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(A) Seedlings were acclimated for 16 h in MS containing ABA and then imaged 30 min after being swapped to MS containing ABA/NAA (control), MS or MS containing flg22. Images are representative maximum intensity projection of 10 Z-stacks per condition. Experiments were repeated 3 times independently with similar results. Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Quantification of GFP foci per 0.0025 mm2, for samples treated as described in A. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation of the mean and are based on 3 independent experiments, with 3 individuals per condition. Bars marked with an asterisk (*) are statistically significant (P<0.05) according to the T -test.
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D. Enrichment of phosphor-tyrosine (pY) at CAR microclusters. CAR T cells were fixed 20 min after being plated on the SLB, followed by staining with an anti-pan phosphor-tyrosine antibody. No CD19 was included in the control experiment (only ICAM-1). Scale bar: 2 μm.
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Immunostaining of 12-month-old mouse cerebral cortex for BACE1 and APP. A typical image in the vicinity of plaque-forming area is shown for hAPP/Mgat3+/+ brain. The area of co-localization was quantified using random images of cerebral cortex (n = 10). *P = 0.015.
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(i) Drp1−/− MEFs were transfected with the indicated plasmids and after 24 h starved for 5 h where indicated. Cell death was determined by flow cytometry as the percentage of YFP- and propidium-iodide-positive events. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. of four independent experiments.
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(A) Sequences of mouse and human miR-155 and their predicted interactions with conserved 7-mer 1A miR-155 seeds found within the Rheb 3′UTRs of different species are shown. The sequence of the Rheb 3′UTR seed mutant used for the reporter assays and the predicted disruption of the miR-155 interaction are also shown.
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K) Colony formation assay analysis of the colony-forming ability in SNU719 and SNU-4th cells.
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(A) During fasting, downregulation of PHLPP1 enhances Akt phosphorylation at S473. Soluble fractions of muscles transfected with shLacz or shPHLPP1 from fasted mice (2d) were analyzed by immunoblotting. Right: densitometric measurements of presented blots. Data is presented as ratio of shPHLPP1 to shLacz (n=3 for shLacz and n=4 for shPHLPP1). * p<0.05 vs. shLacz in fasting by one-tailed t-test. Data are represented as mean ±SEM.
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F Representative images of squash preparations showing nuclear AHR and UBE4B in established brain metastases from H2030-BrM generated by intracardiac inoculation. Scale bar: 5 µm. The dashed line surrounds the nucleus.
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The majority of peri-plaque astrocytes in APP/PS1-Stat3WT were positive for activated/phosphorylated Stat3 (pStat3) in the cortex (Cx) and hippocampus (HC), whereas the fraction of pStat3-positive astrocytes was significantly lower in APP/PS1-Stat3KO mice in both regions (n = 8 mice (3 females and 5 males) per group; age, 8 months; Mann-Whitney test). The occurrence of pStat3 in WT-Stat3KO and WT-Stat3WT mice was negligible (n = 8 mice (4 females and 4 males) per group; age, 8 months; Mann-Whitney test).
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Percent body weight of male Prdx4 WT and KO mice over the 72 h course of LPS (4.5 mg/kg BW) or PBS injection (i.p.). Each circle represents a mean of n=7 mice, vertical lines indicate SEM
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(A and B). Quantification of autophagy in MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells were transfected with luciferase or FLAG-DRP-1 K42A followed by steroid withdrawal (serum starvation plus 10−6 M tamoxifen treatment) (A) or by serum and amino acid starvation (B) (mean ± SD calculated from triplicates of 100 cells each). These experiments were repeated three times with reproducible results. Proteins extracted from the transfected cells were subjected to Western blot analysis with anti-FLAG and anti-β-tubulin antibodies.
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For the WT expression level (c0 = 36.6 (m0+p+n)), the rate of nucleation is faster than the microtubule growth. Then the microtubule number is determined by the number of nucleation sites. The average microtubule length is around 1 μm (shown by dashed arrow) when the last nucleus forms. At intermediate tubulin numbers (c0 = 16 (m0+p+n)), corresponding to the α1c-term mutant, the microtubule formation rate is comparable to nucleation rate. The average microtubule length is around 4 μm (shown by dashed arrow) when the last nucleus forms.
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Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging (Fura-2) and (E) SOCE quantification (plateau-basal) for WM3734 after transient silencing of TMX1 or TMX3. In (E), data are presented as mean ± SEM (n values: WM3734, control=30, TMX1 kd=49, TMX3 kd=52).
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(E, F) The bur1-ΔC vac17Δ double mutant shows accumulation of Whi5 in the nucleus. WT, vac17Δ, bur1-ΔC, and bur1-ΔC vac17Δ cells, which express Whi5-3xGFP and Nup188-mCherry from endogenous loci, were incubated at 24 ̊C. Cells were scored for the presence of Whi5-3xGFP in within the nucleus (Nup188-mCherry). Error bars; SD calculated from at least four independent experiments with at least 100 cells counted in each strain/experiment. p-value determined with a one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. ** (p-value < 1 x 10-2). Error bars; SD calculated from at least four independent experiments with at least 100 cells counted in each strain/experiment. Scale bar, 2 μm.
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Scatter plot showing the production rate estimated from single traces vs. the production rate estimated from the population average. Each point represents a different yeast strain.
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Immunohistochemistry analysis of H&E stains from G401 xenograft tumors on 1, 3, and 7-days after treatment with vehicle or 3-day EC8042 infusion. EC8042 treated xenograft tumors exhibit evidence of mesenchymal differentiation compared to vehicle. microCT analysis of xenograft tumors on 7-days after treatment exhibit enhanced calcification compared to vehicle. IHC scale bar (lower left): 100μm.
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(C) Mitochondrial lysates from HEK293T cells were fractionated on 20-42.5% iodixanol gradients and the migration patterns of LETM1 and selected nucleoid components determined by immunoblotting
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Protein lysates from 10-13-week old CTRL and FAKO (Mllt4-/-) mice following retro-orbital injection of insulin (1U) were immunoblotted and quantified. Liver quantification of Afadin S1795 phosphorylation (n=4-5). Data are presented as means + SEM; ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, NS= no significance.
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(E) Direction of the moving particles at the start of observation. ns, p = 0.1484; chi-square test.
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A Liver biopsies showing no (IS0), moderate (IS3), and severe (IS6) fibrosis stained by PSR. Size bar, 300 μm.
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G Localization of miR-34a expression by β-galactosidase activity staining in the developing lungs of P14 miR-34a::lacZ+/+ mice that were undergoing normal or aberrant alveolarization (scale bar, 50 µm; larger and some additional images are presented in Appendix Fig S2).
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E) Western blots of spinal cord mitochondria at disease end stage, probed for lysine 48 (left panel) and lysine 63 (right panel) ubiquitin chains. Citrate synthase is used as loading control. Asterisks indicate ubiquitinated proteins with different abundance in SOD1-G93A samples.
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C. COS7 cells co-expressing HA-VAPB with GFP-SCRN1-Y40A, GFP-SCRN1-F144A, GFP-SCRN1-F153A or GFP-SCRN1-F402A. Scale bars: 10 µm (full size) and 5 µm (zoom).
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U2OS cells transfected with EGFP and the indicated IFITM3 constructs or vector control were mixed Calu-3 cells transfected with mCherry and SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) or vector control. Cells were co-cultured for 24 h and imaged by fluorescent microscopy to visualize EGFP and mCherry as well as nuclei via Hoechst dye. A) Representative example fluorescent imaging of the indicated co-cultures showing the presence of EGFP/mCherry double positive cell syncytia dependent upon S expression as well as varying effects of the IFITM3 constructs. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. B) Quantification of nuclei per EGFP/mCherry double positive cell syncytia in co-cultures involving the indicated IFITM3 constructs as compared to vector control. Bars depict averages of three independent experiments with circles representing the individual data points. For each condition, nuclei within 50-75 individual syncytia were counted. Error bars represent SD. #p<0.05 compared to vector control by ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.
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(G) Fragments of EPG-7 containing amino acids 762-851 or 852-1003 directly interact with ATG-18.
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C AdipoR1 siRNA-transfected ORS or DP cells were treated with APN or P5. The cell lysates were analyzed for p-AMPK.
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C Salivary glands dissected from 14 hours after puparium formation animals expressing mCherry-Atg8a in all cells, and ralIR specifically in GFP-marked clone cells (yw, hsflp/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/UAS-ralIR; act< FRT, cd2, FRT> GAL4, UAS-GFP/+) analyzed for mCherry-Atg8a puncta. GFP-marked clone ralIR-expressing cells contain a yellow asterisk. Scale bars represent 20µm.D Quantification of data from (C). Data are represented as means ± SEM; n≥ 10. Statistical significance was determined using a Student's t test.E Salivary glands dissected from 14 hours after puparium formation animals that have ral loss of function (ralPG89) specifically in non-RFP cells, and that express GFP-Atg8a in all cells (yw, hs-Flp, FRT19A, Ubi-RFP/ ralPG89,FRT19A; pGFP-Atg8a) analyzed for GFP-Atg8a puncta. ralPG89 mutant cells are marked with a yellow asterisk. Scale bars represent 20µm.F Quantification of data from (E). Data are represented as means ± SEM; n≥ 10. Statistical significance was determined using a Student's t test.G Salivary glands dissected from 14 hours after puparium formation animals that have ral loss of function (ralPG89) specifically in non-RFP cells (yw, hs-Flp, FRT19A, Ubi-RFP/ ralPG89,FRT19A) and are stained for Ref(2) p (green) and DAPI (blue). ralPG89 mutant cells are marked with a yellow asterisk. Scale bars represent 20µm.H Quantification of data from (G). Data are represented as means ± SEM; n≥ 10. Statistical significance was determined using a Student's t test.
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RNA-seq of GPR56 KD in CD34+ CB cells reveals that GPR56 enhances gene expression displayed as reads per kilobase per million mapped reads (RPKM) of MYC, TNKS2, TGFB1 and SRC (top). Previously published RNA-seq of ten sorted CD34+GPR56+ versus CD34-GPR56+ fractions (Garg et al, 2019) shows a divergent expression pattern: downregulation of Wnt targets MYC and TNKS, but upregulation of TGFB1 and SRC in the CD34+GPR56+ fraction. Unpaired t-test, bars and error bars represent mean and standard deviation of three biological replicates, *** p<0.0005, ** p<0.005, * p<0.05.
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D. Total cell lysates were prepared from naïve MCF7 and thermoresistant MCF7aTT cells, and puromycin labeled peptides were pull down as illustrated in the scheme. Precipitates were assayed for the presence of K48-linked polyubiquitin, chaperones, and proteasome subunits by immunoblotting.
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Comparison of the amino acid representation in all human proteins and all collagens. The x-axis denotes individual amino acids shown by single letter code.
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(B) The graph depicts the fold change in bacterial burden for RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with purK S. aureus. Macrophages were left untreated or were exposed to 50 μM IMP or 50 μM IMP after pretreatment with PIK-III and Dynasore which were maintained throughout the infection. The data are the mean ± standard deviation of the burden at 10 h post-infection normalized to the burden at 1.5h post-infection prior to the addition of IMP. Each symbol represents a single biological replicate of S. aureus and derive from three independent experiments. Significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with a Turkeys multiple comparison test. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
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B Identification of RabGGTβ as a binding protein of PTAR1. Anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates from control HeLa S3 cells or FLAG-PTAR1-expressing HeLa S3 cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. The 35 kDa protein was identified as RabGGTβ by mass spectrometry. The asterisk denotes a degradation product of FLAG-PTAR1.
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(G) GTT or ITT in 17-week-old wild-type or JFKTG mice fed on HFD. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n = 6, *p < 0.05, paired two-tailed Student's t-test).
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B: ATP induced IL-6 release in msEGCs measured by ELISA. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of ATP-and ATPɣS for 24h.
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H) RNA-PLA assay using rabbit anti-MDM2 and a mouse biotin-antibody. H1299- RBKO was stable transfected with RB-HA or RB+5´UTR. Cell nuclei were visualised with DAPI blue. The red dots show the interaction between the protein and the mRNA. The scale bar corresponds to 20 μm.
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F. The myoblast cells in 1151>Ama-RNAi dataset projected into the reference single cell atlas by transferring cell type labels using Seurat. The bar graph represents the total number of cells in each cluster normalized to the total number of epithelial cells per genotype.
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(f) Midguts expressing GFP-Atg5 in enterocytes (larger nuclei), and with an Uba1H33 loss-of-function clone cell (lacking RFP) at puparium formation analysed by fluorescence microscopy. Representative images are shown.
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Accumulation of intracellular Aβ1−42 in neurons expressing the AP2-α−WT (WT: 1.14±0.18 , WT=28 and Mut=33 neurons, N=4 biological replicates). Scale bars: 20µm, 2µm (inserts).
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a, alpha-KG extends the lifespan of adult worms in the metabolite longevity screen. All metabolites were given at a concentration of 8 mM.
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H Immunoblot displaying increasing concentrations of RK-33 (50, 100, 200 nM) resulting in increased inhibition of unwinding of oligomer products (lanes 4-6).
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(H) Spearman correlations between KLF10 expression and NAS in liver tissues from NAFL and NASH patients using GEO datasets (GSE48452). Left panel, n=32 (including 17 NAFL patients and 15 NASH patients). Right panel, n=21 (including 6 NAFL and 15 NASH patients). Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01-. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Spearman's correlation H).
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(H) Hela cells, TRIM16KO cells, and TRIM16KO cells complemented with Myc-NRF2 or GFP-NRF2 were treated with MG132 (20 µM, 2h) and subjected to WB analysis with Myc, GFP and indicated antibodies.
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(B) qPCR analysis of the indicated ISC and differentiation genes in the different sh-RNA treated organoids. The canonical NF-κB target gene Cxcl10 is shown as positive control of the experiment. Data information 3 technical replicates of a minimum of two organoids per condition were analyzed. Bars represent mean values ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m); p values were derived from an unpaired t-test, two-tailed, ****p-value<0.0001, ***p-value<0.0005, **p-value<0.005, * p-value<0.05, n.s. no significant.
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Siglec‐5 or Siglec‐14 Fc immobilized on magnetic beads was incubated with heat‐shocked HEK293A cell lysates. A Western blot of the captured proteins using an anti‐Hsp70 antibody demonstrates Hsp70 endogenously produced by HEK293A cells interacts with Siglec‐5 and Siglec‐14.
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(E) qPCR analysis of circHIPK3 expression in HEK-293Ts transfected with 4 µg GFP, or 0.25-4 µg ORF57-GFP, GAPDH was used as a housekeeper (n=3). Data information: data are presented as mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (Unpaired Student's t-test). All repeats are biological.
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Upon HU-induced replication stress, Mec1ATR and Rad53 are activated through phosphorylation, including phosphorylation at Mec1-S1991. Mec1-S1991 phosphorylation is not required to activate the downstream checkpoint effector kinase Rad53, yet it promotes the attenuation of RNAPII and RNAPIII-mediated transcription during replication stress, acting on a variety of transcription controlling factors. Proteasome-mediated RNAPII degradation during replication stress requires a functional Cul3-Elc1 ubiquitin ligase. RNAPIII is evicted in a Mec1-dependent manner but not degraded. Mec1-induced RNAPII removal from chromatin allows the release of highly transcribed genes from nuclear pore under HU stress, while Rad53 is thought to act directly on the nuclear pores complex (NPC).
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A. Left panel, Kaplan-Meyer survival curve of AR113Q males (red line, n = 12) and AR113Q, Beclin-1 +/− males (blue line, n = 15). *p<0.05 by log-rank analysis. Right panel, mean survival +/− SEM. *p<0.05 by Student's t-test.
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A Inhibition of Gli1‐induced transcription in transfected HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells were transfected with 12XGliBS‐Luc and pRL‐TK Renilla (normalization control) plus control (empty) or Gli1 vector and treated with increasing concentrations of GlaB or GANT61. Treatment time was 24 h, and control cells were treated with DMSO only.
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(B) CrizR1 cells were treated with DMSO or 200nM alvocidib for 24h and cell extracts were hybridized to a 43-antibody array and analysed by immunoblotting. Graphs depict the significant changes from two independent experiments.
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KEGG terms, biological process and cellular component GO-terms associated with regulated phosphorylation sites (two sample t-test, untreated as control, permutation based FDR < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5) for the different treatment and time points. Size of bubble denotes more significant enrichment/depletion of GO-terms (Fisher's exact test with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple-hypotheses corrected FDR < 0.02, the enrichment was calculated over the whole yeast proteome).
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HCC4006 cells were (A) transfected with two siRNA against RHOB (siB1, siB2) then treated with increasing doses of erlotinib. The surviving cell fraction was determined by an MTS assay after 72 h and compared to untreated cells.
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B Decreased apoptosis of Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils stimulated with IL-33. Representative FACS plots of Dusp5+/+ and Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils treated with low dose (0.5 ng/ml) IL-33 for 16 hours (left). Apoptosis was assessed by staining for AnnexinV and 7AAD. Percentage of live (AnnexinV- 7AAD-), apoptotic (AnnexinV+ 7AAD-) and necrotic (AnnexinV+ 7AAD+) cells are quantitated on the right.
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C. Volcano plot of changes in transcript counts in 4-OHT-treated cells versus control. Red dots indicate transcripts with fold-change > 2 and FDR < 0.05. n = 2 biological replicates.
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(B) As in (a) but SFV-Rluc virus titre was measured by plaque assay and expressed as plaque forming units (PFU) per ml of supernatant at 24 h post-infection (MOI=0.1).
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Deletion of VE-cadherin was induced in adult mice (13 weeks) and EdU incorporation into PROX1-positive cell nuclei was determined 6 weeks after Tamoxifen administration. Shown are mesenteric wholemount stainings prepared from control (A, B; n=3) or VE-cadherin-deleted mice (C, D; n=3). (B) and (D) show a magnification of the area outlined by the white dashed line in (A) and (C). Antigens shown in addition to the EdU incorporation are depicted in colour on the left side of the first panel. PEC, PECAM1; PRX1, PROX1. Scale bars = 100 µm Enumeration of EdU-positive LECs. The measurements were obtained from three animals and nine confocal stacks per biological group. PROX1-positive nuclei were counted using the particle analysis tool of Fiji. Co-localization of PROX1 and EdU was determined manually in each confocal plane, using the cell counting tool of Fiji. The data represent mean ± SD. **** p ≤ 0.0001. Two-tailed unpaired Student's t test
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The lipid droplets accumulation was determined by BODIPY staining. The percentage of divided cells and proliferation index were calculated.
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E Representative Western blot of PGC-1α and respective actin that was used for normalization. PGC-1α protein levels in tibialis anterior muscle tissue are represented as mean fold change ± SEM from age-matched WT. **P-values versus WT: 0.02 (n = 6/genotype at 65 days; n = 5/genotype at 105 days, two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's LSD post hoc test).
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B. Table summarizing the phenotype frequencies within the spleens of secondary recipients that were retransplanted with Myc/Bcl2+LSK-, GMP- or DN2-derived myeloid blasts as described in A. T-lymphoid leukemia: (TL: CD11b-Gr1-/CD3+CD4+CD8+), biphenotypic leukemia: BL (CD11b+Gr1+/CD3+CD4+CD8+), myeloid leukemia: ML (CD11b+Gr1+/CD3-CD4-CD8-). Numbers before the dash represent mice holding the indicated leukemia fraction; numbers after the dash indicate the total mouse count analyzed.
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(E) 2D BNGE, Western blot and immunodetection analysis of WT and ∆4-CYB mitochondria from cells collected at the same times after doxycycline treatment to follow the incorporation kinetics of the indicated cI nuclear-encoded subunits, belonging to different structural modules. The blots shown were either exposed for 16 sec. (low exposures) or 160 sec. (high exposures) in order to visualize the qualitative signals in the ∆4-CYB samples.
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WT MC38 cells were injected into STING+/+ or STING-/- mice, and treated with 5-FU or PBS following the schematics in (A). (H) Tumor volumes were quantified at the indicated days post cancer cell injection. N=5.
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Confocal microscopy images of HeLa cells expressing GFP-PNRC1 and stained with antibodies against NPM1 (B) nucleolar proteins (nuclei are stained in blue with DAPI, scale bar: 5µm).
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(C) Representative immunofluorescence images of HCC cells co-transfected with mDia2-GFP and other constructs as indicated (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 20μm.
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A-F Double immunolabelling of PCNT -PCNT- (green) and SYCP3 (red) on squashed WT mouse spermatocytes at (A) interkinesis, (B) early prophase II, (C) late prophase II, (D) prometaphase II, (E) metaphase II and (F) telophase II. Chromatin has been stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar in F represents 10 μm.
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D. A model for recognition and processing of replisome associated G4s by Timeless / DDX11. Current evidence suggests that Timeless is a constitutive component of the replication fork. the C terminus of Timeless may help detect G4s in the vicinity of the replisome by a combination of direct recognition through the DNA binding domain and indirectly through the PARP-binding domain. It is not currently possible to distinguish whether this mechanism would operate ahead or behind the fork itself although recent structural evidence placing Tof1, the yeast homologue of Timeless, ahead of the fork would appear to make the first possibility more probable. However, for failure to resolve G4s ahead of the fork to result in uncoupling would require the CMG helicase to traverse the structure, as has been suggested for interstrand crosslinks
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b, Total RNA was extracted from RagA+/+ (n = 3), RagAGTP/+ (n = 3) and RagAGTP/GTP (n = 2) MEFs and RagA mRNA expression determined by quantitative PCR (mean ± s.e.m.).
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A The REST mRNA expression in the MOE of the NC, miR-200b/a KD and miR-200b/a+TET3 DKD mice, as revealed by qPCR analysis [200 KD: miR-200b/a KD; (200+T) DKD: (miR-200b/a+TET3) DKD; n=4 mice each group; data represent the mean±SEM; F=9.409, NC vs. 200: p=0.1367, 200 vs. 200+T: p=0.1896, **p<0.01; one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons
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(A) Co-staining with anti-N-Terminal Aβ 82E1 (green) and Thioflavin-S (magenta) reveals Aβ plaques (arrow heads) in regions of interest. Representative images are shown. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B, C) The number of Aβ plaques in regions of interest was significantly reduced by treatment AAV-VHH-B9 (B), as was total plaque area (C). (
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(d) A signaling pathway of THPN-induced and TR3-mediated autophagic induction in the inhibition of melanoma growth. All of the data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P 0.05, **P 0.01; NS, not significant.
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A Immunoprecipitation analysis of acetylation of p97 in RAW264.7 cells cultured in media containing reduced concentration of NaCl (-17 and -34 mM) for 12 hrs. Data information: Data are representative of at least two biological replicates
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Donor GFP+ mice were treated with NaCl, G-CSF or CoPP daily. At the 5th day of treatment we transplanted 5x106 of isolated PBMC to the lethally irradiated GFP- recipient mice, together with 105 GFP- BM-derived competitor cells. After 18 or 20 weeks we performed secondary transplantation of primary recipients' BM to lethally irradiated secondary recipients and followed the chimerism for additional 14 weeks. PB chimerism in secondary recipients is higher in CoPP group than in the control group (mean + individual values, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test, NaCl: n = 7, G-CSF: n = 6, CoPP: n = 8 mice per group).
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D. HeLa cells were transfected with LCS-GR, subjected to the synchronisation protocol (see Materials and Methods), fixed and processed for cryoimmunolabeling with an anti-GFP antibody (15 nm gold particles) and anti-GM130 antibody (10 nm gold particles, black arrowheads) peri-Golgi vesicles containing LCS-GR are marked by red arrowheads. Scale bar, 150 nm.
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(G) Graph quantifying the recovery kinetics of the fluorescent pseudopupil with time, X-axis represents the genotypes, Y-axis represent intensity normalized to the intensity of the first image. (n=10 biological replicates).
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Geranylgeranylation of unprenyl WT Ykt6 and the site 1 or site 2 mutants by GGTase-III. WT and mutant Ykt6 proteins (5 μM each) were incubated with GGTase-III (100 nM) and 3H-GGPP (1 μM), and the amount of 3H-geranylgeranyl transferred to Ykt6 was quantified (mean ± SEM, n = 3).
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A, Scheme showing the GFP-USP42 and ZNRF3-HA constructs generated for this study. Note that ZNRF3∆C did not express properly, possibly due to misfolding at the ER.
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Knockdown efficiency of LARP6 si-RNA (Si-LARP6) detected by qRT-PCR in primary fibroblasts. *P < 0.05 vs scramble, (two-tailed Student's t test); n = 5 for all groups.
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G) Effect of rapamycin and/or ATM inhibitor (KU55933) on mitochondrial mass (NAO intensity) in proliferating and senescent (3 days after 20Gy X-ray) MRC5 fibroblasts. Data are mean±S.E.M of n=3 independent experiments. Asterisks denote statistical significant P<0.05 One-way ANOVA.
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D. Still frames directly before and after the Q97-GFP aggregate formation in GAL-Mia40 cells. Total cellular fluorescence intensity before aggregation and total intensity in the aggregate (red arrow) were quantified and are shown in the graph on the right hand side, indicating that the entire cellular fluorescent signal collapses into the one single aggregate, irrespective of whether cells contain little, high or very high amounts of GFP signal (groups indicated by three red circles on the quantification). M, mother; D, daughter. Bars, 4 µm.
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R4, but not N4 peptide reduces Kif5a co-immunoprecipitation with nucleolin from mouse sciatic nerve axoplasm, assayed by automated capillary electrophoresis immunoassay for Kif5a. Schematic of the assay is shown in (C). Representative traces of the Kif5a immunoreactive peaks are shown
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A constant amount of Myc-NLRP3 plasmid together with an increasing amount of Myc-ABRO1 plasmid were co-transfected in HEK-293T cells. Immunoblot analysis of NLRP3 and BRCC3 from the cell lysates immunoprecipitated with control IgG or anti-BRCC3 antibody.
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C Src phosphorylation and interactions between FAK and Src or pSrc Y416 in SCC cells . FAK, Src or pSrc Y416 were immunoprecipitated from whole cell SCC lysates using anti-pSrc Y416, anti-FAK, anti-Src or non-specific IgG-agarose, followed by western blot analysis with anti-FAK, anti-pSrc Y416 and anti-Src. Anti-GAPDH served as a loading control. For full blots see source data.
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(B) Expression levels of selected genes from the clusters of panel A. GO, gallbladder organoid; N, non-differentiated; D, differentiated; G, gallbladder; L, liver; T, tissue.
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D. Expression of gadB and recA in inosine-supplemented medium, averaged over 13 single cells in a microcolony. Insets: Dual color image of gadB and recA and segmentation image at t = 6h.
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D Phospho-plex analysis showing the phospho-STAT levels in survivin-specific TC upon encountering CCR9hi or CCR9lo MCF7 cells. Log2 ratio of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of the respective analytes to the unstimulated TC is plotted herein.
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D-F. Hierarchical clustering of mRNA expression of mESCs differentiated towards ectoderm (E), mesoderm (F) and endoderm (G).
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(A) Immunoblot analysis with Sox4 antibody of protein lysates extracted from control (Co) (Ccny+/-; Ccnyl1-/-; shRNA Co) and mutant (Ccny+/-; Ccnyl1-/-; shRNA Ccny) NPCs. Numbers are fold change vs. controls of Sox4 protein levels normalized to GAPDH (n=3). Immunoblot image cropped from Figure EV5H. Quantification performed on immunoblot shown in Figure EV5H and two additional immunoblots (not shown).
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D ASCO transcript levels in smd1b mutant. In A and D RNAs were extracted from WT, prp8-7 and smd1b 14-day-old plants.
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(A) H1-Hela cells were mock infected or infected with poliovirus (MOI = 50 pfu/cell) and cells were lysed at the indicated hours post-infection (h.p.i.). Three independent experiments were measured for quantification of p62 levels, and the blot shown is representative.
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B. Regulation of Nmnat2 SATS isoform by Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. Left, distribution of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog ChIP-seq reads around the TSS region of the Nmnat2 SATS isoform in mESCs; right, reduced expression of the Nmnat2SATS isoform in Oct4, Sox2, or Nanog knockdown mESCs.
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I Coimmunoprecipitation analysis of FADD and PPAR-α in 293T cells. As indicated, lysates from the cells transfected with plasmids encoding Flag-FADD-A, Flag-FADD-D or HA-PPAR-α were subjected to immunoprecipitation with an anti-Flag antibody. PPAR-α was visualized by anti-HA. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments having similar results.
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(d) RT-PCR analysis of IL-8 mRNA expression in U2OS cells after 24 h glutamine deprivation with or without CCI-779 or WYE-125132. Error bars in all figures represent s.d. of three biological replicates. OD, optical density.
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Subcutaneous tumors established from control and IL6RA knockdown Tgfbr2-mutant cell lines in C57Bl/6 mice received rat IgG Mac48 (control), 2G8 or anti-mouse IL-6 antibody MP5-20F3 (each 30 mg/kg 2x/week, n = 5/group). For NK cell depletion, prior to therapies, mice received 50 μg of control rabbit IgG or anti-Asialo-GM1 three days in a row. For maintenance, 25 μg of control rabbit IgG or anti-Asialo-GM1 were given 2X/week throughout the whole study. Therapy started at day 12 post tumor cell injection and mice were on therapy for 16 days. Tumor volume was measured twice per week. P values by t test are indicated.
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Heatmap of the differentially expressed cholesterol-related genes between normal brain tissues (n = 28) and glioblastomas (n = 217) from the Rembrandt dataset. Gene expression values are z-transformed and colored red for high expression and blue for low expression, as indicated in the scale bar. Volcano plot showing the fold-change (log2) in cholesterol-related gene levels based on GBM vs normal brain tissue. Data were obtained from the Rembrandt dataset.
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(B) Seven of 12 tested PPR genes exhibit incompatibility between S. cerevisiae and at least one other Saccharomyces sensu stricto species. The doubling time of S. cerevisiae cells carrying the endogenous PPR genes (Sc) or orthologs of other yeast species (Sp, Sm, Sk and Sb) were measured in YPD (glucose) or YPG (glycerol) media. All the measurements were then normalized to the doubling time of Sc to obtain the relative doubling time. Graphs were plotted using data from at least three independent repeats for each strain. Sc, S. cerevisiae. Sp, S. paradoxus. Sm, S. mikatae. Sk, S. kudriavzevii. Sb, S. bayanus. n.d., growth not detected. p values were calculated by unpaired, two-sided student t-test. Error bars indicate S.D. *, p value < 0.05. **, p value < 0.01. ***, p value < 0.001.
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Western blot analysis of Methionine Sulfoxidation (MetO), Methionine sulfide reductase B2 (MsrB2) and Parkin in human Healthy Control (HC) and Diabetic Mellitus (DM) platelets. P.C. is a BSA-MetO positive control (Cayman Chemical Co.). Quantitation of western blot analysis shown in Fig 1C. Graphical representation and statistical analysis of HC (n=3) and DM (n=12) individuals. (MetO; **p=0.0003, MsrB2; *p=0.0186, Parkin; **p=0.0003 vs. HC).
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B) Spleens from WT and KO mice +/- mAb KL53 day 8pi with 0.5 x 10^5 FFU LCMV were analysed for the presence of LCMV N-specific CTLs by staining with the class I N396-404 tetramer.
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Four male genes in DNA replication and DNA repair pathways, including dpod2, dpod1, rpa1, and mcm7.
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A Representative immunofluorescence stainings of insulin and CD31 in CI, FI, PI and PI+MVF. Cell nuclei are stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Scale bar: 100 µm. B Quantitative analysis of CD31-positive cells in FI, CI, PI and PI+MVF in % of all islet or islet organoid cells (n = 20 each). Mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. *P < 0.05 vs. FI; #P < 0.05 vs. CI; +P < 0.05 vs. PI.
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(D) ) EBV‐B1.11 cells were incubated with 200 ng/ml of recombinant NeoR protein and treated with leupeptin or chloroquine as described in (A). Presentation of exogenous NeoR on HLA‐DP3 is blocked by both substances as well, indicating that NeoR presentation is dependent on lysosomal processing.
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A Schematic representation of the constructs utilized in (B) and (C). The first construct contains 58 (G4C2) repeats outside of the native C9orf72 sequence and GFP in the GP frame (polyGP-GFP). The start codon of GFP was removed. The second construct AUG-RFP is used as positive control of canonical translation.
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B) HIF1α protein expression was measured in nuclear extracts from young and old control and Mfn2KO mice (n=4-6 mice per group). Data were normalized by tubulin as a loading control and expressed as a fold change compared to young control mice.
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