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Representative confocal images of immunostaining against muHTT (red) and DARPP32 (D) showing muHTT aggregates positive for EM48 antibody in the infused striatum in neurons or astrocytes and relative quantification (E Hoechst (Ho, blue) was used to counterstain nuclei. All values are expressed as % above the mean of aggregates in the contralateral striatum of R6/2 chol-high. The data are shown as scatterplots with means±standard error. Each dot corresponds to aggregates counted in all the images from 3 animals. Scale bars: 5 µm Statistics: one‐way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison tests (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ****p<0.0001).
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(D) MKH2/MK ratios were measured in cells grown aerobically for 20 h in MHB-ca medium. Data are expressed as average ± SD of three independent experiments. * Denotes p < 0.05 compared to WT via one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's posttest.
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J, Quantification of mean PI(4,5) P2 immunoreactivity in cells. Mean ± SD, n = 16-26 cells pooled from 2 independent experiments. Student's t-test.
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Expression levels of MIR9-3 and Ai854517 correlate in mouse cerebellar development. Time points: E18, postnatal day 0, 3, 6, 9; three mice per time point.. Expression calculated as cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) hits in the transcription start site (CTSS).
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Diagram for ablation of CX3CR1+ macrophages using CX3CR1-DTR (DTR) mice. DT, diphtheria toxin.
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A. Accumulation of the HY5 protein in WT and phyB1B2 (phyB) plants grown under 20 μM Fe-EDTA in nutrient solution in a growth room. Rubisco and β-Actin were used as loading controls for leaves and roots in the western blot analysis, respectively. The values shown above each lane indicate the relative abundance of the HY5 protein.
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G The CEN activity stacked in time showing how the waves become diffuse after the perturbation is introduced.
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E IF at E10.5 for OCT4+PGCs and H3K9me2. White arrows mark OCT4+PGCs. Both Ctrl and PCKO PGCs show the absence of H3K9me2 (green) staining. Scale bar, 20 μm.
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(F) C-terminally tagged Mcp3-HA is located to mitochondria. A mitochondria enriched fraction (Mito.) and the post mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) of wild-type cells carrying the empty plasmid () or over-expressing the C-terminally HA-tagged Mcp3 (Mcp3-HA) were analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunodecortion with antibodies against the HA-Tag, the mitochondrial protein Tom40 and a marker protein for the cytosol (Hxk1). m, mature protein.
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(E) The molecular mechanisms in fatty acid synthesis (Wakil et al, 1983), and the relevance of the position of the ACP (see Fig. 6 for details) and carboxylase to the catalytic cycle is indicated (see text). ACP, acyl carrier protein; CoA, acetyl-Coenzyme A; MPT, malonyl/palmitoyl transferase; KS, ketoacyl synthase; KR, ketoacyl reductase; DH, dehydratase; ER, enoyl reductase; AT, acetyltransferase.
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g-l, SEM images of fly eyes expressing the indicated transgenes. RNAi knockdown (KD) of atg6 and atg12 enhances degeneration in DTS7 flies reared at 28 °C (compare h, i to g) and AR52 flies reared on DHT (compare k, l to j). 200 to >1,000 fly eyes of each genotype were examined. Quantitative analyses of eye phenotypes are presented in Supplementary Fig. S2. (N, nucleus; Rh, rhabdomere.)
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Scatter plots as in (A) highlighting in black subsets of known genes expressed in phagocytosis
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(B) ER-mitochondria associations and the VAPB-PTPIP51 interaction are disrupted by wild-type and ALS/FTD mutant FUS. NSC34 cells were transfected with EGFP control vector (CTRL), EGFP-FUS, EGFP-FUSR521C or EGFP-FUSR518K and proximity ligation assays performed using VAPB and PTPIP51 antibodies. FUS were detected via their EGFP tags. Scale bar=10 m. Bar chart shows relative number of proximity ligation assay signals/cell. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test; n=47-53 cells from 5 experiments. Error bars are s.e.m.; ***p<0.001.
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A. Ribbon diagram showing the 2-fold dimerization interface of Mdm12. Oxygen and nitrogen atoms are shown in red and blue, respectively. The orange dotted lines indicate intermolecular hydrogen bonds between two protomers of Mdm12. The sequence alignment of yeastMdm12 orthologs is shown to highlight the sequence conservation in the N-terminus β1-strand. Ten orthologs are aligned from residues 1 to 11. Absolute and highly conserved residues are indicated in red and orange, respectively.
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A. Immunofluorescence images of 10 μm-thick sections from lateral ventricle CP villi of Mpdz+/+ and Mpdz-/- P14-P16 mice immunolabeled by anti-LDLR. Scale bars, 50 (top) and 25 (bottom) μm. B. Mean fluorescence intensities (normalized relative to the highest recorded intensity) per cell in several LDLR-immunolabeled CP sections (mean ± SD, n=101).
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(B) Automatic cluster-mapping of the temperature-dependent splicing changes in CHX, based on changes in PSI (percent spliced in). Categories (right) were manually assigned.
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D) Y1H identified TFs that interact with promoters of genes in each pathway in central carbon and in the specialized metabolic pathway.
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(D) 293T cells were co-transfected with expression plasmids for either LacZ or m152 together with the indicated murine STING mutants described in (B). An anti-V5 IP was performed and samples were analyzed by IB with the indicated antibodies. IB shown in (D) representative of three independent experiments.
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A. HuH7 cells were transfected with control siRNAs (siCtrl) or siRNAs that target RIG-I (siRIG-I), 48h later cells were infected with a moi 0.3 of HCV and evaluated at 48hpi.
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CFSE proliferation assay among naive 2D2 CD4+ T cells stimulated with MOG(35-55) plus DCs treated
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16S rRNA gene analysis of luminal samples of wild‐type, ANA‐positive, and ANA‐negative Ltbr−/− mice. Left panel: Beta diversity plot using multidimensional scaling on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities distances. Right panel: Hierarchical cluster analysis using Pearson's correlation. Bacteria community compositions differ in the different groups. Please note that Candidatus arthromitus, according to Thompson et al (), should be renamed Candidatus savagella.
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D. Images from primary cilia of MEFs from KV10.1 knockout mice obtained using mAb62 and a rabbit polyclonal anti acetylated a-tubulin antibody. No recognizable structures were stained by mAb62. Scale bar: 1 µm.E. In contrast, mAb62 did stain ciliary-related structures (acetylated-tubulin-positive) in wild type mice. Scale bar: 1 µm.
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EFS and tumor volume in non-CNS subcutaneous PDX models which demonstrated objective response in 1 or more treatments.
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E Proximity ligation assay (PLA) detecting interaction of ISP1-HA and β-Tubulin at ookinete. Episomal vector as control. Scale bar = 5 μm.
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J. siRNA mediated knockdown of VEAL2 significantly changes efflux of dextran conjugated FITC measuring permeability levels. Bar graph representing relative quantification of efflux of dextran conjugated FITC for measuring permeability levels in control siRNA and VEAL2 siRNA transfected HUVECs. Data obtained from 3 different biological replicates and plotted as mean percentage fold change values ± standard deviation.
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(B) Representative images of donor (upper panels) and acceptor neurons (bottom panels) after 72 hours in co-culture. Donor neurons were loaded with α-synuclein fibrils prior to co-culture with CTG-labelled acceptor neurons and then cells were labelled either with MAP-2 (first and third panels) or Lamp1 (second and fourth panels). In red: α-synuclein fibrils, in green: CTG, in white: MAP-2/ Lamp1 and in blue: nuclei. Scale bar represents 5 μm.(C) The graph bar shows the percentage of donor (white bar) and acceptor (black bar) neurons containing α-synuclein puncta. Data show mean ± s.e.m.(D) The box plot depicts the number of puncta in donor (white) and acceptor (grey) neurons.(E) Box plot showing the distribution of the average size of α-synuclein puncta in donor (white) and acceptor (grey) neurons.(F) The graph bar represents the percentage of α-synuclein puncta co-localized with lysosomes in donor (white) and acceptor (black) neurons. Data show mean ± s.e.m. Graphs in C, D, E and F correspond to data from 3 independent experiments analysed after 72 hours of co-culture (****, p < 0.0001 compared to donor by two-tailed Mann Whitney test).
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b. The K63-linked chain building enzyme Ubc13 with its cofactor Uev1a or the Ubc1 homologue Ube2K (h. sapiens) were employed in single turnover ubiquitination experiments in presence of K63-Ub2 with Ub(K48R) at the proximal or distal position or in presence of K48‑Ub2. Initial rate determination c. Experiment as in (B) but with the Ubc1 homologue ubc-20 (c. elegans).
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A) The glycome fingerprint of GluK2/3 was analyzed by lectin chip microarray (LecChip). Lectin PHAL and PHAE (indicated with asterisks) detected reduced amounts of the oligosaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1 on GluK2/3 in SEZ6KO neurons (plot shows mean ± S.E.M., 3 WT replicates and 4 SEZ6KO replicates were used, discoveries were determined using the FDR method of Benjamini and Hochberg, with Q = 2%).
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(a) Cartoon of the FPP assay illustrating the cellular localization of RFP-SKL (red) and Pex3p-GFP (green) and the position of the fluorescent protein tag relative to its respective membrane. (b) N2a cells coexpressing RFP-SKL and Pex3p-GFP were subjected to the FPP assay. Images were taken before and after 1-min treatment with 20 μM digitonin and 100-s treatment with 4 mM trypsin as indicated. Scale bar, 10 μm.
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(B). Protein aggregation in ΔIndLon (upper plot) and ΔIndFtsH (lower plot) mutants grown under inducing (blue) or depleting conditions (red, 48h and 72h of depletion for Lon and FtsH, respectively). Protein aggregates in Triton-X100 insoluble fractions of untreated or heat shock (15min at 45°C) treated cells were measured by thioflavin (ThT) staining. Bars represent the mean of three biological replicates (dots). Significance of comparisons was assessed by two-sided independent t-test (exact p-values are shown).
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f-g, Influence of MKS3 depletion on cilia length of RPE WT and SEPT2-KO cells. Cells are treated with the indicated siRNA and serum starved (SS) for 48h before immunostaining with the indicated antibodies. Representative images (f) and quantifications of proximal segment (Glu tub) and whole cilia (ARL13B) length (g) are shown. The numbers above the cartoons in (g) show the ratio of the calculated distal segments/whole cilia length. Scale bar: 2µm. Three 3 biological replicates, n=100 cilia per sample and repetition. Data include mean ±s.d. and P values are calculated by two-tailed unpaired student t-test.
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B. Weighted cognitive score of the 132 individuals shows the expected variability. Bar and Error bars indicates mean ± standard deviation.
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Flow cytometric analysis of lymph node γδ T cells in RORγtCRE-STAT3F/F (Cre+) and littermate control mice (Cre−). In graphs, each symbol represents a mouse or experiment and line the median. Representative dot plots showing IL-22 and IL-17A production in γδ T cells (A) and frequency of IL-22+ γδ T cells (B) before (steady-state) and after (IMQ) IMQ-induced psoriasis. Steady-state: n = 6; 3 experiments, IMQ: n = 8-9; 3 experiments.
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F) Cells were transfected with siRNAs and treated with 10 nM R5020 as indicated, and the levels of repressed genes was measured by RT-PCR. The extent of knockdown was analyzed by western blotting using specific antibodies (lower panel). * P-value < 0.05.
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BR1-mediated expression of NEMO or eGFP was driven by the CAG promoter. All animals were at the age of 8-12 weeks.F Effect of AAV-BR1 vector on BBB permeability. No vector (left) or empty AAV-BR1 vector (right) was injected i.v. to wild type mice and BBB permeability was assessed by extravasation of the fluorescent tracer sodium fluorescein (n=7 animals per group). No significant difference was detected (n.s.).
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M, N Quantitative analysis of normalized Nod-lacZ intensity for 20 μm of major dendrite located 55 μm or 40 μm away from the soma respectively.
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(f) BJAB mCherry-GFP-LC3 cells were sorted for autophagic flux as above and apoptosis was measured at 1 h by flow cytometry using AnnexinV and DAPI (mean ± s.e.m., n = 3 wells, *P = 0.0046).
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Western blot analysis of hnRNPLL protein during EB formation of WT ES cells at indicated days.
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L The percentage of SEPA‐1 puncta co‐localizing with LGG‐1 in each strain. At least 10 embryos were scored per strain. Data are shown as mean ± SD. **P 0.0001; N.S.: not statistically different.
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A. Schematic of drug pulse and wash-out experiment. PeTa cells were treated with 100 nM GSK-LSD1 or DMSO. After 24h, a cell sample was harvested (T0, ON-drug) and the remaining cells were washed and changed into fresh medium without drug. Cell samples were taken 24h, 72h, 6 days (D6) and 8 days (D8) after drug wash-out (OFF-drug) for downstream readouts.
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(J and K) Glutamatergic projection neurons derived from FKRP and corrected (5D17, 5D23 and 3B17) progenitor cells. The vast majority of neurons contain vGlut1+ punctae in their neurites (labelled by Tuj1). Right panels are enlarged images from the insets of left panels. Data information: Scale bars, 50 μm.
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(C) 3D reconstruction of a high-resolution Z-series confocal image showing PML entrapment of a HSV-1EdC vDNA foci. Scale bar, 2μm. Enlargement of PML entrapped vDNA outlined by white dashed box. Scale bar, 0.5μm. Quantification of PML-NB volume in SCG neurons infected with HSV-1EdC in the presence or absence of IFNα (600 IU/ml). n=64 biological replicates.
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Heat map showing the relative expression levels after drug treatment for 48 h in Panc1. Values measured by qRT-PCR were depicted with the software GENE-E. Only mocetinostat upregulated the miRNAs and downregulated ZEB1.
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Analysis of nuclear RNA granules in A549 cells with RNase L targeted to the nucleus (NLS-RL-WT) either mock transfected or treated with poly(I:C) (PIC) for 4 to 5 hours. G. FISH analysis to detect poly(A)+ RNA and nuclear speckle-localized MALAT1 RNA and IF analysis with anti-sc35 antibody to detect nuclear speckle protein SRRM2. H. Graph of the mean and value of the intensity of MALAT1 signal divided by the nuclear volume of individual nuclei. 51 nuclei mock treated cells, 56 nuclei PIC treated cells. I. Graph of the median and value of the volume of individual SRRM2 foci in nuclei. Mock 1526 SRRM2 foci in 51 nuclei. PIC 136 SRRM2 foci in 20 nuclei that contain <10 SRRM2 foci.
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D: Endogenous MOSPD2 (green) staining in HeLa cells expressing the ER marker GFP-ER (magenta) Data information: (A, D-F): The subpanels on the right are higher magnification (3.5x) images of the area outlined in white. The Overlay panel shows merged green and magenta images. The Coloc panel displays a colocalization mask on which pixels where the green and the magenta channels co-localize are shown in white. Right: Linescan analyses with fluorescence intensities of the green and magenta channels along the white arrow shown on the subpanel Overlay Scale bars: 10 µm
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A. The mRNA levels of the indicated ISGs were evaluated by qRT-PCR in RNA isolated from the HuH7 cells described in Fig. 7A.
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Pearson and Spearman correlation of the expression of IL6 and TGFBR2 in PDA patients from TCGA (n = 223) using R.
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C-D. Evaluation of the effects of UPF2 deletion on Upf3-TAP levels (C in total extracts, in comparison with a loading control (G6PDH) was done by immunoblot
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E. U937 (promonocytes) were pre-treated with 50 ng/μL of Vs for 15 min followed by infection with 1 moi of CCR5 using HIV-1 (NL-AD8) and viral replication was measured by gag RT-qPCR at 24 h post-infection (hpi).
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A Scatter plot showing the protein levels in wild type cells after 40 minutes of Torin1 (5 µM) addition plotted against the corresponding values for the same protein in Torin1-resistant cells after 40 minutes. Dark grey dashed lines at x = ±1 indicate the 2-fold threshold, of which no proteins exceeded in the study. The light grey dashed line represents y = x, plotted as guide to indicate positive correlation in protein levels between wild type and Torin1-resistant cells.
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(C) Phase-contrast images of PABPDHFR cells, or PABPDHFR cells transfected with a plasmid coding for wild-type PABPC1, 48 hours post-TMP removal. Scale bar, 100 μm.
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(O, P) Accumulation of endogenous BACE1 in RAB5-positive early endosomes, quantified using Pearson's colocalization coefficient (WT: 0.41±0.01, KO: 0.46±0.02, pWT vs pKO=0.021, 58 WT and 54 KO neurons, N=4 biological replicates). Scale bar: 10 µm. Arrows indicate BACE1 accumulation within RAB5-positive endosomes. Data information All graphs show mean ± SEM, statistical analysis was performed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t‐test n.s.-non-significant. * indicates p≤0.05, ** indicates p≤0.01, *** indicates p≤0.001.
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(A-C) Chronological lifespan (CLS) analyses in SC 2% glucose medium of wild-type (WT) cells compared to Δmpc1 (B) cells (see also Figure S3). Survival was determined by colony-forming capacity (clonogenicity). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 4) of a representative aging experiment.(D-F) Propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify age-induced cell death of experiments shown in (A)-(C). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 4) (see also Figure S4).(G-I) Extracellular acetate assessed from crude culture supernatants obtained at indicated time points of experiments shown in (A)-(C). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 4).∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
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D Basal excitatory synaptic transmission of CA3-CA1 connections in acute hippocampal slices treated with DMSO (0.03%), Roscovitine (Ros, 10 µM) or VPS34IN1 (3 µM) plus Roscovitine. Representative fEPSP traces (above) and the relative slope of fEPSPs (below) are shown. Concomitant application of VPS34IN1 and Roscovitine facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission, akin to Roscovitine alone, and in contrast to VPS34IN1 alone N = 6 slices per condition from 6 mice; Student's t-test. Data information: Data presented as mean ± SEM n.s. not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
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(n-q) IL-17A promotes filamentation in the mutant crf1Δ (o) but not the wild-type AF293 (q) strain after 24-h exposure in liquid culture. Scale bars, 500 μm.
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(D, E) Quantification of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes by transmission electron microscopy. Representative images of HeLa cells transfected with siUNR or with TAB2‐ or TAB3‐targeting siRNAs are shown in (D), and quantitative results are depicted in (E) (mean values±s.d., n=3; *P0.01 versus siUNR‐transfected cells).
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(D) Binding activity detection of heterozygous and homozygous CLK19 human BCR KI mice to eOD-GT8. 8-week-old mice were detected by FACS. X and Y axes represent as in (B). (E) Quantification of eOD-GT8 binding in HCLK19/WT κCLK19/WT KI mice. X-axis represents F0 (n=3) and F1(n=2) animals, Y-axis represents as in Figure 2E. Bars indicate mean ± SD from mice in each group.
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(H-J) Confocal images of the ventral surface of a Drosophila embryo expressing endogenously tagged mVenus::βH-spectrin (H), the myosin-II marker Sqh::mCherry (I) and a merge of the two (J) with βH-spectrin in green and Sqh::mCherry in magenta. Scale bars: 20 μm.
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(A) Simulated changes in the free energy of K+ binding to GltPh induced by different mutations. Values are calculated as differences of free energy changes during alchemical transformations of amino acid side-chains with the protein either in the K1 bound or in the apo state (Mean ± SD of 1000 bootstrap samples).
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Elevated PR gene expression in pat1 mutants is suppressed by summ2‐8. Four‐week‐old plants were used for RNA extraction, followed by qRT‐PCR. Fold‐change in PR1 (gray bars) and PR2 (black bars) expression is relative to Col‐0, normalized to UBQ10. Standard error of the mean is indicated by errors bars (n = 3).
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(a) Cell surface VEGFR2 levels detected by cell surface biotinylation, using thiol-cleavable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin, of HDMEC transfected with PALD1 siRNA (#1 and #2) or non-targeting control ("c") siRNA, followed by VEGF-A stimulation (50 ng/ml) for indicated time periods. Total lysates (input) and streptavidin (SA) pull down, immunoblotted for VEGFR2, Paladin, and actin. 'No biotin ctrl', cells not treated with sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin. (b) Quantification of data in (a). VEGFR2 surface levels (data pooled for the indicated time points) normalized to total VEGFR2 levels and compared between control and siRNA treated HDMEC. n=4 for each time point, biological replicates, Mean±SEM. Data information: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
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H. Schematic of the experimental paradigm. Concentrations used: 250ng/µL cy3-pre-miR-181a-1; 0.5µg/µL pCS2-CD63-eGFP. Abbreviations: CD63, CD63-eGFP.
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I, J) Line plots representing fertility over generations for the indicated genetic backgrounds at 25oC. Six L2-L3 larvae for each of the indicated backgrounds were hand-picked to a fresh plate every four or six days, counting as two or three generations, respectively, until no larvae were present on the plate to be picked. *: two plates of N2 were contaminated and were excluded from the assay.
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WB analysis (G) of MUC5AC in HT29 cells transduced with sh-RNAs against trypsin (T1, T2) or chymotrypsin (C1, C2). Bars represent mean values ± standard deviation of 3 technical replicates from 3 biological replicates performed
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(A) Hair follicles exhibit immunostaining signal for DNA damage marker H2A.X (red) and apoptosis marker Caspase3 (green) as early as one day after Gata6 iKO induction. Top panel shows a section of UV irradiated epidermis as a positive control for DNA damage. Note that Caspase 3 is not expressed in the H2A.X cells of the epidermis but is found in some iKO hair follicle matrix cells. Right panels show single color images as indicated at top (B) Quantification (average SD) of the percentage of apoptotic cells per matrix as determined by counting of Caspase3+ cells (n=50 follicles from 3 mice per group) (C) Quantification (average SD) of the percentage of DNA damaged cells per matrix as determined by counting of H2A.X+Caspase3- cells (n=50 follicles from 3 mice per group).
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MISTRG and MISTRG6 mice were intravenously injected with 10x106 U-2932 or RC-K8 cells at six weeks of age and monitored weekly by IVIS until the study endpoint (A). The lymphoma burden at the study endpoint (six weeks p.i. for RC-K8 and four weeks p.i. for U-2932) was quantified in the spleen (B) and bone marrow (C) by flow cytometric staining for hCD45 and by ZsGreen expression.
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Cell growth of A-431 cells stably transduced with constitutive shRNA-non-targeting control (NTC) or against USP28 and transiently transfected with exogenous ΔNp63. Total cell number was measured and assessed at indicated time points. Quantitative graph is represented as mean ± SD of three experiments (n=3). p-values were calculated using two-tailed t-test statistical analysis. *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01
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(N, O) SIINFEKL based Antigen presentation assay shown by representative flow cytometry analysis of H-2Kb-SIINFEKL on the surface of Irgm1+/+ and irgm1-/- mouse BMDMs treated with OVA (2 mg/ml, 3 h). (O) The graph depicts the mean fluorescence intensity of H-2Kb- SIINFEKL on the surface of Irgm1+/+ and irgm1-/- mouse BMDMs treated with OVA (2 mg/ml, 3 h)
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WT (with and without 5μg/ml Tmp) and mutants were grown for 6 hours at 42°C in M9+AA medium without or with GMP, and subsequently diluted serially and spotted on M9+AA agar plates and allowed to grow at 30°C till visible colonies were formed. While WT treated with high Tmp shows loss in cfu, indicating TLD, no loss in viability was observed for WT or mutants.
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F qPCR analysis of Efnb2, Cdh5 and Kdr expression (normalized to Actb) in aged human endocrine glands compared to young glands. Data information: (n=4), P-values, and two-tailed unpaired t-tests for all the above panels. ns: not significant; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ****: P < 0.0001. Human samples from donors at ages below 20 years and over 70 years were chosen for young and aged group sets, respectively.
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(B) H3K27ac (left) and DNA methylation (right) at NFAT binding sites. CLL cells showed both an H3K27ac enrichment and DNA-hypomethylation at NFAT target sites, suggesting a higher activity of TFs from the NFAT family in CLL.
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(A) GFP-Trap coupled to mass spectrometry strategy used. The volcano plot represents 3 independent combined experiments. Threshold selection of enriched proteins (red dots) in Irgm2-GFP fraction was set at 2 fold enrichment (x axis) and p-value <0.05 (y axis). Blacks and Grey dots indicate proteins that did not reach a p-value <0.05 using t-test with bonferroni correction. Labelled proteins represent the top 6 enriched proteins in the Irgm2 fraction.
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Cell migration (has been analyzed in detail by tracking the location of cells (n >16 cells per condition) over time for fibroblasts or tumour cells (B),
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E. β-catenin-mediated reporter activity in HEK293T cells expressing non-mutated RNF43 R519X (SLSS) or the ALAA, DLDD and ∆486-89 mutants. Average β-catenin-mediated reporter activities ±s.d. in n = 2 independent wells are shown.
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(C) A single living cell expressing FTCDwt-HA-MAO was tracked during mitosis. Mitotic cells were collected by flushing from the HeLa Tet-off cells inducibly expressing FTCDwt-HA-MAO, and cultured in the absence or presence of DOX. The cells were stained with MitoTracker at the 22 hr time point and confocal images of 30-40 cells were randomly taken at the 23 hr time point. From the 23 hr to 27 hr time point, cells were tracked in the bright field every 30 mins. At the 27 hr time point, confocal images were taken of the 21-38 cells that were successfully tracked. Panels a-j display representative images. Asterisks indicate the tracked cells. Scale bar = 10 μm. (D) The results of quantification of (C). The experiment was repeated five times and each line shows the average percentage of an independent experiment. The percentages of cells that underwent mitosis are as follows: 41.5 % in the DOX(-) group and 54.7 % in the DOX(+) group.
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Frequency of IL-17A+ and IL-17F+ γδ T cells or IL-17A (G) and IL-17F (H) MFI following culture with IL-1β, IL-23 or nothing. Each symbol represents one experiment.
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B, C Both mRNA and protein levels of RBM47 were elevated in SeV-infected (B) or IFN-α-stimulated (C) 293T, HFF, HUVEC, and THP-1 cells. Cells were infected with SeV (MOI = 1) or stimulated with IFN-α for 6 or 12 h, and the expression of RBM47 mRNA (at 6 and 12 h post treatment) and protein (at 6 and 12 h post treatment) were tested. The PCR results are represented as the means ± SD of n = 3 biological replicates. Data information: Data are representative of n = 3 independent experiments. NS, non-significant; * P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001 (Student's t-test).
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D. Mapping of enrichment across the positions targeted in argP. Representation is the same as described in A
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Experimental setup (upper of I qRT-PCR of mGPDH, myogenin and myh3 (bottom of I) in GA muscle from AAV-mGPDH-treated STZ-treated mice at day post CTX intramuscular injection
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CalR was used to GLM-regression plot for each group corresponding to the association between energy balance and total body mass at 24°C (G) and the association between energy balance and total body mass at 6°C (H).
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(B) Cells were incubated with 10 µg/mL pepstatin A for 4 h prior to lysis. Immunoblots of LC3B isoforms using antibody to LC3B or β-actin.
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C Morphometric analysis of different brain regions from 31-32 week old WT (n = 6) and NYKO (n = 6) mice. GCL = Granule cell layer, ML = Molecular layer. Unpaired t-test, ns = not significant. Data are means ± SEM.
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(E) Enhancement by ANO8 of the Co-IP of expressed STIM1 with PMCA4a and SERCA2 and of Orai1 with SERCA2 in resting and store depleted cells. Data information: The first number in parenthesis indicates the number of similar experiments performed and the second number is the number of cells analyzed. All results are given as mean±s.e.m of the indicated number of experiments or cells analyzed, and difference were analyzed by unpaired t test.
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F. Comparison of class averages of natively purified Elongator with and without rElp456 incubation. Densities resembling a second copy of Elp456 are indicated by white triangles.
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D) Percentage of zone 1-3 uninfected hepatocytes day 5 post plating (+/- s.d.) of 4 different donors (blue dots). For each donor, >500 cells were characterized for the final percentages. Kruskal Wallis test (p = 0.0002) followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test where Z1/hGK++/hGS- versus Z2/hGK+/hGS- has a p value of 0.0140 (the other comparisons of Z1/hGK++/hGS- vs Z3/hGK-/hGS+ and Z2/hGK+/hGS- vs Z3/hGK-/hGS+ were non-significant).
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Western blot analysis of Flag-histone H1 denaturing-IP, showing ubiquitination pattern of histone H1 after 30 min of IR (10 Gy) treatment under indicated siRNA-depleted conditions.
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C Molecular function clusters are summarized on the best-match average (BMA) distance heatmap. Heatmap colors correspond to a number of GO terms in each cluster.
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(C) Ectopic expression of Gadd45b-Myc-Flag inhibits viral mRNA expression. Lentivirus-delivered ectopic expression of Gadd45b-Myc-Flag in SCG neurons was confirmed by immunoblotting. Latently-infected SCG neurons were transduced with Gadd45b-Myc-Flag for 3 days and then treated with LY294002 and WAY-150138 to induce reactivation. RNA was collected at the indicated time-points (LY treatment for 18 or 72 hours) and levels of viral UL36 mRNA quantified by RT-qPCR. 3 biological replicates. The bars and error bars are mean ± SD. Data information: P values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered significant, asterisks denote statistical significance (*, p<0.05; ***, p<0.001; ****, p<0.0001). P values are calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student's t test. P values > 0.05 were not significant (ns).
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D. E. F. and G. Striatal tissue from P18 TH-Cre and TH-Cre;fl/fl mice was subjected to HPLC analyses to determine dopamine (D), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (E) and homovanillic acid (HVA) (F) concentrations along with the metabolite ratio (G). N=7 and 9 (2 months) and n=15 and 12 (12 months), (unpaired t-test, * p<0.05, *** p<0.001, mean +s.e.m.)
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C. Effects of m6A on small peptide expression, assessed by western blot (Up), Image J software was used for gray level analysis(Down) (Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n =3 independent experiments, **** p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA).
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F) Txnip overexpression in HEK293 cells stably expressing LPL-V5 or PL-V5 hinders LPL, but not PL, secretion
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Addition of NID1&FBLN2 to the Matrigel® dome significantly enhances the relative growth rate of HIOs after five days of culture as compared to the PBS control condition.
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A. Diagram showing the procedure used for siRNAs mediated knockdown of Bclaf1 in mice and mTNF treatment.
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16HBE cells were stably infected with pSUPER, pSUPER expressing shCdc42, shARHGEF18, shSOS1 hairpins 1-3. All data are representative of 3 independent experiments. (b) Cell lysates were analysed by western blotting for SOS1 and actin; labels as for c.
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D. 2-DG uptake levels in skeletal muscle of control and NICDiOE-EC mice. n=5, data represent mean ± SEM, unpaired t-test. E. 2-DG uptake levels in visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) of control (n=4) and NICDiOE-EC (n=5) mice. Data represent mean ± SEM, unpaired t-test.
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Time from NEBD to exit of indicated conditions with cells treated with taxol. Red circles represent cells still arrested in mitosis when the filming stopped.
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(A) HEK293 cells stably expressing TAP-vector, TAP-CSAG1, or TAP-CSAG2 were subjected to pull-down followed by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. Spectral counts (SC) of the identified proteins in TAP-CSAG1 and TAP-CSAG2 pulldowns, but absence in TAP-vector control, are shown.
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C, D Statistical quantifications of tumorsphere numbers (C) and sizes (D) showing the inhibition of tumorsphere formation after disruption of USP33 in T387 GSCs. Disruption of USP33 inhibited tumorsphere formation of GSCs in normoxia, whereas hypoxia further augmented the inhibitory effects of USP33 disruption on GSC tumorsphere formation. Data represent three independent experiments. The presented bars for tumorsphere numbers and sizes were based on 5 and 10 technical replicates, respectively. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (mean ± s.e.m.; two tailed unpaired t-test).
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HP1b null mutant did not show ectopic vein in the wing and failed to genetically interact with HP1c and Notch. Scale bars, 500 μm.
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(g,h) Representative TEM images of intestine cells 2 h after puparium formation. Arrows indicate autolysosomes. (g,h) Control (Atg7d30/d14; g) and Atg7 mutant (Atg7d77/d14; h) cells both contain autophagic structures. (h, right) Enlarged Atg7 mutant cell image of a double-membrane autophagosome (arrowhead) surrounding a mitochondrion. Quantification is shown as mean ± s.d. NS, not significant. Scale bars, 20 μm (a,c,d and f) and 1 μm (g,h).
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