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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 70-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 1 day. Computed tomography shows a small bowel perforation. The patient is prepared for emergent exploratory laparotomy. She is sedated with midazolam, induced with propofol, intubated, and maintained on nitrous oxide and isoflurane for the duration of the surgery. A single perforation in the terminal ileum is diagnosed intraoperatively and successfully repaired. The patient is transferred to the intensive care unit. The ventilator is set at an FiO2 of 50%, tidal volume of 1000 mL, respiratory rate of 12/min, and positive end-expiratory pressure of 2.5 cm H2O. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 76/min, and blood pressure is 111/50 mm Hg. She is responsive to painful stimuli. Lung examination shows bilateral rales. Abdominal examination shows a distended abdomen and intact abdominal surgical incisions. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis shows: pH 7.44 pO2 54 mm Hg pCO2 31 mm Hg HCO3- 22 mm Hg Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increase the FiO2 B) Increase the tidal volume C) Increase PEEP D) Increase the respiratory rate ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old man with a history of hepatitis C and current intravenous drug use presents with 5 days of fever, chills, headache, and severe back pain. On physical exam, temperature is 100.6 deg F (38.1 deg C), blood pressure is 109/56 mmHg, pulse is 94/min, and respirations are 18/min. He is thin and diaphoretic with pinpoint pupils, poor dentition, and track marks on his arms and legs. A high-pitched systolic murmur is heard, loudest in the left sternal border and with inspiration. He is admitted to the hospital and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. One of the blood cultures drawn 12 hours ago returns positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to confirm the diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Repeat blood cultures now B) Repeat blood cultures 24 hours after initial cultures were drawn C) Repeat blood cultures 48 hours after initial cultures were drawn D) Do not repeat blood cultures ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 42-year-old man with AIDS comes to the physician for intermittent fever, nonproductive cough, malaise, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, and a 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss over the past month. He has not seen a doctor since he became uninsured 2 years ago. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). Abdominal examination shows mild, diffuse tenderness throughout the lower quadrants. The liver is palpated 2–3 cm below the right costal margin, and the spleen is palpated 1–2 cm below the left costal margin. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 49/mm3 (N ≥ 500 mm3). Blood cultures grow acid-fast organisms. A PPD skin test shows 4 mm of induration. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Voriconazole B) Amphotericin B and itraconazole C) Erythromycin D) Azithromycin and ethambutol ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 49-year-old woman comes to the physician for a scheduled colposcopy. Two weeks ago, she had a routine Pap smear that showed atypical squamous cells. Colposcopy shows an area of white discoloration of the cervix with application of acetic acid solution. Biopsy of this area shows carcinoma-in-situ. Activation of which of the following best explains the pathogenesis of this condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) JAK2 tyrosine kinase B) E2F transcription factors C) Phosphoprotein p53 D) Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A research group has developed a low-cost diagnostic retinal imaging device for cytomegalovirus retinitis in a population of HIV-infected patients. In a pilot study of 50 patients, the imaging test detected the presence of CMV retinitis in 50% of the patients. An ophthalmologist slit lamp examination, which was performed for each patient to serve as the gold standard for diagnosis, confirmed a diagnosis of CMV retinitis in 20 patients that were found to be positive through imaging, as well as 1 patient who tested negative with the device. If the prevalence of CMV retinitis in the population decreases due to increased access to antiretroviral therapy, how will positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the diagnostic test be affected? ---- <<Choices:>> A) PPV decreases, NPV decreases B) PPV decreases, NPV increases C) PPV increases, NPV decreases D) PPV unchanged, NPV unchanged ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old woman is brought into the clinic by a concerned neighbor who says that the patient is often seen setting up bear traps all around her property because of an impending ‘invasion of the mole people.’ The patient has come to the clinic wearing a garlic necklace. She vaguely explains that the necklace is to mask her scent from the moles tracking her. She has no past psychiatric history and she denies hearing voices or seeing objects. No significant past medical history. Although she has lived in the same community for years, she says she usually keeps to herself and does not have many friends. She holds a regular job at the local hardware store and lives alone. Which of the following is the best initial course of treatment for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) B) The patient does not require any intervention C) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) D) Refer to outpatient group therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 71-year-old man complains of urinary hesitancy and nocturia of increasing frequency over the past several months. Digital rectal exam was positive for a slightly enlarged prostate but did not detect any additional abnormalities of the prostate or rectum. The patient’s serum PSA was measured to be 6 ng/mL. Image A shows a transabdominal ultrasound of the patient. Which of the following medications should be included to optimally treat the patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Clonidine B) Finasteride C) Dihydrotestosterone D) Furosemide ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of drowsiness at work for the past several months. He finds his work as a computer programmer rewarding and looks forward to coming into the office every day. However, he often falls asleep during meetings even though he usually gets a good night sleep and has limited his exposure to alcohol and caffeine in the evening. His past medical history is noncontributory. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. The primary care provider recommends keeping a sleep journal and provides a questionnaire for the patient’s wife. The patient returns one month later to report no changes to his condition. The sleep journal reveals that the patient is getting sufficient sleep and wakes up rested. The questionnaire reveals that the patient does not snore nor does he stop breathing during his sleep. A sleep study reveals mean sleep latency of 6 minutes. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Methylphenidate B) Sodium oxybate C) Imipramine D) Increase daytime naps ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a painless right-sided scrotal swelling. The patient reports that he first noticed the swelling several weeks ago, but it is not always present. He has hypertension treated with enalapril. His father was diagnosed with a seminoma at the age of 25 years. The patient has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a 10-cm, soft, cystic, nontender right scrotal mass that transilluminates. The mass does not increase in size on coughing and it is possible to palpate normal tissue above the mass. There are no bowel sounds in the mass, and it does not reduce when the patient is in a supine position. Examination of the testis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the mass? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Patent processus vaginalis B) Dilation of the pampiniform plexus C) Twisting of the spermatic cord D) Imbalance of fluid secretion and resorption by the tunica vaginalis ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man presents to the physician because of incomplete healing of a chest wound. He recently had a triple coronary artery bypass graft 3 weeks ago. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension for the past 25 years. Clinical examination shows the presence of wound dehiscence in the lower 3rd of the sternal region. The wound surface shows the presence of dead necrotic tissue with pus. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax shows a small fluid collection with fat stranding in the perisurgical soft tissues. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of the patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Surgical debridement B) Negative pressure wound management C) Sternal wiring D) Sternal fixation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> The Kozak sequence for the Beta-globin gene has a known mutation which decreases, though does not abolish, translation of the Beta-globin mRNA, leading to a phenotype of thalassemia intermedia. What would the blood smear be expected to show in a patient positive for this mutation? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Macrocytic red blood cells B) Hyperchromic red blood cells C) Microcytic red blood cells D) Bite cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old man from California presents for a routine checkup. He does not have any complaints. He says that he has tried to keep himself healthy and active by jogging and gardening since his retirement at age 50. He adds that he spends his mornings in the park and his afternoons in his garden. He has no significant medical history. The patient denies any smoking history and drinks alcohol occasionally. On physical examination, the following lesion is seen on his scalp (see image). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Psoriasis B) Seborrheic keratosis C) Actinic keratosis D) Squamous cell carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A routine newborn screening test for phenylketonuria in a male neonate shows a serum phenylalanine concentration of 44 mg/dL (N < 20). He is started on a special diet and the hyperphenylalaninemia resolves. At a routine well-child examination 4 months later, the physician notices that he has persistent head lag. On examination, he has blue eyes, pale skin, blonde hair, and generalized hypotonia. His serum prolactin level is markedly elevated. Supplementation of which of the following substances is most likely to prevent further complications of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tyrosine B) Pyridoxine C) Thiamine D) Tetrahydrobiopterin ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 36-year-old nursing home worker presents to the clinic with the complaints of breathlessness, cough, and night sweats for the past 2 months. She further expresses her concerns about the possibility of contracting tuberculosis as one of the patients under her care is being treated for tuberculosis. A PPD skin test is done and reads 11 mm on day 3. Chest X-ray demonstrates a cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe. The standard anti-tuberculosis medication regimen is started. At a follow-up appointment 3 months later the patient presents with fatigue. She has also been experiencing occasional dizziness, weakness, and numbness in her feet. Physical exam is positive for conjunctival pallor. Lab work is significant for a hemoglobin level of 10 g/dL and mean corpuscular volume of 68 fl. What is the most likely cause of her current symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhibition of ferrochelatase B) Increased homocysteine degradation C) Increased GABA production D) Decreased ALA synthesis ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old woman is referred to a genetic counselor. She is feeling well but is concerned because her brother was recently diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis. All first-degree relatives were encouraged to undergo genetic screening for any mutations associated with the disease. Today, she denies fever, chills, joint pain, or skin hyperpigmentation. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 123/78 mm Hg. Her physical examination is normal. Her serum iron, hemoglobin, ferritin, and AST and ALT concentrations are normal. Gene screening will involve a blood specimen. Which of the following genes would suggest hereditary hemochromatosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) BCR-ABL gene B) BRCA gene C) FA gene D) HFE gene ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 16-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department with constant abdominal pain over the past 8 hours. The pain is in her right lower quadrant (RLQ), which is also where it began. She has had no nausea or vomiting despite eating a snack 2 hours ago. She had a similar episode last month which resolved on its own. Her menstrual cycles are 28–30 days apart with 3–5 days of vaginal bleeding. Her last menses ended 9 days ago. Her blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg, the pulse is 78/min, the respirations are 15/min, and the temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F). Abdominal examination shows moderate pain on direct pressure over the RLQ which decreases with the release of pressure. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.5 mg/dL Leukocyte count 6000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 55% Lymphocytes 39% Platelet count 260,000/mm3 Serum C-reactive protein 5 mg/L (N < 8 mg/L) Urine RBC 1-2 phf WBC None Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Methotrexate B) Nitrofurantoin C) Reassurance D) Referral for surgery ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a complaint of abdominal pain. The patient states he was at a barbecue around noon. Lunch was arranged as a buffet without refrigeration. Within 2 to 3 hours, he had abdominal pain with 3 episodes of watery diarrhea. On exam, vital signs are T 99.1, HR 103, BP 110/55, RR 14. Abdominal exam is significant for pain to deep palpation without any rebounding or guarding. There is no blood on fecal occult testing (FOBT). What is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Salmonella enteritidis B) Listeria monocytogenes C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Vibrio cholerae ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by staff of the group home where he resides because of worsening confusion for the past week. He has a history of major depressive disorder and had an ischemic stroke 4 months ago. Current medications are aspirin and sertraline. He is lethargic and disoriented. His pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 135/88 mm Hg. Physical examination shows moist oral mucosa, normal skin turgor, and no peripheral edema. While in the waiting room, he has a generalized, tonic-clonic seizure. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium of 119 mEq/L and an elevated serum antidiuretic hormone concentration. Which of the following sets of additional laboratory findings is most likely in this patient? $$$ Serum osmolality %%% Urine sodium %%% Serum aldosterone $$$ ---- <<Choices:>> A) ↓ ↓ ↓ B) ↑ ↓ normal C) ↓ ↑ ↑ D) ↓ ↑ ↓ ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old woman presents with severe fear reactions to seeing dogs after moving into a new suburban neighborhood. She states that she has always had an irrational and excessive fear of dogs but has been able to avoid it for most of her life while living in the city. When she sees her neighbors walking their dogs outside, she is terrified and begins to feel short of breath. Recently, she has stopped picking up her children from the bus stop and no longer plays outside with her children in order to avoid seeing any dogs. Which of the following would be the best definitive treatment for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) B) Short-acting benzodiazepines C) Systematic desensitization D) Cognitive behavioral therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old man arrives by ambulance to the emergency room after being involved in a very severe construction accident. The patient was found unconscious with a large metal spike protruding from his abdomen by a coworker who was unable to estimate the amount of time the patient went without medical aid. Upon arrival to the ER, the patient was unconscious and unresponsive. His vital signs are BP: 80/40, HR: 120 bpm, RR: 25 bpm, Temperature: 97.1 degrees, and SPO2: 99%.He is taken to the operating room to remove the foreign body and control the bleeding. Although both objectives were accomplished, the patient had an acute drop in his blood pressure during the surgery at which time ST elevations were noted in multiple leads. This resolved with adequate fluid resuscitation and numerous blood transfusions. The patient remained sedated after surgery and continued to have relatively stable vital signs until his third day in the intensive care unit, when he experiences an oxygen desaturation of 85% despite being on a respirator with 100% oxygen at 15 breaths/minute. On auscultation air entry is present bilaterally with the presence of crackles. A 2/6 systolic murmur is heard. Readings from a Swan-Ganz catheter display the following: central venous pressure (CVP): 4 mmHg, right ventricular pressure (RVP) 20/5 mmHg, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP): 20/5 mmHg. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): 5 mm Hg. A chest x-ray is shown as Image A. The patient dies soon after this episode. What is the most likely direct cause of his death? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Diffuse alveolar damage B) Ventricular septal defect C) Myocardial free wall rupture D) Myocardial reinfarction ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 76-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents complaining of 3 weeks of cough and progressive dyspnea on exertion in the setting of a 20 pound weight loss. He is a 60 pack-year smoker, worked as a shipbuilder 30 years ago, and recently traveled to Ohio to visit family. Chest radiograph shows increased bronchovascular markings, reticular parenchymal opacities, and multiple pleural plaques. Labs are unremarkable except for a slight anemia. Which of the following is the most likely finding on this patient's chest CT? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Nodular mass spreading along pleural surfaces B) Honeycombing C) Air bronchogram D) Lower lobe cavitary mass ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 60-year-old man presents with a 2-day history of increasing difficulty in breathing with a productive cough. He reports having shortness of breath over the last 6 months, but he has felt worse since he contracted a cold that has been traveling around his office. Today, he reports body aches, headache, and fever along with this chronic cough. His past medical history is significant for prediabetes, which he controls with exercise and diet. He has a 30-pack-year smoking history. His blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse rate is 90/min, temperature is 36.9°C (98.5°F), and respiratory rate is 18/min. Physical examination reveals diminished breath sounds bilateral, a barrel-shaped chest, and measured breathing through pursed lips. A chest X-ray reveals a flattened diaphragm and no signs of consolidation. Pulmonary function testing reveals FEV1/FVC ratio of 60%. Arterial blood gases (ABG) of this patient are most likely to reveal which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Primary respiratory acidosis B) Primary respiratory alkalosis C) Compensatory respiratory acidosis D) Anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 34-year-old male suffers from inherited hemophilia A. He and his wife have three unaffected daughters. What is the probability that the second daughter is a carrier of the disease? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100% ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 76-year-old man is brought to his physician's office by his wife due to progressively worsening hearing loss. The patient reports that he noticed a decrease in his hearing approximately 10 years ago. His wife says that he watches television at an elevated volume and appears to have trouble understanding what is being said to him, especially when there is background noise. He states that he also experiences constant ear ringing and episodes of unsteadiness. On physical examination, the outer ears are normal and otoscopic findings are unremarkable. The patient is unable to repeat the sentence said to him on whisper testing. When a vibrating tuning fork is placed in the middle of the patient's forehead, it is heard equally on both ears. When the vibrating tuning fork is placed by the ear and then on the mastoid process, air conduction is greater than bone conduction. Which of the following structures is most likely impaired in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tympanic membrane B) Malleus C) Incus D) Cochlea ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of a 6-hour history of severe eye pain and blurry vision. He wears soft contact lenses and has not removed them for 2 days. Ophthalmologic examination shows a deep corneal ulcer, severe conjunctival injection, and purulent discharge on the right. Treatment with topical ciprofloxacin is initiated. A culture of the ocular discharge is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gram-negative, non-maltose fermenting diplococci B) Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting bacilli C) Gram-negative, oxidase-positive bacilli D) Gram-positive, optochin-sensitive diplococci " ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old female patient complains of numbness and tingling in her left hand, weakness, difficulty with walking, dizziness, and bladder dysfunction. She said that about a year ago, she had trouble with her vision, and that it eventually recovered in a few days. On physical exam, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, hyperreflexia in both patella, and bilateral clonus, are noted. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was done (Figure 1). If a lumbar puncture is performed in this patient, which of the following would most likely be found in cerebrospinal fluid analysis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Presence of 14-3-3 protein B) Decreased glucose with neutrophilic predominance C) Oligoclonal IgG bands on electrophoresis D) Decreased IgG CSF concentration ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old primigravida presents for a regular prenatal visit at 16 weeks gestation. She is concerned about the results of a dipstick test she performed at home, which showed 1+ glucose. She does not know if her liquid consumption has increased, but she urinates more frequently than before. The course of her pregnancy has been unremarkable and she has no significant co-morbidities. The BMI is 25.6 kg/cm2 and she has gained 3 kg (6.72 lb) during the pregnancy. The blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 82/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the temperature is 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The lungs are clear to auscultation, the heart sounds are normal with no murmurs, and there is no abdominal or costovertebral angle tenderness. The laboratory tests show the following results: Fasting glucose 97 mg/L ALT 12 IU/L AST 14 IU/L Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL(15 µmol/L) Plasma creatinine 0.7 mg/dL (61.9 µmol/L) Which of the following tests are indicated to determine the cause of the abnormal dipstick test results? ---- <<Choices:>> A) HbA1c measurement B) No tests required C) Urinalysis D) Oral glucose tolerance test ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 9-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of intermittent watery diarrhea for several months. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. He was diagnosed with eczematous dermatitis at 3 months old. His height and weight are below the 5th percentile. Immunologic evaluation shows a defect in activated regulatory T cells. A genetic analysis shows a mutation in the FOXP3 gene. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hemorrhagic diathesis B) Ocular telangiectasias C) Autoimmune endocrinopathy D) Retained primary teeth ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of abdominal bloating and increased frequency of stools. He describes the stools as bulky, foul-smelling, and difficult to flush. He also has a 4-month history of recurrent dull upper abdominal pain that usually lasts for a few days, worsens after meals, and is not relieved with antacids. He has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss in the past 4 months. He has no personal or family history of serious illness. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 37 years. He has a 12-year history of drinking 6 to 8 beers daily. He is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 52 kg (115 lb); BMI is 20 kg/m2. His vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination shows mild epigastric tenderness without rebound or guarding. Bowel sounds are normal. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Abdominal CT scan B) Endoscopic ultrasonography C) Abdominal ultrasound D) Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old white man presents to his primary care provider for an annual examination. He notes a pink bump that has rapidly developed on his forehead over the last month. In the past, he has had significant sun exposure including multiple blistering sunburns. The physical examination reveals a 2 cm dome-shaped plaque with a central keratin plug (as shown in the image). Excisional biopsy of the lesion reveals an exophytic nodule with central invagination, full of keratin. Keratinocyte atypia is minimal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Keratoacanthoma B) Basal cell carcinoma C) Seborrheic keratosis D) Kaposi's sarcoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 56-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor with intermittent chest pain. He reports a 2-month history of exertional chest pain that commonly arises after walking 5 or more blocks. He describes the pain as dull, burning, non-radiating substernal pain. His past medical history is notable for hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. He takes simvastatin and losartan. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is well-appearing and in no acute distress. S1 and S2 are normal. No murmurs are noted. An exercise stress test is performed to further evaluate the patient’s pain. Which of the following substances is released locally to increase coronary blood flow during exertion? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adenosine B) Inorganic phosphate C) Prostaglandin E2 D) Transforming growth factor beta ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 69-year-old male with a history of metastatic small cell lung carcinoma on chemotherapy presents to his oncologist for a follow-up visit. He has responded well to etoposide and cisplatin with plans to undergo radiation therapy. However, he reports that he recently developed multiple “spots” all over his body. He denies any overt bleeding from his gums or joint swelling. His past medical history is notable for iron deficiency anemia, osteoarthritis, and paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton syndrome. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 130/70 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, a rash is noted diffusely across the patient’s trunk and bilateral upper and lower extremities. Results from a complete blood count are shown below: Hemoglobin: 11.9 mg/dl Hematocrit: 35% Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm^3 Platelet count: 20,000/mm^3 The oncologist would like to continue chemotherapy but is concerned that the above results will limit the optimal dose and frequency of the regimen. A recombinant version of which of the following is most appropriate in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Interleukin 2 B) Interleukin 8 C) Interleukin 11 D) Granulocyte colony stimulating factor ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 60-year-old man with a history of osteoarthritis has been awaiting hip replacement surgery for 3 years. During his annual physical, he reports that he has been taking over the counter pain medications, but that no amount of analgesics can relieve his constant pain. Laboratory results reveal that his renal function has deteriorated when compared to his last office visit 2 years ago. Serum creatinine is 2.0 mg/dL, and urinalysis shows 1+ proteinuria. There are no abnormalities seen on microscopy of the urine. A renal biopsy shows eosinophilic infiltration and diffuse parenchymal inflammation. What is the most likely explanation for this patient's deterioration in renal function? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis B) Ischemic acute tubular necrosis C) Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis D) Toxic tubulointerstitial nephritis ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. The patient says he feels as if he is unable to take a deep breath. The patient has a past medical history of COPD and a 44-pack-year smoking history. The patient has been admitted before for a similar presentation. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 177/118 mmHg, pulse is 123/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 80% on room air. The patient is started on 100% oxygen, albuterol, ipratropium, magnesium, and prednisone. The patient claims he is still short of breath. Physical exam reveals bilateral wheezes and poor air movement. His oxygen saturation is 80%. Which of the following is the best next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) BiPAP B) Chest tube placement C) Intubation D) Needle decompression ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 76-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of low back pain and weakness for the past 4 weeks. He says that the pain is sharp, radiates to his left side, and has a burning quality. He has had a cough occasionally productive of blood-streaked sputum for the past 2 months. He has had 3.2-kg (7.0-lb) weight loss in that time. He is now unable to walk without assistance and has had constipation and difficulty urinating for the past 2 weeks. He has hypertension treated with enalapril. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 60 years. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 150/80 mm Hg. He is oriented to person, place, and time. Neurologic examination shows 3/5 strength of the lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are hyperreflexive. Babinski sign is present bilaterally. Sensory examination shows decreased sensation to pinprick below the T4 dermatome. He is unable to lie recumbent due to severe pain. An x-ray of the chest shows multiple round opacities of varying sizes in both lungs. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Radiation therapy B) Intravenous dexamethasone therapy C) Intravenous acyclovir therapy D) Intravenous ceftriaxone and azithromycin therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old man arrives to his primary care physician to discuss his fear of flying. The patient reports that he has had a fear of flying since being a teenager. He went on a family vacation 15 years ago, and during the flight there was turbulence and a “rough landing”. Since then he has avoided flying. He did not go to his cousin’s wedding because it was out of the country. He also was unable to visit his grandmother for her 80th birthday. The last time his job asked him to meet a client out of state, he drove 18 hours instead of flying. Two years ago he promised his fiancé they could fly to Florida. Upon arrival at the airport, he began to feel dizzy, lightheaded, and refused to go through security. During the clinic visit, the patient appears anxious and distressed. He recognizes that his fear is irrational. He is upset that it is affecting his relationship with his wife. Additionally, his current job may soon require employees in his sales position to fly to meet potential clients. He is embarrassed to have a conversation with his manager about his fear of flying. Which of the following is the best therapy for the patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alprazolam B) Cognitive behavioral therapy C) Fluoxetine D) Psychodynamic psychotherapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 75-year-old man presents to a medical clinic for evaluation of a large, tense, pruritic bulla on his inner thighs, abdomen, and lower abdomen. A skin biopsy is performed, which shows an epidermal basement membrane with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and linear immunofluorescence. Which of the following is the most likely cell junction to which the antibodies bind? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Desmosomes B) Gap junctions C) Hemidesmosomes D) Tight junctions ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of concerns about her behavior during the past 2 years. She does not have friends and spends most of the time reading by herself. Her father says that she comes up with excuses to avoid family dinners and other social events. She states that she likes reading and feels more comfortable on her own. On mental status examination, her thought process is organized and logical. Her affect is flat. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Schizoid personality disorder B) Antisocial personality disorder C) Schizophreniform disorder D) Autism spectrum disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Twelve hours after admission to the hospital because of a high-grade fever for 3 days, a 15-year-old boy has shortness of breath. During this period, he has had generalized malaise and a cough productive of moderate amounts of green sputum. For the past 10 days, he has had fever, a sore throat, and generalized aches; these symptoms initially improved, but worsened again over the past 5 days. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 109/min, respirations are 27/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 93%. There are decreased breath sounds and crackles heard over the upper right lung field. His hemoglobin concentration is 13.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 15,000/mm3, and platelet count is 289,000/mm3. An x-ray of the chest shows a right upper-lobe infiltrate. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Streptococcus pneumoniae B) Mycoplasma pneumoniae C) Chlamydophila pneumoniae D) Haemophilus influenzae ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An elderly man presents to his physician with complaints of difficulty breathing, easy fatigability, and bilateral leg swelling which began 2 months ago. His breathlessness worsens while walking, climbing the stairs, and lying flat on his back. He also finds it difficult to sleep well at night, as he often wakes up to catch his breath. His pulse is 98/min and blood pressure is 114/90 mm Hg. On examination, he has mild respiratory distress, distended neck veins, and bilateral pitting edema is evident on the lower third of his legs. His respiratory rate is 33/min, SpO2 is 93% in room air, and coarse crepitations are heard over the lung bases. On auscultation, the P2 component of his second heart sound is heard loudest at the second left intercostal space, and an S3 gallop rhythm is heard at the apex. Medication is prescribed for his symptoms which changes his cardiac physiology as depicted with the dashed line recorded post-medication. What is the mechanism of action of the prescribed medication? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Decrease in transmembrane sodium gradient B) Preferential dilatation of capacitance vessels C) Inhibition of aldosterone-mediated sodium reabsorption D) Reduction in myocardial contractility ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of excessive fatigue and weakness for the last several weeks. He also complains of abdominal pain and constipation for the same duration. On further questioning, he reports that he has lost 8 pounds in the last 2 weeks. Past medical history and family history are insignificant. His temperature is 37.3° C (99.2° F), respirations are 21/min, pulse is 63/min, and blood pressure is 99/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, he is a tired-appearing, thin male. He has a bronze discoloration to his skin, but he denies being outside in the sun or any history of laying in tanning beds. What is the next best step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Administer intravenous fludrocortisone B) Start him on androgen replacement treatment C) Start him on both hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone therapy D) Order an ACTH stimulation test ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old HIV positive female gave birth to a 7lb 2oz (3.2 kg) baby girl. The obstetrician is worried that the child may have been infected due to the mother's haphazard use of her anti-retroviral medications. Which of the following assays would a hospital use detect the genetic material of HIV if the child had been infected? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) B) Rapid HIV antibody test C) Polymerase chain reaction D) Southern blot ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 53-year-old man presents to his physician’s office with a persistent cough which he has had over the last few months. He was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the previous year and since then has been on a short-acting β-agonist to help alleviate his symptoms. Since his diagnosis, he has quit smoking, a habit which he had developed about 30 years ago. He used to smoke about 2 packs of cigarettes daily. Today, he has come in with an increase in his symptoms. He tells his physician that he has been having a fever for the past 3 days, ranging between 37.8°–39°C (100°F–102.2°F). Along with this, he has a persistent cough with copious amounts of greenish-yellow sputum. He has also been having difficulty breathing. On examination, his temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F), the respirations are 22/min, the blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, and the pulse is 115/min. Slight crackles and respiratory wheezes are prominent in the lower lung fields. His FEV1 is 57% of his normal predicted value. He is started on oxygen and a dose of oral prednisone. At this time, which of the following should also be considered as a treatment option? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Doxycycline B) Ciprofloxacin C) Erythromycin D) Antibiotics would not be appropriate at this time ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of headaches for the past 2 weeks. His headaches tend to occur in the morning and are associated with nausea and vomiting. One month ago, the patient was admitted to the hospital because of fever, irritability, and neck rigidity, and he was successfully treated with antibiotics. His temperature today is 37.5°C (98.5°F). An MRI of the brain shows bilateral ventricular enlargement and enlargement of the subarachnoid space. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased CSF production by the choroid plexus B) Impaired CSF flow through the arachnoid granulations C) Impaired CSF drainage into the subarachnoid space D) Impaired CSF drainage into the fourth ventricle ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 10-day history of unsteady gait, frequent falls, and twitching of the extremities. Physical examination shows bilateral saccadic eye movement in all directions and brief, involuntary muscle contractions of the trunk and limbs. There is an ill-defined, nontender mass in the upper right abdomen. He undergoes surgical resection of the tumor. Histopathologic examination of this mass is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Numerous immature lymphocytes in a starry sky pattern B) Abortive glomeruli and tubules in a spindle cell stroma C) Small blue cells arranged in rosettes around a central neuropil D) Hepatocytes in fetal and embryonic stages of differentiation ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> In a study, 2 groups are placed on different statin medications, statin A and statin B. Baseline LDL levels are drawn for each group and are subsequently measured every 3 months for 1 year. Average baseline LDL levels for each group were identical. The group receiving statin A exhibited an 11 mg/dL greater reduction in LDL in comparison to the statin B group. Statistical analysis reports a p-value of 0.052. Which of the following best describes the meaning of this p-value? ---- <<Choices:>> A) If 100 similar experiments were conducted, 5.2 of them would show similar results B) There is a 5.2% chance that A is more effective than B is due to chance C) There is a 94.8% chance that the difference observed reflects a real difference D) This is a statistically significant result ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because she has a cord-like rash on her left calf that is red and painful to touch. She says that she has had multiple such lesions previously. Other medical history reveals that she has had 3 past spontaneous abortions at < 10 weeks of gestational age but has never been diagnosed with any diseases. She drinks socially but has never smoked or used drugs. She has never taken any medications except for over the counter analgesics and antipyretics. Physical exam shows that the cord-like lesion is tender, thick, and hardened on palpation. In addition, she has a lacy mottled violaceous rash on multiple extremities. Which of the following antibodies would most likely be found in this patient's blood? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-cardiolipin B) Anti-centromere C) Anti-histone D) Anti-ribonucleoprotein ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old female visits her physician for workup of a new onset diastolic murmur found on physical examination. Past medical history is insignificant. Her temperature is 37.0 degrees C, blood pressure is 115/75 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. The patient denies dyspnea, fatigue, and syncope. Transthoracic echocardiography reveals a large, pedunculated tumor in the left atrium. This patient is most at risk for: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Abrupt hypotension B) Sudden cardiac death C) Acute arterial occlusion D) Septic embolism ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 8-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with respiratory distress, facial edema, and a skin rash after eating a buffet dinner with her family. She was born at 39 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery, has met all developmental milestones and is fully vaccinated. Past medical history is significant for mild allergies to pet dander and ragweed, as well as a severe peanut allergy. She also has asthma. She normally carries both an emergency inhaler and EpiPen but forgot them today. Family history is noncontributory. The vital signs include: blood pressure 112/87 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, respiratory rate 25/min, and temperature 37.2°C (99.0°F). On physical examination, the patient has severe edema over her face and an audible stridor in both lungs. Of the following options, which is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) IM epinephrine B) oral diphenhydramine C) extra-strength topical diphenhydramine D) inhaled sodium cromolyn - mast cell stabilizer ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> An investigator is studying the cell morphologies of the respiratory tract. He obtains a biopsy from the mainstem bronchus of a patient. On microscopic examination, the biopsy sample shows uniform squamous cells in layers. Which of the following best describes the histologic finding seen in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Metaplasia B) Normal epithelium C) Dysplasia D) Anaplasia " ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old female complains to her gynecologist that she has had irregular periods for several years. She has severe facial acne and dense black hairs on her upper lip, beneath her hairline anterior to her ears, and the back of her neck. Ultrasound reveals bilateral enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts. Which of the following is the patient most likely increased risk of developing? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Endometrial carcinoma B) Addison disease C) Wegener granulomatosus D) Eclampsia ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 52-year-old fisherman presents to the clinic for an evaluation of a pigmented lesion on his neck. He states that he first noticed the lesion last year, but he believes that it has been slowly growing in size. Dermatopathology determines that the lesion contains neoplastic cells of melanocytic origin. Which of the following characteristics of the lesion would likely be found on physical examination? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Brown-black color in one area of the lesion to red-white in a different area B) Macule that is 5mm in diameter C) Well-circumscribed papule with smooth borders D) Itching and pain to palpation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> Two days after being admitted to the hospital following a fall, a 77-year-old woman complains of fatigue and headaches. During the fall she sustained a right-sided subdural hematoma. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Her medications prior to admission were hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Serum Na+ 130 mEq/L K+ 4.0 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Osmolality 270 mOsmol/kg H2O Urine Sodium 45 mEq/L Osmolality 326 mOsmol/kg H2O A CT scan of the head shows an unchanged right-sided subdural hematoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Head elevation B) Tolvaptan C) Desmopressin D) Fluid restriction ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> An 18-month-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her mother for vaginal bleeding. The mother states that she noticed the bleeding today, which appeared as brown discharge with clots in the patient’s diaper. The mother denies frequent nosebleeds or easy bruising. She also denies any known trauma. She does mention that the patient has been limping and complaining of left leg pain since a fall 2 months ago. On physical exam, there are multiple 2-3 cm hyperpigmented patches on the patient’s trunk. There is bilateral enlargement of the breasts but no pubic hair. The vaginal orifice is normal and clear with an intact hymen. A plain radiograph of the left lower leg shows patchy areas of lytic bone and sclerosis within the femoral metaphysis. Which of the following is associated with the patient’s most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bitemporal hemianopsia B) Hypertension C) Pheochromocytoma D) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 72-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for treatment of unstable angina. Cardiac catheterization shows occlusion that has caused a 50% reduction in the diameter of the left circumflex artery. Resistance to blood flow in this vessel has increased by what factor relative to a vessel with no occlusion? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 64 B) 16 C) 8 D) 4 ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of an irregular gait 3 days after receiving age-appropriate vaccinations. Examination of the lower extremities shows no redness or swelling. When the child stands on his right leg, his left leg drops and his pelvis tilts towards the left. Sensation to light touch is normal in both legs. This patient's symptoms are most likely due to the injection of the vaccine into which of the following locations? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inferolateral quadrant of the right buttock B) Inferomedial quadrant of the right buttock C) Inferomedial quadrant of the left buttock D) Superomedial quadrant of the right buttock ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of decreased appetite and abdominal pain for the last several weeks. Physical examination shows a well-appearing toddler with a palpable left-sided abdominal mass that does not cross the midline. A CT of the abdomen shows a large, necrotic tumor on the left kidney. Histological examination of the kidney mass shows primitive blastemal cells and immature tubules and glomeruli. This tissue is most likely derived from the same embryological structure as which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adrenal medulla B) Thyroid gland C) Papillary muscles D) Anterior pituitary " ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of an increasing difficulty in hearing over the past several months. His mother says they have to speak at a higher volume for him to understand them. He also complains of having difficulty reading his favorite books because he is not able to see the words clearly. His father received a renal transplant in his 20s. The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Serum Urea nitrogen 15 mg/dL Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL Urine Blood 1+ Protein 1+ RBC 15–17/hpf WBC 1–2/hpf The audiometry shows bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. The ophthalmologic examination shows anterior lenticonus. Which of the following best explains these findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alport syndrome B) Fabry’s disease C) Von Hippel-Lindau disease D) Tuberous sclerosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 16-year-old female presents to her primary care physician due to lack of menstruation. She has never had a period and is anxious that she is not “keeping up” with her friends. She states that her breasts began developing when she was 13, and she had a growth spurt around the same time. Review of systems reveals that she has also been getting headaches every few months over the last year with some photosensitivity and nausea each time. Ibuprofen relieves her symptoms. The patient is a competitive ice skater and has never been sexually active. Her mother has a history of migraine headaches, and her older sister has a history of bipolar disorder. Both underwent menarche at age 15. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 70/min, blood pressure is 118/65 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Her body mass index is 23.8 kg/m^2. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal exams are unremarkable. Both breasts are Tanner IV with no expressable discharge. Pelvic and axillary hair growth is also Tanner IV. The patient is unable to tolerate a full pelvic exam, but the part of the vaginal canal that is examined is unremarkable. Laboratory studies are ordered and are below: Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L K+: 4.1 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 12 mg/dL Glucose: 73 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.7 mg/dL Mg2+: 1.7 mEq/L AST: 11 U/L ALT: 11 U/L Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): 16.2 mIU/mL (4.7-21.5 mIU/ml) Estrogen: 240 pg/mL (64-357 pg/mL) Abdominal ultrasound is performed and shows a normal uterus and ovaries. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hyperprolactinemia B) Imperforate hymen C) Vaginal septum D) Normal development ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency room due to shortness of breath that started an hour ago while playing football with some friends. He has had similar episodes in the past when he also had to be rushed to the hospital. Physical examination shows body temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), pulse rate is 100/min, respiratory rate is 28/min and blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg. Also, it shows decreased breath sounds on both sides, the peak expiratory flow rate is 200 L/min and SpO2 is 89% on room air. The man is given an initial treatment with nebulization using an inhaled short-acting β-agonist. An arterial blood gas analysis shows the following: pH 7.48 PaO2 59 mm Hg PaCO2 26 mm Hg HCO3- 26 mEq/L After administering oxygen by mask, the man’s PaO2 increases to 75 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Asthma attack B) Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning C) Neuromuscular disease D) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 48-year-old homeless male is brought to the emergency department, by the police, for altered mental status. Past medical records are unavailable. A physical exam on admission reveals scleral icterus and a flapping tremor of the wrists during extension. The patient is admitted to the hospital and his treatment is started after appropriate investigation. The next morning on rounds, he complains of eleven episodes of diarrhea and near-constant flatulence overnight. His mental status has improved and his hand tremor has resolved. Which of the following medications did this patient most likely receive after admission? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Thiamine B) Lactulose C) Naloxone D) Rifaximin ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 61-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of abdominal pain and constipation. He reports a 4-day history of steady right lower quadrant pain. He has had one small bowel movement in 4 days. Normally he has a bowel movement once a day. His medical history is notable for poorly controlled hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He takes enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, and atorvastatin. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history and drinks 3-4 beers per day. His diet consists primarily of fast food. His temperature is 101.8°F (38.8°C), blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. A review of the patient’s medical record reveals colonoscopy results from 1 year ago. Relevant findings included multiple small, pedunculated polyps which were removed, multiple colonic mucosal outpouchings, and no other masses. This patient’s condition is most strongly associated with which of the following disorders? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency B) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disorder C) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome D) Goodpasture syndrome ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with sudden onset of slurred speech. The patient’s eldest daughter says that he couldn’t move his arm during the episode. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and a hemorrhagic stroke 6 years ago, which was treated surgically. After admission, the patient gets increasingly worse and loses consciousness. A noncontrast CT of the head shows a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The patient is taken to the operating room, where the SAH evacuated, and the vessel is repaired. Postoperatively, the patient is unresponsive. Several days later, a repeat CT of the head shows an enlarging aneurysm in a different vessel in the brain. The patient’s daughter is asked to consent to a non-emergent, life-saving operation since the patient is in a comatose state. She does not consent to the operation even though the physician stresses it would be life-saving. Upon further discussion, the physician finds out that the patient was abusive and neglectful to his children, and the daughter wants “to live in peace.” The patient has no written advanced directive. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Follow the daughter’s wishes to withhold the operation B) Refer this case to the court C) Contact another family member for consent D) Report the daughter to the police ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 50-year-old man with congestive heart failure (CHF) was started on an experimental analog of atrial natriuretic peptide. Which of the following would he expect to experience? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased water reabsorption by the renal collecting ducts B) Vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, aldosterone release C) Increased glomerular filtration rate, restricted aldosterone release, vascular smooth muscle dilation D) Increased plasma calcium and decreased renal reabsorption of phosphate ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident. The patient’s vitals are as follows: blood pressure 80/40 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, respiratory rate 39/min, and temperature 37.1°C (98.8℉). On physical examination, the patient is unconscious with a GCS of 9/15 and is cyanotic. There are open fractures of the left femur and left tibia, a likely shoulder dislocation, multiple contusions on the limbs and thorax, and a puncture wound on the left side of his chest. There are no breath sounds on the left side and there is hyperresonance to percussion on the left. Preparations are made for an emergency needle thoracostomy to be performed to treat this patient’s likely tension pneumothorax. Which one of the following is the best choice to provide informed consent for this procedure? ---- <<Choices:>> A) The patient’s closest relatives (spouse, child or parent), who must be brought to the hospital as fast as possible B) One of the witnesses at the scene of the car accident, who should be brought to the hospital as fast as possible C) The hospital ethics committee D) Informed consent is not needed in this case ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A group of researchers wants to evaluate how often the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is related to high-risk behaviors in female sex workers from their country. An additional aim is to evaluate the association between HIV acquisition and certain sociodemographic factors. The researchers collect data through interviewer-administered questionnaires (for behavioral and sociodemographic data) as well as through clinical and serological evaluation/screening methods for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Which of the following could be the main outcome measure of their study? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Incidence B) Prevalence C) Hazard rate D) Attributable risk ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 53-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of multiple episodes of small amounts of blood in his stools. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. His hemoglobin concentration is 8.3 g/dL and mean corpuscular volume is 72μm3. Colonoscopy shows a 2.3-cm polypoid mass in the ascending colon. A photomicrograph of a biopsy specimen of the lesion is shown. Which of the following processes is most likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Underexpression of COX-2 B) Increased phosphorylation of serine and threonine C) Impaired degradation of β-catenin D) Abnormal transfer of phosphate to cellular proteins ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a 7-month history of fatigue and low back pain. Her pain is not improved by over the counter analgesics. Laboratory analysis is notable for a calcium level of 11.5 mg/dL, creatinine level of 2.0 mg/dL, and blood urea nitrogen level of 30 mg/dL. Large eosinophilic casts are seen on renal biopsy. Which of the following findings is most likely to be seen on peripheral blood smear? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Abundant reticulocytes B) Linear aggregations of red blood cells C) Schistocytes D) Leukocytosis with abundant mature myeloid cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 95-year-old woman who is a resident at a long term care facility, got up from her chair, tripped on a rug, and fell on her right knee. She could not get up without assistance and complained of severe pain in her right hip and buttock. The nurse who evaluated her tried to stand her up, but when the patient tried to stand on her right leg, she dropped her left hip and lost her balance. The nurse then recognized that her patient had a foreshortened right leg fixed in the adducted position and a large swelling in her right buttock. At the receiving hospital, the patient was confused and, though she knew her name, she couldn’t remember the date and insists to leave the hospital immediately to see her family. Past medical history includes diabetes, congestive heart failure, and incontinence. She is currently taking metformin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, and oxybutynin. Physical exam confirmed the nurse’s findings. Radiographs proved the presence of a right posterior hip dislocation without fractures. What medication is most likely associated with this patient’s confusion? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Metformin B) Oxybutynin C) Metoprolol D) Lisinopril ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old woman comes to the clinic for an annual wellness examination. She is healthy with no prior history of significant illness. She exercises 3-4 times a week and eats a plant-based diet with no carbonated drinks. When asked if anything is bothering her, she reports that she has been having recurring episodes of sneezing, congestion, and itchy eyes for the past year. She denies any fever, sick contacts, cough, headaches, chest pain, urinary symptoms, or constipation/diarrhea during these episodes. She is told to take a medication to alleviate her symptoms as needed. What is the likely mechanism of action of the medication in question? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alpha-adrenergic agonist B) Competitive blockage of muscarinic receptors C) Disruption of disulfide bonds D) Short acting beta-2 agonist ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old woman was referred to a dermatology clinic due to a changing discoloration of her fingers from white to red to blue. Although she has not had any recent changes in her daily routines, she also complains of increasing fatigue, muscle weakness, and weight loss. She has a blood pressure of 126/77 mm Hg, respiratory rate of 14/min, and heart rate of 88/min. Physical examination reveals regular heart and lung sounds. Anti-U1 RNP antibodies and increased creatinine kinase were found in her serum. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mixed connective tissue disease B) Polymyositis C) Systemic sclerosis D) Rheumatoid arthritis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old woman presents to the physician because she feels depressed, has difficulty sleeping, has a poor appetite, and has had a problem concentrating for the past 3 months. During this time, she has also has had low energy and has lost interest in playing the guitar. During high school, the patient went through similar episodes of low mood and poor sleep. At that time, she would repeatedly engage in binge eating and purging behavior, for which she was referred to therapy. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. Her physician offers to prescribe a medication for her current symptoms. Treatment with which of the following drugs should be avoided in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bupropion B) Citalopram C) Fluoxetine D) Trazodone ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 52-year-old man comes to the physician for an annual physical examination. He reports that his vision has progressively improved over the past 6 months and he no longer needs the glasses he used while driving. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include glyburide, hydrochlorothiazide, and enalapril. Examination shows 20/20 vision bilaterally. Fundoscopy shows a few microaneurysms of retinal vessels. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's improved vision? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Denaturation of lens protein B) Liquefication of the vitreous body C) Increased ciliary muscle tone D) Increased lens elasticity ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 21-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with right arm pain and limited range of motion. She does not recall trauma to the arm. She also complains of diarrhea and nausea. She is sexually active with one male partner and admits to having pain during intercourse. There is vague and diffuse tenderness to palpation in all four abdominal quadrants. No erythema or edema is noted on the right arm. The fecal occult test is negative. Past records show that this patient has been in the ER 7 times in the past year with similar symptoms. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ulcerative colitis B) Illness anxiety disorder C) Somatization disorder D) Somatoform pain disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old man presents to a psychiatrist complaining of mood fluctuations. He is accompanied by his mother who reports that the patient recently experienced a 5-day episode of minimal sleep and unusual levels of energy. The patient admits to spending $2,000 of his parent’s money, without asking, on a down payment for a motorcycle. The episode resolved after 5 days, at which point the patient felt guilty and upset. The patient’s medical history is notable for multiple month-long episodes in the past 2 years of feeling sad, sleeping more than usual, being uninterested in his hobbies, and feeling constantly tired and guilty. The patient has a history of severe meningoencephalitis at the age of 17 requiring four days in the intensive care unit. During that episode, he reported seeing monkeys in his hospital room. On exam, he is a well-appearing, cooperative male in no acute distress. He is alert and oriented with a normal affect. He states that he feels sad and guilty about what happens. He denies suicidal ideation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bipolar II disorder B) Cyclothymic disorder C) Persistent depressive disorder D) Schizoaffective disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because a 5-week history of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea that has worsened in the past 24 hours. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis 1 year ago but has had difficulty complying with her drug regimen. Her temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 92/56 mm Hg. Examination shows a distended, rigid abdomen and hypoactive bowel sounds. Fluid resuscitation is initiated. In addition to complete bowel rest, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Abdominal CT scan with contrast B) CT angiography C) Abdominal x-ray D) Colonoscopy ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man recovering from knee replacement surgery complains of breathlessness in the postoperative ward. He has been confined to bed for the past 5 days and is under observation. He felt a sudden difficulty in breathing and called for the ward nurse. He says that he is unable to take deep breaths and has a sharp pain on the right side of his chest with each inspiration. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.8°F), the pulse is 111/min, the respirations are 31/min, and the blood pressure is 85/55 mm Hg. He experiences pain in his right calf on dorsiflexion. There are no other prominent findings on physical examination. His chest X-ray does not show anything significant. The ECG reveals sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the best course of management at this time? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Subcutaneous fondaparinux B) Inferior vena cava filter C) Ventilation-perfusion scan D) Lower extremity doppler ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man is brought to his primary care physician by his wife who is concerned about the patient's frequent falls. Approximately 6 months ago, she started noticing that he was walking more slowly than usual. He has fallen more than 6 times in the past month, and she is worried that he will sustain a serious injury if he does not stop falling. The patient is a retired banking executive and was active as a triathlete until the age of 60. He does not smoke and drinks 2-3 alcoholic beverages per day. His family history is notable for normal pressure hydrocephalus in his mother and Alzheimer dementia in his father. His temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 131/81 mmHg, pulse is 68/min, and respirations are 19/min. On exam, his movements appear slowed and forced. He shuffles his feet when he walks. Tone is increased in his upper and lower extremities bilaterally. This patient's condition is most strongly associated with which of the following histologic findings on brain autopsy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Accumulations of beta-pleated sheets B) Atrophy of the caudate nucleus C) Intracellular inclusions of alpha-synuclein D) Intracellular inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 16-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a regular check-up. His mother says that he has not yet begun to walk. He is exclusively breastfed. He is at the 20th percentile for length, 10th percentile for weight, and 50th percentile for head circumference. Physical examination shows erosion of the enamel on the lingual surface of the incisors and carious molars. He has frontal bossing. His wrists are widened, his legs appear bowed, and there is beading of the ribs. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Deficiency of cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase B) Defect in type I collagen C) Impaired growth plate mineralization D) Mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with altered mental status. The patient is in acute distress and cannot provide history due to disorientation. Temperature is 38.7°C (101.6°F), blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, pulse is 103/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, and BMI is 20 kg/m2. On examination, his sclera and skin are icteric. On abdominal examination, the patient moans with deep palpation to his right upper quadrant. Laboratory test Complete blood count Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL MCV 88 fl Leukocytes 16,500/mm3 Platelets 170,000/mm3 Basic metabolic panel Serum Na+ 147 mEq/L Serum K+ 3.8 mEq/L Serum Cl- 106 mEq/L Serum HCO3- 25 mEq/L BUN 30 mg/dL Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Liver function test Total bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL AST 50 U/L ALT 65 U/L ALP 180 U/L The patient is treated urgently with intravenous fluid, dopamine, and broad spectrum antibiotics. The patient’s blood pressure improves to 101/70 mm Hg. On ultrasound of the abdomen, the common bile duct is dilated. What is the best next step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) ERCP B) MRCP C) Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram D) CT abdomen ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of intermittent flank pain. Over the past 2 years, she has had five urinary tract infections. Her blood pressure is 150/88 mm Hg. Physical examination shows bilateral, nontender upper abdominal masses. Serum studies show a urea nitrogen concentration of 29 mg/dL and a creatinine concentration of 1.4 mg/dL. Renal ultrasonography shows bilaterally enlarged kidneys with multiple parenchymal anechoic masses. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Medullary sponge kidney B) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease C) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease D) Obstructive cystic dysplasia ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 39-year-old African-American woman presents to the emergency room with hip pain. She has a past medical history significant for sarcoidosis which was recently diagnosed 6 months ago and is currently being treated. She reports that the pain started 2 weeks ago and is localized to the left hip and groin. The pain has been getting progressively more intense. Her temperature is 98.1°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 122/78 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for pain with manipulation without restriction of range of motion of the hip. Which of the following is the most sensitive test for this condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) MRI of the hip B) Radiograph of the hip C) Radionuclide scan of the hip D) Ultrasound of the hip ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old man from Nepal presents to the emergency department complaining of swelling and pain in his right testicle. The patient states that he just arrived in the United States to live with his wife, with whom he is monogamous. The patient denies painful urination or urethral discharge, but admits that 10 days ago he “felt like he had a fever” and the right side of his face was swollen and painful. Which of the following is characteristic of the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Preventable by a live attenuated vaccine B) Original presentation in the form of a painless chancre C) Cause buboes in the inguinal lymph nodes D) Is a common cause of septic arthritis in this patient’s age group ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 40 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. The patient reports severe pelvic pain. Pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. Current medications include insulin, folic acid, and a multivitamin. Vital signs are within normal limits. The cervix is 100% effaced and 10 cm dilated; the vertex is at -1 station. The fetal heart rate is reactive with no decelerations. Epidural anesthesia is performed and the patient's symptoms improve. Ten minutes later, the patient has dizziness. Her pulse is 68/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Intravenous fluid resuscitation is begun. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of the patient's hypotension? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sympathetic block B) Hypovolemia C) Acute pulmonary hypertension D) Aortocaval compression ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 57-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance for dysarthria and left-sided facial droop. She is accompanied by her son, who states that the patient had just returned home an hour ago from walking the dog when suddenly the patient stated she felt “strange.” When her son asked her what was wrong, her speech was slurred and her "face looked funny.” The son quickly called an ambulance. The paramedic upon arrival noted that the patient had left-sided facial droop. Her medical history includes asthma and sickle cell disease. She takes hydroxyurea, uses oxycodone as needed for pain, and an albuterol inhaler as needed for shortness of breath. The patient’s temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 145/72 mmHg, pulse is 93/min, and respirations are 14/min with an oxygen saturation of 96% on room air. On physical examination, a left-sided facial droop is appreciated. She has trouble articulating her words, and her speech is garbled. She is put on 2 L of oxygen by nasal cannula. Labs are obtained and pending. Which of the following therapies is most likely indicated? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alteplase B) Exchange transfusion C) Hydralazine D) Warfarin ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 58-year-old male is hospitalized after sustaining multiple fractures in a severe automobile accident. Soon after hospitalization, he develops respiratory distress with crackles present bilaterally on physical examination. The patient does not respond to mechanical ventilation and 100% oxygen and quickly dies due to respiratory insufficiency. Autopsy reveals heavy, red lungs and histology is shown in Image A. Which of the following is most likely to have been present in this patient shortly before death: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Diaphragmatic hypertrophy B) Interstitial edema C) Large pulmonary embolus D) Left apical bronchoalveolar carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 6-year-old African American boy is referred to the hospital by his family physician for jaundice, normocytic anemia, and severe bone pain. He has a history of several episodes of mild bone pain in the past treated with over the counter analgesics. On physical examination, the child is icteric with nonspecific pain in his hands. His hands are swollen, tender, and warm. There is no chest pain, abdominal pain, fever, or hematuria. A complete metabolic panel and complete blood count with manual differential are performed: Total bilirubin 8.4 mg/dL WBC 9,800/mm3 Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL MCV 82.3 fL Platelet count 465,000/mm3 Reticulocyte 7% Peripheral blood smear shows multiple clumps of elongated and curved cells and erythrocytes with nuclear remnant. The patient's hemoglobin electrophoresis result is pictured below. What is the most likely cause of his condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sickle cell trait B) Sickle cell disease C) Hemoglobin F D) HbC ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and dizziness, which have lasted for the past 3 hours. He was diagnosed with heart failure 1 year ago. During his last visit to his primary care physician, he was doing well and the lab results were normal. He reports that he has been taking low-dose aspirin and digoxin regularly for 1 year, and verapamil was recently added to prevent his frequent migraine headaches. An electrocardiogram is performed urgently and shows paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block. Suspecting digitalis toxicity, the emergency medicine physician sends blood to the lab for a serum digoxin level, which is 3.7 ng/mL (therapeutic range: 0.8–2 ng/mL). Which of the following mechanisms most likely explains the development of digitalis toxicity in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Drug-induced hypokalemia B) Increased intestinal absorption of digoxin C) Inhibition of CYP 3A4 isoenzyme D) Inhibition of P-glycoprotein ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 36-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after being involved in a high speed motor-vehicle collision in which he was an unrestrained passenger. He has acute myeloid leukemia and is currently receiving chemotherapy. On arrival, his temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 63/min, respirations are 10/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. The pupils are equal and sluggish. There are multiple bruises over the face, trunk, and right upper and lower extremities. There is a 4-cm (1.6-in) laceration over his right cheek. He does not respond to any commands, but does groan. Painful stimuli cause him to open his eyes and withdraw all extremities. There are decreased breath sounds over the right lung base. There is tenderness to palpation over the left chest wall. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and shows diffuse tenderness to palpation with no guarding or rebound. There is swelling of the right elbow and wrist. The right lower extremity is shorter than the left lower extremity. There are 2 lacerations around 2 cm (0.8 in) each on the right leg. The right knee is swollen. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Insertion of intercostal chest tube B) CT scan of the head and neck C) X-rays of the extremities D) Intubation and mechanical ventilation ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 51-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with type II diabetes. Due to the cumulative effects of diabetes, various health screenings and vaccinations are routinely recommended. Which of the following vaccinations or screening measures are recommended in patients with diabetes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Urinalysis every 6 months B) Comprehensive foot exam every year C) Weekly foot inspections by patient or family member D) Meningococcal vaccine ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old man presents with sudden loss of consciousness while pitching in a baseball game. There is no history of injury. Consciousness is regained after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Past medical history is negative for any neurological and cardiovascular problems. Physical examination reveals a prominent A wave on the jugular venous pulse and a double apical impulse. There are no audible murmurs. An S4 is present. What is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy B) Aortic stenosis C) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy D) Restrictive cardiomyopathy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 39-year-old man is brought to the emergency department unconscious following 2 episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. According to the attendants, he has complained of recurrent headaches for the past 2 weeks. There is no history of fever, head trauma, or a seizure disorder. The patient does not smoke cigarettes but reportedly drinks 2 glasses of wine daily. He has multiple sexual partners and history regarding the contraceptive use is unavailable. The patient’s vitals include: blood pressure 137/88 mm Hg, temperature 37.2°C (99.0°F). On physical examination, he is obtunded. He grimaces on pain and localizes in response to pain in both upper extremities. Pupils are bilateral 3-mm in diameter and equally round and reactive. Laboratory tests are within normal limits. An MRI of the brain with contrast is shown in the exhibit (see image). A brain biopsy is performed that reveals perivascular clusters of lymphocytes. Which of the following is most associated with this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Epstein-Barr virus B) Human herpes virus C) Human papilloma virus D) Schistosoma haematobium ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old woman from a rural area who recently discovered she was pregnant is referred for a cardiology consultation due to cyanosis, dyspnea, and a cardiac murmur revealed at the initial prenatal visit. She is gravida 1, para 0 with an estimated gestational age of 19 weeks. She says that the murmur was found in her childhood, and the doctor at that time placed her under observation only. However, she has been lost to follow-up and has not had proper follow up in years. Currently, she complains of dizziness and occasional dyspnea on exertion which has gradually increased during her pregnancy. Prior to her pregnancy, she did not have any symptoms. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 125/60 mm Hg, heart rate 81/min, respiratory rate 13/min, and temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F). Her examination is significant for acrocyanosis and a fixed splitting of S2 and grade 3/6 midsystolic murmur best heard over the left upper sternal border. Which of the following physiological pregnancy changes is causing the change in this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increase in heart rate B) Decrease in systemic vascular resistance C) Increase in cardiac output D) Increase in blood volume ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old man with a past medical history of constipation and fibromyalgia presents to the emergency department with generalized malaise and severe diarrhea. The patient states that he has not felt well for the past 24 hours and his symptoms are no longer tolerable. He denies taking any medications or illicit drugs and states he is generally healthy. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 122/88 mmHg, pulse is 107/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates an ill appearing young man. Physical exam is notable for rhinorrhea, lacrimation, and piloerection. The patient’s pupils are dilated and reactive to light. During placement of an ultrasound guided IV, multiple scars are noted in the antecubital fossa, and it is noted that it is very difficult to place an IV in this patient. During the exam, he begins actively vomiting. Which of the following could be an appropriate treatment for this patient’s symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Clonidine B) Diazepam taper C) Haloperidol and diphenhydramine D) Oseltamivir ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old woman presents to the clinic with her husband to discuss her most recent problem. She and her husband recently bought a new house in the area. While cleaning the house, they discovered a nest of spiders. She reports blacking out and waking up outside the house with a bandage on her arm. Her husband says that she began screaming and ran out of the house, breaking a window, and cutting her arm. The patient says she has tried to enter the house several times over the last several months but can not bring herself to cross the threshold for fear of more spiders. She wants to overcome her extreme and irrational fear. Which of the following is the most effective treatment to overcome this patient’s arachnophobia? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Desensitization B) Metoprolol C) Alprazolam D) Psychotherapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old man is brought to the physician because of increasing forgetfulness, unsteadiness, and falls over the past year. He reports that these symptoms seem to worsen with each fall. Initially, he could not remember directions to his home but now cannot remember recent conversations or appointments he has made. He often repeats questions that he asked shortly before. He has long-standing hypertension, coronary artery disease, and hypercholesterolemia. Current medications include aspirin, carvedilol, enalapril, and atorvastatin. Examination shows a bruise over the left temple and an unsteady gait. On mental status examination, he is oriented to place and person only. Short-term memory is impaired; he can recall 0 out of 5 objects after 10 minutes. Long-term memory is intact. He has no delusions or hallucinations. Muscle strength is decreased in the left lower extremity. The Babinski sign is present on the left. A CT scan of the head is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Warfarin therapy B) Vitamin E therapy C) Tetrabenazine therapy D) Cognitive training ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 39 weeks gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. On examination, the cervix is 100% effaced and 10 cm dilated. After 5 minutes of pushing, there is a prolonged deceleration of the fetal heart rate to 90/min. A decision to perform an episiotomy is made to expedite vaginal delivery. The anesthesiologist locates the ischial spines by palpating the posterolateral vaginal sidewall and administers an anesthetic. Three minutes later, pinching the posterior vulva does not provoke pain. The anesthetized nerve most likely also supplies which of the following structures? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Skin of the lateral thigh B) External anal sphincter C) Skin of the mons pubis D) Detrusor muscle ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old woman with a history of HIV presents to the emergency department with progressive dyspnea, fever, and dry cough for the past 4 days. She has not been compliant with antiretroviral or prophylactic medication. On evaluation, the patient is in moderate respiratory distress. The temperature is 38.8°C (102.0°F), the blood pressure is 124/82 mm Hg, the pulse is 96/min, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Pulse oximetry is 92% on 4 L oxygen by nasal cannula. Her CD4 count is 180 cells/μL. IV antibiotics and glucocorticoids are administered. After 30 minutes, the patient develops severe respiratory distress. Repeat vital signs show: temperature 38.3°C (101.0°F), blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, pulse 104/min, respiration rate 32/min and pulse oximetry 85% on nasal cannula. The trachea deviates to the left. Breath sounds are absent on the right side and the neck veins are distended. Telemetry shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Discontinue antibiotics B) Perform an arterial blood gas C) Needle thoracostomy D) Stat chest X-ray ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of left lower abdominal pain that began suddenly while she was running. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over the left adnexa and rebound tenderness in the left lower quadrant. There is no tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Urine pregnancy test is negative. An ultrasound is ordered to confirm the diagnosis of ruptured ovarian cyst. Visualization of fluid in which of the following locations would be most consistent with this diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Rectouterine pouch B) Hepatorenal space C) Splenorenal angle D) Rectovesical pouch ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has noticed trembling of her hands for the past 5 months. These movements are only present when she reaches to pick up an object or answer the phone. She has a history of major depressive disorder but has been off medications for the past 3 years. Her father had Parkinson's disease and died 6 months ago. She drinks a glass of wine daily. She appears anxious. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 118/74 mm Hg. A low-frequency tremor is present that worsens as she reaches out for an object. She consistently overshoots her target. There is no tremor present when her arms are held outstretched. There is increased tone in the lower extremities and Babinski's sign is positive bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cerebellar demyelination B) Degenerated substantia nigra C) Degenerated caudate nucleus D) Subthalamic nucleus stroke " ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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