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(a) Aversive associative memory performance at 3 min after training (STM) of 3-d-old (3 d) Spd1mM+ and Spd5mM+ flies in comparison to Spd− flies (n = 8-9 independent experiments, F = 2.28, one-way-ANOVA with Bonferroni correction).
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(G) Lysates from nocodazole (Noc.)-treated HeLa CCL2 cells were mixed with either control (phosphate-buffered saline only, +PBS), 10 μg/ml of high-affinity Plk1 PBD binding phospho-peptide (PLHSpT, +P), or 10 μg/ml of non-phospho-peptide (PLHST, +NP). The resulting cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Plk1 antibody. Precipitates were subjected to immunoblot analysis. Immunoblotting with anti-Dvl2 antibody represents a positive control of phospho-peptide (PLHSpT, +P) competition for Plk1 binding. Hyperphosphorylated β-catenin (red arrowhead) was distinguished from non-/less-phosphorylated β-catenin (blue arrowhead) by slower migration during SDS-PAGE.
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(A) Chimeric mice with more than 50% wild-type contribution do not exhibit wasting. Weekly weights for each of the mice were recorded from 4 wk until the mice were sacrificed. For wild-type and npc1−/− homozygous mice, the curve shown is the mean weight from three to four mice. A progressive decrease in weight of npc1 mice begins to show around 7 wk. The chimeric mice display a delay in, or even absence of, wasting depending on the amount of wild-type contribution.
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Cell death analysis by Celigo of PI-positive HS-SY-II cells. Cells were treated with the indicated agents for 24 hrs (HS-SY-II). DMSO (Unt), TNF (100 ng/ml) and SM (100 ng/ml) SM represents SM-164. Error bars represent SD. Displayed are representative results from n=3, and statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired t-test, *** P ≤ 0.001.
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a, spr-4(by105) worms incubated continuously with paraquat (5 mM) exhibit increased mortality rescued by wild-type SPR-4 or human REST. Shown is a representative experiment replicated three times.
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Appearance of tracer in AV. Cells were allowed to endocytose tracer particles continuously for the designated periods of time. At each time, random sections were searched for AV+, and AV+/500 cell profiles were plotted. The number of cell profiles examined (denominator) and the respective number of AV+ scored (numerator) are listed above the graph.
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(f-i) Localization of DICER (monoclonal antibody 13D6) detected with anti-mouse IgG (10 nm gold beads) by electron microscopy in CQ- (20 μM, 12 h) treated HeLa cells. Mito, mitochondria; MVB, multivesicular body. The black arrows highlight all gold beads.
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D In wt Ub (left), Ser65 forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone amide of Gln62. Upon phosphorylation (right), an oxygen atom from the phosphate forms the same backbone hydrogen bond.
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(C-D) ChIP assay to analyze binding of TDP-43 to VPS4B promoter region in rat cortical neurons, HEK293 cells and human brain tissue. PCR reaction from input, negative control and TDP-43 immunoprecipitates. Signal intensities from at least three independent experiments for each condition were quantified by densitometry and depicted as percent of input.
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C IF analysis for selected markers in mouse prostate tissue and organoid sections (scale bar = 50 μm).
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Paneth cell quantification on Lgr5-DTReGFP ileums. Each symbol indicates the value for a given embryo.
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(C, D) Different truncations of ATG14L (C) were co-transfected with Myc-tagged PAQR3 into HEK293T cells as indicated, followed by IP and IB.
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A Shown is a phylogenetic tree of the PglZ protein instances detected in this study. The tree is color‐coded according to the operon organization of the neighboring genes (BREX types). The gene order and genomic organization of each type is illustrated next to its relevant branch on the PglZ tree. Numbers depict bootstrap values.B Prevalence of the different BREX subtypes within the BREX superfamily of defense systems among the sequenced genomes that were analyzed.
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E 3D images acquired on a light sheet microscope of whole cleared young and aged thyroid glands stained with α-SMA and Emcn. Asterisks indicate higher magnifications of regions. Combo plots show quantifications of vessel density and numbers of arteries in young and aged thyroid glands.
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Migration of HCT116 cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs or negative control. (n = 4)
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C) Distribution of cells per experimental group over the different clusters, expressed in percentages as stated on top of each bar. E.g. of all cells within APPtg-11M, 56.7% of cells are ARM, while 12.5% are HM.1 cells.
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H Representative pictures of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of brown adipose tissue from HFD-fed control and ad-FADDmice are shown. Scale bar = 50 μm. Shown are typical results from four different fields and three different experiments.
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(E) Mms21-dependent in vitro sumoylation of separase at Lys-1034. Myc beads were loaded with separase-WT or -K1034R or left empty (last lane), combined with recombinant Ubc9 and/or Mms21, as indicated, and incubated in presence of His6-Sumo2, Sae1-Sae2 and ATP. Supernatant and washed beads were analysed by Coomassie staining (lower panels) and immunoblotting (upper panels), respectively
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(E) Protein quality control of terminal organelle assembly mediated by Lon. Top of panel E, a schematic representation of the genetic organization at the P65 operon after deleting the N-terminal region of the hmw2 gene in the ΔIndLon mutant. The expected PCR products for the deletion are also indicated. Below, an agarose electrophoresis gel showing the PCR validation of the intended deletion, and SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses monitoring the expression of specific terminal organelle proteins, whose stability depend on HMW2, for ΔIndLon or ΔIndLon_Δhmw2Nt cell lysates grown in inducing (+) or depleting (-) conditions (48h of depletion). LC, loading control.
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Male, GADD45β+/+ (WT; n=6) or GADD45β-/- mice (KO; n=4) were fed ad libitum (fed) or fasted for 24h (fasted), and subsequently refed for 24h. O2 consumption rate (A), CO2 production rate (B) and respiratory exchange ratio (C) were measured by indirect calorimetry.
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Representative images of filipin staining in GBM cells treated with different concentrations of 24OHC (0 - 20 μM) for 72 h. Scale bar = 30 μm.
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Lower panel: Experimental validation of proliferation upon combined inhibitor treatment and 5 U/ml Epo stimulation. Proliferation was measured as cell numbers after 14 h (mCFU-E) or 38 h (BaF3-EpoR, 32D-EpoR) with Coulter Counter. Maximum was scaled to 1
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d (left) In the three-chamber sociability test Grin2aS/S mutants had a significantly reduced preference to explore the stimulus mouse over the object compared to Grin2a+/S and Grin2a+/+ littermates. d (right) Occupancy heat maps in the three-chamber sociability test show a representative example of a Grin2aS/S mouse with a reduced preference for another mouse versus an inanimate object. The social preference is visible for Grin2a+/+ and Grin2a+/S mice. The occupancy is color-coded separately for each group and translates to a % given in white numbers on the key for each genotype.
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(a) Effect of steroids on MERS-CoV replication. Vero cells were infected with MERS-CoV at MOI = 0.01 in the presence of steroids for 24 h. The viral titer in the cell supernatant was quantified by standard plaque assay using Vero/TMPRSS2 cells. Cell viability in the presence of steroids was quantified by WST assay at 24 hours post-infection (hpi).
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EVs isolated from donor BMDMs were transferred to recipient cells or mice followed by subsequent readout of inflammatory response markers.
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(B) Representative H&E, COX, and SDH staining of quadriceps from WTFlx and Ndufs3-Mlc1f smKO at 8 months old.
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Expanded sense G4C2 and antisense C4G2 repeats are translated into polyGA, polyGR and polyPG DPR proteins through initiation to near-cognate codons or a cognate ATG codon embedded in a poor Kozac sequence. Concomitantly, expanded G4C2 repeats promote epigenetic DNA changes that inhibit promoter 1b activity, ultimately resulting in decreased expression of the C9ORF72 protein. Reduced expression of C9ORF72 leads to suboptimal autophagy that promotes the toxic accumulation of polyGA, polyGR and polyPG DPR proteins, ultimately resulting into neuronal cell death.
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C) Number of PVs was calculated using HFFs grown on coverslips and stimulated with 10 U/mL IFNγ for 24 h. Following stimulation, HFFs were infected with either RH (MOI=1) or Pru (MOI=3) for another 24 h. Coverslips were fixed and stained with GRA7 for parasite PVM and Hoechst 33258 for nuclei. The number of PVs in 5-6 fields of the coverslips were counted for each condition and normalized with the number of host cells in each field. Experiments were performed with RH (n=3), Pru (n=3). Representative images of percentage infected cells for each strain and condition are provided. Scale bar is 100 µm.
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Figure 6. RuBisCO activity and RuBisCO activation state is increased in the hda14 mutant under low light conditions. (A) RuBisCO initial and total activity in WT and hda14 in low light treated plants. Initial activity was measured directly upon extraction. For the total activity samples were incubated with H2CO3 for 3 minutes to fully carbamylate the active site of RuBisCO (n = 10, *t-test p-value < 0.05).
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(E) T47D-MTVL cells transfected with control siRNA or siRNA against BRM and BRG1 (B/B) were induced or not with hormone, subjected to MNase-seq and the positioning scores were calculated as previously reported (Gaffney et al., 2012). The increase in positioning after hormone in repressed genes found in Q1 was not observed when the ATPases are missing. (***) P-value < 0.001.
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(G) Immunoelectron micrographs of HeLa-GFP-Parkin cells expressing FLAG-NDP52. Cells treated for 2 h with valinomycin and bafilomycin A1 with or without epoxomicin, were processed for immune-electron microscopy with anti-FLAG antibody. Images are representative of ten cells. Arrow, immunogold labeled FLAG-NDP52. Mito, mitochondrion; MP, mitophagosome. Scale bars, 200 nm
|
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(E) Representative immunoblots for Sar1, Sec23, Sec24D, and GAPDH, and relative protein levels of Sar1, Sec23, and Sec24D in control (open bars) and Brucella-infected (solid bars) cells. GAPDH was used for normalization. The intensity of the bands was quantified using the MultiGauge software, and the results are shown in the bar graphs. The protein levels in control cells were assigned the value 1. Data are means ± SD from three independent experiments. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
|
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(B) Summary analysis of the nuclear envelope continuity was analyzed based on staining of the nuclear envelope with primary anti-lamin B, and FITC-labeled secondary antibody.
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Schematic representation of the adult MB. The bundled γ-KCs form the γ-lobe (an example of a single γ-KC is depicted in green). The γ1-γ5 zones are defined by stereotyped and tiled innervations of the γ-lobe by dopaminergic neurons (DANs; examples of DANs targeting the γ4 and γ5 zones are depicted in red and orange, respectively) and MB output neurons (MBONs; an example of the γ4>γ1γ2 MBON innervation is shown in cyan to match the schematics in Figure 7E-F; note that its cell body and innervations are located in contralateral hemispheres). Black dashed line represents the midline. Magenta represents typical FasII staining (which stains the α/β lobes and the γ-lobe but not the α'/β' lobes).
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C. Immunostaining of γ-H2AX foci in wild-type plants and mutant cells after two hours of treatment with 50µM cisplatin.D. Counted number of γ-H2AX foci per cell detected after two hours of treatment with 50µM cisplatin in wild-type and mutant plants. For each sample the γ-H2AX foci of 100 cells were counted and grouped into six categories: cells with no, 1-2, 3-5, 6-10, 11-20 and more than 20 foci per cell.
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Surface view of Trs85 colored by ConSurf analysis. On the left is the conservation across model organisms and humans, on the right conservation was estimated based on more closely related species. The TRAPP core binding region is highly conserved.
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C Transcript levels of Ucp1, Pgc1α, Adrb3, retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1), zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) were quantified in sWAT of WT and KO mice after 25 weeks on a HFD (n=4-5). Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. ; unpaired student's t-test
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Representative maximum intensity z-stack-projected images of DAPI-stained (blue) AC16 exposed to 18°C and returned to 37°C for the time periods indicated, probed by RNA-FISH for REV-ERBα
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Demyelination shown by luxol fast blue staining (LFB) (panel 1) and axonal degeneration shown by α-SMI-32 (panel 2) observed sites of polySer accumulation shown by a-SerCT2 (panel 3) in deep cerebellar white matter was found in SCA8 autopsy tissue but not in control brains (n=3).
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A TNT-like connection containing Alexa-488 α-syn positive puncta is found in neurons at 1 DIV stained with phalloidin (white) and DAPI (blue). The insets (right panels) show the 3D reconstruction of the area depicted in the expanded field image (left).
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D, Scatterplot representation of Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the rhythmic transcripts
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(E) ATP production (pmol/min) (n=8). Error bars represent ±SD from eight independent experiments. Data information: For graph the P values was determined by a Mann-Whitney U test. ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
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A. Density plots showing average ChIP-seq signals with 95% confidence intervals of the mean indicated in grey. y-axes show mean Tags per Million (TPM). Data were obtained using the 2ac ESCs line #4. TSSs were classified as 'Bound' if containing binding sites for both Jmjd2a and Jmjd2c within +/- 1kb (see Fig 4F), or 'Not bound' if neither protein binds within the same region.
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(D-E) Detection of Sμ DNA double-strand breaks by LM-PCR in CH12F3-2A cells transfected with the indicated siRNA combinations. The DNA samples were either left untreated (none) or treated with indicated end processing enzymes prior to linker ligation.
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D Alignment of DENND2B sequence from different species flanking the Ser-30 residue. PKD and 14-3-3 consensus motifs are shown on the bottom.
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(F-G) Overexpression of CH25H restricts SARS-CoV-2 entry. Calu-3 cells transduced with lentivirus overexpressing CH25H or empty vector were infected with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus encoding Fluc or EGFP and pseudovirus infection was quantified by luciferase assay (F) or visualized by fluorescence microscopy (G).
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IFN-α induced mRNA level of cTAZ. RKO cells were treated with different doses of IFN-α for 8 hours. RNA levels were measured by qPCR. Error bars indicate SD, n = 3. ***P<0.001; two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis.
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(C) HeLa cells transfected with the indicated construct were monitored for their capacity to form IR-induced BRCA1 foci. HeLa cells where POGZ has been targeted by CRISPR technology (POGZ∆-1) and in control HeLa cells (sgCtrl) were transfected by an empty Flag vector (EV) or a sgRNA-resistant FLAG-tagged POGZ cDNA construct corresponding to indicated rescue mutant (full-length, FL; POGZ801-848, HPZ). Cells were exposed to 1 Gy before being pulsed with Edu for 1hr and were recovered 1h post-exposure to IR. Cells were fixed, stained, and imaged via confocal microscopy. Data are the total number of ΒRCA1 foci in EdU+ cells and represented as a bar graph showing the mean ± SD (n = 3 biological replicates, with at least 100 cells analyzed for each time point). Significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett's test. *P<0.05, **P<0.0001. (D) Representative images used for quantification in (C). Scale bar = 5 μm.
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a-c) BJAB lymphoma cells stably expressing mCherry-GFP-LC3 were serially cultured at log phase followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for cells with high and low autophagic flux using the ratio of mCherry/GFP. Cells were then re-plated in growth medium and autophagic flux was again measured by flow cytometry at the indicated time points (median ratio of mCherry/GFP fluorescence ± s.e.m., n = 3 wells). Lysates from cells collected at the indicated time points were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies (b). Representative flow cytometry histograms for cells at 0 h and 24 h after sorting (c).
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Primary murine dermal fibroblasts, which had been treated with recombinant activin A at different concentrations, were analyzed for BrdU incorporation. N=3-4.
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F) MCF10A WT or two independent clones for IRF7 KO cells were pretreated with DMSO or AZD6738 (250 nM) for 2 hours, and then irradiated with 20 Gy, 3 days later, cells were harvested for immunoblotting with indicated antibodies.
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F) RT-qPCR of RB and GAPDH of the MDM2-immunoprecipitation from the polysomal fractionation (see EV2D). Data are representative of three similar independent experiments.
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(E) Stills of representative Hela cells expressing Lifeact-GFP and H2B-mCherry at 10 mins following forced mitotic exit with siControl, siRACGAP1, DMSO and 2µM ZM447439 treatment. Control siRNA, RACGAP1 siRNA and DMSO treated cells show clearance of actin from the cortex close to the DNA, while ZM447439 treated cells fail to clear actin, quantified in (F). Note, failure in actin accumulation in RACGAP1 depleted cell, asterisk. Scale bar - 10 µm
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MDM cells treated with TRIM21 siRNA were infected with VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 reporter and then detected 48 h later by flow cytometry analysis (n=3, mean±SD, ** P < 0.01, paired t-test).
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Cells were infected at the indicated multiplicity of infection (MOI) and analyzed after 20h. A. TMPRSS2 increases fusion and cell mortality. Right panel: Areas of GFP+ cells and PI+ cells
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MetO sites were analyzed by mass spectrometry using the Mascot program Representative mass spectrometry analysis demonstrating identification of MetO192 peptide on Parkin. The nonparametric t test was performed for comparisons of 2 groups. Analysis was performed with Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc, La Jolla, CA). A difference of P<0.05 was considered significant.
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A. Schematic representation of the human FBXL4 protein with amino acid positions of mutations found in patients (P1, P2 and P3). Relative positions of the F-box, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and antagonist of mitotic exit network protein 1 (AMN1) domains are shown.
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A) Schematic of the Fft2 protein showing the location of the catalytic function-abrogating point mutation K581R. Error bars represent standard deviation of reverse transcriptions of biological duplicates.
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(H) 293T cells were transfected with HA-AMPKα1 alone or together with Flag-CaMKK2 for 48 h and then cultured with cystine-deficient medium or complete medium for 8 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag, and then, WB analysis was performed.
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(A) Verification of COUP-TFII loss- and gain-of-function cell lines generated by CRISPR-Cas9 and an inducible lentiviral construct in pericyte-like cell line C3H/10T1/2 in vitro (n=6), ****p<0.0001 by paired t-test.
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(E,F) Representative immunofluorescence images (E) and quantification (F) of PML NBs (green) and SUMO 2/3 (red) in J-Lat 9.2 cells left latent or reactivated for 24 hours with 10μM TPA. Cells were imaged by STED microscopy, scale bar 2 μm.
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(D) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates (fibronectin and β-tubulin (loading control)) and concentrated cell culture supernatant (TGFβ) from Hs578T cells with knockdown of fibronectin. Ponceau staining is shown as the loading control for the western blot with concentrated culture supernatant. A representative blot from 3 biological repeats is shown.
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D. Co-localization analysis by intensity plot of GFP UTRN-mini, mCherry UTRN-ABD and SiR-Actin fluorescence using line scan of the region as indicated by the yellow line in C.
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C Immunoblotting of ATF4 in MeWo cells stably transduced with empty vector (EV) or indicated sh-LDHAs. Data information: Statistical analysis was performed by ordinary one-way Anova for the comparison of more than two groups.
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F Western blot analysis of GFP, endogenous phospho-mTOR, total mTOR, in NHF and Lowe 1676 cells. NHF and Lowe 1676 cells were left untransfected, transfected with GFP-SSX2IP-WT or GFP-PACT-SSX2IP, then immunoblotted with indicated antibodies.
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M Western blot analysis of Viperin in RAW264.7 treated with NMS873 (10 μM), together with additional NaCl (+34 mM), and then treated with mIFNβ (500 IU/ml) for 12 hrs. Data information: Data are representative of at least two biological replicates.
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(G) Schematic representation of the human NR2F1 protein sequence, showing novel variants of a new BBSOAS patient cohort. Key aminoacids for the functioning of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) or the ligand-binding domain (LBD) are listed in boxes.
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Light-induced optoDroplet formation of the indicated Cry2-mCherry-53BP1 constructs. Cells were imaged at 15 seconds intervals. Representative images and quantifications of optoDroplet formation before and 6 minutes after light induction are shown. Quantifications from single-cell QIBC analysis of 2-3 independent experiments are shown with mean (solid line) and standard deviation from the mean (dashed lines) indicated. Red bars indicate the part of 53BP1 that was expressed as Cry2-mCherry fusion.
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Figure 3b. CDK12 inhibition down-regulates DNA damage- and cell cycle-related genes. GO analysis using the Gorilla webserver of enriched cellular functions in 1491 genes down-regulated (log2 fold-change <-1.0; p<0.01) in 3'end RNA-seq data upon CDK12 inhibition. Functions related to DNA replication and cell cycle are marked by the red rectangle.
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E) Evaluation of pyruvate content in HUVECs stimulated with COCO for 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 hours. *P=0.0244; (n=4).
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B: Kaplan Mayer test shows an improved lifespan of Mecp2 null CX546 treated animals compared to Mecp2 null control animals. Sample size: wt=11, ko=16, ko treated with CX546=11. Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test was used to compare the two groups. **: p-value<0.01.
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F, HAT assay with purified BRPF1/3 complexes on H3 peptides unmodified or acetylated (ac)/methylated (me) at K14 and K27, respectively.
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D. Blocking of O-GlcNAcylation reduced the amount of LRP6. HEK293 cells were treated with OSMI-1 (50 μM) and Bafilomycin A1 (100 nM) for 6 h. Cells were lysed and the cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting.
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(A) KPC tumor growth delay after treatment with either 12 Gy (day 0), anti-PD-L1 (days 0, 3, 6 and 9; black arrows), anti-CD8 alone (days 0 3, 6 and 9) or their combinations, as indicated.
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The dimerization domain of the shoulder. Subunits from the lower subdomain are colored, with p50-A in red, p50-B in pink and p150 in purple. * marks equivalent features in D.
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I-K. Time-lapse of SKIP-mediated transport of late endosomes. I. Schematic representation of tamoxifen-induced activation of SKIP onto endosomal membranes. J/K. Live HeLa cells co-expressing GFP-ER-SKIP (green) and mCherry-Rab7 (magenta) together with HA-RILP (unstained) expressed at low levels (cells transfected at 1:5 RILP:SKIP ratio) were imaged in the J. absence or K. presence of tamoxifen, allowing on-demand association of SKIP with endosomal membranes. Confocal frames from time-lapses taken at the indicated time-points following treatment are shown. Cell and nuclear boundaries are demarcated with solid and dashed lines respectively, zoom insets (3x) highlight select peripheral (PP) and perinuclear (PN) cell regions, scale bars: 10µm
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(E) Retinal whole mounts of AAV-injected mice immunolabelled for the RGC marker Brn3A to indicate cell survival.
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VillinCreERT2 RosaSnai1 organoids treated with tamoxifen show slower growth after 2 and 4 days of treatment compared to controls. Scale bars: 50 μm.Quantification of viable cells in VillinCreERT RosaSnai1 organoids treated with tamoxifen compared to control growth over 4 days. Bars represent mean ± SD. n = 3 experiments per group, **P = 0.002.
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A) Two SARS-CoV-2 passage 4 stocks (black and gray) were quantified utilizing plaque assay at day two (closed circles) and day three (open circles) post infection of Vero E6 and Vero CCL81.
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(E) Immunofluorescence of HEK‐293T cells treated with DMSO or Torin 1 and stained with antibodies against endogenous TFEB and the lysosomal protein RagC (green and red, respectively, in the merge). DAPI is included in the merge. Scale bars represent 10 μM.
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Cells with and without cytoplasmic lamin B aggregates were counted and the percentage of cells with aggregates was calculated. For each experiment, 31-130 cells were examined per condition. Three biological replicates, data from one representative experiment shown.
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(E) In situ hybridization for ISLR with RNAscope probe in human mucosa, inflamed mucosa from CD and UC patients. Scale bar: 25 μm.
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Chemical inhibition of IL-1β (pg/ml) secretion after pre-incubation of macrophages from COVID-19 patients (red) for 2h with DMSO (n = 21), MMC950 (n = 21) or VX-765 (n = 8), followed by 4h incubation with S-protein and additional 2h with nigericin. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA with tukey post hoc test was used.
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2D clustering of Pearson correlation coefficients between all pairwise sample combinations of C57BL/6J (BL6) or SPRET/EiJ (SPR) allelic PAS usages from 5,264 genes (see Methods). 2D clustering of Pearson correlation coefficients between all pairwise combinations of BL6 or SPR allelic gene expression levels from 5,264 genes. All clustering was performed hierarchically using Pearson correlations between samples.
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(A) Immunoblot analysis with anti-LC3 antibody shows that NO donors reduced LC3-II levels in rat primary cortical neurons and decreased autophagosome synthesis in bafilomycin A1-treated rat primary cortical neurons and HeLa cells.
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B. Accessible surface area for each residue in the VAMP8 SNARE-domain (calculated from PDB: 4WY4). The 16 SNARE-layers are all buried inside the SNARE-complex with minimal surface accessibility. The 4 phosphorylation sites (T47, T53, S54, S61) all have low accessible surface areas.C. Sequence of ratVAMP8 SNARE-domain compared to VAMP7 and VAMP2 (synaptobrevin). The 16 layers in the SNARE-domain are highlighted in yellow and numbered below, with arginine (R) at layer zero.D. Sequence logo for the 16 layers of the v-SNAREs examined (VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, VAMP7, VAMP8, SEC22B, STXBP5, STXBP6 and YKT6) of 3790 eukaryotic sequences. Serine or threonine residues are shown in red, alanine in blue and all other in grey.
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(B) Histogram displaying the SILAC ratios (log2) of stress-induced phosphorylation sites in setup cdc55Δ (upper panel) and setup rts1Δ (lower panel) (Hollenstein et al., 2020), stratified by their Hog1-dependence (grey area versus thick black line).
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(c) As in b, using lysates from U2OS cells expressing PINK1-Myc, and Flag-Fbxo7 containing either N- or C-terminal truncations.
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E, F. Dot plots with the results of GO enrichment for genes upregulated and downregulated upon FACT depletion.
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Wild-type and PS1−/− cortical neurons were transduced with SFV-TLN (A) or -APP (B), pulse labeled for 15 min with [35S]methionine, and chased for different time periods. ImmunoprecipitatedTLN and APP were treated with EndoH and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and phosphorimaging. The accumulation of an EndoH-resistant band indicates progressive maturation during Golgi passage; however, the ratio of EndoH-resistant to -sensitive TLN (A, top) and APP (B, top) revealed no difference (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Instead, the half-life of overexpressed TLN (A, bottom), but not full-length APP (B, bottom), is significantly prolonged in neurons−/−neurons (mean ± SEM, n = 3).
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Representative confocal micrographs of co-cultures of WT and LUZP1 KO MTD-1A cells. ppMLC levels within CRs were clearly reduced in LUZP1 KO MTD-1A cells compared to those in WT MTD-1A cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.
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(B-J) Calu-3 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting MAVS or non-targeting control (siCtrl) (B-D) or treated with DMSO vehicle or inhibitors 10 μM TPCA-1 (E-G) or 2 μM Ruxolitinib (Rux) (H-J) as shown, and were mock-infected or infected with SARS-CoV-2 at MOI 0.04 TCID50VERO/cell. Virus containing conditioned media (CoM) was harvested at 48 hpi. MDM were treated with Calu-3 virus containing CoM for 6 hpi, before washing and measuring MDM gene expression (B, E, H), and MDM activation markers by flowcytometry 48 h later (C,D,F,G,I,J) , plotting relative median fluorescent intensity (MFI) compared to mock-infected siCtrl (C, D) or mock-infected DMSO control (F, G, I, J). Legends in (B), (E) and (H) apply to (C,D), (F,G) and (I,J) respectively. The inhibitors in (E) and (H) were tested side-by-side with the same mock condition. Mean +/- SEM shown, data from 4-6 independent MDM donors is shown. Statistical comparison by two-tailed paired t-test comparing MDM exposed to control infected CoM to siMAVS/inhibitor treated infected CoM. * (p<0.05), ** (p<0.01), *** (p<0.001).
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(I) Number and size of clonally expanded B cell clusters among HBHA-reactive memory B cells from two TB patients (TB35, TB29) and HCWs (HCW1, HCW 2). Cells in clusters are indicated in grey, single cells are indicated in white. No B cell clusters were shared between donors.
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(c) Immunoblotting. Jurkat T cells overexpressing ATG5 or GFP were cultured for the indicated times after transduction and analysed. As controls, cells were treated with etoposide or rapamycin. Although rapamycin, similar to etoposide, induced autophagy, no increase in ATG5 expression and no cell cycle arrest were observed. ATG5 overexpression and etoposide treatment resulted in a similar expression pattern for all proteins investigated. Each immunoblot is representative of at least three independent experiments.
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H HCT116 cells transfected with the indicated constructs were treated with actinomycin D or doxorubicin. Western blot was performed with total cell extracts and Mdm2-specific immunoprecipitates for the indicated proteins.
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C3H mice were injected with CoPP, SnPP or solvent controls (NaCl, DMSO) each second day for 5 days. Samples were collected 24 hours after the last injection. Heme oxygenase activity is increased by CoPP and decreased by SnPP in the liver as measured by gas chromatography.
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Schematic of the neural differentiation system used in this study, indicating the relevant markers that define different stages of differentiation.
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B Confocal images of HeLa cells transiently expressing GFP-CBPs or GFP. The dotted lines show each cell shape. Scale bars, 10 µm.
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NIH-3T3 cells were treated with TGFβ or mock for 48h. The medium was replaced in the last 12h of the treatment (with the same treatments as before) Glutamine consumption measured as in (g).
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(f) LC3-immunopositive punctate signals were observed in HCT116 or in stable FoxO1-RNAi HCT116 cells in response to serum starvation for 24 h or 0.5 mM H2O2 treatment. (g) Quantification of LC3-positive punctate cells in f. Data in g are means ± s. d. (n = 3).
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