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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of episodic retrosternal chest pain. She currently feels well. The pain is unrelated to exercise and does not radiate. The episodes typically last less than 15 minutes and lead to feelings of anxiety; resting relieves the pain. She has not had dyspnea or cough. She has hyperlipidemia treated with simvastatin. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 104/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 124/76 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in this patient?? {'A': 'Coronary CT angiogram', 'B': 'Nuclear exercise stress test', 'C': 'Troponin I measurement', 'D': 'No further testing needed', 'E': 'Dobutamine stress echocardiography'},
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D: No further testing needed
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of swelling of her legs for 2 months. She has noticed that her legs gradually swell up throughout the day. Two years ago, she underwent a coronary angioplasty. She has hypertension and coronary artery disease. She works as a waitress at a local diner. Her father died of liver cancer at the age of 61 years. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 31 years. She drinks one to two glasses of wine daily and occasionally more on weekends. Current medications include aspirin, metoprolol, and rosuvastatin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremities. There are several dilated, tortuous veins over both calves. Multiple excoriation marks are noted over both ankles. Peripheral pulses are palpated bilaterally. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, gallops, or rubs. The abdomen is soft and nontender; there is no organomegaly. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan of abdomen and pelvis', 'B': 'Sclerotherapy', 'C': 'Compression stockings', 'D': 'Adjust antihypertensive medication', 'E': 'Abdominal ultrasound'},
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C: Compression stockings
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 51-year-old woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation comes to the physician for a follow-up visit. She feels well and wants to discuss pausing her only current medication, flecainide. Her pulse is 75/min and regular, blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG shows a PR interval of 180 ms, QRS time of 120 ms, and corrected QT interval of 440 ms. Which of the following ECG changes is most likely to be seen on cardiac stress testing in this patient?? {'A': 'Prolonged QTc interval', 'B': 'False-positive ST-segment depression', 'C': 'Shortened PR interval', 'D': 'Prolonged QRS complex', 'E': 'Decreased maximal heart rate'},
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D: Prolonged QRS complex
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 4-year-old male is brought to the pediatrician for a low-grade fever. His mother states that he has had a waxing and waning fever for the past 6 days with temperatures ranging from 99.8°F (37.7°C) to 101.0°F (38.3°C). She reports that he had a similar episode three months ago. She also reports symmetric joint swelling in the child’s knees and wrists that has become increasingly noticeable over the past 8 weeks. He has not had a cough, difficulty breathing, or change in his bowel movements. The child was born at 40 weeks gestation. His height and weight are in the 45th and 40th percentiles, respectively. He takes no medications. His temperature is 100.1°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 100/65 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, there is a non-pruritic, macular, salmon-colored truncal rash. Serological examination reveals the following: Serum: Rheumatoid factor: Negative Anti-nuclear antibody: Negative Anti-double stranded DNA: Negative Anti-SSA: Negative Anti-SSB: Negative Human leukocyte antigen B27: Positive Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 30 mm/h This patient is most likely at increased risk of developing which of the following?? {'A': 'Iridocyclitis', 'B': 'Sacroiliitis', 'C': 'Scoliosis', 'D': 'Aortitis', 'E': 'Dactylitis'},
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A: Iridocyclitis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening chest pain on exertion. She was diagnosed with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia 3 months ago. At the time of diagnosis, she was able to walk for 15 minutes on the treadmill until the onset of chest pain. Her endurance had improved temporarily after she began medical treatment and she was able to walk her dog for 30 minutes daily without experiencing chest pain. Her current medications include daily aspirin, metoprolol, atorvastatin, and isosorbide dinitrate four times daily. Her pulse is 55/min and blood pressure is 115/78 mm Hg. Treadmill walking test shows an onset of chest pain after 18 minutes. Which of the following is most likely to improve this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Increase dose of daily metoprolol', 'B': 'Avoid isosorbide dinitrate at night', 'C': 'Discontinue atorvastatin therapy', 'D': 'Add tadalafil to medication regimen', 'E': 'Decrease amount of aerobic exercise'},
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B: Avoid isosorbide dinitrate at night
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with colicky pain radiating to his left groin. The pain has been intermittent for several days. He has also been experiencing occasional burning pain in his hands and feet and frequent headaches. His past medical history is significant for an NSTEMI last year. He is currently taking atorvastatin and low dose aspirin. Today his temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), the heart rate is 103/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, the blood pressure 135/85 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. On physical exam, he appears gaunt and anxious. His heart is tachycardia with a regular rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. On abdominal exam he has hepatomegaly. A thorough blood analysis reveals a hemoglobin of 22 mg/dL and a significantly reduced EPO. Renal function and serum electrolytes are within normal limits. A urinalysis is positive for blood. A non-contrast CT shows a large kidney stone obstructing the left ureter. The patient’s pain is managed with acetaminophen and the stone passes with adequate hydration. It is sent to pathology for analysis. Additionally, a bone marrow biopsy is performed which reveals trilineage hematopoiesis and hypercellularity with a JAK2 mutation. Which medication would help prevent future episodes of nephrolithiasis?? {'A': 'Allopurinol', 'B': 'Probenecid', 'C': 'Thiazide', 'D': 'Hydroxyurea', 'E': 'Antihistamines'},
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A: Allopurinol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of nausea and chronic abdominal pain that is worse after eating. She has Hashimoto thyroiditis. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. A biopsy specimen of the corpus of the stomach shows destruction of the upper glandular layer of the gastric mucosa and G-cell hyperplasia. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Gastric adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Duodenal perforation', 'C': 'Curling ulcer', 'D': 'Aplastic anemia', 'E': 'Gastric MALT lymphoma'},
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A: Gastric adenocarcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 20-year-old female presents to the emergency department with squeezing right upper quadrant pain worse after eating. She has a history of a microcytic, hypochromic anemia with target cells. Physical exam shows severe tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant and a positive Murphy's sign. By genetic analysis a single point mutation is detected in the gene of interest. Despite this seemingly minor mutation, the protein encoded by this gene is found to be missing a group of 5 consecutive amino acids though the amino acids on either side of this sequence are preserved. This point mutation is most likely located in which of the following regions of the affected gene?? {'A': 'Exon', 'B': 'Intron', 'C': 'Kozak consensus sequence', 'D': 'Polyadenylation sequence', 'E': 'Transcriptional promoter'},
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A: Exon
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old woman is referred to a neurologist for a hand tremor. Her symptoms began a few months prior to presentation and has progressively worsened. She noticed she was having difficulty drinking her coffee and writing in her notebook. The patient reports that her father also had a tremor but is unsure what type of tremor it was. She drinks 2-3 glasses of wine per week and only takes a multivitamin. Laboratory studies prior to seeing the neurologist demonstrated a normal basic metabolic panel and thyroid studies. On physical exam, there is a mid-amplitude 8 Hz frequency postural tremor of the right hand. The tremor is notable when the right hand is outstretched to the very end of finger-to-nose testing. Neurologic exam is otherwise normal. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient?? {'A': 'Alprazolam', 'B': 'Botulism-toxin injection', 'C': 'Deep brain stimulation', 'D': 'Levodopa-carbidopa', 'E': 'Primidone'},
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E: Primidone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 38-year-old man complains of a persistent high fever with chills, malaise, and diffuse abdominal pain for over a week. He recently returned from a trip to India. The fever began slowly and climbed its way up to 40.0°C (104.0°F) over the last 4 days. A physical exam reveals a white-coated tongue, enlarged spleen, and rose spots on the abdomen. A bone marrow aspirate was sent for culture which revealed motile gram-negative rods. Which of the following is true about the organism and the pathophysiology of this condition?? {'A': 'It forms blue-green colonies with fruity odor.', 'B': "It survives intracellularly within phagocytes of Peyer's patches.", 'C': 'Splenectomy may be necessary for carriers.', 'D': 'Incidence increases after cholecystectomy.', 'E': 'It releases a toxin which inactivates 60S ribosomes.'},
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B: It survives intracellularly within phagocytes of Peyer's patches.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department for evaluation of fever, poor feeding, and cough that began after she returned with her family from a trip to Mexico 1 week ago. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 28/min, and blood pressure is 78/56 mm Hg. An x-ray of the chest shows a reticulonodular infiltrate throughout the lungs and a left-sided pleural effusion. A peripheral blood smear shows acid-fast bacilli. Which of the following abnormalities is most likely to be present?? {'A': 'Mutation in WAS gene', 'B': 'Mutations in common gamma chain gene', 'C': 'Decreased PTH levels', 'D': 'Absent B cells with normal T-cell count', 'E': 'Decreased IFN-γ levels'},
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E: Decreased IFN-γ levels
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old college student was playing basketball when he fell directly onto his left elbow. He had sudden, intense pain and was unable to move his elbow. He was taken immediately to the emergency room by his teammates. He has no prior history of trauma or any chronic medical conditions. His blood pressure is 128/84 mm Hg, the heart rate is 92/min, and the respiratory rate is 14/min. He is in moderate distress and is holding onto his left elbow. On physical examination, pinprick sensation is absent in the left 5th digit and the medial aspect of the left 4th digit. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Axillary neuropathy', 'B': 'Radial neuropathy', 'C': 'Musculocutaneous neuropathy', 'D': 'Median neuropathy', 'E': 'Ulnar neuropathy'},
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E: Ulnar neuropathy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 20-week-old infant is brought to an urgent care clinic by her mother because she has not been eating well for the past 2 days. The mother said her daughter has also been "floppy" since yesterday morning and has been unable to move or open her eyes since the afternoon of the same day. The child has recently started solid foods, like cereals sweetened with honey. There is no history of loose, watery stools. On examination, the child is lethargic with lax muscle tone. She does not have a fever or apparent respiratory distress. What is the most likely mode of transmission of the pathogen responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Direct contact', 'B': 'Airborne transmission', 'C': 'Vector-borne disease', 'D': 'Contaminated food', 'E': 'Vertical transmission'},
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D: Contaminated food
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with headaches. She says the headaches started about a month ago, and although initially, they were intermittent, over the past 2 weeks, they have progressively worsened. She describes the pain as severe, worse on the left than the right, and relieved somewhat by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The headaches are usually associated with nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. She denies any changes in vision, seizures, similar past symptoms, or focal neurologic deficits. Past medical history is significant for a posterior communicating artery aneurysm, status post-clipping 10 years ago. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 135/90 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse 80/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Her body mass index (BMI) is 36 kg/m2. On physical examination, the patient is alert and oriented. Her pupils are 3 mm on the right and mid-dilated on the left with subtle left-sided ptosis. Ophthalmic examination reveals a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.4 on the right and 0.5 on the left. The remainder of her cranial nerves are intact. She has 5/5 strength and 2+ reflexes in her upper extremities bilaterally and her left leg; her right leg has 3/5 strength with 1+ reflexes at the knee and ankle. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following findings in this patient most strongly suggests a further diagnostic workup?? {'A': 'Left eye findings', 'B': 'Right-sided weakness', 'C': 'Obesity', 'D': 'Age of onset', 'E': 'Photophobia'},
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B: Right-sided weakness
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to her physician for difficulty breathing. She states that this typically happens to her when she goes outside and improves with rest and staying indoors. Her symptoms are currently worse than usual. The patient has never seen a physician before and has no diagnosed past medical history. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 97/58 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 25/min, and oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. Pulmonary function tests demonstrate a decreased inspiratory and expiratory flow rate. Which of the following is the best initial treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Albuterol', 'B': 'Diphenhydramine', 'C': 'Epinephrine', 'D': 'Intubation', 'E': 'Prednisone'},
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C: Epinephrine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 44-year-old man presents to his psychiatrist for a follow-up appointment. He is currently being treated for schizophrenia. He states that he is doing well but has experienced some odd movement of his face recently. The patient's sister is with him and states that he has been more reclusive lately and holding what seems to be conversations despite nobody being in his room with him. She has not noticed improvement in his symptoms despite changes in his medications that the psychiatrist has made at the last 3 appointments. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 157/88 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for rhythmic movements of the patient's mouth and tongue. Which of the following is a side effect of the next best step in management?? {'A': 'Anxiolysis', 'B': 'Dry mouth and dry eyes', 'C': 'Infection', 'D': 'QT prolongation on EKG', 'E': 'Worsening of psychotic symptoms'},
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C: Infection
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 46-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of fatigue and cramping abdominal pain. He works at a gun range. Examination shows pale conjunctivae and gingival hyperpigmentation. There is weakness when extending the left wrist against resistance. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Beta‑2 microglobulin in urine', 'B': 'White bands across the nails', 'C': 'Septal thickening on chest x-ray', 'D': 'Increased total iron binding capacity', 'E': 'Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes'},
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E: Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the clinic for establishment of care. He recently retired and moved to Florida with his wife. His past medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, chronic back pain, and hyperlipidemia. According to the patient, he takes lisinopril, metformin, atorvastatin, acetaminophen, and methadone. His previous doctor prescribed methadone for breakthrough pain as he has been having more severe pain episodes due to the recent move. He is currently out of his methadone and asks for a refill on the prescription. A physical examination is unremarkable except for mild lower extremity edema bilaterally and diffuse lower back pain upon palpation. What is the best initial step in the management of this patient?? {'A': "Assess the patient's pain medication history", 'B': 'Encourage the patient to switch to duloxetine', 'C': 'Inform the patient that methadone is not the best option and do not prescribe', 'D': 'Prescribe a limited dose of methadone for breakthrough back pain', 'E': 'Refer the patient to a pain management clinic'},
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A: Assess the patient's pain medication history
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 75-year-old man presents to the physician because of bloody urine, which has occurred several times over the past month. He has no dysuria or flank pain. He has no history of serious illness, and he currently takes no medications. He is a 40-pack-year smoker. The vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam shows no abnormalities except generalized lung wheezing. The laboratory test results are as follows: Urine: Blood 3+ RBC > 100/hpf WBC 1–2/hpf RBC casts negative Bacteria not seen Cystoscopy reveals a solitary tumor in the bladder. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor is performed. The tumor is 4 cm. Histologic evaluation shows invasion of the immediate epithelium of cells by a high-grade urothelial carcinoma without invasion of the underlying tissue or muscularis propria. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Bladder radiation', 'B': 'Bladder-sparing partial cystectomy', 'C': 'Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)', 'D': 'Systemic combination chemotherapy', 'E': 'No further treatment is needed at this time'},
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C: Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the emergency room for severe left leg pain several hours after injuring himself on a gardening tool. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F) and his pulse is 105/min. Physical examination of the left leg shows a small laceration on the ankle surrounded by dusky skin and overlying bullae extending to the posterior thigh. There is a crackling sound when the skin is palpated. Surgical exploration shows necrosis of the gastrocnemius muscles and surrounding tissues. Tissue culture shows anaerobic gram-positive rods and a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of cellular damage caused by the responsible pathogen?? {'A': 'Lipopolysaccharide-induced complement and macrophage activation', 'B': 'Degradation of cell membranes by phospholipase', 'C': 'Increase of intracellular cAMP by adenylate cyclase', 'D': 'Inactivation of elongation factor by ribosyltransferase', 'E': 'Inhibition of neurotransmitter release by protease'},
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B: Degradation of cell membranes by phospholipase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old male presents to clinic today complaining that his medication has stopped working. He states despite being able to manage the side effects, a voice has returned again telling him to hurt his Mother. You prescribe him a drug which has shown improved efficacy in treating his disorder but requires frequent followup visits. One week later he returns with the following lab results: WBC : 2500 cells/mcL, Neutrophils : 55% and, Bands : 1%. What drug was this patient prescribed?? {'A': 'Olanzapine', 'B': 'Halperidol', 'C': 'Chlorpromazine', 'D': 'Clozapine', 'E': 'Lurasidone'},
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D: Clozapine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for fatigue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. He states that this issue has occurred throughout his life but seems to “flare up” on occasion. He states that his GI pain is relieved with defecation, and his stools are frequent, large, and particularly foul-smelling. The patient has a past medical history of an ACL tear, as well as a car accident that resulted in the patient needing a transfusion and epinephrine to treat transfusion anaphylaxis. His current medications include vitamin D and ibuprofen. He recently returned from a camping trip in the eastern United States. He states that on the trip they cooked packed meats over an open fire and obtained water from local streams. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 120/77 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals poor motor control and an ataxic gait on neurologic exam. Cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. Laboratory studies are ordered and return as below: Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL Hematocrit: 25% Haptoglobin: 12 mg/dL Leukocyte count: 7,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 255,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 5.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 24 mg/dL Glucose: 82 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.0 mg/dL LDH: 457 U/L AST: 11 U/L ALT: 11 U/L Radiography is ordered which reveals a stress fracture in the patient’s left tibia. Which of the following is the best confirmatory test for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Stool ELISA', 'B': 'Iron studies', 'C': 'Vitamin E level', 'D': 'Vitamin B12 and folate level', 'E': 'Bowel wall biopsy'},
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E: Bowel wall biopsy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-month-old boy has a malodorous umbilical discharge that developed shortly after umbilical cord separation. He was treated for omphalitis with 3 doses of antibiotics. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate 125/min, respiratory rate 34/min, and temperature 36.8℃ (98.2℉). On physical examination, he appears active and well-nourished. The skin in the periumbilical region is red and macerated. There is a slight green-yellow discharge from the umbilicus which resembles feces. The remnant of which structure is most likely causing the patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Urachus', 'B': 'Right umbilical artery', 'C': 'Left umbilical artery', 'D': 'Omphalomesenteric duct', 'E': 'Umbilical vein'},
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D: Omphalomesenteric duct
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old woman with a history of multiple sclerosis and recurrent urinary tract infections comes to the emergency department because of flank pain and fever. Her temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F). Examination shows left-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. She is admitted to the hospital and started on intravenous vancomycin. Three days later, her symptoms have not improved. Urine culture shows growth of Enterococcus faecalis. Which of the following best describes the most likely mechanism of antibiotic resistance in this patient?? {'A': 'Production of beta-lactamase', 'B': 'Alteration of penicillin-binding proteins', 'C': 'Increased efflux across bacterial cell membranes', 'D': 'Alteration of peptidoglycan synthesis', 'E': 'Alteration of ribosomal targets'},
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D: Alteration of peptidoglycan synthesis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old gravida 1-para-1 (G1P1) presents to the emergency department with severe lower abdominal pain that started several hours ago. She has had fevers, malaise, and nausea for the last 2 days. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. Her past medical history is insignificant. She has had 3 sexual partners in the past 1 month and uses oral contraception. The vital signs include temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F), and blood pressure 120/75 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is abdominal tenderness in the lower quadrants. Uterine and adnexal tenderness is also elicited. A urine test is negative for pregnancy. On speculum examination, the cervix is inflamed with motion tenderness and a yellow-white purulent discharge. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Vaginitis', 'B': 'Cervicitis', 'C': 'Pelvic inflammatory disease', 'D': 'Ruptured ectopic pregnancy', 'E': 'Urinary tract infection'},
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C: Pelvic inflammatory disease
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 54-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient states that the pain acute onset approximately 3 hours ago and has not improved. He denies any fever or chills. His last bowel movement was yesterday morning which was normal. The patient has a history of hypertension and infectious endocarditis 7 years ago. Current medications are hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril. Patient denies any history of gastrointestinal disease although notes he frequently has abdominal discomfort after meals. Vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, respiratory rate 22/min, and temperature of 37.4℃ (99.3℉). On physical examination, the patient is agitated and appears to be in significant pain. Lungs are clear to auscultation. The cardiac exam is significant for a 2/6 pansystolic grade murmur best heard at the apex and the presence of a pulse deficit. The abdomen is soft and nondistended, but there is tenderness to palpation in the periumbilical region. No rebound or guarding. Bowel sounds are present. Laboratory tests show the following results: RBC count 4.4 x 106/mm3 Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL Hematocrit 35% Leukocyte count 12,400/mm3 Platelet count 312,000/mm3 Serum: Na+ 140 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L K+ 4.4 mEq/L HCO3 20 mEq/L Base deficit -4 BUN 11 mg/dL Glucose 97 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+ 10.7 mg/dL Lactate 7.6 mmol/L Amylase 240 U/L Stool guaiac negative EKG is significant for findings consistent with atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following findings is most likely to be seen on this patient’s contrast CT of the abdomen?? {'A': 'Dilated appendix with distended lumen and thickened wall', 'B': 'Numerous round and tubular structures communicating with the small intestine wall', 'C': 'Inner and outer layer enhancement of the bowel wall with non-enhancing middle layer', 'D': 'Lack of enhancement of the branches of the superior mesenteric artery', 'E': 'Loss of normal haustral markings of the large bowel'},
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D: Lack of enhancement of the branches of the superior mesenteric artery
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old woman presents to the family medicine clinic with a lump in her breast for the past 6 months. She states that she has been doing breast self-examinations once a month. She has a medical history significant for generalized anxiety disorder and systemic lupus erythematosus. She takes sertraline and hydroxychloroquine for her medical conditions. The heart rate is 102/min, and the rest of the vital signs are stable. On physical examination, the patient appears anxious and tired. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Capillary refill is 2 seconds. There is no axillary lymphadenopathy present. Palpation of the left breast reveals a 2 x 2 cm mass. What is the most appropriate next step given the history of the patient?? {'A': 'Referral to general surgery', 'B': 'Mammography', 'C': 'Lumpectomy', 'D': 'Biopsy of the mass', 'E': 'Continue breast self-examinations'},
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B: Mammography
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 31 weeks gestation is admitted to the hospital because of regular contractions and pelvic pressure for 3 hours. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated so far. She has attended many prenatal appointments and followed the physician's advice about screening for diseases, laboratory testing, diet, and exercise. She has no history of fluid leakage or bleeding. Her previous pregnancy was complicated by a preterm delivery at 34 weeks gestation. She smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 10 years before pregnancy and has smoked 4 cigarettes daily during pregnancy. At the hospital, her temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), blood pressure is 108/60 mm Hg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 16/min. Cervical examination shows 2 cm dilation with intact membranes. Fetal examination shows no abnormalities. A cardiotocography shows a contraction amplitude of 220 montevideo units (MVU) in 10 minutes. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy at this time?? {'A': 'Betamethasone + Progesterone', 'B': 'Magnesium sulfate + Betamethasone', 'C': 'Oxytocin + Magnesium sulfate', 'D': 'Progesterone + Terbutaline', 'E': 'Terbutaline + Oxytocin'},
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B: Magnesium sulfate + Betamethasone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of a sore throat and painful lesions in his mouth for the past few days. Six weeks ago, he underwent cardiac catheterization and stent implantation of the left anterior descending artery for treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacotherapy with dual antiplatelet medication was started. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Oral examination shows several shallow ulcers on the buccal mucosa. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 41.5% Leukocyte count 1,050/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 35% Platelet count 175,000/mm3 Which of the following drugs is most likely responsible for this patient's current condition?"? {'A': 'Abciximab', 'B': 'Ticlopidine', 'C': 'Apixaban', 'D': 'Enoxaparin', 'E': 'Aspirin'},
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B: Ticlopidine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 31-year-old G3P2 who is at 24 weeks gestation presents for a regular check-up. She has no complaints, no concurrent diseases, and her previous pregnancies were vaginal deliveries with birth weights of 3100 g and 4180 g. The patient weighs 78 kg (172 lb) and is 164 cm (5 ft 5 in) in height. She has gained 10 kg (22 lb) during the current pregnancy. Her vital signs and physical examination are normal. The plasma glucose level is 190 mg/dL after a 75-g oral glucose load. Which of the listed factors contributes to the pathogenesis of the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Insulin antagonism of human placental lactogen', 'B': 'Production of autoantibodies against pancreatic beta cells', 'C': 'Decrease in insulin sensitivity of maternal tissues caused by alpha-fetoprotein', 'D': 'Point mutations in the gene coding for insulin', 'E': 'Decrease in insulin gene expression'},
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A: Insulin antagonism of human placental lactogen
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Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. For the past year, he has had increasing calf cramping in both legs when walking, especially on an incline. He has hypertension. Since the last visit 6 months ago, he has been exercising on a treadmill four times a week; he has been walking until the pain starts and then continues after a short break. He has a history of hypertension controlled with enalapril. He had smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 35 years but quit 5 months ago. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 132/78 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The calves and feet are pale. Femoral pulses can be palpated bilaterally; pedal pulses are absent. His ankle-brachial index is 0.6. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Clopidogrel and simvastatin', 'B': 'Operative vascular reconstruction', 'C': 'Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting', 'D': 'Vancomycin and piperacillin', 'E': 'Rest and orthotic braces'},
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A: Clopidogrel and simvastatin
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because his parents are concerned about his early sexual development. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. His brother was diagnosed with testicular cancer 5 years ago and underwent a radical orchiectomy. The patient is at the 85th percentile for height and 70th percentile for weight. Examination shows greasy facial skin. There is coarse axillary hair. Pubic hair development is at Tanner stage 3 and testicular development is at Tanner stage 2. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the wrist shows a bone age of 10 years. Basal serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are elevated. An MRI of the brain shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Radiation therapy', 'B': 'Cortisol supplementation', 'C': 'Leuprolide therapy', 'D': 'Testicular ultrasound', 'E': 'Observation'},
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C: Leuprolide therapy
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Q:A 41-year-old male presents to his primary care provider after seeing bright red blood in the toilet bowl after his last two bowel movements. He reports that the second time he also noticed some blood mixed with his stool. The patient denies abdominal pain and any changes in his stool habits. He notes a weight loss of eight pounds in the last two months. His past medical history is significant for an episode of pancreatitis two years ago for which he was hospitalized for several days. He drinks 2-3 beers on the weekend, and he has never smoked. He has no family history of colon cancer. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 135/78 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 14/min. On physical exam, his abdomen is soft and nontender to palpation. Bowel sounds are present, and there is no hepatomegaly. Which of the following is the best next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Complete blood count', 'B': 'Abdominal CT', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'Barium enema', 'E': 'Anoscopy'},
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C: Colonoscopy
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Q:You are interested in studying the etiology of heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and attempt to construct an appropriate design study. Specifically, you wish to look for potential causality between dietary glucose consumption and HFrEF. Which of the following study designs would allow you to assess for and determine this causality?? {'A': 'Randomized controlled trial', 'B': 'Cohort study', 'C': 'Cross-sectional study', 'D': 'Case-control study', 'E': 'Case series'},
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B: Cohort study
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Q:A 66-year-old man comes to the physician because of yellowish discoloration of his eyes and skin, abdominal discomfort, and generalized fatigue for the past 2 weeks. He has had dark urine and pale stools during this period. He has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss since his last visit 6 months ago. He has hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 34 years. He drinks three to four beers over the weekends. His only medication is amlodipine. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 89/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 114/74 mm Hg. Examination shows jaundice of the sclera and skin and excoriation marks on his trunk and extremities. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12 g/dL Leukocyte count 5,000/mm3 Platelet count 400,000/mm3 Serum Urea nitrogen 28 mg/dL Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Bilirubin Total 7.0 mg/dL Direct 5.5 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 615 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 170 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 310 U/L γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 592 U/L (N = 5–50 U/L) An ultrasound shows extrahepatic biliary dilation. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 2.5-cm (1-in) mass in the head of the pancreas with no abdominal lymphadenopathy. The patient undergoes biliary stenting. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?"? {'A': 'Stereotactic radiation therapy', 'B': 'Gastroenterostomy', 'C': 'Pancreaticoduodenectomy', 'D': 'Gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil therapy', 'E': 'Central pancreatectomy'},
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C: Pancreaticoduodenectomy
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Q:A 38-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic for an annual employee health checkup. He does not have any complaints at the moment except for skin changes, as seen in the following image. He denies any history of trauma. His medical history is insignificant. His family history is negative for any skin disorders or autoimmune disease. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for this presentation?? {'A': 'Defect in melanoblast migration from the neural crest', 'B': 'Autoreactive T cells against melanocytes', 'C': 'Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation', 'D': 'Melanocytes unable to synthesize melanin', 'E': 'Invasion of the stratum corneum by Malassezia'},
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B: Autoreactive T cells against melanocytes
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Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought to a psychotherapist for counseling because he was physically abused by his father. During the first therapy session, the patient recounts the numerous encounters that he had with his abuser. At the end of the session, the therapist, who lost her own son in a car accident when he was 15 years old, refuses to let the patient take the bus back alone to his custodial guardian's home. She offers to take him back in her own car instead, saying, “This way, I will rest assured that you have reached home safely”. The therapist's behavior can be best described as an instance of which of the following?? {'A': 'Displacement', 'B': 'Isolation', 'C': 'Sublimation', 'D': 'Countertransference', 'E': 'Identification'},
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D: Countertransference
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Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of repeated episodes of “daydreaming.” The mother reports that during these episodes the boy interrupts his current activity and just “stares into space.” She says that he sometimes also smacks his lips. The episodes typically last 1–2 minutes. Over the past 2 months, they have occurred 2–3 times per week. The episodes initially only occurred at school, but last week the patient had one while he was playing baseball with his father. When his father tried to talk to him, he did not seem to listen. After the episode, he was confused for 10 minutes and too tired to play. The patient has been healthy except for an episode of otitis media 1 year ago that was treated with amoxicillin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical and neurological examinations show no other abnormalities. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Defiant behavior towards figures of authority', 'B': 'Impairment in communication and social interaction', 'C': 'Temporal lobe spikes on EEG', 'D': 'Conductive hearing loss on audiometry', 'E': 'Normal neurodevelopment'},
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C: Temporal lobe spikes on EEG
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Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother. She is concerned because her son’s face has been swollen over the past 2 days. Upon further questioning, the boy reports having darker urine without dysuria. The boy was seen by his pediatrician 10 days prior to presentation with a crusty yellow sore on his right upper lip that has since resolved. His medical history is notable for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he has mild periorbital edema. Serological findings are shown below: C2: Normal C3: Decreased C4: Normal CH50: Decreased Additional workup is pending. This patient most likely has a condition caused by which of the following?? {'A': 'Antigen-antibody complex deposition', 'B': 'Effector T cell sensitization and activation', 'C': 'IgE-mediated complement activation', 'D': 'IgM-mediated complement activation targeting antigens on the cellular surface', 'E': 'IgG-mediated complement activation targeting antigens on the cellular surface'},
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A: Antigen-antibody complex deposition
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Q:A 34-year-old pregnant woman with unknown medical history is admitted to the hospital at her 36th week of gestation with painful contractions. She received no proper prenatal care during the current pregnancy. On presentation, her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg, heart rate is 102/min, respiratory rate is 23/min, and temperature is 37.0℃ (98.6℉). Fetal heart rate is 179/min. Pelvic examination shows a closed non-effaced cervix. During the examination, the patient experiences a strong contraction accompanied by a high-intensity pain after which contractions disappear. The fetal heart rate becomes 85/min and continues to decrease. The fetal head is now floating. Which of the following factors would most likely be present in the patient’s history?? {'A': 'Postabortion metroendometritis', 'B': 'Intrauterine synechiae', 'C': 'Adenomyosis', 'D': 'Fundal cesarean delivery', 'E': 'Multiple vaginal births'},
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D: Fundal cesarean delivery
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Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her family physician with pain on the front of her right knee. The pain started 2 months ago after she began training for a marathon, and it was gradual in onset and has slowly worsened. The pain increases with prolonged sitting and climbing stairs. She denies significant knee trauma. Her only medication is diclofenac sodium as needed for pain. Medical history is unremarkable. The vital signs include: temperature 36.9°C (98.4°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, and heart rate 78/min. Her body mass index is 26 kg/m2. The pain is reproduced by applying direct pressure to the right patella, and there is increased patellar laxity with medial and lateral displacement. The remainder of the examination is otherwise unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Patellar tendonitis', 'B': 'Iliotibial band syndrome', 'C': 'Prepatellar bursitis', 'D': 'Patellofemoral pain syndrome', 'E': "Osgood-Schlatter's disease"},
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D: Patellofemoral pain syndrome
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Q:A 52-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office complaining of black, tarry stool. Which of the following possible causes of this patient's presentation is LEAST associated with the development of carcinoma?? {'A': "Barrett's esophagus", 'B': 'H. pylori infection', 'C': 'Adenomatous polyp', 'D': 'Gastric ulcer', 'E': 'Duodenal ulcer'},
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E: Duodenal ulcer
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Q:A 30-year-old man with a BMI of 33.7 kg/m2 presents with severe pain in his right toe that began this morning. He had a few beers last night at a friend’s party but otherwise has had no recent dietary changes. On examination, the right toe appears swollen, warm, red, and tender to touch. Joint aspiration is performed. What will examination of the fluid most likely reveal?? {'A': 'Increased glucose', 'B': 'Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals on polarized light', 'C': 'Rhomboid-shaped, positively birefringent crystals on polarized light', 'D': 'Gram-negative diplococci', 'E': 'Anti-CCP antibodies'},
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B: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals on polarized light
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Q:A 38-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of increasing shortness of breath over the past 2 months. He reports experiencing an extended illness of several weeks as a child that required him to miss school. He is unsure but believes it involved a sore throat followed by a fever and joint pains. He does not recall seeing a physician or receiving treatment for this. Today, on physical examination, cardiac auscultation reveals an opening snap after the second heart sound followed by a diastolic murmur. A follow-up echocardiogram is conducted. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Annular calcification', 'B': 'Epitope homology', 'C': 'Myocardial ischemia', 'D': 'Atherosclerosis', 'E': 'Congenital heart defect'},
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B: Epitope homology
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Q:A 56-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with an episode of nausea and severe unrelenting right upper abdominal pain. She had a cholecystectomy for gallstones a year earlier and has since experienced frequent recurrences of abdominal pain, most often after a meal. Her past medical history is otherwise unremarkable and she only takes medications for her pain when it becomes intolerable. Her physical exam is normal except for an intense abdominal pain upon deep palpation of her right upper quadrant. Her laboratory values are unremarkable with the exception of a mildly elevated alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and lipase. Her abdominal ultrasound shows a slightly enlarged common bile duct at 8 mm in diameter (N = up to 6 mm) and a normal pancreatic duct. The patient is referred to a gastroenterology service for an ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) to stent her common bile duct. During the procedure the sphincter at the entrance to the duct is constricted. Which statement best describes the regulation of the function of the sphincter which is hampering the cannulation of the pancreatic duct in this patient?? {'A': 'A hormone released by the I cells of the duodenum in the presence of fatty acids is the most effective cause of relaxation.', 'B': 'The sphincter is contracted between meals.', 'C': 'Sphincter relaxation is enhanced via stimulation of opioid receptors.', 'D': 'A hormone released by the M cells of the duodenum is the most effective cause of relaxation.', 'E': 'Regulation of function of the sphincter of Oddi does not involve neural inputs.'},
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A: A hormone released by the I cells of the duodenum in the presence of fatty acids is the most effective cause of relaxation.
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Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of black, tarry stools. He has also had upper abdominal pain that occurs immediately after eating and a 4.4-kg (9.7-lb) weight loss in the past 6 months. He has no history of major medical illness but drinks 3 beers daily. His only medication is acetaminophen. He is a financial consultant and travels often for work. Physical examination shows pallor and mild epigastric pain. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows a bleeding 15-mm ulcer in the antrum of the stomach. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Age above 40 years', 'B': 'Alcohol consumption', 'C': 'Acetaminophen use', 'D': 'Work-related stress', 'E': 'Helicobacter pylori infection'},
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E: Helicobacter pylori infection
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Q:A 62-year-old Nigerian woman arrived 2 days ago to the US to visit her adult children from Nigeria. She is now brought to an urgent care center by her daughter for leg pain. Her right leg has been painful for 24 hours and is now causing her to limp. She denies any fevers, chills, or sweats and does not remember injuring her leg. She tells you she takes medications for hypertension and diabetes and occasionally for exertional chest pain. She has not had any recent chest pain. The right leg is swollen and tender. Flexion of the right ankle causes a worsening of the pain. Doppler ultrasonography reveals a large clot in a deep vein. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action?? {'A': 'Serologic tests for hypercoagulability', 'B': 'Initiation of warfarin', 'C': 'Initiation of heparin', 'D': 'Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Initiation of heparin followed by bridge to warfarin'},
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E: Initiation of heparin followed by bridge to warfarin
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Q:A 42-year-old G1P0 woman presents to an obstetrician for her first prenatal visit. She has been pregnant for about 10 weeks and is concerned about how pregnancy will affect her health. Specifically, she is afraid that her complicated medical history will be adversely affected by her pregnancy. Her past medical history is significant for mild polycythemia, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, easy bleeding, multiple sclerosis, and aortic regurgitation. Which of these disorders is most likely to increase in severity during the course of the pregnancy?? {'A': 'Easy bleeding', 'B': 'Heart murmur', 'C': 'Hypoventilation', 'D': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'E': 'Polycythemia'},
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B: Heart murmur
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Q:A 53-year-old man presents to a physician with repeated episodes of joint pain and fever for the last 3 months. The pain is present in the knee joints and small joints of the hands bilaterally. He recorded his temperature at home which never increased above 37.8°C (100.0°F). The medical history is significant for an acute myocardial infarction 1 year ago, with sustained ventricular tachycardia as a complication, for which he has been taking procainamide. The vital signs are as follows: pulse 88/min, blood pressure 134/88 mm Hg, respiratory rate 13/min, and temperature 37.2°C (99.0°F). On physical examination, he has mild joint swelling. A radiologic evaluation of the involved joints does not suggest osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Based on the laboratory evaluation, the physician suspects that the joint pain and fever may be due to the use of procainamide. Which of the following serologic finding is most likely to be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies', 'B': 'Decreased serum C4 level', 'C': 'Decreased serum C3 level', 'D': 'Presence of anti-histone antibodies', 'E': 'Presence of anti-Sm antibodies'},
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D: Presence of anti-histone antibodies
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Q:A 47-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife 30 minutes after the onset of nausea, sweating, and palpitations. On the way to the hospital, he had an episode of non-bloody vomiting and intravenous fluid resuscitation has been started. He has no history of similar symptoms. For the past 2 weeks, he has been trying to lose weight and has adjusted his diet and activity level. He eats a low-carb diet and runs 3 times a week for exercise; he came home from a training session 3 hours ago. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2 years ago that is controlled with basal insulin and metformin. He appears anxious. His pulse is 105/min and blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg. He is confused and oriented only to person. Examination shows diaphoresis and pallor. A fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 35 mg/dL. Shortly after, the patient loses consciousness and starts shaking. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Administer intravenous dextrose', 'B': 'Administer intravenous phenoxybenzamine', 'C': 'Administer intravenous lorazepam', 'D': 'Administer intramuscular glucagon', 'E': 'Obtain an EEG'},
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A: Administer intravenous dextrose
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Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of concern that she is the shortest in her class. She has always been short for her age, but she is upset now that her classmates have begun teasing her for her height. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is 109 cm (3 ft 7 in) tall (10th percentile) and weighs 20 kg (45 lb) (50th percentile). Her blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg. Vital signs are otherwise within normal limits. Physical examination shows a low-set hairline and a high-arched palate. Breast development is Tanner stage 1 and the nipples are widely spaced. Extremities are well perfused with strong peripheral pulses. Her hands are moderately edematous. This patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following complications?? {'A': 'Renal cell carcinoma', 'B': 'Precocious puberty', 'C': 'Aortic insufficiency', 'D': 'Ectopia lentis', 'E': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'},
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C: Aortic insufficiency
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Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the ED complaining of severe eye pain that started a few hours ago. The patient reports that he fell asleep while watching TV on the couch and woke up with right-sided eye pain and blurry vision. His wife drove him to the emergency room. His wife reports that since they arrived the patient has also been complaining of intense nausea. The patient denies fever, headache, or visual floaters. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus, and osteoarthritis. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, metformin, atorvastatin, and over-the-counter ibuprofen. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/82 mmHg, and pulse is 78/min. On physical examination, the right eye is firm with an injected conjunctiva and a mildly cloudy cornea. The pupil is dilated at 6 mm and is non-reactive to light. Ocular eye movements are intact. Vision is 20/200 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. The left eye exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?? {'A': 'Intravenous acetazolamide', 'B': 'Iridotomy', 'C': 'Retinal photocoagulation', 'D': 'Topical epinephrine', 'E': 'Topical prednisolone'},
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A: Intravenous acetazolamide
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Q:A 3-year-old boy presents to the office with his mother. She states that her son seems weak and unwilling to walk. He only learned how to walk recently after a very notable delay. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all verbal and social milestones but he has a great deal of trouble with gross and fine motor skills. Past medical history is noncontributory. He takes a multivitamin every day. The mother states that some boys on her side of the family have had similar symptoms and worries that her son might have the same condition. Today, the boy’s vital signs include: blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, heart rate 90/min, respiratory rate 22/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, the boy appears well developed and pleasant. He sits and listens and follows direction. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. He struggles to get up to a standing position after sitting on the floor. A genetic study is performed that reveals a significant deletion in the gene that codes for dystrophin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'B': 'Becker muscular dystrophy', 'C': 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy', 'D': 'Myotonic muscular dystrophy', 'E': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy'},
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A: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Q:A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after an apparent suicide attempt. She is unable to provide a history, but her husband reports that he found her at home severely confused and agitated. She reportedly mentioned swallowing several of her pills but was unable to provide additional details. Her husband reports that she has a history of Crohn disease, major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and prior heroin and alcohol abuse. She has not taken heroin or alcohol for 5 years and attends Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous regularly. She takes multiple medications but he is unable to recount which medications she takes and they are not in the electronic medical record. Her temperature is 103.9°F (39.9°C), blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg, pulse is 125/min, and respirations are 28/min. On exam, she appears agitated, diaphoretic, and is responding to internal stimuli. She has clonus in her bilateral feet. Pupils are 3 mm and reactive to light. Patellar and Achilles reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. She is given alprazolam for her agitation but she remains severely agitated and confused. Which of the following medications should be given to this patient?? {'A': 'Ammonium chloride', 'B': 'Cyproheptadine', 'C': 'Flumazenil', 'D': 'N-acetylcysteine', 'E': 'Naloxone'},
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B: Cyproheptadine
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Q:A 21-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident and died. At autopsy, the patient demonstrated abnormally increased mobility at the neck. A section of cervical spinal cord at C6 was removed and processed into slides. Which of the following gross anatomic features is most likely true of this spinal cord level?? {'A': 'Prominent lateral horns', 'B': 'Least amount of white matter', 'C': 'Absence of gray matter enlargement', 'D': 'Involvement with parasympathetic nervous system', 'E': 'Cuneate and gracilis fasciculi are present'},
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E: Cuneate and gracilis fasciculi are present
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Q:A rapid diagnostic test has been developed amid a major avian influenza outbreak in Asia. The outbreak has reached epidemic levels with a very high attack rate. Epidemiologists are hoping to use the rapid diagnostic test to identify all exposed individuals and curb the rapid spread of disease by isolating patients with any evidence of exposure to the virus. The epidemiologists compared rapid diagnostic test results to seropositivity of viral antigen via PCR in 200 patients. The findings are represented in the following table: Test result PCR-confirmed avian influenza No avian influenza Positive rapid diagnostic test 95 2 Negative rapid diagnostic test 5 98 Which of the following characteristics of the rapid diagnostic test would be most useful for curbing the spread of the virus via containment?"? {'A': 'Sensitivity of 98/100', 'B': 'Specificity of 95/100', 'C': 'Positive predictive value of 95/97', 'D': 'Specificity of 98/100', 'E': 'Sensitivity of 95/100'},
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E: Sensitivity of 95/100
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Q:A 69-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of cough and dyspnea. The cough is productive of small amounts of green phlegm. She has stage IV colon cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Her medications include 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, a fluticasone-salmeterol inhaler, and a tiotropium bromide inhaler. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 107/min, respirations are 31/min, and blood pressure is 89/68 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 87%. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse crackles and rhonchi. An x-ray of the chest shows a left upper-lobe infiltrate of the lung. Two sets of blood cultures are obtained. Endotracheal aspirate Gram stain shows gram-negative rods that are oxidase-positive. Two large bore cannulas are inserted and intravenous fluids are administered. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Ertapenem and gentamicin', 'B': 'Clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'C': 'Cefepime and levofloxacin', 'D': 'Vancomycin', 'E': 'Colistin'},
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C: Cefepime and levofloxacin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 31-year-old man presents to the office with complaints of multiple episodes of blood in his urine as well as coughing of blood for the past 3 days. He also reports a decrease in urinary frequency, and denies pain with urination. No previous similar symptoms or significant past medical history is noted. There is no history of bleeding disorders in his family. His vitals include a blood pressure of 142/88 mm Hg, a pulse of 87/min, a temperature of 36.8°C (98.2°F), and a respiratory rate of 11/min. On physical examination, chest auscultation reveals normal vesicular breath sounds. Abdominal exam is normal. The laboratory results are as follows: Complete blood count Hemoglobin 12 g/dL RBC 4.9 x 106 cells/µL Hematocrit 48% Total leukocyte count 6,800 cells/µL Neutrophils 70% Lymphocyte 25% Monocytes 4% Eosinophil 1% Basophils 0% Platelets 200,000 cells/µL Urine examination pH 6.2 Color dark brown RBC 18–20/HPF WBC 3–4/HPF Protein 1+ Cast RBC casts Glucose absent Crystal none Ketone absent Nitrite absent 24 hours urine protein excretion 1.3 g A renal biopsy under light microscopy shows a crescent formation composed of fibrin and macrophages. Which of the following best describes the indirect immunofluorescence finding in this condition?? {'A': 'Mesangial deposition of IgA often with C3', 'B': 'Granular sub-endothelial deposits', 'C': 'Linear immunofluorescence deposits of IgG and C3 along GBM', 'D': 'Granular lumpy bumpy appearance along GBM and mesangium', 'E': 'Negative immunofluorescence'},
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C: Linear immunofluorescence deposits of IgG and C3 along GBM
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Q:A 13-year-old girl is evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon for knee pain. She thinks that the pain started after she fell while playing basketball during gym class 4 months ago. At the time she was evaluated and diagnosed with a muscle strain and told to rest and ice the joint. Since then the pain has gotten progressively worse and interferes with her ability to participate in gym. She has otherwise been healthy and does not take any medications. On physical exam, she is found to have mild swelling and erythema over the left knee. The joint is found to have an intact full range of motion as well as tenderness to palpation on both the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Radiograph shows a crescent-shaped radiolucency in the subchondral bone of the femur with the remainder of the radiograph being normal. Which of the following disorders is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Anterior cruciate ligament injury', 'B': 'Ewing sarcoma', 'C': 'Osgood-Schlatter disease', 'D': 'Osteochondritis dissecans', 'E': 'Osteogenesis imperfecta'},
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D: Osteochondritis dissecans
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Q:E. coli has the ability to regulate its enzymes to break down various sources of energy when available. It prevents waste by the use of the lac operon, which encodes a polycistronic transcript. At a low concentration of glucose and absence of lactose, which of the following occurs?? {'A': 'Increased allolactose levels bind to the repressor', 'B': 'Increased cAMP levels result in binding to the catabolite activator protein', 'C': 'Decreased cAMP levels result in poor binding to the catabolite activator protein', 'D': 'Trascription of the lac Z, Y, and A genes increase', 'E': 'Repressor releases from lac operator'},
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B: Increased cAMP levels result in binding to the catabolite activator protein
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 1-month-old female presents with her parents to the pediatrician for a well visit. Her mother reports that the patient has been exclusively breastfed since birth. The patient feeds for 30 minutes 6-7 times per day, urinates 8-10 times per day, and passes 4-5 loose, “seedy” yellow stools per day. The patient sleeps for about ten hours at night and takes 3-4 naps of 2-3 hours duration each. Her mother is concerned that the patient cries significantly more than her two older children. She reports that the patient cries for about 20-30 minutes up to four times per day, usually just before feeds. The crying also seems to be worse in the early evening, and the patient’s mother reports that it is difficult to console the patient. The patient’s parents have tried swaddling the patient and rocking her in their arms, but she only seems to calm down when in the infant swing. The patient’s height and weight are in the 60th and 70th percentiles, respectively, which is consistent with her growth curves. Her temperature is 97.4°F (36.3°C), blood pressure is 74/52 mmHg, pulse is 138/min, and respirations are 24/min. On physical exam, the patient appears comfortable in her mother’s arms. Her anterior fontanelle is soft and flat, and her eye and ear exams are unremarkable. Her abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended. She is able to track to the midline. This patient is most likely to have which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Constipation', 'B': 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'C': 'Infantile colic', 'D': 'Milk protein allergy', 'E': 'Normal infant crying'},
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E: Normal infant crying
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Q:A newborn girl develops poor feeding and respiratory distress 4 days after delivery. She was born at a gestational age of 29 weeks. The child was born via cesarean section due to reduced movement and a non-reassuring fetal heart tracing. APGAR scores were 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Her vitals are as follows: Patient values Normal newborn values Blood pressure 67/39 mm Hg 64/41 mm Hg Heart rate 160/min 120–160/min Respiratory rate 60/min 40–60 min The newborn appears uncomfortable with a rapid respiratory rate and mild cyanosis of the fingers and toes. She also has nasal flaring and grunting. Her legs appear edematous. A chest X-ray shows evidence of congestive heart failure. An echocardiogram shows enlargement of the left atrium and ventricle. What medication would be appropriate to treat this infants condition?? {'A': 'Indomethacin', 'B': 'Methadone', 'C': 'Caffeine', 'D': 'Alprostadil', 'E': 'Dexamethasone'},
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A: Indomethacin
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Q:A 34-year-old, previously healthy woman is admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. She reports consuming undercooked beef a day before the onset of her symptoms. Her medical history is unremarkable. Vital signs include: blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse rate 70/min, respiratory rate 16/min, and temperature 36.6℃ (97.9℉). Physical examination shows paleness, face and leg edema, and abdominal tenderness in the lower right quadrant. Laboratory investigation shows the following findings: Erythrocytes 3 x 106/mm3 Hemoglobin 9.4 g/dL Hematocrit 0.45 (45%) Corrected reticulocyte count 5.5% Platelet count 18,000/mm3 Leukocytes 11,750/mm3 Total bilirubin 2.33 mg/dL (39.8 µmol/L) Direct bilirubin 0.2 mg/dL (3.4 µmol/L) Serum creatinine 4.5 mg/dL (397.8 µmol/L) Blood urea nitrogen 35.4 mg/dL (12.6 mmol/L) E. coli O157: H7 was identified in the patient’s stool. Which toxin is likely responsible for her symptoms?? {'A': 'α-hemolysin', 'B': 'Shiga toxin', 'C': 'Verotoxin', 'D': 'Enterotoxin type B', 'E': 'Erythrogenic toxin'},
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C: Verotoxin
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Q:A 38-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 35 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of an episode of vaginal bleeding that morning. The bleeding has subsided. She has had no prenatal care. Her previous child was delivered with a caesarean section because of a breech presentation. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 88/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 125/85 mm Hg. The abdomen is nontender and the size of the uterus is consistent with a 35-week gestation. No contractions are felt. The fetal heart rate is 145/min. Her hemoglobin concentration is 12 g/dL, leukocyte count is 13,000/mm3, and platelet count is 350,000/mm3. Transvaginal ultrasound shows that the placenta covers the internal os. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Perform emergency cesarean delivery', 'B': 'Administer oxytocin to induce labor', 'C': 'Observation only', 'D': 'Perform bimanual pelvic examination', 'E': 'Schedule elective cesarean delivery'},
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E: Schedule elective cesarean delivery
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Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with his family because of abdominal pain, excessive urination, and drowsiness since the day before. He has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 2 years. He ran out of insulin 2 days ago. The vital signs at admission include: temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), blood pressure 102/69 mm Hg, and pulse 121/min. On physical examination, he is lethargic and his breathing is rapid and deep. There is a mild generalized abdominal tenderness without rebound tenderness or guarding. His serum glucose is 480 mg/dL. Arterial blood gas of this patient will most likely show which of the following?? {'A': '↑ pH, ↑ bicarbonate, and normal pCO2', 'B': '↑ pH, normal bicarbonate and ↓ pCO2', 'C': '↓ pH, normal bicarbonate and ↑ pCO2', 'D': '↓ pH, ↓ bicarbonate and ↑ anion gap', 'E': '↓ pH, ↓ bicarbonate and normal anion gap'},
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D: ↓ pH, ↓ bicarbonate and ↑ anion gap
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Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of right flank pain that started 3 days following a procedure. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows right costovertebral angle tenderness. An intravenous pyelogram shows a dilated renal pelvis and ureter on the right with a lack of contrast proximal to the ureterovesical junction. This patient most likely recently underwent which of the following procedures?? {'A': 'Cesarean delivery', 'B': 'Hysterectomy', 'C': 'Foley catheter insertion', 'D': 'Inguinal hernia repair', 'E': 'Appendectomy'},
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B: Hysterectomy
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Q:A 3-month-old is referred to a pediatric immunologist by his pediatrician for further workup of recurrent sinopulmonary infections which have not abated despite adequate treatment. During the workup flow cytometry demonstrates a decrease in normal CD40L cells. Based on these findings, the immunologist decides to pursue a further workup and obtains immunoglobulin levels. Which of the following immunoglobulin profiles is most likely to be observed in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased IgE; Decreased IgG, IgM', 'B': 'Decreased IgE, IgM, IgA, IgG', 'C': 'Increased IgE, IgA; Decreased IgM', 'D': 'Increased IgE', 'E': 'Increased IgM; Decreased IgG, IgA, IgE'},
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E: Increased IgM; Decreased IgG, IgA, IgE
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Q:A 78-year-old woman comes to her family physician for an annual health maintenance examination. Her husband, who worked as an art collector and curator, recently passed away. To express her gratitude for the longstanding medical care of her husband, she offers the physician and his staff a framed painting from her husband's art collection. Which of the following is the most appropriate reaction by the physician?? {'A': 'Accept the gift to maintain a positive patient-physician relationship but decline any further gifts.', 'B': 'Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept valuable gifts from his patients.', 'C': 'Accept the gift and donate the painting to a local museum.', 'D': 'Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept gifts that belonged to her late husband.', 'E': 'Accept the gift and assure the patient that he will take good care of her.'},
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B: Politely decline and explain that he cannot accept valuable gifts from his patients.
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Q:A 46-year-old female presents to her primary care physician after noting a lump in her left breast. She reports finding it two months prior to presentation and feels that it has not grown significantly in that time. She denies nipple discharge or tenderness. On exam, she is noted to have a 3-4 cm, rubbery mass in the left breast. Biopsy shows invasive ductal carcinoma that is estrogen receptor positive. Her oncologist prescribes tamoxifen. All of the following are effects of tamoxifen EXCEPT:? {'A': 'Decreased risk of endometrial cancer', 'B': 'Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis', 'C': 'Induction of menopausal symptoms', 'D': 'Decreased risk of osteoporosis', 'E': 'Increased risk of ocular toxicity'},
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A: Decreased risk of endometrial cancer
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents to his physician with the complaint of a painful toe joint on his right foot. He states that the onset of pain came on suddenly, waking him up in the middle of the night. On physical exam, the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the big toe is swollen and erythematous. The physician obtains information regarding his past medical history and current medications. Which of the following medications would have the potential to exacerbate this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Allopurinol', 'B': 'Colchicine', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Methotrexate'},
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C: Hydrochlorothiazide
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Q:A 75 year-old gentleman presents to his general practitioner. He is currently being treated for hypertension and is on a multi-drug regimen. His current blood pressure is 180/100. The physician would like to begin treatment with minoxidil or hydralazine. Which of the following side effects is associated with administration of these drugs?? {'A': 'Persistent cough', 'B': 'Systemic volume loss', 'C': 'Fetal renal toxicity', 'D': 'Reflex tachycardia', 'E': 'Cyanosis in extremities'},
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D: Reflex tachycardia
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Q:A 44-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe, fluctuating right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The pain was initially a 4/10 but has increased recently to a 6/10 prompting her to come in. The patient has a past medical history of type II diabetes mellitus, depression, anxiety, and irritable bowel syndrome. Her current medications include metformin, glyburide, escitalopram and psyllium husks. On exam you note an obese woman with pain upon palpation of the right upper quadrant. The patient's vital signs are a pulse of 95/min, blood pressure of 135/90 mmHg, respirations of 15/min and 98% saturation on room air. Initial labs are sent off and the results are below: Na+: 140 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L AST: 100 U/L ALT: 110 U/L Amylase: 30 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 125 U/L Bilirubin Total: 2.5 mg/dL Direct: 1.8 mg/dL The patient is sent for a right upper quadrant ultrasound demonstrating an absence of stones, no pericholecystic fluid, a normal gallbladder contour and no abnormalities noted in the common bile duct. MRCP with secretin infusion is performed demonstrating patent biliary and pancreatic ductal systems. Her lab values and clinical presentation remain unchanged 24 hours later. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Elective cholecystectomy', 'B': 'Laparoscopy', 'C': 'ERCP with manometry', 'D': 'Analgesics and await resolution of symptoms', 'E': 'MRI of the abdomen'},
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C: ERCP with manometry
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Q:A 4-year-old child presents to the pediatrician with mental retardation, ataxia, and inappropriate laughter. The parents of the child decide to have the family undergo genetic testing to determine what the cause may be. The results came back and all three had no mutations that would have caused this constellation of symptoms in the child. Karyotyping was performed as well and showed no deletions, insertions, or gene translocations. Based on the symptoms, the child was diagnosed with Angelman syndrome. Which of the following genetic terms could best describe the mechanism for the disorder in the child?? {'A': 'Codominance', 'B': 'Incomplete penetrance', 'C': 'Anticipation', 'D': 'Uniparental disomy', 'E': 'Variable expressivity'},
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D: Uniparental disomy
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Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to his neurologist by his wife for bizarre behavior. On several occasions over the last several days, he had started to complain about ‘bunnies, tigers, and emus’ in the living room. The patient has a history of multiple sclerosis and was last seen by his primary neurologist 2 weeks ago for complaints of new left upper extremity weakness. On physical exam, his temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the heart rate is 70/min, the blood pressure is 126/78 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The exam is disrupted by the patient’s repeated comments about various animals in the exam room. His neurologic exam is unchanged from his neurologist's last documented exam. The basic metabolic panel is as follows: Na+ 138 mEq/L K+ 3.9 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L BUN 10 mg/dL Cr 0.6 mg/dL Glucose 356 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Medication side effect', 'B': 'Metabolic abnormality', 'C': 'Primary psychiatric illness', 'D': 'Progression of neurologic disease', 'E': 'Recreational drug intoxication'},
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A: Medication side effect
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Q:A 45-year-old man presents to the physician with limb weakness over the last 24 hours. He is an otherwise healthy man with no significant past medical history. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable. On neurological examination, there is decreased strength in the muscles of all 4 extremities, and the deep tendon reflexes are depressed. A detailed laboratory evaluation shows that he has generalized decreased neuronal excitability due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most likely to be present in the man?? {'A': 'Acute hyperkalemia', 'B': 'Acute hypercalcemia', 'C': 'Acute hypomagnesemia', 'D': 'Acute hypernatremia', 'E': 'Acute hypochloremia'},
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B: Acute hypercalcemia
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Q:A 12-year-old boy comes to the physician for the evaluation of intermittent blood-tinged urine for several months. Four months ago, he had an episode of fever and sore throat that resolved without treatment after 5 days. During the past 2 years, he has also had recurrent episodes of swelling of his face and feet. 5 years ago, he was diagnosed with mild bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. His brother died of a progressive kidney disease at the age of 23. The patient appears pale. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 145/85 mm Hg. Slit lamp examination shows a conical protrusion of both lenses. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 11 g/dL, urea nitrogen concentration of 40 mg/dL, and creatinine concentration of 2.4 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows: Blood 2+ Protein 1+ RBC 5–7/hpf RBC casts rare Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?"? {'A': 'IgA deposits', 'B': 'Type II hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'WT1 gene mutation', 'D': 'Defective type IV collagen', 'E': 'Autosomal-recessive kidney disease'},
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D: Defective type IV collagen
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of high-grade fever and lethargy for 4 days. He has had a severe headache for 3 days and 2 episodes of non-bilious vomiting. He has sickle cell disease. His only medication is hydroxyurea. His mother has refused vaccinations and antibiotics in the past because of their possible side effects. He appears ill. His temperature is 40.1°C (104.2°F), pulse is 131/min, and blood pressure is 92/50 mm Hg. Examination shows nuchal rigidity. Kernig and Brudzinski signs are present. A lumbar puncture is performed. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shows a decreased glucose concentration, increased protein concentration, and numerous segmented neutrophils. A Gram stain of the CSF shows gram-negative coccobacilli. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?? {'A': 'Hearing loss', 'B': 'Adrenal insufficiency', 'C': 'Brain abscess', 'D': 'Cerebral palsy', 'E': 'Communicating hydrocephalus'},
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A: Hearing loss
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Q:A 17-year-old boy is admitted to the emergency department with a history of fatigue, fever of 40.0°C (104.0°F), sore throat, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. On physical examination, his spleen and liver are not palpable. A complete blood count is remarkable for atypical reactive T cells. An examination of his tonsils is shown in the image below. Which of the following statements is true about the condition of this patient?? {'A': 'The infectious organism is heterophile-negative.', 'B': 'The infectious organism causes Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.', 'C': 'The infectious organism can become latent in B cells.', 'D': 'Splenomegaly is a rare finding.', 'E': 'The infectious organism can become latent in macrophages.'},
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C: The infectious organism can become latent in B cells.
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Q:A 54-year-old man was brought to the emergency room due to acute onset of slurred speech while at work, after which he lost consciousness. The patient’s wife says this occurred approximately 30 minutes ago. Past medical history is significant for poorly controlled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 12/min, and heart rate is 48/min. The patient passes away shortly after arriving at the hospital. At autopsy, bilateral wedge-shaped strips of necrosis are seen in this patient’s brain just below the medial temporal lobes. Which of the following is the most likely location of these necrotic cells?? {'A': 'Hippocampus', 'B': 'Caudate nucleus', 'C': 'Cortex or cerebral hemisphere', 'D': 'Frontal lobe', 'E': 'Substantia nigra'},
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A: Hippocampus
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Q:A 43-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 40 minutes after falling off a 10-foot ladder. He has severe pain and swelling of his right ankle and is unable to walk. He did not lose consciousness after the fall. He has no nausea. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 98/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg. He is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Examination shows multiple abrasions over both lower extremities. There is swelling and tenderness of the right ankle; range of motion is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the ankle shows an extra-articular calcaneal fracture. Intravenous analgesia is administered. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'MRI of the right ankle', 'B': 'Long leg cast', 'C': 'Open reduction and internal fixation', 'D': 'X-ray of the spine', 'E': 'Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy'},
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D: X-ray of the spine
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Q:A G1P0 mother gives birth to a male infant at 37 weeks gestation. She received adequate prenatal care and took all her prenatal vitamins. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. On the 1 month checkup, examination revealed a machine-like murmur heard at the left sternal border. Which of the following medications would be most appropriate to give the infant to address the murmur?? {'A': 'Bosentan', 'B': 'Digoxin', 'C': 'Indomethacin', 'D': 'Prostaglandin E1', 'E': 'Prostaglandin E2'},
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C: Indomethacin
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Q:A 23-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her father because of strange behavior for the past 6 months. The father reports that his daughter has increasingly isolated herself in college and received poor grades. She has told her father that aliens are trying to infiltrate her mind and that she has to continuously listen to the radio to monitor these activities. She appears anxious. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Mental status examination shows psychomotor agitation. She says: “I can describe how the aliens chase me except for my car which is parked in the garage. You know, the sky is beautiful today. Why does my mother have a cat?” Which of the following best describes this patient's thought process?? {'A': 'Circumstantial speech', 'B': 'Thought-blocking', 'C': 'Loose associations', 'D': 'Flight of ideas', 'E': 'Clang associations'},
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C: Loose associations
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Q:A 55-year-old man presents to urgent care for weakness and weight loss. He states for the past several months he has felt progressively weaker and has lost 25 pounds. The patient also endorses intermittent abdominal pain. The patient has not seen a physician in 30 years and recalls being current on most of his vaccinations. He says that a few years ago, he went to the emergency department due to abdominal pain and was found to have increased liver enzymes due to excessive alcohol use and incidental gallstones. The patient has a 50 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 161/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam reveals an emaciated man. The patient has a negative Murphy's sign and his abdomen is non-tender. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan of the abdomen', 'B': 'CT scan of the liver', 'C': 'HIDA scan', 'D': 'Right upper quadrant ultrasound', 'E': 'Smoking cessation advice and primary care follow up'},
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A: CT scan of the abdomen
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 69-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of a 1-day history of fever, shortness of breath, dizziness, and cough productive of purulent sputum. Six days ago, she developed malaise, headache, sore throat, and myalgias that improved initially. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F) and blood pressure is 84/56 mm Hg. Examination shows an erythematous, desquamating rash of the distal extremities. A sputum culture grows gram-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters. The most likely causal organism of this patient's current symptoms produces a virulence factor with which of the following functions?? {'A': 'Degradation of membranous phospholipids', 'B': 'Binding of Fc domain of immunoglobulin G', 'C': 'Overstimulation of guanylate cyclase', 'D': 'Destruction of immunoglobulin A', 'E': 'Inactivation of elongation factor 2'},
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B: Binding of Fc domain of immunoglobulin G
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A man is brought into the emergency department by police. The patient was found somnolent in the park and did not respond to questioning. The patient's past medical history is unknown, and he is poorly kempt. The patient's personal belongings include prescription medications and illicit substances such as alprazolam, diazepam, marijuana, cocaine, alcohol, acetaminophen, and a baggie containing an unknown powder. His temperature is 97.0°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 117/58 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 9/min, and oxygen saturation is 91% on room air. Physical exam reveals pupils that do not respond to light bilaterally, and a somnolent patient who only withdraws his limbs to pain. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Flumazenil', 'B': 'Intubation', 'C': 'N-acetylcysteine', 'D': 'Naloxone', 'E': 'Supportive therapy, thiamine, and dextrose'},
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D: Naloxone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An investigator inoculates three different broths with one colony-forming unit of Escherichia coli. Broth A contains 100 μmol of lactose, broth B contains 100 μmol of glucose, and broth C contains both 100 μmol of lactose and 100 μmol of glucose. After 24 hours, the amounts of lactose, galactose, and glucose in the three broths are measured. The results of the experiment are shown: Lactose Galactose Glucose Broth A 43 μmol 11 μmol 9 μmol Broth B 0 μmol 0 μmol 39 μmol Broth C 94 μmol 1 μmol 66 μmol The observed results are most likely due to which of the following properties of broth A compared to broth C?"? {'A': 'Increased activity of glycosylases', 'B': 'Decreased activity of catabolite activator protein', 'C': 'Decreased production of α-galactosidase A', 'D': 'Increased activity of adenylate cyclase', 'E': 'Binding of repressor protein to operator protein'},
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D: Increased activity of adenylate cyclase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with a complaint of pain in the metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints bilaterally. Serology showed positive anti-CCP antibodies. She has been prescribed infliximab for control of her condition. Which of the following needs to be tested before starting treatment in this patient?? {'A': 'Uric acid levels', 'B': 'PPD skin test', 'C': 'Complete blood counts', 'D': 'G6PD levels', 'E': 'Ophthalmic examination'},
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B: PPD skin test
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old African American G1P0 mother gives birth to a male infant at 33 weeks' gestation. The mother had no prenatal care and took no prenatal vitamins. The child’s postnatal period was complicated by neonatal sepsis due to group B Streptococcus. He required a two week stay in the neonatal intensive care unit to receive antibiotics, cardiopulmonary support, and intravenous nutrition. He eventually recovered and was discharged. At a normal follow-up visit to the pediatrician’s office one month later, the mother asks about the child’s skin color and hair color. On examination, the child has white hair and diffusely pale skin. The child’s irises appear translucent. Further questioning of the mother reveals that there is a distant family history of blindness. This child most likely has a defect in an enzyme involved in the metabolism of which of the following molecules?? {'A': 'DOPA', 'B': 'Phenylalanine', 'C': 'Leucine', 'D': 'Homocystieine', 'E': 'Homogentisic acid'},
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A: DOPA
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Q:A pathologist performed an autopsy on an 18-month-old infant boy who died of pneumonia. Clinical notes revealed the infant had repeated respiratory infections that started after he was weaned off of breast-milk. Laboratory investigation revealed hypogammaglobulinemia and an absence of B-cells. T-cell levels were normal. Histological evaluation of an axillary lymph node revealed an absence of germinal centers. Which of the following is the mode of inheritance of the disorder that afflicted this infant?? {'A': 'Autosomal recessive', 'B': 'Autosomal dominant', 'C': 'X-linked recessive', 'D': 'X-linked dominant', 'E': 'Mitochondrial inheritance'},
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C: X-linked recessive
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of intermittent bloody vomiting for the past 2 hours. He has had similar episodes during the last 6 months that usually stop spontaneously within an hour. The patient is not aware of any medical problems. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years but quit 10 years ago. He drinks half a liter of vodka daily. He appears pale and diaphoretic. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 105/68 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. There is increased abdominal girth. On percussion of the abdomen, the fluid-air level shifts when the patient moves from the supine to the right lateral decubitus position. The edge of the liver is palpated 2 cm below the costal margin. His hemoglobin concentration is 10.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 4,200/mm3, and platelet count is 124,000/mm3. Intravenous fluids and octreotide are started. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Transfusion of packed red blood cells', 'B': 'Endoscopic band ligation', 'C': 'Intravenous ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Transjugular intrahepatic portal shunt', 'E': 'Balloon tamponade'},
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C: Intravenous ceftriaxone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old woman presents with lethargy and neck pain. She says that, for the past 6 months, she has been feeling tired all the time and has noticed a lot of muscle tension around the base of her neck. She also says she finds herself constantly worrying about everything, such as if her registered mail would reach family and friends in time for the holidays or if the children got their nightly bath while she was away or the weekend. She says that this worrying has prevented her from sleeping at night and has made her more irritable and edgy with her family and friends. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Buspirone', 'B': 'Diazepam', 'C': 'Family therapy', 'D': 'Support groups', 'E': 'A vacation'},
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A: Buspirone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 27-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 26 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of vaginal bleeding and epistaxis for the past 2 days. She missed her last prenatal visit 2 weeks ago. Physical examination shows blood in the posterior pharynx and a uterus consistent in size with 23 weeks' gestation. Her hemoglobin concentration is 7.2 g/dL. Ultrasonography shows an intrauterine pregnancy with a small retroplacental hematoma and absent fetal cardiac activity. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Increased platelet count', 'B': 'Increased antithrombin concentration', 'C': 'Decreased prothrombin time', 'D': 'Increased factor V concentration', 'E': 'Decreased fibrinogen concentration'},
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E: Decreased fibrinogen concentration
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because of fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. She has noticed that she has a number of bruises, but she attributes this to a hike she went on 1 week ago. She has diabetes and hypertension well controlled on medication and previously had an abdominal surgery but doesn’t remember why. On physical exam, she has some lumps in her neck and a palpable liver edge. Peripheral blood smear shows white blood cells with peroxidase positive eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The abnormal protein most likely seen in this disease normally has which of the following functions?? {'A': 'Binding as cofactor to kinases', 'B': 'Binding to anti-apoptotic factors', 'C': 'Inhibiting pro-apoptotic factors', 'D': 'Interacting with IL-3 receptor', 'E': 'Recruiting histone acetylase proteins'},
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E: Recruiting histone acetylase proteins
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of amenorrhea for 4 months. Menses previously occurred at regular 28-day intervals and last for 3 to 4 days. There is no family history of serious illness. She receives good grades in school and is on the high school track team. She is sexually active with one male partner and uses condoms consistently. She appears thin. Examination shows bilateral parotid gland enlargement. There is fine hair over the trunk. Serum studies show: Thyroid-stimulating hormone 3.7 μU/mL Prolactin 16 ng/mL Estradiol 23 pg/mL (N > 40) Follicle-stimulating hormone 1.6 mIU/mL Luteinizing hormone 2.8 mIU/mL A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?"? {'A': 'Exogenous steroid use', 'B': 'Defective androgen receptors', 'C': 'Gonadal dysgenesis', 'D': 'Abnormal neuronal cell migration', 'E': 'Nutritional deficiency'},
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E: Nutritional deficiency
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old man with chronic alcoholism presents to an ambulatory medical clinic, where the hepatologist elects to perform comprehensive hepatitis B screening, in addition to several other screening and preventative measures. Given the following choices, which serologic marker, if positive, would indicate the patient has immunity to the hepatitis B virus?? {'A': 'HBsAgrn', 'B': 'HBsAb', 'C': 'HBcAbrn', 'D': 'HBeAg', 'E': 'HBeAb'},
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B: HBsAb
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 65-year-old woman presents with memory problems for the past few weeks. Patient vividly describes how she forgot where she put her car keys this morning and did not remember to wish her grandson a happy birthday last week. Patient denies any cognitive problems, bowel/bladder incontinence, tremors, gait problems, or focal neurologic signs. Patient mentions she wants to take Ginkgo because her friend told her that it can help improve her brain function and prevent memory loss. Past medical history is significant for an acute cardiac event several years ago. Current medications are aspirin, carvedilol, and captopril. Patient denies any history of smoking, alcohol or recreational drug use. Patient is a widow, lives alone, and is able to perform all activities of daily living (ADLs) easily. No significant family history. Patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response to this patient’s request to take Ginkgo?? {'A': '"Yes, ginkgo is widely used for improving brain function and memory."', 'B': '"No, taking ginkgo will increase your risk for bleeding."', 'C': '"Yes, gingko may not help with your memory, but there is no risk of adverse events so it is safe to take."', 'D': '“No, herbal preparations are unsafe because they are not regulated by the FDA.”', 'E': "“No, you have Alzheimer's disease and need to start donepezil.”"},
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B: "No, taking ginkgo will increase your risk for bleeding."
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician because of excessive daytime sleepiness for 5 months. He wakes up frequently at night, and his wife says his snoring has become louder. He is 180 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 104 kg (230 lb); his BMI is 33 kg/m2. His pulse is 80/min and his respiratory rate is 11/min. His jugular venous pressure is 7 cm H2O. He has 2+ pitting edema of the lower legs and ankles. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.42 and a PCO2 of 41 mm Hg. An x-ray of the chest shows normal findings. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Increased medullary ventilatory responsiveness', 'B': 'Impaired myocardial relaxation', 'C': 'Decreased levels of hypocretin-1', 'D': 'Intermittent collapse of the oropharynx', 'E': 'Daytime alveolar hypoventilation'},
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D: Intermittent collapse of the oropharynx
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 27-year-old woman with a history of a "heart murmur since childhood" presents following a series of syncopal episodes over the past several months. She also complains of worsening fatigue over this time period, and notes that her lips have begun to take on a bluish tinge, for which she has been using a brighter shade of lipstick. You do a careful examination, and detect a right ventricular heave, clubbing of the fingers, and 2+ pitting edema bilaterally to the shins. Despite your patient insisting that every doctor she has ever seen has commented on her murmur, you do not hear one. Transthoracic echocardiography would most likely detect which of the following?? {'A': 'Aortic stenosis', 'B': 'Mitral insufficiency', 'C': 'Positive bubble study', 'D': 'Ventricular aneurysm', 'E': 'Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction'},
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C: Positive bubble study
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with gradually worsening pain in the abdomen and right flank. The abdominal pain started one week ago and is accompanied by foul-smelling, lightly-colored diarrhea. The flank pain started two days ago and is now an 8 out of 10 in intensity. It worsens on rapid movement. She has a history of intermittent knee arthralgias. She has refractory acid reflux and antral and duodenal peptic ulcers for which she currently takes omeprazole. She appears fatigued. Her pulse is 89/min and her blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg. Abdominal examination shows both epigastric and right costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine dipstick shows trace red blood cells (5–10/μL). Ultrasonography shows mobile hyperechogenic structures in the right ureteropelvic junction. Further evaluation is most likely going to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Hypertensive crisis', 'B': 'Cutaneous flushing', 'C': 'Hypercalcemia', 'D': 'Pulmonary stenosis', 'E': 'QT prolongation on ECG'},
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C: Hypercalcemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 53-year-old woman presents to a physician with a cough which she has had for the last 5 years. She mentions that her cough is worse in the morning and is associated with significant expectoration. There is no history of weight loss or constitutional symptoms like fever and malaise. Her past medical records show that she required hospitalization for breathing difficulty on 6 different occasions in the last 3 years. She also mentions that she was never completely free of her respiratory problems during the period between the exacerbations and that she has a cough with sputum most of the months for the last 3 years. She works in a cotton mill and is a non-smoker. Her mother and her maternal grandmother had asthma. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), the pulse is 92/min, the blood pressure is 130/86 mm Hg, and her respiratory rate is 22/min. General examination shows obesity and mild cyanosis. Auscultation of her chest reveals bilateral coarse rhonchi. Her lung volumes on pulmonary function test are given below: Pre-bronchodilator Post-bronchodilator FEV1 58% 63% FVC 90% 92% FEV1/FVC 0.62 0.63 TLC 98% 98% The results are valid and repeatable as per standard criteria. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Asthma', 'B': 'Chronic bronchitis', 'C': 'Emphysema', 'D': 'Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', 'E': 'Extrinsic allergic alveolitis'},
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B: Chronic bronchitis
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