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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 2-day history of right testicular pain. At the age of 6 months, he was treated for hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Physical examination shows a rubbery, large right testicle. Orchidectomy is performed. A photomicrograph of a section of the mass is shown. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased radio-femoral delay', 'B': 'Decreased eye contact', 'C': 'Increased placental alkaline phosphatase', 'D': 'Decreased smell perception', 'E': 'Increased glandular breast tissue'},
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E: Increased glandular breast tissue
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 19-year-old man with a past medical history significant only for moderate facial acne and mild asthma presents to his primary care physician with a new rash. He notes it has developed primarily over the backs of his elbows and is itchy. He also reports a 6-month history of foul-smelling diarrhea. He has no significant social or family history. The patient's blood pressure is 109/82 mm Hg, pulse is 66/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). Physical examination reveals crusting vesicular clusters on his elbows with a base of erythema and edema. What is the most likely underlying condition?? {'A': 'Food allergy', 'B': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'C': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'D': 'Celiac disease', 'E': 'IgA nephropathy'},
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D: Celiac disease
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A researcher is studying the effect of hypothalamic lesions on rat behavior and development. She has developed a novel genetic engineering technology that allows her to induce specific mutations in rat embryos that interfere with rat CNS development. She creates several lines of mice with mutations in only one region of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. She then monitors their growth and development over six weeks. One line of rats has a mean body mass index (BMI) that is significantly lower than that of control rats. Food intake decreased by 40% in these rats compared to controls. These rats likely have a lesion in which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Lateral hypothalamus', 'B': 'Paraventricular nucleus', 'C': 'Posterior hypothalamus', 'D': 'Suprachiasmatic nucleus', 'E': 'Ventromedial area'},
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A: Lateral hypothalamus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician for intermittent fevers and painful swelling of the left ankle for 2 weeks. She has no history of trauma to the ankle. She has a history of sickle cell disease. Current medications include hydroxyurea and acetaminophen for pain. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101.2°F) and pulse is 112/min. Examination shows a tender, swollen, and erythematous left ankle with point tenderness over the medial malleolus. A bone biopsy culture confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? {'A': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'B': 'Coccidioides immitis', 'C': 'Salmonella enterica', 'D': 'Escherichia coli', 'E': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae'},
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C: Salmonella enterica
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Six months ago, she was diagnosed with overactive bladder syndrome and began treatment with oxybutynin. She continues to have involuntary loss of urine with sudden episodes of significant bladder discomfort that is only relieved by voiding. A substance is injected into the detrusor muscle to treat her symptoms. The physician informs the patient that she will have transitory relief for several months before symptoms return and will require repeated treatment. The injected substance is most likely produced by an organism with which of the following microbiological properties?? {'A': 'Gram-negative, encapsulated diplococcus', 'B': 'Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus', 'C': 'Gram-positive, club-shaped rod', 'D': 'Gram-negative, comma-shaped rod', 'E': 'Gram-positive, spore-forming rod'},
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E: Gram-positive, spore-forming rod
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old Caucasian man presents to the physician because of the swelling and discomfort of the right testis for 3 weeks. There is no history of trauma, fever, or night sweats. He had surgery for an undescended right testis when he was 6 months old. There is no history of liver disease or hypogonadism. He has fathered 2 children. He takes no medications and denies any illicit drug use. The vital signs are within normal limits. Palpation of the scrotum reveals a firm nontender mass that cannot be separated from the right testis. Examination of the left testis shows no abnormalities. There is no supraclavicular or inguinal lymphadenopathy. Gynecomastia is present. The rest of the physical examination is unremarkable. Ultrasound shows an enlarged right testicle with a hypoechoic mass replacing a large portion of the normal architecture. The left testis is normal. The laboratory test results are as follows: HCG Elevated AFP Elevated LDH Normal Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Embryonal carcinoma', 'B': 'Leydig cell tumor', 'C': 'Lymphoma', 'D': 'Metastasis to testis', 'E': 'Seminomatous germ cell tumor'},
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A: Embryonal carcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 56-year-old man undergoes a cystoscopy for the evaluation of macroscopic hematuria. During the procedure, an opening covered with a mucosal flap is visualized at the base of the trigone. Which of the following best describes this structure?? {'A': 'Internal urethral orifice', 'B': 'Ejaculatory duct opening', 'C': 'Ureteric orifice', 'D': 'Diverticular opening', 'E': 'Prostatic utricle'},
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C: Ureteric orifice
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 37-year-old woman presents to her physician with a newly detected pregnancy for the initial prenatal care visit. She is gravida 3 para 2 with a history of preeclampsia in her 1st pregnancy. Her history is also significant for arterial hypertension diagnosed 1 year ago for which she did not take any medications. The patient reports an 8-pack-year smoking history and states she quit smoking a year ago. On examination, the vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg, heart rate 69/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 36.6°C (97.9°F). The physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following options is the most appropriate next step in the management for this woman?? {'A': 'Fosinopril', 'B': 'Magnesium sulfate', 'C': 'Methyldopa', 'D': 'Labetalol', 'E': 'No medications needed'},
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E: No medications needed
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old woman with a history of migraines presents to your office due to sudden loss of vision in her left eye and difficulty speaking. Two weeks ago she experienced muscle aches, fever, and cough. Her muscle aches are improving but she continues to have a cough. She also feels as though she has been more tired than usual. She had a similar episode of vision loss 2 years ago and had an MRI at that time. She has a family history of migraines and takes propranolol daily. On swinging light test there is decreased constriction of the left pupil relative to the right pupil. You repeat the MRI and note enhancing lesions in the left optic nerve. Which of the following is used to prevent progression of this condition?? {'A': 'Dexamethasone', 'B': 'Methotrexate', 'C': 'Natalizumab', 'D': 'Infliximab', 'E': 'Adalimumab'},
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C: Natalizumab
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 72-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of diarrhea for the past week. She mentions intense fatigue and intermittent, cramping abdominal pain. She has not noticed any blood in her stool. She recalls an episode of pneumonia last month for which she was hospitalized and treated with antibiotics. She has traveled recently to Florida to visit her family and friends. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, and hypercholesterolemia for which she takes losartan, esomeprazole, and atorvastatin. She also has osteoporosis, for which she takes calcium and vitamin D and occasional constipation for which she takes an over the counter laxative as needed. Physical examination shows lower abdominal tenderness but is otherwise insignificant. Blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, and respiratory rate is 18/min. Stool testing is performed and reveals the presence of anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli. Which of the following increased this patient’s risk of developing this clinical presentation?? {'A': 'Recent travel to Florida', 'B': 'Constipation treated with laxatives', 'C': 'Peptic ulcer disease treated with esomeprazole', 'D': 'Hypercholesterolemia treated with atorvastatin', 'E': 'Osteoporosis treated with calcium and vitamin D'},
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C: Peptic ulcer disease treated with esomeprazole
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old male presents to a local clinic with a complaint of a stiff neck. The patient is known to be sporadic with follow-up appointments but was last seen recently for a regular depot injection. He initially presented with complaints of paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations that lasted for 7 months and caused significant social and financial deterioration. He was brought into the clinic by his older brother, who later moved back to the United States to be with his family. Because of the lack of social support and the patient’s tendency to be non-compliant with medications, the patient was placed on a specific drug to mitigate this pattern. Which of the following medications is responsible for the patient’s movement disorder?? {'A': 'Olanzapine', 'B': 'Benztropine', 'C': 'Clozapine', 'D': 'Haloperidol', 'E': 'Thioridazine'},
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D: Haloperidol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with a presumed pneumonia and started on antibiotics. Two days later, the patient shows no improvement. Blood cultures reveal yeast with pseudophyphae. Which of the following cell types is most likely deficient or dysfunctional in this patient?? {'A': 'T-cells', 'B': 'B-cells', 'C': 'Neutrophils', 'D': 'Eosinophils', 'E': 'Phagocytes'},
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C: Neutrophils
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care physician after experiencing intense nausea and vomiting yesterday. He states that he ran a 15-kilometer race in the morning and felt well while resting in a hammock afterward. However, when he rose from the hammock, he experienced two episodes of emesis accompanied by a sensation that the world was spinning around him. This lasted about one minute and self-resolved. He denies tinnitus or hearing changes, but he notes that he still feels slightly imbalanced. He has a past medical history of migraines, but he typically does not have nausea or vomiting with the headaches. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 126/81 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 13/min. Cardiopulmonary exam is unremarkable. Cranial nerves are intact, and gross motor function and sensation are within normal limits. When the patient’s head is turned to the right side and he is lowered quickly to the supine position, he claims that he feels “dizzy and nauseous.” Nystagmus is noted in both eyes. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Particle repositioning maneuver', 'B': 'Thiazide diuretic', 'C': 'Triptan therapy', 'D': 'Meclizine', 'E': 'Increased fluid intake'},
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A: Particle repositioning maneuver
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician because she is unable to conceive for 3 years. She and her partner are sexually active and do not use contraception. They were partially assessed for this complaint 6 months ago. Analysis of her husband's semen has shown normal sperm counts and hormonal assays for both partners were normal. Her menses occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 5 to 6 days. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. She had a single episode of urinary tract infection 4 years ago and was treated with oral antibiotics. Vaginal examination shows no abnormalities. Bimanual examination shows a normal-sized uterus and no palpable adnexal masses. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Psychological counseling only', 'B': 'Postcoital testing', 'C': 'Hysteroscopy', 'D': 'Hysterosalpingogram', 'E': 'Chromosomal karyotyping'},
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D: Hysterosalpingogram
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 63-year-old man presents to the emergency room because of worsening breathlessness that began overnight. He was diagnosed with asthma 3 years ago and has been using albuterol and steroid inhalers. He does not have a prior history of cardiac disease or other respiratory diseases. The man is a retired insurance agent and has lived his entire life in the United States. His vital signs include: respiratory rate 40/min, blood pressure 130/90 mm Hg, pulse rate 110/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). Physical examination shows severe respiratory distress, with the patient unable to lie down on the examination table. Auscultation of the chest reveals widespread wheezes in the lungs and the presence of S3 gallop rhythm. The man is admitted to hospital and laboratory investigations and imaging studies are ordered. Test results include the following: WBC count 18.6 × 109/L Eosinophil cell count 7.6 × 109/L (40% eosinophils) Troponin T 0.5 ng/mL Anti-MPO (P-ANCA) antibodies positive Anti-PR3-C-ANCA negative Immunoglobulin E 1,000 IU/mL Serological tests for HIV, echovirus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and parvovirus B19 are negative. ECG shows regular sinus tachycardia with an absence of strain pattern or any evidence of ischemia. Transthoracic echocardiography reveals a dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 30% (normal is 55% or greater). Which of the following diagnoses best explains the clinical presentation and laboratory findings in this patient?? {'A': 'Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)', 'B': 'Chagas disease', 'C': 'Primary dilated cardiomyopathy', 'D': "Loeffler's endocarditis", 'E': 'Extrinsic asthma'},
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A: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, malaise, chills, and a cough productive of moderate amounts of yellow-colored sputum. Over the past 2 days, she has also had right-sided chest pain that is exacerbated by deep inspiration. Four months ago, she was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. She appears pale. Her temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 128/74 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 99%. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. Crackles are heard at the right lung base. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.6 g/dL Leukocyte count 13,300/mm3 Platelet count 230,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 137 mEq/L Cl- 104 mEq/L K+ 3.9 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 16 mg/dL Glucose 89 mg/dL Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL An x-ray of the chest shows an infiltrate at the right lung base. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Inpatient treatment with intravenous clindamycin', 'B': 'Outpatient treatment with oral doxycycline', 'C': 'Inpatient treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin', 'D': 'Outpatient treatment with oral levofloxacin', 'E': 'Inpatient treatment with intravenous cefepime and oral levofloxacin'},
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B: Outpatient treatment with oral doxycycline
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He has had multiple falls while walking and running for the past 4 months. He used to be able to climb stairs independently but now requires assistance. He started speaking in 2-word sentences at 2 years of age. He is at the 50th percentile for height and the 60th percentile for weight. Examination shows a waddling gait and enlargement of bilateral calves. Muscle strength is decreased in the bilateral lower extremities. Patellar and ankle reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. To rise from a sitting position, he uses his hands to support himself to an upright position. Diagnosis is confirmed by a muscle biopsy and immunohistochemistry. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the most severe clinical presentation of this disease?? {'A': 'Same sense mutation', 'B': 'Silent mutation', 'C': 'Missense mutation', 'D': 'Splice site mutation', 'E': 'Frameshift mutation'},
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E: Frameshift mutation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of bloating and fatigue over the past year. On examination, she has abdominal distension and ascites. Abdominal imaging reveals a mass-like lesion affecting the left ovary. A biopsy of the lesion demonstrates serous cystadenocarcinoma. She is subsequently started on a chemotherapeutic medication known to stabilize polymerized microtubules. Which of the following complications should this patient be monitored for following initiation of this medication?? {'A': 'Cardiotoxicity', 'B': 'Acoustic nerve damage', 'C': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Hemorrhagic cystitis', 'E': 'Peripheral neuropathy'},
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E: Peripheral neuropathy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 29-year-old man presents to an STD clinic complaining of a painful lesion at the end of his penis. The patient says it started as a tiny red bump and grew over several days. He has no history of a serious illness and takes no medications. He has had several sexual partners in the past few months. At the clinic, his temperature is 38.2℃ (100.8℉), the blood pressure is 115/70 mm Hg, the pulse is 84/min, and the respirations are 14/min. Examination of the inguinal area shows enlarged and tender lymph nodes, some of which are fluctuant. There is an ulcerated and weeping sore with an erythematous base and ragged edges on the end of his penis. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. The result of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) is negative. Which of the following diagnoses best explains these findings?? {'A': 'Chancre', 'B': 'Chancroid', 'C': 'Condyloma acuminatum', 'D': 'Condyloma latum', 'E': 'Lymphogranuloma venereum'},
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B: Chancroid
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 74-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents with 1 week of fever, unremitting headache and hip and shoulder stiffness. She denies any vision changes. Physical examination is remarkable for right scalp tenderness and range of motion is limited due to pain and stiffness. Neurological testing is normal. Laboratory studies are significant for an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at 75 mm/h (normal range 0-22 mm/h for women). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Obtain CT head without contrast', 'B': 'Perform a lumbar puncture', 'C': 'Perform a temporal artery biopsy', 'D': 'Start oral prednisone', 'E': 'Start IV methylprednisolone'},
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D: Start oral prednisone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 29-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of fatigue, weight loss, and multiple painless swellings on his neck and axilla. He reports that his swellings become painful after he drinks alcohol. Physical examination shows nontender cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. A lymph node biopsy specimen shows giant binucleate cells. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma', 'C': 'Adult T-cell lymphoma', 'D': 'Acute lymphocytic leukemia', 'E': 'Acute retroviral syndrome'},
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A: Hodgkin lymphoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old male presents to his primary care provider with a two-week history of low back pain and left leg pain. He reports that his symptoms started while he was working at his job as a construction worker. He has since experienced intermittent achy pain over his lumbar spine. He has also noticed pain radiating into his left leg and weakness in left ankle dorsiflexion. On exam, he demonstrates the following findings on strength testing of the left leg: 5/5 in knee extension, 4/5 in ankle dorsiflexion, 4/5 in great toe extension, 5/5 in ankle plantarflexion, and 5/5 in great toe flexion. The patellar reflexes are 5/5 bilaterally. He is able to toe walk but has difficulty with heel walking. Weakness in which of the following compartments of the leg is most likely causing this patient’s foot drop?? {'A': 'Superficial posterior compartment', 'B': 'Deep posterior compartment', 'C': 'Anterior compartment', 'D': 'Lateral compartment', 'E': 'Medial compartment'},
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C: Anterior compartment
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 44-year-old man presents for a routine check-up. He has a past medical history of rheumatic fever. The patient is afebrile, and the vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiac examination reveals a late systolic crescendo murmur with a mid-systolic click, best heard over the apex and loudest just before S2. Which of the following physical examination maneuvers would most likely cause an earlier onset of the click/murmur?? {'A': 'Handgrip', 'B': 'Inspiration', 'C': 'Left lateral decubitus position', 'D': 'Rapid squatting', 'E': 'Standing'},
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E: Standing
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of blurred vision for the past 2 months. During this period, she has also had difficulty chewing and swallowing. She reports that her symptoms worsen throughout the day and improve with rest. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. The patient works as a teacher and has had a great deal of stress lately. She does not smoke and drinks a glass of wine occasionally. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 68/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows bilateral ptosis and mask-like facies. Muscle strength is decreased in both lower extremities. The anti–acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test is positive. Electromyography shows a decremental response following repetitive nerve stimulation. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Serum ACTH and CRH levels', 'B': 'Physostigmine therapy', 'C': 'Plasmapheresis', 'D': 'CT scan of the chest', 'E': 'Anti-VGCC antibody level'},
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D: CT scan of the chest
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Three days after undergoing outpatient percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement in the right coronary artery, a 60-year-old woman has left-sided painful facial swelling. The pain is worse while chewing. The patient has hypertension and coronary artery disease. Her current medications include enalapril, metoprolol, aspirin, clopidogrel, simvastatin, and a multivitamin. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F), pulse is 72/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 128/86 mm Hg. Examination shows swelling and tenderness of the left parotid gland. Intraoral examination shows erythema with scant purulent drainage. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Perform salivary duct dilation', 'B': 'Parotidectomy', 'C': 'Obtain a parotid biopsy', 'D': 'Administer nafcillin and metronidazole', 'E': 'Administer vancomycin and meropenem\n"'},
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D: Administer nafcillin and metronidazole
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 61-year-old male presents to an urgent care clinic with the complaints of pain in his joints and recurrent headaches for a month. He is also currently concerned about sweating excessively even at room temperature. His wife, who is accompanying him, adds that his facial appearance has changed over the past few years as he now has a protruding jaw and a prominent forehead and brow ridge. His wedding ring no longer fits his finger despite a lack of weight gain over the last decade. His temperature is 98.6° F (37° C), respirations are 15/min, pulse is 67/min and blood pressure is 122/88 mm Hg. A general physical exam does not show any abnormality. What lab findings are most likely to be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Elevated TSH and low FT4', 'B': 'Elevated cortisol level', 'C': 'Elevated prolactin levels', 'D': 'Elevated insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) and growth hormone (GH)', 'E': 'Low insulin levels'},
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D: Elevated insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) and growth hormone (GH)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation presents to his cardiologist’s office for a follow-up visit. He recently started treatment with an anti-arrhythmic drug to prevent future recurrences and reports that he has been feeling well and has no complaints. The physical examination shows that the arrhythmia appears to have resolved; however, there is now mild bradycardia. In addition, the electrocardiogram recording shows a slight prolongation of the PR and QT intervals. Which of the following drugs was most likely used to treat this patient?? {'A': 'Carvedilol', 'B': 'Metoprolol', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Sotalol', 'E': 'Verapamil'},
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D: Sotalol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a chief complaint of constipation. His history is also significant for weakness, a dry cough, weight loss, recurrent kidney stones, and changes in his mood. He has a 30 pack-year history of smoking. A chest x-ray reveals a lung mass. Labs reveal a calcium of 14. What is the first step in management?? {'A': 'Begin alendronate', 'B': 'Administer calcitonin', 'C': 'Begin furosemide', 'D': 'Administer intravenous fluids', 'E': 'Begin hydrochlorothiazide'},
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D: Administer intravenous fluids
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with a 2-day history of severe fatigue. His parents say that he has no past medical history, but caught an illness that was going around his school 1 week ago. While ill, he had several days of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. His family history is significant for several family members who required blood transfusions, and he lives in an old house. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor and mild jaundice. Which of the following would most likely be seen on peripheral blood smear in this patient?? {'A': 'Codocytes', 'B': 'Degmacytes', 'C': 'Echinocytes', 'D': 'Schistocytes', 'E': 'Spherocytes'},
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D: Schistocytes
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 20-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician in October for her first prenatal visit. She has delayed the visit because she wanted a “natural birth” but was recently convinced to get a checkup after feeling more tired than usual. She feels well. Menarche was at the age of 12 years and menses used to occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 3–7 days. The patient emigrated from Mexico 2 years ago. Her immunization records are unavailable. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 28-week gestation. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3 Blood group B negative Serum Glucose 88 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL TSH 3.8 μU/mL Rapid plasma reagin negative HIV antibody negative Hepatitis B surface antigen negative Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Urine culture is negative. Chlamydia and gonorrhea testing are negative. A Pap smear is normal. Administration of which of the following vaccines is most appropriate at this time?"? {'A': 'Tdap and influenza', 'B': 'Varicella and Tdap', 'C': 'Varicella and influenza', 'D': 'Hepatitis B and MMR', 'E': 'Influenza only'},
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A: Tdap and influenza
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old male comes into the psychiatric clinic complaining of consistent sadness. He endorses feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, and anhedonia for the past couple months but denies feeling suicidal. He further denies of any past episodes of feeling overly energetic with racing thoughts. Confident of the diagnosis, you recommend frequent talk therapy along with a long-term prescription of a known first-line medication for this disorder. What is the drug and what are some of the most frequently encountered side effects?? {'A': 'Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; hypomania, suicidal thoughts', 'B': 'Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Anorgasmia, insomnia', 'C': 'Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; anorgasmia, insomnia', 'D': 'Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; hypomania, suicidal thoughts', 'E': 'Tricyclic antidepressants; hypomania, suicidal thoughts'},
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C: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; anorgasmia, insomnia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought in to a psychiatrist's office by his mother for increasingly concerning erratic behavior. Her son has recently entered a new relationship, and he constantly voices beliefs that his girlfriend is cheating on him. He ended his last relationship after voicing the same beliefs about his last partner. During the visit, the patient reports that these beliefs are justified, since everyone at school is “out to get him.” He says that even his teachers are against him, based on their criticism of his schoolwork. His mother adds that her son has always held grudges against people and has always taken comments very personally. The patient has no psychiatric history and is in otherwise good health. What condition is this patient genetically predisposed for?? {'A': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'B': 'Major depressive disorder', 'C': 'Narcolepsy', 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Substance use disorder'},
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D: Schizophrenia
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Q:A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision in which he was a restrained passenger. The patient is confused. His pulse is 140/min and blood pressure is 85/60 mm Hg. Examination shows a hand-sized hematoma on the anterior chest wall. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following structures is most likely injured in this patient?? {'A': 'Papillary muscle', 'B': 'Aortic isthmus', 'C': 'Aortic valve', 'D': 'Inferior vena cava', 'E': 'Left main coronary artery'},
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B: Aortic isthmus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 66-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of constipation and left lower abdominal discomfort. She says the pain usually gets worse after meals, which is felt as a dull pain. Her past medical history is positive for gastroesophageal reflux disease, for which she takes omeprazole. There is a positive history of chronic constipation but no episodes of bloody stools. On physical examination, she has a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F), blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg, heart rate of 100/min, and respiratory rate of 19/min. Stool occult blood is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate study to be performed at this stage?? {'A': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'B': 'Abdominal CT', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'Barium study', 'E': 'MRI of the abdomen'},
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B: Abdominal CT
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Q:A 48-year-old man with a lengthy history of angina is brought to the emergency department after the acute onset of severe chest pain that started 40 minutes ago. Unlike previous episodes of chest pain, this one is unresponsive to nitroglycerin. His medical history is significant for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. His current medications include lisinopril, metformin, and simvastatin. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 88/min, respiratory rate is 25/min, and temperature is 36.6°C (97.8°F). An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads avF and V1-V3. He is administered aspirin, nasal oxygen, morphine, and warfarin; additionally, myocardial reperfusion is performed. He is discharged within 2 weeks. He comes back 3 weeks later for follow-up. Which of the following gross findings are expected to be found in the myocardium of this patient at this time?? {'A': 'Coagulation necrosis', 'B': 'Red granulation tissue', 'C': 'White scar tissue', 'D': 'Pale infarcted tissue', 'E': 'Yellow necrotic area'},
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C: White scar tissue
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Q:The principal investigators of both studies recently met at a rheumatology conference. They both expressed an interest in combining data from their individual studies to be analyzed in a single study. A third researcher at the conference, who conducted her own project on the same topic recently, has also indicated she would like to contribute data to a pooled analysis. Which of the following statements regarding their new study design is true?? {'A': 'The results are more precise in comparison to individual studies', 'B': 'It is unable to resolve differences in outcomes between individual studies', 'C': 'It has a lower level of clinical evidence than an individual cohort study', 'D': 'It overcomes limitations in the quality of individual studies', 'E': 'There is a decreased likelihood of type I error'},
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A: The results are more precise in comparison to individual studies
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Q:A 36-year-old G4P0A3 woman presents at the prenatal diagnostic center at 18 weeks of gestation for the scheduled fetal anomaly scan. The patient's past medical history reveals spontaneous abortions. She reports that her 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pregnancy losses occurred at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of gestation, respectively. Ultrasonography indicates a female fetus with cystic hygroma (measuring 4 cm x 5 cm in size) and fetal hydrops. Which of the following karyotypes does her fetus most likely carry?? {'A': 'Trisomy 21', 'B': 'Trisomy 18', 'C': 'Monosomy 18', 'D': 'Trisomy 13', 'E': '45 X0'},
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E: 45 X0
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Q:A scientist is studying patients with neuromuscular weakness and discovers a mutation in a plasma membrane ion channel. She thinks that this mutation may have an effect on the dynamics of action potentials so she investigates its effect in an isolated neuronal membrane. She finds that the ion channel has no effect when potassium, sodium, and calcium are placed at physiological concentrations on both sides of the membrane; however, when some additional potassium is placed inside the membrane, the channel rapidly allows for sodium to enter the membrane. She continues to examine the mutant channel and finds that it is more rapidly inactivated compared with the wildtype channel. Which of the following effects would this mutant channel most likely have on the electrical profile of neurons in these patients?? {'A': 'Decreased action potential amplitude', 'B': 'Decreased hyperpolarization potential', 'C': 'Decreased resting membrane potential', 'D': 'Increased action potential refractory period', 'E': 'Increased threshhold for action potential activation'},
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A: Decreased action potential amplitude
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Q:A 21-year-old lacrosse player comes to the doctor for an annual health assessment. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 57 kg (125 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. Pulmonary function tests show an FEV1 of 90% and an FVC of 3600 mL. Whole body plethysmography is performed to measure airway resistance. Which of the following structures of the respiratory tree is likely to have the highest contribution to total airway resistance?? {'A': 'Respiratory bronchioles', 'B': 'Mainstem bronchi', 'C': 'Segmental bronchi', 'D': 'Conducting bronchioles', 'E': 'Terminal bronchioles'},
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C: Segmental bronchi
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Q:A 68-year-old man undergoes successful mechanical prosthetic aortic valve replacement for severe aortic valve stenosis. After the procedure, he is started on an oral medication and instructed that he should take for the rest of his life and that he should avoid consuming large amounts of dark-green, leafy vegetables. Which of the following laboratory parameters should be regularly monitored to guide dosing of this drug?? {'A': 'Anti-factor Xa activity', 'B': 'Thrombin time', 'C': 'Activated partial thromboplastin time', 'D': 'D-dimer', 'E': 'Prothrombin time\n"'},
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E: Prothrombin time "
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Q:A 55-year-old female presents with pain in both hands and wrists for the past several years. It is associated with morning stiffness that lasts for almost an hour. Physical examination reveals tenderness and swelling in both hands and wrists, most severe over the proximal interphalangeal joints. Laboratory investigation reveals the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP). Which of the following immune-mediated injuries is responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Self-tolerance', 'B': 'Both type II and III hypersensitivities', 'C': 'IgE-mediated immune responses only', 'D': 'Type IV hypersensitivity', 'E': 'Type III hypersensitivity'},
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E: Type III hypersensitivity
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Q:A 12-year-old African American boy is brought to the emergency room due to a severely painful penile erection for the past 5 hours. He was attending a class at his school when his penis became spontaneously tumescent. A complete blood count and a cavernous blood gas analysis showed the following: Hemoglobin (Hb) 11.5 g/dL; 14.5 g/dL (-2SD 13.0 g/dL) for boys 12–18 years of age Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 95 fL; 80–96 fL Platelet count 250,000/mm3 pO2 38 mm Hg pCO2 65 mm Hg pH 7.25 sO2 % 60% HCO3- 10 mEq/L A peripheral blood smear reveals RBCs with Howell-Jolly bodies. Rapid detumescence is achieved after aspiration of blood and administration of an adrenergic agonist and analgesia. Which of the following etiologies should be considered in this patient?? {'A': 'Sickle cell disease (SCD)', 'B': 'Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency', 'C': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)', 'D': 'Hereditary spherocytosis', 'E': 'Thalassemia'},
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A: Sickle cell disease (SCD)
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Q:A 72-year-old female is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive in her garage with an open bottle of unmarked fluid. She is confused and is unable to answer questions on arrival. Her medical history is significant for Alzheimer disease, but her family says she has no medical comorbidities. Serum analysis of this patient's blood shows a pH of 7.28 with a high anion gap. The electrolyte that is most likely significantly decreased in this patient follows which of the following concentration curves across the proximal tubule of the kidney?? {'A': 'Curve A', 'B': 'Curve B', 'C': 'Curve C', 'D': 'Curve D', 'E': 'Curve E'},
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D: Curve D
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Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought the his primary care physician for persistent failure to thrive. He has not been meeting normal motor developmental milestones. Further questioning reveals a family history of congenital kidney disorders, although the parents do not know details. Based on clinical suspicion a panel of lab tests are ordered which reveal a sodium of 129 mg/dL (normal range 136-145), a potassium of 3.1 mg/dL (normal range 3.5-5.0), a bicarbonate of 32 mg/dL (normal range 22-28) and a pH of 7.5 (normal range 7.35-7.45). Urinary calcium excretion is also found to be increased. Which of the following drugs has the most similar mechanism of action to the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Amiloride', 'E': 'Spironolactone'},
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B: Furosemide
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Q:A 48-year-old Caucasian man presents to your office for initial evaluation as he has recently moved to your community and has become your patient. He has no significant past medical history and has not seen a physician in over 10 years. He takes no medications and denies having any allergies. He has been a smoker for the past 20 years and smokes approximately half a pack daily. His brother and father have diabetes; his brother is treated with metformin, whereas, his father requires insulin. His father has experienced two strokes. On presentation, he is a pleasant obese man with a body mass index of 34 kg/m2. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 170/90 mm Hg in the left arm and 168/89 mm Hg in the right arm. The patient is instructed to follow a low-salt diet, quit smoking, perform daily exercise, and diet to lose weight. He returns several weeks later for a follow-up appointment. The patient reports a 1.8 kg (4 lb) weight loss. His blood pressure on presentation is 155/94 mm Hg in both arms. What is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Reassure the patient and encourage him to continue with lifestyle modifications', 'B': 'Prescribe lisinopril', 'C': 'Prescribe hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Prescribe bisoprolol', 'E': 'Prescribe lisinopril and bisoprolol'},
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B: Prescribe lisinopril
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Q:Multiple patients present to your office with hematuria following an outbreak of Group A Streptococcus. Biopsy reveals that all of the patients have the same disease, characterized by large, hypercellular glomeruli with neutrophil infiltration. Which patient has the best prognosis?? {'A': '65-year-old nulliparous woman', 'B': '50-year-old man with a history of strep infection', 'C': '8-year-old boy who undergoes no treatment', 'D': '38-year-old man with sickle cell trait', 'E': '18-year-old man treated with corticosteroids'},
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C: 8-year-old boy who undergoes no treatment
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Q:A 56-year-old woman with a longstanding history of gastroesophageal reflux presents for follow-up evaluation of endoscopically confirmed gastric and duodenal ulcers. Her symptoms have been unresponsive to proton pump inhibitors and histamine receptor antagonists in the past. Results for H. pylori infection are still pending. Which of the following changes is expected in the patient's duodenum, given her peptic ulcer disease?? {'A': 'Increased secretions from crypts of Lieberkühn', 'B': 'Increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) release from K cells', 'C': 'Hyperplasia of submucosal bicarbonate-secreting glands', 'D': 'Expansion of gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue', 'E': 'Proliferation of secretin-releasing S cells'},
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C: Hyperplasia of submucosal bicarbonate-secreting glands
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Q:A 53-year-old man with hyperlipidemia comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. His home medications include acetaminophen and atorvastatin. Serum studies show elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. A drug that activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is added to his existing therapy. This patient is most likely to develop which of the following drug-related adverse effects?? {'A': 'Waxing and waning confusion', 'B': 'Reddish-brown discoloration of urine', 'C': 'Pruritus and flushing of the skin', 'D': 'Bleeding from minor trauma', 'E': 'Acutely swollen and painful joint'},
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B: Reddish-brown discoloration of urine
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Q:A 66-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of weakness of his left leg for the past hour. He was unable to get out of bed that morning. His pants are soaked with urine. He has hypertension and coronary artery disease. Current medications include enalapril, carvedilol, aspirin, and simvastatin. His temperature is 37°C (98.6F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg. Examination shows equal pupils that are reactive to light. Muscle strength is 2/5 in the left lower extremity. Plantar reflex shows an extensor response on the left. Sensation is decreased in the left lower extremity. On mental status examination, he is oriented to time, place, and person and has a flat affect. When asked to count backwards from 20, he stops after counting to 17. When asked to name 10 words beginning with the letter “d,” he stops after naming two words. Fundoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Left middle cerebral artery occlusion', 'B': 'Right anterior cerebral artery occlusion', 'C': 'Right posterior cerebral artery occlusion', 'D': 'Left anterior cerebral artery occlusion', 'E': 'Hypertensive encephalopathy'},
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B: Right anterior cerebral artery occlusion
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Q:A 2-day-old premature newborn presents with petechiae and persistent subcutaneous bruising. No additional complications during delivery. His vitals include: heart rate 180/min, respiratory rate 54/min, temperature 35.9°C (96.6°F), and blood pressure 60/30 mm Hg. On physical examination, there are dullness to percussion over the bases of the thorax bilaterally. A chest radiograph shows evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. Laboratory tests are significant for the following: Hemoglobin 13.2 g/dL Hematocrit 41% Leukocyte count 5,200/mm3 Neutrophils 45% Bands 3% Eosinophils 1% Basophils 0% Lymphocytes 44% Monocytes 2% Platelet count 105,000/mm3 His coagulation tests are as follows: Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 49 s Prothrombin time 19 s Reticulocyte count 2.5% Thrombin time < 2 s deviation from control Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'B': 'Autoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia', 'C': 'Alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'E': 'Platelet dysfunction'},
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A: Disseminated intravascular coagulation
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Q:A 52-year-old man presents to the office for evaluation of a ‘weird rash’ that appeared over his torso last week. The patient states that the rash just seemed to appear, but denies itching, pain, or exposure. On physical examination, the patient has multiple light brown-colored flat plaques on the torso. They appear to be ‘stuck on’ but do not have associated erythema or swelling. What is the most likely indication of the patient’s clinical presentation?? {'A': 'Insulin insensitivity', 'B': 'Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)', 'C': 'Infection with a Poxvirus', 'D': 'Gastric adenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Slow-growing squamous cell carcinoma'},
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D: Gastric adenocarcinoma
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Q:A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of recurrent nose bleeds that occur with light trauma or at random times during the day. Over the past 6 months, the patient has felt weak and fatigued and has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss. He has poor appetite and describes abdominal discomfort. He does not have night sweats. His pulse is 72/min, blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, and his temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F). The spleen is palpated 10 cm below the left costal margin. Multiple bruises are noted on both upper extremities. Laboratory studies show. Hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL Hematocrit 29.9% Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3 Neutrophils 30% Platelet count 74,000/mm3 Serum Lactate dehydrogenase 410 IU/L A peripheral blood smear detects tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for this patient?"? {'A': 'Transfusion of packed red blood cells', 'B': 'Transfusion of platelets', 'C': 'Rituximab', 'D': 'Melphalan', 'E': 'Cladribine'},
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E: Cladribine
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Q:A 57-year-old man comes to the physician with a 9-month history of cough and progressive dyspnea. The cough is usually worse in the mornings. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse wheezing during expiration. Spirometry shows a FEV1:FVC ratio of 45%. An x-ray of the chest shows widened intercostal spaces and generalized hyperlucency of the pulmonary parenchyma. Increased activity of which of the following types of cells is most likely responsible for this patient's pulmonary condition?? {'A': 'Th2 cells', 'B': 'Type I alveolar cells', 'C': 'Type II alveolar cells', 'D': 'Mast cells', 'E': 'Neutrophil cells'},
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E: Neutrophil cells
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Q:A sexually active 37-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 7-day history of itching in the area of his genitals. He also reports burning on micturition. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is well controlled with oral metformin. Pelvic examination shows tender, atrophic white papules on the glans and prepuce, with erythema of the surrounding skin. The urinary meatus is narrowed and sclerotic. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Test lesion with acetic acid application', 'B': 'Local application of clobetasol', 'C': 'Local application of fluconazole', 'D': 'Biopsy of the lesion', 'E': 'Local application of tacrolimus'},
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D: Biopsy of the lesion
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Q:A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found in a stuporous state with a small cut on his forehead on a cold night in front of his apartment. Non-contrast head CT is normal, and he is monitored in the emergency department. Twelve hours later, he yells for help because he hears the wallpaper threatening his family. He also has a headache. The patient started drinking regularly 10 years ago and consumed a pint of vodka prior to admission. He occasionally smokes marijuana and uses cocaine. His vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, the patient is alert and oriented. He appears markedly distressed and is diaphoretic. A fine digital tremor on his right hand is noted. The remainder of the neurological exam shows no abnormalities. Urine toxicologic screening is pending. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Alcoholic hallucinosis', 'B': 'Phencyclidine intoxication', 'C': 'Cocaine intoxication', 'D': 'Delirium tremens', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'},
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A: Alcoholic hallucinosis
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Q:A 32-year-old female presents to the gynecologist with a primary concern of infertility. She has been unable to become pregnant over the last 16 months despite consistently trying with her husband. She has not used any form of contraception during this time and her husband has had a normal semen analysis. She has never been diagnosed with any chronic conditions that could explain her infertility; however, she remembers testing positive for a sexually transmitted infection about four years ago. Which of the following is the most likely cause for her infertility?? {'A': 'Chlamydia serovars A, B, or C', 'B': 'Chlamydia serovars D-K', 'C': 'Chlamydia serovars L1, L2, or L3', 'D': 'Syphilis', 'E': 'Herpes simplex virus'},
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B: Chlamydia serovars D-K
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Q:A 78-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction status post coronary artery bypass grafting and a 60-pack-year history of smoking is found deceased in his apartment after not returning calls to his family for the last 2 days. The man was last known to be alive 3 days ago, when his neighbor saw him getting his mail. The family requests an autopsy. On autopsy, the man is found to have a 100% blockage of his left anterior descending artery of his heart and likely passed from sudden cardiac death 2 days prior. Which of the following findings is expected to be found on histologic examination of his damaged myocardium?? {'A': 'Cellular debris and lymphocytes', 'B': 'Cellular debris and macrophages', 'C': 'Cystic cavitation', 'D': 'Fat saponification', 'E': 'Uniform binding of acidophilic dyes'},
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E: Uniform binding of acidophilic dyes
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Q:A 48-year-old female suffers a traumatic brain injury while skiing in a remote area. Upon her arrival to the ER, she is severely hypoxemic and not responsive to O2 therapy. She is started on a mechanical ventilator and 2 days later upon auscultation, you note late inspiratory crackles. Which of the following is most likely normal in this patient?? {'A': 'Type I pneumocytes', 'B': 'Type II pneumocytes', 'C': 'Chest X-ray', 'D': 'Alveolar-arterial gradient', 'E': 'Left atrial pressure'},
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E: Left atrial pressure
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Q:A 46-year-old female with a history of hypertension and asthma presents to her primary care physician for a health maintenance visit. She states that she has no current complaints and generally feels very healthy. The physician obtains routine blood work, which demonstrates elevated transaminases. The physician should obtain further history about all of the following EXCEPT:? {'A': 'Alcohol intake', 'B': 'IV drug use', 'C': 'International travel', 'D': 'Sex practices', 'E': 'Smoking history'},
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E: Smoking history
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Q:A 13-year-old boy is being evaluated for failure to thrive and bad performance at school. He has a history of microcytic anemia and takes a multivitamin every morning with breakfast. An electrophoresis analysis shows no adult hemoglobin (HbA), elevated hemoglobin adult type 2 (HbA2), and normal fetal hemoglobin (HbF). A skull X-ray revealed a crewcut appearance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'HbH disease', 'B': 'α-thal trait', 'C': 'Hb Bart disease', 'D': 'β-thal major', 'E': 'β-thal minor'},
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D: β-thal major
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Q:A 68-year-old male is diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma in the upper lobe of his right lung. A chest radiograph can be seen in image A. Which of the following would you most expect to find in this patient?? {'A': 'Polydipsia', 'B': 'Digital clubbing', 'C': 'Superior vena cava syndrome', 'D': 'Anisocoria', 'E': 'Lateral gaze palsy'},
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D: Anisocoria
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination after the removal of a tooth. During the procedure, he had prolonged bleeding that did not resolve with pressure and gauze packing and eventually required suture placement. His older brother had a similar episode a year ago, but his parents and two sisters have never had problems with prolonged bleeding. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Genetic analysis confirms an X-linked recessive disorder. Which of the following is most likely deficient in this patient?? {'A': 'Factor VIII', 'B': 'Von Willebrand factor', 'C': 'Factor XI', 'D': 'Protein C', 'E': 'Factor IX'},
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A: Factor VIII
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Q:A 19-year-old woman with a known history of malabsorption presents with a painful red tongue, red eyes, and cracked lips. She says her symptoms gradually onset 4 months ago after moving away from home for college. She also complains of photophobia, spontaneous lacrimation, and itchy dermatitis. Past medical history is significant for a long-standing malabsorption syndrome, which she says that she hasn’t been able to maintain her normal diet or take her vitamins regularly due to her busy schedule. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, she has a malnourished appearance with significant pallor. Conjunctival injection is present bilaterally. Which of the following diagnostic tests will be most helpful to support the diagnosis of the most likely vitamin deficiency in this patient?? {'A': 'Measurement of erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity', 'B': 'Measurement of serum methylmalonic acid levels', 'C': 'Measurement of erythrocyte folate levels', 'D': 'Measurement of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity', 'E': 'Measurement of erythrocyte transketolase activity'},
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D: Measurement of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity
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Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of pain in his mouth and throat and difficulty swallowing. He has a history of COPD, for which he takes theophylline and inhaled budesonide-formoterol. Physical examination shows white patches on the tongue and buccal mucosa that can be scraped off easily. Appropriate pharmacotherapy is initiated. One week later, he returns because of nausea, palpitations, and anxiety. His pulse is 110/min and regular. Physical examination shows a tremor in both hands. Which of the following drugs was most likely prescribed?? {'A': 'Fluconazole', 'B': 'Amphotericin B', 'C': 'Terbinafine', 'D': 'Nystatin', 'E': 'Griseofulvin'},
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A: Fluconazole
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Q:A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician for follow-up after a measurement of elevated blood pressure at her last visit three months ago. She works as a high school teacher at a local school. She says that she mostly eats cafeteria food and take-out. She denies any regular physical activity. She does not smoke or use any recreational drugs. She drinks 2 to 3 glasses of wine per day. She has hypercholesterolemia for which she takes atorvastatin. Her height is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), weight is 82 kg (181 lb), and BMI is 30.1 kg/m2. Her pulse is 67/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 152/87 mm Hg on the right arm and 155/92 mm Hg on the left arm. She would like to try lifestyle modifications to improve her blood pressure before considering pharmacologic therapy. Which of the following lifestyle modifications is most likely to result in the greatest reduction of this patient's systolic blood pressure?? {'A': 'Losing 15 kg (33 lb) of body weight', 'B': 'Decreasing alcohol consumption to maximum of one drink per day', 'C': 'Reducing sodium intake to less than 2.4 g per day', 'D': 'Adopting a DASH diet', 'E': 'Walking for 30 minutes, 5 days per week'},
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A: Losing 15 kg (33 lb) of body weight
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Q:A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of tremor, diarrhea, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss. Her pulse is 110/min. Examination shows protrusion of the eyeball when looking forward. A bruit is heard over the anterior neck on auscultation. Serum studies show autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. The patient decides to undergo definitive treatment for her condition with a radioactive tracer. The success of this treatment directly depends on the activity of which of the following?? {'A': 'Transmembrane carrier', 'B': 'Lysosomal protease', 'C': 'Hormone-activating enzyme', 'D': 'Binding globulin', 'E': 'Anion-oxidizing enzyme'},
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A: Transmembrane carrier
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Q:A 62-year-old man presents with “yellowing” of the skin. He says he has been having intermittent upper abdominal pain, which is relieved by Tylenol. He also recalls that he has lost some weight over the past several months but can not quantify the amount. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. He reports a 40-pack-year smoking history. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals mild jaundice and a palpable gallbladder. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Total bilirubin 13 mg/dL Direct bilirubin: 10 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 560 IU/L An ultrasound of the abdomen reveals a hypoechoic mass in the epigastric region. The patient is scheduled for a CT abdomen and pelvis with specific organ protocol for further evaluation. Which of the following best describes this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Caffeine consumption is an established risk factor for this condition.', 'B': 'The majority of cases occur in the body of the pancreas.', 'C': 'Patients with this condition often rapidly develop glucose intolerance and severe diabetes.', 'D': 'CA 19-9 is a marker for this condition.', 'E': 'This condition is most common in Caucasians.'},
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D: CA 19-9 is a marker for this condition.
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Q:A 65-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of blurry vision for 10 hours. She has also had urinary urgency and discomfort while urinating for the past 4 days. She has been feeling increasingly weak and nauseous since yesterday. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. One year ago she was treated for an infection of her eyes. She drinks 2–3 glasses of wine weekly. Current medications include captopril, metoprolol, metformin, and insulin. Her temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 95/70 mm Hg. Visual acuity is decreased in both eyes. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. The corneal reflexes are brisk. The mucous membranes of the mouth are dry. The abdomen is soft and not distended. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Ischemic optic neuropathy', 'B': 'Hypoglycemia', 'C': 'Posterior uveitis', 'D': 'Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state', 'E': 'Alcoholic ketoacidosis'},
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D: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
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Q:A 13-year-old Caucasian male presents with his father to the pediatrician’s office complaining of left lower thigh pain. He reports slowly progressive pain over the distal aspect of his left thigh over the past three months. He denies any recent trauma to the area. His temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C). On exam, there is swelling and tenderness overlying the inferior aspect of the left femoral diaphysis. Laboratory evaluation is notable for an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Biopsy of the lesion demonstrates sheets of monotonous small round blue cells with minimal cytoplasm. He is diagnosed and started on a medication that inhibits transcription by intercalating into DNA at the transcription initiation complex. Which of the following adverse events will this patient be at highest risk for following initiation of this medication?? {'A': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'B': 'Gingival hyperplasia', 'C': 'Peripheral neuropathy', 'D': 'Hemorrhagic cystitis', 'E': 'Bone marrow suppression'},
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E: Bone marrow suppression
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Q:A 7-year-old boy presents to the pediatric emergency department for knee pain. The child fell while riding his skateboard yesterday. He claims that ever since then he has had swelling and knee pain that is severe. His parents state that he has trouble walking due to the pain. The child has a past medical history of seasonal allergies and asthma. His current medications include loratadine, albuterol, and fluticasone. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 95/48 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a young boy laying on the stretcher in pain. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. Inspection of the patient's left knee reveals an erythamatous knee that is tender and warm to the touch. Passive movement of the knee elicits pain. The patient refuses to walk so you are unable to assess his gait. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?? {'A': 'Antibiotics', 'B': 'Arthrocentesis', 'C': 'CT scan', 'D': 'ESR, CRP, and CBC', 'E': 'Supportive therapy and further physical exam'},
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B: Arthrocentesis
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Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for memory difficulty. She states that for the past couple months she has had trouble with her memory including forgetting simple things like bills she needs to pay or locking doors. She was previously fully functional and did not make these types of mistakes. The patient has not been ill lately but came in because her daughter was concerned about her memory. She makes her own food and eats a varied diet. Review of systems is notable for a decrease in the patient’s mood for the past 2 months since her husband died and a sensation that her limbs are heavy making it difficult for her to do anything. Her temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 112/68 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an elderly woman. Her neurological exam is unremarkable; however, the patient struggles to recall 3 objects after a short period of time and can only recall 2 of them. The patient’s weight is unchanged from her previous visit and cardiac, pulmonary, and dermatologic exams are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Alzheimer dementia', 'B': 'Depression', 'C': 'Hypothyroidism', 'D': 'Normal aging', 'E': 'Vascular dementia'},
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B: Depression
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Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for evaluation of mild acne. Six months ago, the girl developed papules over her back and shoulders. Her mother reports that her daughter has only been wearing clothes that cover her complete back and shoulders recently and that she spends a lot of time checking her skin in the mirror. She spends three hours a day scratching and squeezing the comedones. After reading an article that suggested sugar was a possible cause of acne, she tried a low-carb diet, which resulted in a weight loss 5.2-kg (11.5-lb) but no change in her skin condition. The patient describes herself as “ugly.” Over the past 6 months, she quit the swim team, stopped swim training, and stayed home from school on several occasions. She appears sad and distressed. She is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 62 kg (136.7 lb); BMI is 21.4 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a few small papules but numerous, widespread scratch marks over the neck, back, and buttocks. On mental status examination, she is depressed and irritable. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. After establishing a therapeutic alliance, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Dialectical behavioral therapy', 'B': 'Suggest hospitalization', 'C': 'Nutritional rehabilitation', 'D': 'Reassure the patient that the skin findings are not severe', 'E': 'Cognitive-behavioral therapy'},
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E: Cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Q:A 6-month-old baby boy presents to his pediatrician for the evaluation of recurrent bacterial infections. He is currently well but has already been hospitalized multiple times due to his bacterial infections. His blood pressure is 103/67 mm Hg and heart rate is 74/min. Physical examination reveals light-colored skin and silver hair. On examination of a peripheral blood smear, large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing microbes are found within the neutrophils. What diagnosis do these findings suggest?? {'A': 'Chediak-Higashi syndrome', 'B': 'Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1', 'C': 'Congenital thymic aplasia', 'D': 'Common variable immunodeficiency', 'E': 'Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'},
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A: Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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Q:A 2-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with new onset seizures. After controlling the seizures with fosphenytoin loading, a history is obtained that reveals mild hypotonia and developmental delay since birth. There is also a history of a genetic biochemical disorder on the maternal side but the family does not know the name of the disease. Physical exam is unrevealing and initial lab testing shows a pH of 7.34 with a pCO2 of 31 (normal range 35-45) and a bicarbonate level of 17 mg/dl (normal range 22-28). Further bloodwork shows an accumulation of alanine and pyruvate. A deficiency in which of the following enzymes is most likely responsible for this patient's clinical syndrome?? {'A': 'Alanine transaminase', 'B': 'Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphatase', 'D': 'Pyruvate dehydrogenase', 'E': 'Pyruvate kinase'},
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D: Pyruvate dehydrogenase
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Q:A 71-year-old man presents to his oncologist with nausea. He recently underwent chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer and has developed severe intractable nausea over the past week. He vomits several times a day. His past medical history is notable for gout, osteoarthritis, and major depressive disorder. He takes allopurinol and sertraline. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history and drinks 1 glass of wine per day. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 148/88 mmHg, pulse is 106/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, he is lethargic but able to answer questions appropriately. He has decreased skin turgor and dry mucous membranes. He is started on a medication to treat nausea. However, 3 days later he presents to the emergency room with fever, agitation, hypertonia, and clonus. What is the most likely mechanism of action of the drug this patient was prescribed?? {'A': '5-HT3 receptor antagonist', 'B': 'D2 receptor antagonist', 'C': 'H1 receptor antagonist', 'D': 'M1 receptor antagonist', 'E': 'Opiate receptor agonist'},
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A: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
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Q:A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodic retrosternal chest pain and shortness of breath for the past 6 months. His symptoms occur when he takes long walks or climbs stairs but resolve promptly with rest. He has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for which he takes ipratropium bromide. His pulse is 81/min and blood pressure is 153/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows mild expiratory wheezing over both lungs. Additional treatment with a beta blocker is considered. Which of the following agents should be avoided in this patient?? {'A': 'Atenolol', 'B': 'Esmolol', 'C': 'Labetalol', 'D': 'Betaxolol', 'E': 'Bisoprolol'},
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C: Labetalol
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Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician for a follow-up visit. Two days ago, he had a routine health maintenance examination that showed 3+ proteinuria on urine dipstick testing. During the initial routine examination, the patient reported feeling well, apart from being exhausted from his day at work. He had an upper respiratory infection 1 month ago, which resolved spontaneously within 5 days of onset. He has no history of serious illness. He works as an intern at a shooting range, where he does not usually use appropriate hearing protection. Today, he appears tired and complains about the early morning doctor's appointment. He is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 81.5 kg (180 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 118/70 mm Hg. Examination shows facial acne. There is mild sensorineural hearing loss bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Serum Urea 8 mg/dL Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL Urine Glucose negative Protein 1+ Blood negative Nitrite negative Leukocytes negative pH 6.0 Specific gravity 1.005 Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's findings?"? {'A': 'Standing for long periods of time', 'B': 'Subepithelial immune complex depositions', 'C': 'Increased production of low molecular weight proteins', 'D': 'Loss of negative charge on the glomerular basement membrane', 'E': 'Splitting of the glomerular basement membrane'},
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A: Standing for long periods of time
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Q:A 40-year-old farmer from Ohio seeks evaluation at a clinic with complaints of a chronic cough, fevers, and anorexia of several months duration. On examination, he has generalized lymphadenopathy with hepatosplenomegaly. A chest radiograph reveals local infiltrates and patchy opacities involving all lung fields. Fine needle aspiration of an enlarged lymph node shows the presence of intracellular yeast. A fungal culture shows the presence of thick-walled spherical spores with tubercles and microconidia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Blastomycosis', 'B': 'Histoplasmosis', 'C': 'Cryptococcosis', 'D': 'Sporotrichosis', 'E': 'Coccidioidomycosis'},
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B: Histoplasmosis
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Q:A 71-year-old woman presents with a transient episode of right arm and hand weakness that resolved in approximately one hour. Her symptoms started while she was gardening. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes, anxiety, and dyslipidemia. Her current medications include insulin, metformin, and fluoxetine. Examination reveals a left carotid bruit. Ultrasound duplex of her carotid arteries demonstrates right and left carotid stenosis of 35% and 50%, respectively. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Aspirin', 'B': 'Bilateral carotid endarterectomy', 'C': 'Left carotid endarterectomy only', 'D': 'Observation', 'E': 'Warfarin'},
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A: Aspirin
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is rushed to the emergency room after he became disoriented at home. His parents say that the boy was doing well until 2 days ago when he got sick and vomited several times. They thought he was recovering but today he appeared to be disoriented since the morning. His vitals are normal except shallow rapid breathing at a rate of 33/min. His blood sugar level is 654 mg/dL and urine is positive for ketone bodies. He is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and is managed with fluids and insulin. He responds well to the therapy. His parents are told that their son has type 1 diabetes and insulin therapy options are being discussed. Which of the following types of insulin can be used in this patient for the rapid action required during mealtimes?? {'A': 'Insulin detemir', 'B': 'NPH insulin', 'C': 'Insulin lispro', 'D': 'Insulin glargine', 'E': 'NPH and regular insulin'},
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C: Insulin lispro
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a routine physical exam. The patient has no specific complaints but does comment on some mild weight gain. She reports that she recently retired from her job as a math teacher and has taken up hiking. Despite the increase in activity, she believes her pants have become "tighter." She denies headaches, urinary symptoms, or joint pains. She has a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Her medications include aspirin, lisinopril, rovastatin, metformin, and methotrexate. She takes her medications as prescribed and is up to date with her vaccinations. A colonoscopy two years ago and a routine mammography last year were both normal. The patient’s last menstrual period was 10 years ago. The patient has a father who died of colon cancer at 71 years of age and a mother who has breast cancer. Her temperature is 98.7°F (37°C), blood pressure is 132/86 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, respirations are 14/min and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a mildly distended abdomen and a firm and non-mobile right adnexal mass. What is the next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Abdominal MRI', 'B': 'CA-125 level', 'C': 'Exploratory laparotomy and debulking', 'D': 'Pelvic ultrasound', 'E': 'PET-CT'},
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D: Pelvic ultrasound
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, and pedal edema for 3 months. Four months ago, he was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and is currently receiving therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min and blood pressure is 96/70 mm Hg. Examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. There is jugular venous distention. The jugular venous pressure rises with inspiration. Breath sounds are decreased at lung base bilaterally. Cardiac examination reveals an early diastolic sound over the left sternal border. The abdomen is distended and shifting dullness test is positive. An ECG shows low-amplitude QRS complexes. Chest x-ray shows small pleural effusions bilaterally and calcifications over the left cardiac silhouette. Echocardiography shows a 40% decrease in the velocity of peak diastolic blood flow across the mitral valve during inspiration. A cardiac catheterization shows elevated right ventricular diastolic pressure with characteristic dip-and-plateau waveform. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Implantable cardioverter defibrillator', 'B': 'Colchicine therapy', 'C': 'Pericardiectomy', 'D': 'Metoprolol therapy', 'E': 'Heart transplantation'},
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C: Pericardiectomy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 78-year-old left-handed woman with hypertension and hyperlipidemia is brought to the emergency room because of sudden-onset right leg weakness and urinary incontinence. Neurologic examination shows decreased sensation over the right thigh. Muscle strength is 2/5 in the right lower extremity and 4/5 in the right upper extremity. Strength and sensation in the face are normal but she has difficulty initiating sentences and she is unable to write her name. The most likely cause of this patient’s condition is an occlusion of which of the following vessels?? {'A': 'Right anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Right vertebrobasilar artery', 'C': 'Left posterior cerebral artery', 'D': 'Right middle cerebral artery', 'E': 'Left anterior cerebral artery'},
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E: Left anterior cerebral artery
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his father 10 minutes after falling into a frozen lake during ice fishing. He was in the water for less than 1 minute before his father managed to pull him out. On arrival, his clothes are still wet and he appears scared. His body temperature is 36.2°C (97.1°F), pulse is 102/min, blood pressure is 133/88 mm Hg. Which of the following mechanisms contributes most to maintaining this patient's core body temperature?? {'A': 'Increase in hypothalamic set point', 'B': 'Involuntary muscular contractions', 'C': 'Contraction of arrector pili muscles', 'D': 'Inhibition of the thyroid axis', 'E': 'Activation of thermogenin'},
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B: Involuntary muscular contractions
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old construction worker presents with gradually worsening shortness of breath for the past several months and left pleuritic chest pain for 2 weeks. He denies fever, cough, night sweats, wheezing, or smoking. He is recently diagnosed with hypertension and started amlodipine 10 days ago. He has been working in construction for the last 25 years and before that, he worked at a ship dry-dock for 15 years. Physical exam reveals bilateral crackles at the lung bases. Chest X-ray reveals bilateral infiltrates at the lung bases. Pulmonary function tests show a slightly increased FEV1/FVC ratio, but total lung volume is decreased. CT scan shows pleural scarring. What of the following conditions is the most likely explanation in this case?? {'A': 'Asbestosis', 'B': 'Drug-induced interstitial lung disease', 'C': 'Sarcoidosis', 'D': 'Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis', 'E': 'Tuberculosis'},
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A: Asbestosis
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Q:A 26-year-old man presents to his primary doctor with one week of increasing weakness. He reports that he first noticed difficulty walking while attending his sister's graduation last week, and yesterday he had difficulty taking his coffee cup out of the microwave. He remembers having nausea and vomiting a few weeks prior, but other than that has no significant medical history. On exam, he has decreased reflexes in his bilateral upper and lower extremities, with intact sensation. If a lumbar puncture is performed, which of the following results are most likely?? {'A': 'High neutrophils, high protein, low glucose, high opening pressure', 'B': 'High lymphocytes, normal protein, normal glucose, normal opening pressure', 'C': 'High lymphocytes, high protein, low glucose, high opening pressure', 'D': 'Normal cell count, high protein, normal glucose, normal opening pressure', 'E': 'Normal cell count, normal protein, normal glucose, normal opening pressure'},
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D: Normal cell count, high protein, normal glucose, normal opening pressure
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Q:A newborn is found to have cystic fibrosis during routine newborn screening. The parents, both biochemists, are curious about the biochemical basis of their newborn's condition. The pediatrician explains that the mutation causing cystic fibrosis affects the CFTR gene which codes for the CFTR channel. Which of the following correctly describes the pathogenesis of the most common CFTR mutation?? {'A': 'Insufficient CFTR channel production', 'B': 'Defective post-translational glycosylation of the CFTR channel', 'C': 'Excess CFTR channel production', 'D': 'Defective post-translational hydroxylation of the CFTR channel', 'E': 'Defective post-translational phosphorylation of the CFTR channel'},
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B: Defective post-translational glycosylation of the CFTR channel
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 27-year-old G2P1 female gives birth to a baby girl at 33 weeks gestation. The child is somnolent with notable difficulty breathing. Pulse pressure is widened. She is profusely cyanotic. Auscultation is notable for a loud single S2. An echocardiogram demonstrates an enlarged heart and further studies show blood from the left ventricle entering the pulmonary circulation as well as the systemic circulation. Which of the following processes was most likely abnormal in this patient?? {'A': 'Closure of an aorticopulmonary shunt', 'B': 'Formation of an atrioventricular valve', 'C': 'Formation of the interatrial septum', 'D': 'Spiraling of the truncal and bulbar ridges', 'E': 'Formation of the aorticopulmonary septum'},
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E: Formation of the aorticopulmonary septum
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Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for a well-child examination. He has been healthy and has met all development milestones. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 97th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. His vital signs are within normal limits. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Auscultation of the heart shows a high-frequency, midsystolic click that is best heard at the fifth left intercostal space. Oral examination shows a high-arched palate. He has abnormally long, slender fingers and toes. The patient is asked to clasp the wrist of the opposite hand and the little finger and thumb overlap. Slit lamp examination shows superotemporal lens subluxation bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Karyotyping', 'B': 'Echocardiography', 'C': 'Thyroid biopsy', 'D': 'IGF-1 measurement', 'E': 'Measure plasma homocysteine concentration'},
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B: Echocardiography
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Q:A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 8-month history of fatigue, intermittent postprandial abdominal bloating and discomfort, foul-smelling, watery diarrhea, and a 7-kg (15-lb) weight loss. She developed a pruritic rash on her knees 3 days ago. Physical examination shows several tense, excoriated vesicles on the knees bilaterally. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Her hemoglobin concentration is 8.2 g/dL and mean corpuscular volume is 76 μm3. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies', 'B': 'Intraluminal esophageal membrane', 'C': 'Periodic acid-Schiff-positive macrophages', 'D': 'Elevated serum amylase concentration', 'E': 'Positive hydrogen breath test'},
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A: IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presented for her annual physical examination. She mentioned that her family history had changed since her last visit: her mother was recently diagnosed with breast cancer and her sister tested positive for the BRCA2 mutation. The patient, therefore, requested testing as well. If the patient tests positive for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, which of the following is the best screening approach?? {'A': 'Annual clinical breast exams, annual mammography, and monthly self-breast exams', 'B': 'Twice-yearly clinical breast exams, annual mammography, annual breast MRI, and breast self-exams', 'C': 'Annual ultrasound, annual mammography, and monthly self-breast exams', 'D': 'Order magnetic resonance imaging of the breast', 'E': 'Refer to radiation therapy'},
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B: Twice-yearly clinical breast exams, annual mammography, annual breast MRI, and breast self-exams
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Which of the following patient presentations would be expected in an infant with defective LFA-1 integrin (CD18) protein on phagocytes, in addition to recurrent bacterial infections?? {'A': 'Eczema and thrombocytopenia', 'B': 'Skin infections with absent pus formation, delayed umbilicus separation', 'C': 'Cardiac defects, hypoparathyroidism, palatal defects, and learning disabilities', 'D': 'Chronic diarrhea, oral candidiasis, severe infections since birth, absent thymic shadow', 'E': 'Progressive neurological impairment and cutaneous telangiectasia'},
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B: Skin infections with absent pus formation, delayed umbilicus separation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with his fourth episode of wheezing and dyspnea. His symptoms are exacerbated by mold and pollen. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in this patient?? {'A': 'Abnormal chest radiograph', 'B': 'Normal FEV1', 'C': 'Sputum eosinophils', 'D': 'Normal FEV1/FVC', 'E': 'Ground glass opacities on chest CT'},
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C: Sputum eosinophils
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old man is referred for an endocrinology consult because of decreased triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels. He presented to the emergency department 1 week prior to this consultation with pneumonia and was admitted to a medicine service for management of his infection. He has since recovered from his infection after intravenous antibiotic administration. He currently has no symptoms and denies feeling cold or lethargic. A panel of laboratory tests are obtained with the following results: Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 4.7 µU/mL Thyroxine (T4): 6 µg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3): 68 ng/dL Which of the following additional findings would most likely also be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Decreased free T3 concentration', 'B': 'Decreased reverse T3 concentration', 'C': 'Increased free T3 concentration', 'D': 'Increased reverse T3 concentration', 'E': 'Normal free and reverse T3 concentration'},
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D: Increased reverse T3 concentration
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 29-year-old woman presents to a physician for evaluation of palpitations, increased sweating, and unintentional weight loss despite a good appetite. She also reports difficulty swallowing and voice changes. All of the symptoms have developed over the past 6 months. The patient has no concurrent illnesses and takes no medications. The vital signs include the following: blood pressure 125/80 mm Hg, heart rate 106/min, respiratory rate 15/min, and temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉). The physical examination was significant for increased perspiration, fine digital tremors, and a small mass on the posterior aspect of the tongue, which moves with movements of the tongue. There is no neck swelling. The thyroid profile is as follows: Triiodothyronine (T3) 191 ng/dL (2.93 nmol/L) Thyroxine (T4), total 22 µg/dL (283.1 nmol/L) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.2 µU/mL (0.2 mU/L) A radioiodine thyroid scan reveals hyper-functional thyroid tissue at the base of the patient’s tongue. Which of the following statements is correct?? {'A': 'This patient is at increased risk of thyroid carcinoma development.', 'B': 'Most often in such a condition, there is an additional thyroid tissue elsewhere in the neck.', 'C': 'There is a male predilection for this condition.', 'D': 'This is the rarest location for ectopic thyroid tissue.', 'E': 'This condition results from a failure of caudal migration of thyroid tissue.'},
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E: This condition results from a failure of caudal migration of thyroid tissue.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 2-month-old girl is admitted to the hospital because of a 1-day history of fever and difficulty breathing. She has also had nasal congestion for 2 days. She was born at 28 weeks' gestation and weighed 1105 g (2 lb 7 oz); she currently weighs 2118 g (4 lb 11 oz). Her neonatal course was complicated by respiratory distress syndrome. She required supplemental oxygen for 36 days following birth. She was diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia 3 weeks ago. The infant missed an appointment with the pediatrician 2 weeks ago. Her only medication is vitamin D drops. She appears lethargic. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.4°F), pulse is 160/min, respirations are 55/min, and blood pressure is 80/45 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 87%. Physical examination shows moderate subcostal retractions. Wheezing is heard on auscultation of the chest. Her hemoglobin concentration is 10.5 g/dL, leukocyte count is 13,000/mm3, and platelet count is 345,000/mm3. Mechanic ventilatory support is initiated. After 4 days in the pediatric intensive care unit, the patient dies. Administration of which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's outcome?? {'A': 'Ribavirin', 'B': 'Postnatal glucocorticoid', 'C': 'Ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin', 'E': 'Palivizumab'},
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E: Palivizumab
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the emergency department with the complaint of pain and swelling of the proximal joint in the third finger of his right hand. The pain is so severe that it woke him up from sleep this morning. He has never had an episode like this before. The patient has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the last 25 years and drinks alcohol heavily each weekend. His friend threw a party last night where he drank 3–4 beers and was unable to drive back home. He has no past medical illness. His mother died of pancreatic cancer at age 55, and his father died of a stroke 2 years ago. His temperature is 37.7°C (100°F), blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, pulse is 104/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 25 kg/m2. The patient is in moderate distress due to the pain. On examination, the proximal interphalangeal joint of the third finger of his right hand is very tender to touch, swollen, warm, and slightly red in color. Range of motion cannot be assessed due to extreme tenderness. The patient’s right hand is shown in the image. Laboratory investigation Complete blood count: Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL Leukocytes 16,000/mm3 Platelets 150,000/mm3 ESR 55mm/hr Synovial fluid is aspirated from the joint. The findings are: Appearance Cloudy, dense yellow WBC 30,000 cells/µL Culture Negative Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals are seen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Pseudogout', 'B': 'Chronic gout', 'C': 'Septic arthritis', 'D': 'Acute gout', 'E': 'Reactive arthritis'},
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D: Acute gout
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician because his parents are concerned that he has been unable to keep up with his classmates at school. He is at the 4th percentile for height and at the 15th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows dysmorphic facial features. Psychologic testing shows impaired intellectual and adaptive functions. Genetic analysis shows a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7. Which of the following is the most likely additional finding in this patient?? {'A': 'Hand flapping movements', 'B': 'Brushfield spots on the iris', 'C': 'Testicular enlargement', 'D': 'Absent thymus gland', 'E': 'Supravalvular aortic stenosis'},
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E: Supravalvular aortic stenosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of generalized fatigue, myalgia, and fever. He has sickle cell disease. His current medications include hydroxyurea and folic acid. He appears ill. His temperature is 39.2°C (102.6°F), pulse is 103/min, and respirations are 28/min. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings, His hemoglobin concentration is 10.3 g/dL and leukocyte count is 14,100/mm3. Intravenous fluid is administered and blood cultures are obtained. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?? {'A': 'Levofloxacin', 'B': 'Prednisone', 'C': 'Vancomycin', 'D': 'Clindamycin', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone'},
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E: Ceftriaxone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 8-month-old female infant from a first-degree consanguinous couple was brought to the physican because the mother noticed abnormalities in the growth of her child as well as the different lengths of her child's legs. The infant had gingival hyperplasia, restricted movement in both shoulders, a prominent, pointed forehead, and enophthalmos with a slight opacity in both corneas. A blood test revealed 10 fold higher than normal levels of the following enzymes: N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase, ß-glucuronidase, ß-hexosaminidase A, and alkaline phosphatase. Which of the following is most likely deficient in this patient?? {'A': 'Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase', 'B': 'Lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase', 'C': 'Glucocerebrosidase', 'D': 'N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphotransferase', 'E': 'Alpha-galactosidase A'},
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D: N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphotransferase
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