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e Transcriptional correlation patterns between Sst subtypes and CA1 and CA3 neurons. Green, purple and cyan sidebars highlight the subset of Sst co-localized with CA1 (purple), CA1 (green) and CA3 (cyan).
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IFN-β protein (H) levels in WT BMMs treated with EVs for 4 hr and 24 hr respectively. The EVs were isolated from BMMs that were infected with the different M.tb CDC 1551 strains. Data shown are the mean ± SD (n = 3 per group) and all data shown are representative of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 by Student's t-test (two tailed).
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D. Kaplan-Meier curve of ex vivo blastocysts untreated or treated with 200 nM of INK-128. n, number of blastocysts of each genotype. p-value was calculated using the log rank test. E. Kaplan-Meier curve of ex vivo WT blastocysts cultured in the M2 medium in the presence of 200 nM of INK-128 with or without 50 µM of etomoxir (Eto) and/or 100 µM of octanoate, as indicated. p-values were calculated using the log rank test.
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(D) Expression of GRK2 as measured by RT-PCR in three replicates each of control and R05-365A fibroblasts, demonstrating absence of GRK2 transcript in ATD cells. GAPDH served as a positive control.
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(C) Red1 and Mmi1 have common target genes. RT-PCR of four DSR‐containing genes (mei4+, ssm4+, rec8+, and spo5+) indicates that either a red1 deficiency or a mmi1 mutation (mmi1‐619) resulted in increased levels of these meiotic mRNAs.
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I. ROS levels in control and PKCδ cKO HSPCs as measured by FACS based CM-H2DCFDA staining. Bar graph at right shows the relative CM-H2DCFDA MFI. Data compiled from three independent experiments (n=6-8 per genotype). Data information: The statistical significance of difference was assessed using two-tailed Student's unpaired t-test analysis. All data are presented as mean± SEM., *p<0.05, **p<0.001.
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(g) Oscillations in citrate m+5 when feeding [U-13C]-glutamine throughout the cell cycle (representing reductive IDH flux).
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G. Principal components analysis of behavior from the OF test (n: WT = 10, WT-old =7, Lmnb1-cKO = 11 for the OF test). Circles indicate 66% confidence levels for each group.
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(D). Western blot analysis of KAP1 levels in protein extracts from Fa2L cells after Kap1 knock down. SMC1: loading control. Quantification of KAP1 protein levels normalised to SMC1 and relative to Luciferase control cells are shown below.
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(A) Cryo-EM density map of tetrameric Ams1 in complex with Nbr1-ZZ1 at 2.4 Å. Ams1 subunits 1 to 4 are colored in green, blue, cyan, and yellow. Nbr1-ZZ1 molecules are all colored in orange. (B) Ribbon representation of the Ams1-ZZ1 complex structure.
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Representative immunofluorescence images showed the expression of RPE-specific markers, including RPE65 (B in the cultured RPE cells. Scale bars, 50 μm
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Detection of LL-37 expression in the engineered mDASCs by real-time quantitative PCR
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J, Labelled palmitic, oleic and stearic acid fractions derived from 13C-glucose and 13C-glutamine in CTL and THEM6 KO 22rv1 cells after 72 hours of incubation. Data information: Data are presented as mean values +/- SD. Statistical analysis: : *p-value < 0.05 using 1-way ANOVA with a Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. Data reproducibility: n = 3 independent wells from the same cell culture.
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(F) Intravital microscopy quantification of the rolling and adhesion frequencies and rolling velocities of neutrophils recruited to venules irrigating inflamed (TNFα-injected) cremaster muscle. Data are means ± SEM. (n=5-10). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 (2-way ANOVA coupled to Bonferroni's post tests).
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Immunohistochemical analysis of cell proliferation marker ki-67 and CD8 in tumor nodules on day 10 (n=5) Statistical results of (E). Data information: Data are representative of three independent experiments, and were analyzed by unpaired t-test. Error bars denote s.e.m. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
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h, Provisional model of the autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR) cycle. Scale bars, 5 µm.
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Left graph: IF staining of TDP-43 and HDAC1 during progression of TDP-43 proteinopathies in the frontal cortices from the FTLD-TDP Tg and WT mice. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (in blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. The circled area is emphasized for showing the distribution of immunoreactivity in cell subregions. Scale bar: 15 μm. Right histogram: Quantification of co-localized TDP-43 and HDAC1 immunoreactivity in the cytosol or nucleus in the WT or 1-, 6-, and 12-month-old FTLD-TDP Tg mice. n = 9 sections per mouse, N = 5 mice per group, data are presented as mean ± SEM. *Nucleus: Tg 1m vs. Tg 6m or 12m; #Cytosol: Tg 1m vs. Tg 6m or 12m; @ Tg 6m vs Tg 12m. ****/####/@@@@ p < 0.0001 by multiple comparison.
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(D) WT-UHMK1 or kinase-dead UHMK1-K54R protein was mixed with GST-CBP-WT or the indicated mutant, and in vitro kinase assays were performed.
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Dose response curves of h543 and h676 GSCs treated with the indicated compounds at several concentrations. Data are representative of n=2 biological replicates. Data are represented as mean ± SEM normalized to DMSO.
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(A) NET-seq data of wild type (WT) yeast at the GCG1/SUT098 and ORC2/SUT014 loci. NET-seq reads in black and grey represent the Watson (+) and Crick (-) strands, respectively. The NET-seq track combines remapped data from previous publications (see Material and Methods for more details).
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The protein levels of QKI in BAT and ingWAT during cold stimulation (4 °C) and the quantified protein levels. (n=3 biological replicates)
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D NIE-115 cells stably expressing mSt-INPP5E (WT, D477N, or ΔCAAX) were cultured in growth medium. Cells were fixed and stained with anti-LAMP1 antibodies, and then analyzed by immunofluorescencemicroscopy. Insets show the boxed areas at high magnification. The number showing to the right side indicates the colocalization rate of LAMP1 with mSt-INPP5E. Bar, 10 µm.
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H Nuclear localization promotes the ubiquitination of SETDB1 in Atf7ip KO mESCs. Atf7ip KO mESCs expressing 3xF- or 3xF-NLS-SETDB were used for FLAG-IP, and the purified SETDB1s were analyzed by WB.
|
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(B) Representative sectional images of nuclei of two neutrophils treated by PMA, stained for lamin B (primary anti-lamin B, and FITC-labeled secondary antibody), p-PKCα (primary anti-human p-PKCαS657, and PE-labeled secondary antibody), and nuclear DNA (DAPI). The accumulation of p-PKCα (red arrow pointed) at the site of ruptured/interrupted (green arrow) nuclear lamin B, and swollen/de-condensed DNA (blue arrow) were indicated (b1). A neutrophil (white empty arrow) with NET formation that contained the mixture of DNA with p-PKCα and lamin B (white arrow) was also demonstrated (b2). Scale bars, 10 µm.
|
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(C) Bait plasmids (HTT-586-25Q or HTT-586-73Q aa) were transformed into the L40ccua MATa yeast strain. Yeast clones encoding bait proteins were individually mated against a matrix of MATα yeast clones encoding 16,888 prey proteins (with Gal4 activation domain fusions) using pipetting and spotting robots. Diploid yeasts were spotted onto SDIV (-Leu-Trp-Ura-His) agar plates for selection of PPIs as well as nylon membranes placed on SDIV agar plates for β-galactosidase assays. After 5-6 days of incubation at 30ºC, digitized images of the agar plates and nylon membranes were assessed for growth and β-galactosidase activity using the software Visual Grid (GPC Biotech).
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(H) Complementation of makr5CLE45 insensitivity by MAKR5expression under control of a promoter specific for developing sieve elements (CVP2), but not by expression under control of a companion cell-specific promoter (SUC2) (7-day-old seedlings; 3 independent transgenic lines per construct are shown).
|
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Average epidermis/vasculature ratio of amiRSUL levels presented in (A) and Appendix Fig.S12A. Error-bars: SD. t-test p-values are indicated. n=4.
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Schematic diagram of Tex11 gene structure, Tex19.1 gene structure, targeting vector and the final Tex11 knockin allele containing the wild-type Tex11 ORF.
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Sex chromosome recombination was perturbed in 6-month-old Usp26-/Y mice. Immunofluorescence analysis of DMC1 (green), SYCP3 (red) (J) was performed in 6-month-old Usp26+/Y and Usp26-/Y spermatocytes. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The arrows indicate the sex chromosomes.
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(B) Expression of FLAG-tagged DIA1(R1204X) in the inner ear and heart of TG, but not WT, mice is confirmed by immunoblotting using a FLAG Ab. Representative of 3 experiments.
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D Representative organotypic cultures from the experiment in panel (C). RFP is an internal control probe labelling cancer cells independent of autophagy flux and GFP indicate GFP-LC3+ puncta. The dotted line in the upper panel delimits a high magnification area shown in the lower panel respect to the GFP signal derived from GFP-LC3 accumulation. Dotted lines in lower panel surround individual cancer cells. Asterisk labels the area in the cell magnified in the high magnification panel showing the GFP-LC3+ puncta. Scale bar: low magnificantion, 25 µm; high magnification (cells), 10 µm; high magnification (puncta), 2.5 µm. E Quantification of GFP-LC3+ vesicles per cell of the experiment in panel (C). Values are shown in box-and-whisker plots where every dot represents a field of view of an organotypic culture and the line in the box corresponds to the median. The boxes go from the upper to the lower quartiles and the whiskers go from the minimum to the maximum value (DMSO: n=15 fields of view, 2232 cancer cells from 3 organotypic cultures; DEBIO-0932: n=20 fields of view, 3260 cancer cells from 4 organotypic cultures). P value was calculated using two-tailed t-test.
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Serum insulin and corticosterone levels determined by ELISA (n = 6 animals per group).
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(B) RNF114-dependent in vitro ubiquitination of substrates. Substrate ubiquitination assays were performed with purified RNF114, the reaction products were immunoblotted using anti-His antibody to detect the ubiquitin (upper panel) or anti-FLAG antibody detecting the substrate protein (middle panel), and the lower panel showed the merged signals. The results show that clear polyubiquitin chains were formed in the systems containing recombinant CD74, TAB1, TNIP1, PSAT1 or RALGPS1.
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KZFPs binding sites on L1PA5 and L1PA6. Top: boxes containing the interactors of KZFPs found enriched on L1PA5,6. Middle: plot showing the average ChIP-exo signals (scaled between 0 and 1) for each selected KZFP plotted on top of L1PA5 and L1PA6 multiple sequence alignment (MSA). Bottom: schematic representation of L1PA5,6 different domains.
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(B) Bar plots of flow cytometry data generated with Jurkat-S cells and the panel of serum samples of Table EV1 classified according to their result in the indicated commercial tests: green, positive for the test; orange, weak or unclear; magenta, negative samples. Flow cytometry data is expressed as the ratio between the MFI of the antibody anti-S and the MFI for EGFR. Negative values for the flow cytometry test are those with a S/EGFR MFI ratio lower than 0.5. This ratio was set in order to fit most of the data negative for the other serological tests (pink triangles) under that threshold.Data represent the mean±s.e.m. All datapoints are shown.
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Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis (n=10/group) of (E) lean mass, (F) fat mas at P98 Bar graphs represent mean±SD. The dat were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests for selected comparison. Significant differences between groups (p value) are indicated on graphs
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C Nucleosomal array oligomers (left) or with MNase treatment (right) were stained with DAPI and examined using FM. Shown are representative images obtained. Note that the sizes of MNase-treated oligomers are much smaller than those of the control oligomers (left and Fig. 1A).
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B. Scheme of mutated MyoA versions that are expressed in clonal parasite lines at the endogenous myoA locus. Either the complete N-terminal extension is deleted (19 amino acids) or point mutations within amino acids that are located in the N-terminal extension are introduced.
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A Relationship among MXL-1, TDPT-1, ETS-4, CEBP-1 and PKA in the regulation of axon injury-induced svh-2 expression.
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F, G In-gel assay of OST1 activity in 10-d-old wild type, egr1 and egr2 single mutants, and the egr1 egr2 double mutant under cold stress. Data information: the ratio of band intensity of OST1 to RuBisCO in the wild type with cold treatment for 2 h was set to 1.00. In (F representative pictures are shown: Top, autoradiograph; bottom, CBB staining. In (G relative kinase activity is shown. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM of three biological repeats. **P < 0.01 (two-tailed t-test).
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(D) TH-positive cell count in the SN. Individual values and mean ± SD, n= 10 animals, unpaired t-test.
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Upper panel: time series show an example of several fast cargos present on GaMT. Lower panel: time series show one slow cargo on non-GaMT switching onto a GaMT and becoming faster. Red line: GaMT; Green line: non-GaMT; White circle: cargo position. White line, cargo trajectory. Scale bar: 2 μm. Box-whisker plot presents the averaged acetylation level of fast or slow MT tracks. (Data were pooled from 2 independent experiments and n= 63 MTs). The ends of the whiskers are set at 10% and 90% of the entire population, ns, no significant difference, unpaired t-test. Marginal distributions of the mean velocity of cargos on segments of Ac-MTs (orange dots) and non-Ac-MTs (purple dots). Orange curve and purple curve represent the Gaussian fittings (Data were pooled from 2 independent experiments and n= 63 MTs). ns, no significant difference, unpaired t-test.
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D Sequence of peptides 95-113 of OSCP before (left panel) and after reaction with DPC (right panel) obtained from tryptic digests of the SDS-PAGE band corresponding to the expected molecular mass of OSCP in immunoprecipitated F-ATP synthase. Fragments of the series b and y identified in the LC-MS/MS analysis are indicated on the sequence of the peptides. H112 and H112CeT are indicated in red boldface. Ions y4-y17 show a mass shift of +72 Da in the modified peptide.
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Combination gene therapy with IFNα, TNFα and IFNγ, expressed from the Tie2 vector platform. CTRL (Tie2.NGFR), 2 independent experiments, n = 9 mice; IFNα, 1 experiment, n = 2 mice; IFNα/IFNγ, 1 experiment, n= 4 mice; IFNα/TNFα, 1 experiment, n = 3 mice; IFNγ/TNFα, 2 independent experiments, n = 19 mice. (C) Percentage of MHC II+ macrophages identified by F4/80 expression in the spleen (mean ± SD, each dot represents an individual mouse; *p = 0.0484, **p = 0.0049, ordinary One-Way ANOVA). (D) Percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes within CD45 positive and OFP negative splenic cells (mean ± SD, each dot represents an individual mouse; *p = 0.0356, ordinary One-Way ANOVA). (
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K. Quantitative measurements of MitoSOX intensity normalised to that of Mitotracker in iPSC derived microglia cells from three different donors, treated with either DMSO, GW or GI; n=10 cells for each treatment per donor. The box end points are the upper (75%) and lower (25%) quartiles, the whiskers define the maximum 95th percentile and minimum 5th percentile values respectively, the central band is the median and the square is the mean. all data were quantified for significance using Student's t test. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
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The 100 stiff ALDH+ or soft ALDH- 4T1 cells were injected into the mammary fat pads of NSG mice. Eight weeks later, the lung sections were H&E stained. metastasis index was calculated (D). Scale bar, 0.5 mm. n = 5 mice with metastatic tumor. Data information: two-tailed Paired Student's t test data represent mean ± SD.
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b, Thymic stromal cells from GFP-LC3 mice were fixed onto glass slides and stained with anti-GFP Alexa 488 and DAPI. Typical autophagy-positive cTECs and mTEChi are shown. The average frequencies ± s.d. of cTECs and mTEChi scoring autophagy positive (that is, ≥5 autophagosomes) in two independent preparations are indicated. Less than 1% of dendritic cells (DCs) and mTEClo were positive.
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(E) Schema of mating strategy and numbers of viable pups at weaning bearing the 6 possible genotypes for Vav1-Cre. A Chi-square test determined any difference between observed proportions and expected proportions.
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(B) A tSNE projection of the scRNA-seq data is shown in the middle, and the known tissues to which the clusters were assigned to are graphically illustrated outside. Marker genes for each tissue type are shown in parentheses.
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(a) Correlation between the differential tension (cyan) represented by the recoil velocities differences (m/s) between CC and AV laser cuts and their difference (blue) calculated by regression analysis at the E-YSL during epiboly (%). The difference values in normalized relative units were fitted applying a constant adjustment ratio at all time points.
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Actin dynamics in mature synapse of LifeAct-GFP expressing T cell using TIRFM. The images show the foci (pseudocolored red) extracted from the total synaptic F-actin (F-G), and kymograph shows the time course of foci and lamellar activity over a period of 210 sec. Histograms of foci and lamellar protrusion and retraction (fluctuations) dynamics in WT T cell (H); Lifetime of individual foci and lamellar events (graph on the bottom right, each dot represents a single foci/lamellar protrusion-retraction event n= 126 for foci and n= 77 for lamellar protrusions). ***P<0.0001 using Mann-Whitney two-tailed test between populations of cells within the same experiment.
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(D) Transduced cells from (C) were exposed to purified HIV for the indicated time (minutes) harvested, lysed, and analyzed for endogenous LC3B and SQSTM1 by Western blotting. Left, representative blots are shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.
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Shown are dose response curves (left) and corresponding IC50 values (right) for effects of the endosomal acidification inhibitors Baf-A1 on replication of Luc-expressing strains. Curves display mean luminescence AUC expressed as a percentage of replication of corresponding strains in control conditions from 3-5 independent experiments (mean of 3 wells per condition) for each strain and inhibitor concentration. Bar graphs depict mean IC50 values from these experiments.
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EdU incorporation in ERG-positive ECs normalized to total ERG-positive ECs. Each dot represents one retina/mouse; error bars: SD. n=8-9.
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(e) Mouse fibroblasts transfected with the KFERQ-mCherry1 photoactivatable reporter with the indicated concentrations of AR7 or GR1 or with both compounds to reach the same final concentration, as indicated. Top, representative fields and high-magnification images (insets). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI. Bottom, quantification of the number of fluorescent puncta per field in each condition. Scale bars, 10 μm. In a, c, d and e, values are mean ± s.e.m.; n > 50 cells. Differences with untreated samples (marked with asterisk) or between single and combined treatments (§) are significant for P 0.01.
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(F) Representative images of healthy or C9orf72 human-derived MN proximal axons with Sema3A treatment, Sema3A + dynein inhibitor treatment or untreated control. Green: denotes CRMP4, Red: denotes GAPDH. Scale bar: 5μm. (G) Quantification of CRMP4 intensity levels (normalized to GAPDH+mCherry/area) at the proximal axons in healthy or C9orf72 human-derived MN after Sema3A treatment, Sema3A + dynein inhibitor treatment, or untreated control. Analysis performed from 3 independent chambers in each condition. 21 healthy untreated proximal axons, 24 healthy proximal axons with Sema3A treatment, 16 healthy proximal axons with Sema3A + dynein inhibitor treatment, 12 C9orf72 untreated proximal axons, 8 C9orf72 proximal axons with Sema3A treatment and 13 C9orf72 proximal axons with Sema3A + dynein inhibitor treatment were monitored. One-way ANOVA, Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test, n = 3, Data presented as mean ±SE, *p =0.0334, ****p<0.0001.
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(B) A model to show that spontaneous DNA-RNA hybrids impairing replication fork progression would require the 9-1-1/ATR/CHK1 for dissolution. Additionally, unrepaired DSBs (accumulated as a consequence of ATM/CHK2 depletion) and post-replicative ssDNA gaps (present in PRR-defective cells) could favor DNA-RNA hybrid accumulation without stalling replication forks.
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C. Representative images of undifferentiated regions in Ts8 ES cell derived teratomas (middle, top and bottom) and the primitive neural rosettes in the teratomas derived from Ts15 ES cells (right, top and bottom). The images of mature neuroectoderm from wild-type ES cell formed teratomas (left, top and bottom) were shown. The bottom panels were the enlarged views of the white dotted boxes of the top panels. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Scale bars, 50 μm.
|
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Schematic representation of proximity biotinylation in stable inducible H3.1-APEX2-3xFLAG cells. To perform proximity biotinylation with newly synthesized H3.1-APEX2-3xFLAG, after doxycycline induction followed by washout, cells were immediately subjected to labeling reaction. To perform proximity biotinylation with pre-existing H3.1-APEX2-3xFLAG, following washout cells were grown for 48 h before labeling reaction. Biotin-labeled proteins were purified on streptavidin-conjugated beads.
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D) The majority of Dicer, TRBP and PACT are associated with neuronal membranes. Sequential detergent extraction was used to separate cytoplasmic from membrane fractions in 7 DIV cortical neurons. The relative quantity of depicted proteins was analyzed in three independent experiments (p<0.005, t-test type 3, n=3, error bars s.d.). Actin and ribophorin I were used as loading controls for cytoplasmic and membrane fractions, respectively.
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B ELISA analysis of VEGF concentration in the supernatant from Caco-2 cells treated with Control-Fc or Spike-Fc. For each group, n=4. Data are from 4 independent biological experiments. Data information: All data are shown as mean ± SD. For (B), P values are determined by Paired Student's t-test;
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P28 WT and HET confirming persistent hypomyelination in mutants at P28, as quantified in (Q). data are represented as means ± SEM. N=3 Statistical significance was obtained by Student t-test or by two-way ANOVA when comparing 2 or multiple conditions, respectively (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001). Nuclei (blue) were stained with DAPI. Scale bars: 50µm
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A Splicing isoforms of the CLK1 pre-mRNA. The retained introns are indicated by red lines. An asterisk indicates the position of the premature termination codon in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay-targeted isoform. B Time course analysis of the splicing pattern of CLK1 pre-mRNAs in control and HSATIII knockdown (HSATIII KD) cells by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Arrows indicate the positions of PCR primers. The GAPDH mRNA was used as an internal control. C Quantification of the data shown in (B). Data are shown as the mean±SD (n=3); *p<0.05 (Sidak's multiple comparison test).
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(F) Immunoprecipitation analysis of activation and protein levels of p38γ and δ isoforms in liver extracts prepared from WT fed a MCD or ND for 3 weeks (n=5). Western blot against vinculin was used to assay the protein amount in the total lysate (TL) used for each IP. Protein expression was normalized to vinculin. Data are means ± SEM. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. (Statistical significance by two-tailed Student's t test. Characteristics of patients and controls were compared by means of χ2 or Mann-Whitney U tests.)
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G. HCC4006 cells were transduced with control (AdCont) or RHOB-overexpressing adenoviruses (AdRHOB) at an increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI). RHOB overexpression was monitored by western blotting. (***: p<0.0001 vs. control cells). Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.
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D. Immunoblot analysis of Dln1 and D135A mutant after incubating with S. cerevisiae cells. The seeing bands represent the cell-bound protein after extensive washing the yeast cells. The monomer and oligomer bands are highlighted by the black arrow.
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D Quantification of data presented in C. Error bars represent mean value ± standard deviations of mean for the intensity values of three distinct chromosome bands representing chromosome XII or III (n=3). Values for G1 were set to 100
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The % degradation of random peptide libraries terminating in the indicated amino acids or C-terminal motifs labeled at bottom. X represents any amino acid residue. To illustrate the reliability of this approach, libraries terminating in each specific amino acid or motif were independently constructed three times and each independent library was analyzed by FACS in triplicate (three random samplings with 105 cells each time). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation from the nine replicates described above. Since the sample space of all 12-residue peptides far exceeds the size of random sampling, the probability of retrieving repeated peptides in random samples is extremely low. Thus those random samples are expected to carry distinct peptides and should be considered as biological replicates. P values were calculated by unpaired t-test.
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B. U2OS cells were either mock or treated with 10 μM XL413, 50 μM Mirin or both, and labelled with IdU (red) for 30 minutes at which point 4 mM HU was added for 2 hours. HU was then washed off and cells labelled with CldU (green) in the continued presence or absence of XL413 and/or Mirin. A set of representative DNA fibres from each condition is shown and the percentage of IdU (red) only tracts is plotted. At least 200 replication forks were analysed for each condition. Error bars represent the SEM from four biological repeats and statistical significance was assessed by the student t test (*p<0.05, ** p˂0.01
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E Double staining for MitoTracker (mitochondria membrane potential) (50nM for 15 min) and LC3 (autophagy) in HC and DM platelets. Boxed platelets are enlarged in Panel F.F A typical HC platelet has high membrane potential and low LC3 in contrast to a representative DM platelet which has low membrane potential and high LC3.G Quantification of autophagosome positive platelets using 6 HC and 4 DM samples after staining using CoxIV (mitochondria) and LC3 (autophagy marker). The y-axis indicates percentage of LC3 positive cells in total cells (**p=0.006 vs. HC).
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F, G, Size distribution of 18- to 28-nt vsiRNAs (F) and genomic coverage depth of each nucleotide position by 21- to 23-nt vsiRNAs (G) were analyzed from BALB/c suckling mice libraries infected by NoVΔB2 at 3 dpi.
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A Sequence alignment of GATA and E-box motifs in Alas2 intron 1 or 8 demonstrating conservation among mammals.
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B-D. 3T3-L1 stable cells described in (A) were adipogenically induced. Their adipogenic potential was assessed by adipogenic gene expression (D).
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ChIP analysis of Cay1‐Myc binding to the indicated genomic loci. subtel: subtelomeres; Tf2: Tf2 retrotransposon genes; LTR: Tf2 LTR sequences; Tlh: tlh1/2+ genes; cen: centromeres. Immunoprecipitated DNA is normalized to input DNA and expressed as fold increase over untagged strains (unt).
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(B) (B) LC3 levels were monitored in control (Da‐Gal4>huLC3:GFP) or dBI‐1 RNAi larvae (Da‐Gal4>huLC3:GFP, Dcr2, dBI‐1i) under basal or fasting conditions. Then, huLC3-GFP levels were analysed by western blot. In addition, dBI‐1i larvae were treated with 100 μM SP600125 (added in the growing media).
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Fig. 5. Chronic spironolactone treatment ameliorates deficits of behavioral endophenotypes in Nrg1-tg mice.(G) Spironolactone treatment significantly enhanced PPI in Nrg1-tg mice (effect of treatment F (1,21) =5.07; p=0.0325; 2-way repeated measures ANOVA). Data are shown as mean, error bars represent SEM. *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01 and ***, p<0.001, Bonferroni test following 2-way ANOVA; Spiro, spironolactone; Veh, vehicle. n=12 per genotype and treatment with an exception of (E) (Nrg1-tg vehicle, n=11; Nrg1-tg Spiro, n=10; wt vehicle, n=12; wt Spiro, n=12) and (G) (Nrg1-tg vehicle, n=11; Nrg1-tg Spiro, n=12; wt vehicle, n=12; wt Spiro, n=12).
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(D) COCO does not increase empty collagen IV sleeves. Scale bar, 50 μm. (E) Quantification of % of IsoB4+ vessels to Coll IV+ vessels; (n=9).
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(C) Examples of field potentials (averaged ≥ 20 times) evoked by flash stimulation in the recording sites for WT and HET mice. Dotted lines indicate the beginning of evoked field potentials.
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Cell viability analysis using CellTiter-Glo of BN175 CRISPR/Cas9 Ripk1 and Casp-8 KO cells treated with the indicated agents for 24 hrs (n = 3 biological replicates). Cell viability values are displayed as a percentage of the relative untreated control. DMSO (Unt), SM (100 ng/ml) and Riboxxol (1 µg/ml). SM represents SM-164. Error bars represent SD and a one-way Anova was performed to compare the mean value of each treatment to the treated BN175 CRISPR/Cas9 control (Ctrl), **** P ≤ 0.0001.
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(A) Actual PER2::LUC levels (dark symbols (3-hour moving average, n=3 ±SEM, 4 outliers removed)) as assayed in acute luciferase assays on cell lysates from cells harvested every hour over 48 hours, compared with parallel longitudinal co-recordings from cells in the presence of 0.1 mM luciferin (light lines (n=6, mean ±SEM)).
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A) TDP-43 droplets observed by brightfield and fluorescence microscopy when Oregon green labeled TDP-43 (4 μM, 10% labeled protein) was mixed with no RNA control or GU-repeat RNA oligonucleotides of increasing length at 250 mM salt. As indicated, RNA concentration varied to maintain a constant total number of TDP-43 binding sites. Scale bars, 10 μm. B) The plot shows droplet area quantified as a function of GU-repeat length. Mean and SD of >300 droplets from 3 biological replicates using 3 different protein preparations. C) TDP-43 concentration in the light phase (Cout) as a function of GU (blue) or CA (red)-repeat length quantified by Bradford protein assay. Mean and SD from >5 biological replicates using 2 different protein preparations. (250 mM NaCl, 4 µM TDP-43)
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] |
Distribution of engrafted GFP-labeled cells in lung parenchyma by immunofluorescence 7 days after transplantation. WT-Lung: WT-mDASCs engrafted; LL-37-Lung: LL-37-mDASCs engrafted. Scale bar, 200 μm. Arrows showed the representative cells with overlapping fluorescence of GFP and LL-37.
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] |
(B) ChIP analysis of enrichment of MEF2a on promoters of Acta1 and Nppa in ventricular samples. n=3:3.
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K-M: qPCR analysis of indicated gliosis markers in td+ glia cells from naïve mice and mice that underwent IM (n=5-7, POI mice).
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ZR-75-1 cells were treated for 1 hour (1h) or 5 days with 1 μM MK-2206, 1 μM GDC0941 or 3 μM 14h inhibitors, alone or in combination, as indicated. (A) The cell lysates were analysed by immunoblot using the indicated antibodies.
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C2C12 cells were treated with 0, 0.5 and 2 mM SUC for 48 h. Representative images of MyHC-I and IIb immunofluorescent staining (green) in C2C12 cells (n=16).
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(a,b) HeLa cells were treated with 10 μg ml−1 N-Shh peptide for 24 h. (a) Endogenous LC3 was detected by immunoblot in total cell lysates, quantified by densitometric analysis and normalized to actin. Relative levels were expressed in percentage with control cells set to 100 and shown in graph.
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) The percentages of the two forms of BCVs (I and II) present in control and Yip1A-knockdown cells at 24 hr p.i. The total numbers of BCVs analyzed were 67 for control cells and 37 for Yip1A-knockdown cells.
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G Histograms represent frequency of mitotic cells with excess foci of HsSAS-6 in the indicated conditions. In this experiment, cells were treated with double amount of RBM14 siRNA (20 pmol) compared to that in the other experiments. Values are mean percentages ± SEM from three independent experiments (n = 30 for each condition). *P < 0.05 (one-tailed t-test).
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F Two ARBE1 regions were changed to ARBE2, ARBE3, or ARBE4 through mutations at nucleotide 5 and/or 6. Cells were stimulated with DHT (100 nM), R1881 (10 nM), or vehicle for 16-24 h, and luciferase activities were measured. The results were presented as the mean ± SD of the quadruplicate transfections. The genomic positions of ARBEs are also shown.
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D Complementation of chitin-induced MAPK activation in mapkkk5 mutants by expression of MAPKKK5-FLAG. MAPK activation was analyzed by immunoblots with α-pMAPK.
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Figure 1. MLL-ENL leukemic stem cells derived from LSK or GMP populations have contrasting functional requirements of β-catenin for their initiation and maintenance of disease. (A) Schematic overview of the experimental procedures. Keys and colour codes in the legend box indicate the cells-of-origin and the -catenin status of MLL-ENL transduced cells in the following experiments (B-K).
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(B) Male flies show a gradual increased lifespan and prolonged pre-mortality plateau phase at various length of exposure to 18º C (cold) compared to the 25º C (control) ambient temperature. Survival 90% control=28 days, cold=58 days. Median survival; Control=38 days, cold=80 days. N=295 (control) and 238 (cold). Log Rank Test, χ2 =527.1, p<0.0001.
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B Quantification of the band intensities following GST-pulldown assays with 293T cell lysates expressing the autophagy-related proteins and recombinant GST-CbpFR6 shown in Fig EV2D.
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(d) {1H}-15N-heteronuclear NOE of BakΔTM in the inactive state (blue) and the active state in nanodiscs after Bid-BH3 activation (green). α-helices in Bak are shown at the top. Residues 25-54 of the activated state are magnified. Chemical shift-derived secondary structure elements are indicated at the bottom.
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(F) Resident-intruder test (digging). n = 7 for WT mice, n = 8 for KO mice. **, p<0.01, One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test (F(1, 13) = 10.97). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
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Neddylation in HEK-293 cells over-expressing FLAG-CUL3WT or FLAG-CUL3Δ403-459 was blocked by treatment with a Nedd8-E1-enzyme inhibitor, 3 μM MLN4924 (Millennium Pharmaceuticals), in cells over-expressing FLAG-CUL3WT and FLAG-CUL3Δ403-459 respectively. Cell extracts were sampled over time in the presence of OPT to prevent de-neddylation and subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunodetection of the FLAG tag.
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E H1299 cells were transfected with the indicated vectors. Total proteins and the anti-Flag antibody M2-specific immunoprecipitates were analyzed by western blot using the indicated antibodies.
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(D) mCherry-NDP52 or OPTN signals colocalized with Parkin-ring structures and existing inside of Parkin-ring structures (irrupted) were quantified. Data were from five independent experiments in cells incubated with valinomycin for 2 h. Values are the means ± SEM. **p < 0.01 compared with mCherry-OPTN expressing cells, determined with one-way ANOVA followed by the Student"s t
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0,
0
] |
Thymocytes isolated from WT and Cd4cre A1fl/fl mice were stained with antibodies against CD5 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometric images for DP and 4SP thymocytes are shown (upper panel). The percentages of CD5- DP and 4SP thymocytes were compared between WT and Cd4cre A1fl/fl mice (lower panel).
|
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] |
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