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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 21-year-old woman is brought to the clinic for evaluation by her brother. The patient’s brother says that, 3 days ago, the patient had put on her best pantsuit and makeup and insisted that she was returning to work and driving to Seattle to take over for the CEO of the Amazon Corporation. He says this was especially odd because her husband was just killed in an automobile accident in a different city 2 days ago. Today, the patient’s brother says she was saddened, wearing grey jogging pants. The patient says she does not recall acting odd and does remember that her husband is dead. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 132/84 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, respiratory rate 16/min, temperature 37.4°C (99.4°F). Upon physical examination, the patient’s affect is saddened but her speech rate and volume are normal. There is no hallucinations, mania, interruptive speech, depressive symptoms, or loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. Results of urine drug screen are provided below: Amphetamine negative Benzodiazepine negative Cocaine negative GHB negative Ketamine negative LSD negative Marijuana negative Opioids negative PCP negative Which of the following best describes the patient’s state?? {'A': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'B': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'C': 'Borderline personality disorder', 'D': 'Schizotypal personality disorder', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'},
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E: Brief psychotic disorder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. During the past month, he has had mild itching. He has alcoholic cirrhosis, hypertension, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. He used to drink a pint of vodka and multiple beers daily but quit 4 months ago. Current medications include ramipril, esomeprazole, and vitamin B supplements. He appears thin. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 68/min, and blood pressure is 115/72 mm Hg. Examination shows reddening of the palms bilaterally and several telangiectasias over the chest, abdomen, and back. There is symmetrical enlargement of the breast tissue bilaterally. His testes are small and firm on palpation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 4300/mm3 Platelet count 89,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11 sec (INR = 1) Serum Albumin 3 g/dL Bilirubin Total 2.0 mg/dL Direct 0.2 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 43 U/L AST 55 U/L ALT 40 U/L α-Fetoprotein 8 ng/mL (N < 10) Anti-HAV IgG antibody positive Anti-HBs antibody negative Abdominal ultrasonography shows a nodular liver surface with atrophy of the right lobe of the liver. An upper endoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Measure serum α-fetoprotein levels in 3 months', 'B': 'Administer hepatitis A vaccine now', 'C': 'Obtain CT scan of the abdomen now', 'D': 'Repeat abdominal ultrasound in 6 months', 'E': 'Perform liver biopsy now'},
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D: Repeat abdominal ultrasound in 6 months
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A newborn infant is born at 40 weeks gestation to a G1P1 mother. The pregnancy was uncomplicated and was followed by the patient's primary care physician. The mother has no past medical history and is currently taking a multi-vitamin, folate, B12, and iron. The infant is moving its limbs spontaneously and is crying. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 60/38 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Fluid resuscitation', 'B': 'Intramuscular (IM) vitamin K and topical erythromycin', 'C': 'No further management needed', 'D': 'Silver nitrate eye drops and basic lab work', 'E': 'Vitamin D and IM vitamin K'},
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B: Intramuscular (IM) vitamin K and topical erythromycin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Researchers are investigating a new strain of a virus that has been infecting children over the past season and causing dermatitis. They have isolated the virus and have run a number of tests to determine its structure and characteristics. They have found that this new virus has an outer coating that is high in phospholipids. Protein targeting assays and immunofluorescence images have shown that the outer layer contains numerous surface proteins. On microscopy, these surface proteins are also expressed around the nucleus of cells derived from the infected tissue of the children. This virus’s structure most closely resembles which of the following?? {'A': 'Papillomavirus', 'B': 'Poxvirus', 'C': 'Adenovirus', 'D': 'Hepadnavirus', 'E': 'Herpesvirus'},
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E: Herpesvirus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her family at her psychiatrist's recommendation. According to her family, she has been more restless than her baseline over the past week. The patient herself complains that she feels her mind is racing. Her past medical history is significant for bipolar disorder on lithium and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The family and the patient both assert that the patient has been taking her medications. She denies any recent illness or sick contacts. The patient's temperature is 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 20/min. She appears diaphoretic, and her cardiac exam is notable for an irregularly irregular rhythm with a 2/6 early systolic murmur. Blood counts and metabolic panel are within normal limits. The patient's lithium level is within therapeutic range. Which of the following laboratory tests would be the most useful to include in the evaluation of this patient?? {'A': 'Thyroglobulin level', 'B': 'Thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels', 'C': 'Thyroid stimulating hormone and total thyroxine levels', 'D': 'Triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels', 'E': 'Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test'},
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B: Thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old man with systolic heart failure secondary to amyloidosis undergoes heart transplantation. The donor heart is obtained from a 17-year-old boy who died in a motor vehicle collision. Examination of the donor heart during the procedure shows a flat, yellow-white discoloration with an irregular border on the luminal surface of the aorta. A biopsy of this lesion is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Lipoprotein-laden macrophages', 'B': 'Proteoglycan accumulation', 'C': 'Apoptotic smooth muscle cells', 'D': 'Necrotic cell debris', 'E': 'Collagen deposition\n"'},
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A: Lipoprotein-laden macrophages
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 4-hour history of vomiting, lethargy, and confusion. Three days ago, he was treated with an over-the-counter medication for fever and runny nose. He is oriented only to person. His blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral optic disc swelling and hepatomegaly. His blood glucose concentration is 65 mg/dL. Toxicology screening for serum acetaminophen is negative. The over-the-counter medication that was most likely used by this patient has which of the following additional effects?? {'A': 'Decreased uric acid elimination', 'B': 'Reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1', 'C': 'Decreased expression of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa', 'D': 'Irreversible inhibition of ATP synthase', 'E': 'Increased partial thromboplastin time'},
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A: Decreased uric acid elimination
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 53-year-old woman comes to the physician because of pain in her ankle. She twisted her right ankle inward when walking on uneven ground the previous day. She describes the pain as 6 out of 10 in intensity. She is able to bear weight on the ankle and ambulate. Three weeks ago, she had an episode of gastroenteritis that lasted for two days and resolved spontaneously. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Her father has type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Her mother has hypothyroidism and a history of alcohol abuse. The patient drinks 8–10 beers each week and does not smoke or use illicit drugs. She adheres to a strict vegetarian diet. Current medications include metformin, atorvastatin, and lisinopril. Her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), heart rate is 84/min, and blood pressure is 132/80 mm Hg. Examination of the right ankle shows edema along the lateral aspect. She has pain with eversion and tenderness to palpation on the lateral malleolus. The foot is warm to touch and has dry skin. Pedal pulses are palpable. She has decreased sensation to light touch on the plantar and dorsal aspects of the big toe. She has full range of motion with 5/5 strength in flexion and extension of the big toe. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 15.1 g/dL Hemoglobin A1c 8.1% Leukocyte count 7,200/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume 82 μm3 Serum Na+ 135 mEq/L K+ 4.0 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 24 mg/dL Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone 1.2 μU/mL Which of the following is the most likely cause of the decreased sensation in this patient?"? {'A': 'Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy', 'B': 'Medication side effect', 'C': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency', 'D': 'Microvascular damage', 'E': 'Thiamine deficiency'},
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D: Microvascular damage
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old man with a 5-year history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has had episodic palpitations over the past week. His only medication is a tiotropium-formoterol inhaler. His pulse is 140/min and irregular, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 116/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 95%. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. Serum concentrations of electrolytes, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and cardiac troponins are within the reference range. An electrocardiogram is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Synchronized cardioversion', 'B': 'Radiofrequency ablation', 'C': 'Procainamide therapy', 'D': 'Verapamil therapy', 'E': 'Propranolol therapy\n"'},
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D: Verapamil therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician with a 3-month history of progressively worsening right calf pain. She reports that the pain occurs after walking for about 10 minutes and resolves when she rests. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She takes lisinopril and simvastatin daily. She has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 34 years. Her pulse is 78/min and blood pressure is 142/96 mm Hg. Femoral and popliteal pulses are 2+ bilaterally. Left pedal pulses are 1+; right pedal pulses are absent. Remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is 0.65 in the right leg and 0.9 in the left leg. This patient is at greatest risk of which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Lower extremity lymphedema', 'B': 'Limb amputation', 'C': 'Deep vein thrombosis', 'D': 'Acute mesenteric ischemia', 'E': 'Acute myocardial infarction\n"'},
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E: Acute myocardial infarction "
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 11-month-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of recurrent otitis media since birth. The patient’s immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 5th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows multiple petechiae and several eczematous lesions over the scalp and extremities. The remainder of the examination reveals no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 9,600/mm3 (61% neutrophils and 24% lymphocytes), a platelet count of 29,000/mm3, and an increased serum IgE concentration. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Chédiak-Higashi syndrome', 'B': 'Chronic granulomatous disease', 'C': 'Hyper-IgE syndrome', 'D': 'Severe combined immunodeficiency', 'E': 'Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome'},
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E: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 65-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia comes to the physician because of severe pain and swelling in both knees for the past day. He finished a cycle of chemotherapy 1 week ago. His temperature is 37.4°C (99.4°F). Physical examination shows swelling and erythema of both knees and the base of his left big toe. Laboratory studies show: Leukocyte count 13,000/mm3 Serum Creatinine 2.2 mg/dL Calcium 8.2 mg/dL Phosphorus 7.2 mg/dL Arthrocentesis of the involved joints is most likely to show which of the following?"? {'A': 'Monosodium urate crystals', 'B': 'Calcium pyrophosphate crystals', 'C': 'Calcium phosphate crystals', 'D': 'Gram-negative diplococci', 'E': 'Gram-positive cocci in clusters'},
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A: Monosodium urate crystals
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:In translation, the wobble phenomenon is best illustrated by the fact that:? {'A': 'A tRNA with the UUU anticodon can bind to either AAA or AAG codons', 'B': 'There are more amino acids than possible codons', 'C': 'The last nucleotide provides specificity for the given amino acid', 'D': 'The genetic code is preserved without mutations', 'E': 'Charged tRNA contains energy needed for peptide bonds to form'},
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A: A tRNA with the UUU anticodon can bind to either AAA or AAG codons
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old primigravid woman at 8 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department 4 hours after the onset of vaginal bleeding and crampy lower abdominal pain. She has passed multiple large and small blood clots. The vaginal bleeding and pain have decreased since their onset. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 112/76 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows mild vaginal bleeding and a closed cervical os. An ultrasound of the pelvis shows minimal fluid in the endometrial cavity and no gestational sac. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Missed abortion', 'B': 'Complete abortion', 'C': 'Threatened abortion', 'D': 'Inevitable abortion', 'E': 'Incomplete abortion'},
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B: Complete abortion
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician accompanied by his mother for evaluation of a rash. The rash appeared a little over a week ago, and since that time the boy has felt tired. He is less interested in playing outside, preferring to remain indoors because his knees and stomach hurt. His past medical history is significant for an upper respiratory infection that resolved uneventfully without treatment 2 weeks ago. Temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical exam shows scattered maroon macules and papules on the lower extremities. The abdomen is diffusely tender to palpation. There is no cervical lymphadenopathy or conjunctival injection. Which of the following will most likely be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Coronary artery aneurysms', 'B': 'Leukocytoclastic vasculitis', 'C': 'Mitral regurgitation', 'D': 'Occult malignancy', 'E': 'Thrombocytopenia'},
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B: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An investigator is studying a drug that acts on a G protein-coupled receptor in the pituitary gland. Binding of the drug to this receptor leads to increased production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) in the basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary. Administration of this drug every 90 minutes is most likely to be beneficial in the treatment of which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Prostate cancer', 'B': 'Anovulatory infertility', 'C': 'Central diabetes insipidus', 'D': 'Variceal bleeding', 'E': 'Hyperkalemia'},
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B: Anovulatory infertility
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 69-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a general checkup. The patient currently has no complaints. He has a past medical history of diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, depression, obesity, and a myocardial infarction seven years ago. The patient's prescribed medications are metoprolol, aspirin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, fluoxetine, metformin, and insulin. The patient states that he has not been filling his prescriptions regularly and that he can not remember what medications he has been taking. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 96/min, blood pressure is 180/120 mmHg, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 7 mg/dL Glucose: 170 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL On physical exam which of the following cardiac findings would be expected?? {'A': 'Normal S1 and S2', 'B': 'Heart sound prior to S1', 'C': 'Heart sound after S2', 'D': 'Fixed splitting of S1 and S2', 'E': 'Holosystolic murmur at the apex'},
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B: Heart sound prior to S1
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 17-year-old teenager is brought to the emergency department with severe bleeding from his right hand. He was involved in a gang fight about 30 minutes ago where he received a penetrating stab wound by a sharp knife in the region of the ‘anatomical snuffbox’. A vascular surgeon is called in for consultation. Damage to which artery is most likely responsible for his excessive bleeding?? {'A': 'Radial artery', 'B': 'Palmar carpal arch', 'C': 'Ulnar artery', 'D': 'Princeps pollicis artery', 'E': 'Brachial artery'},
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A: Radial artery
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the gynecologist because of a 4-month history of irregular menstrual cycles. Menses occur at irregular 15 to 45-day intervals and last 1–2 days with minimal flow. She also reports a milk-like discharge from her nipples for 3 months, as well as a history of fatigue and muscle and joint pain. She does not have abdominal pain, fever, or headache. She has recently gained 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of weight. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia and started on aripiprazole by a psychiatrist 8 months ago. She has hypothyroidism but has not been taking levothyroxine for 6 months. She does not smoke or consume alcohol. She appears healthy and anxious. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Pelvic examination shows vaginal atrophy. Visual field and skin examination are normal. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.7 g/dL Serum Glucose 88 mg/dL Creatinine 0.7 mg/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone 16.3 μU/mL Cortisol (8AM) 18 μg/dL Prolactin 88 ng/mL Urinalysis is normal. An x-ray of the chest and ultrasound of the pelvis show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the nipple discharge in this patient?"? {'A': 'Thyrotropic pituitary adenoma', 'B': 'Ectopic prolactin production', 'C': 'Cushing disease', 'D': 'Hypothyroidism', 'E': 'Prolactinoma\n"'},
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D: Hypothyroidism
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old girl presents to the emergency room complaining of abdominal pain. She was watching a movie 3 hours prior to presentation when she developed severe non-radiating right lower quadrant pain. The pain has worsened since it started. She also had non-bloody non-bilious emesis 1 hour ago and continues to feel nauseated. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, she has rebound tenderness at McBurney point and a positive Rovsing sign. She is stabilized with intravenous fluids and pain medication and is taken to the operating room to undergo a laparoscopic appendectomy. While in the operating room, the circulating nurse leads the surgical team in a time out to ensure that introductions are made, the patient’s name and date of birth are correct, antibiotics have been given, and the surgical site is marked appropriately. This process is an example of which of the following human factor engineering elements?? {'A': 'Forcing function', 'B': 'Resilience engineering', 'C': 'Safety culture', 'D': 'Simplification', 'E': 'Standardization'},
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E: Standardization
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for acute intermittent umbilical abdominal pain and several episodes of nonbilious vomiting for 4 hours. The pain radiates to his right lower abdomen and occurs every 15–30 minutes. During these episodes of pain, the boy draws up his knees to the chest. He had two similar episodes within the past 6 months. Abdominal examination shows periumbilical tenderness with no masses palpated. Transverse abdominal ultrasound shows concentric rings of bowel. His hemoglobin concentration is 10.2 g/dL. Which of the following is the most common underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Meckel diverticulum', 'B': 'Malrotation with volvulus', 'C': 'Intestinal polyps', 'D': 'Intestinal adhesions', 'E': 'Acute appendicitis'},
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A: Meckel diverticulum
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old female presents to the physician for delayed onset of menstruation. She reports that all of her friends have experienced their first menses, and she wonders whether “something is wrong with me.” The patient is a sophomore in high school and doing well in school. Her past medical history is significant for an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis six months ago, for which she was treated with oral amoxicillin. The patient is in the 35th percentile for weight and 5th percentile for height. On physical exam, her temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 112/67 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient has a short neck and wide torso. She has Tanner stage I beast development and pubic hair with normal external female genitalia. On bimanual exam, the vagina is of normal length and the cervix is palpable. Which of the following is the most accurate test to diagnose this condition?? {'A': 'Buccal smear for Barr bodies', 'B': 'Karyotype analysis', 'C': 'Serum FSH and LH levels', 'D': 'Serum testosterone level', 'E': 'Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone level'},
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B: Karyotype analysis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of fatigue, muscle aches, and a dry cough. He has also had episodes of painful, bluish discoloration of the tips of his fingers, nose, and earlobes during this period. Three months ago, he joined the military and attended basic training in southern California. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs. His temperature is 37.8°C (100°F). Physical examination shows mildly pale conjunctivae and annular erythematous lesions with a dusky central area on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? {'A': 'Adenovirus', 'B': 'Mycoplasma pneumoniae', 'C': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'D': 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae', 'E': 'Influenza virus'},
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B: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents due to right ear pain. For the past few days, the patient’s parents say he has had a low-grade fever, a runny nose, and has been frequently pulling on his left ear. Past medical history is significant for a similar episode one month ago for which he has prescribed a 10-day course of amoxicillin. He is up-to-date on all vaccinations and is doing well at school. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), blood pressure is 106/75 mm Hg, pulse is 101/min, and respiratory rate is 20/min. Findings on otoscopic examination are shown in the image. The patient is treated with amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Which of the following best describes the benefit of adding clavulanic acid to amoxicillin?? {'A': 'Tachyphylactic effect', 'B': 'Inhibitor effect', 'C': 'Additive effect', 'D': 'Permissive effect', 'E': 'Synergistic effect'},
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B: Inhibitor effect
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 4-year-old male presents to the pediatrician with a one week history of fever, several days of bloody diarrhea, and right-sided abdominal pain. The mother explains that several other children at his son's pre-K have been having similar symptoms. She heard the daycare owner had similar symptoms and may have her appendix removed, but the mother claims this may just have been a rumor. Based on the history, the pediatrician sends for an abdominal ultrasound, which shows a normal vermiform appendix. She then sends a stool sample for culturing. The cultures demonstrate a Gram-negative bacteria that is motile at 25 C but not at 37 C, non-lactose fermenter, and non-hydrogen sulfide producer. What is the most likely causative agent?? {'A': 'Yersinia enterocolitica', 'B': 'Enterotoxigenic E. coli', 'C': 'Vibrio cholerae', 'D': 'Clostridium perfringens', 'E': 'Rotavirus'},
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A: Yersinia enterocolitica
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of limited mobility of his right hand for 1 year. The patient states he has had difficulty actively extending his right 4th and 5th fingers, and despite stretching exercises, his symptoms have progressed. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has been working as a mason for over 20 years. His father had similar symptoms and was treated surgically. The patient has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years and drinks 2–3 beers every day after work. His only medication is metformin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows skin puckering near the proximal flexor crease. There are several painless palmar nodules adjacent to the distal palmar crease. Active and passive extension of the 4th and 5th digits of the right hand is limited. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Palmar fibromatosis', 'B': 'Ganglion cyst', 'C': 'Ulnar nerve lesion', 'D': 'Tendon sheath tumor', 'E': 'Tenosynovitis'},
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A: Palmar fibromatosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 2-year-old boy is being evaluated for an autosomal-recessive condition that produces valine instead of glutamine in the β-globin gene. On further examination, the patient’s X-ray showed a crew cut appearance of the skull. Which of the following statements about his condition is false?? {'A': 'Complications are due to vaso-occlusion', 'B': 'Target cells are seen in blood smear', 'C': 'An individual needs 2 defective β-globin genes to have the sickle cell trait', 'D': 'Extravascular hemolysis', 'E': 'Salmonella paratyphi can cause osteomyelitis in these patients'},
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C: An individual needs 2 defective β-globin genes to have the sickle cell trait
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his parents because of a new rash. The family immigrated from Laos one year ago and recently obtained health insurance. A week ago, the boy stated that he was “not feeling well” and asked to stay home from school. At the time, he starting having cough, nasal congestion, and irritated eyes – symptoms that persisted and intensified. His parents recall that at the time they noticed small whitish-blue papules over the red buccal mucosa opposite his molars. Five days ago, his parents noticed a red rash around his face that quickly spread downward to cover most of his arms, trunk, and then legs. His temperature is 102.5°F (39.2°C), blood pressure is 110/85 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations 25/min. On physical exam, he has intermittent cough, cervical lymphadenopathy, and nonpurulent conjunctivitis accompanied by a confluent, dark red rash over his body. This patient is at risk for which of the following complications later in life?? {'A': 'CNS degeneration', 'B': 'Valvular heart disease', 'C': 'Nonreactive pupils', 'D': 'Monoarticular arthritis', 'E': 'B cell neoplasm'},
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A: CNS degeneration
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 41-year-old nulliparous woman, at 15 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of an 8-hour history of light vaginal bleeding. She had a spontaneous abortion at 11 weeks' gestation 9 months ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination is unremarkable. On pelvic examination, there is old blood in the vaginal vault and at the closed cervical os. There are bilateral adnexal masses. Serum β-hCG concentration is 122,000 mIU/ml. Results from dilation and curettage show hydropic chorionic villi and proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. There are no embryonic parts. Vaginal ultrasound shows that both ovaries are enlarged and have multiple thin-walled, septated cysts with clear content. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the ovarian findings?? {'A': 'Serous cystadenomas', 'B': 'Theca lutein cysts', 'C': 'Corpus luteum cysts', 'D': 'Dermoid cyst', 'E': 'Follicular cyst'},
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B: Theca lutein cysts
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 39-year-old pregnant woman at 16 weeks gestation recently underwent a quad-screen which revealed elevated beta-hCG, elevated inhibin A, decreased alpha-fetoprotein, and decreased estradiol. An ultrasound was performed which found increased nuchal translucency. Which of the following is recommended for diagnosis?? {'A': 'Fetus is normal, continue with pregnancy as expected', 'B': 'Confirmatory amniocentesis and chromosomal analysis of the fetal cells', 'C': 'Biopsy and pathologic examination of fetus', 'D': 'Maternal karyotype', 'E': 'Cell-free fetal DNA analysis'},
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B: Confirmatory amniocentesis and chromosomal analysis of the fetal cells
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Q:Four months after giving birth, a young woman presents to the hospital complaining of lack of breast milk secretion. The patient complains of constantly feeling tired. Physical exam reveals that she is slightly hypotensive and has lost a significant amount of weight since giving birth. The patient states that she has not experienced menstruation since the birth. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Obstetric hemorrage', 'B': 'Prolactinoma', 'C': 'Pregnancy-induced decrease in anterior pituitary size', 'D': 'Primary empty sella syndrome', 'E': 'Increased anterior pituitary perfusion'},
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A: Obstetric hemorrage
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 64-year-old African American female comes to the physician’s office for a routine check-up. The patient’s past medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes, and osteoarthritis in her right knee. Her medications include metformin, glimepiride, lisinopril, metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and ibuprofen as needed. Her only complaint is an unremitting cough that started about 3 weeks ago and she has noticed some swelling around her mouth. The drug most likely responsible for her recent symptoms most directly affects which part of the kidney?? {'A': 'Distal convoluted tubule', 'B': 'Juxtaglomerular cells', 'C': 'Afferent arteriole', 'D': 'Efferent arteriole', 'E': 'Collecting duct'},
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D: Efferent arteriole
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old primigravida woman presents to her obstetrician for her first prenatal visit. Her last menstrual cycle was 12 weeks ago. She denies tobacco, alcohol, illicit drug use, or history of sexually transmitted infections. She denies recent travel outside the country but is planning on visiting her family in Canada for Thanksgiving in 3 days. Her past medical and family history is unremarkable. Her temperature is 97.5°F (36.3°C), blood pressure is 119/76 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 20/min. BMI is 22 kg/m^2. Fetal pulse is 136/min. The patient's blood type is B-negative. Mumps and rubella titers are non-reactive. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this visit?? {'A': 'Influenza vaccination', 'B': 'Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination', 'C': 'One hour glucose challenge', 'D': 'PCV23 vaccination', 'E': 'Rh-D immunoglobulin'},
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A: Influenza vaccination
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Q:A 38-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 32 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 110/86 mm Hg. Examination shows minimal bilateral edema below the knees. The uterus is consistent in size with a 29-week gestation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Transabdominal ultrasound shows an intrauterine pregnancy in longitudinal lie, normal fetal cardiac activity, an amniotic fluid index of 5 cm and calcifications of the placenta. This patient's child is at greatest risk of developing which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Fetal malposition', 'B': 'Renal dysplasia', 'C': 'Meningomyelocele', 'D': 'Anencephaly', 'E': 'Pulmonary hypoplasia'},
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E: Pulmonary hypoplasia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A researcher is investigating the relationship between interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. In 2017, 10 patients (patients 1–10) with ESRD on hemodialysis were recruited for a pilot study in which IL-1 levels were measured (mean = 88.1 pg/mL). In 2018, 5 additional patients (patients 11–15) were recruited. Results are shown: Patient IL-1 level (pg/mL) Patient IL-1 level (pg/mL) Patient 1 (2017) 84 Patient 11 (2018) 91 Patient 2 (2017) 87 Patient 12 (2018) 32 Patient 3 (2017) 95 Patient 13 (2018) 86 Patient 4 (2017) 93 Patient 14 (2018) 90 Patient 5 (2017) 99 Patient 15 (2018) 81 Patient 6 (2017) 77 Patient 7 (2017) 82 Patient 8 (2017) 90 Patient 9 (2017) 85 Patient 10 (2017) 89 Which of the following statements about the results of the study is most accurate?"? {'A': 'Systematic error was introduced by the five new patients who joined the study in 2018.', 'B': 'The mean of IL-1 measurements is now larger than the mode.', 'C': 'The standard deviation was decreased by the five new patients who joined the study in 2018.', 'D': 'The median of IL-1 measurements is now larger than the mean.', 'E': 'The range of the data set is unaffected by the addition of five new patients in 2018.\n"'},
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D: The median of IL-1 measurements is now larger than the mean.
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with pain that started after he visited his daughter as she moved into her new apartment. The patient states that the pain is likely related to all the traveling he has done and helping his daughter move and setup up furniture. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, type II diabetes, multiple concussions while he served in the army, and GERD. He is currently taking metformin, lisinopril, omeprazole, and a multivitamin. On physical exam, pain is elicited upon palpation of the patient's lower back. Flexion of the patient's leg results in pain that travels down the patient's lower extremity. The patient's cardiac, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Rectal exam reveals normal rectal tone. The patient denies any difficulty caring for himself, defecating, or urinating. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'NSAIDS and activity as tolerated', 'B': 'NSAIDS and bed rest', 'C': 'Oxycodone and bed rest', 'D': 'Oxycodone and activity as tolerated', 'E': 'MRI of the spine'},
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A: NSAIDS and activity as tolerated
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Q:A laboratory technician processes basic metabolic panels for two patients. Patient A is 18 years old and patient B is 83 years old. Neither patient takes any medications regularly. Serum laboratory studies show: Patient A Patient B Na+ (mEq/L) 145 141 K+ (mEq/L) 3.9 4.4 Cl- (mEq/L) 103 109 HCO3- (mEq/L) 22 21 BUN (mg/dL) 18 12 Cr (mg/dL) 0.8 1.2 Glucose (mg/dL) 105 98 Which of the following most likely accounts for the difference in creatinine seen between these two patients?"? {'A': 'Insulin resistance', 'B': 'Normal aging', 'C': 'High serum aldosterone levels', 'D': 'Volume depletion', 'E': 'Low body mass index'},
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B: Normal aging
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Q:A 55-year-old woman is being managed on the surgical floor after having a total abdominal hysterectomy as a definitive treatment for endometriosis. On day 1 after the operation, the patient complains of fevers. She has no other complaints other than aches and pains from lying in bed as she has not moved since the procedure. She is currently receiving ondansetron, acetaminophen, and morphine. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. Her abdominal exam is within normal limits and cardiopulmonary exam is only notable for mild crackles. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s fever?? {'A': 'Abscess formation', 'B': 'Inflammatory stimulus of surgery', 'C': 'Deep vein thrombosis', 'D': 'Urinary tract infection', 'E': 'Wound infection'},
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B: Inflammatory stimulus of surgery
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old man presents to the clinic concerned about numbness in his bilateral shoulders and arms for the past 8 weeks. The symptoms started when he fell from scaffolding at work and landed on his back. Initial workup was benign and he returned to normal duty. However, his symptoms have progressively worsened since the fall. He denies fever, back pain, limb weakness, preceding vomiting, and diarrhea. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, ischemic heart disease, and a 48-pack-year cigarette smoking history. He takes atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, labetalol, and metformin. His blood pressure is 132/82 mm Hg, the pulse is 72/min, and the respiratory rate is 15/min. All cranial nerves are intact. Muscle strength is normal in all limbs. Perception of sharp stimuli and temperature is reduced on his shoulders and upper arms. The vibratory sense is preserved. Sensory examination is normal in the lower limbs. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Anterior cord syndrome', 'B': 'Central cord syndrome', 'C': 'Guillain-Barre syndrome', 'D': 'Pontine infarction', 'E': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency'},
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B: Central cord syndrome
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Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of body aches for the past 9 months. She also has stiffness of the shoulders and knees that is worse in the morning and tingling in the upper extremities. Examination shows marked tenderness over the posterior neck, bilateral mid trapezius, and medial aspect of the left knee. A complete blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are within the reference ranges. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Polymyositis', 'B': 'Major depressive disorder', 'C': 'Fibromyalgia', 'D': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'E': 'Rheumatoid arthritis'},
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C: Fibromyalgia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 51-year-old man presents to the clinic with a history of hematuria and hemoptysis following pneumonia several weeks ago. He works as a hotel bellhop. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and mild intellectual disability. He currently smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day and denies any alcohol use or any illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. Physical examination shows minimal bibasilar rales, but otherwise clear lungs on auscultation, grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur, and benign abdominal findings. Pulmonary function tests demonstrate a restrictive pattern and a current chest radiograph shows bibasilar alveolar infiltrates. Clinical pathology analysis reveals antiglomerular basement membrane antibody, and his renal biopsy shows a linear immunofluorescence pattern. Of the following options, which type of hypersensitivity reaction underlies this patient’s diagnosis?? {'A': 'Type I–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type II–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type IV–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Type I and IV–mixed anaphylactic and cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction'},
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B: Type II–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents to his oncologist to discuss management of small cell lung cancer. The patient is a lifelong smoker and was diagnosed with cancer 1 week ago. The patient states that the cancer was his fault for smoking and that there is "no hope now." He seems disinterested in discussing the treatment options and making a plan for treatment and followup. The patient says "he does not want any treatment" for his condition. Which of the following is the most appropriate response from the physician?? {'A': '"I respect your decision and we will not administer any treatment. Let me know if I can help in any way."', 'B': '"It must be tough having received this diagnosis; however, new cancer therapies show increased efficacy and excellent outcomes."', 'C': '"It must be very challenging having received this diagnosis. I want to work with you to create a plan."', 'D': '"We are going to need to treat your lung cancer. I am here to help you throughout the process."', 'E': '"You seem upset at the news of this diagnosis. I want you to go home and discuss this with your loved ones and come back when you feel ready to make a plan together for your care."'},
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C: "It must be very challenging having received this diagnosis. I want to work with you to create a plan."
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of progressive blurring and darkening of her vision in the right eye. Upon waking up in the morning, she suddenly started seeing multiple dark streaks. She has migraines and type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed at her last health maintenance examination 20 years ago. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. Her only medication is sumatriptan. Her vitals are within normal limits. Ophthalmologic examination shows visual acuity of 20/40 in the left eye and 20/100 in the right eye. The fundus is obscured and difficult to visualize on fundoscopic examination of the right eye. The red reflex is diminished on the right. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Central retinal vein occlusion', 'B': 'Central retinal artery occlusion', 'C': 'Cataract', 'D': 'Migraine aura', 'E': 'Vitreous hemorrhage'},
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E: Vitreous hemorrhage
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of an episode of bloody emesis. He has had increasing dyspnea over the past 2 days. He was diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease last year. He has been on regular hemodialysis for the past 2 years because of end-stage renal disease. He skipped his last dialysis session because of an unexpected business trip. He has no history of liver disease. His supine blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg and upright is 90/70, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 22/min, and temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F). The distal extremities are cold to touch, and the outstretched hand shows flapping tremor. A bloody nasogastric lavage is also noted, which eventually clears after saline irrigation. Intravenous isotonic saline and high-dose proton pump inhibitors are initiated, and the patient is admitted into the intensive care unit. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Double-balloon tamponade', 'B': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'C': 'Hemodialysis', 'D': 'Observation in the intensive care unit', 'E': 'Transfusion of packed red blood cells'},
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C: Hemodialysis
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 12 hours after ingesting multiple pills. The patient complains of noise in both his ears for the past 10 hours. The patient’s vital signs are as follows: pulse rate, 136/min; respirations, 39/min; and blood pressure, 108/72 mm Hg. The physical examination reveals diaphoresis. The serum laboratory parameters are as follows: Na+ 136 mEq/L Cl- 99 mEq/L Arterial blood gas analysis under room air indicates the following results: pH 7.39 PaCO2 25 mm HG HCO3- 15 mEq/L Which of the following is the most appropriate first step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Gastrointestinal decontamination', 'B': 'Hemodialysis', 'C': 'Multiple-dose activated charcoal', 'D': 'Supportive care', 'E': 'Urine alkalinization'},
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D: Supportive care
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Q:A 25-year-old man is scheduled for an orthopedic surgery. His routine preoperative laboratory tests are within normal limits. An urticarial reaction occurs when a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent is injected for muscle relaxation and mechanical ventilation. The patient’s lungs are manually ventilated with 100% O2 by bag and mask and then through an endotracheal tube. After a few minutes, edema of the face and neck rapidly ensues and giant hives appear over most of his body. Which of the following neuromuscular blocking agents was most likely used in this operation?? {'A': 'Succinylcholine', 'B': 'Neostigmine', 'C': 'D-tubocurarine', 'D': 'Nitrous oxide', 'E': 'Ketamine'},
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C: D-tubocurarine
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Q:A 65-year-old woman arrives for her annual physical. She has no specific complaints. She has seasonal allergies and takes loratadine. She had a cholecystectomy 15 years ago. Her last menstrual period was 9 years ago. Both her mother and her maternal aunt had breast cancer. A physical examination is unremarkable. The patient is given the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the shingles vaccine. A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is obtained. Her T-score is -2.6. She is prescribed a new medication. The next month the patient returns to her primary care physician complaining of hot flashes. Which of the following is the most likely medication the patient was prescribed?? {'A': 'Alendronate', 'B': 'Denosumab', 'C': 'Raloxifene', 'D': 'Teriparatide', 'E': 'Zoledronic acid'},
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C: Raloxifene
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Q:A 62-year-old retired professor comes to the clinic with the complaints of back pain and increasing fatigue over the last 4 months. For the past week, his back pain seems to have worsened. It radiates to his legs and is burning in nature, 6/10 in intensity. There is no associated tingling sensation. He has lost 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) in the past 2 months. There is no history of trauma. He has hypertension which is well controlled with medications. Physical examination is normal. Laboratory studies show normocytic normochromic anemia. Serum calcium is 12.2 mg/dL and Serum total proteins is 8.8 gm/dL. A serum protein electrophoresis shows a monoclonal spike. X-ray of the spine shows osteolytic lesions over L2–L5 and right femur. A bone marrow biopsy reveals plasmacytosis. Which of the following is the most preferred treatment option?? {'A': 'Palliative care', 'B': 'Bisphosphonates', 'C': 'Chemotherapy alone', 'D': 'Renal dialysis', 'E': 'Chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant'},
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E: Chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant
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Q:A 19-year-old man comes to the emergency department with sharp, left-sided chest pain and shortness of breath. He has no history of recent trauma. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs. He is 196 cm (6 feet 5 in) tall and weighs 70 kg (154 lb); BMI is 18 kg/m2. Examination shows reduced breath sounds over the left lung field. An x-ray of the chest is shown. Which of the following changes is most likely to immediately result from this patient's current condition?? {'A': 'Increased transpulmonary pressure', 'B': 'Increased intra-alveolar pressure', 'C': 'Increased physiological dead space', 'D': 'Increased right-to-left shunting', 'E': 'Increased lung compliance'},
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D: Increased right-to-left shunting
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Q:Thirty minutes after delivery, a 1780-g (3-lb 15-oz) male newborn develops respiratory distress. He was born at 30 weeks' gestation via vaginal delivery. His temperature is 36.8C (98.2F), pulse is 140/min, respirations are 64/min, and blood pressure is 61/32 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 90%. Examination shows pale extremities. Grunting and moderate subcostal retractions are present. Pulmonary examination shows decreased breath sounds bilaterally. Supplemental oxygen is administered. Ten minutes later, his pulse is 148/min and respirations are 66/min. Pulse oximetry on 60% oxygen shows an oxygen saturation of 90%. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Respiratory distress syndrome', 'B': 'Meconium aspiration syndrome', 'C': 'Tracheomalacia', 'D': 'Neonatal pneumonia', 'E': 'Tracheoesophageal fistula'},
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A: Respiratory distress syndrome
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Q:A 5-year-old boy presents for a regularly scheduled check-up. The child is wheelchair bound due to lower extremity paralysis and suffers from urinary incontinence. At birth, it was noted that the child had lower limbs of disproportionately small size in relation to the rest of his body. Radiograph imaging at birth also revealed several abnormalities in the spine, pelvis, and lower limbs. Complete history and physical performed on the child's birth mother during her pregnancy would likely have revealed which of the following?? {'A': 'Maternal hyperthyroidsim', 'B': 'Uncontrolled maternal diabetes mellitus', 'C': 'Maternal use of tetracyclines', 'D': 'Maternal use of lithium', 'E': 'Maternal use of nicotine'},
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B: Uncontrolled maternal diabetes mellitus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A mental health volunteer is interviewing locals as part of a community outreach program. A 46-year-old man discloses that he has felt sad for as long as he can remember. He feels as though his life is cursed and if something terrible can happen to him, it usually will. He has difficulty making decisions and feels hopeless. He also feels that he has had worsening suicidal ideations, guilt from past problems, energy, and concentration over the past 2 weeks. He is otherwise getting enough sleep and able to hold a job. Which of the following statement best describes this patient's condition?? {'A': 'The patient is at risk for double depression.', 'B': 'The patient may have symptoms of mania or psychosis.', 'C': 'The patient should be started on an SSRI.', 'D': 'The patient is likely to show anhedonia.', 'E': 'The patient likely has paranoid personality disorder.'},
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A: The patient is at risk for double depression.
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Q:Five minutes after initiating a change of position and oxygen inhalation, the oxytocin infusion is discontinued. A repeat CTG that is done 10 minutes later shows recurrent variable decelerations and a total of 3 uterine contractions in 10 minutes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Administer terbutaline', 'B': 'Monitor without intervention', 'C': 'Amnioinfusion', 'D': 'Emergent Cesarean section', 'E': 'Restart oxytocin infusion'},
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C: Amnioinfusion
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother after she notices orange sand–like crystalline material in her child’s diaper. He is not currently taking any medication and is exclusively breastfed. His immunizations are up to date. The doctor tells the mother that her son may have an X-linked recessive disorder. The boy is prescribed a medication that inhibits an enzyme responsible for the production of the crystals seen in his urine microscopy. Which of the following enzymes is the target of this medication?? {'A': 'Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase', 'B': 'Xanthine oxidase', 'C': 'Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase', 'D': 'Adenosine deaminase', 'E': 'Aminolevulinic acid synthetase'},
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B: Xanthine oxidase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old man presents to clinic with a chief concern about a painless ulcer on his penis that he noticed 4 weeks ago and resolved one week ago. He denies any pain on urination or changes in urinary patterns. He admits to having multiple sexual partners in the past 3 months and inconsistent use of barrier protection. His vitals are within normal limits and his physical exam is unremarkable. He is given the appropriate antibiotic for this condition and sent home. What molecular structure is mimicked by the antibiotic most likely prescribed in this case?? {'A': 'Uracil', 'B': 'D-Ala-D-Ala', 'C': 'Adenine', 'D': 'Folate intermediates', 'E': 'Retinoic acid'},
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B: D-Ala-D-Ala
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A biology student is studying apoptosis pathways. One of the experiments conducted involves the binding of a ligand to a CD95 receptor. A defect of this pathway will most likely cause which of the conditions listed below?? {'A': 'Follicular lymphoma', 'B': 'Leukocyte adhesion deficiency', 'C': 'Chédiak-Higashi syndrome', 'D': 'Chronic granulomatous disease', 'E': 'Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome'},
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E: Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-month-old boy is brought by his parents to the pediatrician’s office. His mother says the child has been weakening progressively and is not as active as he used to be when he was born. His condition seems to be getting worse, especially over the last month. He was born at 41 weeks through normal vaginal delivery. There were no complications observed during the prenatal period. He was progressing well over the 1st few months and achieving the appropriate milestones. On examination, his abdomen appears soft with no liver enlargement. The patient appears to be dehydrated and lethargic. The results of a fundoscopic examination are shown in the picture. A blood test for which of the following enzymes is the next best assay to evaluate this patient's health?? {'A': 'Glucosidase', 'B': 'Sphingomyelinase', 'C': 'Hexosaminidase', 'D': 'Arylsulfatase', 'E': 'Cerebrosidase'},
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C: Hexosaminidase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-hour history of weakness, agitation, and slurred speech. She speaks slowly with frequent breaks and has difficulty keeping her eyes open. Over the past three days, she has had a sore throat, a runny nose, and a low-grade fever. She says her eyes and tongue have been “heavy” for the past year. She goes to bed early because she feels too tired to talk or watch TV after dinner. She appears pale and anxious. Her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), pulse is 108/min, respirations are 26/min and shallow, and blood pressure is 118/65 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is bluish discoloration of her lips and around the mouth. Her nostrils dilate with every breath. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is generalized weakness of the proximal muscles. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy', 'B': 'Pyridostigmine therapy', 'C': 'Plasmapheresis', 'D': 'Endotracheal intubation', 'E': 'Administration of edrophonium\n"'},
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D: Endotracheal intubation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old man is brought by his wife to the emergency department after he was found with nausea, headache, and agitation 1 hour ago. When the wife left their lakeside cabin earlier in the day to get more firewood, the patient did not have any symptoms. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Neurologic examination shows confusion and orientation only to person and place. He recalls only one of three objects after 5 minutes. His gait is unsteady. Which of the following is the most effective intervention for this patient's current condition?? {'A': 'Intravenous hydroxycobalamin', 'B': 'Heliox therapy', 'C': 'Hyperbaric oxygen therapy', 'D': 'Intranasal sumatriptan', 'E': 'Intravenous nitroprusside'},
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C: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A deficiency in which of the following lysosomal enzymes is inherited in a pattern similar to a deficiency of iduronate sulfatase (Hunter syndrome)?? {'A': 'Glucocerebrosidase', 'B': 'Sphingomyelinase', 'C': 'Alpha-galactosidase A', 'D': 'Galactocerebrosidase', 'E': 'Alpha-L-iduronidase'},
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C: Alpha-galactosidase A
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 46-year-old Caucasian female presents with cold intolerance, weight gain, and constipation. She has also noticed that her nails have become thinner recently but denies any fever or neck pain. Which of the following is NOT an expected histological finding in the thyroid?? {'A': 'Multinucleate giant cells', 'B': 'Lymphocytic infiltration', 'C': 'Several germinal centers', 'D': 'Fibrosis', 'E': 'Hurthle cells'},
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A: Multinucleate giant cells
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old man with a history of schizophrenia presents for follow-up. The patient says that he is still having paranoia and visual hallucinations on his latest atypical antipsychotic medication. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia diagnosed 1 year ago that failed to be adequately controlled on 2 separate atypical antipsychotic medications. The patient is switched to a typical antipsychotic medication that has no effect on muscarinic receptors. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the medication that was most likely prescribed for this patient?? {'A': 'Cholinergic receptor agonist', 'B': 'Dopaminergic partial agonist', 'C': 'Dopaminergic receptor antagonist', 'D': 'Serotonergic receptor agonist', 'E': 'Serotonergic receptor antagonist'},
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C: Dopaminergic receptor antagonist
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 21-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of progressive shortness of breath and intermittent cough with blood-tinged sputum. During this time, he has also noticed blood in his urine. He has no history of serious illness and does not take any medications. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 28/min, and blood pressure is 152/90 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows crackles at both lung bases. Urinalysis is positive for blood and results of a direct enzyme-linked immunoassay are positive for anti-GBM antibodies. The pathogenesis of this patient's disease is most similar to which of the following?? {'A': 'Henoch-Schönlein purpura', 'B': 'Polyarteritis nodosa', 'C': 'Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis', 'D': 'Autoimmune hemolytic anemia', 'E': 'Graft versus host disease'},
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D: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old girl presents with fatigue, jaundice, pruritus, and frequent pale stools. She developed these symptoms gradually over the past 3 months. Her past medical history is significant for multiple episodes of bronchitis and pneumonia. When asked about current respiratory symptoms, she says that she sometimes feels short of breath and has a dry, non-productive cough. Her mother was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at age of 27. The girl's blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 107/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, and the temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F). On physical examination, the patient is jaundiced with several petechiae over the inner surface of her upper and lower extremities. On auscultation, lung sounds are diminished and occasional wheezes are heard over the lower pulmonary lobes bilaterally. Heart auscultation reveals muffled heart sounds and no murmurs. On palpation, there is tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and hepatomegaly. Her chest X-ray shows bilateral lower lobe emphysema. Which microscopic pathological changes are most characteristic of the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules in the hepatocytes', 'B': 'Extensive perisinusoidal fibrosis and hepatic venule dilation', 'C': 'Feathery degeneration of the hepatocytes', 'D': 'Widespread positive staining with Prussian blue', 'E': 'Extensive Congo-red positive cytoplasmic drops in the hepatocytes'},
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A: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules in the hepatocytes
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents to his physician for symptoms of chronic weight loss, abdominal bloating, and loose stools. He notes that he has also been bothered by a chronic cough. The patient’s laboratory work-up includes a WBC differential, which is remarkable for an eosinophil count of 9%. Stool samples are obtained, with ova and parasite examination revealing roundworm larvae in the stool and no eggs. Which of the following parasitic worms is the cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Ascaris lumbricoides', 'B': 'Necator americanus', 'C': 'Strongyloides stercoralis', 'D': 'Taenia saginata', 'E': 'Taenia solium'},
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C: Strongyloides stercoralis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 56-year-old man presents with feelings of anxiety and fatigue for the past 4 months. He says that he has also had some weight loss, as well as occasional double vision and a gritty sensation in his eyes for the last 2 months, which is worse at the end of the day. He has also noticed some painless swelling in his fingers and lower legs during the same time period. The patient denies any recent history of fevers, chills, night sweats, nausea, or vomiting. Current medications include aspirin, simvastatin, and omeprazole. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Autoantibodies resulting in tissue destruction', 'B': 'Autoantibody stimulation of a receptor', 'C': 'Excessive exogenous hormone use', 'D': 'Infiltration of tissue by neoplastic cells', 'E': 'Mutation in a receptor resulting in focal hyperfunctioning'},
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B: Autoantibody stimulation of a receptor
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An endocervical swab is performed and nucleic acid amplification testing via polymerase chain reaction is conducted. It is positive for Chlamydia trachomatis and negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Intravenous cefoxitin plus oral doxycycline', 'B': 'Intramuscular ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Intramuscular ceftriaxone plus oral azithromycin', 'D': 'Oral azithromycin', 'E': 'Oral doxycycline'},
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D: Oral azithromycin
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Q:A 62-year-old man is referred to a gastroenterologist because of difficulty swallowing for the past 5 months. He has difficulty swallowing both solid and liquid foods, but there is no associated pain. He denies any shortness of breath or swelling in his legs. He immigrated from South America 10 years ago. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. His physical examination is unremarkable. A barium swallow study was ordered and the result is given below. Esophageal manometry confirms the diagnosis. What is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Chagas disease', 'B': 'Esophageal rupture', 'C': 'Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus', 'D': 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'E': 'Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum'},
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A: Chagas disease
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother after he reported having red urine. He has never experienced this before and did not eat anything unusual before the episode. His past medical history is notable for sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids. He is otherwise healthy and enjoys being in the 1st grade. His birth history was unremarkable. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, he is a well-appearing boy in no acute distress. Cardiac, respiratory, and abdominal exams are normal. A urinalysis is notable for microscopic hematuria and mild proteinuria. This patient’s condition is most commonly caused by which of the following inheritance patterns?? {'A': 'Autosomal dominant', 'B': 'Autosomal recessive', 'C': 'Mitochondrial inheritance', 'D': 'X-linked dominant', 'E': 'X-linked recessive'},
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D: X-linked dominant
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Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to her physician for a regular checkup. She is a community-dwelling, retired teacher without any smoking history. She has arterial hypertension and takes hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and valsartan 80 mg daily. She was recently discharged from the hospital after admission for an ulnar fracture she received after a fall from the second step of a ladder in her garden. A year ago, she had a clavicular fracture from tripping over some large rocks in her yard. She does not report lightheadedness or fainting. Her medical history is also significant for an appendectomy 11 years ago. She is in menopause. She mostly consumes vegetables and dairy products. Her height is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) and weight is 55 kg (123 lb). Her blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg without orthostatic changes, heart rate is 73/min and regular, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac auscultation reveals S2 accentuation over the aorta. The abdomen is mildly distended on palpation; there are no identifiable masses. The neurological examination is unremarkable. Considering the history and presentation, which of the following medications most likely will be prescribed to this patient after additional investigations?? {'A': 'Atorvastatin', 'B': 'Estrogen plus progestin', 'C': 'Cholecalciferol', 'D': 'Tocopherol', 'E': 'Denosumab'},
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C: Cholecalciferol
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Q:A 44-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a headache, vertigo, confusion, and dyspnea. A relevant history cannot be obtained from the patient because she seems confused and gives incoherent responses to questions. Her husband says that she was cleaning the kitchen this morning until the curtains caught on fire earlier this morning from the stove’s flame. Her vitals include: pulse 100/min, respirations 20/min, blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg, oxygen saturation 97% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is oriented x 0. The skin has a bright cherry-red color. Laboratory testing shows: pH 7.35 PaO2 90 mm Hg pCO2 40 mm Hg HCO3- 26 mEq/L SpO2 97% Blood lactate 11 mmol/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Anemia', 'B': 'Carbon monoxide poisoning', 'C': 'Cyanide poisoning', 'D': 'High altitude', 'E': 'Polycythemia'},
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C: Cyanide poisoning
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Q:A 46-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of worsening confusion and weakness in his right arm and leg for 2 days. He has also had fever and headache that began 5 days ago. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include metformin and lisinopril. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 128/78 mm Hg. He is confused and agitated. He is not oriented to person, place, or time. Neurologic examination shows nuchal rigidity. Muscle strength is 3/5 on the right upper and lower extremity strength but normal on the left side. His speech is incoherent. An ECG shows no abnormalities. An MRI of the brain is shown. Shortly after the MRI scan, the patient has a seizure and is admitted to the intensive care unit following administration of intravenous lorazepam. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator', 'B': 'Acyclovir', 'C': 'Ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and ampicillin', 'D': 'Ceftriaxone and vancomycin', 'E': 'Amphotericin B'},
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B: Acyclovir
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Q:A 28-year-old Caucasian woman presents to a local walk-in clinic with the complaint of pruritus and a salmon-colored scaling patch on her back. The patient stated that she developed a cold a couple of weeks ago and that her skin lesion has enlarged in the last week. The past medical history is unremarkable. The physical examination reveals a generalized exanthem, bilateral symmetric macules pointing towards the cleavage lines, and a salmon-colored patch on her back, with a well-demarcated border containing a collarette with fine-scale. What is the best next step of management in this case?? {'A': 'Pruritus control and reassurance', 'B': 'Systemic steroid therapy', 'C': 'Topical steroid therapy', 'D': 'Beta-lactam therapy', 'E': 'Phototherapy'},
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A: Pruritus control and reassurance
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Q:A 53-year-old man presents to the office for a routine examination. The medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, for which he is taking metformin. The medical records show blood pressure readings from three separate visits to fall in the 130–160 mm Hg range for systolic and 90–100 mm Hg range for diastolic. Prazosin is prescribed. Which of the following are effects of this drug?? {'A': 'Vasoconstriction, bladder sphincter constriction, mydriasis', 'B': 'Vasodilation, bladder sphincter relaxation, miosis', 'C': 'Vasodilation, decreased heart rate, bronchial constriction', 'D': 'Vasodilation, increased peristalsis, bronchial dilation', 'E': 'Vasoconstriction, increase in AV conduction rate, bronchial dilation'},
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B: Vasodilation, bladder sphincter relaxation, miosis
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Q:A 35-year-old man presents with pain in his feet during exercise and at rest. He says that his fingers and toes become pale upon exposure to cold temperatures. He has an extensive smoking history, but no history of diabetes mellitus nor hyperlipidemia. He used to exercise frequently but has stopped because of the symptoms. On inspection, a tiny ulcer is found on his toe. On laboratory analysis, his blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids are all within the normal range. Which is the most probable diagnosis?? {'A': 'Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)', 'B': 'Atherosclerosis', 'C': 'Frostbite', 'D': 'Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES)', 'E': "Buerger's disease"},
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E: Buerger's disease
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Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle collision. He reports right hip pain and numbness along the right thigh. Physical examination shows decreased sensation to light touch over a small area of the proximal medial thigh. X-rays of the pelvis show a displaced pelvic ring fracture. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Sensory deficit of the dorsal foot', 'B': 'Impaired hip extension', 'C': 'Impaired extension of the knee', 'D': 'Absent cremasteric reflex', 'E': 'Impaired adduction of the hip'},
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E: Impaired adduction of the hip
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Q:Group of 100 medical students took an end of the year exam. The mean score on the exam was 70%, with a standard deviation of 25%. The professor states that a student's score must be within the 95% confidence interval of the mean to pass the exam. Which of the following is the minimum score a student can have to pass the exam?? {'A': '65%', 'B': '67.5%', 'C': '63.75%', 'D': '20%', 'E': '45%'},
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A: 65%
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Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her obstetrician for a regular follow-up appointment. The patient is 32 weeks pregnant. She has been followed throughout her pregnancy and has been compliant with care. The patient has a past medical history of a seizure disorder which is managed with valproic acid as well as anaphylaxis when given IV contrast, penicillin, or soy. During the patient's pregnancy she has discontinued her valproic acid and is currently taking prenatal vitamins, folic acid, iron, and fish oil. At this visit, results are notable for mild anemia, as well as positive findings for an organism on darkfield microscopy. The patient is up to date on her vaccinations and her blood glucose is 117 mg/dL at this visit. Her blood pressure is 145/99 mmHg currently. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for this patient?? {'A': 'Azithromycin and ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Doxycycline', 'D': 'Insulin, exercise, folic acid, and iron', 'E': 'Penicillin'},
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E: Penicillin
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Q:A 65-year-old man presents to his primary-care doctor for a 2-month history of dizziness. He describes feeling unsteady on his feet or like he's swaying from side-to-side; he's also occasionally had a room-spinning sensation. He first noticed it when he was in the front yard playing catch with his grandson, and he now also reliably gets it when throwing the frisbee with his dog. The dizziness only happens during these times, and it goes away after a couple of minutes of rest. His medical history is notable for type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin. His vital signs are within normal limits in the office. The physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the next best test for this patient?? {'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'CT head (noncontrast)', 'C': 'Doppler ultrasound', 'D': 'Electrocardiogram', 'E': 'Transthoracic echocardiogram'},
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C: Doppler ultrasound
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Q:An investigator studying the molecular characteristics of various malignant cell lines collects tissue samples from several families with a known mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Immunohistochemical testing performed on one of the cell samples stains positive for desmin. This sample was most likely obtained from which of the following neoplasms?? {'A': 'Prostate cancer', 'B': 'Endometrial carcinoma', 'C': 'Squamous cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Melanoma', 'E': 'Rhabdomyosarcoma'},
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E: Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Q:An academic medical center in the United States is approached by a pharmaceutical company to run a small clinical trial to test the effectiveness of its new drug, compound X. The company wants to know if the measured hemoglobin a1c (Hba1c) of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin and compound X would be lower than that of control subjects receiving only metformin. After a year of study and data analysis, researchers conclude that the control and treatment groups did not differ significantly in their Hba1c levels. However, parallel clinical trials in several other countries found that compound X led to a significant decrease in Hba1c. Interested in the discrepancy between these findings, the company funded a larger study in the United States, which confirmed that compound X decreased Hba1c levels. After compound X was approved by the FDA, and after several years of use in the general population, outcomes data confirmed that it effectively lowered Hba1c levels and increased overall survival. What term best describes the discrepant findings in the initial clinical trial run by institution A?? {'A': 'Type I error', 'B': 'Type II error', 'C': 'Hawthorne effect', 'D': 'Confirmation bias', 'E': 'Publication bias'},
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B: Type II error
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Q:An investigator performs a twin study to evaluate the effects of a novel drug that decreases serum glucose by inhibiting a transporter on the basolateral membrane of proximal convoluted tubule cells. The results of the study are shown. Test Control Serum glucose (mg/dL) 82.4 99 Dipstick urine glucose negative negative Urine anion gap positive negative The drug most likely inhibits transport of which of the following substrates?"? {'A': 'Glutamine', 'B': 'Sodium', 'C': 'Alanine', 'D': 'Leucine', 'E': 'Fructose'},
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A: Glutamine
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Q:An 18-month-old boy is brought to the doctor’s office for evaluation of abdominal pain. The boy looks emaciated and he is now significantly below his growth chart predicted weight. The family history is non-contributory. The vital signs are unremarkable. On physical examination, a non-tender mass is felt in the upper part of the abdomen. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan of his abdomen demonstrates a mass in his right adrenal gland. Biopsy of the mass demonstrates an abundance of small round blue cells. With this biopsy result, which 1 of the following findings would confirm the diagnosis?? {'A': 'Increased alpha-fetoprotein', 'B': 'MRI showing the intrarenal origin of the mass', 'C': 'Elevation of vanillylmandelic acid in the urine', 'D': 'Increased lactic dehydrogenase', 'E': 'Radiograph of the bone showing the presence of lytic bone lesion with periosteal reaction'},
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C: Elevation of vanillylmandelic acid in the urine
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presents with a three-month history of difficulty swallowing. She says that it occurs with both solids and liquids with the sensation that food is getting stuck in her throat. Additionally, the patient reports that while shoveling snow this past winter, she had noticed that her hands would lose their color and become numb. She denies any cough, regurgitation, joint pains, shortness of breath, fever, or changes in weight. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. The patient’s physical exam is within normal limits, although she does appear to have thickened, tight skin on her fingers. She does not have any other skin findings. Which antibody will most likely be found on serological study in this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-mitochondrial antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-centromere antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-topoisomerase antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-U1-RNP antibodies', 'E': 'Anti-CCP antibodies'},
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B: Anti-centromere antibodies
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Q:A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department for altered mental status after a finishing a marathon. He has a past medical history of obesity and anxiety and is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 147/88 mmHg, pulse is 200/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals dry mucous membranes, hot flushed skin, and inappropriate responses to the physician's questions. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL Hematocrit: 44% Leukocyte count: 8,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 165 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 22 mEq/L BUN: 30 mg/dL Glucose: 133 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': '50% normal saline 50% dextrose', 'B': 'Dextrose solution', 'C': 'Hypotonic saline', 'D': 'Lactated ringer', 'E': 'Normal saline'},
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E: Normal saline
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Q:A mother from rural Louisiana brings her 4-year-old son to a pediatrician. Her son is intellectually disabled, and she hopes that genetic testing will help determine the cause of her son's condition. She had previously been opposed to allowing physicians to treat her son, but his impulsive behavior and learning disabilities are making it difficult to manage his care on her own. On exam, the child has a long, thin face with a large jaw, protruding ears, and macroorchidism. The physician also hears a high-pitched holosystolic murmur at the apex of the heart that radiates to the axilla. Which of the following trinucleotide repeats is most likely affected in this individual?? {'A': 'CTG on chromosome 19', 'B': 'CAG on chromosome 4', 'C': 'GAA on chromomsome 9', 'D': 'CGG on the sex chromosome X', 'E': 'CTG on chromosome 8'},
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D: CGG on the sex chromosome X
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Q:A 31-year-old female undergoing treatment for leukemia is found to have a frontal lobe abscess accompanied by paranasal swelling. She additionally complains of headache, facial pain, and nasal discharge. Biopsy of the infected tissue would most likely reveal which of the following?? {'A': 'Yeast with pseudohyphae', 'B': 'Budding yeast with a narrow base', 'C': 'Septate hyphae', 'D': 'Irregular non-septate hyphae', 'E': 'Spherules containing endospores'},
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D: Irregular non-septate hyphae
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Q:A 39-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of a breast lump. Two weeks ago, while performing a breast self-examination she noticed a small firm nodule in her left breast. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. Her family history is notable for a history of breast cancer in her mother and maternal aunt. On physical examination, there is a firm immobile nodular mass in the superolateral quadrant of her left breast. A mammogram of her left breast is shown. Genetic analysis reveals a mutation on chromosome 17. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Serous cystadenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Endometrial carcinoma', 'C': 'Granulosa-theca cell tumor', 'D': 'Uterine leiomyosarcoma', 'E': 'Transitional cell carcinoma'},
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A: Serous cystadenocarcinoma
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Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?" "Patient Information Age: 28 years Gender: F, self-identified Ethnicity: unspecified Site of Care: office History Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I'm not making breast milk anymore.” History of Present Illness: 1-week history of failure to lactate; has previously been able to breastfeed her twins, who were born 12 months ago menses resumed 4 months ago but have been infrequent feels generally weak and tired has had a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight gain over the past 2 months despite having a decreased appetite Past Medical History: vaginal delivery of twins 12 months ago, complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage requiring multiple blood transfusions atopic dermatitis Social History: does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs is not sexually active Medications: topical triamcinolone, multivitamin Allergies: no known drug allergies Physical Examination Temp Pulse Resp BP O2 Sat Ht Wt BMI 37°C (98.6°F) 54/min 16/min 101/57 mm Hg – 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) 70 kg (154 lb) 27 kg/m2 Appearance: tired-appearing HEENT: soft, nontender thyroid gland without nodularity Pulmonary: clear to auscultation Cardiac: bradycardic but regular rhythm; normal S1 and S2; no murmurs, rubs, or gallops Breast: no nodules, masses, or tenderness; no nipple discharge Abdominal: overweight; no tenderness, guarding, masses, bruits, or hepatosplenomegaly; normal bowel sounds Extremities: mild edema of the ankles bilaterally Skin: diffusely dry Neurologic: alert and oriented; cranial nerves grossly intact; no focal neurologic deficits; prolonged relaxation phase of multiple deep tendon reflexes"? {'A': 'Increased serum sodium concentration', 'B': 'Decreased serum aldosterone concentration', 'C': 'Increased serum TSH concentration', 'D': 'Decreased serum oxytocin concentration', 'E': 'Decreased serum cortisol concentration'},
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D: Decreased serum oxytocin concentration
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Q:A 27-year-old school teacher visits her doctor because of disfiguring skin lesions that started to appear in the past few days. The lesions are mostly located on her chest, shoulders, and back. They are 2–5 mm in diameter, droplike, erythematous papules with fine silver scales. Besides a sore throat and laryngitis requiring amoxicillin several weeks ago, she has no significant medical history. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Guttate psoriasis', 'B': 'Bullous pemphigoid', 'C': 'Inverse psoriasis', 'D': 'Pemphigus vulgaris', 'E': 'Plaque psoriasis'},
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A: Guttate psoriasis
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Q:A 57-year-old woman with non-small cell lung cancer comes to the physician 4 weeks after her tumor was resected. She takes no medications. The physician starts her on a treatment regimen that includes vinblastine. This treatment puts the patient at highest risk for which of the following?? {'A': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'B': 'Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'C': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Heart failure', 'E': 'Invasive fungal infection'},
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E: Invasive fungal infection
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Q:A 9-month-old baby boy is brought to his pediatrician due to poor feeding and fewer bowel movements. His father notes that he has been less active and is having difficulty with movements such as rolling over. Vital signs are normal, and physical exam is notable for weak sucking reflex, ptosis, and decreased eye movements. In addition, the baby has generalized weakness and flushed skin. Stool samples are collected, treatment is started immediately, and the baby’s condition improves. The results of the stool studies return several days later and show gram-positive, anaerobic rods. The toxin most likely responsible for this baby’s condition acts through which mechanism?? {'A': 'Inhibition of neurotransmitter release', 'B': 'Inhibition of protein synthesis', 'C': 'Degradation of the cell membrane', 'D': 'Increased chloride secretion within the gut', 'E': 'Impairment of phagocytosis'},
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A: Inhibition of neurotransmitter release
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Q:Four days after undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy for atypical endometrial hyperplasia, a 59 year-old woman reports abdominal bloating and discomfort. She has also had nausea without vomiting. She has no appetite despite not having eaten since the surgery and drinking only sips of water. Her postoperative pain has been well controlled on a hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Her foley was removed on the second postoperative day and she is now voiding freely. Although she lays supine in bed for most of the day, she is able to walk around the hospital room with a physical therapist. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 84/min, respirations are 10/min, and blood pressure is 132/92 mm Hg. She is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 115 kg (253 lb); BMI is 37.55 kg/m2. Examination shows a mildly distended, tympanic abdomen; bowel sounds are absent. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. An x-ray of the abdomen shows uniform distribution of gas in the small bowel, colon, and rectum without air-fluid levels. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Gastrografin enema', 'B': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'C': 'Reduce use of opioid therapy', 'D': 'Colonoscopy', 'E': 'Begin total parenteral nutrition'},
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C: Reduce use of opioid therapy
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Q:A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being detained by campus police for attempting to steal from the bookstore. Her roommate says that the patient has been acting strangely over the last 2 weeks. She has not slept in 4 days and has painted her room twice in that time span. She has also spent all of her savings on online shopping and lottery tickets. She has no history of psychiatric illness or substance abuse, and takes no medications. During the examination, she is uncooperative, combative, and refusing care. She screams, “Let me go, God has a plan for me and I must go finish it!”. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. On mental status examination, she describes her mood as “amazing.” She has a labile affect, speaks rapidly, and her thought process is tangential. She denies having any hallucinations. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Clozapine', 'B': 'Haloperidol', 'C': 'Lithium', 'D': 'Valproate', 'E': 'Sertraline'},
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B: Haloperidol
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Q:A 28-year-old woman presents to her physician for follow-up. She was found to be HIV-positive 9 months ago. Currently she is on ART with lamivudine, tenofovir, and efavirenz. She has no complaints and only reports a history of mild respiratory infection since the last follow-up. She is also allergic to egg whites. Her vital signs are as follows: the blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg, the heart rate is 73/min, the respiratory rate is 13/min, and the temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). She weighs 68 kg (150 lb), and there is no change in her weight since the last visit. On physical examination, she appears to be pale, her lymph nodes are not enlarged, her heart sounds are normal, and her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her total blood count shows the following findings: Erythrocytes 3.2 x 106/mm3 Hematocrit 36% Hgb 10 g/dL Total leukocyte count 3,900/mm3 Neutrophils 66% Lymphocytes 24% Eosinophils 3% Basophils 1% Monocytes 7% Basophils 0 Platelet count 280,000/mm3 Her CD4+ cell count is 430 cells/µL. The patient tells you she would like to get an influenza vaccination as flu season is coming. Which of the following statements is true regarding influenza vaccination in this patient?? {'A': 'As long as the patient is anemic, she should not be vaccinated.', 'B': 'Nasal-spray influenza vaccine is the best option for vaccination in this patient.', 'C': 'Inactivated or recombinant influenza vaccines fail to induce a sufficient immune response in patients with CD4+ cell counts under 500 cells/µL.', 'D': 'Influenza vaccination is contraindicated in HIV-positive patients because of the serious complications they can cause in immunocompromised people.', 'E': 'The patient can get any approved recombinant or inactivated vaccine, including ones produced with egg-based technology.'},
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E: The patient can get any approved recombinant or inactivated vaccine, including ones produced with egg-based technology.
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Q:A 78-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 4-hour history of abdominal pain. Abdominal examination shows guarding with diffuse rebound tenderness. A CT scan of the abdomen shows an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm that extends up to the level of the L4 vertebra and a partial filling defect in the anterior wall of the aneurysm. Which of the following bowel regions is at greatest risk for requiring resection?? {'A': 'Splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon', 'B': 'Hepatic flexure, transverse colon, and splenic flexure', 'C': 'Cecum, ileum, and distal jejunum', 'D': 'Cecum, ascending colon, and hepatic flexure', 'E': 'Ascending colon, cecum, and distal ileum'},
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A: Splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
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Q:A previously healthy 65-year-old man comes to the physician for chronic left-sided abdominal discomfort. About 3 months ago, he started experiencing early satiety and eating less. He has lost 7 kg (15.4 lb) during this period. He also occasionally has left shoulder pain. He recently retired from his job on a production line at a shoe factory. His pulse is 72/min, blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, and temperature is 37.8°C (100.1°F). Physical examination shows nontender, bilateral axillary and right-sided inguinal lymphadenopathy. The spleen is palpated 7 cm below the costal margin. Which of the following is the strongest indicator of a poor prognosis for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Peripheral lymphadenopathy', 'B': 'Bone lesions', 'C': 'Thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Lymphocytosis', 'E': 'BCR-ABL gene'},
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C: Thrombocytopenia
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Q:A 37-year-old G1P000 presents to her obstetrician for her first prenatal visit. She states that her last menstrual period (LMP) was 11 weeks ago, though she is unsure of the exact date as her periods are sometimes irregular. She and her husband had 5 months of timed, unprotected intercourse before she had a positive home pregnancy test 2 weeks ago. She has been feeling generally well but notes some morning nausea and vomiting. She also mentions that for the last 6 months or so, she has felt increasing pelvic pressure and worsening urinary frequency but has not sought medical care for these symptoms. The patient has a history of obesity and hypertension but is not on any medications. Her mother had a hysterectomy at age 64 for fibroids, and her sister had a twin pregnancy after assisted reproduction. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.3° F (36.8° C), blood pressure is 142/85 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 14/min. She has gained 4 pounds since the last time she weighed herself 4 months ago. On exam, the patient’s fundus is palpated at the umbilicus, her cervix is closed and firm, and there are no adnexal masses. Her lab results are shown below: ß-hCG: 81,324 mIU/mL Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): 1.2 µIU/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Molar pregnancy', 'B': 'Dating error due to unreliable LMP', 'C': 'Leiomyomata', 'D': 'Multiple gestation pregnancy', 'E': 'Anteverted uterus'},
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C: Leiomyomata
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to the primary care physician with complaints of recurrent episodes of right upper abdominal pain for the past 2 years. She is currently symptom-free. She mentions that the pain often occurs after a heavy fatty meal and radiates to her right shoulder. On examination, the patient has no tenderness in the abdomen and all other systemic examination is normal. Blood work shows: Leukocyte count 8,000/mm³ Total bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL Prothrombin time 12 s Aspartate transaminase 58 IU/L Alanine transaminase 61 IU/L Serum albumin 4.1 g/dL Stool occult blood negative Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows a thickened gallbladder wall with few gallstones. A hydroxy iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan was done which demonstrated non-filling of the gallbladder and a minimal amount of tracer in the common bile duct. Which of the following best describes a histopathological feature in the gallbladder described in this case?? {'A': 'Neutrophilic infiltration with vascular congestion and fibrin deposition in the gallbladder', 'B': 'Minimal lymphoid aggregates', 'C': 'Entrapped epithelial crypts seen as pockets of epithelium in the wall of the gallbladder', 'D': 'Hyalinized collagen and dystrophic calcification in the submucosal layer', 'E': 'Abnormal deposits of cholesterol ester in macrophages in the lamina propria'},
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C: Entrapped epithelial crypts seen as pockets of epithelium in the wall of the gallbladder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of worsening fatigue. During this time, she has noted a decrease in her exercise capacity and she becomes short of breath when walking briskly. She has had occasional streaks of blood in her stools during periods of constipation. She was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the age of 24 years and has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her current medications include insulin, lisinopril, aspirin, and atorvastatin. Her diet mostly consists of white meat and vegetables. Her pulse is 92/min and blood pressure is 145/92 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Cardiac auscultation shows a grade 2/6 midsystolic ejection murmur best heard along the right upper sternal border. Sensation to pinprick is decreased bilaterally over the dorsum of her feet. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL WBC count 7,200/mm3 Erythrocyte count 3.06 million/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume 84 μm3 Platelets 250,000/mm3 Reticulocyte count 0.6 % Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 15 mm/h Serum Na+ 142 mEq/L K+ 4.8 mEq/L Ca2+ 8.1 mEq/L Ferritin 145 ng/mL Urea nitrogen 48 mg/dL Creatinine 3.1 mg/dL A fecal occult blood test is pending. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Decreased erythropoietin production', 'B': 'Chronic occult blood loss', 'C': 'Deficient vitamin B12 intake', 'D': 'Malignant plasma cell replication', 'E': 'Drug-induced bone marrow failure'},
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A: Decreased erythropoietin production
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