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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of HIV/AIDS?
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is an ongoing, also called chronic, condition. It's caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV.HIVdamages the immune system so that the body is less able to fight infection and disease. IfHIVisn't treated, it can take years before it weakens the immune system enough to becomeAIDS. Thanks to treatment, most people in the U.S. don't getAIDS.
HIVis spread through contact with genitals, such as during sex without a condom. This type of infection is called a sexually transmitted infection, also called an STI.HIValso is spread through contact with blood, such as when people share needles or syringes. It is also possible for a person with untreatedHIVto spread the virus to a child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
There's no cure forHIV/AIDS. But medicines can control the infection and keep the disease from getting worse. Antiviral treatments forHIVhave reducedAIDSdeaths around the world. There's an ongoing effort to make ways to prevent and treatHIV/AIDSmore available in resource-poor countries.
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What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
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The symptoms ofHIVandAIDSvary depending on the person and the phase of infection.
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What are the causes of HIV/AIDS?
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HIVis caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, shooting of illicit drugs or use of shared needles, and contact with infected blood. It also can spread from parent to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
HIVdestroys white blood cells called CD4 T cells. These cells play a large role in helping the body fight disease. The fewer CD4 T cells you have, the weaker your immune system becomes.
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What are the risk factors of HIV/AIDS?
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Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can haveHIV/AIDS. However, you're at greatest risk ofHIV/AIDSif you:
• Have unprotected sex.Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk ofHIVincreases if you have more than one sexual partner.
• Have anSTI.ManySTIscause open sores on the genitals. These sores allowHIVto enter the body.
• Inject illicit drugs.If you share needles and syringes, you can be exposed to infected blood.
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What are the complications of HIV/AIDS?
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HIVinfection weakens your immune system. The infection makes you much more likely to get many infections and certain types of cancers.
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What is the prevention of HIV/AIDS?
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There's no vaccine to preventHIVinfection and no cure forHIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection.
To help prevent the spread ofHIV:
• Consider preexposure prophylaxis, also called PrEP.There are twoPrEPmedicines taken by mouth, also called oral, and onePrEPmedicine given in the form of a shot, called injectable. The oral medicines are emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). The injectable medicine is called cabotegravir (Apretude).PrEPcan reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk.PrEPcan reduce the risk of gettingHIVfrom sex by about 99% and from injecting drugs by at least 74%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn't been studied in people who have sex by having a penis put into their vaginas, called receptive vaginal sex.Cabotegravir (Apretude) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approvedPrEPthat can be given as a shot to reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk. A healthcare professional gives the shot. After two once-monthly shots, Apretude is given every two months. The shot is an option in place of a dailyPrEPpill.Your healthcare professional prescribes these medicines to preventHIVonly to people who don't already haveHIVinfection. You need anHIVtest before you start taking anyPrEP. You need to take the test every three months for the pills or before each shot for as long as you takePrEP.You need to take the pills every day or closely follow the shot schedule. You still need to practice safe sex to protect against otherSTIs. If you have hepatitis B, you should see an infectious disease or liver specialist before beginningPrEPtherapy.
• Use treatment as prevention, also called TasP.If you haveHIV, takingHIVmedicines can keep your partner from getting infected with the virus. If your blood tests show no virus, that means your viral load can't be detected. Then you won't transmit the virus to anyone else through sex.If you useTasP, you must take your medicines exactly as prescribed and get regular checkups.
• Use post-exposure prophylaxis, also called PEP, if you've been exposed toHIV.If you think you've been exposed through sex, through needles or in the workplace, contact your healthcare professional or go to an emergency room. TakingPEPas soon as you can within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of gettingHIV. You need to take the medicine for 28 days.
• Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex.Both male and female condoms are available. If you use a lubricant, make sure it's water based. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break.During oral sex, use a cut-open condom or a piece of medical-grade latex called a dental dam without a lubricant.
• Tell your sexual partners you haveHIV.It's important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you'reHIVpositive. They need to be tested.
• Use clean needles.If you use needles to inject illicit drugs, make sure the needles are sterile. Don't share them. Use needle-exchange programs in your community. Seek help for your drug use.
• If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.You can passHIVto your baby. But if you get treatment during pregnancy, you can lessen your baby's risk greatly.
• Consider male circumcision.Studies show that removing the foreskin from the penis, called circumcision, can help reduce the risk of gettingHIVinfection.
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What are the Overview of Hives and angioedema?
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Hives — also known as urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) — is a skin reaction that causes itchy welts that range in size from small spots to large blotches. Hives can be triggered by many situations and substances, including certain foods and medications.
Angioedema can arise with hives or alone. It causes swelling in the deeper layers of skin, often around the face and lips. Short-lived (acute) hives and angioedema are common. Most times, they are harmless, clear up within in a day and don't leave any lasting marks, even without treatment. Hives that last longer than six weeks are called chronic hives.
Hives and angioedema are usually treated with antihistamine medication. Angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway.
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What are the causes of Hives and angioedema?
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For most people who experience acute hives and angioedema, the exact cause can't be identified. The conditions are sometimes caused by:
• Foods.Many foods can trigger reactions in people with sensitivities. Shellfish, fish, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, eggs and milk are frequent offenders.
• Medications.Many medications may cause hives or angioedema, including penicillins, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) and blood pressure medications.
• Airborne allergens.Pollen and other allergens that you breathe in can trigger hives, sometimes accompanied by upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms.
• Insect bites and infections.Other causes of acute hives and angioedema are insect bites and infections.
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What are the risk factors of Hives and angioedema?
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Hives and angioedema are common. You may be at increased risk of hives and angioedema if you:
• Have had hives or angioedema before
• Have had other allergic reactions
• Have a family history of hives, angioedema or hereditary angioedema
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What are the complications of Hives and angioedema?
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Severe angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway.
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What is the prevention of Hives and angioedema?
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To lower your likelihood of experiencing hives or angioedema, take the following precautions:
• Avoid known triggers.If you know what has triggered your hives, try to avoid that substance.
• Bathe and change your clothes.If pollen or animal contact has triggered your hives in the past, take a bath or shower and change your clothes if you're exposed to pollen or animals.
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What are the symptoms of Hyperhidrosis?
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The main symptom of hyperhidrosis is heavy sweating. This goes beyond the sweating from being in a hot environment, exercising, or feeling anxious or stressed. The type of hyperhidrosis that usually affects the hands, feet, underarms or face causes at least one episode a week when you're awake. And the sweating usually happens on both sides of the body.
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What are the causes of Hyperhidrosis?
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Sweating is the body's mechanism to cool itself. The nervous system automatically triggers sweat glands when your body temperature rises. Sweating also occurs, especially on your palms, when you're nervous.
Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by faulty nerve signals that trigger eccrine sweat glands to become overactive. It usually affects the palms, soles, underarms and sometimes the face.
There is no medical cause for this type of hyperhidrosis. It can run in families.
Secondary hyperhidrosis is caused by an underlying medical condition or by taking certain medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, and some diabetes and hormonal medications. This type of hyperhidrosis may cause sweating all over the body. Conditions that might cause it include:
• Diabetes
• Menopause hot flashes
• Thyroid problems
• Some types of cancer
• Nervous system disorders
• Infections
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What are the risk factors of Hyperhidrosis?
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Risk factors for hyperhidrosis include:
• Having a blood relative, such as a parent, sibling or grandparent, who sweats heavily
• Taking medicines or supplements that cause sweating
• Having a medical condition that causes sweating
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What are the complications of Hyperhidrosis?
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Complications of hyperhidrosis include:
• Infections.People who sweat a lot are more prone to skin infections.
• Social and emotional effects.Having clammy or dripping hands and sweat-soaked clothes can be embarrassing. Your condition may affect your pursuit of work and educational goals.
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What are the symptoms of Infant reflux?
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Most of the time, infant reflux isn't a cause for concern. It's not usual for stomach contents to have enough acid to irritate the throat or esophagus and cause symptoms.
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What are the causes of Infant reflux?
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In infants, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach is not yet fully developed. This muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter, also known as LES. When the LES is not fully developed, it allows stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus. Over time, the LES typically matures. It opens when a baby swallows and remains tightly closed at other times, keeping stomach contents where they belong.
Some factors that contribute to infant reflux are common in babies and often can't be avoided. These include lying flat most of the time and being fed an almost completely liquid diet.
Sometimes, infant reflux can be caused by more-serious conditions, such as:
• GERD.The reflux has enough acid to irritate and damage the lining of the esophagus.
• Pyloric stenosis.A muscular valve allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine as part of digestion. In pyloric stenosis, the valve thickens and becomes larger than it should. The thickened valve then traps food in the stomach and blocks it from entering the small intestine.
• Food intolerance.A protein in cow's milk is the most common trigger.
• Eosinophilic esophagitis.A certain type of white blood cell builds up and injures the lining of the esophagus. This white blood cell is called an eosinophil.
• Sandifer syndrome.This causes tilting and rotation of the head that are not usual and movements that look like seizures. It's a rare complication of GERD.
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What are the risk factors of Infant reflux?
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Infant reflux is common. But some things make it more likely that a baby will have infant reflux. These include:
• Premature birth.
• Lung conditions, such as cystic fibrosis.
• Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as cerebral palsy.
• Previous surgery on the esophagus.
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What are the complications of Infant reflux?
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Infant reflux usually gets better on its own. It rarely causes problems for babies.
If your baby has a more serious condition such as GERD, your baby's growth may lag behind that of other children. Some research suggests that babies who have frequent episodes of spitting up might be more likely to develop GERD later in childhood.
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What are the Overview of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can cause persistent joint pain, swelling and stiffness. Some children may experience symptoms for only a few months, while others have symptoms for many years.
Some types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis can cause serious complications, such as growth problems, joint damage and eye inflammation. Treatment focuses on controlling pain and inflammation, improving function, and preventing damage.
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What are the symptoms of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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The most common signs and symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are:
• Pain.While your child might not complain of joint pain, you may notice that he or she limps — especially first thing in the morning or after a nap.
• Swelling.Joint swelling is common but is often first noticed in larger joints such as the knee.
• Stiffness.You might notice that your child appears clumsier than usual, particularly in the morning or after naps.
• Fever, swollen lymph nodes and rash.In some cases, high fever, swollen lymph nodes or a rash on the trunk may occur — which is usually worse in the evenings.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can affect one joint or many. There are several different subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, but the main ones are systemic, oligoarticular and polyarticular. Which type your child has depends on symptoms, the number of joints affected, and if a fever and rashes are prominent features.
Like other forms of arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis is characterized by times when symptoms flare up and times when symptoms may be minimal.
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What are the causes of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own cells and tissues. It's not known why this happens, but both heredity and environment seem to play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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Some forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are more common in girls.
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What are the complications of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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Several serious complications can result from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. But keeping a careful watch on your child's condition and seeking appropriate medical attention can greatly reduce the risk of these complications:
• Eye problems.Some forms can cause eye inflammation. If this condition is left untreated, it may result in cataracts, glaucoma and even blindness.Eye inflammation frequently occurs without symptoms, so it's important for children with this condition to be examined regularly by an ophthalmologist.
• Growth problems.Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can interfere with your child's growth and bone development. Some medications used for treatment, mainly corticosteroids, also can inhibit growth.
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What are the Overview of Latex allergy?
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Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a product made from the rubber tree. If you have a latex allergy, your body mistakes latex for a harmful substance.
Latex allergy may cause itchy skin and hives or even anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a possibly life-threatening condition that can cause throat swelling and serious difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can find out if you have a latex allergy or if you're at risk of developing a latex allergy.
Understanding latex allergy and knowing common sources of latex can help you prevent allergic reactions.
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What are the symptoms of Latex allergy?
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If you're allergic to latex, you're likely to have symptoms after touching latex rubber products, such as gloves or balloons. You also can have symptoms if you breathe in latex particles that are released into the air when someone removes latex gloves.
Latex allergy symptoms range from mild to serious. A reaction depends on how sensitive you are to latex and the amount of latex you touch or inhale. Your reaction can become worse with each additional latex exposure.
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What are the causes of Latex allergy?
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In a latex allergy, the immune system identifies latex as a harmful substance and triggers certain antibodies to fight it off. The next time there is a latex exposure, these antibodies tell the immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream. This process produces a range of allergy symptoms. The more times someone is exposed to latex, the more strongly their immune system is likely to respond. This is called sensitization.
Latex allergy can happen in these ways:
• Direct contact.The most common cause of latex allergy involves touching latex-containing products, including latex gloves, condoms and balloons.
• Inhalation.Latex products, especially gloves, release latex particles. You can breathe in these particles when they become airborne. The amount of airborne latex from gloves differs greatly depending on the brand of glove used.
It's possible to have other skin reactions when using latex. They include:
• Allergic contact dermatitis.This reaction results from the chemical additives used during manufacturing. The main symptom is a skin rash with formation of blisters 24 to 48 hours after exposure, similar to poison ivy.
• Irritant contact dermatitis.Not an allergy, this skin irritation is caused by wearing rubber gloves or exposure to the powder inside them. Symptoms include dry, itchy, irritated areas, usually on the hands.
Not all latex products are made from natural sources. Products containing synthetic materials, such as latex paint, are unlikely to cause a reaction.
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What are the risk factors of Latex allergy?
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Certain people are at greater risk of developing a latex allergy:
• People with spina bifida.The risk of latex allergy is highest in people with spina bifida — a birth defect that affects the development of the spine. People with this disorder often are exposed to latex products through early and frequent healthcare. People with spina bifida should always avoid latex products.
• People who undergo multiple surgeries or medical procedures.Repeated exposure to latex gloves and medical products increases your risk of developing latex allergy.
• Healthcare workers.If you work in healthcare, you're at increased risk of developing a latex allergy.
• Rubber industry workers.Repeated exposure to latex may increase sensitivity.
• People with a personal or family history of allergies.You're at increased risk of latex allergy if you have other allergies — such as hay fever or a food allergy — or they're common in your family.
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What are the Overview of Macular degeneration, wet?
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Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is responsible for central vision.
Wet macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. The other type, dry macular degeneration, is more common and less severe. The wet type always begins as the dry type.
Early detection and treatment of wet macular degeneration may help reduce vision loss. In some instances, early treatment may recover vision.
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What are the symptoms of Macular degeneration, wet?
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Wet macular degeneration symptoms usually appear suddenly and worsen quickly. They may include:
• Visual distortions, such as straight lines that seem to be bent.
• Reduced central vision in one or both eyes.
• The need for brighter light when reading or doing close-up work.
• Difficulty adjusting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant or theater.
• Increased blurriness of printed words.
• Difficulty recognizing faces.
• A well-defined blurry spot or blind spot in the field of vision.
Macular degeneration doesn't affect side vision, so it doesn't cause total blindness.
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What are the causes of Macular degeneration, wet?
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No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form.
Wet macular degeneration can develop in different ways:
• Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth.Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn't typical, and when it happens it's known as choroidal neovascularization. The choroid is the layer of blood vessels between the retina and the outer, firm coat of the eye, called the sclera. These blood vessels may leak fluid or blood, affecting the retina's function and leading to vision loss.
• Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye.When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.
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What are the risk factors of Macular degeneration, wet?
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Factors that may increase the risk of macular degeneration include:
• Age.This disease is most common in people over 50.
• Family history and genetics.This disease has a hereditary component, meaning it can run in families. Researchers have identified several genes linked to the condition.
• Race.Macular degeneration is more common in white people.
• Smoking.Smoking cigarettes or being exposed to tobacco smoke on a regular basis greatly increases the risk of macular degeneration.
• Obesity.Research suggests that obesity may increase the chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to a more severe form of the disease.
• Cardiovascular disease.If you have diseases that affect your heart and blood vessels, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration.
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What are the complications of Macular degeneration, wet?
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People whose wet macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss have a higher risk of depression and social isolation. With profound loss of vision, people may see visual hallucinations. This condition is known as Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Macular degeneration, wet?
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It's important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration. The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing wet macular degeneration:
• Manage all other medical conditions.For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
• Don't smoke.People who smoke are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are people who don't smoke. Ask a healthcare professional for help stopping smoking.
• Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
• Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.These foods contain antioxidant vitamins that reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration.
• Include fish in your diet.Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Nuts such as walnuts also contain omega-3 fatty acids.
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What are the Wet macular degeneration of Macular degeneration, wet?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the symptoms of Mesenteric lymphadenitis?
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Possible symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
• Pain in the stomach area, often on the lower right side, but the pain can be more spread out.
• General tenderness of the stomach area.
• Fever.
• Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes.
Depending on what's causing the condition, symptoms also might include:
• Diarrhea.
• Nausea and vomiting.
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What are the causes of Mesenteric lymphadenitis?
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The most common cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis is a viral infection, such as gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is often called stomach flu. This infection causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the thin tissue that attaches the intestine to the back of the wall around the stomach area, called mesentery.
Other causes of mesenteric lymphadenitis include bacterial infection, inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma.
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What are the risk factors of Mesenteric lymphadenitis?
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Any infection that causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the tissue that attaches the bowel to the abdominal wall increases the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis.
Conditions that raise the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
• Viral or bacterial gastroenteritis.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.
• Lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Myelofibrosis?
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Myelofibrosis is a kind of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside the bones where blood cells are made. Myelofibrosis causes scarring in the bone marrow. This makes it hard for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells.
Myelofibrosis sometimes happens on its own. This is called primary myelofibrosis. Sometimes it's caused by another blood cell condition. When this happens, it's called secondary myelofibrosis.
Some people with myelofibrosis have no symptoms and might not need treatment right away. Others with more-serious forms of the disease might need treatment. Treatment for myelofibrosis typically focuses on relieving symptoms.
Myelofibrosis belongs to a group of cancers called myeloproliferative neoplasms. These cancers cause the body to make too many blood cells that don't work right. Myelofibrosis and the other myeloproliferative neoplasms can lead to different types of leukemia. Leukemia is cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues in the body.
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What are the symptoms of Myelofibrosis?
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Myelofibrosis signs and symptoms may include:
• Feeling tired, weak or short of breath.
• Pain or fullness below the ribs on the left side.
• Easy bruising.
• Easy bleeding.
• Sweating a lot while sleeping, so that you wake feeling covered in sweat.
• Fever.
• Bone pain.
• Feeling full after eating a small amount of food.
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What are the causes of Myelofibrosis?
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It's often not clear what causes myelofibrosis. This cancer happens in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside the bones where blood cells are made.
The bone marrow makes cells called blood stem cells that can become other kinds of cells. When needed, these stem cells can turn into the blood cells that circulate through the body. Blood stem cells can become:
• Red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body.
• White blood cells that help fight infections.
• Platelets that help stop bleeding.
Myelofibrosis starts when blood stem cells in the bone marrow develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy blood stem cells, the DNA gives instructions to turn into blood cells in a controlled way.
In myelofibrosis, the DNA changes give different instructions to the blood stem cells. The changes tell the blood stem cells to make more blood cells than the body needs. The blood cells don't work like healthy blood cells.
Myelofibrosis also causes scarring in the bone marrow. The scarring makes it hard for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells.
The extra blood cells that don't work right and the bone marrow scarring both can cause too few healthy blood cells in the body. This leads to the symptoms of myelofibrosis. For example, feeling weak and tired can happen if there are too few red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood.
Healthcare professionals have discovered some genetic changes in the DNA that can cause myelofibrosis, including changes to the:
• Janus kinase 2 gene, also called JAK2.
• Calreticulin gene, also called CALR.
• Thrombopoietin receptor gene, also called MPL.
Your healthcare team might test your cancer cells to see if these changes are present. The results can impact your prognosis and your treatment options.
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What are the risk factors of Myelofibrosis?
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Although the cause of myelofibrosis often isn't known, healthcare professionals have found some things that might raise the risk. Risk factors include:
• Increasing age.Myelofibrosis can affect anyone, but it's most often diagnosed in people older than 50.
• Another blood cell condition.A small portion of people with myelofibrosis develop the condition as a complication of essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera.
• Exposure to benzene.Myelofibrosis has been linked to high levels of exposure to the industrial chemical benzene.
• Exposure to radiation.People exposed to very high doses of radiation have an increased risk of myelofibrosis.
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What are the complications of Myelofibrosis?
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Complications that may result from myelofibrosis include:
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What are the Overview of Nicotine dependence?
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Nicotine dependence happens when your body craves nicotine and you can't stop using it. Nicotine is the chemical in smoked tobacco that causes the urge to smoke. The chemical brings on pleasant feelings, but these effects are short-lived. So you have another cigarette, cigar or pipe bowl.
The more you use smoked tobacco, the more nicotine you need to feel good. When you try to stop, you go through mental and physical changes that aren't pleasant. These are symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
For some people, using any amount of smoked tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. But no matter how long you've used nicotine, stopping can improve your health. It isn't easy, but you can break your dependence on nicotine. There are treatment options. Ask your healthcare professional for help.
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What are the symptoms of Nicotine dependence?
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Symptoms of nicotine dependence can include the following:
• You can't stop smoking.You've made one or more serious attempts to stop without long-term success.
• You smoke within 30 minutes of waking up.The sooner you start smoking after waking and the more cigarettes you smoke during the day, the more dependent on nicotine you are.
• You have nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop.Your attempts at stopping have caused physical and mood-related symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can include strong cravings, anxiety, irritable mood, restlessness, trouble focusing or sleeping, depression, frustration, anger, increased hunger, and constipation.
• You keep smoking despite health conditions.Even though you've developed health conditions linked to smoking, you haven't been able to stop.
• You give up social activities.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with family or friends because you can't smoke in these situations.
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What are the causes of Nicotine dependence?
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Nicotine is the chemical in tobacco that keeps you smoking tobacco. Nicotine reaches the brain within seconds of taking a puff. In the brain, nicotine increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These brain chemicals help control mood and behavior.
When you're using nicotine, the reward center in your brain releases a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine causes feelings of pleasure and improved mood.
The more you smoke, the more nicotine you need to feel good. Nicotine quickly becomes part of your daily routine and affects your habits and feelings.
Common situations that trigger the urge to smoke include:
• Drinking coffee or taking breaks at work.
• Talking on the phone.
• Drinking alcohol.
• Driving your car.
• Spending time with friends.
To overcome your nicotine dependence, you need to become aware of your triggers and make a plan for dealing with them.
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What are the risk factors of Nicotine dependence?
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Anyone who smokes or uses other forms of tobacco is at risk of becoming dependent. Factors that influence who is likely to use tobacco include:
• Age.Most people begin smoking during childhood or the teen years. The younger you are when you begin smoking, the greater the chance of nicotine dependence.
• Genetics.The genes passed from parents to children may play a role in the chance of a person becoming dependent on nicotine.
• Parents and peers.Children who grow up with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke. Children with friends who smoke also are more likely to try it.
• Depression or anxiety.Some people who have mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety try to get relief by smoking. But smoking cigarettes doesn't help relieve symptoms of these conditions.
• Substance use.People who use alcohol and illicit drugs are more likely to smoke.
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What are the complications of Nicotine dependence?
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Tobacco smoke has hundreds of harmful chemicals in it. At least 69 of those chemicals can cause cancer. Even "all-natural" or herbal cigarettes have harmful chemicals.
People who smoke cigarettes are much more likely to develop and die of certain diseases than are people who don't smoke. But smoking can cause many different health issues, including:
• Lung cancer and lung disease.Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer deaths in countries such as the United States. Smoking also causes lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking makes asthma worse too.
• Other cancers.Smoking raises the risk of many types of cancer. Some examples include cancer of the mouth, throat, also called the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, bladder, pancreas, kidney and cervix and some types of leukemia. Overall, smoking causes 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States.
• Heart and blood vessel conditions.Smoking raises the risk of dying of heart and blood vessel diseases including heart attack and stroke. If you have a heart or blood vessel disease, smoking makes it worse.
• Diabetes.Smoking raises the risk of type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, smoking can lead to other health concerns such as kidney disease and eye conditions.
• Eye conditions.Smoking can raise the risk of serious eye issues such as cataracts and loss of eyesight from macular degeneration.
• Infertility.Smoking can make it harder to start a pregnancy.
• Complications during pregnancy.Pregnant people who smoke have a higher risk of miscarriages and preterm deliveries. Their babies have a higher risk of having medical conditions present at birth and lower birth weights.
• Cold, flu and other illnesses.People who smoke are more prone to respiratory infections such as colds, the flu and bronchitis.
• Tooth and gum disease.Smoking is linked to a higher risk of gum disease and tooth loss.
Smoking also poses health risks to those around you. Partners of people who smoke have a higher risk of lung cancer and heart disease compared with people who don't live with someone who smokes. Children whose parents smoke are more likely to get bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infections and colds. And if a child has asthma, secondhand smoke can make it worse.
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What is the prevention of Nicotine dependence?
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The best way to prevent nicotine dependence is to not start using tobacco.
The best way to keep children from smoking is to not smoke yourself. Children whose parents do not smoke or who successfully quit smoking are much less likely to take up smoking.
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What are the Overview of Occupational asthma?
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Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. Occupational asthma also is called work-related asthma.
In asthma, the airways narrow and swell. They also may make extra mucus. This makes it difficult to breathe and may cause chest tightness, wheezing and shortness of breath.
Avoiding triggers is important for managing occupational asthma. Treatment includes medicines that reduce symptoms. For people who were diagnosed with asthma in the past, medicines may help improve symptoms related to workplace triggers.
If occupational asthma is not treated and triggers are not avoided, the asthma can cause permanent changes to the lungs.
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What are the symptoms of Occupational asthma?
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Occupational asthma symptoms may include:
• Wheezing.
• Coughing.
• Shortness of breath.
• Chest tightness.
Other possible symptoms may include:
• Runny nose.
• Stuffy nose.
• Itchy or watery eyes.
Occupational asthma symptoms depend on the substance you're exposed to, how long and how often you're exposed, and other factors. Your symptoms may:
• Begin right after exposure to a substance, later in the day or after work.
• Improve or go away on days off or during vacations and then return when you go to work.
• May begin early in the day and fail to improve on days off as disease progresses.
• May become permanent even after long periods away from work.
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What are the causes of Occupational asthma?
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More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include:
• Animal proteinsfound in dander, hair, scales, fur, saliva and body wastes.
• Chemicalsused to make paints, varnishes, adhesives, laminates and soldering resin. Other examples include chemicals used to make insulation, packaging materials, and foam mattresses and upholstery.
• Enzymesused in detergents and baking flour.
• Metals,particularly platinum, chromium and nickel sulfate.
• Plant substances,including proteins found in natural rubber latex, flour, cereals, cotton, flax, hemp, rye, wheat and papaya.
• Irritating gases or particles,such as chlorine gas, sulfur dioxide and smoke.
Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe.
With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.
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What are the risk factors of Occupational asthma?
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The more you're exposed to an irritant, the greater the risk of developing occupational asthma. In addition, you will have increased risk if:
• You have existing allergies or asthma.Although this can increase your risk, many people who have allergies or asthma do jobs that expose them to lung irritants and never have symptoms.
• Other family members have allergies or asthma.Your parents may pass down genes that make it more likely for you to develop asthma.
• You work around known asthma triggers.Some substances are known to be lung irritants and asthma triggers.
• You smoke.Smoking increases your risk of developing asthma if you are exposed to certain types of irritants.
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What are the complications of Occupational asthma?
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The longer you're exposed to a substance that can cause occupational asthma, the worse your symptoms may become. Also, the longer you're exposed, the longer it will take for symptoms to improve after exposure stops. In some cases, exposure to airborne asthma triggers can cause permanent changes to your lungs.
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What is the prevention of Occupational asthma?
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The best way to prevent occupational asthma is to control exposure to chemicals and other substances that are known to be irritating. Workplaces can set up controls to prevent exposures, use less harmful substances and provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers.
Medicines may help relieve symptoms and control inflammation linked to occupational asthma. But you can do several things on your own to be healthy and lessen the possibility of attacks:
• If you smoke, quit.Being smoke-free may help prevent or lessen symptoms of occupational asthma.
• Get a flu vaccination.This can help prevent illness that affects the lungs.
• Avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)and other medicines that may make symptoms worse. Ask your healthcare professional about medicines you take regularly.
• Lose weight.For people with obesity, losing weight can help improve symptoms and overall lung health.
If you are in the United States and you have a high-risk job, your company must follow rules to help protect you from harmful chemicals. Under guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), your employer is required to do the following:
• Tell youif you'll be working with any harmful chemicals.
• Train youhow to safely handle these chemicals.
• Train youhow to respond to an emergency, such as a chemical spill.
• Supply protective gear,such as masks and respirators.
• Offer extra trainingwhen a new chemical is used at your workplace.
UnderOSHAguidelines, your employer is required to keep a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each harmful chemical used in your workplace. This is a document that must be submitted by the chemical's manufacturer to your employer. You have a legal right to see and copy such documents. If you suspect you're allergic to a certain substance, show theMSDSto your healthcare professional.
While at work, watch for conditions that may not be safe or healthy. Report concerns to your supervisor. If necessary, callOSHAat800-321-OSHA(800-321-6742) and ask for an on-site inspection. You can do this so that your name won't be revealed to your employer.
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What are the Overview of Peanut allergy?
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Peanut allergy is a condition that causes the body's germ-fighting immune system to react to peanuts. It's one of the most common causes of a life-threatening allergic reaction to food. This life-threatening reaction is known as anaphylaxis.
Peanut allergy has been increasing in children. Even if you or your child has shown only a mild reaction to peanuts, it's important to talk to a healthcare professional. There is still a risk of a more serious future reaction.
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What are the symptoms of Peanut allergy?
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An allergic response to peanuts usually occurs within minutes after exposure. Peanut allergy signs and symptoms can include:
• Skin reactions, such as hives, redness or swelling.
• Itching or tingling in or around the mouth and throat.
• Digestive problems, such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting.
• Tightening of the throat.
• Shortness of breath or wheezing.
• Runny nose.
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What are the causes of Peanut allergy?
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Peanut allergy occurs when the immune system flags peanut proteins as harmful. When exposed to peanuts, the immune system releases symptom-causing chemicals into the bloodstream. These chemicals cause an allergic reaction.
Direct and cross-contact with peanuts could cause a reaction:
• Direct contact.The most common cause of peanut allergy is eating peanuts or foods that contain peanuts.
• Cross-contact.This happens when peanuts get into a product by mistake. It often happens when food is exposed to peanuts during processing or handling.
• Inhalation.Breathing in dust or aerosols containing peanuts, such as peanut flour, may cause an allergic reaction.
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What are the risk factors of Peanut allergy?
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It isn't clear why some people develop allergies while others don't. However, people with certain risk factors have a greater chance of developing peanut allergy.
Peanut allergy risk factors include:
• Age.Food allergies are most common in children, especially toddlers and infants. As a person grows, the digestive system matures. Then the body is less likely to react to food that triggers allergies.
• Past allergy to peanuts.Some children with peanut allergy outgrow it, though it can recur. So be cautious even if you seem to have outgrown peanut allergy.
• Other allergies.If you're already allergic to one food, you have a higher risk of being allergic to another. Also, having another type of allergy, such as hay fever, raises your risk of having a food allergy.
• Family members with allergies.Your risk of peanut allergy is higher if other allergies are common in your family, especially other food allergies.
• Atopic dermatitis.Some people with the skin condition atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, have a food allergy as well.
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What are the complications of Peanut allergy?
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Complications of peanut allergy can include anaphylaxis. Children and adults who have a severe peanut allergy are especially at risk of having this life-threatening reaction.
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What is the prevention of Peanut allergy?
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Studies have shown a strong link between early peanut exposure and lower food allergy risk. In the studies, peanuts were introduced to high-risk babies and children from 4 months to 3 years old. By doing so, their food allergy risk was reduced up to 80%. Children at risk of peanut allergy include those with mild to severe eczema, egg allergy, or both. Before introducing your child to peanuts, discuss the best approach with your child's healthcare professional.
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What are the Overview of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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A popliteal artery aneurysm is an irregular bulge that occurs in the wall of the artery located behind the knee joint. It is a type of lower extremity aneurysm.
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What are the symptoms of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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You might not notice any symptoms. The first symptom may be pain in the lower leg that occurs with walking, called claudication. Other symptoms of a popliteal artery aneurysm include:
• Knee pain.
• Lower leg pain.
• Swelling behind the knee.
• Pulsing feeling behind the knee.
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What are the causes of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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An aneurysm is a ballooning in a weak spot in an artery wall. Many different things can cause the popliteal artery wall to become weak, including:
• Atherosclerosis.
• High blood pressure.
• Wear and tear of the popliteal artery due to repeat use of the knee joint.
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What are the risk factors of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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Popliteal artery aneurysms are rare. They are more common in men than in women.
Popliteal artery aneurysm often occurs in men with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a swelling of the wall of the body's main artery, called the aorta. Anyone diagnosed with popliteal artery aneurysm should be screened forAAA.
Other risk factors for popliteal artery aneurysm include:
• Growing older.
• High blood pressure.
• Smoking.
• Narrowing of a heart valve.
• Having three or more aneurysms anywhere in the body.
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What are the complications of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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Complications of popliteal artery aneurysm include blood clots. Blood clots can cause a severe lack of blood flow in the lower leg.
A severe lack of blood flow can cause the following symptoms:
• A change in skin color in the affected area.
• No pulse behind the knee.
• Skin in the affected area feels cold.
• Numbness in the leg.
• Inability to move the foot.
A severe lack of blood flow may result in loss of the limb. Rarely, the aneurysm may rupture. But the risk of popliteal artery aneurysm rupture is low.
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What is the prevention of Popliteal artery aneurysm?
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Smoking and high blood pressure increase the risk of blood vessel problems that can lead to popliteal artery and other aneurysms. Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent heart disease and blood vessel damage.
Try these heart-healthy tips:
• Do not smoke.
• Eat a nutritious diet.
• Get regular exercise.
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What are the Overview of Primary progressive aphasia?
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Primary progressive aphasia (uh-FAY-zhuh) is a rare nervous system condition that affects a person's ability to communicate. People who have primary progressive aphasia can have trouble expressing their thoughts and understanding or finding words.
Symptoms develop gradually, often before age 65. They get worse over time. People with primary progressive aphasia can lose the ability to speak and write. Eventually they're not able to understand written or spoken language.
This condition progresses slowly. People who have primary progressive aphasia may continue caring for themselves and participating in daily activities for several years.
Primary progressive aphasia is a type of frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is a cluster of conditions that result from the degeneration of the frontal or temporal lobes of the brain. These areas include brain tissue involved in speech and language. Not all people with primary progressive aphasia have dementia, but most develop it. The term "dementia" is typically not used until a person can't do things alone due to changes in their thinking and understanding.
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What are the symptoms of Primary progressive aphasia?
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Primary progressive aphasia symptoms vary based on which part of the brain's language areas are involved. The condition has three types. Each type causes different symptoms. Symptoms develop over time and gradually get worse.
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What are the causes of Primary progressive aphasia?
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Primary progressive aphasia is caused by a shrinking of certain areas of the brain, known as lobes. In primary progressive aphasia, the frontal, temporal or parietal lobes are affected. When areas of the brain shrink, it's called atrophy. The atrophy caused by primary progressive aphasia mainly happens on the left side of the brain. The areas affected are responsible for speech and language.
Atrophy is linked to the presence of certain proteins in the brain. The proteins may reduce brain activity or function.
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What are the risk factors of Primary progressive aphasia?
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Risk factors for primary progressive aphasia include:
• Learning disabilities.People who had a childhood learning disability such as dyslexia may have a higher risk of developing primary progressive aphasia.
• Certain gene changes.Although primary progressive aphasia most often happens randomly, rare gene changes have been linked to the condition. If other members of your family have had primary progressive aphasia, consider genetic testing to see if you are more likely to develop it.
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What are the complications of Primary progressive aphasia?
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People with primary progressive aphasia eventually lose the ability to speak and write. This may take anywhere from 3 to 15 years. People with the condition also have trouble understanding written and spoken language.
As the disease progresses, other mental skills such as memory, planning and organizing can be affected. Some people develop other symptoms such as problems with movement, balance and swallowing. With these complications, people with the disease eventually need help with day-to-day care.
People with primary progressive aphasia also can develop depression as the disease progresses. Other complications might include blunted emotions such as not showing concern, poor judgment or social behavior that's not appropriate.
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What are the Overview of Radiation sickness?
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Radiation sickness is damage to the body caused by a large dose of radiation often received over a short time. This is called acute radiation sickness. The amount of radiation absorbed by the body, called the absorbed dose, determines how bad the illness will be.
Radiation sickness also is called acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning. Radiation sickness is not caused by common medical imaging tests that use low-dose radiation, such as X-rays, CT scans and nuclear medicine scans.
Although radiation sickness is serious and often fatal, it's rare. Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, during World War II, most cases of radiation sickness have occurred after nuclear industrial accidents, such as the 1986 fire that damaged the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine.
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What are the symptoms of Radiation sickness?
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The severity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on how much radiation you've absorbed. How much you absorb depends on the strength of the radiated energy, the time of your exposures, and the distance between you and the source of radiation.
Symptoms also are affected by the type of exposure, such as total or partial body. The severity of radiation sickness also depends on how sensitive the affected tissue is. For instance, the gastrointestinal system and bone marrow are highly sensitive to radiation.
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What are the causes of Radiation sickness?
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Radiation sickness is caused by being exposed to a high dose of radiation. Radiation is the energy released from atoms as either a wave or a tiny particle of matter.
Radiation sickness happens when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body. Areas of the body most at risk of being affected by high-energy radiation are the bone marrow cells and the lining of the intestinal tract.
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What are the risk factors of Radiation sickness?
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Being exposed to a source of high-dose radiation increases the risk of radiation sickness. Sources of high-dose radiation include:
• An accident at a nuclear industrial facility.
• An attack on a nuclear industrial facility.
• A small radioactive device going off.
• An explosive device that sends out radioactive material. This is called a dirty bomb.
• A nuclear weapon going off.
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What are the complications of Radiation sickness?
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Having radiation sickness can contribute to both short-term and long-term mental health problems, such as grief, fear and anxiety about:
• Experiencing a radioactive accident or attack.
• Mourning friends or family who haven't survived.
• Dealing with the uncertainty of a mysterious and potentially fatal illness.
• Worrying about the eventual risk of cancer due to radiation exposure.
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What is the prevention of Radiation sickness?
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In the event of a radiation emergency, listen to the radio or watch television to hear what protective actions local, state and federal authorities recommend. Those actions depend on the situation, but you will be told to either stay in place or evacuate your area.
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What are the Overview of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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Rheumatoid arthritis is an ongoing, called chronic, condition that causes pain, swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in the joints. But it also can damage other parts of the body. These may include the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels.
Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body's tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition.
Rheumatoid arthritis differs from the more common osteoarthritis. Some people have both. Osteoarthritis causes damage to joints from overuse. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of the joints and eats away at the bone under them. This causes a painful swelling that can cause joints to bend out of shape over time, called deformity.
The inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis also can damage other parts of the body. New medicines have improved treatment choices greatly. But rheumatoid arthritis still can cause long-term damage and increase the risk of heart disease.
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What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include:
• Painful, warm, swollen joints.
• Joint stiffness that most often is worse in the mornings and after periods of rest. It can last for 45 minutes or longer.
• Tiredness, fever and not wanting to eat.
Rheumatoid arthritis may affect just a few joints at first. Most often, these are the small joints of the hands and the feet.
As the disease gets worse, symptoms may spread to more joints. These most often include the wrists, elbows, hips, knees and ankles. Most of the time, symptoms affect the same joints on both sides of the body.
Many people who have rheumatoid arthritis also have symptoms that affect more than the joints. Areas that may be affected include:
• Skin.
• Eyes.
• Lungs.
• Heart.
• Nerve tissue.
• Blood.
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms may vary in how bad they are. They may come and go. Periods when the condition becomes more active, called flares, follow periods of less or no swelling and pain. This is called remission.
Over time, rheumatoid arthritis can cause joints to bend out of shape and shift out of place. The joints can be hard to use for daily activities at home or at work.
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What are the causes of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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Experts don't know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. But it's a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake, called autoimmune.
The cause is likely a mix of genetic changes and factors from outside the body, called environmental. Hormones may play a role. An infection with certain viruses may start rheumatoid arthritis in people whose genes make them more likely to get it.
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What are the risk factors of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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Factors that may increase your risk of rheumatoid arthritis include:
• Your sex.People assigned female at birth are more likely than those assigned male at birth to get rheumatoid arthritis.
• Age.Rheumatoid arthritis can happen at any age. But most often it begins in middle age. Children and young teens may get a related condition called juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
• Family history.Having a family member with rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune conditions may raise the risk of the condition.
• Smoking.Cigarette smoking over time raises the risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis. Smoking also seems to make the condition worse in people who keep smoking.
• Gum infection.A serious gum infection, called periodontal disease, can damage the soft tissue around teeth and raise the risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis.
• Excess weight.People who are overweight seem to be at a somewhat higher risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis.
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What are the complications of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of getting:
• Osteoporosis.Rheumatoid arthritis itself, and some medicines used to treat it, can increase the risk of this condition. Osteoporosis weakens bones and makes them more likely to break.
• Rheumatoid nodules.These firm bumps of tissue most often form around pressure points, such as the elbows. But these nodules can form anywhere in the body, including the heart and lungs.
• Dry eyes and mouth.People who have rheumatoid arthritis are much more likely to get a condition that lowers the amount of moisture in the eyes and mouth. This is called secondary Sjogren's syndrome.
• Infections.Rheumatoid arthritis and many of the medicines used to treat it can harm the immune system. This can lead to more infections. Vaccinations can help prevent infections such as the flu, pneumonia, shingles and COVID-19.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome.If rheumatoid arthritis affects the wrists, the swelling can press on the nerve to the hand and fingers.
• Heart problems.Rheumatoid arthritis can raise the risk of hardened and blocked arteries. It also can raise the risk of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the sac around the heart.
• Lung disease.People with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of lung tissues. This can cause scarring and lead to shortness of breath that gets worse over time.
• Lymphoma.Rheumatoid arthritis raises the risk of a group of blood cancers that happen in the lymph system. This is called lymphoma. People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a higher risk of other cancers, as well.
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What are the Overview of Shellfish allergy?
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Shellfish allergy is an atypical response by the body's immune system to proteins in certain marine animals. Marine animals in the shellfish category include crustaceans and mollusks. Examples are shrimp, crabs, lobster, squid, oysters, scallops and snails.
Shellfish is a common food allergy. Some people with shellfish allergy react to all shellfish, while others react to only certain kinds. Reactions range from mild symptoms — such as hives or a stuffy nose — to severe and even life-threatening.
If you think you have shellfish allergy, talk to your health care provider. Tests can help confirm the allergy so you can take steps to avoid future reactions.
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What are the symptoms of Shellfish allergy?
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Shellfish allergy symptoms generally start within minutes to an hour after eating or having contact with shellfish. They may include:
• Hives
• Itchy, irritated skin
• Nasal stuffiness (congestion)
• Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat, or other parts of the body
• Wheezing or trouble breathing
• Coughing and choking or a tight feeling in the throat
• Belly (abdominal) pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
• Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting
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What are the causes of Shellfish allergy?
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All food allergies are caused by an immune system overreaction. Your immune system identifies a harmless substance as being harmful. This substance is called an allergen. In shellfish allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a certain protein in shellfish as harmful. Your immune system is how your body protects itself, so it produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to protect against this allergen. The next time you come in contact with the shellfish protein, these antibodies signal your immune system to release chemicals such as histamine into your bloodstream. This causes a reaction that leads to the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
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What are the risk factors of Shellfish allergy?
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You're at increased risk of developing shellfish allergy if allergies of any type are common in your family.
Though people of any age can develop shellfish allergy, it's more common in adults. In fact, shellfish allergy is the most common food allergy in adults. Among adults, shellfish allergy is more common in women. Among children, shellfish allergy is more common in boys.
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What are the complications of Shellfish allergy?
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In severe cases, shellfish allergy can lead to anaphylaxis, a dangerous allergic reaction that can be life-threatening.
When you have shellfish allergy, you may be at increased risk of anaphylaxis if you have:
• Asthma
• Allergic reactions to very small amounts of shellfish (extreme sensitivity)
• History of food-induced anaphylaxis
• Strong family history of allergy
Anaphylaxis is treated with an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). If you are at risk of having a severe allergic reaction to shellfish, you always should carry injectable epinephrine (Auvi-Q, EpiPen, others).
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What is the prevention of Shellfish allergy?
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If you have shellfish allergy, the only way to avoid an allergic reaction is to avoid all shellfish and products that contain shellfish. Even trace amounts of shellfish can cause a severe reaction in some people.
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What are the Overview of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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It's normal to feel nervous in some social situations. For example, going on a date or giving a presentation may cause that feeling of butterflies in your stomach. But in social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, everyday interactions cause significant anxiety, self-consciousness and embarrassment because you fear being scrutinized or judged negatively by others.
In social anxiety disorder, fear and anxiety lead to avoidance that can disrupt your life. Severe stress can affect your relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities.
Social anxiety disorder can be a chronic mental health condition, but learning coping skills in psychotherapy and taking medications can help you gain confidence and improve your ability to interact with others.
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What are the symptoms of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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Feelings of shyness or discomfort in certain situations aren't necessarily signs of social anxiety disorder, particularly in children. Comfort levels in social situations vary, depending on personality traits and life experiences. Some people are naturally reserved and others are more outgoing.
In contrast to everyday nervousness, social anxiety disorder includes fear, anxiety and avoidance that interfere with relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities. Social anxiety disorder typically begins in the early to mid-teens, though it can sometimes start in younger children or in adults.
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What are the causes of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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Like many other mental health conditions, social anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors. Possible causes include:
• Inherited traits.Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. However, it isn't entirely clear how much of this may be due to genetics and how much is due to learned behavior.
• Brain structure.A structure in the brain called the amygdala (uh-MIG-duh-luh) may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations.
• Environment.Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior — some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. Also, there may be an association between social anxiety disorder and parents who either model anxious behavior in social situations or are more controlling or overprotective of their children.
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What are the risk factors of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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Several factors can increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder, including:
• Family history.You're more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if your biological parents or siblings have the condition.
• Negative experiences.Children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation may be more prone to social anxiety disorder. In addition, other negative events in life, such as family conflict, trauma or abuse, may be associated with this disorder.
• Temperament.Children who are shy, timid, withdrawn or restrained when facing new situations or people may be at greater risk.
• New social or work demands.Social anxiety disorder symptoms typically start in the teenage years, but meeting new people, giving a speech in public or making an important work presentation may trigger symptoms for the first time.
• Having an appearance or condition that draws attention.For example, facial disfigurement, stuttering or tremors due to Parkinson's disease can increase feelings of self-consciousness and may trigger social anxiety disorder in some people.
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What are the complications of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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Left untreated, social anxiety disorder can control your life. Anxieties can interfere with work, school, relationships or enjoyment of life. This disorder can cause:
• Low self-esteem
• Trouble being assertive
• Negative self-talk
• Hypersensitivity to criticism
• Poor social skills
• Isolation and difficult social relationships
• Low academic and employment achievement
• Substance abuse, such as drinking too much alcohol
• Suicide or suicide attempts
Other anxiety disorders and certain other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and substance abuse problems, often occur with social anxiety disorder.
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What is the prevention of Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
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There's no way to predict what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:
• Get help early.Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.
• Keep a journal.Keeping track of your personal life can help you and your mental health professional identify what's causing you stress and what seems to help you feel better.
• Set priorities in your life.You can reduce anxiety by carefully managing your time and energy. Make sure that you spend time doing things you enjoy.
• Avoid unhealthy substance use.Alcohol and drug use and even caffeine or nicotine use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your health care provider or find a treatment program or support group to help you.
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What are the Overview of Sprained ankle?
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A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way. This can stretch or tear the tough bands of tissue (ligaments) that help hold your ankle bones together.
Ligaments help stabilize joints, preventing excessive movement. A sprained ankle occurs when the ligaments are forced beyond their normal range of motion. Most sprained ankles involve injuries to the ligaments on the outer side of the ankle.
Treatment for a sprained ankle depends on the severity of the injury. Although self-care measures and over-the-counter pain medications may be all you need, a medical evaluation might be necessary to reveal how badly you've sprained your ankle and to determine the appropriate treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Sprained ankle?
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Signs and symptoms of a sprained ankle vary depending on the severity of the injury. They may include:
• Pain, especially when you bear weight on the affected foot
• Tenderness when you touch the ankle
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Restricted range of motion
• Instability in the ankle
• Popping sensation or sound at the time of injury
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What are the causes of Sprained ankle?
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A sprain occurs when your ankle is forced to move out of its normal position, which can cause one or more of the ankle's ligaments to stretch, partially tear or tear completely.
Causes of a sprained ankle might include:
• A fall that causes your ankle to twist
• Landing awkwardly on your foot after jumping or pivoting
• Walking or exercising on an uneven surface
• Another person stepping or landing on your foot during a sports activity
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What are the risk factors of Sprained ankle?
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Factors that increase your risk of a sprained ankle include:
• Sports participation.Ankle sprains are a common sports injury, particularly in sports that require jumping, cutting action, or rolling or twisting of the foot such as basketball, tennis, football, soccer and trail running.
• Uneven surfaces.Walking or running on uneven surfaces or poor field conditions may increase the risk of an ankle sprain.
• Prior ankle injury.Once you've sprained your ankle or had another type of ankle injury, you're more likely to sprain it again.
• Poor physical condition.Poor strength or flexibility in the ankles may increase the risk of a sprain when participating in sports.
• Improper shoes.Shoes that don't fit properly or aren't appropriate for an activity, as well as high-heeled shoes in general, make ankles more vulnerable to injury.
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What are the complications of Sprained ankle?
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Failing to treat a sprained ankle properly, engaging in activities too soon after spraining your ankle or spraining your ankle repeatedly might lead to the following complications:
• Chronic ankle pain
• Chronic ankle joint instability
• Arthritis in the ankle joint
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