic. Cyclic means that the pain occurs on a regular pattern. Noncyclic means that the pain is constant, or that there's not a regular pattern. Each type of breast pain has distinct characteristics.
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What are the causes of Breast pain?
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Changing hormone levels can cause changes in the milk ducts or milk glands. These changes in the ducts and glands can cause breast cysts, which can be painful and are a common cause of cyclic breast pain. Noncyclic breast pain may be caused by trauma, prior breast surgery or other factors.
Sometimes, it's not possible to identify the exact cause of breast pain, but some factors may increase the risk.
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What are the risk factors of Breast pain?
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Breast pain is more common among people who haven't completed menopause, although it may occur after menopause. Breast pain can also occur in men who have gynecomastia, and in transgender people who are undergoing gender reassignment.
Other factors that may increase the risk of breast pain include:
• Breast size.People who have large breasts may experience noncyclic breast pain related to the size of their breasts. Neck, shoulder and back pain may accompany breast pain that's caused by large breasts.
• Breast surgery.Breast pain associated with breast surgery and scar formation can sometimes linger after incisions have healed.
• Fatty acid imbalance.An imbalance of fatty acids within the cells may affect the sensitivity of breast tissue to circulating hormones.
• Medication use.Certain hormonal medications, including some infertility treatments and oral birth control pills, may be associated with breast pain. Breast tenderness is a possible side effect of estrogen and progesterone hormone therapies that are used after menopause. Breast pain may be associated with certain antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. Other medicines that can cause breast pain include those used to treat high blood pressure and some antibiotics.
• Excessive caffeine use.Although more research is needed, some people notice an improvement in breast pain when they reduce or eliminate caffeine.
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What is the prevention of Breast pain?
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The following steps may help prevent the causes of breast pain, although more research is needed to determine their effectiveness.
• Avoid hormone therapyif possible.
• Avoid medicationsthat are known to cause breast pain or make it worse.
• Wear a properly fitted bra,and wear a sports bra during exercise.
• Try relaxation therapy,which can help control the high levels of anxiety associated with severe breast pain.
• Limit or eliminate caffeine,a dietary change some people find helpful, although studies of caffeine's effect on breast pain and other premenstrual symptoms have been inconclusive.
• Avoid excessive or prolonged lifting activities.
• Follow a low-fat dietand eat more complex carbohydrates.
• Consider using an over-the-counter pain reliever,such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) — but ask your doctor how much to take, as long-term use may increase your risk of liver problems and other side effects.
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What are the symptoms of Broken collarbone?
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Symptoms of a broken collarbone include:
• Pain that increases when moving the shoulder.
• Swelling, tenderness or bruising.
• Skin over the break might look like a tent when gently pinched.
• A bump on or near the shoulder.
• A grinding or crackling sound when moving the shoulder.
• Stiffness or not being able to move the shoulder.
Newborns often will not move their arm for days after breaking the collarbone during birth and will cry if someone moves the arm.
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What are the causes of Broken collarbone?
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Common causes of a broken collarbone include:
• Falls,such as falling onto the shoulder or onto an outstretched arm.
• Sports injuries,such as a direct blow to the shoulder on the field, rink or court.
• Traffic accidents,from a car, motorcycle or bike crash.
• Birth injury,usually from a difficult vaginal birth.
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What are the risk factors of Broken collarbone?
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Teenagers and children are at higher risk of a broken collarbone than are adults. The risk goes down after age 20. Then it rises again in older people as they lose bone strength with age.
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What are the Overview of Broken foot?
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A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall.
Fractures can range from tiny cracks in the bones to breaks in more than one bone and breaks that come through the skin.
Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal.
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What are the symptoms of Broken foot?
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A broken foot bone might cause some of these symptoms:
• Instant throbbing pain.
• Pain that gets worse with activity and gets better with rest.
• Swelling.
• Bruising.
• Tenderness.
• Change in the typical shape of the foot, called deformity.
• Trouble or pain with walking or putting weight on the foot.
• Bone sticking through the skin, called an open fracture.
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What are the causes of Broken foot?
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The most common causes of a broken foot include:
• Car accidents.The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed.
• Falls.Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height.
• Impact from a heavy weight.Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
• Missteps.Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture.
• Overuse.Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.
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What are the risk factors of Broken foot?
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You may be at higher risk of a broken foot or ankle if you:
• Play high-impact sports.The stresses, direct blows and twisting injuries that happen in sports such as basketball, football, gymnastics, tennis and soccer can cause foot bone breaks.
• Use poor technique or sports equipment.Poor training techniques, such as not warming up, can raise the risk of foot injuries. Bad equipment, such as shoes that are too worn or don't fit right, also can increase the risk of stress fractures and falls.
• Suddenly increase your activity level.Whether you're a trained athlete or someone who's just started exercising, suddenly boosting how long, hard or often you exercise can increase your risk of a stress fracture.
• Work in certain jobs.Certain workplaces, such as construction sites, put you at risk of falling from a height or dropping something heavy on your foot.
• Keep your home cluttered or poorly lit.Walking around in a house with too much clutter or too little light may lead to falls and foot injuries.
• Have certain conditions.Having decreased bone density, called osteoporosis, can put you at risk of injuries to your foot bones.
• Smoking.Cigarette smoking can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Studies also show that healing after a break may take longer in people who smoke.
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What are the complications of Broken foot?
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Complications of a broken foot bone aren't common but may include:
• Arthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your foot starts to hurt long after a break, see your healthcare professional.
• Bone infection, called osteomyelitis.If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection.
• Nerve or blood vessel damage.Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. Seek medical help right away if you notice numbness or feel like your foot isn't getting enough blood. Lack of blood flow can cause a bone to die, called avascular necrosis.
• Compartment syndrome.This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
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What is the prevention of Broken foot?
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These sports and safety tips may help prevent a broken foot bone:
• Wear proper shoes.Use hiking shoes on rough terrain. Choose the right athletic shoes for your sport.
• Replace athletic shoes when needed.Get rid of shoes as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the wear on the shoes isn't even. If you're a runner, replace your shoes every 300 to 400 miles.
• Start slowly.That applies to a new fitness program and to every workout you do.
• Have a balanced fitness program.A balanced fitness program includes aerobic fitness to work your heart, strength training to build muscles and movements that put your joints through their full range of motion, called flexibility.
• Build bone strength.Get enough calcium and vitamin D. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products, leafy greens and tofu. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to take vitamin D supplements.
• Use night lights.Many broken toes are the result of walking in the dark.
• Get rid of clutter in your home.Keeping clutter off the floor can help you not trip and fall.
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What are the Overview of Broken leg?
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A broken leg (leg fracture) is a break or crack in one of the bones in your leg. Common causes include falls, motor vehicle accidents and sports injuries.
Treatment of a broken leg depends on the location and severity of the injury. A severely broken leg may require metal pins and plates to hold the fragments together. Less severe breaks may be treated with a cast or splint. In all cases, prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to complete healing.
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What are the symptoms of Broken leg?
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The thighbone (femur) is the strongest bone in the body. It is usually obvious when the thighbone is broken because it takes so much force to break. But a break in the shinbone (tibia) or in the bone that runs alongside the shinbone (fibula) may be less obvious.
Signs and symptoms of a broken leg may include:
• Severe pain, which may worsen with movement
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Bruising
• Obvious deformity or shortening of the affected leg
• Inability to walk
Toddlers or young children who break a leg may start limping or simply stop walking, even if they can't explain why.
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What are the causes of Broken leg?
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A broken leg can be caused by:
• Falls.A simple fall can fracture one or both lower leg bones. A much higher impact is usually needed to break the thighbone.
• Motor vehicle accidents.All three leg bones can break during a motor vehicle accident. Fractures can occur when your knees become jammed against the dashboard during a collision or with damage to the car hitting your legs.
• Sports injuries.Extending your leg beyond its natural limits during contact sports can cause a broken leg. So can a fall or a direct blow — such as from a hockey stick or an opponent's body.
• Child abuse.In children, a broken leg may be the result of child abuse, especially when such an injury occurs before the child can walk.
• Overuse.Stress fractures are tiny cracks that develop in the weight-bearing bones of the body, including the shinbone. Stress fractures are usually caused by repetitive force or overuse, such as running long distances. But they can occur with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.
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What are the risk factors of Broken leg?
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Stress fractures are often the result of repetitive stress to the leg bones from physical activities, such as:
• Running
• Ballet dancing
• Basketball
• Marching
Contact sports, such as hockey and football, also may pose a risk of direct blows to the leg, which can result in a fracture.
Stress fractures outside of sport situations are more common in people who have:
• Decreased bone density (osteoporosis)
• Diabetes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
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