instruction
stringclasses 5
values | input
stringlengths 10
4.2k
| output
stringlengths 1
7.16k
|
|---|---|---|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has no complaints and has no history of serious illness. He works as a forklift operator in a factory. His brother died of malignant melanoma. He smokes occasionally and drinks a glass of wine once a week. His pulse is 79/min and blood pressure is 129/84 mm Hg. Which of the following causes of death is this patient most at risk for over the next 15 years?? {'A': 'Lung cancer', 'B': 'Coronary artery disease', 'C': 'Malignant melanoma', 'D': 'Industrial accident', 'E': 'Prostate cancer'},
|
B: Coronary artery disease
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after losing consciousness. His parents report that he collapsed and then had repetitive, twitching movements of the right side of his body that lasted approximately one minute. He recently started to walk with support. He speaks in bisyllables and has a vocabulary of almost 50 words. Examination shows a large purple-colored patch over the left cheek. One week later, he dies. Which of the following is the most likely finding on autopsy of the brain?? {'A': 'Intraparenchymal cyst', 'B': 'Periventricular calcification', 'C': 'Brainstem glioma', 'D': 'Leptomeningeal vascular malformation', 'E': 'Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma'},
|
D: Leptomeningeal vascular malformation
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her parents for red papules over her left thigh and swelling in the right axilla for the past few days. Her parents say that she had a cat bite on her left thigh 2 weeks ago. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.4°F), pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 22/min. On her physical examination, hepatosplenomegaly is present with a healing area of erythema on her left hand. Her laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.9 gm/dL Leukocyte count 9,300/mm3 Platelet count 167,000/mm3 ESR 12 mm/hr Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Doxycycline + rifampin', 'B': 'Rifampin + azithromycin', 'C': 'No treatment is required', 'D': 'Surgical excision of the lymph node', 'E': 'Azithromycin as a single agent'},
|
B: Rifampin + azithromycin
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 5-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a red lesion on her scalp that was first noticed 2 months ago. The lesion has been slowly increasing in size. It is not associated with pain or pruritus. She was born at 37 weeks' gestation after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Her older sister is currently undergoing treatment for a fungal infection of her feet. Examination shows a solitary, soft lesion on the vertex of the scalp that blanches with pressure. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Laser ablation', 'B': 'Intralesional bevacizumab', 'C': 'Topical ketoconazole', 'D': 'Systemic griseofulvin', 'E': 'Reassurance and follow-up\n"'},
|
E: Reassurance and follow-up "
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 19-year-old female complains of abnormal facial hair growth. This has been very stressful for her, especially in the setting of not being happy with her weight. Upon further questioning you learn she has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her height is 61 inches, and weight is 185 pounds (84 kg). Physical examination is notable for facial hair above her superior lip and velvety, greyish thickened hyperpigmented skin in the posterior neck. Patient is started on a hormonal oral contraceptive. Which of the following is a property of the endometrial protective hormone found in this oral contraceptive?? {'A': 'Decreases thyroid binding globulin', 'B': 'Thickens cervical mucus', 'C': 'Enhances tubal motility', 'D': 'Decreases LDL', 'E': 'Increases bone fractures'},
|
B: Thickens cervical mucus
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 63-year-old woman presents to her physician with intractable bone pain, poor appetite, and hiccups. She says symptoms began 3 months ago and have progressively worsened. She also complains of chest pain, generalized pruritus, and dryness of her skin. Past medical history is significant for frequent fractures, poorly controlled hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus refractory to conventional therapy. On physical examination, there is marked conjunctival pallor, prominent zygomatic bones, grade 3 asterixis, and a grayish-brown slate over her skin. On cardiac auscultation, a loud pericardial friction rub is noted at the lower left sternal border. Laboratory findings are shown below: Laboratory results Sodium 146 mEq/L Chloride 104 mEq/L BUN 22 mg/dL Calcium 9.2 mg/dL Uric acid 3.4 mg/dL Potassium 5.2 mEq/L Bicarbonate 16 mmol/L Creatinine 2.1mg/dL Magnesium 1.1 mEq/L Hemoglobin 8.6 g/dL A peripheral blood smear shows normocytic normochromic anemia. A radiograph of the lumbar spine shows multiple well defined cystic lesions with areas of subperiosteal thinning. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of the radiographic findings in this patient?? {'A': 'Germline mutation of a tumor suppressor gene', 'B': 'Impaired carbonic anhydrase activity in osteoclasts', 'C': 'Defective mineralization of osteoid secondary to hormone deficiency', 'D': 'IgM antibody binding to Fc receptor of IgG', 'E': 'Hormone-mediated fibrous replacement of bone'},
|
E: Hormone-mediated fibrous replacement of bone
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of frequent headaches and blurring of vision. She also complains of weight gain, menstrual irregularities, and excessive growth of body hair. She says that, for the first time since she turned 18, her shoe and ring sizes have increased, and also complains that her voice has become hoarser. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She takes no medications. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows prominent frontal bossing, a protuberant mandible with spaces between the teeth, and large hands and feet. Serum studies show: Na+ 140 mEq/L Cl− 102 mEq/L K+ 4.1 mEq/L Ca2+ 10.6 mg/dL Phosphorus 4.7 mg/dL Glucose 180 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely sequela of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the myocardium', 'B': 'Enhanced sympathetic activity', 'C': 'Thickening of the coronary artery walls', 'D': 'Prolongation of the QT interval on ECG', 'E': 'Reduced cardiac output'},
|
E: Reduced cardiac output
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An investigator is studying a local anesthetic that activates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. When given intravenously, it causes euphoria and pupillary dilation. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this drug at the synaptic cleft?? {'A': 'Increased release of norepinephrine', 'B': 'Decreased breakdown of norepinephrine', 'C': 'Decreased reuptake of norepinephrine', 'D': 'Increased release of serotonin', 'E': 'Decreased release of acetylcholine'},
|
C: Decreased reuptake of norepinephrine
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 35-year-old male is brought into the emergency department for a trauma emergency. The emergency medical services states that the patient was wounded with a knife on his upper left thigh near the inguinal ligament. Upon examination in the trauma bay, the patient is awake and alert. His physical exam and FAST exam is normal other than the knife wound. Large bore intravenous lines are inserted into the patient for access and fluids are being administered. Pressure on the knife wound is being held by one of the physicians with adequate control of the bleeding, but the physician notices the blood was previously extravasating in a pulsatile manner. His vitals are BP 100/50, HR 110, T 97.8, RR 22. What is the next best step for this patient?? {'A': 'CT lower extremities', 'B': 'Radiograph lower extremities', 'C': 'Coagulation studies and blood typing/crossmatch', 'D': 'Tourniquet of proximal lower extremity', 'E': 'Emergent surgery'},
|
C: Coagulation studies and blood typing/crossmatch
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:Five days after undergoing surgical repair of a hip fracture, a 71-year-old man is agitated and confused. Last night, he had to be restrained multiple times after attempting to leave his room. His overnight nurse reported that at times he would be resting, but shortly afterward he would become agitated again for no clear reason. He has hypertension and COPD. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years but quit 10 years ago. He drinks 1 glass of whiskey per day. His current medications include oxycodone, hydrochlorothiazide, albuterol, and ipratropium. He appears agitated. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 141/84 mm Hg. Pulmonary examination shows a prolonged expiratory phase but no other abnormalities. Neurologic examination shows inattentiveness and no focal findings. He is oriented to person but not to place or time. During the examination, the patient attempts to leave the room after pulling out his intravenous line and becomes violent. He is unable to be verbally redirected and is placed on soft restraints. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3 Platelet count 245,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 142 mEq/L K+ 3.5 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Urine dipstick shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Obtain urine culture', 'B': 'Obtain x-ray of the chest', 'C': 'Obtain CT scan of the head', 'D': 'Administer lorazepam', 'E': 'Administer haloperidol'},
|
E: Administer haloperidol
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An 18-year-old man presents to a rural emergency department after being stabbed multiple times. The patient's past medical history is notable for obesity, diabetes, chronic upper respiratory infections, a 10 pack-year smoking history, and heart failure. He is protecting his airway and he is oxygenating and ventilating well. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 74/34 mmHg, pulse is 180/min, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is started on whole blood and the surgeon on call is contacted to take the patient to the operating room. During the secondary survey, the patient complains of shortness of breath. His blood pressure is 54/14 mmHg, pulse is 200/min, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 90% on room air. Physical exam is notable for bilateral wheezing on lung exam. The patient goes into cardiac arrest and after 30 minutes, attempts at resuscitation are terminated. Which of the following is associated with this patient's decompensation during resuscitation?? {'A': 'Congenital long QT syndrome', 'B': 'COPD', 'C': 'Heart failure', 'D': 'IgA deficiency', 'E': 'Persistent intraabdominal bleeding'},
|
D: IgA deficiency
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 10-year-old boy is brought in by his mother with increasing abdominal pain for the past week. The patient’s mother says he has been almost constantly nauseous over that time. She denies any change in his bowel habits, fever, chills, sick contacts or recent travel. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications. The patient is at the 90th percentile for height and weight and has been meeting all developmental milestones. The temperature is 36.8℃ (98.2℉). On physical examination, the patient’s abdomen is asymmetrically distended. Bowel sounds are normoactive. No lymphadenopathy is noted. A cardiopulmonary examination is unremarkable. Palpation of the right flank and right iliac fossa reveals a 10 × 10 cm firm mass which is immobile and tender. The laboratory findings are significant for the following: Hemoglobin 10 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3 Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3 Platelet count 150,000/mm3 Serum creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1,000 U/L An ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of the flank mass was performed, and the histopathologic findings are shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Burkitt lymphoma', 'B': 'Hepatoblastoma', 'C': 'Neuroblastoma', 'D': 'Renal corticomedullary abscess', 'E': 'Wilms tumor'},
|
A: Burkitt lymphoma
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 26-year-old woman seeks evaluation at an urgent care clinic with complaints of fever and generalized muscle and joint pain for the past 3 days. She also complains of nausea, but denies vomiting. She does not mention any past similar episodes. Her past medical history is unremarkable, but she returned to the United States 1 week ago after spending 2 weeks in southeast Asia doing charity work. She received all the recommended vaccines prior to traveling. The temperature is 40.0°C (104.0°F), the respirations are 15/min, the pulse is 107/min, and the blood pressure is 98/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows mild gingival bleeding and a petechial rash over the trunk. Laboratory studies show the following: Laboratory test Leukocyte count 4,000/mm³ Platelet count 100,000/mm³ Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 45 seconds Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Dengue fever', 'B': 'Ebola virus', 'C': 'Leptospirosis', 'D': 'Typhoid fever', 'E': 'Yellow fever'},
|
A: Dengue fever
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 24-year-old man presents with a complaint of breathlessness while jogging. He says that he recently started marathon training. He does not have any family history of asthma nor has any allergies. He currently takes no medication. The blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, and the heart rate is 67/min. With each heartbeat, he experiences pounding in his chest, and his head bobs. On physical examination, he has long fingers, funnel chest, and disproportionate body proportions with a longer length of the upper body compared to the lower body. On auscultation over the 2nd right intercostal space, an early diastolic murmur is heard, and 3rd and 4th heart sounds are heard. Echocardiography shows aortic root dilatation. The patient is scheduled for surgery. Which of the following is associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Kawasaki syndrome', 'B': "Marfan's Syndrome", 'C': 'Gonorrhea', 'D': 'Intravenous drug abuse', 'E': 'Klinefelter syndrome'},
|
B: Marfan's Syndrome
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of an increasing right-sided cheek swelling for 2 years. He has had recurrent right-sided oral ulcers for the past 2 months. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. He drinks a beer every night. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 71/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 129/83 mm Hg. Examination shows a mild, nontender swelling above the angle of the right jaw. There is no overlying erythema or induration. There are multiple shallow ulcers on the right buccal mucosa and mandibular marginal gingiva. There is no lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound shows a soft tissue mass in the parotid gland. An ultrasound-guided biopsy of the mass confirms the diagnosis of parotid adenoid cystic carcinoma. A right-sided total parotidectomy is scheduled. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following early complications?? {'A': 'Hyperesthesia of the right ear lobe', 'B': 'Hyperacusis of the right ear', 'C': 'Xerostomia when eating', 'D': 'Paralysis of the right lower lip', 'E': 'Impaired taste and sensation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue'},
|
D: Paralysis of the right lower lip
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years. Cardiopulmonary examination shows fine inspiratory crackles bilaterally. There is clubbing present in the fingers bilaterally. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) show an FVC of 78% of expected and an FEV1/FVC ratio of 92%. A CT scan of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis?? {'A': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'B': 'Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis', 'C': 'Pulmonary tuberculosis', 'D': 'Chronic bronchiectasis', 'E': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'},
|
A: Pulmonary fibrosis
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of fever, malaise, and right upper abdominal pain. Examination of the abdomen shows tenderness in the right upper quadrant. His leukocyte count is 18,000/mm3 (90% neutrophils) and serum alkaline phosphatase is 130 U/L. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows a 3-cm hypoechoic lesion in the right lobe of the liver with a hyperemic rim. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Infectious endocarditis', 'B': 'Echinococcosis', 'C': 'Diverticulitis', 'D': 'Cholangitis', 'E': 'Perinephric infection'},
|
D: Cholangitis
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 40-year-old male presents to the physician's office complaining of an inability to push doors open. He has had this problem since he was playing football with his children and was tackled underneath his right arm on his lateral chest. On examination, he has a winged scapula on the right side. Which of the following nerves is most likely the cause of this presentation?? {'A': 'Musculocutaneous nerve', 'B': 'Long thoracic nerve', 'C': 'Spinal accessory nerve', 'D': 'Phrenic nerve', 'E': 'Greater auricular nerve'},
|
B: Long thoracic nerve
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A previously healthy 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of recurrent abdominal pain, foul-smelling, greasy stools, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss despite no change in appetite. Physical examination shows pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant. His fasting serum glucose concentration is 186 mg/dL. Abdominal ultrasound shows multiple round, echogenic foci within the gallbladder lumen with prominent posterior acoustic shadowing. The serum concentration of which of the following substances is most likely to be increased in this patient?? {'A': 'Somatostatin', 'B': 'Glucagon', 'C': 'Serotonin', 'D': 'Insulin', 'E': 'Vasoactive intestinal peptide'},
|
A: Somatostatin
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 59-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after being diagnosed with localized prostate cancer 3 weeks ago. The physician is delayed because of an emergency with another patient; miscommunication between the physician and his staff created further delays. When he enters the patient's room, the patient angrily expresses, “Do you realize that I waited 45 minutes in the waiting room, despite arriving on time, and that I've now waited another half an hour in this exam room? I am dying; do you have no respect for my time?” Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the physician?? {'A': '"""I\'m very sorry for the delay. I had a very sick patient who required immediate care."""', 'B': '"""I can tell that you are angry and there is no excuse for my delay. But you are not going to die of prostate cancer any time soon."""', 'C': '"""You have a right to be frustrated, but shouting at me is not appropriate. I am afraid I will have to ask you to leave."""', 'D': '"""Let me apologize on behalf of my staff, who is responsible for most of the delay. I can assure you, there will be consequences for this."""', 'E': '"""I apologize for the inconvenience, and if I were you I would be frustrated and angry as well. Let\'s talk about your concerns."""'},
|
E: """I apologize for the inconvenience, and if I were you I would be frustrated and angry as well. Let's talk about your concerns."""
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 43-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for follow-up of her glucose levels. At her last visit 3 months ago, her fasting serum glucose was 128 mg/dl. At that time, she was instructed to follow a weight loss regimen consisting of diet and exercise. Her family history is notable for a myocardial infarction in her father and type II diabetes mellitus in her mother. She does not smoke and drinks 2-3 glasses of wine per week. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 131/78 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 17/min. Her BMI is 31 kg/m^2. On exam, she is well-appearing and appropriately interactive. Today, despite attempting to make the appropriate lifestyle changes, a repeat fasting serum glucose is 133 mg/dl. The patient is prescribed the first-line oral pharmacologic agent for her condition. Which of the following is the correct mechanism of action of this medication?? {'A': 'Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors', 'B': 'Closure of potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells', 'C': 'Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the intestinal brush border', 'D': 'Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis', 'E': 'Inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter'},
|
D: Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 26-year-old woman, G1P0, at 22 weeks of gestation presents to the clinic for a prenatal visit. Her recent pregnancy scan shows a single live intrauterine fetus with adequate fetal movements. Facial appearance shows the presence of a cleft lip. The rest of the fetal development is within normal limits. The fetal heart rate is 138/min. Her prenatal screening tests for maternal serum α-fetoprotein (MSAFP) concentration, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) are within normal ranges respectively. Her past medical and surgical histories are negative. She is worried about the health of her baby. The baby is at increased risk for which of the following birth defects?? {'A': 'Respiratory difficulty', 'B': 'Down syndrome', 'C': 'Neural tube abnormalities', 'D': 'Trisomy 13', 'E': 'Ocular abnormalities'},
|
A: Respiratory difficulty
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 10-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother for evaluation. Last night, he was playing with his younger brother and a hot cup of coffee fell on his left shoulder. Though his skin became red and swollen, he acted as if nothing happened and did not complain of pain or discomfort. He has met all expected developmental milestones, and his vaccinations are up-to-date. Physical examination reveals a normal appearing boy with height and weight in the 56th and 64th percentiles for his age, respectively. The skin over his left shoulder is erythematous and swollen. Sensory examination reveals impaired pain and temperature sensation in a cape-like distribution across both shoulders, arms, and neck. The light touch, vibration, and position senses are preserved. The motor examination is within normal limits, and he has no signs of a cerebellar lesion. His gait is normal. Which of the following disorders is most likely associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Arnold-Chiari malformation', 'B': 'Brown-Séquard syndrome', 'C': 'Leprosy', 'D': 'Spina bifida occulta', 'E': 'Transverse myelitis'},
|
A: Arnold-Chiari malformation
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 61-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a constant, dull headache and generalized body pains for the past 8 months. She has also had difficulty hearing from her left side, which started a month after the onset of the headaches. Five months ago, she had surgery to correct a fracture of the right femur that occurred without a fall or any significant trauma. Five years ago, she underwent a total thyroidectomy for localized thyroid carcinoma. She takes levothyroxine and calcium supplements, which she started after menopause. Physical examination reveals a prominent forehead and irregular, tender skull surface. Bony tenderness is present over bilateral hip and knee joints, with decreased range of motion of the right hip joint and increased anterior curvature of both tibias. Laboratory studies show a highly elevated level of alkaline phosphatase, with vitamin D, calcium and PTH levels within normal limits. A plain x-ray of the head is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Lytic lesions with no sclerotic margin', 'B': 'Multiple, well-defined, punched out lytic lesions', 'C': 'Mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions', 'D': 'Periosteal trabeculations with radiolucent marrow hyperplasia', 'E': 'Generalized dense, sclerotic bone'},
|
C: Mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of progressive back pain. He has also had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the past 3 months. His only medications are a daily multivitamin and ibuprofen, which he takes daily for the back pain. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over the lower spine and the left iliac crest. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.3 g/dL, his serum calcium concentration is 12 mg/dL, and his serum creatinine concentration is 2.1 mg/dL. A bone marrow biopsy shows 21% plasma cells. A diagnosis of multiple myeloma is established. In preparation for an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the patient receives a myeloablative treatment regimen that includes busulfan. Which of the following drugs acts via a similar mechanism of action to busulfan?? {'A': 'Vemurafenib', 'B': 'Etoposide', 'C': 'Lomustine', 'D': 'Vincristine', 'E': 'Cytarabine'},
|
C: Lomustine
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:Background: Beta-blockers reduce mortality in patients who have chronic heart failure, systolic dysfunction, and are on background treatment with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We aimed to compare the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcome. Methods: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized parallel group trial, we assigned 1511 patients with chronic heart failure to treatment with carvedilol (target dose, 25 mg twice daily) and 1518 to metoprolol (target dose, 50 mg twice daily). The patients were required to have chronic heart failure (NYHA II-IV), the previous admission for a cardiovascular indication, an ejection fraction of < 0.35, and to have been treated optimally with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors unless not tolerated. The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or all-cause admission. The analysis was done by intention-to-treat. Findings: The mean study duration was 58 months (SD, 6). The mean ejection fraction was 0.26 (SD, 0.07) and the mean age was 62 years (SD, 11). The all-cause mortality was 34% (512 of 1511) for carvedilol and 40% (600 of 1518) for metoprolol (hazard ratio, 0.83 [95% CI 0.74-0.93], p = 0.0017). The reduction in all-cause mortality was consistent across pre-defined subgroups. The incidence of side effects and drug withdrawals did not differ significantly between the 2 study groups. Based on the best interpretation of the results of this clinical trial, which of the following statements is most accurate?? {'A': 'There is no appreciable, statistically significant difference in overall mortality between the 2 treatment arms.', 'B': 'Carvedilol demonstrated a significant improvement in all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure as compared to metoprolol.', 'C': 'Metoprolol demonstrated a significant improvement in all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure compared to carvedilol.', 'D': 'The study was underpowered and unable to arrive at a statistically significant conclusion.', 'E': 'The results are likely biased due to trial design, and therefore non-generalizable.'},
|
B: Carvedilol demonstrated a significant improvement in all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure as compared to metoprolol.
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 27-year-old man is brought into the emergency department by ambulance. The patient was at an appointment to receive welfare when he began acting abnormally. The patient was denied welfare. Shortly afterwards, he no longer responded to questions and stared blankly off into space, not responding to verbal stimuli. Other than odd lip-smacking behavior, he was motionless. Several minutes later, he became responsive but seemed confused. The patient has a past medical history of drug abuse and homelessness and is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 124/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals cranial nerves II-XII as grossly intact with 5/5 strength in the upper and lower extremities and a stable gait. The patient seems confused when answering questions and has trouble remembering the episode. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Absence seizure', 'B': 'Complex partial seizure', 'C': 'Generalized seizure', 'D': 'Malingering', 'E': 'Transient ischemic attack'},
|
B: Complex partial seizure
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An 89-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of a cough. She reports that she has never had a cough like this before. She takes a deep breath and then coughs multiple times, sometimes so much that she vomits. When she tries to catch her breath after a coughing spell, she has difficulty. She reports the cough has persisted for 3 weeks and usually comes in fits. Vital signs are stable. Physical examination is benign. You send cultures and a PCR of her secretions, both of which come back positive for the organism you had suspected. You tell her to stay away from her grandchildren because her illness may be fatal in infants. You also start her on medication. The illness affecting this patient would be best treated by a class of antibiotics...? {'A': 'that may prolong the QT interval', 'B': 'that may cause tooth discoloration and inhibit bone growth in children', 'C': 'that is known to cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity', 'D': 'that may cause gray baby syndrome in premature infants', 'E': 'that may cause a disulfiram like reaction when taken with alcohol'},
|
A: that may prolong the QT interval
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 27-year-old Caucasian female presents to her physician for episodes of urinary incontinence that began shortly after a breakup with her boyfriend. She claimed to be psychologically devastated when she found him sleeping with her brother and has had trouble caring for herself ever since. The patient states that the episodes came on suddenly and occur randomly. The patient denies any burning or pain upon urination. Upon obtaining further history, the patient also states that she has "stress spells" in which her vision becomes blurry or has blind spots. The patient also complains of frequent headaches. These symptoms have persisted for the past few years and she attributes them to arguments with her boyfriend. Embarrassed, the patient even admits to episodes of fecal incontinence which she also blames on her boyfriend's perpetual verbal and occasional physical abuse. The patient is teary and a physical exam is deferred until her mood improves. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Psychological assessment for suicidal ideation', 'B': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head', 'C': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for symptoms of regression', 'D': 'Urine dipstick and culture', 'E': 'Psychological assessment for conversion disorder'},
|
B: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 25-year-old man presents with an ulcer on his penis. He says that he noticed the ulcer a week ago while taking a shower and it has not improved. He denies any pain, penile discharge, rash, dysuria, fever, or pain on urination. His past medical history is nonsignificant. Sexual history reveals that the patient has had 6 male partners over the past year and uses condoms infrequently. On physical examination, there is a 1-cm ulcer on the dorsal aspect of the penile shaft (see image below). The edge and base of the ulcer are indurated but there is no bleeding or drainage. Two enlarged non-tender inguinal lymph nodes are palpable on the right. There is no evidence of scrotal masses or urethral discharge. A rapid HIV test is negative. Which of the following microorganisms is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Haemophilus ducreyi', 'B': 'Klebsiella inguinale', 'C': 'Herpes simplex virus', 'D': 'Treponema pallidum', 'E': 'Chlamydia trachomatis '},
|
D: Treponema pallidum
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 56-year-old man presents to his physician’s office with a sudden increase in urinary frequency. During the past month, he has observed that he needs more frequent bathroom breaks. This is quite unusual as he hasn’t been consuming extra fluids. He reports feeling generally unwell over the past 2 months. He has lost over 7 kg (15.4 lb) of weight and has also been feeling progressively fatigued by the end of the day. He also has a persistent cough and on a couple of occasions, he noticed blood streaks on his napkin. In addition to all of this, he has been feeling weak with frequent muscle cramps during the day. He has never been diagnosed with any medical condition in the past. He doesn’t drink but has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the last 25 years. Prior to his appointment, he took a couple of tests. The results are given below: Hemoglobin (Hb) 13.1 g/dL Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Serum urea 13 mg/dL Serum sodium 129 mEq/L Serum potassium 3.2 mEq/L His chest X-ray shows a central nodule with some hilar thickening. The physician recommends a biopsy of the nodule. Which of the following histological patterns is the nodule most likely to exhibit?? {'A': 'Glandular cells, positive for mucin', 'B': 'Squamous cells with keratin pearls', 'C': 'Pleomorphic giant cells', 'D': 'Kulchitsky cells with hyperchromatic nuclei', 'E': 'Papillary epithelial cells with Psammoma bodies'},
|
D: Kulchitsky cells with hyperchromatic nuclei
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 31-year-old man presents to his primary care physician endorsing three months of decreased sleep. He reports an inability to fall asleep; although once asleep, he generally sleeps through the night and wakes up at a desired time. He has instituted sleep hygiene measures, but this has not helped. He has not felt anxious or depressed and is otherwise healthy. You prescribe him a medication that has the potential side effect of priapism. From which of the following locations is the neurotransmitter affected by this medication released?? {'A': 'Substantia nigra', 'B': 'Raphe nucleus', 'C': 'Locus ceruleus', 'D': 'Nucleus accumbens', 'E': 'Posterior pituitary'},
|
B: Raphe nucleus
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A mother brings her 3-year-old son to his pediatrician because he is having tantrums. The boy has no history of serious illness and is on track with developmental milestones. His mother recently returned to work 2 weeks ago. She explains that, since then, her son has had a tantrum roughly every other morning, usually when she is getting him dressed or dropping him off at daycare. He cries loudly for about 5 minutes, saying that he does not want to go to daycare while thrashing his arms and legs. According to the daycare staff, he is well-behaved during the day. In the evenings, he has tantrums about twice per week, typically when he is told he must finish his dinner or that it is time for bed. These tantrums have been occurring for about 6 months. The mother is concerned her son may have a behavioral disorder. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the boy's behavior?? {'A': 'Autism spectrum disorder', 'B': 'Conduct disorder', 'C': 'Normal development', 'D': 'Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'E': 'Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder'},
|
C: Normal development
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and pain in her knees and ankles. Her temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F). Physical examination shows mild hepatomegaly and tender, red nodules on her shins. There are purple, indurated lesions on her nose, nasolabial fold, and cheeks. A biopsy of the liver shows scattered aggregations of multinucleated giant cells with cytoplasmic inclusions and eosinophilic, needle-shaped structures arranged in a star-like pattern. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Sarcoidosis', 'B': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'C': 'Hypereosinophilic syndrome', 'D': 'Hemochromatosis', 'E': 'Serum sickness'},
|
A: Sarcoidosis
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 63-year-old man presents to the ambulatory medical clinic with symptoms of dysphagia and ‘heartburn’, which he states have become more troublesome over the past year. Past medical history is significant for primary hypertension. On physical exam, he is somewhat tender to palpation over his upper abdomen. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Barium swallow fluoroscopy demonstrates a subdiaphragmatic gastroesophageal junction, with herniation of the gastric fundus into the left hemithorax. Given the following options, what is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient’s underlying condition?? {'A': 'Lifestyle modification', 'B': 'Antacid therapy', 'C': 'Cimetidine', 'D': 'Omeprazole', 'E': 'Surgical gastropexy'},
|
E: Surgical gastropexy
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 71-year-old man presents to his cardiologist with a 1-month history of increasing shortness of breath. He says that he is finding it very difficult to walk up the flight of stairs to his bedroom and he is no longer able to sleep flat on his bed because he wakes up choking for breath. His past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 3 years ago. On physical exam, he is found to have diffuse, moist crackles bilaterally on pulmonary auscultation and pitting edema in his lower extremities. Serum tests reveal an increased abundance of a product produced by cardiac myocytes. Which of the following most likely describes the function of this product?? {'A': 'Binds to intracellular receptors in the collecting duct', 'B': 'Increases conversion of angiotensin', 'C': 'Increases water reabsorption in the kidney', 'D': 'Inhibits release of renin', 'E': 'Stimulates parasympathetic nerves'},
|
D: Inhibits release of renin
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 50-year-old farmer presents to a physician with painless, black, severely swollen pustules on the left hand. Examination reveals extensive swelling around the wound. Microscopy reveals gram-positive bacilli with a bamboo stick appearance. Culture shows large, gray, non-hemolytic colonies with irregular borders. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Erysipeloid', 'B': 'Brucellosis', 'C': 'Listeriosis', 'D': 'Tularemia', 'E': 'Anthrax'},
|
E: Anthrax
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 64-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of vulvar itching and dryness. During this period, she has also had pain during sexual intercourse but no postcoital bleeding. Her last menstrual period was at the age of 51 years. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and her only medication is metformin. Pelvic examination shows atrophic labial folds. There are excoriation marks and a well-demarcated, white plaque on the vulva. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The results of biopsy rule out cancer. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment for this patient's lesions?? {'A': 'Topical fluconazole', 'B': 'Topical clobetasol', 'C': 'Topical progesterone', 'D': 'Topical estrogen', 'E': 'Phototherapy'},
|
B: Topical clobetasol
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A male newborn delivered at 32 weeks' gestation to a 41-year-old woman dies shortly after birth. The mother did not receive prenatal care and consistently consumed alcohol during her pregnancy. At autopsy, examination shows microcephaly, an eye in the midline, a cleft lip, and a single basal ganglion. Failure of which of the following processes is the most likely cause of this condition?? {'A': 'Fusion of the lateral palatine shelves', 'B': 'Closure of the rostral neuropore', 'C': 'Formation of the 1st branchial arch', 'D': 'Development of the metencephalon', 'E': 'Cleavage of the forebrain'},
|
E: Cleavage of the forebrain
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:In 2013 the national mean score on the USMLE Step 1 exam was 227 with a standard deviation of 22. Assuming that the scores for 15,000 people follow a normal distribution, approximately how many students scored above the mean but below 250?? {'A': '3,750', 'B': '4,500', 'C': '5,100', 'D': '6,000', 'E': '6,750'},
|
C: 5,100
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 53-year-old man with a past medical history significant for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperhomocysteinemia presents to the emergency department complaining of 10/10 crushing, left-sided chest pain radiating down his left arm and up his neck into the left side of his jaw. His ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V2-V4. He is taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for successful balloon angioplasty and stenting of a complete blockage in his left anterior descending coronary artery. Echocardiogram the following day shows decreased left ventricular function and regional wall motion abnormalities. A follow-up echocardiogram 14 days later shows a normal ejection fraction and no regional wall motion abnormalities. This post-infarct course illustrates which of the following concepts?? {'A': 'Reperfusion injury', 'B': 'Ventricular remodeling', 'C': 'Myocardial hibernation', 'D': 'Myocardial stunning', 'E': 'Coronary collateral circulation'},
|
D: Myocardial stunning
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 64-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a productive cough with bloody sputum for the past several days. He has metastatic pancreatic cancer and is currently undergoing polychemotherapy. His temperature is 38.3°C (101°F). Pulmonary examination shows scattered inspiratory crackles in all lung fields. A CT scan of the chest shows multiple nodules, cavities, and patchy areas of consolidation. A photomicrograph of a specimen obtained on pulmonary biopsy is shown. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?? {'A': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'B': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'C': 'Histoplasma capsulatum', 'D': 'Pneumocystis jirovecii', 'E': 'Rhizopus oryzae'},
|
B: Aspergillus fumigatus
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 10-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of fever and irritability for the past 2 days. The mother says that the girl's diapers have smelled bad since the symptoms started. The patient has had some clear nasal secretions over the past week. Two months ago, she was brought to the emergency department for a simple febrile seizure. Otherwise, she has been healthy and her immunizations are up-to-date. She appears ill. She is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F), pulse is 138/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 75/45 mm Hg. Oropharyngeal examination shows a mild postnasal drip. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 138 mEq/L K+ 4.0 mEq/L Cl- 100 mEq/L Creatinine 0.5 mg/dL Urine RBC 1–2/hpf WBC 18–20 WBCs/hpf Nitrites positive Bacteria gram-negative rods Nasal swab for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A, and influenza B antigens is negative. Urine culture grows > 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of E. coli. Treatment with acetaminophen and cefixime is started. Two days later, her symptoms have improved. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Obtain CT scan of the abdomen', 'B': 'Perform renal and bladder ultrasound', 'C': 'Perform an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)', 'D': 'Start prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole', 'E': 'Repeat urine cultures in 4 weeks'},
|
B: Perform renal and bladder ultrasound
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the physician because of abdominal discomfort, weakness, and fever. She has had a significant weight loss of 15 kg (33.1 lb) over the past 2 months. She has no history of medical illness and is not on any medications. Her pulse is 96/min, the blood pressure is 167/92 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 20/min, and the temperature is 37.7°C (99.8°F). Her weight is 67 kg (147.71 lb), height is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in), and BMI is 26.17 kg/m2. Abdominal examination shows purple striae and a vaguely palpable mass in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, which does not move with respirations. She has coarse facial hair and a buffalo hump along with central obesity. Her extremities have poor muscle bulk, and muscle weakness is noted on examination. An ultrasound of the abdomen demonstrates an adrenal mass with para-aortic lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most likely laboratory profile in this patient?? {'A': 'Normal glucose tolerance, elevated serum cortisol, normal 24-h urinary free cortisol, and normal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)', 'B': 'Impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum cortisol, elevated 24-h urinary free cortisol, and high plasma ACTH', 'C': 'Impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum cortisol, elevated 24-h urinary free cortisol, and low plasma ACTH', 'D': 'Impaired glucose tolerance, reduced serum cortisol, normal 24-h urinary free cortisol, and low plasma ACTH', 'E': 'Impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum cortisol, normal 24-h urinary free cortisol, and normal plasma ACTH'},
|
C: Impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum cortisol, elevated 24-h urinary free cortisol, and low plasma ACTH
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 52-year-old man presents to the office for a regular health checkup. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 6 years ago and has been taking metformin alone. Over the past year, his daily blood glucose measurements have gradually been increasing. During his previous visit, his HbA1c level was 7.9% and the doctor mentioned the possibility of requiring an additional medication to keep his blood sugar under better control. Today, his HbA1c is 9%. The doctor mentions a research article that has been conducted on a randomized and controlled group of 200 subjects studying a new anti-diabetic medication. It has been shown to significantly reduce glucose levels and HbA1c levels compared to the current gold standard treatment. Possible adverse effects, however, are still being studied, though the authors believe that they will be minimal. In this study, what would most likely increase the chances of detecting a significant adverse effect?? {'A': 'Decreasing post-market surveillance time', 'B': 'Increasing sample size', 'C': 'Non-randomization', 'D': 'Decreasing sample size', 'E': 'Increasing selection bias'},
|
B: Increasing sample size
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 5-year-old girl is brought in for a routine checkup. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery and is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. Upon examination, she is pale with a few petechiae on her chest neck and back. Examination of the abdomen reveals painless hepatosplenomegaly. Liver enzymes are mildly elevated and complete blood cell count shows slight anemia and thrombocytopenia. Iron, B12, and folate are normal. A bone marrow biopsy shows mildly hypocellular marrows with diffuse macrophages with eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cytoplasm looks like wrinkled tissue paper on further inspection. No blasts are observed. What is the most likely diagnosis in the present case?? {'A': 'Viral hepatitis', 'B': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'C': 'Biliary obstruction', 'D': 'Autoimmune disorder', 'E': 'Gaucher disease type I'},
|
E: Gaucher disease type I
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 15-year-old boy presents to the emergency department after a rusty nail pierced through his right foot. He was able to pull out the nail, but not able to walk on his foot. He believes he had all his shots as a child, with the last one just before starting middle school at the age of 12. The vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals a 0.5-inch puncture wound on the right heel. The site is tender, erythematous, with flecks of reddish-brown particles in the base. No blood or discharge is seen. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Clean and dress the wound only', 'B': 'Administer DT', 'C': 'Administer Tdap, Td, and TIG (tetanus immune globulin)', 'D': 'Administer Td only', 'E': 'Administer Td and TIG'},
|
E: Administer Td and TIG
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An 11-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with sudden pain. The patient's parents state the child suddenly felt pain in his hands an hour ago. He has not eaten anything new lately. He did play football earlier this morning and admits to being tackled forcefully multiple times. The child is doing well in school and is proud that he has a new girlfriend. The child has a past medical history of obesity and is not currently on any medications. His temperature is 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 120/68 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. On physical exam of the patient's extremities, there was painful and symmetrical swelling of his hands and feet but no rashes were present. The patient is started on analgesics. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Altered red blood cell morphology', 'B': 'Benign edema secondary to trauma', 'C': 'Osteomyelitis', 'D': 'Sexually transmitted infection', 'E': 'Viral infection'},
|
A: Altered red blood cell morphology
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of worsening confusion and lethargy for the last hour. He has had high-grade fever, productive cough, fatigue, and malaise for 2 days. He was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia at the age of 2 years but has not seen a physician in over a year. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), pulse is 133/min, respirations are 33/min, and blood pressure is 86/48 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. The patient does not respond to verbal commands. Examination shows conjunctival pallor and scleral icterus. Inspiratory crackles are heard at the left lung base. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 17,000/mm3 Platelet count 200,000/mm3 Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Chronic transfusion therapy', 'B': 'Polysaccharide vaccination', 'C': 'Folic acid', 'D': 'Hydroxyurea', 'E': 'Low molecular weight heparin'},
|
B: Polysaccharide vaccination
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought by his mother to the pediatrician for a routine check-up. He was born at 39 weeks’ gestation. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The child has been breastfeeding well and sleeping through the night. He smiles spontaneously and has started to babble. He is up to date on all his vaccinations. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he is able to hold his head steady while unsupported and is noted to roll over from the prone to the supine position. Mild hepatomegaly is noted along with palpable bilateral abdominal masses. This patient’s condition is associated with a mutation in which of the following chromosomes?? {'A': '4', 'B': '5', 'C': '6', 'D': '7', 'E': '16'},
|
C: 6
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 50-year-old man visits his primary care practitioner for a general health check-up. He was recently hired as a fitness instructor at a local fitness center. His father died of advanced colorectal cancer, however, his personal medical history is significant for the use of performance-enhancing drugs during his 20’s when he competed in bodybuilding and powerlifting competitions. As part of the paperwork associated with his new position, he received an order for a hemoglobin and hematocrit, occult blood in stool, and serum iron and ferritin level, shown below: Hemoglobin 11.8 g/dL Hematocrit 35% Iron 40 µg/dL Ferritin 8 ng/mL His fecal occult blood test was positive. Which of the following is the most recommended follow-up action?? {'A': 'Endoscopy only', 'B': 'Colonoscopy only', 'C': 'Endoscopy and colonoscopy', 'D': 'Iron supplementation', 'E': 'Transfusion'},
|
C: Endoscopy and colonoscopy
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 14-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her mother. The girl's mother states that she began having her period 6 months ago. The patient states that after her first period she has had a period every 10 to 40 days. Her menses have ranged from very light flow to intense and severe symptoms. Otherwise, the patient is doing well in school, is on the track team, and has a new boyfriend. Her temperature is 98.1°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 97/58 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates an obese girl but is otherwise within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Normal development', 'B': 'Polycystic ovarian syndrome', 'C': 'Pregnancy', 'D': 'Premenstrual dysphoric disorder', 'E': 'Premenstrual tension'},
|
A: Normal development
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 79-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit for hospital acquired pneumonia, a COPD flare, and acute heart failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. On his first night in the intensive care unit, his temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 107/58 mm Hg, and pulse is 150/min which is a sudden change from his previous vitals. Physical exam is notable for jugular venous distension and a rapid heart rate. The ventilator is checked and is functioning normally. Which of the following is the best next step in management for the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Chest radiograph', 'B': 'FAST exam', 'C': 'Needle thoracostomy', 'D': 'Thoracotomy', 'E': 'Tube thoracostomy'},
|
C: Needle thoracostomy
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 67-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of a 2-day history of fever, headache, jaw pain, and decreased vision in the right eye. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 84 mm per hour. Treatment with methylprednisolone is initiated but her symptoms do not improve. The physician recommends the administration of a new drug. Three days after treatment with the new drug is started, visual acuity in the right eye increases. The beneficial effect of this drug is most likely due to inhibition of which of the following molecules?? {'A': 'Complement component 5', 'B': 'Thromboxane A2', 'C': 'Leukotriene D4', 'D': 'Interleukin-6', 'E': 'Interleukin-4'},
|
D: Interleukin-6
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has a strong family history of colon cancer. A screening colonoscopy shows a 4 mm polyp in the upper sigmoid colon. Which of the following findings on biopsy is associated with the lowest potential for malignant transformation into colorectal carcinoma?? {'A': 'Branching tubules embedded in lamina propria', 'B': 'Tree-like branching of muscularis mucosa', 'C': 'Regenerating epithelium with inflammatory infiltrate', 'D': 'Finger-like projections with a fibrovascular core', 'E': 'Hyperplastic epithelium at the base of crypts'},
|
E: Hyperplastic epithelium at the base of crypts
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of recurrent headaches. The headaches are of a dull, nonpulsating quality. The patient denies nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. The physician prescribes a drug that irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 by covalent acetylation. Which of the following medications was most likely prescribed by the physician?? {'A': 'Indomethacin', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Prednisolone', 'D': 'Celecoxib', 'E': 'Carbamazepine'},
|
B: Aspirin
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 48-year-old Caucasian male suffering from ischemic heart disease is placed on a heart transplant list. Months later, he receives a heart from a matched donor. During an endomyocardial biopsy performed 3 weeks later, there is damage consistent with acute graft rejection. What is most likely evident on the endomyocardial biopsy?? {'A': 'Granuloma', 'B': 'Atherosclerosis', 'C': 'Tissue necrosis', 'D': 'Fibrosis', 'E': 'Lymphocytic infiltrate'},
|
E: Lymphocytic infiltrate
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 58-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of increasing chest pain and shortness of breath. She has had a productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for 1 week. Seven months ago, the patient had an ischemic stroke. She has gastritis and untreated hypertension. She currently lives in an assisted-living community. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. She has a 20-year history of alcohol abuse, but has not consumed any alcohol in the past 4 years. Her only medication is omeprazole. She appears to be in respiratory distress and speaks incoherently. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 123/min, respirations are 33/min, and blood pressure is 155/94 mm Hg. Auscultation of the lung shows rales and decreased breath sounds over the right upper lung field. Examination shows weakness and decreased sensation of the right upper and lower extremities. Babinski sign and facial drooping are present on the right. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows: pH 7.48 PCO2 31 mm Hg PO2 58 mm Hg O2 saturation 74% A chest x-ray shows infiltrates in the right posterior upper lobe. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's respiratory symptoms?"? {'A': 'Living in an assisted-living community', 'B': 'History of smoking', 'C': 'Past history of alcohol abuse', 'D': 'A history of ischemic stroke', 'E': 'Gastritis'},
|
D: A history of ischemic stroke
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 36-year-old primigravid woman at 34 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of upper abdominal discomfort, nausea, and malaise. She had a mild upper respiratory tract infection a week ago. She has a 10-year history of polycystic ovarian syndrome and a 3-year history of hypertension. Her medications include metformin, labetalol, folic acid, and a multivitamin. Her pulse is 92/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 147/84 mm Hg. Examination shows a nontender uterus consistent in size with a 34-week gestation. There is mild tenderness of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The fetal heart rate is reactive with no decelerations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Serum bile acid levels', 'B': 'Stool antigen assay for H. pylori', 'C': 'HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc serology', 'D': 'Reassurance and follow-up', 'E': 'Serum transaminase levels and platelet count'},
|
E: Serum transaminase levels and platelet count
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 72-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for vision loss. She was reading a magazine this afternoon when she started having trouble seeing out of her left eye. Her vision in that eye got progressively darker, eventually becoming completely black over the course of a few minutes. It then returned to normal after about 10 minutes; she reports she can see normally now. She had no pain and no other symptoms then or now. Past medical history is notable for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. A high-pitched sound is heard when the diaphragm of the stethoscope is placed on her left neck, but her physical exam is otherwise unremarkable; vision is currently 20/30 bilaterally. The etiology of her symptoms most likely localizes to which of the following anatomic locations?? {'A': 'Carotid artery', 'B': 'Left atrium', 'C': 'Subclavian artery', 'D': 'Temporal artery', 'E': 'Vertebral artery'},
|
A: Carotid artery
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 67-year-old man presents with pain in both legs. He says the pain is intermittent in nature and has been present for approx. 6 months. The pain increases with walking, especially downhill, and prolonged standing. It is relieved by lying down and leaning forward. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and osteoarthritis. The patient reports a 56-pack-year history but denies any alcohol or recreational drug use. His vital signs include: blood pressure 142/88 mm Hg, pulse 88/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 37°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient is alert and oriented. Muscle strength is 5/5 in his upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Babinski and Romberg tests are negative. Pulses measure 2+ in upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'Cilostazol', 'C': 'CT angiography of the lower extremities', 'D': 'Epidural corticosteroid injection', 'E': 'MRI of the spine'},
|
E: MRI of the spine
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 28-year-old woman presents to a psychiatrist with a 10-year history of unexplained anxiety symptoms. To date, she has not visited any psychiatrist, because she believes that she should not take medicines to change her emotions or thoughts. However, after explaining the nature of her disorder, the psychiatrist prescribes daily alprazolam. When she comes for her first follow-up, she reports excellent relief from her symptoms without any side-effects. The psychiatrist encourages her to continue her medication for the next 3 months and then return for a follow-up visit. After 3 months, she tells her psychiatrist that she has been experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness over the last few weeks. The psychiatrist finds that she is taking alprazolam in the correct dosage, and she is not taking any other medication that causes sedation. Upon asking her about any recent changes in her lifestyle, she mentions that for the last 2 months, she has made a diet change. The psychiatrist tells her that diet change may be the reason why she is experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness. Which of the following is the most likely diet change the psychiatrist is talking about?? {'A': 'Daily consumption of tomatoes', 'B': 'Daily consumption of cruciferous vegetables', 'C': 'Daily consumption of charcoal-broiled foods', 'D': "Daily consumption of St. John's wort", 'E': 'Daily consumption of grapefruit juice'},
|
E: Daily consumption of grapefruit juice
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for evaluation of severe groin pain for the past 4 hours. His symptoms began while he was participating in a basketball game. On arrival to the ED, the resident on call notes a swollen, tender, and elevated left testicle with absence of the cremasteric reflex. A urology consult is requested and the patient is scheduled for surgery. An abnormality in which of the following anatomical structures is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Tunica albuginea', 'B': 'Cremasteric muscle', 'C': 'Tunica vasculosa', 'D': 'Tunica dartos', 'E': 'Tunica vaginalis'},
|
E: Tunica vaginalis
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 39-year-old male presents to the emergency department with fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain. The patient is a known intravenous drug-user. Serologic testing reveals an ALT of 1040 units/L, AST of 810 units/L, and titer evidence of infection with an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded, closed circular RNA virus. Which of the following infections must also be present in this patient for him to develop his current disease?? {'A': 'Hepatitis A virus', 'B': 'Hepatitis B virus', 'C': 'Hepatitis C virus', 'D': 'Hepatitis D virus', 'E': 'Hepatitis E virus'},
|
B: Hepatitis B virus
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 5-day-old boy is brought to see his pediatrician after his newborn blood screening showed elevated levels of immunoreactive trypsinogen, a marker for cystic fibrosis. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation after regular prenatal care. He has 2 siblings that tested negative on screening. On physical exam, his vitals are normal and he appears healthy. Which of the following tests should be performed next to evaluate the newborn for cystic fibrosis?? {'A': 'Intestinal current measurement', 'B': 'Sweat test', 'C': 'Mutation analysis', 'D': 'Measurement of fecal elastase levels', 'E': 'Nasal potential difference'},
|
B: Sweat test
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 5-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her father due to a 6-day history of fevers and irritability. His father reports that the fevers have ranged from 101-104°F (38.3-40°C). He tried to give her ibuprofen, but the fevers have been unresponsive. Additionally, she developed a rash 3 days ago and has refused to wear shoes because they feel “tight.” Her father reports that other than 2 ear infections she had when she was younger, the patient has been healthy. She is up-to-date on her vaccinations except for the vaccine boosters scheduled for ages 4-6. The patient’s temperature is 103.5°F (39.7°C), blood pressure is 110/67 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 19/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% O2 on room air. Physical examination shows bilateral conjunctivitis, palpable cervical lymph nodes, a diffuse morbilliform rash, and desquamation of the palms and soles with swollen hands and feet. Which of the following the next step in management?? {'A': 'Acetaminophen', 'B': 'High dose aspirin', 'C': 'Nafcillin', 'D': 'Penicillin V', 'E': 'Vitamin A'},
|
B: High dose aspirin
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 15-year-old man presents with his father to the urgent care department with a 5-day history of frequent diarrhea, occasionally mixed with streaks of blood. Stool cultures are pending, but preliminary stool samples demonstrate fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes. The patient's vital signs are within normal limits, and he is started on outpatient therapy for presumed Shigella infection. Which of the following was the young man most likely started on?? {'A': 'Oral erythromycin', 'B': 'Oral metronidazole', 'C': 'Oral vancomycin', 'D': 'An oral quinolone', 'E': 'Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)'},
|
E: Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 7-year-old boy with asthma is brought to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of shortness of breath and cough. Current medications are inhaled albuterol and beclomethasone. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F) and respirations are 24/min. Pulmonary examination shows bilateral expiratory wheezing. Serum studies show increased concentrations of interleukin-5. Which of the following is the most likely effect of the observed laboratory finding in this patient?? {'A': 'Recruitment of eosinophils', 'B': 'Differentiation of bone marrow stem cells', 'C': 'Secretion of acute phase reactants', 'D': 'Induction of immunoglobulin class switching to IgE', 'E': 'Suppression of MHC class II expression'},
|
A: Recruitment of eosinophils
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:Two days after admission for myocardial infarction and subsequent coronary angioplasty, a 65-year-old man becomes distressed and diaphoretic in the cardiac intensive care unit. Suddenly he is no longer responsive. Pulse oximetry does not show a tracing. He has a history of hypertension and depression. Prior to his admission, his medication included ramipril and aripiprazole. Examination shows no carotid pulse. An ECG is shown. After beginning chest compressions, which of the following is the most appropriate step in management of the patient?? {'A': 'Intravenous procainamide', 'B': 'Defibrillation', 'C': 'Intravenous magnesium sulfate', 'D': 'Cardiac catheterization', 'E': 'Intravenous amiodarone'},
|
B: Defibrillation
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the physician because she had unprotected sexual intercourse the previous day. Menses have occurred at regular 28-day intervals since menarche at the age of 13 years. Her last menstrual period was 12 days ago. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A urine pregnancy test is negative. She does not wish to become pregnant until after college and does not want her parents to be informed of this visit. Which of the following is the most appropriate step in management?? {'A': 'Administer ulipristal acetate', 'B': 'Insert progestin-containing intra-uterine device', 'C': 'Administer mifepristone', 'D': 'Administer combined oral contraceptive', 'E': 'Insert copper-containing intra-uterine device\n"'},
|
E: Insert copper-containing intra-uterine device "
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 23-year-old Sicilian male presents to his primary care physician complaining of lethargy, joint pain, and urinary frequency. Vitals signs include T 98.7 F, HR 96 bpm, BP 135/71 mm/Hg, RR 18 breaths/minute, O2 99%. Laboratory findings include: random glucose 326 mg/dL, Hemoglobin 7.1, and elevated reticulocyte count and transferrin saturation. The patient is not surprised that his "blood level is low" and suggests that he might need another transfusion. An echocardiogram demonstrates restrictive cardiomyopathy. The disorder with which this patient presents can be characterized by which of the following?? {'A': 'Absence of the hemoglobin alpha-chain', 'B': 'Absence of the hemoglobin beta-chain', 'C': 'Presence of the fetal hemoglobin', 'D': 'Mutation resulting in increased iron absorption', 'E': 'Mutations resulting in copper accumulation'},
|
B: Absence of the hemoglobin beta-chain
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 55-year-old man who recently immigrated to the United States from Azerbaijan comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of recurrent fever, progressive cough with bloody streaks, fatigue, and a 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss. He has poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. An x-ray of the chest shows a cavitary lesion of the posterior apical segment of the right upper lobe with consolidation of the surrounding parenchyma. He is started on a treatment regimen with a combination of drugs. A culture of the sputum identifies a causal pathogen that is resistant to a drug that alters the metabolism of pyridoxine. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of resistance to this drug?? {'A': 'Increased production of arabinosyl transferase', 'B': 'Changed amino acid composition of DNA gyrase', 'C': 'Impaired conversion to pyrazinoic acid', 'D': 'Mutation in genes encoding RNA polymerase', 'E': 'Decreased production of catalase-peroxidase'},
|
E: Decreased production of catalase-peroxidase
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of tremors in both hands for the past few months. He has had difficulty buttoning his shirts and holding a cup of coffee without spilling its content. He has noticed that his symptoms improve after a glass of whiskey. His maternal uncle began to develop similar symptoms around the same age. He has bronchial asthma controlled with albuterol and fluticasone. Examination shows a low-amplitude tremor bilaterally when the arms are outstretched that worsens during the finger-to-nose test. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy in this patient?? {'A': 'Alprazolam', 'B': 'Levodopa', 'C': 'Primidone', 'D': 'Propranolol', 'E': 'Valproic acid'},
|
C: Primidone
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 34-year-old woman, who had her first child 2 weeks ago, visits her family physician with concerns about constant fatigue and difficulty with breastfeeding. She was discharged from the intensive care unit after hospitalization for severe postpartum hemorrhage. Since then, she has tried multiple pumps and self-stimulation to encourage breast milk production; however, neither of these strategies has worked. Her blood pressure is 88/56 mm Hg and heart rate is 120/min. Which of the following best explains the underlying condition of this patient?? {'A': 'Pituitary infarction', 'B': 'Pituitary stalk epithelial tumor', 'C': 'Pituitary infection', 'D': 'Pituitary hemorrhage', 'E': 'Pituitary infiltration by histiocytes'},
|
A: Pituitary infarction
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of high fever and confusion for the past 10 hours. His wife reports that 1 week ago during a trip to Guatemala he underwent an emergency appendectomy. His temperature is 40.1°C (104.2°F), pulse is 132/min, and blood pressure is 74/46 mm Hg. He is oriented only to person. Physical examination shows a surgical wound in the right lower quadrant with purulent discharge. The skin is warm and dry. Serum studies show a sodium concentration of 138 mEq/L, potassium concentration of 3.7 mEq/L, and lactate concentration of 3.5 mEq/L (N = 0.5–2.2 mEq/L). Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows: pH 7.21 pCO2 36 HCO3- 12 O2 saturation 87% Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these laboratory changes?"? {'A': 'Hyperventilation', 'B': 'Primary adrenal insufficiency', 'C': 'Salicylate toxicity', 'D': 'Respiratory fatigue', 'E': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis'},
|
D: Respiratory fatigue
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 24-year-old college student presents to student health with 2 days of developing a sore throat, runny nose, and a cough that started today. He states that he has been getting mild fevers which began yesterday. On exam, his temperature is 102.0°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 135/76 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 12/min. His physician recommends over-the-counter cold medications and reassures him that his symptoms are due to a viral infection that is self-limited. Which of the following best describes the most likely cause of his illness?? {'A': 'Nonsegmented, enveloped (-) ssRNA virus', 'B': 'Segmented, enveloped (-) ssRNA', 'C': 'Enveloped (+) ssRNA virus', 'D': 'Nonenveloped dsRNA virus', 'E': 'Nonenveloped dsDNA virus'},
|
C: Enveloped (+) ssRNA virus
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:During an evaluation of a new diagnostic imaging modality for detecting salivary gland tumors, 90 patients tested positive out of the 100 patients who tested positive with the gold standard test. A total of 80 individuals tested negative with the new test out of the 100 individuals who tested negative with the gold standard test. What is the positive likelihood ratio for this test?? {'A': '90/110', 'B': '80/90', 'C': '90/20', 'D': '10/80', 'E': '90/100'},
|
C: 90/20
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 49-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after collapsing on the ground at a grocery store 30 minutes ago. His wife states that he complained of dizziness and chest pain prior to falling down. Medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. His wife says that he is not compliant with his medications. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse rate is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Physical examination, including chest auscultation, is within normal limits. He is awake and in distress. The on-call resident who is evaluating him decides to do a 12-lead ECG, which is shown in the exhibit. The initial blood test results are normal. A second set of blood samples are sent to the lab after 6 hours. Which of the following results is most likely to be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Elevated troponins and normal CK-MB', 'B': 'Normal CK-MB and normal troponins', 'C': 'Elevated troponins and elevated CK-MB', 'D': 'Normal troponins and increased CK-MB', 'E': 'Decreased troponins and increased CK-MB'},
|
C: Elevated troponins and elevated CK-MB
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 33-year-old primigravid visits the clinic at the 22 weeks’ gestation with concerns about several episodes of loose watery stool over the past 4 months, which are sometimes mixed with blood. Use of over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications has not been helpful. She also reports having painful ulcers in her mouth for the last 2 months. Pregnancy has been otherwise uncomplicated so far. On physical examination, the blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg, the pulse rate is 90/min, the respiratory rate is 19/min, and the temperature is 36.6°C (97.8°F). There is bilateral conjunctival redness. Abdominal examination shows minimal tenderness but no guarding or rebound tenderness. Fundal height is proportionate to 22 weeks of gestation, and fetal heart sounds are audible. Colonoscopy shows focal areas of inflammation in the ileum, separated by normal mucosa, with rectal sparing. Based on the colonoscopy results, which of the following complications is the patient at risk for?? {'A': 'Metastasis to the liver', 'B': 'Primary sclerosing cholangitis', 'C': 'Carcinoid syndrome', 'D': 'Intestinal obstruction', 'E': 'Paralytic ileus'},
|
D: Intestinal obstruction
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after an episode of loss of consciousness that lasted 3 minutes. Since awakening, he has had weakness of the left arm and leg, and his speech has been slurred. He has had a fever for 10 days. He has not had vomiting or headache. He was treated for bacterial sinusitis 3 weeks ago with amoxicillin-clavulanate. He has hypertension, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, simvastatin, aspirin, and levothyroxine. His temperature is 38.6°C (101.4°F), pulse is 106/min, and blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg. He is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Examination shows multiple petechiae on his trunk and painless macules over both palms. A new grade 3/6 systolic murmur is heard best at the apex. He follows commands, but he slurs his words and has difficulty naming common objects. There is left facial droop. Muscle strength is 4/5 in the left upper and lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ on the left side and 2+ on the right side. The left big toe shows an extensor response. Fundoscopic examination shows retinal hemorrhages with white centers. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 15.3 g/dL Leukocyte count 12,300/mm3 Serum Na+ 136 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L K+ 4.3 mEq/L Glucose 108 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Urine Protein 1+ Glucose negative Blood 1+ WBC 1–2/hpf RBC 7–10/hpf Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?"? {'A': 'Ruptured saccular aneurysm', 'B': "Todd's paralysis", 'C': 'Temporal encephalitis', 'D': 'Septic emboli', 'E': 'Contiguous spread of infection'},
|
D: Septic emboli
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 63-year-old male is accompanied by his wife to his primary care doctor complaining of shortness of breath. He reports a seven-month history of progressively worsening dyspnea and a dry non-productive cough. He has also lost 15 pounds over the same time despite no change in diet. Additionally, over the past week, his wife has noticed that the patient appears confused and disoriented. His past medical history is notable for stable angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He currently takes aspirin, metoprolol, lisinopril, atorvastatin, metformin, and glyburide. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day for 30 years and previously worked as a mechanic at a shipyard. Physical examination reveals no wheezes, rales, or rhonchi with slightly decreased aeration in the left lower lung field. Mucus membranes are moist with normal skin turgor and capillary refill. Laboratory analysis reveals the following: Na 121 mEq/L K 3.4 mEq/L Cl 96 mEq/L HCO3 23 mEq/L Cr 1.1 mg/dl BUN 17 mg/dl A biopsy of the responsible lesions will most likely demonstrate which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Pleomorphic cells arising from the alveolar lining with disruption of the alveolar architecture', 'B': 'Sheets of large pleomorphic cells containing keratin and intercellular bridges', 'C': 'Undifferentiated small round blue cells', 'D': 'Anaplastic pleomorphic giant cells', 'E': 'Sheets of epithelial cells with papillary fragments, necrosis, and psammoma bodies'},
|
C: Undifferentiated small round blue cells
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 7-month-old boy presents to the family physician with extensive scaliness and pigmentation of sun-exposed skin areas. His mother says that these symptoms were absent until mid-spring and then became significantly worse after their trip to California in the summer. The child was born in December to a consanguineous couple after an uncomplicated pregnancy. He is breastfed and receives mashed potatoes, bananas, and carrots as complementary foods. His weight is 8.5 kg (18.7 lb) and length is 70 cm (2 ft 96 in). The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits for his age. On physical examination, there is freckling, scaling, and erythema on the sunlight-exposed areas of the face, trunk, and upper and lower extremities. No blistering, scarring, hypertrichosis, or alopecia is noted. The rest of the exam is unremarkable. Which process is most likely disrupted in this patient?? {'A': 'Conversion of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III', 'B': 'Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the procollagen molecule', 'C': 'Base-excision DNA repair', 'D': 'NAD production', 'E': 'Nucleotide-excision DNA repair'},
|
E: Nucleotide-excision DNA repair
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 34-year-old woman with no significant prior medical history presents to the clinic with several days of bloody stool. She also complains of constipation and straining, but she has no other symptoms. She has no family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 121/81 mm Hg, heart rate is 77/min, and respiratory rate is 15/min. There is no abdominal discomfort on physical exam, and a digital rectal exam reveals bright red blood. Of the following, which is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Colorectal cancer', 'B': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'C': 'Anal fissure', 'D': 'Internal hemorrhoids', 'E': 'External hemorrhoids'},
|
D: Internal hemorrhoids
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 53-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue, recurrent diarrhea, and an 8-kg (17.6-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. He has a 4-month history of recurrent blistering rashes on different parts of his body that grow and develop into pruritic, crusty lesions before resolving spontaneously. Physical examination shows scaly lesions in different phases of healing with central, bronze-colored induration around the mouth, perineum, and lower extremities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.1 mg/dL Mean corpuscular volume 85 μm3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 30.0 pg/cell Serum Glucose 236 mg/dL Abdominal ultrasonography shows a 3-cm, solid mass located in the upper abdomen. This patient's mass is most likely derived from which of the following types of cells?"? {'A': 'Gastrointestinal enterochromaffin cells', 'B': 'Pancreatic α-cells', 'C': 'Pancreatic β-cells', 'D': 'Pancreatic δ-cells', 'E': 'Gastric G-cells'},
|
B: Pancreatic α-cells
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of foamy urine for the last 2 weeks. He has also begun to notice swelling in his hands and feet, and he says that his shoes have not been fitting normally. On exam, the patient has a temperature of 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 132/84 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient has 2+ pitting edema bilaterally up to his shins. A 24-hour urine study is found to contain 9.0 g of protein. The patient is referred to a specialist and undergoes a renal biopsy. On light microscopy, the glomeruli demonstrate basement membrane thickening. On electron microscopy, subepithelial deposits are seen. Which of the following is a characteristic of this patient’s disease?? {'A': 'Antibodies to alveolar basement membrane', 'B': 'Antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor', 'C': 'IgA immune complex deposition', 'D': 'Loss of podocyte foot processes', 'E': 'X-linked condition'},
|
B: Antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 72-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of severe pain in her left hip after a fall this morning. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years. Her only medication is a vitamin D supplement. Physical examination shows that her left leg is externally rotated and appears shorter than her right leg. An x-ray of the pelvis shows a fracture of the neck of the left femur. Which of the following changes in bone architecture is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Overgrowth of cortical bone and reduced marrow space', 'B': 'Loss of cortical bone mass and thinning of trabeculae', 'C': 'Subperiosteal bone resorption and cystic degeneration', 'D': 'Formation of multiple sclerotic lesions in bony cortex', 'E': 'Deposition of lamellar bone interspersed with woven bone'},
|
B: Loss of cortical bone mass and thinning of trabeculae
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 69-year-old woman comes to the physician because of lower back pain and right-sided chest pain for the past month. The pain is aggravated by movement. Over the past 2 months, she has had increasing fatigue. Her mother died of breast cancer. She has hypertension and reflux disease. Current medications include metoprolol and omeprazole. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows full muscle strength. There is tenderness to palpation over the lower spine and the right lateral chest. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 7,300/mm3 Platelet count 230,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 137 mEq/L K+ 3.5 mEq/L Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL An ECG shows no evidence of ischemia. An x-ray of the chest shows lytic lesions in 2 ribs. Blood smear shows aggregations of erythrocytes. Protein electrophoresis of the serum with immunofixation shows an M-protein spike. This patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following findings?"? {'A': 'Urinary tract infection', 'B': 'Leukemic hiatus', 'C': 'Splenomegaly', 'D': 'Autoimmune hemolytic anemia', 'E': "Richter's transformation"},
|
A: Urinary tract infection
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulty swallowing pieces of meat and choking frequently during meal times. He also sometimes regurgitates foul-smelling, undigested food particles. Examination shows a 3 x 3 cm soft cystic, immobile mass in the upper third of the left side of his neck anterior to the left sternocleidomastoid muscle that becomes prominent when he coughs. A barium swallow shows an accumulation of contrast on the lateral aspect of the neck at the C5 level. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Inadequate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter', 'B': 'Remnant of the embryological omphalomesenteric duct', 'C': 'Increased intrapharyngeal pressure', 'D': 'Remnant of the thyroglossal duct', 'E': 'Remnant of the second branchial cleft'},
|
C: Increased intrapharyngeal pressure
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 67-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension, COPD, and diabetes presents to his cardiologist for a routine appointment. He reports that he has no current complaints and has not noticed any significant changes in his health. On exam, the cardiologist hears an extra heart sound in late diastole that immediately precedes S1. This heart sound is most associated with which of the following?? {'A': 'Ventricular dilation', 'B': 'Left ventricular hypertrophy', 'C': 'Increased filling pressures', 'D': 'Mitral regurgitation', 'E': 'Mitral stenosis'},
|
B: Left ventricular hypertrophy
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing fatigue and difficulty concentrating at work for the last 2 months. She has hypertension and a 22-year history of Crohn disease. She has been hospitalized and treated for acute exacerbations, sometimes involving strictures, multiple times in the past. She has not had significant gastrointestinal symptoms in over a year. Current medications include mesalamine, thiazide, and bisoprolol. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft abdomen and pale conjunctivae. Rectal examination is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.4 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 112 fL Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 37.2 pg/cell Leukocyte count 8,700 /mm3 Platelet count 150,000 /mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 42 mm/h Serum Ferritin 88 ng/mL Iron 117 μg/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone 3.2 μU/mL Thyroxine 7 μg/dL Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to reveal which of the following findings?"? {'A': 'Tarry stools', 'B': 'Impaired vision in her right eye', 'C': 'Unexplained weight gain', 'D': 'Dark-colored urine', 'E': 'Decreased vibratory sensation'},
|
E: Decreased vibratory sensation
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A resident in the department of obstetrics and gynecology is reading about a randomized clinical trial from the late 1990s that was conducted to compare breast cancer mortality risk, disease localization, and tumor size in women who were randomized to groups receiving either annual mammograms starting at age 40 or annual mammograms starting at age 50. One of the tables in the study compares the two experimental groups with regard to socioeconomic demographics (e.g., age, income), medical conditions at the time of recruitment, and family history of breast cancer. The purpose of this table is most likely to evaluate which of the following?? {'A': 'Statistical power', 'B': 'Observer bias', 'C': 'Confounding', 'D': 'Randomization', 'E': 'Effect modification\n"'},
|
D: Randomization
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 56-year-old man is seen in the hospital for a chief complaint of intense thirst and polyuria. His history is significant for recent transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma. With regard to the man's fluid balance, which of the following would be expected?? {'A': 'Hyponatremia', 'B': 'Serum osmolarity <290 mOsm/L', 'C': 'Elevated serum ADH', 'D': 'Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity', 'E': 'Elevated blood glucose'},
|
D: Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:An 82-year-old man presents with painless swelling of the neck for the past week. He reports no recent fever, night sweats, or weight loss. He has no significant medical history, and his only medication is daily aspirin. His temperature is 36.8℃ (98.2℉). On physical examination, there are several non-tender lymph nodes, each averaging 2 cm in diameter, which are palpable in the right anterior cervical triangle. No other palpable lymphadenopathy is noted. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show the following: Hemoglobin 10 g/dL Leukocyte count 8000/mm3 with a normal differential Platelet count 250,000/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 30 mm/h An excisional biopsy of a cervical lymph node reveals the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. Computed tomography (CT) scans and positron emission tomography (PET) scans reveal no mediastinal mass or signs of additional disease. Which of the following aspects most strongly indicates a good prognosis for this patient?? {'A': 'Stage of the disease', 'B': 'Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)', 'C': 'Hemoglobin level', 'D': 'Leukocyte count and differential', 'E': 'Presence of B symptoms'},
|
A: Stage of the disease
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 66-year-old gentleman presents to a new primary care physician to establish care after a recent relocation. His past medical history is significant for gout, erectile dysfunction, osteoarthritis of bilateral knees, mitral stenosis, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. He denies any past surgeries along with the use of any tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. He has no known drug allergies and cannot remember the names of the medications he is taking for his medical problems. He states that he has recently been experiencing chest pain with strenuous activities. What part of the patient's medical history must be further probed before starting him on a nitrate for chest pain?? {'A': 'Gout', 'B': 'Erectile dysfunction', 'C': 'Arthritis', 'D': 'Mitral stenosis', 'E': 'Diabetic peripheral neuropathy'},
|
B: Erectile dysfunction
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 30-year-old gravida 1 woman comes to the office for a prenatal visit. She is at 20 weeks gestation with no complaints. She is taking her prenatal vitamins but stopped the prescribed ferrous sulfate because it was making her constipated. Urinalysis shows trace protein. Uterine fundus is the expected size for a 20-week gestation. Just before leaving the examination room, she stops the physician and admits to eating laundry detergent. She is embarrassed and fears she is going crazy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Normal pregnancy', 'B': 'Brief psychotic disorder', 'C': 'Iron deficiency anemia', 'D': 'Pre-eclampsia', 'E': 'Plummer-Vinson syndrome'},
|
C: Iron deficiency anemia
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with unilateral vision loss. She states it started suddenly this evening and this has never happened to her before. The patient is not followed by a primary care physician and is not currently taking any medications. She has had a few episodes of weakness or numbness in the past but states her symptoms usually resolve on their own. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 120/74 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for decreased sensation over the patient's dorsal aspect of her left foot. Visual exam reveals a loss of vision in the patient's left eye and she endorses pain in the eye on exam. Which of the following findings is also likely to be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Electrical pain with neck flexion', 'B': 'Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibration sensation', 'C': 'Pruritus with exposure to heat', 'D': 'Symmetric lower extremity reflex loss', 'E': 'Weakness with repeat exertion'},
|
A: Electrical pain with neck flexion
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening painful swelling of both breasts for the past 24 hours. Three days ago, she vaginally delivered a healthy 2690-g (5-lb 15-oz) girl. The patient says that breastfeeding her newborn daughter is very painful. She reports exhaustion and moodiness. She has no history of serious illness. Medications include folic acid and a multivitamin. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F). Examination shows tenderness, firmness, and fullness of both breasts. The nipples appear cracked and the areolas are swollen bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Cold compresses and analgesia', 'B': 'Oral contraceptives', 'C': 'Mammography', 'D': 'Oral antibiotics', 'E': 'Incision and drainage'},
|
A: Cold compresses and analgesia
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sudden right flank pain that began 3 hours ago. He also noticed blood in his urine. Over the past two weeks, he has developed progressive lower extremity swelling and a 4-kg (9-lb) weight gain. Examination shows bilateral 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremities. Urinalysis with dipstick shows 4+ protein, positive glucose, and multiple red cell and fatty casts. Abdominal CT shows a large right kidney with abundant collateral vessels and a filling defect in the right renal vein. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Factor V Leiden', 'B': 'Increased lipoprotein synthesis', 'C': 'Loss of antithrombin III', 'D': 'Malignant erythropoietin production', 'E': 'Antiphospholipid antibodies'},
|
C: Loss of antithrombin III
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 13-year-old girl presents to an orthopedic surgeon for evaluation of a spinal curvature that was discovered during a school screening. She has otherwise been healthy and does not take any medications. On presentation, she is found to have significant asymmetry of her back and is sent for a spine radiograph. The radiograph reveals a unilateral rib attached to the left transverse process of the C7 vertebrae. Abnormal expression of which of the following genes is most likely responsible for this finding?? {'A': 'FGF', 'B': 'Homeobox', 'C': 'PAX', 'D': 'Sonic hedgehog', 'E': 'WNT7'},
|
B: Homeobox
|
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
|
Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for a consultation after his teacher complained about his inability to focus or make friends at school. They mention that the boy does not interact well with others at home, school, or daycare. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable with normal weight, height, and head circumference for his age and sex. His general examination and neurologic examination are completely normal. A recent audiological evaluation shows normal hearing, and intellectual disability has been ruled out by a clinical psychologist. Which of the following investigations is indicated as part of his diagnostic evaluation at present?? {'A': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain', 'B': 'Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning of head', 'C': 'Electroencephalography', 'D': 'Genetic testing for methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP-2) gene mutations', 'E': 'No further testing is needed'},
|
E: No further testing is needed
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.