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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician with a lump on her throat that has steadily increased in size over the past 5 months. She does not have difficulties swallowing, dyspnea, or changes in voice. Examination shows a 3-cm, hard swelling on the left side of her neck that moves with swallowing. There is no cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Thyroid functions tests are within the reference range. Ultrasound of the neck shows an irregular, hypoechogenic mass in the left lobe of the thyroid. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy is inconclusive. The surgeon and patient agree that the most appropriate next step is a diagnostic lobectomy and isthmectomy. Surgery shows a 3.5-cm gray tan thyroid tumor with invasion of surrounding blood vessels, including the veins. The specimen is sent for histopathological examination. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on microscopic examination of the mass? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Undifferentiated giant cells B) Capsular invasion C) Infiltration of atypical lymphoid tissue D) Orphan Annie nuclei " ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 53-year-old female patient comes to the physician’s office for her annual check-up visit. She has no complaints and her past medical history is notable for diabetes and hypertension. During this visit, the patient undergoes screening procedures per guidelines including a mammogram. On the screening mammogram a spiculated, irregular mass is found on the left breast. Further diagnostic mammography and biopsy reveal ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Which of the following is the most important factor in determining this patient’s prognosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tumor grade B) Tumor stage C) Age D) Location of the tumor on the breast ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 2-month-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her concerned father. He states that ever since her uncomplicated delivery she has failed to gain weight, has had chronic diarrhea, and has had multiple bacterial and viral infections. During the course of the workup, an absent thymic shadow is noted and a lymph node biopsy demonstrates the absence of germinal centers. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Defect in ATM gene B) Adenosine deaminase deficiency C) NADPH oxidase deficiency D) Defect in BTK gene ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 1-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents for a regular check-up. His weight, height, and head size were found to be in the lower percentile ranges on standard growth curves. His hair is tangled and has a dry, brittle texture. Genetic testing reveals that the patient has a connective tissue disorder caused by impaired copper absorption and transport. The patient’s disorder is caused by a mutation in which of the following genes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) ATP7A B) COL5A1 C) FBN1 D) ATP7B ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she has not had a menstrual period. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 57 kg (125 lb); BMI is 21 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the breasts shows a secondary mound formed by the nipple and areola. Pubic hair is sparse and lightly pigmented. Abdominal examination shows bilateral firm, nontender inguinal masses. Pelvic examination shows a blind-ended vaginal pouch. Ultrasonography does not show a uterus or ovaries. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gonadectomy B) Testosterone therapy C) Vaginal dilatory therapy D) Prednisolone therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 51-year-old man presents the emergency room with chest pain. He mentions that the pain started several hours ago and radiates to his left neck and shoulder. He also mentions that he has some difficulty in breathing. He says that he has had similar chest pains before, but nothing seemed to be wrong at that time. He was diagnosed with high cholesterol during that episode and was prescribed medication. He also has a 3-year history of gastritis. The blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, respirations are 18/min, and the pulse is 110/min. He seems a little anxious. The physical examination reveals no significant abnormalities. An ECG shows slight changes in the leads. His physician talks to him about the benefits of taking low-dose aspirin daily. Which of the following would be a contraindication to the use of aspirin in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) ECG changes B) Hypercholesterolemia C) Gastritis D) Increased pulse rate ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old woman presents to the physician for a follow-up visit. She has no specific complaints at this visit however, she has noticed that she is more tired than usual these days. At first, she ignored it and attributed it to stress but she feels weaker each week. She is sometimes out of breath while walking for long distances or when she is involved in strenuous physical activity. She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 3 years ago and has since been on medication to assist with her pain and to slow down disease progression. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the respiratory rate is 15/min, the pulse is 107/min, and the blood pressure is 102/98 mm Hg. On examination, you notice thinning hair and mildly cool extremities with flattened nail beds. A complete blood count and iron studies are ordered. Which of the following is most likely to show up on her iron profile? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased iron-binding capacity B) Low ferritin levels C) Decreased iron-binding capacity D) Normal iron-binding capacity ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 89-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of diarrhea and weakness for 4 days. She has 2–3 loose stools every day. She has also had 3 episodes of vomiting. She complains of a headache and blurry vision. Three weeks ago, she returned from a cruise trip to the Bahamas. She has congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, age-related macular degeneration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic renal failure. Current medications include warfarin, metoprolol, insulin, digoxin, ramipril, and spironolactone. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 61/min, and blood pressure is 108/74 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft, and there is diffuse, mild tenderness to palpation. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL Leukocyte count 7200/mm3 Platelet count 230,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 137 mEq/L K+ 5.2 mEq/L Glucose 141 mg/dL Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Perform hemodialysis B) Perform C. difficile toxin assay C) Measure serum drug concentration D) Administer oral activated charcoal ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband due to upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for the past couple of hours. She had similar episodes in the past, which were often precipitated by food but resolved spontaneously. Her temperature is 38.3°C (101.0°F), heart rate is 96/min, blood pressure is 118/76 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 16/min. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the right upper quadrant that is severe enough to make her stop breathing when deeply palpated in the area. Lab results show: Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3 with 79% neutrophils Aspartate aminotransferase 67 IU/L Alanine aminotransferase 71 IU/L Serum amylase 46 U/L Serum Lipase 55 U/L Serum calcium 8.9 mg/dL Ultrasonography of the abdomen is shown below. During the ultrasound exam, the patient complains of tenderness when the probe presses down on her right upper quadrant. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her pain? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute calculous cholecystitis B) Acute acalculous cholecystitis C) Acute pancreatitis D) Ascending cholangitis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A mother brings her 18-year-old daughter to your office because she has not menstruated yet. They recently immigrated from another country, and do not have any previous medical records. The adolescent girl looks relatively short, but otherwise looks healthy. She has no complaints except for mild intermittent lower abdominal pain for the past year. On physical examination, vitals are within normal limits. There is the presence of axillary hair, breast development, and pubic hair at Tanner stage 5. You explain to the mother and the patient that you need to perform a complete vaginal examination, however, both of them declined the procedure and would prefer that lab test be performed. Her labs are significant for the following: FSH 7 mIU/mL Normal values: Follicular phase 3.1 – 7.9 mIU/mL Ovulation peak 2.3 – 18.5 mIU/mL Luteal phase 1.4 – 5.5 mIU/mL Postmenopausal 30.6 – 106.3 mIU/mL Estradiol 28 pg/mL Normal values: Mid-follicular phase 27 – 123 pg/mL Periovulatory 96 – 436 pg/mL Mid-luteal phase 49 – 294 pg/mL Postmenopausal 0 – 40 pg/mL Testosterone 52 ng/dL, 40 – 60 ng/dL What is the most likely diagnosis of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Muellerian agenesis B) Hyperprolactinemia C) Turner syndrome D) Androgen insensitivity ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old woman with a pancreatic insulinoma is being prepared for a laparoscopic enucleation of the tumor. After induction of general anesthesia, preparation of a sterile surgical field, and port placement, the surgeon needs to enter the space posterior to the stomach to access the pancreatic tumor. Which of the following ligaments must be cut in order to access this space? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Phrenoesophageal ligament B) Gastrohepatic ligament C) Phrenicocolic ligament D) Ligamentum venosum ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room by his wife for severe abdominal pain for the past 1 hour. He is unable to give more information about the nature of his pain. His wife says that he has peptic ulcer disease and is being treated with antacids without a good response. She adds that he vomited repeatedly in the last couple of hours, his vomitus being brown/red in color. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), respiratory rate is 16/min, pulse is 97/min, and blood pressure is 100/68 mm Hg. A physical exam reveals a tense abdomen with a board like rigidity and positive rebound tenderness. An erect abdominal x-ray is ordered. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Duodenal peptic ulcer B) Gastric peptic ulcer C) Pancreatitis D) Perforated gastric peptic ulcer ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man presents with episodes of palpitations for the past 3 weeks. He says that he has episodes where he feels his heart is ‘racing and pounding’, lasting 1–2 hours on average. Initially, he says the episodes would happen 1–2 times per week but now happen almost every day. This last episode has been constant for the past 2 days. He denies any seizure, loss of consciousness, dizziness, chest pain, or similar symptoms in the past. His past medical history is significant for an ischemic stroke of the right anterior cerebral artery 1 month ago, status post intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) with still some residual neurologic impairment, and long-standing gastroesophageal reflux secondary to a hiatal hernia, managed medically. The patient reports a 15-pack-year smoking history, but no alcohol or recreational drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 105/min, and respiratory rate 16/min. On physical examination, muscle strength in the lower extremities is 4/5 on the left and 5/5 on the right, along with sensory loss on the left, all of which is improved from his previous exam 3 weeks ago. There is a loss of the left half of the visual field bilaterally which is stable from the previous exam. Cardiac examination is significant for a new-onset irregular rate and rhythm. No rubs, thrills or murmurs. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an area of infarction in the vicinity of the right anterior cerebral artery showing normal interval change with no evidence of new hemorrhage or expansion of the area of infarction. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed, which is shown in the exhibit (see image below). Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention to best prevent future cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Begin aspirin therapy B) Begin clopidogrel C) Carotid endarterectomy D) Begin warfarin and heparin ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> In 2005, a group of researchers believed that prophylactically removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) in BRCA-mutation positive women would reduce the chance that they developed breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, they reviewed a database of women who were known to be BRCA-mutation positive and divided the group into those with breast cancer and those without breast cancer. They used data in the registry and surveys about peoples’ surgical history to compare the proportion of each population that had undergone a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Based on this data, they reported that women undergoing the procedure had a lower chance of developing breast cancer later in life with an odds ratio of 0.46. This is an example of what type of study design? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Meta-analysis B) Cross-sectional C) Case-control D) Genome-wide association study ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 64-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus is referred to a urologist. The patient has had pain when urinating and difficulty starting a stream of urine for over 4 months now. He is bothered because he has to urinate about 9 times every day, including several times when he wakes up at night. A digital rectal examination revealed multiple hard nodules in the prostate gland. A CT scan shows a nodule in the right lung that measures 3 cm. An ultrasound scan of his urinary bladder and prostate shows residual urine of > 200 mL and heterogeneous findings of the prostate gland. Biopsy reveals grade 2 prostate adenocarcinoma. Follow-up 9 months later shows his prostate cancer is well controlled with goserelin. If one considers pulmonary nodules that are the same size as this patient’s, which of the following additional findings on CT scans would most likely prompt the removal of such nodules? ---- <<Choices:>> A) ‘Popcorn’ pattern B) Subsolid component C) Extending fine striations D) Doubling time of < 1 month ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old man presents with a 7 month history of insomnia. The patient admitted to having trouble sleeping from a young age but became more aware of how much this is affecting his health after attending a sleep conference earlier this year. He is worried that his health has suffered because of this, and he is also concerned that he will not be able to pay his bills if he were to get sick. He has no past medical or psychiatric condition and is not known to use any recreational drugs. The patient arrived for his appointment an hour early because he was afraid he might miss it. The patient is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals an irritable middle age man who is tense and somewhat inattentive during the interview. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Generalized anxiety disorder B) Adjustment disorder C) Social anxiety D) Normal worry ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 3-year-old girl is brought to the cardiologist because of sweating and respiratory distress while eating. She is at the 30th percentile for height and 15th percentile for weight. Echocardiography shows a defect in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum and a moderately decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. Physical examination is most likely to show which of the following findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Systolic murmur that increases with hand clenching B) Systolic murmur that increases with forced exhalation against a closed glottis C) Diastolic murmur preceded by opening snap D) Continuous murmur that is loudest at the second heart sound ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 58-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of increasing shortness of breath and a nonproductive cough for the last week. Three weeks ago, he had a fever and a cough for 6 days after he returned from a trip to Southeast Asia. He has had a 4-kg (9-lb) weight loss over the past 3 months. He has bronchial asthma and hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 41 years. Current medications include an albuterol inhaler and enalapril. His temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F), pulse is 88/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 136/89 mm Hg. There is dullness to percussion, decreased breath sounds, and decreased tactile fremitus over the left lung base. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Chest x-ray of this patient is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Elevation of diaphragm B) Ground glass appearance C) Widened intercostal spaces D) Blunting of costophrenic angle ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 58-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of sudden-onset right-sided body numbness for 1 hour. He reports that he has a 15-year history of hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. He is alert and oriented to time, place, and person. Neurological examination shows decreased sensation to light pinprick and temperature on the right side of the face and body. Motor strength is 5/5 and deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Perfusion of which of the following structures of the brain is most likely impaired in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Posterior limb of the internal capsule B) Lateral medulla C) Basal pons D) Ventral thalamus ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 9-year-old boy is brought in by his mother because of bruising on his torso and limbs. The patient’s mother denies any other symptoms and says he is otherwise healthy. Physical examination shows multiple petechiae and bruising on the torso and extremities bilaterally. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. A complete blood count is normal. His coagulation profile reveals: Prothrombin time (PT) 12 sec Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 60 sec Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia B) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura C) Von Willebrand disease D) Hemophilia A ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of a painless lump near the left wrist and tingling pain over his left hand. Physical examination shows a transilluminating, rubbery, fixed, non-tender mass over the lateral volar aspect of the left wrist. There is decreased sensation to pinprick on the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and radial half of the ring finger of the left hand. The tingling pain is aggravated by tapping over the swelling. Which of the following adjacent structures is at risk of entrapment if this mass persists? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ulnar artery B) Flexor pollicis longus tendon C) Flexor carpi radialis tendon D) Ulnar nerve ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 52-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a painless right-sided scrotal swelling. The swelling started several weeks ago but is not always present. Physical examination shows an 8-cm, soft, cystic nontender right-sided scrotal mass that transilluminates. The mass does not increase in size on coughing and it is possible to palpate normal tissue above the mass. There are no bowel sounds in the mass, and it does not reduce when the patient is in a supine position. Examination of the testis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the mass? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Imbalance of fluid secretion and resorption by tunica vaginalis B) Failure of processus vaginalis to obliterate C) Extension of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal D) Dilation and tortuosity of veins in the pampiniform plexus ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old patient is brought into the emergency department after suffering a motor vehicle crash where he was pinned underneath his motorcycle for about 30 minutes before a passerby called 911. While evaluating him per your institution's trauma guidelines, you discover pain upon palpation of his right lower extremity which is much larger than his left counterpart. The patient admits to decreased sensation over his right lower extremity and cannot move his leg. There are no palpable dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial pulses on this extremity, and it is colder and paler in comparison to his left side. Measured compartment pressure of his distal right leg is 35 mm Hg. What is the next best step in this patient's care? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Emergent fasciotomy B) Venous doppler C) Arteriogram D) External fixation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> An 18-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 2-day history of fever and a pruritic rash that started on his trunk and then progressed to his face and extremities. He has not received any childhood vaccinations because his parents believe that they are dangerous. His temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F). A photograph of the rash is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Nonbullous impetigo B) Varicella C) Rubella D) Erythema infectiosum ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after his son found him vomiting bright red blood. He is visibly intoxicated, and hospital records indicate a long history of alcohol substance abuse treated with antabuse (disulfiram). Vital signs include T 98.4, HR 89, BP 154/92, and RR 20. EGD is notable for mild esophagitis, and a longitudinal esophageal tear at the gastroesophageal junction, with no active bleeding. What is the next best course of action? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cyanoacrylate injection and ligation with banding, IV fluid hydration, and NPO B) Conservative management with IV fluid hydration and observation C) Esophageal manometry and impedance studies D) Calcium channel blockage and Botox injection of the lower esophageal sphincter ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A medical student is preparing a patient for an appendectomy. He is asked by the surgeon to disinfect the patient’s skin with a chlorhexidine-isopropyl alcohol solution before the procedure. Recent studies have shown that this solution substantially reduces the risk of surgical site infections compared with a povidone-iodine preparation without alcohol in clean-contaminated surgery. Which of the following mechanisms best describes the mechanism of action of chlorhexidine? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bactericidal at low concentrations B) Cell wall damage by free radical release C) Attack of free-sulfur amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids within the bacteria D) Its activity depends on pH and is greatly reduced in the presence of organic matter ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 19-year-old man with a past medical history significant only for facial acne presents with increased inguinal pruritis. Relevant social history includes participation in school wrestling. He has no significant family history. Other than the pruritic rash, a review of systems is negative. On physical examination, there is an erythematous, well-demarcated patch on his left thigh, over his pubic region, and throughout the perineum. The scrotum is spared. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tinea corporis B) Tinea cruris C) Candidal balanitis D) Tinea unguium ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 6-week-old girl is brought to the pediatrician for a post-natal visit. She was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 25-year-old woman via an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery. The mother reports that prenatal screening revealed no developmental abnormalities and that the baby has been gaining weight, feeding, stooling, and urinating appropriately. Physical exam of the infant is unremarkable. The mother has a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome and is curious about the development of her daughter's ovaries. Which of the following is true regarding the baby’s reproductive system at this time? ---- <<Choices:>> A) The baby has not yet developed oocytes B) The baby’s oocytes are arrested in prophase C) The baby’s oocytes are arrested in interphase D) The baby’s oocytes are fully matured ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 3-week history of burning sensation in his mouth. One year ago, a peripheral blood smear performed during workup of fatigue revealed erythrocytes without central pallor. His father had gallstones, for which he underwent a cholecystectomy at the age of 26 years. Examination shows pallor of the mucosal membranes, mild scleral icterus, a swollen, red tongue, and several mouth ulcers. There is darkening of the skin over the dorsal surfaces of the fingers, toes, and creases of the palms and soles. His spleen is enlarged and palpable 3 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.1 gm/dL, mean corpuscular volume of 104 μm3, and a reticulocyte count of 9%. Which of the following would most likely have prevented this patient's oropharyngeal symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Red blood cell transfusions B) Gluten-free diet C) Vitamin B12 injections D) Folic acid supplementation ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> An experimental new drug in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 was found to increase the levels of incretins by preventing their degradation at the endothelium. This further increased glucose-dependent insulin production. Which of the following drugs has a mechanism of action most similar to this new experimental drug? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sitagliptin B) Glimepiride C) Canagliflozin D) Pioglitazone ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 60-year-old man with severe persistent asthma since the age of 14 presents with an acute exacerbation of shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing over the last several days. His asthmatic symptoms are usually well controlled with regular high-dose inhaled triamcinolone, but over the last week or so he has developed a nocturnal cough and mild wheezing despite good compliance with controller medications. A review of several spirometry reports suggest of bronchial asthma with a partial irreversible airway obstruction. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the recent loss of asthma control in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Airway epithelial shedding B) Airway smooth muscle atrophy C) Airway remodeling D) Airway hyperresponsiveness ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 75-year-old man is admitted to the hospital because of a 3-day history of a productive cough and shortness of breath. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F) and respirations are 32/min. Crackles are heard over the right upper and the entire left lung fields. Sputum culture confirms infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Despite appropriate therapy, the patient dies. A photomicrograph of a section of the lung obtained during the autopsy is shown. Which of the following mediators is most likely responsible for the presence of the cell-type indicated by the arrow? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Platelet activating factor B) Interferon-gamma C) Interleukin-10 D) Leukotriene D4 ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 2-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department by her mother due to a fall. Tearfully, the patient’s mother describes witnessing her child fall from the changing table. The patient was born prematurely at 36 weeks estimated gestational age via vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. The patient is afebrile. Her vital signs include: blood pressure of 94/60 mm Hg, pulse 200/min, and respiratory rate 70/min. Physical examination reveals a subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye and multiple bruises on the chest and back. Which of the following is the best initial step in management of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) CT scan of the head B) Involvement of social services C) Family counseling D) Rule out medical conditions ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A researcher is interested in identifying the most effective treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in women between the ages of 18 and 50. Of 200 consecutive women who present to the emergency room for such a UTI, 50 are randomized to each of the following: nitrofurantoin 100 mg every 12 hours for 5 days, nitrofurantoin 100 mg every 12 hours for 7 days, cefpodoxime 100 mg every 12 hours for 5 days, and cefpodoxime 100 mg every 12 hours for 7 days. The measured outcomes include progression to pyelonephritis, positive urine culture on day 7 after initiation of treatment, and likelihood of re-presenting to the emergency room for another UTI within 90 days. Which of the following best describes this type of study? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Parallel study B) Factorial design study C) Between patient study D) Cluster randomized trial ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute onset neck pain and enlargement. Specifically, he reports that he has been experiencing pain and swelling of the anterior portion of his neck near the midline. Otherwise, he says that he has been getting tired easily and feels cold often. Physical exam reveals a painful diffusely enlarged thyroid gland with many small nodules. A biopsy is obtained showing diffuse cellular hyperplasia with areas of focal colloid hyperplasia. Given these findings, the patient is started on appropriate therapy, and the neck mass becomes smaller over time. Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) HLA-B8 risk factor B) Iodine deficiency C) Presence of embryological remnant D) Proliferation of fibroinflammatory cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old man presents to the office because of extreme fatigue for the past 2 days. He is also worried about his skin looking yellow. He does not have any other complaints and denies fever and headache. He admits to using illicit intravenous drugs in the past. He does not have any immunization records because he moved from Africa to the US at the age of 18. His vital signs are as follows: heart rate 72/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 37.9°C (100.2°F), and blood pressure 100/74 mm Hg. Physical examination is not significant except for mild diffuse abdominal tenderness. His blood is drawn for routine tests and shows an alanine aminotransferase level (ALT) of 2,000 IU/L. A hepatitis viral panel is ordered which shows: Anti-HAV IgM negative HBsAg positive Anti-HBs negative IgM anti-HBc positive Anti-HCV negative Anti-HDV negative What is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Past hepatitis B infection B) Acute hepatitis A C) Acute hepatitis D superinfection D) Acute hepatitis B ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old female presents to her primary care provider with an aching pain in her left leg that has progressively gotten worse over several days. She recently had an unfortunate sporting incident resulting in large bruises along both legs and lower thighs. An X-ray after the event was negative for fracture. Past medical history is positive for systemic lupus erythematosus. She also has a history of one spontaneous abortion at 12 weeks gestation. Today, her heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, blood pressure is 119/80 mm Hg, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, her left leg appears pink and slightly swollen. Homan’s sign is positive. A Doppler ultrasound reveals a thrombus in the left popliteal vein. Her lab results are as follows: Platelets 250,000/mm3 Prothrombin Time 14 sec Partial Thromboplastin Time 90 sec Mixing study (PTT) 89 sec What is the most likely cause of the patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Antibodies directed against platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa B) Antibodies directed against phospholipids C) Antibodies directed against endothelial cells D) Vitamin K deficiency ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 22-year-old woman with a history of asthma visits her physician for worsening shortness of breath. She states that she feels as though her “lungs are falling apart,” noting that her lung function has been steadily deteriorating. She further states that she has visited a number of other physicians who prescribed several different types of inhalers, but she feels that they have not helped her control her asthma exacerbations. She has experienced 4 episodes of pneumonia in the last 3 years and often suffers from “random” bouts of excessive coughing and wheezing. When asked if her coughing episodes produce sputum, she states, “Yes, the stuff is greenish with specks of red in it.” She also states that her coughing and wheezing episodes are associated with fever, malaise, and occasional expectoration of brown mucous plugs. The vital signs include: blood pressure 122/70 mm Hg, pulse 66/min, respiratory rate 26/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, the patient appears frail-looking and in moderate respiratory distress. Auscultation reveals inspiratory crackles in the right lung base and coarse breath sounds in the bilateral upper lung lobes. Chest radiograph, as shown below, reveals atelectasis in the right lung base. There are also branched radiodensities that the radiologist notes as being “glove-finger shadows” (noted by the arrow in the image). Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels are elevated. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Isoniazid B) Fluconazole C) Caspofungin D) Prednisone ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with complaints of fever (41.5℃ (106.7℉)) and diarrhea for the past 12 hours. There is no history of headaches, vomiting, or loss of consciousness. The past medical history is unobtainable due to a language barrier (the patient recently immigrated from abroad), but his wife says her husband had a motor vehicle accident when he was a teenager that required surgery. He is transferred to the ICU after a few hours in the ED because of dyspnea, cyanosis, and near-collapse. There are no signs of a meningeal infection. The Blood pressure was 70/30 mm Hg at the time of transfer. A chest X-ray at the time of admission showed interstitial infiltrates without homogeneous opacities. The initial laboratory results reveal metabolic acidosis, leukopenia with a count of 2,000/mm³, thrombocytopenia (15,000/mm³), and a coagulation profile suggestive of disseminated coagulation. A peripheral smear was performed and is shown below. Despite ventilatory support, administration of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and vasopressor agents, the patient died the next day. A gram stain from an autopsy specimen of the lungs revealed gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci occurring singly or in chains. Which of the following organisms is most likely? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Streptococcus pyogene C) Streptococcus pneumoniae D) Non-typeable H. influenzae ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 12-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after the sudden onset of colicky abdominal pain and vomiting. The patient also manifests symptoms of redness and swelling of the face and lips without pruritus. Her symptoms began following a tooth extraction earlier in the morning. She had a similar episode of facial swelling after a bicycle accident 1 year ago, which resolved within 48 hours without treatment. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a nontender facial edema, erythema of the oral mucosa, and an enlarged tongue. The abdomen is soft, and there is tenderness to palpation over the lower quadrants. An abdominal ultrasound shows segmental thickening of the intestinal wall. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Autoantibody-mediated tissue damage B) Complement inhibitor deficiency C) Drug-induced bradykinin excess D) Mast-cell activation ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A healthy 21-year-old man undergoes physical fitness testing prior to long-term submarine deployment. To evaluate his pulmonary function, lung and thoracic compliance are measured at different system pressures. A graph of the relationship between his lung volume and transpulmonary pressure is shown. The dotted line in this graph corresponds to which of the following lung volumes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inspiratory capacity B) Tidal volume C) Functional residual capacity D) Total lung capacity ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 3-day-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 4-hour history of somnolence, poor feeding, and one episode of vomiting. He is exclusively breastfed. His serum glucose concentration is 88 mg/dL and his serum ammonia concentration is 850 μmol/L (N<90). Urinalysis shows an increased orotic acid to creatinine ratio. Urinary ketones are absent. This patient is most likely deficient in an enzyme that catalyzes which of the following reactions? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate to citrulline B) Orotic acid to uridine monophosphate C) Pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A D) Glutamate and acetyl-coenzyme A to N-acetylglutamate ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because of dragging pelvic pain and a 3 kg (6 lb 9 oz) weight loss over the past 6 months. Menses occur at irregular 30- to 45-day intervals; her last menstrual period was 5 weeks ago. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), heart rate is 102/min, and blood pressure is 128/84 mm Hg. Physical examination shows hyperreflexia. Urine pregnancy test is negative. Ultrasonography shows a 6-cm hypoechoic adnexal mass. This adnexal mass is most likely derived from which of the following cell types? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Germ cells B) Chorionic epithelial cells C) Endometrial cells D) Stromal cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man comes to the emergency department with the complaint of pain in his right toe for the past hour. The pain is so severe that it woke him up. The patient has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the last 40 years and binge drinks alcohol after work and on the weekends. He underwent an appendectomy when he was 14 years old. He is a long-distance truck driver. Neither of his parents had any significant medical history. His temperature is 37.7°C (100°F), blood pressure is 135/75 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 25 kg/m2. On examination, his right first metatarsophalangeal joint is very tender, swollen, warm, and red in color. Range of motion cannot be assessed due to extreme tenderness. Laboratory test Complete blood count: Hemoglobin 11.5 g/dL Leukocytes 16,000/mm3 Platelets 150,000/mm3 ESR 50 mm/hr Synovial fluid is aspirated from the joint. The findings are: Appearance Cloudy, dense yellow WBC 30,000 cells/µL Culture Negative Needle-shaped birefringent crystals are observed in the joint aspirate. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of the patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Organic acids competing with urate for tubular secretion B) Increased renal reabsorption of urate C) Deficiency of HGPRT D) High-purine diet ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 33-year-old man presents to the infectious diseases clinic for follow-up. He was recently admitted to the hospital with fever, shortness of breath, and cough, and was found to have Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia and a new diagnosis of HIV. His CD4 count is 175, viral load is pending. As part of routine laboratory studies given his new diagnosis, an RPR was found to be positive with a titer of 1:64, and this is confirmed with a positive FTA-ABS. He is unsure when or how he acquired HIV or syphilis. His neurological examination is normal, and he has no symptoms. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Perform lumbar puncture, treat based on presence or absence of CNS disease B) Treat with three weekly injections of penicillin, obtain titers in 3 months C) Treat with three weekly injections of penicillin, obtain titers in 6 months D) Treat with a single injection of penicillin, obtain titers in 6 months ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 67-year old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly checkup. He has not noticed any major changes in his health over the last year but says that unfortunately, he stopped exercising because he has been stressed by work. His past medical history is significant for obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia. He is taking a number of drugs but does not remember what they are. A panel of metabolic and lipid tests are ordered and show worsening of his metabolic parameters. Based on these findings, his physician prescribes a drug that leads to a large decrease in triglycerides with a much smaller increase in high-density lipoproteins and decrease in low-density lipoproteins. The drug that was most likely prescribed in this case is associated with which of the following side effects? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cholelithiasis B) Decreased vitamin D absorption C) Hepatotoxicity D) Teratogenicity ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old woman presents to her OB/GYN for a preconception visit. She wishes to become pregnant within the next several months. A thorough history reveals that the patient suffers from phenylketonuria (PKU). She recalls being instructed by prior physicians to follow a diet that avoids certain foods; however, she admits to not being complaint with these recommendations. Laboratory testing reveals a plasma phenylalanine level of 20.2 mg/dL (normal range <2 mg/dL). Which of the following is the most appropriate response to this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Improved PKU treatment will decrease the risks of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine fetal death B) 3 months prior to conception, begin a restricted diet to lower phenylalanine levels to below 6 mg/dL C) Begin a phenylalanine-restricted diet in your first trimester to reduce the risk of fetal morbidity D) Your current phenylalanine levels do not pose a risk to any future pregnancy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old man presents to his family physician with a sudden onset of severe pain and redness in his eyes that started this morning. He is having difficulty seeing properly and is extremely worried about losing his vision. Further history reveals that he has had progressive lower back pain for over 2 months now. The pain is usually at its worst in the morning, but it remains throughout the day. It gets better with movement, however, so he tends to do some light exercises every day. He also has heel pain and feels significant pressure while walking. Laboratory analysis reveals increased ESR and CRP serum levels. Which of the following would most likely be seen in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Dry mouth B) Malabsorption C) Aortic regurgitation D) Hemochromatosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 38-year-old woman presents to her physician’s clinic for recurrent episodes of chest pain that wakes her from her sleep. While usually occurring late at night, she has also had similar pains during the day at random times, most recently while sitting at her desk in her office and at other times while doing the dishes at home. The pain lasts 10–15 minutes and resolves spontaneously. She is unable to identify any common preceding event to pain onset. The remainder of her history is unremarkable and she takes no regular medications. She works as an accountant. There is no history of smoking or drug use, however, she does consume 5 alcoholic drinks per week. Examination reveals: pulse 70/min, respirations 16/min, and blood pressure 120/70 mm Hg. A physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following would be effective in reducing her symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Aspirin B) Isosorbide dinitrate C) Heparin D) Propranolol ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 16-year-old male presents to his pediatrician with complaints of malaise, fatigue, sore throat, and fever over the last several days. His vital signs are as follows: T 39.1 C, HR 82, BP 122/76, RR 14, and SpO2 99%. Physical examination is significant for splenomegaly, tonsillar exudate, and posterior auricular lymphadenopathy. The tonsils are not notably enlarged. Laboratory work-up shows an elevated lymphocyte count, atypical lymphocytes on a peripheral blood smear, and a positive heterophile antibody screen. Which of the following is the best management of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bed rest and activity limitation B) Ganciclovir C) Amoxicillin D) Prednisone ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 75-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 7-day history of nausea and vomiting. Over the past 2 days, he has also been feeling weak and tired. When standing up after sitting for a while, he feels dizzy. He says he has to go to the bathroom more often than usual, and that he is urinating “a normal amount” each time. He has not had diarrhea. He has hypertension, for which he has been taking hydrochlorothiazide for the past 6 months. He drinks 9 glasses of water per day and takes his medication regularly. He is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 90 kg (198 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), blood pressure is 106/54 mm Hg, and pulse is 92/min. Physical examination shows whitening of the tongue. Skin that is pinched on the back of the hand retracts after 5 seconds. On mental status examination, his speech is slowed; he is oriented to person, place, and time. Laboratory studies show: Serum Na+ 150 mEq/L Cl− 97 mEq/L K+ 3.6 mEq/L HCO3− 30 mEq/L Osmolality 354 mOsm/kg Hemoglobin A1C 10.5% Urine Osmolality 400 mOsm/kg Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Diuretic overdose B) Osmotic diuresis C) Excess production of aldosterone D) Insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 38-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for her yearly exam. Her only complaint is difficulty losing weight. Her BMI is 34 kg/m^2. In addition to a standard physical exam, the physician orders a glucose tolerance test. The woman's fasting blood glucose level is 120 mg/dL and two-hour post 75g glucose load blood glucose level is 190 mg/dL. The physician informs the patient that she is "pre-diabetic" or at risk of developing diabetes and recommends lifestyle modification with follow-up in 6 months. Which of the following endogenous signaling molecules or receptors will increase insulin sensitivity in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Catecholamines B) Glucagon C) Glucocorticoids D) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old male presents to the emergency department for evaluation of hemoptysis. A chest X-ray reveals bilateral focal pulmonary consolidation. On further questioning, he admits having hematuria. Urinalysis shows RBC casts and 400 mL of urine is excreted in 24 hours. What is the most likely cause of hemoptysis and hematuria in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-Smith antibodies B) Anti-neutrophil antibodies C) Anti-mitochondrial antibodies D) Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 34-year-old man comes to the physician with a 2-month history of difficulty concentrating at work. He is worried he may lose his job due to poor performance. He feels constantly tired but attributes his fatigue to waking up early most mornings and being unable to fall back asleep. His wife has noticed that he has been speaking more slowly than usual and his appetite has decreased. He used to enjoy dance classes with her but has not been as interested in this recently. He is a veteran who returned from a deployment to Afghanistan 2 years ago. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Major depressive disorder B) Adjustment disorder C) Acute stress disorder D) Post traumatic stress disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of double vision. She first started seeing double after a long day at her work as a radiation technologist. Since then, her vision has appeared to worsen in the evenings. She has also felt worsening fatigue despite no change in her work hours or sleep habits. She has a history of type I diabetes mellitus and her most recent hemoglobin A1c was 7.4%. Her family history is notable for Sjogren’s syndrome in her mother and hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and carotid dissection in her father. Her temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 105/70 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 16/min. On examination, her pupils are equally round and reactive to light. Extraocular movements are intact. Mild ptosis is noted bilaterally but worse on the left. A visual acuity test reveals no abnormalities. Which of the following medications is most appropriate in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Pyridostigmine B) Physostigmine C) Hydrocortisone D) Azathioprine ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 76-year-old woman visits a physician for a general medical examination. She is asymptomatic. Six months prior, she had a cerebral stroke with left hemiparesis, from which she has almost completely recovered with physiotherapy. She has a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation (AF). She has no significant ischemic, valvular, or structural heart disease. She takes metoprolol, amlodipine, warfarin, and atorvastatin. Blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min with an irregular rhythm. Respirations are 13/min. She has a minor limp and weakness in her left arm and leg. Heart exam shows no abnormalities other than irregular beats. To assess adherence and therapeutic efficacy in this patient, which of the following studies should be ordered? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Echocardiogram B) International normalized ratio C) Partial thromboplastin time D) Serum drug levels ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 4-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician for a physical prior to beginning a preschool program. He is found to be delayed in reaching normal childhood cognitive and social milestones, which is consistent with observations at previous check-ups. Physically, he is also found to be significantly overweight with hypogonadism. Notably, the boy was limp when he was born and did not have a normal motor response to stimuli. Elevated levels of a gastrointestinal hormone are associated with the cause of this patient's weight gain. The hormone that is most responsible for causing the weight gain is produced in which of the following cell types? ---- <<Choices:>> A) D cells B) G cells C) P/D1 cells D) L cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Accurate and rapid identification of individuals with tuberculosis (TB) is crucial to accomplishing the goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) to eliminate this disease. One of the key strategies for the detection of TB is the use of tuberculin skin testing as a globally pertinent screening method, due to its low cost and technical simplicity. A study from Brazil demonstrated 76.7% accuracy, 67.9% sensitivity, 84.4% specificity, 79.1% positive predictive value, and 75% negative predictive value when using 5-mm skin elevation as a threshold, or cut-off, point for the screening test (following intradermal injection). Lowering the cut-off point to 4 mm would also result in an increase in which test property? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Convergent validity B) Discriminant validity C) Negative predictive value D) Test specificity ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old caucasian male is transferred to a tertiary care hospital from a small county hospital where he presented with jaundice and severe abdominal pain that radiates to the back. While in the county hospital, he did not develop fever, and his vital signs were stable for the 48 hours he spent at there. Initial laboratory tests are given below: Total bilirubin 7 mg/dL Direct bilirubin 6.4 mg/dL AST 100 ALT 40 Alkaline phosphatase 480 IU/L Glucose 160 mg/dL The patient’s medical history is relevant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. He admits to smoking cigarettes since his early teenage years. Moderate icterus is evident during physical examination, the abdomen is distended and dull to percussion, and there is periumbilical tenderness. Which of the following markers would you expect to be elevated in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) CA 125 B) Desmin C) CA 27-29 D) CA 19-9 ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A one-week-old, full-term infant born by uncomplicated vaginal delivery is brought to a pediatrician by his mother, who notes that her daughter's skin appears yellow. She reports that the child cries several times per day and sleeps 7-8 hours at night, uninterrupted. She has been breastfeeding exclusively and feels that he has been feeding well. Which of the following is the best treatment for this condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Phenobarbital administration B) Plasma exchange C) Switch from breast milk to formula D) Continue normal breast feeding ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old woman arrives to the clinic complaining of progressive urinary leakage that has occurred for the past 1 year. At first, she would notice leakage only during athletic exercise, but now the incontinence occurs even when she laughs or coughs. The patient states that she goes to the bathroom more frequently to try to prevent “wetting myself.” She wakes up once a night to urinate. She denies dysuria, hematuria, abdominal pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge. The patient has bipolar syndrome and takes lithium. She had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery 10 years ago and a cesarean section 4 years ago. She has had no other surgeries. She drinks at least 6 glasses of water a day but may drink more on days she goes for a long run. She also has a large coffee in the morning and another coffee mid-day if she “needs to focus.” The patient denies tobacco, alcohol, and other recreational drug use. Pelvic examination and speculum examination are unremarkable. When that patient is asked to Valsalva, leakage of urine is observed. A urinalysis, including specific gravity, is within normal limits. A beta-human chorionic gonadotropin is negative. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Diabetic polyuria B) Primary polydipsia C) Urethral hypermobility D) Vescicovaginal fistula ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after an episode of altered mental status. She was at a party when she suddenly fell to the floor. Her friends state that she was not responsive and was acting oddly. After the episode, the patient seemed confused and had no memory of the event. The patient has a past medical history of substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 117/69 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals a girl who seems confused and responds to questions slowly. Her gait is stable, and she demonstrates 5/5 strength in her upper and lower extremities. Laboratory values and a urine dipstick test are performed as seen below: Toxicology: Benzodiazepines: Positive Marijuana: Positive Cocaine: Negative Phencyclidine: Negative Urine Dipstick: Appearance: Dark Red blood cells: Positive Glucose: Negative Which of the following is the best next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Diazepam B) IV fluids and mannitol C) Phenytoin D) Supportive therapy and observation ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old woman presents to a physician for evaluation of vomiting and diarrhea for 2 days. Her symptoms began following a company picnic a few days ago. Initially, she was unable to tolerate any solids or liquids by mouth, but now has been able to drink sips of water. She had a mild headache, which was relieved with acetaminophen. The past medical history is unremarkable. She does not take any medications. The blood pressure is 120/60 mm Hg and the heart rate is 60/min. On examination, the mucous membranes are dry and the eyes are slightly sunken. Where is most of the sodium reabsorbed in this patient’s kidneys? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Distal tubule B) Descending limb of loop of Henle C) Proximal tubule D) Ascending limb of loop of Henle ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A one-week-old boy presents with yellow sclerae, severe lethargy, and decreased muscle tone. His mother notes that the symptoms started shortly after birth and have been progressively worsening. The patient is breast fed and takes no medications. His labs are within normal limits with the exception of his liver function tests as follows: ALT: 8 U/ L AST: 10 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 50 U/L Albumin: 3.7 g/dL Total protein: 6.7 g/dL Bilirubin, total: 29.4 mg/dL Bilirubin, unconjugated: 29.2 mg/dL Bilirubin, conjugated: 0.2 mg/dL The boy is taken immediately for treatment. What is the most likely underlying cause of his condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Absence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 B) Alteration in the ankyrin protein C) Reduction in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 activity D) Deficiency in glucocerebrosidase ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A researcher is conducting an experiment on the mouse kidney to study the relative concentrations between the tubular fluid and plasma of a number of substances along the proximal convoluted tubule. Based on the graph shown in figure A, which of the following best describes the tubular fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio of urea? ---- <<Choices:>> A) B B) C C) D D) E ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of right-sided back pain, nausea, and dark urine. He reports alternating episodes of decreased urine output followed by a temporary increase in urine output for the past 2 days. In the past year, he has had two urinary tract infections. He has Crohn disease and underwent a small bowel resection 5 years ago. He currently takes mesalamine and a multivitamin. His father had recurrent kidney stones. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows right costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows 70 RBC/hpf and envelope-shaped crystals. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 6-mm stone in the proximal right ureter and two 4-mm stones in the left kidney. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed most to this patient’s current condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Parathyroid gland adenoma B) Excess vitamin D C) Malabsorption of fatty acids D) High urine pH ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician because he has excessively dry skin. His mother says that he has had dry, scaly skin since he was 6 months old. She says it is worse in winter and better in summer. There is no associated itching, redness, or discharge. Examination reveals generalized fine scales with coarse skin all over the body, except in the skin creases of the neck and in the cubital and popliteal fossae (see image). There are multiple papular elevations at the base of hair follicles and darkening of the palmar and plantar creases. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Psoriasis B) Lichen simplex C) Ichthyosis vulgaris D) Pityriasis versicolor ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 24 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of vaginal bleeding and mild pelvic pain for 2 hours. Her current pregnancy was achieved by means of in vitro fertilization due to azoospermia in her partner. Prenatal course has been uncomplicated with regular prenatal visits. After a period of having avoided sexual intercourse during her early pregnancy, she resumed sexual activity with her partner at week 22 of gestation. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate; her other child was delivered vaginally. She has had abnormal Pap smears due to HPV in the past. Her pulse is 82/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 134/76 mm Hg. The abdomen is nontender, the uterus is consistent with 24 weeks' gestation, and the fetus is in a cephalic presentation. There are traces of blood on the vulva and the introitus. Speculum examination shows a tender, bruised cervix, with a closed cervical os. Fetal heart rate is 166/min and CTG shows a reassuring fetal heart rate tracing. Ultrasound shows a uniformly echogenic placenta located at the fundal end of the posterior uterine wall. What is the most likely cause of this patient's antepartum bleeding? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Pedunculated cervical growth B) Inflammation of the cervix C) Cervical trauma D) Premature separation of the placenta ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 16-year-old boy is rushed to the emergency room with acute vomiting and abdominal pain that began earlier today. His parents say that the boy was doing well until two days ago when he told them that he was feeling unwell. He has diabetes and takes insulin but stopped taking it when he began to feel poorly two days ago. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respirations are shallow and rapid with a rate of 33/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 101/68 mm Hg. He appears severely dehydrated, showing signs of fatigue, and poor skin turgor. His breath has a fruity smell to it. His blood glucose level is 691 mg/dL. Blood is drawn for labs and the results are given below: Serum: pH: 7.21 pCO2: 32 mm HG HCO 3-: 15.2 mEq/L Sodium: 122 mEq/L Potassium: 5.8 mEq/L Urinalysis is positive for ketone bodies. What is the most appropriate immediate step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Administer IV fluids and insulin B) Administer IV antibiotics C) Administer IV fluids with oral antidiabetic medications D) Administer potassium and magnesium ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old male presents to the emergency department with chest pain. He reports that one hour ago he was climbing the stairs in his home when he suddenly developed excruciating chest pain. He describes the pain as ripping and radiating to the back. The patient’s past medical history is significant for a heart murmur that is being followed by his outpatient cardiologist. He takes no medications. The patient works as a carpenter and reports being monogamous with his wife. He denies any history of intravenous drug use or recent travel. In the emergency department, the patient’s temperature is 99.4°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 94/56 mmHg, pulse is 121/min, and respirations are 14/min. On physical exam, the patient appears to be in moderate distress and is clutching his chest. He is tall and has joint hypermobility. His breath sounds are equal and full bilaterally and has weak distal pulses. Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Holosystolic, high-pitched blowing murmur at the lower left sternal border B) Late systolic crescendo murmur at the apex with mid-systolic click C) Mid-diastolic murmur at the left lower sternal border D) Systolic ejection murmur at the right second intercostal space ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A mother brings her 6-year-old daughter to the pediatrician to discuss her child's sleeping troubles. Three times now in the last month the child has begun screaming and crying in the middle of the night. When the parents rush to the child's room, they find her crying inconsolably. They try to ask her what is wrong, but she does not respond and persists crying for approximately 20 minutes, after which she goes back to sleeping comfortably. Upon awaking the following morning, she has no recollection of the night's events. Which of the following is true about these episodes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) They will be persistent into adulthood B) They occur only during non-REM sleep C) They are associated with child abuse D) They are associated with later development of a mood disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> An 18-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a pruritic rash on her back for the past 2 hours. This morning, she started a course of ceftriaxone for treatment of pyelonephritis. A photograph of the rash is shown. This patient's skin findings are most likely associated with which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Direct tissue damage by irradiated antibiotic agent B) Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of antigen-tagged cells C) Hyperpermeability of superficial dermal microvasculature D) Mast cell activation in subcutaneous tissues ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> Two hours after admission to the hospital for dialysis, a 63-year-old woman has severe pain in her lower back. The pain is 8 out of 10 in intensity and radiates down the legs. She underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy 4 years ago. She has hypertension, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and major depressive disorder. She lives with her daughter and reports frequent fights with her at home. Her current medications include sertraline, insulin, enalapril, sodium bicarbonate, and sevelamer. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 132/94 mm Hg. There is severe tenderness on palpation over the L2 vertebra; range of motion is limited. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,700/mm3 Platelet count 130,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 136 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L K+ 5.1 mEq/L Calcium 8.2 mg/dL Urea nitrogen 33 mg/dL Glucose 190 mg/dL Creatinine 3.8 mg/dL An x-ray of the spine shows a wedge compression fracture of the L2 vertebra. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tertiary hyperparathyroidism B) Secondary hyperparathyroidism C) Elder abuse D) Primary hyperparathyroidism ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of swelling of his legs for 2 months. Three months ago, he was diagnosed with hypertension and started on a new medication. His blood pressure is 145/95 mm Hg. Physical examination shows 2+ edema in both lower extremities. Laboratory studies are within the reference ranges. This patient was most likely treated with which of the following drugs? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Losartan B) Spironolactone C) Hydrochlorothiazide D) Amlodipine ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An investigator is studying the function of different enzymes in various human cell types. A subset of normal human cells with an elevated intracellular concentration of bisphosphoglycerate mutase is harvested and isolated. Which of the following is most likely to be absent in these cells? ---- <<Choices:>> A) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase B) Pyruvate kinase C) Glutathione reductase D) Carbonic anhydrase ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident. On arrival, she is stable and says that she hit a car at an intersection that "came out of nowhere". She states that she had similar close encounters with other cars these past few weeks but was able to avoid collisions with those. She has also had intermittent headaches over the last month and has noticed that her shirts have been getting wet unexpectedly. Blood tests reveal an abnormal elevation of a circulating substance. Which of following changes is also associated with the physiologic function of the most likely substance in this case? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Decreased oxytocin B) Decreased progesterone C) Increased follicle stimulating hormone D) Increased progesterone ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of episodic headaches associated with dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Over-the-counter pain medications have failed to reduce her symptoms. An MRI of the brain shows isolated dilation of the left lateral ventricle. This dilatation is most likely caused by blockade of which of the following structures? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Arachnoid villi B) Interventricular foramen C) Median aperture D) Lateral apertures ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 20-day-old child is brought to the emergency department by her parents. They are concerned about lethargy and easy bruising. Her mother reports that she has been eating less for the past few days. Today she was difficult to arouse. She normally nurses four-five times a day, but ate less yesterday and this morning. The girl was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery at home with minimal prenatal or postnatal care. This is her first visit to a physician of any type. The family is carefully questioned and child abuse is ruled out. The daughter’s pulse is 97/min, respirations are 35/min, temperature is 35.8°C (96.4°F), and blood pressure is 71/46 mm Hg. Physical examination shows diffuse petechiae and bruising. Which of the following is the most likely cause? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection B) Hepatitis B infection C) Thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency D) Vitamin K deficiency ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a generalized, non-itchy rash for 2 days. He has also had a fever and sore throat for 4 days. He has not received any routine childhood vaccinations. Examination shows a flushed face except around his mouth. A diffuse, papular, erythematous rash that blanches with pressure is seen over the trunk. Pharyngeal erythema and a red beefy tongue are noted. His leukocyte count is 11,200/mm3 (75% segmented neutrophils, 22% lymphocytes). Without treatment, this patient's current condition puts him at greatest risk for which of the following complications? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Coronary artery aneurysms B) Encephalitis C) Mitral valve regurgitation D) Minimal change disease ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department with fever, nausea, and vomiting. The patient states that his symptoms started last night and have persisted to this morning. He has a past medical history of asthma, and his current medications include albuterol and fluticasone. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 110/60 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient seems uncomfortable. He requests that the lights in the room stay turned off during the physical exam. The patient's cardiac exam demonstrates a normal rate and rhythm, and his pulmonary exam is clear to auscultation bilaterally. Musculoskeletal exam reveals diminished mobility of the neck in all four directions, with flexion of the neck causing the patient discomfort. Lumbar puncture is performed and results are seen below. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Cell count: 175/mm^3 Cl-: 119 mEq/L Glucose: 49 mg/dL Pressure: 150 mmH2O Total protein: 55 mg/dL Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient's most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acyclovir B) Amphotericin and 5-flucytosine C) Ceftriaxone and vancomycin D) IV fluids and monitoring ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 64-year-old man comes to the physician with a 1-week history of sore mouth. He says that swallowing is not painful. He has had asthma for more than 20 years. His only medication is a high-dose combination salmeterol/fluticasone inhaler. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 74/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 125/65 mm Hg. A photograph of his oral mucosa is shown. Indirect mirror examination of the posterior oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Fluconazole B) Isotretinoin C) Nystatin D) Penicillin V ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 56-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of fever, chills, nausea, and flank pain. She has multiple sclerosis and a chronic indwelling bladder catheter for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. One week ago, she was discharged from the hospital after treatment for a multiple sclerosis flare. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.8°C). Physical examination shows marked tenderness in the right costovertebral area. Urine cultures grow a non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-positive, gram-negative rod. The causal organism of this patient's current condition most likely produces which of the following substances? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Lipoteichoic acid B) K capsule C) Toxin B D) Pyoverdine ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old man comes to the physician for episodic fever, recurrent night sweats, and a 6-kg (14.2-lb) weight loss over the past 2 months. He reports that the fever lasts for 7 to 10 days, then subsides completely for about a week before returning again. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows nontender cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral mediastinal masses. Resection of a cervical lymph node is performed. A photomicrograph of the resected specimen is shown. Further histopathological examination is most likely to show which of the following findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cells staining positive for CD15 and CD30 B) Cells with BCR-ABL rearrangement C) Cells overexpressing Bcl-2 D) Cells with t(8;14) chromosomal translocation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of nausea for the last two weeks. During this period, she has had increased urinary frequency and fatigue. She also reports two episodes of non-bloody vomiting. There is no personal history of serious illness. Her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago. Physical examination shows bilateral breast tenderness. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A urine pregnancy test is positive. Which of the following is the most accurate predictor of the gestational age? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ratio of head to abdominal circumference B) Femoral length C) Crown-rump length D) Biparietal length ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 6-week-old male infant is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 2-day history of recurrent nonbilious vomiting. Vomiting occurs almost immediately after most feeds. Each time, he becomes irritable while feeding and refuses to finish the bottle. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation and weighed 3300 g (7 lb 4 oz); he currently weighs 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz). He has Down syndrome. His vaccinations are up-to-date. He appears agitated and cries during the examination. His temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 156/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 100/49 mm Hg. Examination shows upward slanting of the eyelids, a broad and flat nasal bridge, and a single transverse palmar crease on both hands. The abdomen is soft and nontender. A 2.5-cm (1-inch) epigastric mass is palpated. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis is within normal limits. Further diagnostic evaluation of the patient is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Dilated colon segment on abdominal x-ray B) Detection of rotavirus antigen on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) C) Elongated and thickened pylorus on abdominal ultrasound D) Tripple bubble sign on abdominal x-ray ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 5-year-old Syrian immigrant and her family present for an immigration physical. Her mother describes photophobia, bilateral lacrimation, eye itching, and eyelid swelling for the last week. She is known to have an allergy to cephalosporins. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She has met all of her developmental milestones and most of her vaccines. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 105/60 mm Hg, heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). The physical examination is mostly normal except for her eye exam as presented in the image below. Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) A third-generation cephalosporin would be the best treatment option in case the child did not have an actual allergy. B) The child should be treated with topical bacitracin. C) The best treatment option is oral tetracycline. D) The child should be administered a single dose of oral azithromycin. ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> Three days after induction chemotherapy, a 9-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital for fever and neutropenia. He was initially diagnosed with t(9;22)-positive acute T cell lymphoblastic leukemia following workup for fatigue and pancytopenia. He is fully conscious. His blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), pulse is 98/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. Physical examination including examination of the central venous catheter site shows no source of infection. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated. Which of the following factors about this patient most strongly indicates a poor prognosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Age B) Cytogenetics C) Fever and neutropenia D) Initial presentation ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old homeless man comes to the emergency department because of progressive neck pain for 3 days. He also reports headaches and numbness in both hands. Over the past 4 months, he has had intermittent lower back pain after waking up. The back pain improves with movement. He also has recurrent episodes of gout in the metatarsophalangeal joint of his right big toe. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years and drinks four beers daily. The patient is a known user of intravenous heroin. He appears acutely ill. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 140/85 mm Hg. There are several track marks on both forearms. Examination of the neck shows warmth, erythema, and limited range of motion. Gentle palpation over the midcervical spinal processes causes severe pain. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11 g/dL Leukocyte count 14,200/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 77% Eosinophils 1% Lymphocytes 20% Monocytes 2% Platelet count 278,000/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 54 mm/h Blood cultures are pending. An x-ray of the cervical spine shows no abnormalities. An MRI of the spine shows signs of inflammation. A bone biopsy confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Lumbar puncture B) Intravenous ciprofloxacin and vancomycin therapy C) Oral indomethacin therapy D) Bone scintigraphy " ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 1-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department with persistent vomiting, dehydration, and irritability. Over the past week, she has been projectile vomiting after most feedings. Initially, the vomiting would occur just once or twice a day, but now it occurs after every feed. However, her appetite hasn’t decreased, and she seeks milk right after each episode of vomiting. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery and is breastfed exclusively. On physical exam, the vital signs include: temperature 37.5°C (99.5°F), blood pressure 85/55 mm Hg, respiratory rate 28/min, and heart rate 150/min. On examination, she appears to be mildly dehydrated, listless, and irritable. Her abdomen is soft and nontender with a palpable olive-shaped mass in the epigastric region. Which of the following acid-base disturbances is most likely associated with this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 10-year-old girl is brought to a clinic by her parents after 1 week of difficulty breathing, dry cough, and low-grade fevers. She has also developed shallow erythematous ulcers inside of her mouth. There is no history of chills, rigors, or headaches. Her appetite has decreased. The girl has been HIV-positive since birth and is being treated with HAART. Her baseline viral load is <50/mL. On general examination, the girl appears ill. Diffuse inspiratory crackles are heard on chest auscultation with normal heart sounds. No lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly is noted on physical examination. A blood sample is drawn, which shows a CD4 count of 100/mm3 and a viral load of 25,050/mL. What is the most likely mechanism responsible for the lack of responsiveness to therapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ineffective CD8 cytotoxicity B) env gene mutation C) pol gene mutation D) Decreased viral replication ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion. The patient lives in a nursing home and has Alzheimer dementia at baseline. His nurse noticed that he was more confused than usual and was somnolent for the past 12 hours. The patient’s nurse also noticed that he was soiling his diapers more frequently with copious amounts of urine. The patient has lost 15 pounds since his last physician appointment 3 weeks ago. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 12.2 mg/dL PTH: 8 pg/mL The patient is referred to another physician for a more thorough workup including laboratory work and CT imaging. Which of the following is the best long-term prophylaxis for the cause of this patient’s acute symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alendronate B) Calcitonin C) IV fluids D) Teriparatide ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old woman is referred to the outpatient psychiatry clinic from the medical clinic. The patient is being treated for urge incontinence but is being referred for psychiatric evaluation to help with some of her old avoidance behavior. For the 3 months that she had her urinary symptoms, she avoided places like long lines and long train rides. Even after being successfully treated for her urinary condition, she continues to show restricted social interaction. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) She fears not being able to escape similar situations. B) Her symptoms need to last for at least 1 month. C) She requires only one fear or avoidance situation to meet criteria for this condition. D) Patients may have accompanying social phobia. ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old male presents to the emergency department with dyspnea and palpitations. He does not smoke cigarettes or consume alcohol, and past medical history is insignificant. Blood pressure is 115/75 mmHG and heart rate is 125/min. Heart rhythm is irregularly irregular. After initial treatment with IV digoxin the patient's heart rate drops to 85/min and remains irregular. Which of the following best explains the effect of digoxin in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors B) Calcium channel blockade C) Vagal stimulation D) Increased ventricular contractility ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Public health researchers are reviewing data from an outbreak of hepatitis A that was traced to contaminated produce from a popular restaurant. A case series investigation with prospective and retrospective follow-up found that 500 individuals dined at the restaurant during the week of study. The incidence of hepatitis A infection was found to be 25%, and the total number of deaths recorded among the incident cases was 5 individuals. What was the case-fatality rate for the hepatitis A outbreak? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 4% B) 10% C) 20% D) 25% ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old man is brought to the emergency room by ambulance after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. He was driving a motorcycle and collided with a bus. The EMT personnel found the patient alert with anterograde amnesia for the several minutes preceding the accident. Vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient is drowsy but follows commands. Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light. The remainder of the initial examination is unremarkable. While the patient is being transferred to observation, his level of consciousness acutely declines. Repeat vital signs are significant for a blood pressure of 190/110 mm Hg. Ophthalmic examination now shows a fixed and dilated left pupil with no pupillary light reflex. A noncontrast CT of the head is performed and is shown in the image. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tearing of the middle meningeal artery B) Dural arteriovenous fistula C) Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm D) Arteriovenous malformation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a follow-up visit. He has type 1 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes insulin. He complains of frequent episodes of waking up in the middle of his sleep. When he wakes up, he feels excessive sweating, hand tremors, and weakness. His morning blood glucose is high on repeated measurement. Which of the following is the optimal intervention for this patient condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Reassurance B) Adding pramlintide C) Increasing daily insulin dose D) Reducing daily insulin dose ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A researcher conducts multiple experiments to establish an infection and disease model for Clostridium perfringens in chickens. To ensure that all instruments are free of the pathogenic organism, he uses a disinfectant that oxidizes and denatures proteins. Which of the following disinfectants did the researcher most likely use? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Chlorine dioxide B) Isopropyl alcohol C) Povidone-iodine D) Benzalkonium chloride ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old woman visits her obstetrician for an antenatal appointment. She is at the 24th week of gestation. She has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 5 years and is on insulin. She also has mitral stenosis, for which she has been advised to undergo a balloon valvotomy. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), blood pressure is 120/60 mm Hg, and pulse is 90/minute. Her random blood glucose is 220 mg/dL and HbA1C is 8.5%. She wants to discuss possible complications concerning her pregnancy. Which of the following cardiac complications is her infant at high risk for? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy B) Transient hypertrophic cardiomyopathy C) Tetralogy of Fallot D) Mitral valve prolapse ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 63-year-old man presents to the physician with a complaint of back pain for the past 2 months. The pain is present throughout the day, and even at night when he lies down. He also complains of difficulty walking upstairs and says he recently started to wear adult diapers because he seems to have difficulty controlling his bowel movements. His vital signs are within normal limits. The neurological examination revealed bilateral lower limb weakness, diminished temperature sensation, and decreased vibratory sense. The rectal examination revealed a hard nodular mass and a weak rectal sphincter tone. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Syringomyelia B) Spinal metastasis C) Herniated disc D) Spinal hematoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 18-year-old college student presents to the student health clinic complaining of excessive sleepiness. He first noticed the daytime sleepiness about a year ago but reports that it significantly worsened once he started college. He reports that he goes to bed around 9 p.m. and wakes up for class at 8 a.m.. He naps between classes for a total of 4 hours during the day. Despite this, he wakes up feeling exhausted. He easily falls asleep during class and while studying. This has started to affect both his academics and his social life. On weekends, he can sleep up to 20 hours a day. He reports 2 recent episodes of sudden generalized body weakness along with ptosis and difficulty speaking that occurred after he became angry. Each episode lasted about 10 seconds, but he says he felt back to normal within 15 minutes without any persistent deficits. His Epworth Sleepiness Scale score is 17. Which of the following is the best next step in therapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Clomipramine B) Dextroamphetamine C) Modafinil D) Sleep deprivation ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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