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Timothy Ray Brown was an HIV-positive American who was cured by a unique type of bone marrow transplant.
Timothy Ray Brown was an HIV-positive American who was cured by a unique type of bone marrow transplant.
Reuters/Courtesy KPIX TV/Handout
A still image provided by KPIX TV and taken from the broadcaster's video footage shows Timothy Ray Brown during an interview at his home in San Francisco. Timothy Ray Brown, was a young HIV-positive American living and working in Berlin who had developed leukaemia and suffered a relapse after initial treatment.
A still image provided by KPIX TV and taken from the broadcaster's video footage shows Timothy Ray Brown during an interview at his home in San Francisco. Timothy Ray Brown, was a young HIV-positive American living and working in Berlin who had developed leukaemia and suffered a relapse after initial treatment. (Reuters/Courtesy KPIX TV/Handout)
A still image provided by KPIX TV and taken from the broadcaster's video footage shows Timothy Ray Brown during an interview at his home in San Francisco. Timothy Ray Brown, was a young HIV-positive American living and working in Berlin who had developed leukaemia and suffered a relapse after initial treatment.Reuters/Courtesy KPIX TV/Handout
|
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Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Glen Davis #11 of the Boston Celtics passes the ball after he knocked it away from Patrick Patterson of he Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Jermaine O'Neal #7 of the Boston Celtics takes the shot against Shane Battier #31 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Jordan Hill #27 of the Houston Rockets dunks the ball against the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: The Referee picks up the ball during the Boston Celtics games against the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Jordan Hill #27 of the Houston Rockets backs down Jermaine O'Neal #7 of the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Ray Allen #20 of the Boston Celtics gets the pass during the game against the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Rajon Rondo #9 of the Boston Celtics saves the ball against the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Luis Scola #4 of the Houston Rockets lays the ball in the basket against Glen Davis #11 of the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics lays the ball in the basket against Shane Battier #31 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Von Wafer #12 of the Boston Celtics dunks the ball against Jared Jeffries #20 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics tries to pass the ball as Shane Battier #31 and Luis Scola #4 of the Houston Rockets defend on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Kyle Lowry #7 of the Houston Rockets drives around Shaquille O'Neal #37 of the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Ray Allen #20 of the Boston Celtics passes the ball as Kyle Lowry #7 and Jordan Hill #27 of the Houston Rockets defend on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Shaquille O'Neal #36 of the Boston Celtics is fouled by Luis Scola #4 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics looks to pass against Shane Battier #31 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics drives the lane against Shane Battier #31 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics drives the lane against Shane Battier #31 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Ray Allen #20 of the Boston Celtics lays the ball in the basket against Jordan Hill #27 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Glen Davis #11 of the Boston Celtics dives for the ball against Patrick Patterson #54 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Paul Pierce #34 of the Boston Celtics tries to get around Kyle Lowry #7 of the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Marquis Daniels #8 of the Boston Celtics looks at the scoreboard at the end of the game against the Houston Rockets on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Head coach Rick Adelman of the Houston Rockets talks with Aaron Brooks #0 as Shane Battier #31,Kyle Lowry #7 and Luis Scola #4 stand by during a time out in the final seconds of the game against the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Jermaine O'Neal #7 of the Boston Celtics heads for the basket as Jared Jeffries #20 of the Houston Rockets falls to the ground on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. The Rockets defeated the Celtics 108-102. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and/or using this Photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
Celtics Fall To Rockets, 108-102Houston Rockets v Boston CelticsBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 10: Jordan Hill #27 of the Houston Rockets lays the ball in the basket against Glen Davis #11 of the Boston Celtics on January 10, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2011 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
|
# `lisk account`
Commands relating to Lisk accounts.
* [`lisk account:create`](#lisk-account-create)
* [`lisk account:get ADDRESSES`](#lisk-account-get-addresses)
* [`lisk account:show`](#lisk-account-show)
## `lisk account:create`
Returns a randomly-generated mnemonic passphrase with its corresponding public/private key pair and Lisk address.
```
USAGE
$ lisk account:create
OPTIONS
-j, --[no-]json Prints output in JSON format. You can change the default behaviour in your config.json file.
-n, --number=number [default: 1] Number of accounts to create.
--[no-]pretty Prints JSON in pretty format rather than condensed. Has no effect if the output is set to table.
You can change the default behaviour in your config.json file.
DESCRIPTION
Returns a randomly-generated mnemonic passphrase with its corresponding public/private key pair and Lisk address.
EXAMPLES
account:create
account:create --number=3
```
## `lisk account:get ADDRESSES`
Gets account information from the blockchain.
```
USAGE
$ lisk account:get ADDRESSES
ARGUMENTS
ADDRESSES Comma-separated address(es) to get information about.
OPTIONS
-j, --[no-]json Prints output in JSON format. You can change the default behaviour in your config.json file.
--[no-]pretty Prints JSON in pretty format rather than condensed. Has no effect if the output is set to table. You
can change the default behaviour in your config.json file.
DESCRIPTION
Gets account information from the blockchain.
EXAMPLES
account:get 3520445367460290306L
account:get 3520445367460290306L,2802325248134221536L
```
## `lisk account:show`
Shows account information for a given passphrase.
```
USAGE
$ lisk account:show
OPTIONS
-j, --[no-]json
Prints output in JSON format. You can change the default behaviour in your config.json file.
-p, --passphrase=passphrase
Specifies a source for your secret passphrase. Lisk Commander will prompt you for input if this option is not set.
Source must be one of `prompt`, `pass`, `env`, `file` or `stdin`. For `pass`, `env` and `file` a corresponding
identifier must also be provided.
Examples:
- --passphrase=prompt (default behaviour)
- --passphrase='pass:my secret passphrase' (should only be used where security is not important)
- --passphrase=env:SECRET_PASSPHRASE
- --passphrase=file:/path/to/my/passphrase.txt (takes the first line only)
- --passphrase=stdin (takes one line only)
--[no-]pretty
Prints JSON in pretty format rather than condensed. Has no effect if the output is set to table. You can change the
default behaviour in your config.json file.
DESCRIPTION
Shows account information for a given passphrase.
EXAMPLE
account:show
```
|
Gulbarga
Indus valley
Badami Cave Temple
Tungabhadra River
Vittala Temple
Destination
Day Wise Plan
Day 01 Arrive Mumbai
First Day of Ancient Civilisations Tour. Assistance on arrival & Transfer to Hotel, Afternoon sightseeing Mumbai, visit in the city are the gateway of India the 262 ft. high gateway, overlooking the sea, Dhobhi Ghat, Tata Institute, Rajabi clock tower and the high court in the gothic architectural style, Marine Drive and the Hanging garden.
Day 02 Mumbai/Bhavnagar
Morning flight to Bhavnagar Assistance and transfer to Hotel. Bhavanagar founded in 1723 is a port town on the south-east cost of Saurashtra, standing on a tidal creek from the Gulf of Cambay. It is the centre for trade and industry. Cotton produced in India is exported from here.
Day 03 Bhavanagar/Palitana/Lothal
Early morning leave for Lothal, visiting Palitana en-route (56 Kms). Palitana is famous for its Shatrunjaya hill, which is covered with 863 Jain temples dating from the 16th century. The temples are made of white marble, which are so thick on the top of the hill that from a distance it looks like a gigantic white wedding cake. Stay at beautiful Uteliya palace.
Day 04 Lathal/Ahmedabad
On the fourth day of Ancient Civilisations Tour, In the morning visit Lothal: Archaeological ruins of the 2400-1600 BC Indus valley citadels with dockyard acropolis, bead factory and a site museum. The city that stood here 4500 yrs ago is clearly related to the Indus valley cities of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa, both in Pakistan. It has the same neatly laid-out street pattern, the same carefully assembled brickwork & the same scientific drainage system. Thereafter drive to Ahmedabad (200 Kms/4 hrs)
Day 05 Ahmedabad
Morning enjoy the walking tour of Old Ahmedabad, havelis streets shops etc. Afternoon excursion to Adlaj 20 Kms from Ahmedabad is a unique & characteristic design of a step well, built in late 15th century.
Day 06 Ahmedabad/Hyderabad
Morning transfer to Airport to fly Hyderabad. Reach Hyderabad. In the afternoon, proceed for the excursion to Golconda. The ancient fort of Golconda, 10 Kms west of Hyderabad, stands on the summit of a conical hill encircled by a granite wall with 76 bastions. The famous diamond Kohinoor is believed to have come from Golconda.
Day 07 Hyderabad/Gulbarga
Morning leave for Gulbarga (245 Kms), visiting Bidar en-route. Bidar – The little visited town on Bidar in the extreme northeast corner of Karnataka was the capital of the Bahmani Kingdom from 1428 and later of the Barid Shahi dynasty. It is pleasant town with a 15th century fort containing impressive places and tombs. Continue your drive and reach Gulbarga.
Day 08 Gulbarga/Bijapur
Short visit to the Highlighted Places in Gulbarga. Gulbarga was part of the Bahmani Kingdom. The city of Gulbarga is rich in historical associations. The fort a remarkable building, containing 15 towers has a large mosque built on the model of the mosque of Cordova of Spain and is the only one of its kind in India. Then drive to Bijapur 1165 Kms/04 Hrs).
Day 09 Bijapur/Badami
Bijapur is the Agra of the South, full of ruins and still intact gems of 15th – 17th century Muslim architecture mosques, mausoleums, palaces and fortifications it has its world famous mausoleum, the Gol gumbaz. After sightseeing leave for Badami (145 Kms). Badami the later capital of the Chalukyan dynasty from about 540-757 AD, is magnificent and is famous for its rock-cut temples. Cut into the cliff-face of the red sandstone hill with temples and fortifications, carvings and inscriptions.
Day 10 Badami/Hospet
Morning leave for Hospet, visiting Aihole & Pattadakal en-route. Aihole was the first capital of the Chalukyans between the 4th and 7th centuries. There are over 70 structures around this village which stand witness to the vigorous experimentation in temple architecture undertaken by the Chalukya. Pattadakal situated 16 kms from Badami on the left bank of the Malaprabha River, was the last Chalukya capital. The city was founded by Vikramaditya-II at the beginning of the 8th century. The entire city is a remarkable example of early sculptural art, with the most important temples narrating episodes in sculpture from the Hindu epics.
Day 11 Hospet/Hampi/Hospet
Full day excursion to Hampi. Hampi: a 13 kms drive from Hospet, was once the capital of one of the largest Hindu empires in Indian History. The city covered an area of 33 sq kms. It was surrounded by seven concentric lines of fortification and was reputed to have had a population of about half a million. Hampi is set in a strange and beautiful landscape, hill country strewn with boulders and the Tungabhadra River running through it. The most interesting sites include the Vittala temple with its famous stone chariot, musical pillars and incredible sculpture.
Day 12 Hospet/Goa
Morning leave for Goa (285 Kms/ 08 Hrs) with stop at Hubli en-route. On arrival check in at hotel in Goa.
Day 13 Goa
In the morning visit Old Goa. Old Goa: 8 kms from the capital city of Panjim. The sacred remains of the patron of the East, St. Francis Xavier, lie enshrined in the Basilica of Born Jesus and have made Goa famous as the ‘Rome of the East.’ Afternoon Free in Goa, Enjoy sun-bathing in the beautiful Beach & Swimming.
Day 14 Goa/Mumbai/Out
Last day of Ancient Civilisations Tour. Transfer to Airport to fly to Mumbai. In Mumbai, you will be transferred to International Airport to fly back home.
|
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US auto tariff will hurt S. Korean, US carmakers: report
A 25 percent tariff slapped on imported vehicles and auto parts by the United States could have a serious impact on South Korean and U.S. carmakers in the long term, a local think tank said Wednesday.
If the US invokes Section 232 tariffs on vehicles and components imported from the European Union and other trading partners, it could have far-reaching consequences for the auto industry around the world, the Korea Economic Research Institute said in its recent report.
(Yonhap)
“If the country does not get an exemption from the heavy duties, Korea’s overall vehicle production could drop by 8 percent and the country’s trade balance is projected to decline by up to $9.8 billion,” the KERI report said.
Moreover, the U.S. may face retaliatory tariffs on its vehicles and auto parts by its trading partners, it said.
“The U.S. move to protect its auto industry through higher tariffs on imported vehicles rather than technology development and innovation will hurt the competitiveness of U.S. carmakers over the long haul,” KERI researcher Jeong Jae-won said in the statement.
In May last year, US President Donald Trump ordered a comprehensive assessment into whether foreign cars and parts posed security threats. Under Section 232, Trump can order import adjustments that could affect trade. (Yonhap)
|
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Mineral Make-Up
Mineral makeup is a combination of natural minerals including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide, as well as pure pigment. Though available in multiple forms, most mineral cosmetics are loose powders, light, finely-ground and buffed into the skin using a large, fluffy brush.
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resource"google_bigquery_dataset""default"{dataset_id="foo"friendly_name="test"description="This is a test description"location="EU"default_table_expiration_ms=3600000labels{env="default"}}resource"google_bigquery_table""default"{dataset_id="${google_bigquery_dataset.default.dataset_id}"table_id="bar"time_partitioning{type="DAY"}labels{env="default"}schema="${file("schema.json")}"}
expiration_time - (Optional) The time when this table expires, in
milliseconds since the epoch. If not present, the table will persist
indefinitely. Expired tables will be deleted and their storage
reclaimed.
|
#include <rosePublicConfig.h>
#ifdef ROSE_BUILD_BINARY_ANALYSIS_SUPPORT
#include <sage3basic.h>
#include <BinarySmtCommandLine.h>
#include <BinarySmtSolver.h>
namespace Rose {
namespace BinaryAnalysis {
bool
listSmtSolverNames(std::ostream &out) {
BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::Availability solvers = BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::availability();
bool foundSolver = false;
out <<"solver \"none\" is available\n";
BOOST_FOREACH (BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::Availability::value_type &node, solvers) {
out <<"solver \"" <<node.first <<"\" is " <<(node.second?"":"not ") <<"available\n";
if (node.second)
foundSolver = true;
}
return foundSolver;
}
std::string
validateSmtSolverName(const std::string &name) {
BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::Availability solvers = BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::availability();
if (solvers.find(name) != solvers.end())
return "";
return "SMT solver \"" + StringUtility::cEscape(name) + "\" is not recognized";
}
std::string
bestSmtSolverName() {
std::string name;
if (const BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolverPtr &solver = BinaryAnalysis::SmtSolver::bestAvailable())
name = solver->name();
return name;
}
void
checkSmtCommandLineArg(const std::string &arg, const std::string &listSwitch, std::ostream &out) {
if ("list" == arg) {
listSmtSolverNames(std::cout);
std::cout <<"solver \"best\" is an alias for \"" <<bestSmtSolverName() <<"\"\n";
exit(0);
} else if ("" == arg || "none" == arg || "best" == arg) {
// no solver
} else {
std::string err = validateSmtSolverName(arg);
if (!err.empty()) {
out <<err <<"\n";
if (!listSwitch.empty())
out <<"use \"" <<listSwitch <<"\" to get a list of supported solvers.\n";
exit(1);
}
}
}
std::string
smtSolverDocumentationString(const std::string &dfltValue) {
using namespace StringUtility;
std::string docstr = "Specifies which connection is used to interface to an SMT solver for analyses that don't "
"otherwise specify a solver. The choices are names of solver interfaces, \"none\" "
"(or the empty string), \"best\", or \"list\".";
SmtSolver::Availability solvers = SmtSolver::availability();
std::vector<std::string> enabled, disabled;
BOOST_FOREACH (const SmtSolver::Availability::value_type &node, solvers) {
if (node.second) {
enabled.push_back("\"" + cEscape(node.first) + "\"");
} else {
disabled.push_back("\"" + cEscape(node.first) + "\"");
}
}
if (enabled.empty()) {
docstr += " ROSE was not configured with any SMT solvers.";
} else {
docstr += " The following solvers are available in this configuration: " + joinEnglish(enabled) + ".";
}
if (!disabled.empty()) {
docstr += " These solvers would be available, but were not configured: " + joinEnglish(disabled) + ".";
}
docstr += " In general, solvers ending with \"-exe\" translate the ROSE internal representation to text, send the "
"text to a solver executable program which then parses it to another internal representation, solves, "
"converts its internal representation to text, which ROSE then reads and parses. These \"-exe\" parsers "
"are therefore quite slow, but work well for debugging. On the other hand, the \"-lib\" parsers use "
"a solver library and can avoid two of the four translation steps, but don't produce much debugging "
"output. To debug solvers, enable the " + SmtSolver::mlog.name() + " diagnostic facility (see @s{log}).";
docstr += " The default is \"" + dfltValue + "\"";
if ("best" == dfltValue) {
if (SmtSolverPtr solver = SmtSolver::bestAvailable()) {
docstr += ", which currently means \"" + solver->name() + "\".";
} else {
docstr += ", which currently mean \"none\".";
}
} else {
docstr += ".";
}
return docstr;
}
void
SmtSolverValidator::operator()(const Sawyer::CommandLine::ParserResult &cmdline) {
ASSERT_require(cmdline.have("smt-solver"));
std::string arg = cmdline.parsed("smt-solver", 0).as<std::string>();
if (cmdline.parser().errorStream().get()) {
checkSmtCommandLineArg(arg, "--smt-solver=list", *cmdline.parser().errorStream().get());
} else {
checkSmtCommandLineArg(arg, "--smt-solver=list", std::cerr);
}
}
} // namespace
} // namespace
#endif
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'It's tough on her when she is so physically fit, so is very much looking forward to getting back to normality.'
Laura has been updating her fans with pictures from her hospital bed, thanking them for all the 'love' they have been giving her.
'Still here': The professional surfer, 23, has been in hospital battling the infection for almost a week and is being tested daily until her body is rid of it
The reality star's representative told the Sun: 'She's been incredibly lucky, it's very hard for an athlete to be out of training for this amount of time too.'
Laura was rushed into hospital on Tuesday where doctors quickly diagnosed her with sepsis, reported the Sun at the time.
The infection spread rapidly and it took time to control her temperature and attempt to rid her body of the infection.
The source said that it had been a scary time for Laura and family but everyone is praying that she makes a full recovery.
Presents: Laura had been gifted with balloons, chocolate and flowers from people wishing her well with her recovery
On the mend: Laura, who is usually very active and physically fit due to her career, reportedly can't wait to get back to normality following the illness
The shocked star has been sharing posts on social media in the midst of her battle with the infection which can be deadly to some.
Sepsis occurs when the body reacts to an infection by attacking its own organs and tissues. In the last two years, NHS watchdog Nice has published new guidelines for doctors telling them to treat the condition with the same urgency as a heart attack.
She took to Instagram to share shots including a picture of her salad as she was having a 'hospital dinner' with her mum and then sent a note begging to come home.
Heartbreaking: Confirming the horrific news to The Sun, a representative for the pro surfer and reality star revealed: 'Laura is sadly quite unwell. She was rushed in on Tuesday and they quickly diagnosed sepsis'
Prior to her health woes, Laura parted ways with her co-star beau Jack Fowler three weeks ago after spending two months together, blaming their busy schedules.
Last month, she spoke to MailOnline about how she uses sport to help her cope with the pressures of overnight fame, after finding fitness to be a positive mental release during her five-year battle with an eating disorder.
As she eyes up appearing on other reality shows, the star praised her family for helping her during her mental health struggle, and expressed her gratitude for having found her coping mechanisms before being thrust into the limelight.
She said: 'I had an eating disorder from the age of 16 to 21. It was really, really hard. And, I was so lucky to have such a supportive family around me that I could rely on them to help me through all of the tough bits.
'But, sport's also been a massive help in keeping my mind straight, especially going through this whole new life that I've embarked on. It's been really important to keep that going. It's been a mad experience, but really, really good.'
Laura revealed that, although she's had a positive reaction from fans since leaving the Love Island villa, there are parts of overnight fame which can be a struggle, and cites exercise as one of her 'little tools' for coping.
Sad: She took to Instagram to share shots including a picture of her salad as she was having a 'hospital dinner' with her mum and then sent a note begging to come home
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More like this
Nokia promises not one but two Lumia 800 power fix patches
Software updates in December, January
Nokia has pledged to release a software update early next month that will begin to fix the rapidly depleting battery woes some Lumia 800 owners have experienced.
In a Nokia support forum posting made today, the company said: "A software update in early December will include improvements to power efficiency, while a second update in early January introduces further enhancements to battery life and battery charging."
So the first update may not fix the problem, but it hopes the second one will.
That said, Apple's iOS 5.0.1 update was likewise supposed to solve battery drain issues but, for many users, didn't. Fingers-crossed it'll be second time lucky with the upcoming 5.0.2 patch, and that Lumia owners are similarly sorted out with the January update.
Nokia said both its patches will be posted through Zune, but added: "Anyone who still has concerns contact local Nokia care representatives at their earliest convenience.” ®
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Stand for Something, Part 2
Last year, we met these six lionhearted teenage girls, all of them committed to hanging the world by standing up for what they believed in. I was curious about what they’ve been able to accomplish in the 12 months, so I got back in touch. I learned that after a year of campaigns, graduations, and moves to faraway colleges, Kisma, Nathania, Francesca, Kodi, Alex, and Diamond are still bringing their determination and leadership with them wherever they go, expanding their reach, passing on their wisdom, and claiming their considerable power.
This generation—your generation—will change the world. You are not just our future, you are our here and NOW.
Big thanks to Dr. Martens for supporting teenagers who #STANDFORSOMETHING, and to all of you Rookies who are taking a stand all over the world. You are the true inspiration. —Jamia
Interviews by Jamia, photos by Sandy.
This post was generously sponsored by Dr. Martens. The content was produced by Rookie.
Kisma, 17
Last time we talked, you told me about your work with Sisters in Strength, a Girls for Gender Equity program that’s working to end gender-based violence and harassment. What are you standing for now?
I’m taking a stand for women’s health, because I want to be a nurse, and for women’s education, internationally. Currently, I’m fighting to get women included in My Brother’s Keeper [President Obama’s initiative to give boys of color better educational opportunities]. And I still volunteer at Sisters in Strength’s public events.
Beyoncé donated $125,000 to Girls for Gender Equity earlier this year. What do you think it means for pop culture figures to support gender-equity issues?
I think it’s really inspiring and great, because a lot of females are afraid of the word feminism. There shouldn’t be any fear of feminism. Feminism, on the basic level, is equality between males and females, and that’s good.
Last year, you said that you wanted your generation to try to make the world better. Do you see that happening?
Yes, I find that even though there’s a lot of tension around [Michael Brown’s shooting in] Ferguson, My Brother’s Keeper, stop-and-frisk, and other topics that affect young people, there’s also a lot of activism happening around them. People are drawing attention to these things, which means they will inevitably change. I love that people are taking action, and I love that my generation is a generation that uses the internet to really fight for what we believe in.
What makes you feel most powerful?
The fact that I have knowledge that I can pass on to others.
Last year, you were standing up for teenagers who were afraid to be who they really are. What are you standing for now?
I’m taking a stand against gender-based violence, school pushout, and street harassment.
What is school pushout?School pushout is basically young people not being able to finish their education because of a lack of resources, harsh discipline, or over-policing in the schools—factors created by the educational system that end up pushing students out before they graduate.
Which of those issues are you most passionate about solving at this moment?
Street harassment. We’ve done a lot of work on it at youth rallies, but a lot of people still don’t really think of it as an issue. I get harassed on the street every day. If I don’t pay attention to the guys trying to harass me, they make threats. That is something I’m passionate about ending.
What does gender justice mean to you?
Gender justice means not worrying about being catcalled because you’re a woman. Not being harassed or beat up because you’re transgender. Or, if you’re in school, not feeling like you can’t try out for the football team because you’re gay or transgender. It’s about being comfortable in your own identity.
What have you been standing for this year?
I stand for peace, equality, and having an awareness of the world around you.
Are you still working with [the girls’ leadership organization] GAIN?
Yes. Though now that many of us, myself included, have gone off to college and to pursue our individual interests, we’ve become a little more hands-off.
How has being in college impacted your activism and advocacy work?
Since I’ve been in college, my activism has helped me stay balanced and grounded. And it taught me how to get involved on campus.
Last year, you told me that your mentees at GAIN taught you how to listen. Have you learned anything else about being a mentor?
I learned that being a human is absolutely fine. In the past, I thought a mentor had to be Superwoman. I thought I had to be a perfect role model for the girls I was mentoring. Now I’ve found that by just being yourself, you can inspire other people to do the same. Your story can give people the opportunity to get to know you, and by telling it, you can encourage them to tell their own stories.
What do you stand for today? Do you still work with Francesca at GAIN?
I’m not as involved with GAIN as I was before, though if Francesca needs me, I’m always there for my sister. But I’m still standing for the same things: speaking for the youth and speaking up for myself. I took a hiatus from activism, because I was working and getting ready for school, but then [the shooting and unrest in] Ferguson happened, and I joined a candlelight vigil to remember Michael Brown. That was very interesting, because I saw how youth are speaking up about current events and how passionate they are about making change.
How did those events get you back into activism?
They told me that I had to go twice as hard to stand up for my people, for boys of color.
What did you learn during your hiatus?
I learned that maybe I shouldn’t take such a long hiatus! Because I’ve noticed that when you do that, you just come back with more things to stand up for.
What do you hope to accomplish this year?
Getting into more activist work, attending more protests, and speaking out more about the social issues that are happening now. Making my voice bigger, pretty much.
What have you been up to since the last time we talked?
Up until June, I kept working with the New York Civil Liberties Union’s Teen Activist Project on recent issues around police brutality. There’s been a lot of progress lately toward ending the stop-and-frisk practice in New York City, but there is more to do. In the spring, I worked on a photo project with NYCLU, documenting stories of everyday activism—all different kinds—in New York City. It was sort of inspired by the Humans of New York project, but with a focus on activism. We talked to strangers on the street, found out what issues they were passionate about, and what they were doing to affect them. That was really fun. I also did some work with Hollaback!, trying to end the street harassment of young people. And I’m still working with Teen Concerts NYC, which gives young musicians opportunities to perform in the city.
What are your plans for this coming year?
I’m trying to determine how I can still be involved in issues that I care about in New York City, now that I’m [going to college] in a very rural area in Massachusetts. How can I still be involved with improving police practices in New York, and ending discrimination against students in the city, from a distance? I’m still trying to figure everything out. Something I’m getting more involved in now is the environmental movement. I also plan on working on reproductive rights and issues around health and wellness.
So much of your work has been focused on ending discrimination against young people of color. What does being an ally—working on these issues that may impact other communities more than your own—mean for you?
One thing it means is that I have to be constantly aware of the privileges I have because of my skin color. Another is to make sure that the people who are most affected by these issues speak first. Having thought a lot about these issues and having worked to try to end them, I have a lot to say about them, but the voices that are most important are always those of the people most directly impacted by them.
When have you felt most powerful in your activism?
When I’ve been passing something on. That feeling there’s someone out there who’s going to carry on your work, that it’s no longer just “your project” but is actually going places—that’s a really powerful feeling.
What have you been up to in the past year? Are you still with NYCLU and the Teen Activist Project?
I left home for college—I’m at Bowdoin College, in Maine—and finished up my first year there. I’m a sophomore now.I’ve been continuing the work I did last year with the New York Civil Liberties Union, but on my college campus. Can I tell you about what I did over the summer?
Tell me!
My summer was really great. I received a grant from my school to work at the Children’s Defense Fund. It was absolutely amazing! I did a lot of juvenile-justice and education-justice work there as an intern.
So, what are you standing for now?
Right now, I’m trying to get settled in with my classes, but I’m really trying to apply what I learned over the summer to my college. I’ve been trying to develop a concentrated support system for students with different passions, to help them create their own advocacy-based workshops where we can all learn from and support each other, and to raise awareness about different issues on campus—and outside the campus community, too. So I guess you could say I’m working on my own activist program!
What is it like being a woman of color in a state with so much less diversity than New York City?
It’s different. If you come from an urban place like where I’m from—in the Bronx—you don’t really notice that you’re black. Here, I do, because there are only a few of us. Sometimes you get self-conscious about how you act and how you talk. You keep yourself in check, in a way. But an upperclassman told me that’s not my problem, and that I shouldn’t care so much what other people think. You can just be yourself—you don’t have to play up stereotypes, but if you fall into one of them, oh well, that’s just you!
Have you been able to continue your Irish dancing?
I haven’t, unfortunately. I don’t have a group here or anything. But I still dance. I’m leading the hip-hop team this year, and I’m hoping to get the team more involved in the community and hopefully do some reaching out to the schools nearby, because there are lots of schools, especially elementary schools, that would really love something like that.
Ahh I’ve been looking forward to this post since I first saw you guys post about it on instagram a little while back! This project is such a great platform to show young women who really represent the air of activism and progress our generation has and I can’t wait to see the great things they’re able to accomplish in the future.
This is incredible. It makes me really happy to see these young girls advocating for what they believe in. It’s really inspirational for me too because I also have a passion for the things that they stand up for. This post motivates me to get even more involved and let my voice be heard wherever I go♥
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Rookie is an online magazine and book series for teenagers. Each month, a different editorial theme drives the writing, photography, and artwork that we publish. Learn more about us here, and find out how to submit your work here!
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Daily News
Rallying Cry for Religious Freedom Goes Out This Friday (4699)
Bill of Rights’ birthday to be celebrated in opposition to Obamacare.
Organizers of the Stand Up for Religious Freedom rally are hoping for an even bigger turnout than they had in March. This is a scene from that round of rallies, in Washington, D.C.
– Michelle Bauman/CNA
On Friday, June 8, the 223rd anniversary of James Madison’s introduction of the Bill of Rights to the first Congress, tens of thousands of people are expected to publicly defend a chief guarantee of the Bill of Right’s First Amendment, the free exercise of religion — and that in its fullest sense: not forcing people to violate their religious beliefs.
At noon local time, the second Stand Up for Religious Freedom Rally will be held in more than 130 cities nationwide at federal buildings, congressional offices and historic sites. It is being staged in anticipation of the Supreme Court’s expected ruling in late June on the Affordable Care Act, including the controversial Department of Health and Human Services mandate requiring most private employers to provide co-pay-free contraceptive and sterilization coverage in health-care plans.
“The first time around in March we got so much publicity that we think we’ll be able to educate an even wider section of the populace about threats to our religious liberties, particularly the threat posed by the HHS mandate,” said Eric Scheidler, Stand Up’s co-director. He is also executive director of the Pro-Life Action League, part of a coalition of 65 religious and civil-rights organizations supporting the rally. “I’m encouraged, because I think what we’re seeing emerge is a sort of wide-reaching pushback against the marginalization of the voice of faith in the public square.”
An estimated 64,000 people participated in March. Scheidler hopes the number will increase this time due to improved communications, from standardized press releases and email templates to media alerts and talking points for rally captains organizing the events in their respective cities.
Given the increased preparation time for this set of rallies than the previous one, there have been fewer problems obtaining permits to stage them. There also seems to be less pushback from authorities this time around, perhaps due to the media exposure, organizers surmise.
“For the prior rallies, we had more trouble with the federal government than ever, in terms of getting permits to be on federal property for the rallies,” said Peter Breen, executive director and legal counsel of the Thomas More Society, a public-interest law firm that “defends religious liberty, marriage and the sanctity of human life in courtrooms across the country.” The society serves as legal counsel for the rallies.
“The permit issues have been easier this time around, but there’ve been some challenges in various cities, and we’ve helped navigate those. In Miami, for example, the federal government had required that the name of an organization be placed on the permit application. In Dallas, the issue has been with the city of Dallas (regarding) some sort of 45-day advance requirement [to hold a rally]. But there were a lot of folks in Dallas who recently decided they wanted to come out for a rally, but [organizers] didn’t know 45 days ago that there was enough interest. We hope to work this out without going to court.”
Across Religious Lines
With the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ high-profile opposition to the HHS mandate and scores of Catholic colleges, organizations and individuals filing lawsuits against the federal government for its repeal, the case for religious liberty might be publicly perceived as a Catholic issue. Not so, say rally organizers. Speakers from a variety of Christian denominations and other religious faiths will address the crowds, stressing that religious freedom is an issue of universal — small “c” catholic — importance.
At Federal Plaza in downtown Chicago, Rabbi Philip Lefkowitz of Agudas Achim North Shore Congregation will share the podium with Catholics and Protestants and a Muslim attorney with the Becket Fund for Religious Freedom, another partner in the umbrella of organizations supporting the rallies.
“Religious freedom for Jews is a very sacred thing,” said Rabbi Lefkowitz, “and we don’t want to see encroachment by the government upon the religious community. I’m honored to be asked to speak.”
He noted that many conservative and Orthodox Jewish organizations, such as the Rabbinical Council of America, are “wholeheartedly supporting the Catholic Church’s courageous stand” for religious liberty and against the HHS mandate. But he is concerned about this being seen as a Catholic issue when it is an “issue for every religious person.”
“The idea that the Church, the collective religious community, must constantly be on the defense is quite obvious today,” said Rabbi Lefkowitz, founding chairman of the Legislative Commission of the Chicago Rabbinical Council. “There is a war on religion, and if you add to it the fact that America is no longer a Judeo-Christian society, we’ve got a very difficult situation to contend with. But we have to draw the line and make sure everyone understands that the separation of church and state means protecting the church from the state, not the other way around, or else it’ll be an absolute calamity.”
Although the HHS mandate in particular and Obamacare in general are the rallies’ focal points, Scheidler agrees with the rabbi that these are battles in a larger war.
“Even if the Supreme Court were to strike down the Obamacare law and effectively remove the problem of HHS, the bias against people of faith, their institutions and communities is still a large problem in American politics, society and culture,” said Scheidler. “In the coming months and years, we need to continue to make the case for a robust presence by faith communities in the public square.”
Bishops Need Lay Support
Monica Miller, director of Citizens for a Pro-Life Society, came up with the idea for the Stand Up for Religious Freedom Rally, which she is co-directing with Scheidler.
“I had the idea that we should be doing something more active and make a public show of our opposition to the HHS mandate — instead of just writing letters and doing news interviews — so Eric and I teamed up together to do this,” she said from her home in Michigan. “This is a time in which Catholic bishops need the serious support of laypeople. We’re seeing some of the strongest statements maybe in the history of the Church in this country — like Cardinal [Francis] George [of Chicago] saying, ‘I expect to die in bed, my successor will die in prison, and his successor will die a martyr.’ This is a very serious moment for the Church.”
Miller is the chief organizer for the Detroit rally, whose own Catholic shepherd will address an interfaith flock.
“It is important that we come together to face this serious challenge of defending our religious liberties,” Archbishop Allen Vigneron related in an exclusive statement for the Register. “The affronts to our freedoms within the health-care mandate are unprecedented, and we find ourselves having to fight to keep the protections that have always been provided us by the Constitution. The rally is about preserving the protections given to any religious institution. It’s about protecting the good of our Church and our entire nation — and that’s patriotic.”
Comments
Doug In (Too) Deep—When the Supreme Court throws out this regulation as violating the Constitution, I’ll look for you to issue an apology for your flawed arguments. The HHS mandate absolutely does not allow employers to practice their religion. The loss of a constitutional right should concern you—but you’re too enamored by your knowledge and God-given ability to express yourself that you can’t see what’s happening in our country at the hands of a fascist (and non-American) leader.
Posted by veritas on Thursday, Jun 7, 2012 10:26 PM (EDT):
RE: “Indeap” ... remember everyone ... do not feed the Trolls ... they only belch more and make a mess all over the carpet.
Posted by mark koscak on Thursday, Jun 7, 2012 9:30 PM (EDT):
Why don’t you tell us where these cities and locations are!!
Posted by Stargazer on Thursday, Jun 7, 2012 2:16 PM (EDT):
Doug Indeap:
How do you know in either instance you presented that an assessment penalty paid to the government would be cheaper than the self-insurer providing health care coverage? I submit that if any middle-man insurance company providing coverage (at an actuarial profit) is more expensive than self-insuring. And if the cost in assessment is more then it may be required to lay off employees to meet that expense.
Finally, if the government decided that you would be assessed a tax to support say slavery in the south USA AND slavery was an issue that was totally objectionable to your very being, should you have the right to object, sue and possibly refuse to comply with any law attempting to enforce that policy? I think that for some “the law” is their god, rather than subservient to God.
Posted by Antonio on Thursday, Jun 7, 2012 2:07 PM (EDT):
Doug: You have completely failed to answer to the simple (and true)common-sense economic arguments that Prof. Cochrane (University of Chicago) highlights in the above-mentioned WSJ article. Such mandate does not create value and instead destroys economic surplus. You (or anyone)will not need a PhD to follow the clear logic that Prof. Cochrane explains if you are open to be true, objective and honest in your thinking.
God bless,
Antonio, PhD in Finance
Posted by Doug Indeap on Thursday, Jun 7, 2012 12:02 PM (EDT):
Karen,
You suggest that it is somehow wrong to require payments of those who choose not to provide complying health care plans for religious reasons. (Note that some may do so for economic or other non-religious reasons.) Such requirements are hardly new or unusual. When the legislature anticipates that application of laws may put some individuals in moral binds, the legislature may afford some relief to conscientious objectors. In doing so, the legislature need not offer the objector a free pass. For instance, in years past, we have not allowed conscientious objectors simply to skip military service for “free”; rather, we have required them to provide alternative service in noncombatant roles or useful civilian work.
In any event, objection to paying an assessment is simply not an argument about avoiding being forced to act contrary to one’s beliefs, but rather is a garden-variety gripe common to most taxpayers—who don’t much like paying taxes and who object to this or that action of the government. Should each of us feel free to deduct from our taxes the portion that we figure would be spent on those actions (e.g., wars, health care, teaching evolution, subsidizing churches, whatever) each of us opposes? The hue and cry for an exemption is predicated on the false claim that employers otherwise are forced to act contrary to their religions. They are not.
Joe,
Feel free to decide what violates your conscience—when it concerns just you. But if you seek an exemption from a generally applicable law about insurance, etc., based on the claim it forces you to act contrary to your religious beliefs, it is entirely reasonable, even necessary, for the government, courts, etc., to determine the genuineness of your claim. Otherwise, anyone could skirt around any law merely by unilaterally declaring that his or her religion allowed or required it.
veritas,
While delighting in your discovery that I’ve posted similar comment on this subject before (hardly a surprise) and mistaking someone else’s comment about Huckabee for mine and indulging in argumentum ad hominem, you fail even to address the substance of my comment. Is that tacit concession of my points?
Stargazer,
You correctly observe that the accommodation would not benefit self-insured employers. My point is that, even without the accommodation, employers have choices that avoid acting contrary to their consciences. 1. Employers can decide whether to provide any health plans at all. If they choose not to provide any such plans, they merely pay assessments to the government (which amount to less than the cost of the health plans). 2. Employers can provide non-compliant health plans that omit coverage the employers deem objectionable. If they choose to do so, they must pay assessments (much smaller than assessments for failing to provide any health plans at all). 3. Under the proposed accommodation, employers can choose either of the foregoing and be relieved even of paying any assessments, and their insurers will instead provide the omitted coverage. Efforts are underway to develop a way for self-insured employers to enjoy the benefits of the accommodation as well. Perhaps we could simply call on them to become insured, which is hardly an unreasonable approach to avoiding the employers’ moral bind.
Posted by Jim on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 3:43 PM (EDT):
@CiCi—so, all of the demonstrations set for this Friday are just a “diatribe about the HHS mandate?” Apparently you don’t care that the first amendment right to free practice of religion is now gravely threatened in the USA. You better wake up, CiCi, because the process already is in motion (little by little, piece by piece) that will deny you your right to practice the Catholic faith. I must commend you for one thing, though: you don’t read the garbage from the NY Times—although apparently they occasionally publish something accurate and worthwhile.
Posted by Bob Rowland on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 3:04 PM (EDT):
I can really see by some bigots on this blog why a new stand for religious freedom is badly needed.
Posted by CeCi on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 12:14 PM (EDT):
@Shamrock, first of all I don’t read the New York Times because I live in Utah and we get plenty of national and international news from our Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News. I can’t believe you could equate the clergy sex scandal with the Monica Lewinsky scandal as being irrelevant. Why don’t you tell that to the thousands of parents whose children were sexually abused by the clergy that little tidbit of your’s. I’m a cradle Catholic and nothing, not the sex scandals nor this ridiculous diatribe about the HHS mandate will ever dampen my faith. Our clergy are supposed to be Christ’s representives on earth and are in a position of trust. But they are only human and commit sins just like the rest of us and no matter how you spin it, a scandal is a scandal.
Posted by Jim on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 12:14 PM (EDT):
@Veritas—thank you so much for your excellent post! Let’s hope and pray that “Dug in deep” isn’t dug in so deep that he winds up in Hell—what a rude awakening that will be for him, when he realizes he can’t convince legislators to let him out of Hell. Truly, I do not wish Hell on him or anyone, but honestly, he better wise up before it’s too late. Again, thank you for the time you put into researching that troll and exposing him for what he is.
Posted by Shamrock on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 9:39 AM (EDT):
@Ceci…Why is it for some of you, everything concerning the Church must be seen through one focal point…the clergy sex scandal. It is the same mistake as, for example, evaluating all that happened during the Clinton Administration, only through matter of the Lewinsky affair. Totally
irrelavent to also evaluate the HHS mandate only in light of the clergy scandal. Faithful Catholics do protest both. They do not feel that
because the sex scandal occured therefore they can have no voice about
other injustices. To suggest otherwise is bigoted and illogical on your part. You do not have to give up your civil rights because some politicians in your state are guilty of lewd behaviour or corruption. Why should Catholic Christians? And, by the way, it is not only Catholics objecting (though if you read only the NYT you would think so).Many people of other faiths and persuasions also object to the redefining the Constitution by this Administration. The matter is now in the hands of the Supreme Court to decide.
Posted by Stargazer on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 6:38 AM (EDT):
To Doug Indeap: One problem with your argument is that many of the Catholic Church organizations are self-insured. So where does the money go that they would have to pay?
Posted by veritas on Wednesday, Jun 6, 2012 2:59 AM (EDT):
Fellow readers before you take him too seriously please note that “Doug Indeap” is a professional blogger running what he calls “The World’s Largest Coalition of Nontheists and Nontheist Communities!” On his blog site he asserts that “I practice land use and environmental law, which is expert-intensive, so I get to indulge my interests in science and nature by learning at the elbows of great teachers. I also enjoy serving on the boards of a couple of non-profits.”
A simple Google search reveals that this “51 to 60” year old lawyer/atheist has apparently posted hundreds of posts to redirect and/or deflect those posting comments off subject and dilute real discussion and/or the development of subject matters that are of importance to Believers. See http://www.atheistnexus.org/profile/DougIndeap?xg_source=activity In a word he is what is called a “troll”.
With his numerous posts in such a short period of time he might consider changing his nom de plume from “Indeap” to a more descriptive “I am Legion”. It should be pointed out that this professing “nontheist” was so disingenuous as to pretend to be an initial supporter of Mike Huckabee in his quest for President: http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2008/01/is_the_constitu.html
No surprise “Indeap” also claims that “Under our Constitution, the government has no business proclaiming that ‘we trust” “In God.’” http://gropingtheelephant.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html
One of many similar posts here is the snarky comment he made to Deacon Greg Kandra a Catholic deacon serving the Diocese of Brooklyn ......... “I wonder what they would say if they knew they had some of my “atheist dollars” in their wallets that can only be used for ungodly purposes, lest I suffer the indignity of paying for things I disbelieve.” See http://www.patheos.com/blogs/deaconsbench/2012/02/usccb-statement-a-first-step-in-the-right-direction/
One could go on etc. etc. etc. but for the final record counselor “Indeap” you have a very large void or “hole” in your reasoning ... Theist wisdom says that when you find your self in a “void” stop digging. Your posts are all premised on a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of Constitutional Law. The Constitution places certain matters beyond the purview of executive and legislative processes. Our individual rights, for instance, come from our Creator and are not up for majority vote, as you seem to suppose. ... Thank God mr. environmental lawyer that the citizen legislators of the original 13 States were unsullied by your “Georgetown” lawyer reasoning and the most States would not ratify the Constitution unless and until the Bill of Rights was appended. Thank You God that these stalwart Christians who had pledged their lives and fortunes and sacred honor to the cause had inherited from a firmly grounded Catholic civilization a very clear sense of the fallen nature of man and a healthy foreboding that the likes of you would show up one day to threaten these fundamental and God given Freedoms. Viva Cristo Re!
Why didn’t we hear the same rallying cries from the laity when the priests and bishops were raping and sodomizing thousands of our children and grandchildren and then using our donations to pay off the victims so they would keep their mouths shut and the entire hierarchy covered it up?
Posted by Eric Scheidler on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 7:53 PM (EDT):
@Angela
As one of the national coordinators of Friday’s Rallies (and one of the people quoted in this article), let me explain why we chose a Friday.
What this fight is really about is the role of faith in the public square. So we chose the most public time possible: midday during the work week.
Yes, more people might be able to attend on a Saturday (though weekends bring many other obligations, especially during June). Even more might be able to attend if we held the event on Sunday. In church. During worship services.
But that’s exactly what the architects of the HHS Mandate want: to relegate their narrow concept of religious activity to the weekend—as far outside public life as possible.
Our goal on June 8 isn’t to have the largest crowds possible—though we’re doing all we can to boost numbers—but to reach the PUBLIC, both in person and through the media. To do that, we have to rally on a Friday, not a Saturday.
Hope this explains our reasoning.
Eric Scheidler
Stand Up Rally Co-Chair
Posted by Nancy Janzen on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 7:53 PM (EDT):
Fight for the rights you have now. Do not let them tell us to be quiet and stay out of sight. I will be in Corpus Christi even if I have to ride 186 miles to do it.
Posted by CeCi Castillo on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 7:38 PM (EDT):
Just out of curiosity did all of you folks put this much energy in protesting the clergy sexual abuse and demanding that the hierarchy come clean about their complicity in sweeping it under the carpet???
Posted by Dominic Gabriel on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 6:26 PM (EDT):
So the government requires the jizya (tax on infidels) of Catholics who do not pay for services they think violate Natural Law, and that’s okay?
The USCCB has a Republican bias?
Curiouser and curiouser.
Posted by Jim on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 4:21 PM (EDT):
ol Lucy—We Catholics are most definitely glad you joined us. I 100% agree with you—either you’re Catholic and you believe everything the Church teaches, or you’re not—as Jesus told us, a man cannot serve two masters. You are a breath of fresh air.
Posted by olLucy Kubiszyn on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 3:06 PM (EDT):
As a convert to the Catholic faith, it’s hard to understand how any Catholic can support the Obama Administration’s and its stand on the HH Mandate along with abortion rights, gay marriage, and on and on. Either you’re Catholic or you’re not. Hooray for the Bishops who are finally standing up.
Posted by Matt Meeks on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 2:39 PM (EDT):
For those who think they can pick and choose what they believe as Catholics - who think their politics supercede their faith, I would like to share a letter written by our great Saint Padre Pio to His Holiness Pope Paul VI. In the letter, Padre Pio references Humanae Vitae - the Church’s divisive encyclical against contraception and abortion. Padre Pio tells the Holy Father that he offers up his suffering for those who dissent against the teachings of the Church on these subjects:
Your Holiness:
Availing myself of Your Holiness’ meeting with the Capitular Fathers, I unite myself in spirit with my Brothers, and in a spirit of faith, love and obedience to the greatness of Him whom you represent on earth, offer my respectful homage to Your August Person, humbly kneeling at Your feet.
The Capuchin Order has always been among the first in their love, fidelity and reverence for the Holy See. I pray the Lord that its members remain ever thus, continuing their tradition of seriousness and religious asceticism evangelical poverty, faithful observance of the Rule and Constitutions, renewing themselves in vigorous living and deep interior spirit—always ready, at the least gesture from Your Holiness, to go forward at once to assist the Church in her needs.
I know that Your heart suffers much these days on account of the happenings in the Church: for peace in the world, for the great needs of its peoples; but above all, for the lack of obedience of some, even Catholics, to the lofty teachings which You, assisted by the Holy Spirit and in the name of God, have given us. I offer Your Holiness my daily prayers and sufferings, the insignificant but sincere offering of the least of your sons, asking the Lord to comfort you with His grace to continue along the direct yet often burdensome way—in defense of those eternal truths which can never change with the times.
In the name of my spiritual sons and of the “Praying Groups” I thank Your Holiness for the clear and decisive words You have spoken in the recent encyclical, “Humanae Vitae”, and I reaffirm my own faith and my unconditional obedience to Your inspired directives.
May God grant truth to triumph, and, may pence be given to His Church, tranquility to the people of the earth, and health and prosperity to Your Holiness, so that when these disturbing clouds pass over, the Reign of God may triumph in all hearts, through the Apostolic Works of the Supreme Shepherd of all Christians.
Prostrate at Your feet, I beg you to bless me, my Brothers in religion, my spiritual sons, the “Praying Groups”, all the sick—that we may faithfully fulfill the good works done in the Name of Jesus and under your protection.
* It is NOT fair, NOT just, and IMmoral;
* It does not force our religious beliefs about contraception on non-Catholics; NOR DOES NOT PAYING FOR SOMEONE ELSES USE OF CONTRACEPTION FORCE OUR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ON NON-CATHOLICS. YOUR PILL, YOUR BILL.
* When a real threat to religious freedom appears, we will not be accused of “crying wolf” again. << You sir are either lazy or a coward. “All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” (Edmund Burke)
Posted by Maggie on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 2:04 PM (EDT):
I went to the first rally. Unfortunately I can only attend in spirit this time since God hasn’t given me the gift of bi-location, yet.
Posted by Jim on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 1:20 PM (EDT):
Angela, You’re not making any sense. The organizers of this protest want as many supporters as possible to be there, regardless of age. I am (apparently) much older than you, but I am not retired, so will have a hard time getting to a rally myself. It would be advantageous for the protest to be perceived as coming more from the young than the old, as the young are the future of our country—they are the demographic to which Obama tries to appeal—so the young are a potent political force. As an older person, I hope as many 20-somethings can make it—which should not be all that hard, as 53% of the last graduating class from college are either unemployed or under-employed.
Posted by angela r. on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 11:58 AM (EDT):
While I want to love this protest, I have the same reservations I had before, and the same complaints that were completely ignored. I thought maybe last time the issue was that it was cobbled together last second. I thought it was a nice coincidence that it was on the anniversary of “liberty or death”. However I thought ” whata great way to automatically exclude young people, by arranging a protest in the middle of the day on Friday, during work hours, instead of Saturday when more people could come.” Now I realize the anniversary thing is just a gimmick, and can only include its intentional that people in their 20’s are not included. Way to play into media stereotypes.
One of the speakers for grand rapids michigan had to rush her speech because she had to come on her lunch break! You guys sure know how to plan to fail.
I’m dissapointed but I will still pray for the movemnt. Wish I and a lot of my friends could come, but we have to work or get fired. Good job helping to frame the anti-hhs crowd as a bunch of angry retirees.
To Cleveland Dad-
Who are you to presume to speak for millions of American Catholics?
I, and many people I have spoken to personally - Catholic AND non-Catholic - fully support our bishops position. We are also delighted to witness them stand in solidarity across this nation, thank them for their courage, and pray for them. I would suggest you consider doing the same. While you still have some rights.
Posted by Antonio on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 11:28 AM (EDT):
Dear Doug,
Check this article on the WSJ :“The Real Trouble With the Birth-Control Mandate ” By John H. Cochrane (9 February 2012)http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204136404577210730406555906.html?grcc=grdt&mod=WSJ_hps_sections_opinion
“Mr. Cochrane is a professor of finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute.”
It provides simple and powerful economic reasons for the nonsense of the HHS mandate (beyond any partisan or moral point of view… in sum, the HHS is a bad economic proposal, besides the direct hit against religious freedom)
Here are few short excerpts (of course the whole article offers more and stronger economic arguments)
“
Critics are missing the larger point. Why should the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) decree that any of us must pay for “insurance” that covers contraceptives?
I put “insurance” in quotes for a reason. Insurance is supposed to mean a contract, by which a company pays for large, unanticipated expenses in return for a premium: expenses like your house burning down, your car getting stolen or a big medical bill.
Insurance is a bad idea for small, regular and predictable expenses. There are good reasons that your car insurance company doesn’t add $100 per year to your premium and then cover oil changes, and that your health insurance doesn’t charge $50 more per year and cover toothpaste. You’d have to fill out mountains of paperwork, the oil-change and toothpaste markets would become much less competitive, and you’d end up spending more. ...
...
It’s not about “access” and it’s not about “insurance.” It’s because Americans, when paying even modest co-payments, choose to spend their money on other things. ...
Sorry. Every increase in coverage means an increase in premiums. If your employer is paying for your health insurance, he could be paying you more in salary instead. Or, he could be lowering prices and selling his product to you and all consumers more cheaply. Someone is paying. Not even HHS tries to claim that these “recommended preventive services” will lower overall costs.
...
If the government wants to subsidize birth control, OK, pass an explicit tax, and sensibly subsidize all birth control. And face the voters on it.
Sure, churches should be exempt. We should all be exempt.
Posted by Karen Salstrom on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 11:26 AM (EDT):
To Doug Indeap… I couldn’t get too far into your post because of the faulty logic you posted in the first few sentences. you are correct that is an employer does not wish to participate, they will end up paying the government for the privilege of not participating. if that does not with a gigantic red flag for you, I have no desire to even read the rest of your post. pay in order to have a conscience objection? pay in order to have freedom of religion? you had better rethink your stand for the particular freedom you treasure will be at jeopardy next.
in fact perhaps you should look into a very recent signing by the president that limit free speech for all americans and that includes you sir. H.R. 347 infringes upon the freedom to assemble. google that bill and you can read the actual wording and a discussion buy many groups including the aclu.
you should also go see the movie FOR GREATER GLORY with Andy Garcia to get a real eye opener of what can happen when the government begins this type of restriction
Abortion: A choice between two bodies not one; there are two heart+beats. (T. Squitti)
Posted by Caesar J. B. Squitti on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 8:59 AM (EDT):
This drive for freedom of religion is also a drive to allow THE TRUTH to be known.
It would appear that many truths, many half-truths, as in parts-of-the-truth have replaced THE TRUTH.
A women’s choice over her body, is not exactly correct, it is a women’s choice over a body within hers that belongs in part to a father.
We are all equal before God, or the law, has been replaced with the false statement, ‘we are all equal’.
We must learn that there are those who would spin the truth to make lies out of them.
Posted by Cleveland Dad on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 7:12 AM (EDT):
Please do your readers a favor and honestly ADMIT your REPUBLICAN Party bias. Millions of us American Catholics know that the issue is NOT about religious freedom; the Obama Administration has offered a compromise which we should accept because:
* It is fair, just, and moral;
* It does not force our religious beliefs about contraception on non-Catholics;
* When a real threat to religious freedom appears, we will not be accused of “crying wolf” again.
Posted by Doug Indeap on Tuesday, Jun 5, 2012 2:27 AM (EDT):
Arguments that the health care law infringes religious liberty are largely predicated on a big lie. Notwithstanding the bishops’ arm waving about religious liberty, the law does not force employers to act contrary to their consciences.
Many initially worked themselves into a lather with the false idea that the law forces employers to provide their employees with health care plans offering services the employers consider immoral. The fact is that employers have the option of not providing any such plans and instead simply paying assessments to the government (which, by the way, would generally amount to far less than the cost of health plans). Unless one supposes that the employers’ religion forbids payments of money to the government (all of us should enjoy such a religion), then the law’s requirement to pay assessments does not compel those employers to act contrary to their beliefs. Problem solved.
Some nonetheless have continued clamoring for such an exemption, complaining that by paying assessments to the government they would indirectly be paying for the very things they opposed. They seemingly missed that that is not a moral dilemma justifying an exemption to avoid being forced to act contrary to one’s beliefs, but rather is a gripe common to many taxpayers–who don’t much like paying taxes and who object to this or that action the government may take with the benefit of “their” tax dollars. Should each of us be exempted from paying our taxes so we aren’t thereby “forced” to pay for making war, providing health care, teaching evolution, or whatever else each of us may consider wrong or even immoral?
In any event, those complaining made enough of a stink that the government relented and announced that religious employers would be free to provide health plans with provisions to their liking (yay!) and not be required to pay the assessments otherwise required (yay!). Problem solved–again, even more.
Nonetheless, some continue to complain, fretting that somehow the services they dislike will get paid for and somehow they will be complicit in that. They argue that if insurers or employees pay for such services, those costs will somehow, someday be passed on to the employers in the form of demands for higher insurance premiums or higher wages. They evidently believe that when they spend a dollar and it thus becomes the property of others, they nonetheless should have some say in how others later spend that dollar. One can only wonder how it would work if all of us could tag “our” dollars this way and control their subsequent use.
The bishops are coming across more and more as just another special interest group with a big lobbying operation and a big budget—one, moreover, that is not above stretching the truth.
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Particles and particle-verb constructions in English and other Germanic languages
Department: University of Delaware, Department of Linguistics & Cognitive Sciences
Publisher: University of Delaware
Date Issued: 2014
Abstract: This dissertation examines the lexical semantics of particles and the syntax of particles and particle-verb constructions. I argue against the notion that there are distinct types of particles (e.g. resultative versus idiomatic versus aspectual), claiming instead that they are semantic predicates consisting of an often metaphorical spatial meaning and, with a few exceptions, an unpronounced Ground argument. As a result, particle verbs are argued to be semantically compositional. The syntactic behavior of particle verbs is primarily explained through the adoption of the following major claims: (i) particles are optionally projecting syntactic heads whose topmost projection merges with a verbal head to form either a complex head or a resultative-like structure; (ii) nonprojecting particles (which combine with verbs to form complex heads) remain in situ, the verb raising out of the complex via phonological head movement; and (iii) objects raise to receive Case by LF, but they may do so overtly or covertly. These claims are shown to account for the behavior of the particle-verb construction when interacting with a wide range of other phenomena. The adoption of a further claim--(iv) ECM subjects of small-clauses preferably or obligatorily (depending on the speaker) raise out of the small clause overtly, whereas ECM subjects of IPs need not--is then shown to be able to explain the pattern of grammaticality and acceptability judgments encountered in the so-called 'complex' particle-verb constructions. Finally, the ability of particle verbs to undergo various word-formation processes is considered within the context of these theoretical assumptions.
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The Dodge City Conquistadors showed their second half dominance again Tuesday night in beating the Lamar Running Lopes 85-73 in a non-conference game at United Wireless Arena. The Conqs scored 10 points off Lamar turnovers and eight more on second half points, while only committing two mistakes with the ball after intermission. "Our guys stuck together and we went to a zone in the second half," said Dodge City men's basketball head coach Kyle Campbell. 'Teams have been playing small on us with four guards and it's hard for us to matchup right now. "We still have a ways to go, but I like where we're sitting right now." E.J. Eaves had another scoring spree in the second half, scoring 18 of his game-high 22 points after intermission to lead the Conqs (7-1). George Brock added 20 (11 in the second half) and Ameer Jackson scored 10 of his 14 in the first half. Larry Beckett also scored in double figures with 11. Theo Brown recorded a double-double for Lamar (2-6) with 19 points and 11 rebounds. Two other players scored in double figures for the Lopes: Tiwian Kendley with 16 and Devante Anderson with 13. The Conqs shot poorly in the first half (7-of-31) as the Lopes were able to use two six-point runs to build a 25-17 lead midway through the stanza. Dodge City was able to chip down the margin with a three-pointer by Brock cutting the deficit to 35-32 at halftime. "When your best three players shoot a combined 2-for-16 and you're only down three; then that makes me very happy," Campbell said. The Conqs tied the game early in the second half and trailed by two before making their charge with 13 minutes remaining in regulation. Dodge City used a 21-4 run to build a 65-50 lead in five minutes and the Lopes never got the margin below 10 the rest of the contest. The Conqs' next games will be the Pizza Hut Classic at United Wireless Arena this weekend. Dodge City will face Raleigh's Finest Prep at 7 p.m. Friday and former Jayhawk West-rival Butler at 4 p.m. Saturday. Seward County will also be in the Classic and will play at 5 p.m. Friday and 2 p.m. Saturday. LAMAR (73) — Garcia 0-1 0-0 0, Tutlan 1-2 0-0 2, Redd 2-3 0-0 4, Miller 4-12 1-1 9, Simmons 1-1 0-0 2, Brown 4-6 10-12 19, Murray 0-2 0-0 0, Kendley 4-7 6-7 16, Ortiz 3-5 2-3 8, Anderson 5-7 3-4 13, Thompson 0-2 0-0 0, Hidle 0-0 0-2 0. Totals 24-48 22-29 73. DODGE CITY (85) — Brock 5-136-8 20, Jackson 4-7 6-7 14, Eaves 6-15 8-11 22, O'Neil 2-4 1-2 7, Rencher 2-8 2-2 6, Glover 0-2 0-0 0, Clark 0-3 3-6 3, Beckwell 2-8 7-8 11, Haist 0-0 0-0 0, Carpenter 1-1 0-0 2. Totals 22-61 33-44 85. Halftime — Lamar 35, Dodge City 32. Three-point baskets — Lamar 3-12 (Garcia 0-1, Tutlan 0-1, Miller 0-3, Brown 1-1, Kendley 2-5, Anderson 0-1), Dodge City 8-18 (Brock 4-8, Eaves 2-4, O'Neil 2-4, Rencher 0-1, Glover 0-1). Rebounds — Lamar 37 (Brown 11), Dodge City 36 (Clark 7). Assists — Lamar 12 (Redd 3), Dodge City 12 (O'Neil 4). Fouled out — Beckett. Total fouls — Lamar 26, Dodge City 24. Records — Lamar 2-6, Dodge City 7-1.
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//===--- ParallelUtilities.cpp -------------------------------------------===//
//
// The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "ParallelUtilities.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Timer.h"
#include <mutex>
#include <shared_mutex>
#define DEBUG_TYPE "par-utils"
namespace opts {
extern cl::OptionCategory BoltCategory;
cl::opt<unsigned>
ThreadCount("thread-count",
cl::desc("number of threads"),
cl::init(hardware_concurrency()),
cl::cat(BoltCategory));
cl::opt<bool>
NoThreads("no-threads",
cl::desc("disable multithreading"),
cl::init(false),
cl::cat(BoltCategory));
cl::opt<unsigned>
TaskCount("tasks-per-thread",
cl::desc("number of tasks to be created per thread"),
cl::init(20),
cl::cat(BoltCategory));
} // namespace opts
namespace llvm {
namespace bolt {
namespace ParallelUtilities {
namespace {
/// A single thread pool that is used to run parallel tasks
std::unique_ptr<ThreadPool> ThreadPoolPtr;
unsigned computeCostFor(const BinaryFunction &BF,
const PredicateTy &SkipPredicate,
const SchedulingPolicy &SchedPolicy) {
if (SchedPolicy == SchedulingPolicy::SP_TRIVIAL)
return 1;
if (SkipPredicate && SkipPredicate(BF))
return 0;
switch (SchedPolicy) {
case SchedulingPolicy::SP_CONSTANT:
return 1;
case SchedulingPolicy::SP_INST_LINEAR:
return BF.getSize();
case SchedulingPolicy::SP_INST_QUADRATIC:
return BF.getSize() * BF.getSize();
case SchedulingPolicy::SP_BB_LINEAR:
return BF.size();
case SchedulingPolicy::SP_BB_QUADRATIC:
return BF.size() * BF.size();
default:
llvm_unreachable("unsupported scheduling policy");
}
}
inline unsigned estimateTotalCost(const BinaryContext &BC,
const PredicateTy &SkipPredicate,
SchedulingPolicy &SchedPolicy) {
if (SchedPolicy == SchedulingPolicy::SP_TRIVIAL)
return BC.getBinaryFunctions().size();
unsigned TotalCost = 0;
for (auto &BFI : BC.getBinaryFunctions()) {
auto &BF = BFI.second;
TotalCost += computeCostFor(BF, SkipPredicate, SchedPolicy);
}
// Switch to trivial scheduling if total estimated work is zero
if (TotalCost == 0) {
outs() << "BOLT-WARNING: Running parallel work of 0 estimated cost, will "
"switch to trivial scheduling.\n";
SchedPolicy = SP_TRIVIAL;
TotalCost = BC.getBinaryFunctions().size();
}
return TotalCost;
}
} // namespace
ThreadPool &getThreadPool() {
if (ThreadPoolPtr.get())
return *ThreadPoolPtr;
ThreadPoolPtr = std::make_unique<ThreadPool>(opts::ThreadCount);
return *ThreadPoolPtr;
}
void runOnEachFunction(BinaryContext &BC, SchedulingPolicy SchedPolicy,
WorkFuncTy WorkFunction, PredicateTy SkipPredicate,
std::string LogName, bool ForceSequential,
unsigned TasksPerThread) {
if (BC.getBinaryFunctions().size() == 0)
return;
auto runBlock = [&](std::map<uint64_t, BinaryFunction>::iterator BlockBegin,
std::map<uint64_t, BinaryFunction>::iterator BlockEnd) {
Timer T(LogName, LogName);
DEBUG(T.startTimer());
for (auto It = BlockBegin; It != BlockEnd; ++It) {
auto &BF = It->second;
if (SkipPredicate && SkipPredicate(BF))
continue;
WorkFunction(BF);
}
DEBUG(T.stopTimer());
};
if (opts::NoThreads || ForceSequential) {
runBlock(BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin(), BC.getBinaryFunctions().end());
return;
}
// Estimate the overall runtime cost using the scheduling policy
const unsigned TotalCost = estimateTotalCost(BC, SkipPredicate, SchedPolicy);
const unsigned BlocksCount = TasksPerThread * opts::ThreadCount;
const unsigned BlockCost =
TotalCost > BlocksCount ? TotalCost / BlocksCount : 1;
// Divide work into blocks of equal cost
ThreadPool &Pool = getThreadPool();
auto BlockBegin = BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin();
unsigned CurrentCost = 0;
for (auto It = BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin();
It != BC.getBinaryFunctions().end(); ++It) {
auto &BF = It->second;
CurrentCost += computeCostFor(BF, SkipPredicate, SchedPolicy);
if (CurrentCost >= BlockCost) {
Pool.async(runBlock, BlockBegin, std::next(It));
BlockBegin = std::next(It);
CurrentCost = 0;
}
}
Pool.async(runBlock, BlockBegin, BC.getBinaryFunctions().end());
Pool.wait();
}
void runOnEachFunctionWithUniqueAllocId(
BinaryContext &BC, SchedulingPolicy SchedPolicy,
WorkFuncWithAllocTy WorkFunction, PredicateTy SkipPredicate,
std::string LogName, bool ForceSequential, unsigned TasksPerThread) {
if (BC.getBinaryFunctions().size() == 0)
return;
std::shared_timed_mutex MainLock;
auto runBlock = [&](std::map<uint64_t, BinaryFunction>::iterator BlockBegin,
std::map<uint64_t, BinaryFunction>::iterator BlockEnd,
MCPlusBuilder::AllocatorIdTy AllocId) {
Timer T(LogName, LogName);
DEBUG(T.startTimer());
std::shared_lock<std::shared_timed_mutex> Lock(MainLock);
for (auto It = BlockBegin; It != BlockEnd; ++It) {
auto &BF = It->second;
if (SkipPredicate && SkipPredicate(BF))
continue;
WorkFunction(BF, AllocId);
}
DEBUG(T.stopTimer());
};
if (opts::NoThreads || ForceSequential) {
runBlock(BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin(), BC.getBinaryFunctions().end(), 0);
return;
}
// This lock is used to postpone task execution
std::unique_lock<std::shared_timed_mutex> Lock(MainLock);
// Estimate the overall runtime cost using the scheduling policy
const unsigned TotalCost = estimateTotalCost(BC, SkipPredicate, SchedPolicy);
const unsigned BlocksCount = TasksPerThread * opts::ThreadCount;
const unsigned BlockCost =
TotalCost > BlocksCount ? TotalCost / BlocksCount : 1;
// Divide work into blocks of equal cost
ThreadPool &Pool = getThreadPool();
auto BlockBegin = BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin();
unsigned CurrentCost = 0;
unsigned AllocId = 1;
for (auto It = BC.getBinaryFunctions().begin();
It != BC.getBinaryFunctions().end(); ++It) {
auto &BF = It->second;
CurrentCost += computeCostFor(BF, SkipPredicate, SchedPolicy);
if (CurrentCost >= BlockCost) {
if (!BC.MIB->checkAllocatorExists(AllocId)) {
auto Id = BC.MIB->initializeNewAnnotationAllocator();
assert(AllocId == Id && "unexpected allocator id created");
}
Pool.async(runBlock, BlockBegin, std::next(It), AllocId);
AllocId++;
BlockBegin = std::next(It);
CurrentCost = 0;
}
}
if (!BC.MIB->checkAllocatorExists(AllocId)) {
auto Id = BC.MIB->initializeNewAnnotationAllocator();
assert(AllocId == Id && "unexpected allocator id created");
}
Pool.async(runBlock, BlockBegin, BC.getBinaryFunctions().end(), AllocId);
Lock.unlock();
Pool.wait();
}
} // namespace ParallelUtilities
} // namespace bolt
} // namespace llvm
|
Cypress Park sees major improvements
Cypress Black Bayou Recreational Park is seeing major upgrades with renovations and new infrastructure.
Since early 2016, the park began renovations and several updates have been added to the park, including a new marina and fishing piers, cabins, RV sites, and expanded parking lot.
“The park had gotten such disarray that no one was coming. The grass was high, the RV Park was in bad shape, and the old cabins are just embarrassing to have somebody in. We have made improvements to the park,” Executive Director Robert Berry said.
The marina and fishing piers are now open, two new cabins are ready with a third at about 85 percent completion.
There are 32 new RV sites with a full hookups, an asphalt parking lot is now at the 162 launch, and there are park road improvements and cleanup at the zoo.
A Houston-based energy company is hoping to use Cypress Black Bayou as the water source for hydraulic fracking of oil wells.
Empresa Energy addressed the Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District’s public meeting on June 12. The company hopes to drill four oil wells in late summer or early fall, with hopes of adding another six sometime after that, on its land near the lake.
The drilling would be hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking.” This requires very large amount of water, and Rick Harris, vice president of operations for Empresa Energy, estimates that each of the wells built will use about 260,000 gallons.
Empresa’s business model is aimed to find productive gas and oil sources in unconventional areas with test wells, and later to sell the land to larger companies who will expand the operation. Harris noted there could be 70 to 80 wells once the project reaches its full potential.
Opinion: CBB board protects a half-century investment
Created: 21 January 2015
Written by Bossier Press Tribune
Last Tuesday’s Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District (CBB) board meeting was dominated by discussion of the board’s plan to adjust landowner fees for folks living on Cypress Lake and Black Bayou.The board made certain that the meeting was well publicized so that landowners could be present and have an opportunity to comment.
From this viewpoint, it sure would have been helpful if more of the landowners took advantage of the monthly CBB meetings to better understand the need to adjust these fees.
The new schedule would eliminate the $4 per month fee to draw water from the lakes for lawn care, and the square-foot-based fee for structures over the water.It would impose a fee on Black Bayou of $230 for owners with a structure over the water, and $130 for those who don’t have any such structure.On Cypress, the fees would be $250 and $150 respectively.
Opinion: CBB tax renewal is a wise investment
Created: 26 November 2014
Written by Bossier Press Tribune
It’s only been a few weeks since nearly 60 percent of Bossier Parish voters casting ballots in the November 4 election agreed that the 1.54 mill property tax to Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District (CBB) should continue for another decade.
But CBB’s board was ready for that affirmative vote with plans to make major upgrades to the park. For the past year or so, the park’s relatively new board members have been occupied with strengthening accounting controls, making repairs and some upgrades to the park’s infrastructure, and looking at long-range improvements to maintain CBB as the parish’s chief outdoor recreation jewel.
Robert Berry, CBB interim Executive Director, explained that the board looks to bond an estimated $3 to 3.5 million to finance the park’s upgrades and needed improvements.
Millage Propositions could Affect Senior, Park and Library
On Nov. 4, among a host of other issues, Bossier Parish voters will decide the fate of two property tax millage renewal propositions and a new millage proposition.
As a result, voters may want to visit their parish libraries and the Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District to discover what these millage renewals fund, and drop by the Bossier Parish Council on Aging for a primer on services offered to the parish’s seniors.
The Bossier Parish library system’s 10-year renewal of it 7.57 mill property tax is “for the purpose of acquiring, constructing, improving, equipping, maintaining and operating the public library facilities and system” in the parish. The annual millage collects about $7.2 million that’s dedicated exclusively to funding the library system. Heather McEntee, Bossier Parish libraries director, said library users and others interested in knowing what the parish’s eight libraries offer should be able to explore the system’s extensive use of the millage funding on the system’s website around mid-October.
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Newscasts
PNS Daily Newscast - November 19, 2018.
More than 1,200 missing in the California wildfires. Also on the Monday rundown: A pair of reports on gun violence in the nation; and concerns that proposed changes to 'Green Card' rules favor the wealthy.
Justice Department and Rick Perry Don't Agree on Wireless Merger
September 1, 2011
NEW YORK - Texas Gov. Rick Perry has been urging the Federal Communications Commission to approve a merger of AT&T and T-Mobile, saying it would be good for competition in the wireless industry. On Wednesday, however, the Justice Department blocked the proposal on anti-trust grounds.
Consumer groups are hailing the decision. The federal suit filed Wednesday aims to stop the $39 billion deal combining the second- and fourth-largest wireless carriers. The new entity would have leapfrogged over No. 1 Verizon Wireless, creating what critics called a virtual duopoly, with Sprint Nextel a distant third.
"We're happy that the Department of Justice recognized that this would lead to less competition, less choice, ultimately higher prices for consumers. And I think this is a great day and a great win for consumers all across the country."
With three major T-Mobile call centers in Texas at risk, workers' advocates have denounced the merger. Desai says workers should be among those cheering for the Justice Department.
"I just think that, based on the facts, it's clear that this would have been a bad transaction across-the-board for workers and consumers, and we're glad that the DOJ stuck to the facts and found that this was a bad deal for Americans all across the country."
Amalia Deloney, grassroots policy director for the Center for Media Justice, says her group has been working hard at building a grassroots movement against the merger, and she feels it's paid off.
"It once again demonstrates to average, everyday people that things like job loss, innovation, creativity, price control and the ability to stay in contact with friends and family are actually things that people all across the country care about, and together we can make a difference."
AT&T said it was surprised and disappointed by the Justice Department action, and would "vigorously contest" the matter in court. The company had said Tuesday it would bring some overseas call centers back to the United States to create 5,000 jobs to help counter criticism the merger is a job-killer.
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Court of Appeals
of the State of Georgia
ATLANTA, February 15, 2017
The Court of Appeals hereby passes the following order
A17D0257. JEAN B. ST. FELIX v. BAYVIEW LOAN SERVICING, LLC.
Upon consideration of the Application for Discretionary Appeal, it is ordered that it be
hereby DENIED.
LC NUMBERS:
2016CV00496
Court of Appeals of the State of Georgia
Clerk's Office, Atlanta, February 15, 2017.
I certify that the above is a true extract from the minutes
of the Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Witness my signature and the seal of said court hereto
affixed the day and year last above written.
, Clerk.
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4 Common Resume Lies and Ways to Spot Them
A professional writer and passionate blogger, Sampurna has been lending her expertise to the online world by penning articles, guest posts and blogs on career, business and employment for a quite some time now. She also an avid reader; loves travelling and photography.
As a recruitment manager, you are all set to hire candidates who are qualified and suitable enough for the job role. While you would look for the required qualifications and work experience, you should also look for honesty in the process of hiring candidates.
It might come as a surprise to many, but several jobseekers tend to lie or fake it up on their resume. Yes. It is a fact. From foolish fibs to full-on-fraud, lying on resumes is one of the most ways job seekers intend to stretch the truth.
Inflating a resume with the help of all-too-familiar resume language is likely harmless. However, falsifying a resume is entirely different. Therefore, it is a sincere advice for recruiters to be extra cautious while they intend to hire candidates for vacant job positions.
Sometimes, as a business owner, you would probably assume that whatever a jobseeker writes on his or her resume happens to be true. But that might not be the best idea. Explained below are a few situations that might arise while looking to hire candidates – and if you do see them, it is a red flag that required further investigation.
Take a look at the following paragraphs:
#1. The graduating school sounds somewhat iffy
There are a many schools and educational institutes that are not accredited by government bodies. In many cases, some institutes claiming to offer educational certificates turn out to be fake ones and often give out fake degrees to students. This is why recruiters have to pretty much cautious while interviewing candidates. As a recruiter, if you find the name of the instate somewhat fishy and you intend to doubt its credentials especially coming from the candidate (vouching for the institute way too much) be aware that he or she must be cooking up a story surrounding it.
#2. Previous company name is absolutely unknown
Sometimes, in a pledge to take up a job, candidates often end up doing all sorts of things that can be absolutely unimaginable. They can even go up to length of faking a company as well. Yes. In a given situation, while hiring candidates and asking questions about the previous employer, if you think that you have never ever heard about the company, chances are that the candidate is simply faking it up. It is better to do some research work before you begin with the interview process. Avoid calling at the phone number cited in reference. Instead, look up the internet and call up the company and speak to the HR person directly. Cases have been reported where the candidate asked a friend to pose as a past supervisor.
#3. Candidates’ self-acclamations seem to far-fetched
It is a common attempt to focus on acclamations while recruiters hire candidates. But, in the process if you find that the accomplishments claimed by the candidate to be a little too far-fetched – that is little too many and a way too much, then you must understand that there is something wrong. Too many phrases such as – “youngest, only one, world class leader, first person to be” can turn out to be dubious. So, if you sense something fishy in the information provided, do remember to cross question the candidate.
#4. Overinflated job titles
In another instances, candidates also often mislead in terms of job titles assigned to them. Many candidates tend to mislead in terms of job title. They intentionally over-inflate job titles only in order to get a better job position. As an employer, while you hire candidates, it’s your job to know what to ask and how to ask interview questions. The moment you sense something fishy, tend to dig a little more and ask more technical questions related to the job profile and title. If you notice that the candidate is unable to come up with a clear answer, then you would know that they are faking it up completely.
Resume lies are quite common and there have been numerous cases where candidates have been caught faking it up at interviews. However, there are times when some candidates can be truly smart in terms of fabricating facts. In such cases, it is completely on the employer to opt for a thorough background check of the candidates before making a final decision.
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NEW VIDEO: 16 Deals & Freebies at Target & CVS This Week (4/29 – 5/5)
*NOTE: Click on the video above to start watching. Or if you don’t see the video, click here to watch it on youtube. If you liked the video, click here to Subscribe to future videos.
Hello! I uploaded a video of deals at Target and CVS this week (week 4/29 – 5/5). Note that some of the deals mentioned in the video will end by 5/5. Click on the above video (or click here) to watch it. Scroll down to see notes from this video. If you are new to Couponing in general, check out my Video Couponing Class Here.
TIP: Be sure to use the code D9JFM after you download the Fetch Rewards app, during the sign-up process, to get 2,000 bonus points. That’s $2 in FREE money! Remember to enter the code during signup before you upload your first receipt.With Fetch Rewards app, you can redeem as little as $3 in points, and you can redeem your points for Amazon or Target gift cards! Easy to do. Unlike other cash back apps, where you have to wait to hit $20 before you can redeem your cash back.
How to Redeem on Fetch Rewards:
Click on “Save” menu item on the bottom
Scroll through “Special Offers”
Look for the Popsicle offer and click on plus sign (screenshot for this offer above)
After you purchase. Click on “Scan” menu item and upload your receipt. Points are added to your account right away.
NOTE: When I test this deal. I did not get the 2000 points right away. I filed a contact us ticket from the app, and someone responded and fixed it for my account within the hour.
(Even without Fetch Rewards. It’s $2.14 per box. Half Price)
– The Fetch Rewards should be instant. I didn’t get the points so I sent them a contact us and got a response within the hour that they had reprocessed the receipt.
► Buy (2) Coppertone Sport Sprays @$6.99/ea = $13.98
(or other Coppertone Sunscreen products)
zThere are two kids varieties also for $6.99)
Use 5% Off Coppertone Sunscreen Cartwheel (x5/5) = -70¢
Use (1) $4/2 Coppertone Products coupon = -$4
(Coupon stops printing after Today Monday 4/30. We’ll see tomorrow if it comes back)
(There are also hang tags on some of the bottles when the coupon is NLA)
Pay: $9.28Get Back: $5 Target Gift Card for buying twoFinal Price: $2.14 each or $4.28 for both– By the way, there’s a similar deal you can do online to get sunscreen for as low as $2! Online there’s an additional $10/$30 Beauty Purchase promotion, click here for more info.
UPDATE: The gift card does not trigger on the Aloe automatically. Take a picture of the sign at your store that states that the promotion is on “Sun Care” and show your cashier. Stores may honor it.
► Buy (2) Up & Up Aloe Vera Gels @3.29/ea = $6.58Pay: $6.58Get Back: $5 Target Gift Card for buying twoFinal Price: 79¢ each or $1.58 for both
I am loving the P&G deals at CVS this week. Many good scenarios you can work out, but my favorite has got to the the Febreeze specials at $2.99, then use the BOGO P&G coupon for Febreeze (4/29 May P&G insert). You can pick up 10 of the Febreeze (break up your purchases into 2 or more transactions – depending on how your CVS allows the use of these coupons). Breakdown, Buy 10 Febreeze air fresheners @ $2.99 each ($29.99), use 5 BOGO MQs, pay $14.95, get $10 in ECBs! Net cost is just $4.95 or $0.49 per can!! Best deal on the P&G sale this week!!
Just a side note, but all of the Targets in my area (or at least the 3 that I shop at) of New York have stopped taking printable coupons. They beep every time no matter what the coupon is for, or which site it has been printed from, and the cashiers say there is no way for them to push them through (I’m assuming it’s more likely they have been told not to). So to anyone attempting these deals, if you have the option to use non printable coupons, that might be your best bet just in case!
Ah Darn! Thanks for letting me know. Let me get that removed from the script. It was signed but I didn’t test it. In the past years, the Aloe was always included with the gift card promotion for Sun Screen since it’s considered “Sun Care”. What you can do is either return it or bring receipt to customer service and tell them that the sign says “Sun care” if they are signed at your store. It is also possible that it may be a regional sale.
Through January 27th, head over to Kohl’s and shop select Carter’s Sleep & Play Pajamas or Sleep Bags from just $6.99 (regularly $20)! Kohl’s Cardholders can stack promo codes MITTENS30 (30% off, x1/27) and FREEMVCJAN (FREE shipping)…
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Speaking of ALL versus LIKE in colloquial speech, I've noticed that I use
LIKE when I mean to describe something I feel but do not say. For example:
"he said, 'well, *you* look like something the cat dragged in,' and I'm like,
'thanks a lot', but what I said was, 'yeah, I'm really tired today.'" ALL, on
the other hand, I use to express the overriding impression I get from what
someone actually says. So using the above situation again, I could say I was
ALL 'thanks a lot' and huffy only if I came out and said so. I in fact did
not, so instead I was ALL, 'yeah, you're right...'.
I bring this up because I *didn't* expect LIKE where Mr. Norrick said we might.
Now, as for the ...not!: The earliest sighting yet, thanks to
correspondent Robert Richardson of Marion, Mass., who is a collector of early
20th century American juvenile novels. The following excerpts are from
"Comrades of the Saddle", a novel by Frank V. Webster--you may be or may
not be familiar with his other work, which includes "Tom the Telephone
Boy", "The Boy Pilot of the Lakes", and "Two Boy Gold Miners".
[p. 68] "Larry, you and Bill build the fire and get supper ready. Horace,
I'll put you in charge and you must arrange the place for us to sleep. I can
see some pine trees yonder. Break off some limbs and spread them on the
ground. Then put the blankets over them."
"You're a fine commander to be lieutenant for--not", declared Horace.
"Gave me the meanest job of all." Yet he lost no time in obeying.
[p. 145] "He's a fine neighbor--not", declared Larry. "I should have thought
he would be only too glad to help your father and Mr. Snider get back their
cattle."
Both from Frank V. Webster, "Comrades of the Saddle, or the Young Rough Riders
of the Plains", New York: Cupples & Leon, 1910. Yup, that's right, 1910.
Can anybody predate that?
And finally, the singular sex-indefinite "they" of the month, from a N. Y.
Times article by Andrew Rosenthal (3/19/92, B9) on the new "thriller" by
Marilyn Quayle and sister:
"There are two different kinds of Washington novelists", said Sally
Quinn, a former reporter for The Washington Post who has written two novels
set in Washington. "One is the Washington celebrity who decides they want to
write a novel--the Gary Hart, Bill Cohen, Marilyn Quayle, Maureen Dean
syndrome..."
--Larry Horn (LHORNYALEVM.bitnet)
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Jim O'Briant wrote about the lack of web sites for certain jazz clubs.
Problem may be that these "Jazz Clubs" are little more than ego trips for a
small group of folks who really don't give a damn about the music and
whether or not it attracts new blood.
In fact, when they do have jazz concerts, many draw about 60 people, charge
only about $6 to get in to hear 4 hours worth of tired old garage band
music.
Then they proclaim "this music is dead".
Baloney . . . it is they who are dead.
Cheers,
Steve
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(DVD) THE WORST OF US - (SEASON 1)
$19.99 Regular Price
$14.99Sale Price
When an accidental murder is committed by one of five siblings they make a poor attempt to cover up the gruesome crime. Roz Hood, the eldest of the quintet, also a convicted felon, uses her feminine wiles to seduce Barks Daily, brother to the victim, in an effort to throw him off her sexual deviant sister's trail.
But as time passes with no word from his younger brother, Barks' patience grows as thin as blood, unearthing his natural savage behavior.
Adding to the burden is the family's dark past seeped in mental illness, sexual abuse and violence.
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A look at the law and numbers, Metcalf, Reed, Dunbar, and others
In order to understand the value and power of networks, such as a community, a number of individuals have come up with equations and analysis. It’s worth a bit of time to understand what they are talking about and how it may be useful to a CM.
Metcalf’s Law: Holds that the number of connections in a group grows very quickly as the number of members in the group increases. A group of two can have one connection, 3 members has 3, but 4 members has 6, 5 has 10, and so on.
For a CM, this shows how quickly opportunities for relationships increase as the group size gets bigger.
Reed’s Law: Reed adds the idea of a sub-group, or connections to a set of multiple people. Thus, a member may have a connection with a sub-groups made up of 2, 3, 4, 5, or more members. When this notion is taken up with Metcalf’s the number of possible connections grows exponentially. A group of two can have one connection, 3 members has 4, 4 members has 11, 5 has 26, and so on.
For a CM this means a member of a large group with subgroup ability has the benefit of many more possible connections than a member without subgroup ability.
A community that allows subgroups increases their possible interconnectedness exponentially.
It also means that a small increase in group size may quickly overwhelm anyone trying to keep a handle on various connections.
Dunbar’s Number: Is the number of individuals a person can maintain a relationship with. So, although Reed’s Law shows how quickly a person’s possible connections grow in a group, there may be a limit as to the number of connections a person can actually maintain.
Around 150 people is what Dunbar estimates a person may be able to maintain at any one time. This would include both online and offline. While others have come up with higher numbers, for a CM it means there is a limit.
Since there is a limit, it is best to put effort into making those connections of the highest value.
At only 8 members, Reed’s law put it at 242 possible connections. That may help explain the number of subgroups that don’t gain traction. Even with very few members, it is possible to have more connections than people can work with.
Perfect group size: Others have tackled this problem from a different angles and while there is no definitive number, or law, one could go with the number 6 as a rule of thumb. Part of this depends on the task and individuals.
When looking at creating subgroups, especially ones oriented toward tasks, it may be that these sort of smaller numbers are better.
How these laws and numbers work within your communities context will probably differ. This is even more true when you look at how active your members are, or not. My big take-away was just how quickly the opportunities for connections scale up, and can quickly overwhelm what an individual can use.
Much of this was taken from my exploration in and around Reed’s Law in Wikipedia.
About John
Interested in how information intersects daily life, technology, and art.
Collaboration specialist, working in social and collaborative media. Biomedical Informaticist, focusing on patient/patient, patient/provider communication.
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Audience Responses to Media Diversification: Coping with Plenty
Audience Responses to Media Diversification: Coping with Plenty
Excerpt
The idea for this book grew out of a discussion between the two editors in Munich in the summer of 1985. It matured over the next months, taking shape during the spring and summer of the following year.
During the spring of 1986,Lee Becker was a visiting professor in the Institute of Mass Communication at the Catholic University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The support of Professor James Stappers of that institute is particularly acknowledged. During the summer of 1986, the two editors were able to work together in Hannover in West Germany with the support of the German National Science Foundation.
The editors were able to come together in the final stages of the project as a result of support given to Klaus Schoenbach by the Department of Theatre Arts at San Jose State University in the United States. The assistance of the chairman of this department, Professor Stanley Baran, is acknowledged.
The editors also acknowledge the support provided by their home institutions, The Ohio State University and The Academy for Music and Theater, Hannover.Lee Becker was given special assistance as part of the Distinguished Research Award program at his university.
All of the contributors for this volume were recruited to write specifically for this project. Contributors were provided with an outline of the project and a draft of the first chapter to the book and asked to fashion their contributions along the lines specified. Several of the contributors were able to meet with the editors in the summer of 1987 at the conference of the World Association for Public Opinion Research in Montreux, Switzerland, to discuss a preliminary draft of the concluding chapter.
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383 So.2d 146 (1980)
L.L. BEACHAM, Jr.
v.
Mrs. Edith Russell BEACHAM.
Nos. 51940, 51818.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
April 30, 1980.
Thomas J. Lowe, Jr., Joseph A. Gentile, Jackson, for appellant.
L.L. Beacham, Jr., pro se.
King & Spencer, Robert W. King, Jackson, for appellee.
Before SMITH, P.J., and BROOM and COFER, JJ.
SMITH, Presiding Justice, for the Court.
On February 14, 1967, L.L. Beacham, Jr., appellant, obtained a divorce from appellee, Edith Russell Beacham upon the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment. It was judicially established by the decree that it had been the misconduct of Edith Russell Beacham that was the ground for the divorce, and that L.L. Beacham, Jr. was the aggrieved party. The minor children born of the marriage, who were living with their mother at the time, were allowed to remain with her under the decree. For the support of the children Beacham was directed to pay $200.00 each a month and, in addition, he was directed to pay to their mother $425.00 per month as alimony. Beacham has made the payments required of him for the support of the children who have now reached majority. And, although not all payments have been made on time, he has also paid $425.00 per month to Mrs. Beacham as ordered in the original divorce decree, with the possible exception of some interest on delayed installments.
The situation with regard to these alimony payments has continued unchanged since the original divorce decree in February, 1967, a period of some thirteen years, although Beacham has tried, unsuccessfully, to have the decree modified to reduce or discontinue them.
The present appeal by Beacham is from decrees of the Chancery Court of Hinds County dated June 6, and July 11, 1979, (the cases have been consolidated) rejecting Beacham's requests for modification of the former decree so as to permit him to discontinue payments to Mrs. Beacham and holding him in contempt for failures or delays with respect thereto.
*147 The payments for support of the children were made by Beacham as required, the children had reached their majority before the hearings which resulted in the decrees appealed from were entered, and the children are no longer dependent upon their mother for supervision or parental care.
Leaving aside the several collateral matters which are raised or sought to be raised on the appeals in these cases, there is very little dispute about the substantial or significant facts relating to the circumstances of the parties.
At the time of the divorce, the house and all of its furnishings had become the property of Mrs. Beacham. It is perfectly clear that she is a single woman, in good health, with no dependents and with an income of some $18,000.00 a year, exclusive of any payment of alimony by Mr. Beacham. Mrs. Beacham cannot be characterized as being in any sense a needy person.
At the time of the decrees appealed from, in addition to her substantial income, she had in prospect retirement pay and social security. At the time the divorce decree was entered in 1967, when custody and supervision of the children was left with Mrs. Beacham, apparently so as not to disturb their existing circumstances, it cannot be said at this date that it was unreasonable for the court, in allowing them to remain with their mother, and directing Beacham to make payments for their support, also to award to Mrs. Beacham a sum as alimony in connection with her duties in supervising and looking after the children. It was a matter which can reasonably be considered to have been in the mutual best interest of the parties as well as of the children.
Now that this duty (looking after the children) no longer rests upon Mrs. Beacham and the circumstances are such as no longer to require contributions to Mrs. Beacham from Mr. Beacham upon the basis of any need or otherwise, he should not be required to continue them. Beacham was the innocent party in the divorce and the divorce decree so adjudicated. The destruction of the marriage was the result of misconduct on the part of Mrs. Beacham. Mrs. Beacham no longer has the responsibility of the minor children. She cannot be said to be in any sense needy, in poor health, or unable to lead an independent life with ample means of support without further payment to her of alimony by Beacham. In such circumstances, requiring Beacham to continue to pay alimony to her should cease.
The policy in Mississippi regarding the award of alimony in such a case has long been established. This Court held in Coffee v. Coffee, 145 Miss. 872, 111 So. 377 (1927), that alimony will not be allowed to the wife unless the decree for divorce is in her favor. While exceptions to this rule have been noted in later cases, such as, for instance, where the wife is without estate and has no means of support or the husband's property is an accumulation of the joint efforts of the parties, or where the wife is sick and unable to earn a livelihood. None of these exists in this case.
In Bunkley and Morse's Amis Divorce And Separation in Mississippi, paragraph 6.04 (1957), in concluding a discussion of the rule, it is said: "It should be emphasized that the general rule is that alimony should not be granted to the wife where the separation and divorce are brought about by her acts and conduct. The rule is a sound one and is based on the proposition that a husband is entitled to have his wife receive her support in his home while she is discharging the duties of a wife as imposed under the marriage contract." In the same work the authors refer to Gatlin v. Gatlin, 248 Miss. 868, 161 So.2d 782 (1964), which was a case involving an exception to the general rule in that alimony was allowed to the wrongdoing wife "because of her destitute situation and her poor health, ..." the court holding that the chancellor should have retained jurisdiction even in such a case in order to permit reconsideration when appropriate.
In Russell v. Russell, 241 So.2d 366 (Miss. 1970), this Court had occasion to reexamine and approve the general rule that alimony will not be awarded to a wife whose misconduct was the ground for the husband's *148 divorce. In Russell, supra this Court, after reviewing the authorities, found that Mrs. Russell's situation did not fall within any of the exceptions to the general rule. Moreover, in Russell, although the Court found that Mrs. Russell was not financially independent, it was noted that she had an income from a former husband for the support of his children, the former husband having arranged for them to have a home. The Court found that Mrs. Russell was able to work and considered that she was able to earn her own living. This Court reversed the chancellor who had awarded alimony to Mrs. Russell saying that it could not agree that Mr. Russell should pay her alimony where the chancellor had dissolved the marriage because of her fault.
In the present case there is no dispute that Mrs. Beacham is in the prime of life, enjoying good health, earning a very substantial salary and with every reasonable prospect for a secure future in the form of retirement pay and social security. In this situation, under the rule above stated, it is not necessary to go into the financial status of Mr. Beacham or to point out the undeniable fact that he has been and is in poor health.
It would not be unreasonable to assume that, in awarding alimony to Mrs. Beacham in the decree granting Beacham a divorce, and providing for support of the children in the home with Mrs. Beacham, the chancellor was motivated by a desire to make Mrs. Beacham's task of supervision easier and thus justified the award. However, no matter what prompted the award, no reason whatever now exists justifying the continuance of alimony payments to Mrs. Beacham. As in Russell, supra, it was error not to relieve the former husband of continuing payments to his former wife.
It is unnecessary to pass upon the constitutionality of the Mississippi alimony statute (as it existed prior to the current session of the Mississippi Legislature) under Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268, 99 S.Ct. 1102, 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979) nor to pass upon other questions raised not relevant to the central issues.
Alimony is not a bounty to which Mrs. Beacham became entitled to receive indefinitely simply by reason of the fact that at one time she had been married to Beacham. In the divorce decree, it was judicially established that the marriage had been broken up and terminated because of her own misconduct. It cannot be said that she is in any way dependent for a livelihood upon receiving alimony from Beacham. The divorce effectively and finally dissolved and ended their relationship with each other and with it their reciprocal responsibilities. Unless some reason, based upon public policy, could be pointed out that, in good conscience, there is a compelling need to require support from her former husband, he should be relieved of the burden of making contributions to her. No such reason can be pointed out in this case and we are compelled to hold that none exists.
The decrees appealed from will be reversed and a decree entered here relieving Beacham of further payments of alimony to Mrs. Beacham. The case will be remanded to the chancery court for further proceedings with respect to the amounts due Mrs. Beacham which have accrued, from which Beacham is not relieved. It is apparent from the record that Mrs. Beacham is well able from her own means to employ and pay an attorney to represent her and the allowance of attorney's fees on this appeal is denied.
REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART AND REMANDED.
PATTERSON, C.J., ROBERTSON, P.J., and SUGG, WALKER, BROOM, LEE and COFER, JJ., concur.
BOWLING, J., took no part.
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function test() {
class C {
constructor() { this.x = 1; }
}
return C.prototype.constructor === C
&& new C().x === 1;
}
if (!test())
throw new Error("Test failed");
|
The Internal Revenue Bulletin (IRB) is the authoritative instrument for announcing official rulings and procedures of the IRS and for publishing Treasury Decisions, Executive Orders, Tax Conventions, legislation, court decisions, and other items of general interest.
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// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace Microsoft.Diagnostics.Runtime.DacInterface
{
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public readonly struct GenerationData
{
public readonly ClrDataAddress StartSegment;
public readonly ClrDataAddress AllocationStart;
// These are examined only for generation 0, otherwise NULL
public readonly ClrDataAddress AllocationContextPointer;
public readonly ClrDataAddress AllocationContextLimit;
}
}
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Antiquorum SA Sues Former Management
November 30, 2007byWilliam George Shuster
Antiquorum, the world’s leading fine watch auction house, has filed civil and criminal complaints against its former management, citing an audit that allegedly found financial “irregularities.” The complaints, filed in late October in the courts of Geneva, Switzerland, seek to recover what one Antiquorum official called “tremendous amounts of money, multi-millions.”
Antiquorum officials also say they’re working on an IPO (public sale of common stock), coming within two to three years.
Osvaldo Patrizzi, Antiquorum’s founder and former chief executive officer who was ousted in August, says he’s has filed criminal complaints against Antiquorum and Artist House, its parent firm, in November, and is working on forming an auction company with “a new concept.”
Top officials of Antiquorum—all new since August, when Patrizzi and the former executive team were let go—spoke at a Nov. 30 morning press conference at its Geneva headquarters, reviewing their first 100 days and the company’s future.
Yo John Tsukahara, Antiquorum’s chief executive officer; David Smith, chief financial officer, Christophe de Kalbermatten, Antiquorum’s attorney; and Brandon Thomas, a top Antiquorum’s watch expert, addressed a dozen newspaper, news service and watch trade journalists in the 45-minute session. The press conference was necessary, said Smith later, to rebut “things circulating out there [about Antiquorum and its new management] that are completely false from our point of view. We wanted to document these issues, say that we’ve gone through a difficult time, but we’re in good shape, selling watches and looking forward to a good year.”
Yo John Tsukahara
Former Antiquorum officials, later the same day, also held a press conference in a hotel across the street to contradict allegations made by Antiquorum’s new management. Patrizzi addressed it by phone from New York, where he had an “important meeting on a new concept” for an auction company, he told JCK.
‘Excellent Condition.’ Tusukahra said Antiquorum S.A. is “in excellent condition with an excellent team of management, experts, and employees, [who] held strongly together during this precipitous transition.” Its healthy status, he said, is underscored by good results in its recent auctions and a specifically-commissioned, months-long review by independent auditor PriceWaterhouseCoopers, which found it’s in “good operational and financial shape.”
The audit, though, also detected, “some financial mismanagement and irregularities, caused by former management,” Tsukahara added. Based on those, Antiquorum SA has filed civil and criminal complaints against its former management “to secure the rights of the company, its shareholders and customers,” said Tsukahara. Details on the “irregularities” and complaints weren’t given, so as not to jeopardize the ongoing investigation, said Christophe de Kalbermatten, Antiquorum’s attorney.
However, the audit did show “Antiquorum is healthy and largely profitable, despite any potential impact caused by former management misconduct,” according to Smith, Antiquorum’s CFO. “Trading results for 2007 approximate those of 2006. We’re seeing a significant number of new clients. Overall, we’ll be stronger and better.”
‘Strongly Supportive.’ Tsukahara said Antiquorum’s parent firm, Artist House Holdings, remains “strongly supportive [and] continues to provide the means for further growth,” an indirect reply to some earlier Swiss reports that Artist House’s backing of Antiquorum and Tsukahara, an Artist House board member, had cooled.
When Artist House, a Japanese conglomerate, bought 50 percent of Antiquorum in late 2005, said Tsukahara, a process began to create a new management team and a “smooth handover,” when Patrizzi retired as CEO at the end of 2008. It was “clearly stipulated,” according to Tsukahara, that there would be operational, management and financial changes to prepare Antiquorum for an IPO (a privately-owned company’s first sale of stock, as it goes “public”). However, said Tsukahara, “the former management didn’t accept” the changes. That led this summer to “irreconcilable opinions on strategy and management of the company,” and, what Tsukahara called, “an unexpected acceleration of the hand-over,” when Patrizzi was fired in August.
Smith said that, “Often when a family-run company [like Antiquorum] is sold, the former owners [who stay with it] forget it belongs to someone else. That can be a problem, when there are new rules and regulations a public company has to follow, that the private entrepreneur didn’t, in converting a family-run business to professional organization.”
‘Stabilizing operations.’ At the end of “this difficult year,” he said, “we’re stabilizing operations. Next year, ww’ll continue to lay a firm base, initiate good business practices, eliminate some bad ones of the past, and begin creating the track record needed before committing to an IPO.”
The unexpected changeover in Antiquorum’s management did cause some problems. “Some clients left for one reason or another” since August, but “we’ve gotten new clients, and some old relationships that faltered came back,” said Tsukahara. Antiquorum horology expert Brandon Thomas noted that Antiquorum already has 800 watches consigned for auctions this year and next, and will continue its well-known “thematic” auctions (begun by Patrizzi), including one in 2008 on the “Rolex sports watch,” Antiquorum’s first thematic auction in New York City.
“Thanks to our extremely competent team of experts, Antiquorum’s operations continue at full steam,” Tsukahara told reporters. “Now the work of identifying irregularities is done, it’s time to get back to day-today business for our customers, management and company, and make Antiquorum grow.”
Antiquorum does about $100 million annually, and has branches in 10 cities serving 13 countries, including New York, London, Moscow, Paris, Milan, Munich, Shanghai, and Tokyo.
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Other available artwork you might like by Hepi Maxwell:
Hepi never expected to earn a living in the arts, but became a carver when he lost his legs in a truck accident. Having no intention of living off the state, he responded to an advertisement in the local paper in Rotorua for potential jade carvers. Hepi has now been carving for more than 30 years and is one of the leading jade carvers in New Zealand. His carving is in a contemporary style based on the gentle, sweeping curves of ancient Māori art. Over the years, his jade pieces have been presented publicly to many people, from prime ministers to sports celebrities, and as awards at institutions and schools. His work has been documented in numerous publications and included in museums and private collections all over the world. He participated in “Kiwa—Pacific Connections” (2003) in Vancouver, Canada.
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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public static class Program {
public static void Main () {
var str = "abcdefgh";
var strChars = (str as IEnumerable<char>);
foreach (var ch in strChars)
Console.WriteLine(ch);
}
}
|
Environmental education is becoming increasingly important as our lives, cities and priorities change. As our cities become more congested and busy, knowledge of the impact we each have on our surroundings becomes more and more crucial. Equally important however, is our understanding of how we can contribute to protecting the environment around us. We live in rapidly changing societies which are subject to profound changes, so why doesn’t our environmental education transform to accommodate this?.
In Latin America, there is very little concern expressed for disposing of waste appropriately in public. This attitude would be frowned upon in Europe, probably with the assumption that Europeans do not behave in this way because they are wealthier and therefore educated to a higher standard than their Latin American peers. But the assumption that lack of care for one’s environment is due to poverty is false.
A social psychology experiment carried out by Stanford University in 1969 sought to explain the cause of varying behaviours between different socio-economic groups. The team of researchers conducted a field trial where two identical cars of the same model and same colour were left in different streets. One was left in the New York suburb of the Bronx, which was a deprived area, and one was left in a wealthy neighbourhood in California. Two identical cars abandoned in two neighborhoods with entirely different populations, and a team of specialists in social psychology studying the behavior of people at each site.
The car which was abandoned in New York began to be stripped of tyres, mirrors, and radios within a few hours of being left. All useful contents were extracted and the remains were destroyed. The car abandoned in California, however, remained intact.
Both left and right wing ideologies will frequently cite poverty as the cause of crime. But this experiment did not end here. After the car abandoned in the Bronx had been stripped and demolished and the one in California had remained intact for a week, the researchers smashed the glass window on the car of the latter.
What then happened was pretty much the same as in the Bronx: theft, violence and vandalism reduced the vehicle to the same state as the one in the slums. So why does broken glass in a car abandoned in a supposedly safe neighborhood trigger a similar criminal action? It is not poverty. It is obviously something to do with human psychology and social relations.
A broken window in an abandoned car conveys a sense of deterioration which appears to breaks our codes of coexistence, as if there were no publicly acceptable laws, rules and norms. A dirty city, too, creates the image that it is suffering from neglect by people or authorities. If a glass window of a building is broken and no one repairs it, soon all the others will be broken as well. If a community shows signs of deterioration and no one seems to care, then there will be crime. This is well documented as the ‘broken windows theory’ which states that visible crime and vandalism will lead to more.
If people commit ‘petty offences’ (such as illegal parking, speeding or going through red lights) and fail to be penalized, more serious offences and crimes will appear on the scene. An open-air dump is a true reflection of what I am talking about. It starts with a few bags of waste, then if they all do it, why not me?
But this is not a good enough excuse for our unkempt cities and our standards need to change, particularly if our population is to carry on expanding. Even if the governmental authorities do not impose restrictions, there is no need to demonstrate a poor environmental performance. I do not believe that punishments should be handed out to everyone; instead the individuals committing the offense should be brought to account.
It is difficult to discern however, who the individuals who are responsible for littering our cities are. Is it the person who throws a soft drinks can out of a window, or is it the person who sold it to him? Do the people who witness this behavior and do not react hold any responsibility or is it the politician who has not planned for enough street cleaners?
All of these possibilities need to be explored when designing a new, more flexible approach to environmental education. The impact of the individual needs to be explored when building up an awareness of our effect on our environment, and these changes need to be made soon.
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£4,800 | Toyota Avensis 2.2 D-4D T Spirit 5dr
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Please note
This includes MPG figures which are calculated under European Standards, in test conditions, and will vary under normal driving conditions. The information displayed above describes the typical specification of the most recent model of this vehicle. It is not the exact specification for the actual vehicle being offered for sale which may vary. Specifications for older models may also vary. Please contact us prior to purchase to confirm the exact specification of this vehicle.
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CJ2 Series Cylinders
The CJ2 series from SMC are miniature cylinders. Available in spring extend, spring return, or double acting offer stainless steel tubing and stainless steel rods.These pneumatic cylinders are available in various bore sizes and stroke lengths. Mounting options include basic, foot, front flange, and double rear clevis. Series CJ2 is auto switch capable.
Description:
SMC SV Series employ multi-pin connectors in place
of conventional lead wires within manifold blocks. The design of the connector-type manifold enables any changes within the manifold station to be greatly simplified. Cassette base type manifolds offer the ultimate in ...
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Google email service, Gmail is one of the popular and widely used web mail service. This service is far better due to its more security, quickness and attractiveness than other web mail services. Due …
Education is the measuring rod for development of nation. It is the bulwark of the nation and the most important infrastructure of development. The quality of education determines the status of people…
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blog
I have always preferred writing in first person. I find it far more natural to adopt the voice of a character and explore the narrative through their worldview than to take on the role of omniscient narrator. But that doesn’t mean I haven’t tried the alternative, to varying degrees of success.
I think the challenge I find when it comes to writing in third person is that it’s so much harder to explore what is going through a character’s head. In first person you essentially become the character and so articulating their experience is fairly straightforward but to do third person well you have to show rather than tell, and this is much harder, especially when you’re still trying to make the audience empathise.
It’s no coincidence that Windmills and Boone Shepard, the two of my stories that have persisted the longest, were both written in first person. Boone’s wry, exasperated, self deprecating approach to his adventures is fundamental to the style of his stories while one of Windmills’ biggest strengths was always the contrasting perspectives of its three central characters. First person allowed me to dig deep and I think was an inherent part of the reason those stories have always been so important to me.
And yet the time seems to have come where I have no choice but to kill that particular darling, at least as far as Windmills is concerned. I’ve been writing a fair bit in blogs lately about the current iteration of that novel, which I’ve been slowly working on over the last year, but one thing I haven’t mentioned is that, unlike previous versions, this one is in third person.
Part of the reason for this is the condensation of the narrative. Originally Windmills took place in four distinct parts over several years, each told from the perspective of a different character. The current version essentially tells the same stories in a much smaller time frame, meaning they largely occur parallel to each other, and this made writing in first person much more challenging. I briefly considered pulling a George R.R. Martin and having the story alternate between the perspectives of three viewpoint characters, but it doesn’t really suit Windmills; certain extended parts have to be told from one character’s point of view while others require more jumping between perspectives. Some of this structure is due to the fact that this particular iteration of Windmills was originally designed for television, where I could be far looser about whose eyes we saw events unfold through, but in a first person novel that has as much going on as Windmills does that becomes an impossible task and so, to tell this story the way I felt I needed to, my only choice was to bite the bullet and shift to third person.
It’s been a weird experience, to say the least. The writing hasn’t felt nearly as natural as previous versions, and yet reading back over it I think it’s significantly better than any of them. Third person has certainly given me the narrative flexibility I needed but that doesn’t change the fact that I’m so used to telling this story through the eyes of specific characters that taking a step back makes me feel oddly disconnected, like I’m not as invested as I have been in previous attempts. Of course part of this is certainly due to the fact that I’ve been working on various reworkings of Windmills for so long that it’s a legitimate surprise that I have any passion left for the story at all, but being unable to relay events in the unique voices of Leo, Lucy and Ed is weird.
That said, I think it’s largely been a benefit. I mentioned above that third person requires you to show more than you tell and so I’ve taken this as an opportunity to introduce more subtlety and ambiguity to the narrative. I can depict the actions of the characters with the barest glimpse of their thoughts and let the audience put two and two together regarding the whys of their choices. It gives a slight detachment to proceedings, but I think it makes for a more interesting novel on the whole. I’ve always had a tendency to over-explain in my writing and telling the story this way kind of forces me to do the opposite in order to make it compelling. It’s a weird, uncomfortable step into new and different territory for me, but reading over the novel so far makes me think it’s working. When you’ve written a story as many times as I’ve written Windmills it’s easy to become set in your ways but important to be willing to break said ways to break new ground and give yet another version of the same story a valid reason to exist.
If you want to progress as a writer you have to be willing to step out of your comfort zone in more than just the territory you explore. Even if it seems scary or like you have to say goodbye to something you loved, the results may just surprise you.
One of the first pieces of advice you’ll ever get when you set out to be a writer is to ‘kill your darlings’. It’s a phrase that refers to the practice of getting rid of passages, phrases, characters or subplots that you really like when they’re not serving the story properly. Generally speaking it’s a good rule; every storyteller will sooner or later find themselves in a situation where the only justification for including a certain story element is ‘but I really like it!’, which, simply put, isn’t good enough.
Bad stories come in many forms but the worst offenders tend to be stories that force the audience to put up with things that aren’t necessary or entertaining. It’s in these instances that ‘kill your darlings’ might have saved the narrative, as a writer who seriously interrogates the worth of every aspect of their story tends to tell a story worth hearing.
Which brings me to Windmills. For those unaware (and I can’t imagine you’re reading this if you’re unaware), Windmills has long been the love of my storytelling life, a psychological thriller I first wrote in high school that I’ve never quite been able to leave alone, whether I’m adapting it into a play, self-publishing it as a novel, adapting it into a TV screenplay or, as I currently am, reworking it as a novel again. Windmills tells the story of Leo Grey, a teenager who makes a terrible mistake that haunts him for the rest of his life as his continued failure to do the right things leads to his moral decay and causes a domino effect that destroys the lives of those he cares about. The process of revisiting Windmills again and again over the last eight (!) years has been at times frustrating but ultimately satisfying as bit by bit I’ve gotten closer to what I think the story has to be.
Of course, over such a long period there have been characters and plot elements added and detracted from the first draft. Some of these have helped while others have slowed down the process, but one character has managed both. Charlotte Laurent was never present in the original draft; in fact she first came into being as the protagonist of a companion novel I tried to write immediately after the first draft. Charlotte was the girlfriend and eventual wife of Dominic Ford, the drug lord antagonist of Windmills, and the companion book would have depicted her corruption in a way that paralleled Leo’s, leading up to a showdown between the two. The more time I spent on the novel however the more I realised it wasn’t working, and Charlotte’s arc ended up predominantly as backstory for the next version of Windmills, in which Charlotte herself became a supporting character.
Maybe in part due to the fact that Charlotte was meant to be a protagonist but ended up being more secondary, she’s always been a big favourite of mine. As a character she’s innately fascinating to me; younger than the rest of the cast, she basically gets dragged into a world she doesn’t fully understand which proceeds to twist and change her until she is finally forced to decide where she stands. Charlotte is one of the few Windmills characters who eventually got a happy ending because she was one of the few I really felt didn’t deserve to suffer in some way.
However, after Windmills won the Ustinov award and I started developing it as a TV series concept in earnest, some darlings faced the chopping block and Charlotte was chief among them. The reason for this was simple; Charlotte’s role in the story took place entirely in the extensive part of Windmills that followed the central characters out of high school, and the TV version of Windmills, tweaked in the interest of making it an easier sell as a young adult story, only leaves high school at the very end, meaning there was very little room for Charlotte to appear in any way that felt natural. I tried really hard but in the end the best I could settle for was a brief cameo at the end that didn’t touch on all the backstory or relationships she had originally had with the other characters. And with the new version of the novel closely following the TV series outline, it stood to reason that Charlotte’s role would remain unfortunately minor.
Weirdly, however, for a character who never existed in the earliest versions of the story, the loss of Charlotte was something of a fatal blow. Try as I might, the story just didn’t quite feel like Windmills without her. Charlotte is so central to so much of the mythology that without her it felt somewhat like I was working on a high school drama that included some of the elements of Windmills without ever getting near the soul of it. Because, as I slowly learned, Charlotte, like Leo and Lucy and Dominic, is now part of the DNA of the narrative and without her it could never quite feel complete.
So what do you do? Logic dictates you kill this darling, and yet instinct begs you not to. I struggled with this for a while but in the end I decided that I just had to persevere and try to ignore the gaping hole left by Charlotte. I couldn’t, after all, twist the entire structure of the story just to include one character whose role in the narrative wasn’t all that important.
Well.
The funniest thing about writing is how often you don’t recognise the obvious. Plot points can hit you in a wave of glorious inspiration that of course this is how the story is supposed to go, how could you have been so stupid? And once that realisation hits home, it becomes clear just how flawed the story was before, how this new development actually solves several issues you didn’t even know were there.
For context, I’d planned the new version of Windmills to take place in six parts, each of which focusses on a different character (kind of like Skins with more murder and suicide and… well actually, just like Skins). The final part would come after a time jump, but the preceding five all took place in close succession, predominantly set in and around a school, starting with Leo Grey’s mistake and following the repercussions. But one issue I was finding was that the time jump, on paper, was a little too abrupt and jarring. Characters would be in one place emotionally at the end of part five and then turn up in part six having made major decisions or forged important new relationships off screen. What I needed was a way to show the passage of time, to set up the choices of the characters that would lead to the finale, to illustrate the changes so essential to the way it all wrapped up. What I needed was a fresh perspective to provide a new context to what we had already seen and what we were about to see, a new character who could raise the stakes and through whose eyes we could see the resetting of the board in time for the endgame. What I needed was Charlotte.
Within minutes of this realisation the plan changed and Windmills went from six parts to seven. And suddenly issues I had had with the new version seemed to melt away. Plot points were set up more effectively, characters could be developed more thoroughly and suddenly the novel I have been working on feels like Windmills in a way it didn’t quite before, because a character I underestimated the importance of has finally come home, taking her rightful place among the rest and, in the way all the best characters do, shining a light on the obvious in order to allow the story to take the right path forward.
Eureka moments like this make writing worth it for me. It often feels like there’s some magic at play, something beyond you just coming up with an idea in order to entertain people. I guess if there’s a moral to the saga of Charlotte’s triumphant homecoming it’s that killing your darlings is important, but trusting your instincts is infinitely more so. If the story seems to be pushing you in one direction, do what it says. Because nine times out of ten the story knows best.
There’s a few well known quotes that basically espouse the idea that what makes theatre special among all the storytelling mediums is impermanence. A book will last as it’s in print and people buy it, a film as long as there are copies in circulation. But theatre is different; even if a play has many productions and interpretations, each essentially represents a new artwork and once it’s finished, that’s it. Even the most long running plays will essentially offer a different experience night to night, as different actors step in or new inflections give new meaning to previously unimportant lines or moments. Despite our best efforts, theatre shows are never exactly the same twice, and that’s part of what makes them so thrilling and exciting. You are watching these actors live in front of you, and anything could go wrong at any moment. If you wanted to you could get up and run on stage and break the spell (don’t ever do that) or the lights could fail or a prop could break or someone could forget a line. Plays don’t have the luxury of being pre-recorded and every successful show is, in some ways, a minor miracle.
Of course you can always film a play, but watching a recording is never the same in a medium that is designed to be live. And while some plays are turned into films or radio dramas, taking away the ‘live’ part of live theatre will always, to some degree or another, take something away.
It’s for this reason that the end of any play is bittersweet. Especially in independent theatre, where your best efforts to fill seats will never quite bring in the numbers you’d ideally like and there will always be a couple of friends or family members you wish could have seen the show who didn’t. I have always been guilty of insisting at the end of any of my shows that this needn’t be the end, that we can go on to tour or do another season in a bigger theatre or develop it into a film or something, but on a certain level this isn’t much more than me being in denial about the end of something that meant a lot to me.
Certain plays of mine have had encores. Beyond Babylon appeared at a couple of one act play festivals, while The Lucas Conundrum made appearances in regional towns after its first season finished. But none of these encores were extensive, and certainly none of them eclipsed the original runs.
But after years of threatening to take shows on the One Act Play circuit one of them has managed to get there with some degree of success. Heroes finished its Melbourne run with good audiences and great reviews, but actors Matt Phillips and Blake Stringer saw potential to take it further, and so Heroes was entered in most of the Victorian Drama League festivals. While I was glad to see the life of the show extended, I didn’t pay much attention to the process. Until the show premiered at the Gemco festival and won best production. Then did the same at Mansfield. Then had a great one-off show in Benalla that led to offers for further touring engagements after that. And suddenly Heroes seems to be in the prime of its performing life, rather than in protracted death throes.
In many ways Heroes is the perfect touring show. Coming in at a tight forty five minutes after a few edits, with a sparse set and only two actors, it is singularly easy to take from theatre to theatre. And furthermore, it happens to be pretty good.
While this might sound like a case of the writer blowing his own horn, it’s hard to argue with reviews and audiences who sit in riveted silence but for the occasional gasps and laughs at all the right moments. I can’t tell you how awesome it felt to be sitting in the Mansfield festival last weekend and to hear total strangers telling each other that ‘you have to see Heroes’ and that it is ‘the one to beat.’ And while yeah, I have always been one to let my imagination run away with me, it’s hard not to wonder about the ongoing potential of this play. Performances in Brisbane and Sydney, maybe in conjunction with Movie Maintenance live shows, seem well within the realm of possibility, and if they work out then why not go further? Why not bring it back for another Melbourne season if it continues to win awards on the One Act Play Circuit? Basically, why not take whatever chance we can to get this play in front of as many eyes as possible? Heroes still has quite a few One Act Play Festival engagements to go and after that it’s almost a definite that it will make at least a couple of other appearances, but as far as I’m concerned the longer we can keep this train going the better.
A radio play has already been recorded, so I guess that Heroes has already been preserved in a way that means a version of it will always be available, but for my money the best way to experience this story will be to see the live stage version, and even if an ongoing season/tour doesn’t get huge audiences, then at least we will know that we gave as many people as possible the chance to see a play that all involved are extremely proud of and, based on the accolades and response, is very worth seeing.
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The big lender's mistakes
In these tumultuous economic times, we have learned that no organization or firm is immune from extinction when confidence in it plummets. While organizations and firms tighten their belts, they are also forced to take a look at what they have done right and wrong and position themselves to both weather the storm, and prepare for when the storm subsides. For the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the time has come for it to pay attention to the past grievances of borrowers and to improve its reputation and legitimacy so it can play a more effective role in the future.
At the 2009 London summit, the G20 allotted $1 trillion to the IMF. As the international financial institution dubbed the lender of last resort, the IMF's role is to help ease the burden of economic and financial adjustment that many emerging market economies and developing countries will endure in the near future. This is a role all too familiar to the IMF. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF has responded to the call of duty with financial support and economic advice to its client states. But the IMF's lack of attention or understanding of the internal politics of its members resulted in many of these former IMF borrowers vowing to never willingly return to the IMF. Many of the IMF's past borrowers are angry at the years of austere or misguided advice they received from the fund. They turned to the once-ascending capital markets to raise their needed funds, created self-insurance policies through building their reserves and attempted to create parallel regional monetary organizations.
The fund's management team and large financial benefactors had spent a number of years talking about how to make the IMF a more attractive institution to its would-be clients. Some of these ideas included reallocating IMF quotas and votes, adding IMF executive board chairs, recruiting a non-European managing director, and expanding IMF surveillance.
Ultimately, the IMF's executive board tweaked the IMF's governance structure to give more weight to China, Turkey, South Korea, and Mexico, and promised future tinkering in voting to give the poorest countries added, yet still inaudible, voice. For many in the concerned policy community, think-tanks, and academia working on ideas for IMF reforms, the buzz made people feverish about the possibilities for change at the fund. In the end, the proposed changes were minor and member states' disappointments in fund reforms were significant.
Today, the IMF should not take its new trillion-dollar injection as a sign of renewed faith in the organization, but as an opportunity to improve on its reputation and to renew its intellectual capacity for the future health of the global economy. The IMF has still not addressed the fact that it had burned many bridges over the past 20 years. The fund's legitimacy crisis remains and needs to be addressed with a look at why borrowers lost faith in the organization. These former borrowing states are looking for a greater say in IMF decision-making; they are also searching for a stronger IMF staff appreciation of local constraints in implementing stringent economic policy prescriptions tied to loans.
Next, the IMF needs to strengthen the capacity of the IMF staff to scrutinize the policies of industrialized countries. After all, this international economic crisis did not start in the developing world and we have been sorely reminded of how interconnected the global economy is. The IMF staff's inability to give candid advice about the industrialized countries' loose financial regulations and soaring deficits had stemmed in part from an imbalance in IMF governance that favoured the G7, and pointedly the United States and the European countries. To make the IMF truly effective as a ruthless truth teller, it should not be self-censoring in fear of biting the hand that feeds it. Here is where a more equitable distribution of decision-making power in the organization could help lead to changes in staff capacity to give better world economic analyzes. This could also give emerging market economies more of a stake in the organization and thereby move us a bit farther away from the dynamics that lead to states amassing reserves and from the dreaded product of global imbalances.
Today's bailouts and financial injections should be put to good use and we should ensure that things do not remain business as usual. The IMF needs to acknowledge past mistakes, make amends with past borrowers, and repair its legitimacy and reputation. Then this international financial institution needs to sharpen its intellectual tools by enhancing its staff's capacity to watch for future fault lines in the world economy, wherever they may lie.
Bessma Momani is senior fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation in Waterloo and assistant professor at the University of Waterloo.
The opinions expressed in this article/multimedia are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of CIGI or its Board of Directors.
Bessma Momani is a senior fellow, joining CIGI in 2004. She has a Ph.D. in political science with a focus on international political economy, and is professor at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and the University of Waterloo. She is a 2015 fellow of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation, nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Doha Center and a Fulbright Scholar.
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Texas Tea
The price of oil dropped below $60/barrel today, which represents a 40% decline in just a few months. Those of us in Texas have mixed feelings about this: on the one hand, it’s nice to pay less at the pump, but on the other hand our economy has boomed recently due to the Eagle Ford Shale, and higher prices have enabled this play to be worthwhile. Lower prices will mean less capital expenditures, fewer jobs, and this will impact many people and companies as the reduced spending flows through the economy.
How does this relate to investing? Ultimately, companies in the energy sector, particularly those who have leveraged themselves in order to do speculative exploration, will suffer. There will likely be many mergers/buyouts as the smaller and/or leveraged players begin to fail. Also, much of the debt which funded the exploration is in the high yield bond space; in fact, about 20% of high yield bonds are from energy, so high yield bonds will be impacted as well as some of these companies’ cash flow shortfalls will make their debt repayment impossible. OPEC seems very happy to allow the prices to stay low, so these pressures could remain for some time.
Lower oil prices have caused positives, though, in travel, entertainment, and leisure. When it costs less to drive or fly somewhere, people do more of it. Restaurants have already seen a major uptick in the last few weeks as even short trips across town are cheaper too, and consumers are taking full advantage of this. And that is before this fall has had a chance to fully flow down to gasoline; expect to see prices at the pump even lower than they are today.
The bottom line is that this again hammers in diversification and rebalancing. When one sector falls, others tend to rise due to the same conditions that caused the former to fall. So, stay the course, rebalance as necessary, and control the things that you can control: saving and spending.
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Fact sheet – Climatology and Climatic Variability of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Fact sheet – Sustainable Development Indicators for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region
Title of the course Training workshop on Sustainable Development Indicators for Marine and Coastal Ecosystems of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.Rationale
The Consolidated Jeddah Convention (1982)The Action Plan For the Conservation of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden - 1982“Article 17- Continuous socio-economic development can be achieved on a sustainable basis if environmental considerations are taken into account. To assist the Governments of the Region in the development of the appropriate policies and strategies for conservation of the marine environment of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, the Action plan should aim to carry out the following preparatory activities:17-2- Assessment of present and future development activities and their major environmental impact in order to evaluate the degree of their influence on the environment and to find appropriate measures to either eliminate or reduce any damaging effects which they may have.”
The PERSGA Framework and Operational Programme calls for mainstreaming environment into sustainable approaches to coastal/marine management and development in the RSGA Region. Sustainable management and use of marine and coastal ecosystems will be reflected in reduced threats to the environment, improved livelihoods of participating coastal communities and improved institutional, legal and financial arrangements. PERSGA aims to help create a situation where environmental stewardship becomes embedded in both practice and policy within the RSGA Region. To do so successfully, PERSGA must address the overlapping issues affecting the environment, including the human-environment interaction, and accordingly develop mechanisms to monitor the Region’s performance and extent of sustainability in these regards.Sustainable use of coastal and ocean areas and their resources must involve the consideration of governance, ecological (including environmental) and socioeconomic dimensions, as well as the interaction between them. Therefore, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable management rely on the use of indicators classified as governance, ecological and socioeconomic indicators, reflecting the three dimensions of ICZM. ObjectivesThe workshop will train participants on how to develop a set of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region’s specific Sustainable Development Indicators. As a starting point, participants will review existing models of environmental and sustainable development assessment, primarily those outlined in the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy) and A Handbook for Measuring the Progress and Outcomes of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (of the UNESCO International Oceanographic Commission IOC). Based on this, participants will then identify and consolidate a Regionally-responsive list of indicators that can be used to design indices for the marine/coastal Ecosystems of the PERSGA Region. Establishing Regional Indicators is critical to assessing the sustainable development and environmental stewardship of the PERSGA Member States, to allow for monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness and progress, and to identify priority actions and options in the sustainable management and environmental protection strategies and plans. ParticipantsParticipants of this meeting will be selected based on their qualifications. The Participants should be representatives from local authorities and agencies in the Region who work in the field of coastal and marine resources management as well as in the private sector. The total expected number for this course is not to exceed 25 participants. Date and DurationThe duration of the training will be three working days, and it will be conducted during October 2-4, 2010.LocationPERSGA HQ, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.OrganizersPERSGA and ISESCO, in collaboration with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO)Language The training language will be English. Arabic will be used as an auxiliary medium where neededTraining Materials/ReferencesDetails to be provided at a later stageInstructors/Keynote speakers
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Users Group Meeting 2015
September 8-11, Heidelberg, Germany
The MedeA Users Group Meeting was held in the center of historic Heidelberg.
The meeting began with a workshop providing introductory and immersion level hands-on training in the MedeA® simulation environment. In addition to the established and unique array of MedeA® capabilities, you find the vast gamut from exciting new developments in academia to real world applications in industry, highlighting the wide application range of the methods and tools provided.
Presentations
We have summarized here the meeting agenda. Please log on to see links to selected presentations. If you have questions or are interested in a presentation, but you are not a customer yet, please contact us at info@materialsdesign.com
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Houston Dynamo travel to San Jose depleted, but not making excuses: "We’ve got a job to do"
The Dynamo are traveling light for their road game against the San Jose Earthquakes on Sunday night (9:30 p.m. CT, CSN) after their already-depleted ranks were reduced again in Washington on Wednesday.
Rookie striker Mark Sherrod came off early with a knee injury diagnosed by Houston Methodist medical staff as a torn left anterior cruciate ligament. The 23-year-old is the second Dynamo player within a couple of weeks to be ruled out for the long term with a torn ACL.
Winger Tony Cascio underwent surgery on April 30. No date has yet been set for Sherrod’s procedure but he is expected to miss the rest of the season.
Thank you everybody for your support. Such a great team to be a part of and I can't wait to get back. #ForeverOrange
The news is a cruel blow, especially coming in only Sherrod’s third MLS start and after he had made such a positive impression. He scored twice against Real Salt Lake then set up Giles Barnes’ winner against the Los Angeles Galaxy last Saturday, winning the ball with the energy and enthusiasm that had already become hallmarks of his play.
“We’ve all been around the game long enough to know that injuries are going to happen and it seems like they happen to everybody. Mark’s come on and done so, so well. The personal side, for 90 minutes it doesn’t [take effect] - and then afterwards you’re completely gutted for him.” goalkeeper Tally Hall told HoustonDynamo.com.
“It’s terrible, not having him in the game hurts us because he’s done so well,” said Hall, who spoke before the full extent of Sherrod’s injury was confirmed.
The Dynamo head for Silicon Valley with as few as 15 available outfield players. Sherrod’s replacement in the 2-0 defeat to D.C. United, Brian Ownby, is suspended after he was shown a red card late on. Defender Eric Brunner is yet to feature this year after ankle surgery, midfielder Ricardo Clark suffered a concussion against the New York Red Bulls and has missed the past six matches, while Brad Davis and Boniek García are with their World Cup squads.
Revealed by U.S. Soccer on Thursday, Brad Davis’s selection for Jurgen Klinsmann’s 23-man roster brought some sunshine into the Dynamo’s week. It will mean that the captain is absent for several more games but is a great honor for the midfielder and his club and a reward for his stellar performances and late-career development under Houston head coach Dominic Kinnear.
The Dynamo were unable to build on the momentum from their victory over the Galaxy on a wet night at RFK Stadium. D.C. confirmed that their miserable 2013 campaign was a distant memory with a strong team display headlined by goals from two of their new acquisitions, strikers Chris Rolfe and Fabian Espindola.
“It was extremely frustrating, the whole 90 minutes I felt like we never really got too much momentum going our way and that is difficult, especially as a goalkeeper. Sometimes you see your team needs a boost and the only thing that I really did is get scored on, so it’s extremely frustrating from my standpoint. I know the team needed a bit of help and I wish I could have done more,” said Hall.
“Just to say that we had a bad game takes away some credit from D.C. that frankly they deserve, I think they looked very good and we weren’t at our best. When you’re not at your best and playing against a team that’s at their best it’s going to be a hard night.”
The Dynamo’s disappointment was compounded a couple of minutes before the final whistle when Ownby was ejected. But Hall said the team will enter Buck Shaw Stadium looking to make headway, not make excuses.
“It’s unfortunate that we’re down another man, Ownby was good for us and I think would have been a part of San Jose, so it is what it is. We’ve got a job to do, a game to win, and we have enough players to do that,” he said. “San Jose is known for their effort and their intensity and we’re going to have to match that.”
The Earthquakes’ form in May has been mixed, with one win, two losses and a tie. They should be fresh, having not played since a 1-0 defeat to the Seattle Sounders on May 17—but will be without their prolific forward, Chris Wondolowski. He is joining Davis on the plane to Brazil.
It’s the second of three road games in a row for the Dynamo, who next face the Colorado Rapids on June 1 before returning to BBVA Compass Stadium to host old foes Sporting Kansas City on June 6.
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Where are you looking to stay?
Riverfire - Brisbane
Find the right place to stay!
Brisbane's city sky ignites in a continuous burst of spectacular colour, music and special effects in Riverfire, part of the Brisbane Festival . Hundreds of thousands of people cram the banks of the Brisbane River, the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and surrounding apartment blocks and city buildings to witness Brisbane's biggest fireworks display.
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Thinking Small
The Obama administration’s efforts to grow small-business exporting, and how Congress could derail them.
Small businesses are politicians’ favorite constituencies on the campaign trail; whether wannabe lawmakers skew red or blue, when it comes time to hustle for votes, visiting local stores and factories is right up there with kissing babies. Unfortunately, that show of support doesn’t always translate into meaningful legislation after the election. When the Obama administration put forward a plan to double exports in five years as a way to increase employment and reduce the deficit and the trade imbalance, it specifically targeted small businesses as an intended source of this growth. In the aftermath of the tumultuous midterm elections, though, Washington observers worry that the incoming Congress will slash spending indiscriminately and idle the machine that’s supposed to pull our economy out of the doldrums. “Republicans like to posture themselves as champions of small businesses, but when it comes to making policy, they’re not walking the walk,” says Adam Hersh, an economist at the Center for American Progress.
A small business is defined as one with 500 or fewer employees, but most are much smaller than that. According to Census data, the greatest number of U.S. businesses have four or fewer employees. There are around 6 million small businesses in the United States, compared with roughly 18,000 firms that employ more than 500 people. These 6 million small businesses contribute about half of our nonfarm, private-sector GDP. When it comes to exports, though, their impact isn’t as great. The percentage of small businesses that export slid from roughly 31 percent in 1996 to just under 29 percent in 2006, and this took place during a period in which the dollar value of exports grew by almost $410 billion.
“Exporting is a big-company game,” says Robert Lawrence, a Harvard University professor and senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. “If you want to get into a foreign market, there are fixed costs you have to incur, and these aren’t insignificant.” Businesses need to acquaint themselves with foreign regulatory bodies and distribution models and deal with logistical challenges like a language barrier or a 12-hour time difference.
Just finding companies that might be interested in exporting can be a challenge. The International Trade Administration partnered with UPS and FedEx, along with the U.S. Postal Service, to track down small exporters in a program called the New Market Exporter Initiative. The shippers combed through their customer databases to find companies that shipped to one other country. The ITA then approached the companies to gauge their interest in expanding to another overseas market. The ITA says it found 250 prospects in just eight weeks, thanks to the outreach program.
It’s been an all-hands-on-deck effort to try to promote exports, with the Commerce Department (of which the ITA is a part), U.S. Trade Representative—which held a conference dedicated to the topic in January—and Small Business Administration, among others, all involved in the proselytizing. For its part, the Small Business Administration demurred when asked if it was worried that a slash-and-burn attitude to government spending would impede its efforts in 2011 and beyond, but the answer is almost certainly yes.
“Financing is always going to be the No. 1 priority,” says Richard Ginsburg, senior international trade specialist at the SBA. Ginsburg praised the passage of the Small Business Jobs Act signed in September, legislation that boosted small businesses’ borrowing power in a tight credit climate. It’s worth noting, though, that the act was passed by the House back in the summer, but it was stuck in the Senate for three months after Republican senators held it up—and that was before the deficit hawks had solidified their hold on the House. “When it came time to doing something that would help small businesses grow, Republicans were standing in the way,” says CAP’s Adam Hersh.
Once potential exporters have been identified, the biggest hurdles are market access and financing. To a lesser degree, the strength of the dollar plays a role—a weaker greenback makes it easier to sell things abroad—but economists are divided on how much the U.S. government can, or should, intervene in this regard. When it comes to market access, big companies set up sales offices in foreign target markets and attend trade shows overseas to sell their wares or meet local distributors who can do the job for them. This is impossibly expensive for many small companies, although the ITA says it’s encouraging more small businesses to participate in trade shows. As an alternative, the ITA, as well as state and local governments, promotes trade missions, in which a group of U.S. companies will go to a foreign city and meet with prospective buyers. Sometimes, the ITA hosts a delegation of foreign buyers so they can meet U.S. companies here. State governors and other elected officials also travel abroad and meet with industry leaders to try to persuade them to open production facilities in the United States.
These efforts might sound extensive, but in reality, the United States isn’t nearly as aggressive as other countries when it comes to marketing its exporters. “What we keep reminding Congress is we do not spend, compared to our competitor countries, the same amount on trade promotion,” says Courtney Gregoire, director of the National Export Initiative. President Barack Obama has asked for an increase in ITA’s budget to support the export initiative, but it remains to be seen if a GOP-led House will go along with his request. It doesn’t help that trade missions often get characterized as junkets. Solomon Ortiz, a longtime House Democrat from Texas, lost to a Tea Party-backed Republican this year, in part because he couldn’t shake questions about the appropriateness of the trade missions he undertook.
The prospect of a new congressional zeal for budget-cutting is also bad news for the Export-Import Bank, which had requested a 25 percent increase in its budget in order to add a dozen field offices around the United States. (Although the Ex-Im generates its own revenue, its budget is approved by Congress.) The Ex-Im Bank extends credit insurance and guarantees to small exporters, stepping in if an overseas buyer fails to pay for a shipment. A fear of not getting paid was among the top three concerns cited by owners in a survey conducted by the National Small Business Association about exporting. In an economy characterized by widespread risk aversion among businesses, the Ex-Im’s role has grown. Last year, says Fred Hochberg, chairman and president of the Ex-Im, the bank did around $4.4 billion in small-business insurance and guarantees; this year, it’s up to around $5 billion, and the bank is launching a new initiative that’s going to expand the services available to small-business exporters.
Hochberg says a budget overhaul that slashes spending across government programs would be catastrophic in that it would impede small businesses’ ability to export and further cool an already tepid recovery. “I obviously would like a more nuanced approach as Congress deliberates.” Concern about the deficit is prudent, he says, but the focus has to be on growth for the American economy to stop treading water. “The recovery is still gaining steam—you don’t want to choke it off too soon. The deficit will be best handled by putting more people back to work and exporting more.”
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Texas Undergraduate Research Day at the Capitol
The Texas Undergraduate Research Day at the Capitol was held on April 1, 2019 at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.
Registration opened on January 15, 2019 and closed on February 28, 2019.
Stay tuned for future dates!
General Information
The program showcased the experiences of undergraduate students engaged in research for Texas legislators and the public through high-quality poster displays. The program highlighted how research conducted by undergraduate students positively impacts Texas—and Texans—with the theme: Transforming Texas Through Undergraduate Research.
Up to 75 research projects were displayed in poster format reflecting the work of numerous undergraduate students representing over 50 academic and health-related institutions across Texas (both public and private/independent universities and colleges). Each university president in Texas was invited to identify a faculty liaison to determine the process for selecting the student researchers who will represent their university at the Capitol.
This event was coordinated by the Council of Public University Presidents and Chancellors (CPUPC), and the Independent Colleges and Universities of Texas, Inc. (ICUT).
Student participants and their faculty advisors had the opportunity to tour the Capitol, attend committee hearings and observe the daily meeting of the Senate and/or House of Representatives. Student participants were encouraged to work with their institution in scheduling meetings with their respective legislators.
The goal of this event was to promote Texas undergraduate research projects. However, once again, we partnered with the Texas Association of Graduate Admission Professionals (TxGAP) in order to provide event participants with access to Texas graduate school information. After all, it makes sense to encourage our top undergraduate students to continue their education in Texas!
Registration for Campus Liaison and Faculty Research Advisor
Important: Registration is now closed. Please use the following information as a general guide for future event dates.
Also, note that by completing the UGRD registration process, you agree to the terms of the 2019 Participant Release Form policy as provided with information related to the event. The form does not need to be signed or submitted and consists of a photo release and contact release statement for TxGAP. Contact information will be released to Texas graduate school programs that participate in this event for the purpose of providing information about graduate programs only. Questions regarding the policy, including the option to opt-out of receiving TxGAP admissions materials, may be directed to rmcguire@cpupc.org.
Campus Liaison and Faculty Research Advisor
The Campus Liaison refers to the faculty/administrator coordinating student participation in the event. The Faculty Research Advisor refers to the faculty/administrator overseeing student research. These may be the same person.
Please anticipate that registration will ask for the following:
Full Name (First and Last)
Institution Name
Title
Department/Division
Email
Telephone (daytime)
Attending the event?
Attending the tour of the Capitol?
Attended in 2017?
List of student researchers
Number of any additional people from campus attending the Capitol tour
Disability needs or dietary restrictions (note: this event does not include meals/snacks but participants will have access to the Capitol dining facilities.)
Registration for Student Researcher(s)
Important: Registration is now closed. Please use the following information as a general guide for future event dates. Student researchers must first be identified and confirmed as event participants by their respective university faculty liaison.
Also, note that by completing the UGRD registration process, you agree to the terms of the 2019 Participant Release Form policy as provided with information related to the event. The form does not need to be signed or submitted and consists of a photo release and contact release statement for TxGAP. Contact information will be released to Texas graduate school programs that participate in this event for the purpose of providing information about graduate programs only. Questions regarding the policy, including the option to opt-out of receiving TxGAP admissions materials, may be directed to rmcguire@cpupc.org.
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So, we were just looking for someone to take a photo of us and we randomly asked @stevenleyvaphoto who then created this magic. Every step I feel is blessed and anointed by God. 🙏🏽 Happy Valentine’s Day y’all!
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Jude 20–22
Embed This Verse
20 But you, beloved, xbuilding yourselves up on your most holy faith, ypraying in the Holy Spirit, 21 keep yourselves in the love of God, zlooking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life.
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Keeping His Eyes Opened for Better, Safer Solutions
When Tom Stone, superintendent of Indian Pond Country Club first learned about W.O.W. from EcoMIGHT, he wasn’t seeking a new herbicide.
“Truth be told, I wasn’t looking for a replacement for RoundUp at the time,” Stone said. “But I’m always keeping my eyes open for safer solutions that work better. We try to be environmentally sensitive at Indian Pond and with the recent uproar, you really don’t know how long you’ll have that product in the future. I’m happy to have an alternative in the barrel.”
Responsible for this 18-hole championship golf course in Kingston, Mass., Stone must keep his greens looking good for his membership. Taking care of unwanted weed growth is simply part of his daily responsibilities. Like many golf courses, Stone relied on a glyphosate-based herbicide to do the job.
“I tested W.O.W. against RoundUp on a sample piece of land at our club,” Stone explained. “W.O.W. has a much quicker burn down rate than RoundUp. You see results almost immediately; within days. With RoundUp, it takes five to seven days. I’ve found W.O.W. to be just as effective. It means pure death to the weeds; it kills to the roots.”
As golf courses, landscapers, municipalities and other businesses evaluate glyphosate alternatives, two important factors rise to the top of the selection criteria. The alternative must be effectively kill weeds, and it must be cost-effective to use for the long-term.
The EcoMIGHT product is sold in a liquid concentrate and should be diluted before use. At six ounces per gallon, one gallon of W.O.W. will become 21 gallons of herbicide. The effective cost of W.O.W. is as low as $2.21 per gallon.
“We have found that the low-rate specified by EcoMIGHT is effective at killing weeds,” Stone said. “We have no need to use the higher rate of application at our club. As far as cost, W.O.W. and RoundUp are comparable in terms of cost per gallon. W.O.W. may be slightly more expensive because the rate of application is a little higher than RoundUp. However, I’m still waiting to see how the products compare in reapplication rates.”
Other golf course superintendents have noticed that treated areas stay clear of weeds for up to six weeks using EcoMIGHT. In their experience, glyphosate-based herbicides must be reapplied every three to four weeks. As a result, less product is used in the long-run, saving money as well as labor.
Indian Pond Country Club joins a growing list of golf courses, municipalities, landscapers, and private businesses that have found a safer, effective herbicide that can do the job without damaging the environment.
“We try to be responsible,” Stone said. “It goes with the territory of being responsible for a golf course. I always try to do my due diligence when it comes to chemical applications and reduce as much as possible. That helps everyone in the long run.”
|
Custom Tailors in the Finest Tradition
Men who walk confidently through the world have discovered a secret. They have found
a custom tailor who combines exceptional quality and service with online convenience.
Their wardrobe is a perfect fit, tailored with the finest in custom shirts, men’s
suits, slacks, jackets, vests and tuxedos. Now that pleasure can be yours.
Welcome to MyTailor.com
While many may claim to be custom tailors, few have actually earned this distinction.
Master Tailor Joe Hemrajani is heir to one of the premier custom tailoring traditions
that began more than 40 years ago in a famous Hong Kong clothier. Now through MyTailor.com,
the Hong Kong tailors' tradition of craftsmanship and personalized service is available
to you with online convenience.
Bespoke Tailoring is our Specialty
‘Bespoke' refers to the time-honored craft of making garments one at a time from
a pattern created specifically for each client. Bespoke tailoring distinguishes
MyTailor as a superior purveyor of custom men’s clothing. We treat each client individually,
taking the time and care to create a 100% custom fit in every detail.
Not all tailors do it this way. Some work from existing patterns that represent
common body types. Obviously, this approach does not compare to bespoke tailoring.
Whether you order online from MyTailor.com or through scheduled visits with our
traveling tailors, we will work with every aspect of your individual body, style
and personal detailing preferences to achieve a fit that is destined to please.
Build your wardrobe the right way
We have created a special Your Wardrobe page where you can sign up and get ready
to shop. This page helps you plan your wardrobe, keep track of past purchases and
create a comprehensive record of your measurements and custom details to simplify
future orders.
Order custom shirts online
The MyTailor™ custom shirt shop can take your order right here online and deliver
your bespoke tailored shirts to your door. Simply browse through the vast selection
of styles, fabrics and colors.You can also order slacks online (and soon, more garments).
Make your choices and complete your order by following the simple directions on
this site. You can add custom tailored details just as you would in fitting rooms
of the finest clothiers, and look forward to an incomparable collection of custom
dress shirts, tuxedo shirts and slacks.(And be sure to take a look at our ties,
cufflinks and belts.)
Shop for mens' suits , slacks, coats, vests and tuxedos
These garments require expert, in person tailoring. Browse this site to find the
garments that you want, then schedule a custom fitting with one of the custom tailors
from MyTailor.com. Mr. Hemrajani and his staff of tailors travel throughout the
United States and will be visiting a city near you. On occasion we extend our visits
to London and Paris, as well. You can plan your appointment by going to the MyTailor
on Tour.
A word about value
Men sometimes balk at the idea of bespoke tailoring without exploring the reality.
Our customers have been pleasantly surprised when they check our prices for custom
dress shirts and men’s suits. It’s no secret that Hemrajani Brothers and MyTailor.com
offer a clear advantage. Beyond expert tailoring, garments are prepared in Hong
Kong, a city world famous for garment making.
We do things right
Have you tried to buy men’s suits at your local clothier or custom tailors, but
had problems with sizing and selection? Here at MyTailor.com, we understand. We
take the time to tailor men’s suits and custom dress shirts for every individual
man, including hard-to-fit types. Every man can benefit from expert custom tailoring:
broad shoulders, narrow waist, tall and lanky, short and stocky, and necks of all
kinds. You can relax and experience a custom fitting with expert tailors who create
a superb bespoke tailoring fit just for you.
Request a personal visit
If your group includes ten or more needing men's suits, Joe Hemrajani will even
arrange a personal visit at your convenience. One of our custom tailors will come
to your location and create expertly tailored men's suits in the Hong Kong tailors’
tradition.
Joe,
The shirts showed up yesterday and as per usual look AMAZING! thank you so much for your help with that.
- Christopher
Joe,
So far to date my experience with mytailor.com has been nothing short of excellent. The clothing is of the highest quality and the service has been fantastic. Thanks again for fixing my favorite shirt!...
- Julian A.
Joe,
Hi Joe and family, Yesterday I received my 5 new shirts-about 4 weeks sooner than estimated! They are beautiful and as always, fit perfectly. This was my third order from you; I'm never disappointed. Thank...
- Steve Bunting
Joe,
I received my suit today. I cannot tell you how pleased I am. It fits like no other suit I have ever owned. You truly are a master at your craft. Thanks again for expressing my order for my special occasion....
- S.S.
Joe,
I remember you said I'd be the best dressed man in Chengdu, and wearing your clothes, I think you are right!
- Michael
Joe,
We received the shirt in the mail today. It looks great. Thank you so much for standing behind the product and making sure it was usable.
- Bill
Rishi,
I just wanted to thank you for all your help. Asher loves the shirt and he couldn't believe just how perfect all the measurements were!
I appreciate your helping me out and can't wait to work with...
- AP
Joe,
The shirts arrived late last week. I have already worn two of them. They are absolutely awesome. Every measurement is perfect. You now have a committed customer. I will be emailing a few friends about...
- Michael S.
Joe,
I receive my order and the four shirt were beautiful. I was really surprise at the quality of the fabric and the craftsmanship, very nicely done.
- Philippe
Joe,
It is PERFECT you and your team have done an incredible job i can not thank you enough. Your service has been excellent, the work also excellent and the delivery time is spot on good job and thank you...
- Gazza
Hi Joe,
The three shirts that I ordered from you are absolutely beautiful! They fit amazingly well and I’m so pleased with how everything turned out. Your customer service has been outstanding and I will be recommending...
- Tiffany G.
Joe,
I got the shirts. They are wonderful. Thank you so much for all the care you put into your business. I'm going to wash and hang the shirts a couple of times, but I'm pretty sure that the measurements...
- A.K.
Joe,
The shirts arrived today and are perfect. Good fit, everything is excellent!
- Dennis
Joe,
Thank you so much for accommodating my order in such a short timeframe. The pants are perfect and they arrived in time.
- EM
Joe,
The shirts with the "super soft" collars arrived a few weeks ago. I wanted to wait til I had worn and washed a couple of them before writing you. They are extremely good. After one non-professional...
- Matt
Joe,
Recently received delivery of my first order and LOVE the product. Wearing a shirt and trouser of yours right now.
- Bruce Campbell
Joe
I received my three new shirts and my beautifully altered old shirt. The shirts are incredible and fit like a glove.
- Brent
Joe
I received my shirts/slacks/pants. Very happy with quality and service. I will forward on to friends and colleague about your service and will set up another appt next time you are in the area.
- Andrew K.
Joe
I received my suit last Friday but just got around to opening up the package on Wednesday. I am very pleased! The cut and shape is very beautiful and spot on, very well done! Thank you. I am looking forward...
- Patrice Cloutier
Joe
Thank you also for the hangers and the garment bag. They were much welcomed surprises. Just can’t beat the service you provide.
- TH
Joe
Joe Hemrajani has the skills of a master tailor and the eye of an artist. As a client of My Tailor for many years, I am fussy and difficult to fit. Yet I have come to trust Joe to select the lines, colors...
- Dan Groya
Joe
Joe, another satisfied customer. Keep up the great work!
- Stewart
Joe
I received my new shirts and pair of slacks yesterday. Wow! They are perfect. The shirts are great! I love the colors and the fit! Thank you! I only want to wear clothes that you tailor as they fit so...
- Paul
Joe
I got the shirts, all in all I am extremely happy with everything (including the suit and dress pants). The fit and fabric are both fantastic.
- Zachary
Joe
I can not tell you how fabulous the pants are! Very tough to ever buy pants at a store from now on!They truly are beautiful. The shirt is also fabulous and just what we wanted.
- Carolyn
Hi Joe,
I want to thank you for rushing my last order. It did arrive before the holidays. Also, the pants and shirts are perfect, THANK YOU! A guy my size has an awful time finding stuff that fits right off of...
- CA
Hi Joe,
I received the three button placket, short sleeve shirts you ordered for me and they’re perfect! I can’t thank you enough. In addition to being exactly what I wanted they’re very beautifully made. I will...
- Steve Bunting
Hi Joe,
Just a quick note to say thank you for the shirt that you made for me, it fits perfectly and is exactly how I wanted it. I will order more soon.
- Rod Piggott
Joe,
Please extend my gratitude to all involved. I recieved my shirts today and they are perfect. Your team is awsome.
- Stephen
Hi Joe,
I just wanted you to know that I've gotten all my shirts now and I LOVE them! I could never get color and pattern choices like this in any store I've been too. And, being 6' 9" I've never had shirts...
- PDT
Joe,
My suite arrived promptly last week and I just wanted to drop you a note and share my appreciation for your prompt customer service and your attention to detail. First and foremost, the suit is, simply...
- Bernie K.
Hi Joe,
With your extensive fabrics, I don't need to buy an off-the-rack shirt anymore, which I always have to spend more money to get tailored. Every shirt I see in a department store that I like, I'm able to...
- Daniel Lee
Rishi,
I was very impressed with the recent service I received from Rishi and the team at MyTailor.com. I needed a few shirts to freshen up my wardrobe and Rishi made some key selections. I agreed with him by...
- Brad Barton
Joe,
My last suit, which I received a couple weeks ago, came out just beautiful. I ordered it half lined (makes sense here in Houston) and the interior detailing was beautiful. I once heard that a half lined...
- Steve S.
Joe,
I'd also like to thank you once again for your work on the last order. Everything came out extremely well and I am extremely pleased. Your service continues to be top notch and the best deal in town.
- KB
Joe,
Having just left our first ever fitting, I wanted to thank you for an outstanding introduction to the world of bespoke tailoring. You're a true consummate professional who has clearly earned the title...
- Damien J. King
Sir,
The shirt came in today and I must say that I am very pleased with it. While I understand that after a few launderings it will get "broken in" but it feels wonderful right now. The colors are vibrant...
- Trey R.
Hello Joe,
I just got all 4 shirts. They are all great and fit me perfectly. From now on, I will order all my shirts from you. Thank you!
- Giannis
Dear Mr. Hemrajani
I would like to reiterate my satisfaction with your firm, I could not be more pleased with your attention to detail and desire to satisfy each and every request down to the most minute detail. One of...
- Charles
Hello Joe,
We received the shirts for this order and are VERY pleased with the results. The fit is excellent! Thank you for working with us to ensure everything fit the way we expected. We will certainly be doing...
- Dan
Joe,
I received the jacket back yesterday. The jacket is nothing short of perfect. Thanks for your help and patience. Also, I just wanted to let you know that I have one of your shirts on today and I have already...
- Gerard, T.
Joe,
I just received my shirt today. I cannot express how happy I am with the fit and construction. It have spent years and ridiculous amounts of money trying to find a shirt that fits. I will be ordering...
- David
Gentlemen,
I have received my suit and it fits beautifully! I thank you for the excellent work and look forward to receiving my other two suits and the vest.
- Kevin
Joe,
I have received the package three weeks ago and have been wearing shirts and slacks as well as the suits all in combination. The fit and look is amazing. And it feels great to be dressed the best way in...
- Frank
Joe,
My slacks fit perfectly, no need to make any changes. More importantly, I am very impressed with the quality. This is my first experience with Mytailor, and while I hoped for the best, I really didn’t...
- R. Hersh
Hi Joe
I received the shirts I ordered. They are superb. You got every detail correct...right down to the 3/8” sleeve adjustment. I can’t wait to wear them. I will be ordering more from you and would be happy...
- JB
Dear Mr. Hemrajani
I had my suit pressed, tried it on, and was absolutely amazed. It fits perfectly, and I have never worn something that was so comfortable and flattering on me. My wife was blown away by how nice it looked,...
- Joe D.
Joe,
I have received my first shirt and it fits perfectly. Thank you for making such a great fitting and well made shirt.
- Neal B.
Dear Mr. Hemrajani,
I just wanted to tell you how delighted I am with my new suit and shirts. All of them fit exactly as expected, and the quality of the fabrics is exceptional. I have never been more pleased with a purchase...
- Rick Moore
Joe,
I received the two jackets you made for me last week, and wore both the past two days. They are both beautiful. You do great work. Thank you.
- Darryl
Hi Joe,
Just a quick email to let you know how much I am enjoying the sports jackets that just came in. They are perfect. Please pass along my thanks to Andre. He helped me pick out some great shirts and jackets.
- Bob
Hi,
I received this order yesterday and everything was right on target. Great shirt! Thanks for all your attention to detail!
- TT
Hello Joe,
I must tell you that I continue to be extremely pleased with all the clothing items you have made me in the past. Mr. Lani was a pleasure to deal with and I found him to be as knowledgeable as I remember.
- Richard T Harvey
Hi Joe,
The wedding was perfect and my tux was impeccable. Many compliments on it. Thank you very much!
- Ryan Mondillo
Joe,
I just wanted to drop you a note saying how happy I am with the two shirts I just received. I was measured by Andre Lani a month ago in Boston, and the shirts were delivered yesterday. They are the first...
- NH
Hi Joe,
I just received my shirt order the one that you copied the collar style. It''s AMAZING!!!! I''m so impressed and love it I had to send you an email. I''ve tried 2 other online custom shirt places and they...
- Daniel
MyTailor
I love the first shirt I orderewd it fits perfect, I will be ordering more shirts for sure.
- HW
Hello Joe,
I just want to confirm that I have received the shirt you shipped. I especially thank you for your expedited production of this shirt to meet my particular need. I''m very pleased with the shirt, and...
- BB
Joe,
I just wanted to take a quick moment to write an email to say "Thank you". In December, I finally took the plunge and made an appointment when you were here in New York City. At the time, I ordered a...
- Patrick V.
Dear Mr. Hemrajani,
I am writing to tell you about my recent visit with one of your custom tailors, Andre Lani, and the wonderful experiences I have had with mytailor.com.
I first visited your online store approximately...
- Jay Manciocchi
Joe
I received my shirt today and I must say it is a beauty. If that is the quality of work you do with just general measurements I cannot wait until you come near Charlotte, NC to take actual measurements....
- KB
MyTailor
I have received my first shirt and it fits perfectly. Thank you for making such a great fitting and well made shirt.
- Neal
Dear Joe,
I received the shirts and they are truly beautiful.
Best wshes,
- US
Gentlemen:
I have received my suit and it fits beautifully! I thank you for the excellent work and look forward to receiving my other two suits and the vest. All my best and thank you again
- Kevin
Joe,
I have received the package three weeks ago and have been wearing shirts and slacks as well as the suits and in combination.
The fit and look is amazing. And it feels great to be dressed the best way...
- Frank
Joe
My slacks fit perfectly, no need to make any changes. More importantly, I am very impressed with the quality. This is my first experience with Mytailor, and while I hoped for the best, I really didn’t...
- R. Hersh
Joe
I just wanted to drop you a note saying how happy I am with the shirts I just received. I was measured by Andre Lani a month ago in Boston, and the shirts were delivered yesterday. They are the first dress...
- NH
Joe...
Jackets arrived and they are perfect!!! Thanks very much
- JWP
Hello Joe,
I must tell you that I continue to be extremely pleased with all the clothing items you have made me in the past. Mr. Lani was a pleasure to deal with and I found him to be as knowledgeable as I remember....
- Richard Harvey
Hi,
I received my order yesterday and everything was right on target. Great shirt! Thanks for all your attention to detail!
- TT
Hi Joe
Just a quick email to let you know how much I am enjoying the sports jackets that just came in. They are perfect.
Please pass along my thanks to Andre. He helped me pick out some great shirts and jackets.
- Bob
Joe
I had ordered and paid for two suits. I received one. Instructions were to have it pressed, check the fit, and then notify you whether the fit is fine and so you should have the second suit made. I have...
- TP
Hi Joe,
I loved the suit, it fits great, the pants are perfect. Every detail was done exactly as we talked about, you should be proud of your product.
- Mike Estrada
Dear Mr. Hemrajani,
I just wanted to tell you how delighted I am with my new suit and shirts. All of them fit exactly as expected, and the quality of the fabrics is exceptional. I have never been more pleased with a purchase...
- Rick
Joe
I received the two jackets you made for me last week, and wore both the past two days. They are both beautiful. You do great work. Thank you.
- Darryl
Joe
Your systems and processes are superb. I am totally finished with my old tailor – you have 20 times his selection, are priced 1/3 less than him, and you are 100% e-enabled. I’ve been saying for 10 years,...
- James
Dear Mr. Hemrajani
I had my suit pressed, tried it on, and was absolutely amazed. It fits perfectly, and I have never worn something that was so comfortable and flattering on me. My wife was blown away by how nice it looked,...
- Joe D
Hi Joe-
I received the shirts I ordered. They are superb. You got every detail correct...right down to the 3/8” sleeve adjustment. I can’t wait to wear them~
I will be ordering more from you and would be happy...
- J.B.
Hi,
Your systems and processes are superb. I am totally finished with my old tailor – you have 20 times his selection, are priced 1/3 less than him, and you are 100% e-enabled. I’ve been saying for 10 years,...
- JMS
Hi Joe,
My slacks fit perfectly; no need to make any changes. More importantly, I am very impressed with the quality. This is my first experience with Mytailor, and while I hoped for the best, I really didn’t...
- R. Hersh
Joe,
I got my shirts a few weeks ago. They are great. Thanks for everything. You are the best by far.
- Ben
Joe,
I recieved the pants I ordered last week, and they are a perfect fit!
- Anthony
Dear Joe,
I have received my first shirt and it fits perfectly. Thank you for making such a great fitting and well made shirt.
- Neal
Gentlemen,
I received my shirt today and I must say it is a beauty. If that is the quality of work you do with just general measurements I cannot wait until you come near Charlotte, NC to take actual measurements....
- KB
Dear Joe,
The trousers I ordered are brilliant! Thanks a lot.
- Paul
Dear Joe,
I love the first shirt I ordered; it fits perfectly. I will be ordering more shirts for sure.
- Harold
Joe,
I received the two jackets you made for me last week, and wore both the past two days. They are both beautiful. You do great work. Thank you.
- Darryl
Hi Joe,
I picked up my very first order from your Costa Mesa office yesterday and I have to say that I am absolutely thrilled with the two shirts. The fitting was done by Rishi and he was very meticulous, and...
- Josh
Hi Joe,
Received my shirt today, a good three weeks earlier than expected. The fit will be perfect, and it is wonderfully tailored.
You have a new loyal customer, and I''ll be sure to spread the word. Thank...
- Lem Purcell
Joe,
I have received the package three weeks ago and have been wearing shirts and slacks as well as the suits and in combination. The fit and look is amazing. And it feels great to be dressed the best way in...
- Frank
Mr. Hemrajani,
I just wanted to tell you how delighted I am with my new suit and shirts. All of them fit exactly as expected, and the quality of the fabrics is exceptional. I have never been more pleased with a purchase...
- Rick
Dear Joe
I want to thank you very, very much! I got my package today from the office of customs duty. You worked miracles to deliver so fast! The shirt and slacks fit so well, I don''t believe it. I will be so...
- Jan
Hi Joe
Just wanted you to know that the two shirts I purchased recently are perfect. You called to confirm I sent the correct neck size.
I will be placing another order soon.Thanks again for the personal attention.
- Bob
Gentlemen:
I have received my suit and it fits beautifully! I thank you for the excellent work and look forward to receiving my other two suits and the vest.
- Kevin
Hello Joe,
I want to thank you very, very much! I got my package today from the office of customs duty. You worked miracles to deliver so fast!
I am looking forward now to a day of work wearing your formidable...
- Jan
Joe,
I received my one suit for fit confirmation and approval. It fits perfectly. Thank you.
Please proceed with my remaining order. ~ I appreciate your help and love my suit!
- William
Joe-
I just tried on the shirts from my most recent order and, as expected, they are perfect. The replication of my sample shirt and fitting it to my dimensions was executed flawlessly.
- Dan
Joe,
I have received my shirts and suits and am extremely happy with the quality, fit and finish. The suits feel great, fit wonderfully and drape very nicely. The shirts are simply amazing in all aspects. I...
- Kiran
Dear Mr. Hemrajani,
I had my suit pressed, tried it on, and was absolutely amazed. It fits perfectly, and I have never worn something that was so comfortable and flattering on me. My wife was blown away by how nice it looked,...
- Joe D.
Many Thanks
My suit arrived and it is EXACTLY what I wanted. It is beautiful. The side tabs look great, the high arm holes, the fabric color and weight is precisely what I wanted. I even love the detail of having...
- T.M.W.
Dear Joe,
My experience with you has taught me that while measuring and fittings may work for some, finding the suit and shirt that fit exactly the way I like and allowing you to duplicate them is the what works...
- Raymond
Thank you
The slacks fit perfectly and the fabrics were wonderful. You did a great job of copying the measurements of the sample slacks I sent you. Please be sure that those measurements get into my online profile...
- M.J.
Hello,
I wanted to let you know personally that the shirts Andre Lani had made for me have turned out perfectly -- beyond excellent. I have placed an order for several more shirts with him.
It is a pleasure...
- E.M.
Joe,
The fit and look is amazing. And it feels great to be dressed the best way in any business event!!!
I have never received this many compliments. People have asked me where I bought the shirts and suits...
- Frank
Hi Joe-
I also received the shirts I ordered. They are superb. You got every detail correct...right down to the 3/8” sleeve adjustment. I can’t wait to wear them~
I will be ordering more from you and would be...
- JB
Joe,
Love the shirts, they''re absolutely perfect. I especially appreciate the attention to detail: the mother of pearl buttons look great on the plaid shirt. I look forward to seeing you next time in NY.
- Chris G.
Feedback
Just received my first order - in two weeks! - and cannot express how happy I am with the quality of the workmanship and the value. I wasn''t sure what to expect, even though a friend had recommended...
- H. Jarvis
Feedback
I just wanted to thank you and let you know that the shirts are absolutely perfect and exactly what I had hoped for. Thank you for being so accommodating of my request. As always I am very impressed...
- R.S.
Joe,
I have received the package three weeks ago and have been wearing shirts and slacks as well as the suits and in combination.
The fit and look is amazing. And it feels great to be dressed the best way...
- Frank
Hi Joe,
Just received my order. Great quality and finish. The shirt looks absolutely stunning with a nice solid tie. I plan to recommend the site to my co-workers.
- Marco T.
Hi Joe,
Love the suits and shirts, and looking forward to placing my next order. Thanks for the great service provided by you as well as your staff in CA.
- Michael
Dear Mr. Hemrajani,
I just wanted to tell you how delighted I am with my new suit and shirts. All of them fit exactly as expected, and the quality of the fabrics is exceptional. I have never been more pleased with a purchase...
- Rick M.
Hi,
It has been about 9 months since my first appt. with Joe, and now that
we have my measurements dialed in....I can''t tell you how cool it is to
have some outstanding looking and fitting garments for...
- Calvin I.
Joe:
last week i received my latest order... i just wanted to let you know the order was perfect. i am very pleased with the quality of your clothes and the quality of your customer service. Of all the Hong...
- Geoffrey F. Chiara
Joe,
I received the two jackets you made for me last week, and wore both the past two days. They are both beautiful. You do great work. Thank you.
- Darryl
Feedback
I wanted to let you know that I received the two other suits from my order. I had them pressed and have worn them. Both fit very well... I am very pleased with the suits. Thank you!
- D.B.
Gentlemen:
I received my shirt today and I must say it is a beauty... I am sending it off to the dry cleaners tomorrow and can’t wait till next week to wear it for the first time!
- K.B.
Feedback
I just received my order of six shirts. The workmanship was exquisite. The materials beyond my expectation. You provide an incredible product and service at a great price.
- James
Dear Mr. Hemrajani:
Again, thank you for your continued commitment to excellence and sending your highly capable custom tailors to Boston. I look forward to my next order, as well as Mr. Lani''s next visit to our city.
- Jay Manciocchi, JD
Hello Joe,
I especially thank you for your expedited production of this shirt to meet my particular need. I''m very pleased with the shirt, and with your customer service.
- Bill B.
Hello,
I received my order Wednesday and wanted to let you know that I thought the shirts were awesome. I have never liked the off-the-rack shirts I had previously purchased elsewhere, for the reasons I am sure...
- Nathan Foyil
Feedback
I returned home late last night from a business trip and my two new suits and shirts were waiting for me - a fantastic welcome home. The suits and shirts are FANTASTIC!!!
- Ken K.
Joe,
My 5 shirts arrived from my order in May. They are beautiful and I cannot wait to start wearing them.
- John
Feedback
I received one of the three suits I ordered. It fits great and looks fabulous! I''m really looking forward to receiving the others! Thank you!
- Kim Daily
Dear Sir or Madam,
thanks again for the outstanding customer support!... This is the finest shirt i have ever owned. The fit, the finish and the overall look is perfect.
- Thorsten Hilger
Feedback
I received my shirts yesterday... they are simply fabulous... At this point my days of poorly fitting ready-to-wear shirts are over – your shirts have me convinced.
- Derek Lloyd
Feedback
I’ve tried several custom tailoring services with unhappy results. Finally, I discovered MyTailor .com and the experience has been a winning combination of spectacular quality, service and great value!
- Michael W. Monroe
Hello Joe,
…I continue to absolutely love your perfectly tailored suits and shirts, they make me effortlessly stand out in the crowd…
Thank you for making a quality product, I wish you the best.
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Joe,
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Custom Suits for a Price That Won't Give You Fits (Letter to the editor in Wall Street Journal November 13, 2002)
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|
Even though Apple’s new app store is only approaching its second day, hackers claim they’ve already cracked it. Members of Hackulous, who became famous for cracking the Apple DRM, have developed “Kickback,” a program that will allow you to download apps for free from the Mac App Store, according to Gadgets DNA.The catch is it won’t be out until February. The reason for the wait? Dissident explains:
Most of the applications that go on the Mac App Store [in the first instance] will be decent, they’ll be pretty good. Apple isn’t going to put crap on the App Store as soon as it gets released. It’ll probably take months for the App Store to actually have a bunch of crappy applications and when we feel that it has a lot of crap in it, we’ll probably release Kickback… So we’re not going to release Kickback until well after the store’s been established, well after developers have gotten their applications up. We don’t want to devalue applications and frustrate developers.
Dissident goes on to explain how the app works on these YouTube videos.
I guess it’s nice to know that there’s some people out there that have a moralistic stand on developer’s rights… well, kind of. However, Logan of Appinsect has devised a way to crack the app store now. We at Techland don’t condone piracy, so we’re not going to tell you how to do it.
Apple probably cares a great deal about this breach, but it’s not affecting their sales. In the first day since the Mac App Store was launched, they received over one million downloads according to a press release from Apple. The store already has 1,000 paid and free apps for your perusal, with more to be added in the upcoming days. “We’re amazed at the incredible response the Mac App Store is getting,” Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs said in the statement. “Developers have done a great job bringing apps to the store and users are loving how easy and fun the Mac App Store is.”
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Artemisinin (ART) and related compounds provide the main class of anti-malarial drugs, and ART resistance in *Plasmodium falciparum* is one of the greatest threats to global efforts to control, eliminate and eradicate malaria. To forestall emergence and spread of ART resistance it was recommended that ART and its derivatives be used only in combination with a partner drug as an ART combination therapy (ACT), with over 400 million ACT treatments dispensed annually. It is conservatively estimated that 116,000 additional deaths would occur annually in the event of widespread ART resistance, with annual health costs of US\$32 million and productivity losses exceeding US\$385 million \[[@CR1]\]. The magnitude of the health and economic threat posed by ART resistance serves as an urgent call to action to develop strategies that circumvent its spread \[[@CR2]\]. Doing so requires understanding the underlying mechanisms of ART resistance.
Currently, ART resistance is prevalent across the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) and centered on Cambodia, where it was first detected in 2007 \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. Concern for the spread of ART resistance outside of Southeast Asia led to the Tracking Resistance to Artemisinin Collaboration (TRAC) study that assessed and tracked ART resistance across 15 sites both in Asia and Africa \[[@CR5]\]. Using parasite clearance as a measure of resistance, the TRAC project confirmed that ART-resistant *P. falciparum* was established in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Artemisinin resistance is indicated by either delays in parasite clearance from patients, or by increased in vitro parasite survival under dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in ring-stage survival assay (RSA~0--3h~) \[[@CR6]\]. Sequencing parasites selected under increasing ART pressure identified *pfkelch13* as a critical gene for conferring ART resistance \[[@CR7]\]. Multiple mutations have been identified in this gene, and several key single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been validated using a gene-editing approach \[[@CR8], [@CR9]\]. However, the function of *Pf*Kelch13 and its role in ART resistance remain unclear.
Recent reports confirm that specific *pfkelch13* mutations confer ring-stage survival \[[@CR7], [@CR8]\], and indicate possible mechanisms of ART resistance, including perturbation of haemoglobin processing \[[@CR10]--[@CR12]\], protein ubiquitination \[[@CR13]\], increased expression of oxidative stress response \[[@CR13], [@CR14]\], unfolded protein response pathways \[[@CR14]\], or phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase pathways \[[@CR15]\]. While these results may all be relevant, a full understanding of the mechanisms involved in ART action and resistance has yet to emerge \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\].
One of the key partner drugs used with ART for malaria treatment in the GMS is piperaquine (PPQ), which has proved well tolerated and highly effective in areas where multi-drug-resistant *P. falciparum* is prevalent. However, emergence of PPQ resistance threatens to undermine this strategy in areas of increasing ART resistance \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\]. Currently PPQ resistance is evident by higher PPQ half maximal effective concentration (EC~50~) values and elevated recrudescence rates in settings where DHA--PPQ is in use and ART resistance is common \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\]. Reported molecular markers of PPQ resistance include SNPs in *pfcrt* and de-amplification of a region on chromosome 5 that includes or is proximal to *pfmdr1* \[[@CR20]\]. PPQ resistance is also associated with an amplification of *plasmepsin II* and *III* \[[@CR21], [@CR22]\]. Yet, to date no mechanism has been established for PPQ resistance. Increasing resistance to both ART and PPQ in the same parasite population has motivated a call for use of triple combination therapy in certain malaria-endemic settings where ACT may have reduced efficacy \[[@CR18], [@CR23]\]. Specifically, mefloquine (MFQ) has been suggested for combination with ART and PPQ given the inverse effects PPQ and MFQ pressure have on *pfmdr1* copy number variation (CNV), as PPQ negatively selects *pfmdr1* CNV, while MFQ positively selects *pfmdr1* CNV \[[@CR18]\].
As part of the TRAC collaboration, 157 cryopreserved parasites were obtained from two sites in western Cambodia with a range of in vivo clearance phenotypes. Of these parasites, 68 were culture-adapted, and a sub-set of 36 parasites evaluated for their RSA~0--3h~ phenotype. Using a high-resolution melt (HRM) genotyping assay for the most common *pfkelch13* mutation (C580Y) and Sanger sequencing, *pfkelch13* propeller mutations were tested for associations with both parasite in vivo clearance half-lives and in vitro parasite RSA~0--3h~ survival rates. The analysis (1) identified parasites lacking *pfkelch13* mutations, but exhibiting increased RSA~0--3h~ survival phenotype (referred to as discordant parasites), suggesting that loci other than *pfkelch13* may be involved in ART resistance; (2) demonstrated a new association between D584V and increased ring-stage survival; and, (3) detected a PPQ-resistant isolate among these parasites, consistent with other reports from this malaria-endemic region. Although there is a strong association between *pfkelch13* mutations and increased ring-stage survival, mutations in *pfkelch13* are not necessary for this ART resistance phenotype. Furthermore, in vitro PPQ resistance is present among these culture-adapted Cambodian parasites, which will enable further investigation of PPQ resistance mechanisms.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
These parasite samples were obtained with informed consent from patients enrolled in the TRAC study in the Pailin and Pursat sites located in Western Cambodia. Full details of this study, the approvals, and the clinical and laboratory methodologies have been reported in detail elsewhere \[[@CR5]\].
Culture-adaptation and maintenance of TRAC parasites {#Sec3}
----------------------------------------------------
All parasite samples were collected under protocols approved by ethical review boards in Cambodia, at Oxford University and at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Culture-adaptation of parasites was accomplished by thawing cryopreserved material containing infected red blood cells (iRBCs) that had been mixed with glycerolyte. Parasites were maintained in fresh human blood (O+) and Hepes buffered RPMI media containing 12.5% AB+ human serum (heat inactivated and pooled). Cultures were placed in modular incubators and gassed with 1% O~2~/5% CO~2~/balance N~2~ gas and incubated with rotation (50 rpm) in a 37 °C incubator (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Sample extraction {#Sec4}
-----------------
Genetic material were extracted from filter papers (Whatman) and culture-adapted material using Promega DNA IQ Casework Pro Kit for Maxwell 16 (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA) and Qiagen (QIAmp DNA Blood Mini Kit) commercial kits, respectively, according to manufacturer instructions.
Genotyping {#Sec5}
----------
Development of a high-resolution melt (HRM) assay to screen populations for mutations around amino acid position 580 in the *pfkelch13* locus. The forward primer (5′-GGCACCTTTGAATACCC-3′), reverse primer (5′-CATTAGTTCCACCAATGACA-3′), and unlabeled, blocked probe (5′-AGCTATGTGTATTGCTTTTGAT-block-3′) were amplified asymmetrically at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.4 μM, respectively with 1 ng template DNA. After an initial 2-min hold at 95 °C, 5 or 10 μL reaction mixtures with 2.5 × HRM master mix (BioFire Defense, Salt Lake City, UT. USA) were PCR amplified for 55 cycles: 95 °C for 30 s, 66 °C for 30 s, and 74 °C for 30 s, followed by a pre-melt step of 95 and 28 °C for 30 s each. Products were melted from 45 to 90 °C on a BioFire Defense LightScanner-384 or -32 and analysed using the manufacturer software. Two plasmid controls containing the wild-type and mutant alleles were included as standards for every HRM run. Molecular barcoding was performed as described \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\] to identify monogenomic samples with unique parasite genotypes.
Whole genome sequences {#Sec6}
----------------------
This publication uses sequencing data generated by the Pf3k project \[[@CR26]\]. The variant call files generated from this project were used to identify SNPs in each of the samples used in this study.
*Pfkelch13* PCR sequencing strategy {#Sec7}
-----------------------------------
The propeller domain of *pfkelch13* was PCR amplified using Phusion HF DNA Polymerase kit and primers 3F and 1R′ in all 68 culture adapted parasites. DNA from KH001_024 was also amplified with primers 4F and 3R′. An aliquot of PCR product was resolved by gel electrophoresis to check for specificity and yield and the remaining product was purified using DNA Clean & Concentrator, ZymoResearch and sequenced using the same primers used to amplify the product by Genewiz. The full ORF of *pfkelch13* was PCR amplified using primers 1F and 1R from 3D7 and individual culture-adapted parasites. The resulting PCR product of \~2.2 kb was purified by gel extraction (QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen) and sequenced at Genewiz using primers 1F, 2F, 3F, 1R, 2R and 3R. Primer sequences are as follows: 1F: 5′-ATGGAAGGAGAAAAAGTAAAAACAAAAGCAAATAG-3′; 2F: 5′-GGTAGGTGATTTAAGAATTACATTTATTAATTGGT-3′; 3F: 5′-CATTCCCATTAGTATTTTGTATAGGTG-3′; 4F: 5′-GTAGAGGTGGCACCTTTGAATACCCCTAGATCATC-3′ 1R: 5′-TTATATATTTGCTATTAAAACGGAGTGACCAAATCTG-3′; 1R′: 5′-TTA TAT ATT TGC TAT TAA AAC GGA GTG-3′; 2R: 5′-AGCCTTATAATCATAGTTATTACCACCAAAAACG-3′; 3R: 5′-TGTTGGTATTCATAATTGATGGAGAATTC-3′; 3R′: 5′-ATAAAATGTGCATGAAAATAAATATTAAAG-3′.
In vitro 72-h drug susceptibility by SYBR green staining {#Sec8}
--------------------------------------------------------
Drug susceptibility was measured using the SYBR Green I method as previously described \[[@CR27]\]. Briefly, tightly synchronized 0--6 h rings were grown for 72 h in the presence of different concentrations of drugs in 384-well plates at 1% haematocrit and 1% starting parasitaemia; and, growth at 72 h was measured by SYBR Green staining of parasite DNA. Except for PPQ and KH001_053 where a 24-point dilution series was used, a 12-point dilution series of each drug was carried out in triplicate and repeated with at least three biological replicates. DMSO stocks of drugs were dispensed by a HP D300 Digital Dispenser (Hewlett Packard Palo Alto, CA, USA) except for the CQ and PPQ stocks that were prepared in water and dispensed with a Velocity 11 Robot (Bravo). Relative fluorescence units (RFU) was measured at an excitation of 494 nm and emission of 530 nm on a SpectraMax M5 (Molecular Devices Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and analysed using GraphPad Prism version 5 (GraphPad Software La Jolla, CA. USA). EC~50~ values were determined with the curve-fitting algorithm log(inhibitor) vs response---variable slope, except for PPQ and KH001_053. Due to the bimodal dose response of KH001_053 to PPQ, curve fitting didn't give an accurate EC~50~ value. The reported PPQ EC~50~s for KH001_053 are estimates using biphasic curve fitting. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the anti-malarial EC~50~ values and in vivo clearance half-life, ring survival assay value or *pfmdr1* copy number. p values \<0.05 were considered significant.
Copy number variation assays {#Sec9}
----------------------------
To determine copy numbers for *pfmdr1, plasmepsin II* and the 63 kb amplicon genes (PF3D7_0520100, PF3D7_0520500, PF3D7_0520600, PF3D7_0520900 and PF3D7_0521000), real time quantitative PCR was performed on genomic DNA (extracted with QIAmp Blood Mini Kit, Qiagen) as previously described \[[@CR28]\] with the following modifications: Amplification reactions were done in MicroAmp 384-well plates in 10 μL SYBR Green master mix (Applied Biosystems), 150 nM of each forward and reverse primer and 0.4 ng template. Forty cycles were performed in the Applied Biosystems ViiA™ 7 Real-time PCR system (Life Technologies). Forward and reverse primers used were as previously described to amplify the following loci: *pfmdr1* (PF3D7_0523000) \[[@CR29]\], the 63 kb region on chromosome 5 (PF3D7_0520100, PF3D7_0520500, PF3D7_0520600, PF3D7_0520900 and PF3D7_0521000 \[[@CR20]\]) and *plasmepsin II* (PF3D7_140800) \[[@CR22]\]. For the endogenous controls, *β*-*tubulin* forward and reverse primers \[[@CR28]\] were used for *pfmdr1,* PF3D7_0520100 and PF3D7_0520900 while *pfldh* forward and reverse primers \[[@CR30]\] were used for PF3D7_0520500, PF3D7_0520600 and PF3D7_0521000. Target primers used were validated to have the same PCR efficiencies as their endogenous control primers; and, average copy number values were calculated for each gene using data from three independent experiments.
Sequencing the *pfcrt* locus {#Sec10}
----------------------------
The entire *pfcrt* locus was sequenced as previously described \[[@CR20]\] with some modifications. Briefly, total RNA was extracted using RNeasy kit (Qiagen) and used to generate cDNA using Superscript III (Invitrogen). The resulting cDNA was then used as template for PCR amplification of *pfcrt* \[[@CR20]\], followed by Sanger sequencing (GENEWIZ) \[[@CR20]\]. Sequence data analysis was performed using MacVector.
Ring survival assay (RSA~0--3h~) {#Sec11}
--------------------------------
The RSA~0--3h~ was performed as described previously \[[@CR6]\]. Essentially, parasites were sorbitol synchronized twice at 40-h intervals, synchronous 40--44 h segmented schizonts were incubated for 15 min at 37 °C in serum-free media supplemented with heparin to disrupt agglutinated erythrocytes and late stages were purified with 35/65% discontinuous Percoll gradient. The segmented schizonts were washed and cultured with fresh RBCs for 3 h, after which late stages were removed by sorbitol treatment. Cultures with 0--3 h rings were adjusted to 2% haematocrit and 1% parasitaemia and seeded into a 24-well plate with 1 ml complete media per well. To these wells, either DHA at 700 nM or 0.1% DMSO were added immediately and incubated for 6 h at 37 °C, washed and incubated in drug free media. At 72 h from seeding, thin blood smears were made from control and treated wells and survival rates were measured microscopically by counting the proportion of next generation viable rings with normal morphology. Survival rates were expressed as ratios of viable parasitaemias in DHA-exposed and DMSO-treated controls. Parasites were counted from 10,000 RBC, and two separate individuals served as independent slide readers.
Results {#Sec12}
=======
Characteristics of original and culture-adapted parasite isolates {#Sec13}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
A total of 157 cryopreserved TRAC study samples collected in 2011 from Pursat or Pailin, Cambodia where ART resistance is observed were obtained. These isolates were selected before the discovery of the *pfkelch13* marker and were designed to comprise western Cambodian samples, with two-thirds of the samples coming from the upper segment of the clearance half-life distribution and one-third being isolates with the shortest clearance times. 68 parasites were culture-adapted for further investigation, without knowledge of their in vivo clearance data. A summary of the overall population and the sub-set selected for culture-adaptation and further characterization is provided in Additional files [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"} and [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}. Collectively, 63% of both the original and the adapted parasites were from Pursat and the remaining 37% were from Pailin (Additional file [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}). Similarly, 67% of both parasite sets (original and adapted) had a delayed clearance of ≥5 h and 33% had a clearance half-life of \<5 h; for one isolate there were insufficient data to determine an in vivo half-life. All culture-adapted samples were confirmed to harbour monogenomic infections by molecular barcode analysis \[[@CR25]\], only those parasites with unique barcode signatures \[[@CR25]\] were initially pursued to maximize genetic diversity and exclude highly similar parasites among the analysed isolates.
*Pfkelch13* propeller mutations are associated with parasite clearance half-life ≥5 h {#Sec14}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Next, parasites were genotyped for the *pfkelch13* locus previously associated with delayed parasite clearance (defined as \>5 h) and increased ring-stage survival (defined as RSA~0--3h~ ≥1%) \[[@CR7]\]. An HRM genotyping assay \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\] for the common non-synonymous mutation conferring the C580Y change in *Pf*Kelch13 was developed and validated, among the 157 original samples with an unambiguous genotyping call, 71% (108/152) had the C580Y mutation (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). These data, confirmed a significant positive association between the C580Y non-synonymous mutation and in vivo parasite clearance half-life values for these parasites \[[@CR26]\]. This association was more pronounced among Pursat parasites (unpaired Student's t test with Welch's correction, p \< 0.0001) as compared to parasites from Pailin (p = 0.0322, Additional file [4](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}) for this sample set.
A combination of available whole genome sequence (WGS) data from the original samples \[[@CR26], [@CR31], [@CR32]\], and *pfkelch13*-specific PCR-based sequencing identified both *pfkelch13* mutations other than C580Y in this population and confirmed persistence of all *pfkelch13* mutations in the culture adapted parasites further analysed. Overall there was good concordance between the molecular barcode derived from filter paper and cultured parasite samples, and between the *pfkelch13* mutations identified in WGS or PCR re-sequencing data. Six different mutations were present in the *pfkelch13* propeller domain: Y493H, R539T, I543T, C580Y, D584V, and H719N, and two *pfkelch13* mutations outside the propeller region: H136N, E270K. The two parasites with the H136N change also contained C580Y, but E270K was seen by itself, in a single isolate (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). All propeller domain mutations were positively associated with in vivo clearance values (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a), including parasites with the double mutation H136N/C580Y genotype (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). Additionally, two asparagine (Asn) insertions at codon 142 were identified in all isolates tested except those with the Y493H change and one parasite with the D584V genotype (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). The location of this Asn insertion was distinct from that previously noted among Asian parasites \[[@CR33]\]. No association between this Asn insertion and either parasite clearance half-life or RSA~0--3h~ phenotype was detected.Fig. 1Positive association between *pfkelch13* propeller mutations and in vivo clearance half-life as well as in vitro RSA~0--3h.~ Parasites from Pursat (*round symbols*) or Pailin (*square symbols*) were classified according to their *pfkelch13* alleles. **a** Comparison of clearance half-live values (hours, h) from culture-adapted parasites harbouring different *pfkelch13* propeller alleles, and combining alleles represented by less than five samples. Parasites outlined in bold were further tested for RSA~0--3h~ phenotypes in **b**. A one-way ANOVA test, with a Tukey's post-test, was performed between wild-type (WT) and each allele category. Significance values are indicated by *asterisks*: \*(p \< 0.05); \*\*(p \< 0.01); \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); and \*\*\*\*(p \< 0.0001). **b** In vitro RSA~0--3h~ testing. Percent survival is displayed on the y-axis and *pfkelch13* allele represented on the x-axis. All parasites that harbour a *pfkelch13* propeller mutation exhibit an RSA~0--3h~ value of \>1% (*dotted line*). Data were analysed by Kruskal--Wallis test followed by Dunn's multi-comparison test. p values: \*\*\*\<0.001. An additional subset represented by *coloured symbols*, also underwent conventional in vitro drug testing and assessment of *pfmdr1* copy number variation. These were chosen as representatives of parasites that were ART sensitive (*green*) or, ART resistant (*red*) as assessed by both RSA~0--3h~ phenotype and *pfkelch13*. Two 'discordant' samples (resistant according to RSA but wild-type at *pfkelch13*) are indicated in *blue*
The sub-set of 68 culture-adapted parasites harbored all mutation types observed in the 157 initial isolates except H136N, and each *pfkelch13* mutation detected by WGS was confirmed by PCR re-sequencing (Additional files [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}, [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}). Overall, the sub-set of culture-adapted parasites showed similar distribution of *pfkelch13* genotypes detected among the original 157 isolates chosen for this study. The majority of parasites in this sub-set (79% or 54/68) carried non-synonymous mutations in *pfkelch13,* with the most common change resulting in C580Y (53% or 36/68, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Among these culture-adapted parasites from Pailin there was a higher frequency of *pfkelch13* mutations than parasites from Pursat (88 and 74%, respectively), with the C580Y mutation being the most prevalent (77 and 60%, respectively). Both geographic locations had their own private mutations not found in the other location (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). All *pfkelch13* propeller mutations displayed positive associations with in vivo clearance phenotypes (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a).Table 1Summary of *Pf*Kelch13 mutationsCulture adapted parasitesTotalWTY493HR539TI543TC580YD584VH719NH136N/C580YE270KAsn InsertPailin2530221700016Pursat431156019110019Total681458236110125
*Pfkelch13* propeller mutations are positively associated with increased ring-stage survival by in vitro RSA~0--3h~ {#Sec15}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There was a positive association between increased RSA~0--3h~ survival phenotypes and *pfkelch13* mutations among 36 culture adapted parasites (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b) and parasites with the D584V change previously associated with increased in vivo parasite clearance time \[[@CR5]\] demonstrated an increased ring-stage survival by RSA~0--3h~.
In vitro RSA~0--3h~ phenotypes were evaluated as a measure of ART resistance for 36 adapted parasites exhibiting a range of in vivo clearance phenotypes and harbouring a variety of *pfkelch13* mutations. Consistent with previous reports \[[@CR6]\], the distribution of RSA~0--3h~ phenotypes spanned two log~10~ ranges for all parasites analysed. Overall, there was a significant difference between wild-type (RSA~0--3h~ = 0.1--6.0%, n = 7) parasites and those with *pfkelch13* mutations (RSA~0--3h~ = 2.1--38.6%, n = 29) in terms of RSA~0--3h~ parasite survival rate (Student's t test p = 0.0018). RSA~0--3h~ survival rates also differed between parasites with individual *pfkelch13* mutations; whereby parasites with either a C580Y or R539T mutation exhibited the highest survival rates (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). One isolate with a *Pf*Kelch13 E270K mutation outside the propeller domain exhibited a clearance of \>4 h, yet had an RSA~0--3h~ value of 0.4%. Among the parasites with RSA~0--3h~ values \>1%, 19% (7/36) had in vivo clearance values between 4 and 5 h, which suggests that for this specific population a clearance value of 4 h or greater is more consistent with ART resistance based upon an RSA~0--3h~ phenotype (Additional file [5](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}).
All *pfkelch13* propeller polymorphisms found among these parasites were previously identified \[[@CR7], [@CR33]\]. However, a novel positive association was demonstrated between the D584V mutation and in vitro ring survival values (8.0 h clearance and 8.5% RSA survival for D584V), not previously tested for in vitro ART resistance (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). These data confirm that all *pfkelch13* propeller mutations found in these TRAC isolates are associated with an RSA~0--3h~ phenotype ≥1%, thus considered in vitro ART resistant.
Identification of discordant parasites that exhibit increased ring-stage survival but lack *Pfkelch13* mutations {#Sec16}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ART resistance in vitro has been suggested to correlate with an RSA~0--3h~ survival value of ≥1% \[[@CR6]\], and all isolates in this study with a mutation in *pfkelch13* had an RSA~0--3h~ ≥1%. All wild-type *pfkelch13* parasites had in vivo clearance half-lives below 5 h (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}); however, there was a range of in vitro RSA~0--3h~ survival phenotypes from 0.1 to 6%, including four isolates with RSA~0--3h~ of approximately ≥1% (0.8, 1.1, 3, and 6%) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). Parasites with an RSA~0--3h~ of ≥0.8% that lack *pfkelch13* mutations are considered discordant. These data suggest changes outside *pfkelch13* could also confer an increased ring-stage survival phenotype indicative of ART resistance in this parasite population.
Using WGS data previously generated \[[@CR26]\] for 33 of the RSA~0--3h~ phenotyped parasites, the question was explored whether mutations outside *pfkelch13* were evident in the four parasites with RSA~0--3h~ ≥0.8% values that lack *pfkelch13* ORF mutations. This small data set was underpowered to identify novel mutations using a genome-wide strategy, but a candidate gene approach was undertaken to ask whether any known drug resistant loci or other previously identified secondary mutations could potentially explain the high RSA~0--3h~ survival values (Additional file [6](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}). Variant positions were identified across 23 genes previously associated with ART resistance among the set of 33 RSA~0--3h~ phenotyped parasites \[[@CR7], [@CR15], [@CR26]\], which included both sensitive and resistant parasites. Examination of both sensitive and resistant parasites would allow detection of mutations that may account for the differences in RSA~0--3h~ survival values and identification of mutations that confer high RSA~0--3h~ survival values independent of *pfkelch13*.
This analysis identified 37 SNPs (30 non-synonymous, four synonymous, two intronic) spread across 19 unique genes (Additional file [7](#MOESM7){ref-type="media"}). Eleven of these positions were invariant among these four isolates that lack *pfkelch13* ORF mutations but exhibited an RSA~0--3h~ survival value ≥0.8%. These 37 SNP positions are found in genes known to be associated with drug resistance including dihydrofolate reductase (*dhfr*, PF3D7_0417200) \[[@CR34]\] and dihydropteroate synthase (*dhps*, PF3D7_0810800) \[[@CR35]\]. Another locus, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K, PF3D7_0110600) \[[@CR36]\], is involved in cellular signaling pathways, including synthesis of PIP2, a substrate for PI3K to produce PIP3, which activates the AKT family of serine/threonine kinases, a pathway implicated in an ART resistance mechanism \[[@CR15]\]. The putative NLI Interacting factor-like phosphatase (NIF4, PF3D7_1012700) \[[@CR36]--[@CR39]\] is a protein phosphatase 2C protein. Several members of the *Plasmodium* phosphatome contain *kelch* domains and have been shown to be key regulators of parasite development and differentiation \[[@CR37], [@CR40]\], but NIF4 lacks an intact DxDx(T/V) motif, and thus may be catalytically inactive \[[@CR39]\]. *Pfmdr2* (PF3D7_1447900) \[[@CR41], [@CR42]\] is implicated as a secondary locus associated with delayed parasite clearance \[[@CR26]\]. No other changes associated with ART resistance reported in the literature \[[@CR43], [@CR44]\] were detected among these parasites (Additional file [6](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}).
Detection of PPQ resistance phenotype {#Sec17}
-------------------------------------
To further evaluate the relationship between RSA~0--3h~ phenotype and *pfkelch13* mutations, a sub-set of eight isolates with a range of ring-stage survival phenotypes was selected. This sub-set included the two most sensitive (in green) and the two most resistant (discordant, in blue) parasites without *pfkelch13* mutations, as well as four resistant parasites that contain *pfkelch13* mutations (in red) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). First standard in vitro drug tests \[[@CR27]\] were used to evaluate anti-malarial drug responses among these parasites (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). EC~50~ values for ART and its derivatives did not consistently correlate with either the in vivo clearance or in vitro RSA~0--3h~ phenotypes, as previously reported \[[@CR6], [@CR7]\] (Additional file [8](#MOESM8){ref-type="media"}; Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The parasite clearance half-life and RSA~0--3h~ survival phenotypes did not consistently associate with responses to other anti-malarial compounds tested (chloroquine (CQ), MFQ, lumefantrine (LUM), atovaquone (ATV), quinine (QN) and PPQ, Additional file [8](#MOESM8){ref-type="media"}). A significant positive correlation was observed between EC~50~ values for ART (r = 0.881, p = 0.0072), artesunate (AS, r = 0.719, p = 0.0368), MFQ (r = 0.7619, p = 0.0368) and LUM (r = 0.857, p = 0.0107) and increased *pfmdr1* copy number (Spearman correlation, Additional file [8](#MOESM8){ref-type="media"} and Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), consistent with previous reports \[[@CR30], [@CR45], [@CR46]\].Fig. 2*Pfmdr1* copy numbers are positively associated with MEF, LUM, ART and ARS. Drug sensitivity assays were set up with 0--6 h old ring stage parasites and % growth was measured 72 h later by SYBR *Green*. Shown are the average EC~50~ values from at least three biological replicates for two ART sensitive (*green*), two discordant (*blue*) and four resistant (*red*) isolates. Their respective clearance time, RSA~0--3h~ percent survival and their *pfmdr1* copy number are indicated *at the bottom*. The Spearman correlation coefficient for *pfmdr1* copy number and each drug is shown in the graph. A one-way ANOVA test, with a Tukey's post-test was performed between all isolates for each drug. Significance values are indicated by *asterisks*, as follows: \*(p \< 0.05); \*\*(p \< 0.01)
Interestingly, one isolate, KH001_053, with a slow clearance time (8.7 h) and high ring survival (30%) exhibited a bimodal response to PPQ that indicated parasite survival at high PPQ concentrations (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}a). Compared to other isolates, KH001_053 also demonstrated a high survival phenotype (50--70%) when grown at high concentrations of PPQ (125 and 250 nM) for 72 h \[[@CR47]\] (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}b). This PPQ-resistant parasite also demonstrated hyper-susceptibility to MFQ and LUM (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), explicable at least in part by a single copy of the *pfmdr1* gene (Additional file [8](#MOESM8){ref-type="media"}).Fig. 3KH001_053 exhibits resistance to piperaquine (PPQ). **a** EC~50~ growth curves for eight parasite isolates in different PPQ concentrations. Percent growth is displayed on the y-axis and the PPQ concentration (nM) is represented in a log scale on the x-axis, with KH001_053 indicated by *red triangles*. **b** Relative growth is shown (percent growth) for TRAC isolates exposed to 125 nM PPQ for 72 h starting with 0--6 h old rings, with individual parasite lines represented on the x-axis. *Colours* correspond to parasites with RSA~0--3h~ ≤0.2% that lack *pfkelch13* mutations (sensitive, *green*); RSA~0--3h~ \>3% that lack *pfkelch13* mutations (discordant, *blue*); and, RSA~0--3h~ \>1% that harbour with *pfkelch13* mutations (resistant, *red*). Data were analysed by Kruskal--Wallis test followed by Dunn's multi-comparison test. p values: \*\<0.1, \*\*\<0.01, \*\*\*\*\<0.0001
KH001_053 was then tested for evidence of known molecular markers associated with PPQ resistance \[[@CR20]\], including C101F mutation in *pfcrt*, an amplification of 63 kb region on chromosome 5, and amplification of *plasmepsin II* \[[@CR21], [@CR22]\]. All eight isolates were evaluated for SNPs in the *pfcrt* locus by PCR amplification and sequencing of cDNA across *pfcrt*. Eight non-synonymous mutations (M74I, N75E, K76T, A220S, Q271E, N326S, I356T, R371I) were found that were fixed in these eight isolates. No evidence of the previously reported C101F haplotype in the KH001_053 parasite was detected \[[@CR20]\]. Since PPQ resistance has been associated with an increased copy number of a 63 kb amplicon on chromosome 5 (including PF3D7_0520100, PF3D7_0520500, PF3D7_0520600, PF3D7_0520900 and PF3D7_0521000, 825600--888300 bp) and a decreased number of *pfmdr1* in vitro \[[@CR20], [@CR30]\] as well as an increased copy number of *plasmepsin II* (PF3D7_140800) locus in vivo \[[@CR21], [@CR22]\], copy number assays were performed on those loci. In concordance with to a previous study \[[@CR30]\] no increased copy number on the 63 kb amplicon region on chromosome 5 was detected. However, KH001_053 did harbour two copies of *plasmepsin II* consistent with previous reports where the presence of an increased *plasmepsin II* and *III* copy number was predictive of recrudescence in DHA/PPQ-treated patients \[[@CR21], [@CR22]\]. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that increased *plasmepsin II* copy number may play a role in PPQ resistance.
Discussion {#Sec18}
==========
Within a set of 68 culture-adapted Cambodian parasites, some parasites exhibited an increased RSA~0--3h~ phenotype that lack *pfkelch13* mutations, a parasite harbouring the *Pf*Kelch13 D584V change exhibited increased RSA~0--3h~ survival, and some parasites showed evidence for PPQ resistance. To evaluate a set of 157 Cambodian *P. falciparum* isolates from the TRAC study, with known clearance half-life data, a genotyping assay for the common C580Y change associated with ART resistance was developed and confirmed a clear association between delayed parasite clearance half-life and the presence of the C580Y allele. Sequence or genotype data from 146 of these parasites demonstrated a positive association between the clearance phenotype and *pfkelch13* propeller mutations. 68 of these parasites were culture-adapted and 36 were tested for their in vitro RSA~0--3h~ phenotype. Increased parasite clearance half-life was associated with RSA~0--3h~ ≥1% values, with a 4-h or greater clearance phenotype being more consistent with ART resistance based upon RSA~0--3h~ for this population. A novel positive association was demonstrated between D584V and in vitro ring-stage parasite survival under DHA among these parasites.
Despite this general correspondence between in vivo clearance and in vitro RSA~0--3h~ phenotypes and *Pfkelch13* propeller mutations, there were discordant parasites that exhibited a resistant RSA~0--3h~ phenotype (RSA~0--3h~ ≥0.8%) yet harboured no mutations in the entire *pfkelch13* ORF, consistent with other studies that found similarly discordant parasites by RSA~0--3h~ \[[@CR48]\], or by clearance half-life \[[@CR26]\]. A parasite (see Additional file [5](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}) with a *Pf*Kelch13 E270K outside the propeller domain exhibited a clearance value of \>4 h, yet had an RSA~0--3h~ value of 0.4 %. These differences may be due to differential host factors including variances in drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics or host immune status. More isolates with an E270K mutation need to be studied to confirm the role of a *pfkelch13* mutation outside the propeller domain in ART resistance and reduce the probability of an artifact related to microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that ART resistance in natural parasite populations could be mediated by changes outside of the *pkelch13* propeller domain. Parasites with these phenotypes around the defined cut off values may be important for identification and study of loci other than *pfkelch13* that contribute to ART resistance. Inspection of candidate loci, including traditional drug resistance mutations, recently identified secondary mutations, or loci related to pathways implicated in ART resistance, identified a few specific changes that may account for these discordant parasites, but lacked the statistical power to determine whether any of these contributed to ART resistance. However, identification of potential mutations in the *PIP5K* and *pfmdr2* loci is consistent with other reports. Nevertheless, the identification of parasites that lack *pfkelch13* mutations yet harbour an increased RSA~0--3h~ survival phenotype, suggest loci other than *pfkelch13* may modulate ART resistance in these parasites. Alternative strategies, such as the use of independent chemogenomic strategies or genetic crosses in vitro \[[@CR49]\], might be useful to identify loci involved in conferring the observed increased ring-stage survival phenotype in the absence of *pfkelch13* mutations.
No relationship was found between EC~50~ values for ART or its derivatives with either clearance or ring-stage survival phenotypes, but a previously noted correspondence was confirmed between *pfmdr1* copy number and EC~50~ values of ART and AS, as well as with MFQ and LUM responses, among eight parasites evaluated for drug responses (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Drug testing identified a PPQ-resistant isolate among this population, consistent with reports in the literature of increased PPQ resistance in this region \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\]. The PPQ-resistant parasite had a single copy of the *pfmdr1* gene \[[@CR20], [@CR30]\] and amplification of the *plasmepsin II* locus previously noted \[[@CR21], [@CR22]\]. The exact nature of this resistance, the role of *plasmepsin II* and the explanation for the apparent bimodal response to PPQ remains unknown and under investigation, but identification of culture-adapted parasites affords additional testing of both the phenotype and genotype (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
It has been suggested \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\] that PPQ resistance arose in the context of or as a consequence of ART resistance. Understanding the nature of this resistance and the underlying mechanism will be critical for reducing or restricting emergence of PPQ resistance in Southeast Asia where reports indicate rapid emergence over the past several years \[[@CR18]\]. Furthermore, since DHA--PPQ is being utilized in mass drug administration campaigns designed to facilitate elimination of malaria in specific settings, use of molecular markers of resistance and understanding the relationship between ART and PPQ resistance will be important. Thus, identification of PPQ resistance with MFQ and LUM hyper-susceptibility in an ART resistant parasite could be an important clue to understanding mechanisms of drug response, and testing the implications of triple therapy, such as ART--PPQ--MFQ, being considered for use in this region \[[@CR18]\].
Conclusions {#Sec19}
===========
In a large set of *P. falciparum* isolates from the TRAC study, the associations between C580Y and several other *pfkelch13* propeller mutations and parasite clearance half-life was investigated. In a subset of 68 culture-adapted parasites, RSA~0--3h~ survival and conventional responses to multiple antimalarial drugs were measured. Several *pfkelch13* mutations (including D584V) were associated with increased RSA~0--3h~ survival, and discordant parasites with RSA~0--3h~ survival 1% but without *pfkelch13* ORF mutations were identified. These data suggest that mutations outside of *Pfkelch13* may confer in vitro ART resistance in *P. falciparum*. It will therefore be important to continue phenotypic assessment of ART resistance, in addition to surveying for *pfkelch13* propeller mutations. Detection of a PPQ-resistant parasite will enable further studies to investigate underlying mechanisms of PPQ resistance. This panel of culture-adapted parasites with known parasite clearance half-life, RSA~0--3h~ survival, and *pfkelch13* genotype will facilitate further investigation of ART resistance mechanisms, providing tools to identify potential *Pf*Kelch13-binding partners and other interacting molecules.
Additional files
================
{#Sec20}
**Additional file 1.** Culture-adaptation of TRAC parasites. **Additional file 2.** Summary of all genotypes available. **Additional file 3.** Schematic shows distribution of parasites obtained from Pursat (blue star on map, KH1 parasites indicated in blue) and Pailin (red star, KH4 parasites indicated in red) from Cambodia (map modified from <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_provinces_en.svg>). **Additional file 4.** Distribution of C580Y mutations in Cambodian isolates. Parasites from Pursat (round symbols) or Pailin (square symbols) were classified according to their *Pfkelch13* alleles. Comparison of clearance half-life values (hours, h) from parasites harboring the wild-type (C) or mutant (Y) allele at amino acid position 580 in the Pfkelch13 locus, with culture-adapted parasites represented by black outlined symbols. C580 parasites harboring a mutation in the Pfkelch13 propeller domain other than C580Y are indicated by grey filled symbols. An unpaired t test was performed between the C580 and C580Y carrying parasites from Pursat (p \< 0.0001) or Pailin (p \< 0.05); with significant differences (p \< 0.0001 overall) when both Pursat and Pailin were combined. **Additional file 5.** Association between percent survival RSA~0--3h~ and clearance time. Correlation between clearance time on the x-axis and percent survival RSA~0--3h~ on the y-axis. Each dot represents an isolate. Samples represented by color were used for in vitro drug testing and for *pfmdr1* copy number variation determination---green for ART sensitive; blue for discordant; and red for ART resistant parasites. The grey dot marks the isolate with an E270K mutation. The dotted lines represent the cut off used to discriminate between resistant and sensitive parasites (1% for RSA~0--3h~, 4 or 5% for clearance). **Additional file 6.** All genes analysed for candidate gene approach. **Additional file 7.** All positions that are variant in RSA~0--3h~ phenotyped isolates. **Additional file 8.** Spearman correlation coefficients between antimalarial EC50 values, in vivo clearance half-life, ring survival assay~0--3h~ or pfmdr1 copy number.
ACT
: artemisinin combination therapy
ART
: artemisinin
AS
: artesunate
Asn
: asparagine
ATV
: atovaquone
CQ
: chloroquine
DHA
: dihydroartemisinin
HRM
: high resolution melt
iRBC
: infected red blood cell
LUM
: lumefantrine
MFQ
: mefloquine
NIF4
: NLI interacting factor-like phosphatase
ORF
: open reading frame
PCR
: polymerase chain reaction
PPQ
: piperaquine
QN
: quinine
RBC
: red blood cells
SNP
: single nucleotide polymorphism
TRAC
: Tracking Resistance to Artemisinin Collaboration
WGS
: whole genome sequencing
RSA~0--3h~
: ring-stage survival assay
PIP5K
: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase
CNV
: copy number variation
**Electronic supplementary material**
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1845-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Angana Mukherjee and Selina Bopp contributed equally to this work
AM, SB, PM carried out RSA~0--3h~, drug testing, PCR-based genotyping and copy number variation analysis and helped write the manuscript; WW carried out the genomic analysis with data provided by OM and helped write the manuscript; RD developed the C580Y HRM genotyping assay and carried out molecular barcoding of the samples; AD created primer sets and helped with RSA~0--3h~ analysis of the samples; SS helped with genomic analysis and provided critical edits to the manuscript; CA, PL, MD, CW, EAA, AMD, NJW, and RF carried out field collection and provided in vivo sample information and samples. DFW provided critical review of the data and experimental guidance. SKV culture adapted the parasites, provided critical review of the data and experimental guidance, and wrote the manuscript. All authors provided critical review of the data and manuscript before publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements {#FPar1}
================
We would like to thank the patients who participated to the TRAC study and Dr. Kesinee Chotivanich and her team for initial cryopreservation of the isolates. We would like to thank Courtney Edison for help with tissue culture and RSA assays, and Elizabeth Hamilton for work developing the C580Y genotyping assay and for genotyping filter paper derived samples. We would also like to thank Katelyn Durfee for molecular barcode analysis of culture-adapted lines. We thank Paul Hinkson for his help with EC~50~ assays for anti-malarial drug testing of the culture-adapted parasites.
Competing interests {#FPar2}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar3}
==================================
Datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available through the MalariaGEN Pf3K Project \[[@CR26], [@CR32]\].
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar4}
==========================================
The scientific merit and use of human subjects for this study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health (22689-101). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult subjects and from the parent or legal guardians of minors.
Funding {#FPar5}
=======
We thank the generous funding that supported this work. The TRAC study was funded by the UK Department for International Development; support for culture-adaptation and analysis at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health was provided by the University of Oxford/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for "Identifying a Laboratory Marker of Artemisinin Resistance" (OPP104063, PI: Nicholas White); and from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation "Genomics-Based Diagnostics for Elimination and Eradication of *Plasmodium*" (OPP1053604, PI: Dyann Wirth).
Publisher's Note {#FPar6}
================
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Along US-65
This thousand mile long route from Louisiana lowlands to the southern border area of Minnesota is an almost straight run, but there are a few curvy spots to bring out a big grin and enough interesting places to keep almost every rider happy.
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With thoughts, and occasional rants, on farm, family and crafting. Just to stay sane, I knit. A lot!
Thursday, May 12, 2016
Moving Along
My knitting has been moving right along. I am about ready for the final ball of yarn as I work on the final pattern repeat. I may need to get in contact with the recipient to see if it has been wound yet.
Also on the moving along theme, Little Farmer was full of the brumm, brumm, brumm engine noises yesterday. You can just see his cheeks puffed to make the noises while playing with his truck.
Contact me
Farm Mom
About Me
A mother, farm wife, friend, spinner, knitter and granny. I dabble in genealogy and love NASCAR. I love winter, cool crisp air and living in Michigan. My favorite movies are old movies, mostly from the 30s,40s and 50s.
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Ronaldinho Gaúcho esta se envolvendo em confusão atrás de confusão nos últimos dias. Gaúcho e seu irmão, Roberto de Assis, foram presos de forma preventiva nesse ultimo sábado no Paraguai, acusados de usar passaportes falsos para entrar no país.
Advogados já se movimentaram, e os irmãos atualmente estão pendentes, podendo cumprir prisão domiciliar. A treta é tão funda, que até a empresária Dalia López, que havia convidado os irmãos para eventos está foragida, sob suspeita de ter confeccionado os documentos falsos.
Mas essa é apenas uma das confusões em que o ex-jogador da seleção brasileira se enfiou. Uma das empresas de Ronaldinho Gaúcho, a 18k RONALDINHO, está sob suspeita, e o Instituto Brasileiro de Consumo afirma que a empresa não passa de uma pirâmide financeira extremamente efetiva, que conquista vitimas por meio de propostas atrativas e fraudulentas.
A promessa de um retorno de até 400% enche os olhos, e a empresa de criptomoedas também oferecia retornos e ganhos com a indicação de novos afiliados.
Ronaldinho Gaúcho: Trambiqueiro de Marca Maior
A empresa do craque é tão suspeita por vários motivos. Primeiramente, ninguém faz contratos com ela, nem mesmo os novos investidores. A empresa até tem CNPJ, mas não tem endereço de sede ou qualquer coisa nesse sentido, tendo apenas um telefone usado para “suporte”.
Segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Consumo, a empresa de Gaúcho é completamente amadora, não tendo atitudes de uma multinacional no ramo das criptomoedas. É por conta disso que é tem tornado-se tão complicado saber em quem confiar no mundo bitcoin.
Quando o assunto é criptomoedas, as coisas podem ficar um pouco confusas, afinal, muitas vezes esse tipo de moeda encontra-se em uma zona completamente cinza da legislação de diversos países, que ainda não adaptaram-se para receber com amplitude esse tipo de investimento.
Isso acaba gerando um desconforto generalizado, mas com o tempo a legislação vai ir se adaptando, principalmente quando o assunto em questão são as famosas fake news, que podem fazer o valor das criptomoedas oscilar severamente.
Para manter-se informado, tendo a sua disposição conteúdo constante e de qualidade, não deixe de acompanhar nosso site. Aproveite e faça parte da nossa página de criptomoedas no Twitter.
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"Hello Mike,
Welcome to the JEMS family!
I am an EMT-I down in New Zealand and work for our countrys' smallest ambulance provider (16 paid staff for a 24/7 service). I am currently collecting EMS patches from around the world to display on the…"
You need to be a member of JEMS Connect - EMS Emergency Medical Services to add comments!
I am an EMT-I down in New Zealand and work for our countrys' smallest ambulance provider (16 paid staff for a 24/7 service). I am currently collecting EMS patches from around the world to display on the walls of our ambulance station. Please let me know if you would like to trade patches with me. I would love to add your patch to our display.
Regards,
Lyndon.
|
/*
* Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
* You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* A copy of the License is located at
*
* http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0
*
* or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed
* on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
* express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing
* permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
/*
* Do not modify this file. This file is generated from the ssm-2014-11-06.normal.json service model.
*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using Amazon.Runtime;
using Amazon.Runtime.Internal;
namespace Amazon.SimpleSystemsManagement.Model
{
/// <summary>
/// The filters to describe or get information about your managed instances.
/// </summary>
public partial class InstanceInformationStringFilter
{
private string _key;
private List<string> _values = new List<string>();
/// <summary>
/// Gets and sets the property Key.
/// <para>
/// The filter key name to describe your instances. For example:
/// </para>
///
/// <para>
/// "InstanceIds"|"AgentVersion"|"PingStatus"|"PlatformTypes"|"ActivationIds"|"IamRole"|"ResourceType"|"AssociationStatus"|"Tag
/// Key"
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[AWSProperty(Required=true, Min=1)]
public string Key
{
get { return this._key; }
set { this._key = value; }
}
// Check to see if Key property is set
internal bool IsSetKey()
{
return this._key != null;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets and sets the property Values.
/// <para>
/// The filter values.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[AWSProperty(Required=true, Min=1, Max=100)]
public List<string> Values
{
get { return this._values; }
set { this._values = value; }
}
// Check to see if Values property is set
internal bool IsSetValues()
{
return this._values != null && this._values.Count > 0;
}
}
}
|
NOT SURE WHAT
YOU'RE LOOKING FOR?
MSC WINS GREENEST SHIPOWNER AT INTERNATIONAL MARINE SUMMIT
For sustainable use of marine resources & investment in green technologies
05/10/2018
MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company is delighted to win The Greenest Shipowner of the Year at the annual Green Shipping Summit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
MSC was commended for its efforts to promote the sustainable use of marine resources and investments in green technologies.
For example, MSC has retrofitted hundreds of ships with technologies to improve energy efficiency, lowered its carbon emissions per cargo movement and prepared its fleet for regulatory changes around marine fuel use.
The Green Shipping Awards celebrates the outstanding efforts and achievements of maritime organisations and individuals around the world.
Any statements and/or information provided in this section or in any press release published into it, is solely for general information purposes. Specifically statements and/or information provided are not meant as and cannot be construed to contain any legally binding offer by or on behalf of MSC that is open for acceptance.
|
import React from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
const UilNavigator = (props) => {
const { color, size, ...otherProps } = props
return React.createElement('svg', {
xmlns: 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
width: size,
height: size,
viewBox: '0 0 24 24',
fill: color,
...otherProps
}, React.createElement('path', {
d: 'M20.17,9.23l-14-5.78a3,3,0,0,0-4,3.7L3.71,12,2.13,16.85A3,3,0,0,0,2.94,20a3,3,0,0,0,2,.8,3,3,0,0,0,1.15-.23l14.05-5.78a3,3,0,0,0,0-5.54ZM5.36,18.7a1,1,0,0,1-1.06-.19,1,1,0,0,1-.27-1L5.49,13H19.22ZM5.49,11,4,6.53a1,1,0,0,1,.27-1A1,1,0,0,1,5,5.22a1,1,0,0,1,.39.08L19.22,11Z'
}));
};
UilNavigator.propTypes = {
color: PropTypes.string,
size: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.string, PropTypes.number]),
};
UilNavigator.defaultProps = {
color: 'currentColor',
size: '24',
};
export default UilNavigator;
|
What impact does contact with the prenatal care system have on women's use of facility delivery? Evidence from low-income countries.
Prenatal and delivery care are critical both for maternal and newborn health. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data for thirty-two low-income countries across Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and employing a two-level random-intercept model, this paper empirically assesses the influence of prenatal attendance and a wide array of observed individual-, household- and community-level characteristics on a woman's decision to give birth at a health facility or at home. The results show that prenatal attendance does appreciably influence the use of facility delivery in all three geographical regions, with women having four visits being 7.3 times more likely than those with no prenatal care to deliver at a health facility. These variations are more pronounced for Sub-Saharan Africa. The influence of the number of prenatal visits, maternal age and education, parity level, and economic status of the birthing women on the place of delivery is found to vary across the three geographical regions. The results also indicate that obstetrics care is geographically and economically more accessible to urban and rural women from the non-poor households than those from the poor households. The strong influence of number of visits, household wealth, education and regional poverty on the site of delivery setting suggests that policies aimed at increasing the use of obstetric care programs should be linked with the objectives of social development programs such as poverty reduction, enhancing the status of women, and increasing primary and secondary school enrollment rate among girls.
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The New York Rangers and USA Hockey teams up with community ice rinks throughout the tri-state area to host the first-ever "Try Hockey for Free" day, introducing kids to hockey with free skating and hockey lessons.
This Saturday, November 5, the New York Rangers and USA Hockey collaborates with local ice skaing rinks throughout the tri-state area to host the first-ever "Try Hockey for Free Day," where former Rangers players will introduce kids ages 4-9 to hockey with free skating and hockey lessons.
Skate rentals will be complimentary and every child who attends will receive a free Rangers hockey stick.
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.WindowsRuntime;
using Windows.Foundation;
using Windows.Foundation.Collections;
using Windows.UI.Xaml;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Primitives;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Data;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Input;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Media;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
// The Blank Page item template is documented at https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=234238
namespace Admin.UWP
{
/// <summary>
/// An empty page that can be used on its own or navigated to within a Frame.
/// </summary>
public sealed partial class Admin_App4 : Page
{
public Admin_App4()
{
this.InitializeComponent();
NavigateNext();
}
private async void NavigateNext()
{
await Task.Delay(3000);
this.Frame.Navigate(typeof(Admin_App5));
}
}
}
|
Dear Common Dreams Readers: Common Dreams is a small non-profit that exists only because of the support of our readers. No advertising; no paywalls: our content is free. But our costs are real. A free and independent press is essential to the health of a functioning democracy. Independent journalism and democracy itself have never been more fragile, more at risk than now. Without your support, we will not exist. Will you join again with those readers who have come forward to make sure Common Dreams has a future?Every donation makes a difference.
Putting Economy at Risk, Trump Vows to "Do A Big Number" on Dodd-Frank
President Donald Trump made the statement during a meeting with small business leaders at the White House on Monday. (Screenshot)
On the same day he signed an executive order aimed at massive deregulation, President Donald Trump told a group of small business leaders that he plans to "do a big number on Dodd-Frank," the Obama-era bill enacted to rein in big banks and prevent another financial crisis.
"Dodd-Frank is a disaster and we're gonna do a big number on Dodd-Frank," he said at the White House on Monday.
He made similar pledges to "dismantle" Dodd-Frank on the 2016 campaign trail and since his election in November, and the New York Timesnotes that Trump's pick to head the Treasury Department, Steven Mnuchin, "also has promised to 'kill' parts of the law, including the so-called Volcker rule restricting banks from making certain kinds of speculative investments of the kind that led to the 2008-9 global economic crisis." The Senate Finance Committee is set to vote on Mnuchin's confirmation on Monday afternoon.
Further signaling the financial reform act is in the Trump administration's crosshairs, Vice President Mike Pence spoke on the subject at last week's GOP congressional retreat in Philadelphia.
"We will roll back the recent avalanche of regulations stifling American growth starting next week," Pence reportedly said. "It means slashing tax reform, slashing rates for businesses and working families, passing regulatory relief of the [Congressional Review Act] to prevent bureaucrats from crushing the economy and the American people's dreams from the comfort of taxpayer-funded offices in Washington D.C., and it means dismantling Dodd-Frank's laws and overbearing mandates so that well-capitalized, well-regulated banks can meet the needs of small businesses."
But as former assistant treasury secretary for financial institutions and professor of law and public policy at the University of Michigan Michael Barr warned in December:
Ending Dodd-Frank would be deeply misguided and likely to recreate the very conditions that led to the 2008 financial crisis, shuttered American businesses, and cost millions of Americans their jobs. The financial sector will get a nice sugar high for a few years, and then crash the economy.
That doesn't seem to faze Republicans who are financially backed by the same institutions that have been gunning for Dodd-Frank since the day it passed Congress. On the same day as Pence spoke, House Financial Services Committee chairman Jeb Hensarling (R-Texas) issued a statement agreeing with the vice president and reaffirming his commitment to tearing down the law and replacing it with the so-called Financial CHOICE Act—dubbed last year by Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) a "wet kiss for Wall Street."
"We cannot allow Republicans to take us back to the depths of the financial crisis by weakening regulatory oversight and giving banks the tools to game the system once again," Warren declared last year.
But it looks like that's just what President Trump wants to do.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License
Further
In the vile wake of Charlottesville - those sweaty young white men, pasty faces contorted, screaming, "Blood and Soil!" "Jews Will Not Replace Us!" "Fuck You Faggots!" - what to say? Just this: This is racism, domestic terrorism, pure hate. This is not who we are, and this is not ok. Most vital, those "whose pigmentation matches theirs" must speak "with unflinching clarity (or) we simply amen it... They need white faces speaking directly into their white faces, loudly on behalf of love."
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|
House Plan #RLD-Blevins
Quick Overview
Enticing mountain cottage is great for a weekend get-a-way or a vacation home. The rustic exterior blends nicely with a mountainous or hilly terrain. There is a detached 2 car garage (included) with a covered walkway off the laundry or mud room. There is a covered front porch a screened porch off the rear and a large deck located off of the rear. The warm interior welcomes you with a foyer and a large vaulted great room. The generous kitchen is open to the great room and opposite the master suite. The study could be converted to an additional bedroom. Downstairs there is a finished guest suite with a walk-in closet and full bath. Additionally there is plenty of room for storage or to finish a rec room home office or shop. Actual plan may vary from photos or renderings.
More Views
Details
Enticing mountain cottage is great for a weekend get-a-way or a vacation home. The rustic exterior blends nicely with a mountainous or hilly terrain. There is a detached 2 car garage (included) with a covered walkway off the laundry or mud room. There is a covered front porch a screened porch off the rear and a large deck located off of the rear. The warm interior welcomes you with a foyer and a large vaulted great room. The generous kitchen is open to the great room and opposite the master suite. The study could be converted to an additional bedroom. Downstairs there is a finished guest suite with a walk-in closet and full bath. Additionally there is plenty of room for storage or to finish a rec room home office or shop. Actual plan may vary from photos or renderings.
|
1. Introduction {#sec1-cancers-12-00185}
===============
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprises about 40% of all lymphomas, constituting the most prevalent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It can arise de novo or result from the malignant transformation of a more indolent lymphoma. According to *The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms* there are 13 subtypes of lymphoma defined as specific entities, designating the rest as DLBCL not otherwise specified (NOS), which account for the vast majority of DLBCLs \[[@B1-cancers-12-00185]\]. The standard treatment approach consists of immunochemotherapy (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone---R-CHOP), which guarantees an overall survival (OS) of more than 60% for DLBCL-NOS cases. In particular, a subgroup of young patients with favourable-prognosis disease can even achieve the same clinical benefit with fewer cycles of R-CHOP \[[@B2-cancers-12-00185]\]. However, up to 40% of patients suffer relapse or refractory (R/R) disease \[[@B3-cancers-12-00185]\] and for them the standard salvage approach consists of autologous stem cell transplantation, even if long-term disease control is achieved in fewer than 50% of cases \[[@B4-cancers-12-00185]\]. Survival is particularly poor for patients relapsing within one year after R-CHOP with fewer than 15% of patients achieving a durable remission \[[@B5-cancers-12-00185],[@B6-cancers-12-00185],[@B7-cancers-12-00185]\]. Recently chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been approved as alternative curative options for patients with relapsing or refractory disease. CAR T cells represent a new class of cellular immunotherapy involving ex vivo genetic modification of patients' T cells, triggering T-cell activation and cytotoxicity \[[@B8-cancers-12-00185]\], that demonstrated good efficacy in B-cell malignancies treatment, including DLBCL \[[@B9-cancers-12-00185],[@B10-cancers-12-00185]\]. In this context, a prevision of poor OS is attributed to relapsing cases and to patients with refractory disease \[[@B6-cancers-12-00185]\] for which even CAR T-cell therapy fails \[[@B11-cancers-12-00185]\].
Therefore, it is essential to search for clinical parameters and biomarkers that could help to better DLBCL patients' characterization and stratification. Nowadays, thanks to the availability of comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analyses a wealth of information is generated, rendering the concept of personalized therapy more realistic. In the attempt to put some order in the most recent discoveries on DLBCL research, we reviewed the latest experimental studies in this field, focusing on the most important findings helping in the management of lymphoma patients from the perspective of personalized medicine.
1.1. Standard Prognosticators for DLBCL {#sec1dot1-cancers-12-00185}
---------------------------------------
One of the most commonly used prognostic tools is the *International Prognostic Index* (IPI) \[[@B12-cancers-12-00185]\], whose validity and reliability has been enhanced by several upgrades \[[@B13-cancers-12-00185]\]. However, it evaluates only five clinical parameters (age, lactate dehydrogenase, performance status, number of extranodal sites, and Ann Arbor stage), without considering the biologic characteristics of the tumour.
The first and nowadays most commonly used biologic prognosticator of DLBCL tumours is the cell-of-origin (COO) determination based on gene expression profiling (GEP), which subdivides most DLBCL-NOS patients into two main categories, namely germinal center B-cell-like (GCB), if presenting with expression features similar to germinal center cells, and activated B-cell-like (ABC) DLBCL \[[@B14-cancers-12-00185]\], when presenting features similar to activated B-lymphocytes. This subdivision is relevant for therapy and prognosis, as ABC cases show a worse outcome as regards progression-free survival (PFS) and OS after treatment with R-CHOP standard therapy \[[@B14-cancers-12-00185],[@B15-cancers-12-00185],[@B16-cancers-12-00185]\] in comparison to GCB patients.
However, GEP through microarrays poses a challenge because it is available only for a small fraction of patients whose mRNA can be extracted from fresh or frozen tissues. The attempts to substitute GEP with immunohistochemistry (IHC) applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples \[[@B17-cancers-12-00185],[@B18-cancers-12-00185],[@B19-cancers-12-00185],[@B20-cancers-12-00185],[@B21-cancers-12-00185],[@B22-cancers-12-00185]\] evidenced another series of inherent difficulties linked to the extreme variability of results, even when the same algorithm (Hans, Choi, Colomo, Muris, Pileri, or Tally) was applied \[[@B23-cancers-12-00185]\]. Indeed, when the two techniques were compared, it was evident that the classification of DLBCL based on the COO was different.
Five years ago a new approach named Lymph2Cx was proposed for GCB/ABC COO classification; based on a panel of 20 genes and applicable to mRNA extracted from FFPE tissue samples, it is conducted on the NanoString platform and replicates the results of conventional GEP, demonstrating its superiority to IHC algorithms in various series of DLBCL cases \[[@B24-cancers-12-00185],[@B25-cancers-12-00185],[@B26-cancers-12-00185],[@B27-cancers-12-00185]\].
In the context of GEP, a German research group recently analysed data generated from expression microarray analyses of 873 different types of lymphoma, including DLBCL, with the purpose of clarifying their phenotypic characteristics \[[@B28-cancers-12-00185]\]. Through this approach, the investigators demonstrated that the transcriptome panorama of B-cell lymphomas consists more in a continuum of expression states than of clearly separated phenotypes, and in which every layer represents a different lymphoma and individual cases \[[@B28-cancers-12-00185]\]. Focusing on DLBCL, a series of models employed GEP for classifying patients: Monti et al. subdivided cases into three groups that were identified in oxidative phosphorylation, B-cell receptor/proliferation, and host response \[[@B29-cancers-12-00185]\]; Dybkaer et al. isolated B cells from reactive tonsils and identified B-cell-associated gene signatures (BAGS), highlighting for each an association with molecular findings \[[@B30-cancers-12-00185]\]. Other researchers instead focused their efforts applying GEP in the study of the microenvironment of lymphoma cells \[[@B31-cancers-12-00185],[@B32-cancers-12-00185]\] and in the search of specific immune signatures \[[@B33-cancers-12-00185]\]. Indeed, over time a series of NanoString-based expression assays has been suggested; for example, the Michaelsen group recently proposed a new NanoString-based assay for BAGS classification to overcome the difficulty of microarray-based GEP, in order to better categorize DLBCL in diverse B-cell subtypes \[[@B34-cancers-12-00185]\]. Analysing microarray data from 970 patients belonging to four different cohorts, they first selected genes and then created and tested a new NanoString-based BAGS2Clinic assay for quick and easy-to-use BAGS profiling. Then, they tested the assay in an independent cohort of 88 lymph node biopsies and confirmed that it showed a good correspondence with the original BAGS classifier, having an overall accuracy of 84% and a subtype-specific accuracy ranging between 80% and 99%. It seems that BAGS classification could highlight important features of tumour biology and aspects about resistance to immuno- and chemotherapy that can be employed when choosing novel treatment strategies for DLBCL patients \[[@B34-cancers-12-00185]\].
However, albeit meticulous, even COO classification through GEP reserves diverse exceptions, and variation in patient outcome persists even within each COO subtype, posing the main difficulty in management of patients and raising the question of the deep study of the extreme molecular heterogeneity that features DLBCL \[[@B35-cancers-12-00185]\]. Consequently, several studies in the last years attempted to discover further stratification parameters serving to make a better patient categorization, and additional to the existing ones that presented some critical issues. Many prognostic markers have been considered, such as MYC gene alterations, which characterize from 5% to 15% of de novo DLBCL and confer a worse prognosis and higher risk of central nervous system involvement \[[@B36-cancers-12-00185]\], as well as TP53 mutation, Epstein--Barr virus infection, CD5 expression, CD30 expression, BCL2 rearrangement or expression, MHC class II expression, and others \[[@B37-cancers-12-00185],[@B38-cancers-12-00185],[@B39-cancers-12-00185],[@B40-cancers-12-00185],[@B41-cancers-12-00185],[@B42-cancers-12-00185],[@B43-cancers-12-00185],[@B44-cancers-12-00185],[@B45-cancers-12-00185],[@B46-cancers-12-00185],[@B47-cancers-12-00185],[@B48-cancers-12-00185]\], each presenting with contradicting data regarding their prognostic relevance. All things considered, at the current moment, genomic and transcriptomic profiling through next-generation sequencing (NGS) is surely the most powerful tool to investigate the molecular heterogeneity, as well as to find new potential biomarkers useful for diagnosis, risk determination, and treatment choice in DLBCL. However, in clinical practice, most investigations are conducted through the so-called "low-throughput techniques" (e.g., fluorescence in situ hybridization---FISH) and microarrays. Such approaches are acceptable if considering the old classification procedures that restricted the analyses to the search for a limited number of alterations, but now that fine molecular profiling of each individual case is possible, the implementation of NGS is becoming necessary also in the daily clinical workflow, maybe restricting the analyses to the search for specific molecular alterations.
1.2. Discovering New Prognostic Biomarkers and Models {#sec1dot2-cancers-12-00185}
-----------------------------------------------------
In the last years a series of discovery NGS researches was conducted trying to collect sequencing-derived information and to find focal alterations predicting prognosis, or in some cases, to elaborate models for DLBCL classification and prognostication ([Table 1](#cancers-12-00185-t001){ref-type="table"}).
In a large comprehensive exome and transcriptome sequencing of 1001 DLBCL cases \[[@B49-cancers-12-00185]\] Reddy and colleagues identified a set of 150 driver genes, most of which were then functionally characterized with an unbiased CRISPR screen of DLBCL cell lines to define oncogenes promoting cell growth. Through this information they drew up a prognostic model based on the presence of genetic alterations that was found to be better than current prognostic methods such as COO determination, IPI, and dual MYC and BCL2 expression. According to this model, genetic and/or expression aberrations of MYC defined the patient group with the worst prognosis; on the contrary, CD70 alterations in GCB-DLBCLs characterized the group with the better outcome \[[@B49-cancers-12-00185]\].
In a similar work by Schmitz and colleagues, NGS was adopted to unveil driver genes with recurrent alterations \[[@B50-cancers-12-00185]\]. They performed whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA-seq, gene copy number analysis and targeted resequencing of 372 genes of 574 DLBCL cases, mostly pre-treated (96.5%), of which 51.4% were ABC and 20% unclassified (non-ABC, non-GCB). They developed a specific algorithm to identify genetic subtypes on the basis of the co-occurrence of genetic aberrations, and defined four prevalent subtypes that they termed MCD (co-occurrence of MYD88L265P and CD79B mutations), BN2 (BCL6 fusions and NOTCH2 mutations), N1 (NOTCH1 mutations), and EZB (EZH2 mutations and BCL2 translocations). Each subtype featured differences in gene-expression signatures, sensitivity to immunochemotherapy and outcome, BN2 and EZB subtypes being associated with favourable survival, and MCD and N1 subtypes to inferior outcomes. Indeed, MCD and BN2 subtypes seemed to depend on a chronic active BCR signalling pathway, opening an option for targeted therapeutic inhibition \[[@B50-cancers-12-00185]\].
Another similar 2018 research by Chapuy et al. analysed 304 samples from DLBCL patients to find recurrent mutations, low-frequency alterations, somatic copy number alterations, and structural variants \[[@B51-cancers-12-00185]\] identifying a series of genetic drivers that led to another new molecular classification. Through consensus clustering they characterized five DLBCL subsets, which included a novel group of ABC-DLBCL lymphomas of extrafollicular/marginal zone origin with low-risk and associated to NOTCH2 mutations (C1); a group of ABC-DLBCL with gains in BCL2 and/or mutations in MYD88L265P, CD79B, PIM1, and PRDM1, and associated with an unfavourable outcome (C5); two distinct subsets of GCB-DLBCL with different outcomes and targetable alterations (C3 group with aberrations affecting PTEN and epigenetic mediators such as KMT2D, CREBBP, and EZH2 and poor outcomes; and C4 group with alterations of signal transducers such as BCR--PI3K, NF-κB, or RAS--JAK, of transcription activators such as BRAF and STAT3, in histone genes, and genes involved in immune evasion (CD83, CD70, and CD58), and with favourable outcomes); and an ABC/GCB-independent group with biallelic inactivation of TP53, CDKN2A loss, and genomic instability, associated with poor outcomes (C2). The characteristics of the five subgroups identified also correlate with outcome in an independent manner in regard to IPI, suggesting new chances of therapeutic options and providing a roadmap for the identification of actionable DLBCLs \[[@B51-cancers-12-00185]\].
Comparing the last two proposed molecular classifications it seems that the C1, C3, and C5 groups overlap with the BN2, EZB, and MCD groups of the work by Schmitz et al \[[@B50-cancers-12-00185]\]. However, there are also differences, such as the C2 and C4 groups that did not present similarities with those in the other research. Indeed, both classifications differed from the molecular classification by Reddy and colleagues, in which MYC status was correlated with clinical outcome \[[@B49-cancers-12-00185]\]. Indeed, each model presents some critical issues: the model by Reddy et al. gives a prognostic value to each individual marker assessed, but, given the lack of clear clusters, it is hard to use for therapeutic purposes. The drawback of the study by Schmitz is that is only focuses on ABC type; the study of Chapuy et al. instead encompasses all DLBCL, however conformational studies are still lacking.
The utility of investigating only MYD88/CD79B mutations to improve DLBCL classification and prognostication was explored in a set of 250 DLBCL cases \[[@B52-cancers-12-00185]\]. The authors analyzed MYD88/CD79B mutations through NGS or allele-specific PCR, MYC/BCL2/BCL6 rearrangements by FISH, and EBV infections by EBER-ISH, identifying MYD88 and CD79B mutations in 29.6% and 12.3%, MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements in 10.6%, 13.6%, and 20.3%, and EBV in 11.7% of cases, respectively. This study revealed that MYD88-mutated cases presented a significantly inferior five-year OS compared to wild-type; indeed, patients without any of the analysed alterations showed a superior OS compared to others carrying at least one aberrancy. In multivariable analysis, evaluating clinical-pathologic characteristics, outcome, and prognosis according to IPI, MYD88 mutations retained the adverse prognostic impact. Thus, investigating MYD88 mutations in DLBCL presents clinical utility as they feature a distinct molecular subtype with adverse prognosis \[[@B52-cancers-12-00185]\].
Further, MYD88 mutations, together with CD79A, CD79B, and CARD11 aberrations, are known to trigger chronic activation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathway \[[@B65-cancers-12-00185],[@B66-cancers-12-00185],[@B67-cancers-12-00185],[@B68-cancers-12-00185]\]. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is expressed in 90% of the ABC-like DLBCL subtype, and together with CD79A and CD79B, constitutes the BCR signalling complex, another mechanism of BCR aberrant chronic activation \[[@B69-cancers-12-00185]\]. A recent DNA copy number analysis of 1000 DLBCL cases identified gains of 18q21.2 as the most frequent genetic alteration in the ABC-like group, and recognized the TCF4 (E2-2) transcription factor gene as the main target of the genomic aberrations \[[@B53-cancers-12-00185]\]. With in vitro and in vivo experiments the effects of TCF4 overexpression were studied, observing its binding to IGHM and MYC gene enhancers and the augmented expression of the corresponding transcripts and proteins. Indeed, it was demonstrated that inhibition of TCF4 activity through the BET inhibitor ARV771 triggered death of the ABC-like DLBCL cells. Thus, this information represents a rationale for the employment of BET inhibitors for the subset of patients carrying this alteration \[[@B53-cancers-12-00185]\].
All the above-mentioned studies allowed the use of genomic aberrations to identify subgroups associated with distinct clinical outcomes, but it is not always possible offer a genetic classification to all DLBCL patients. In the attempt to solve this problem a series of other researches have been carried out. A 2019 study by Wang et al. employed WES data to establish mutant-allele tumour heterogeneity (MATH) \[[@B57-cancers-12-00185]\]. Based on the median expression level, patients were divided into low and high MATH score classes in which the higher MATH score group was associated with a higher risk of progression as compared to a lower MATH score, both in the discovery and in the validation set. The authors conclude that MATH has a prognostic value that could be considered in the management of DLBCL patients; a higher score of MATH has proven to be an independent risk prognostic factor in predicting recurrence \[[@B57-cancers-12-00185]\].
Another recent work instead studied the somatic hypermutation (SHM) mutational activities showing that they delineated the COO in DLBCL \[[@B55-cancers-12-00185]\]. Normally SHM acts during B-cell development targeting an immunoglobulin variable region \[[@B70-cancers-12-00185]\]; altered SHM hits several of the DLBCL driver genes \[[@B70-cancers-12-00185],[@B71-cancers-12-00185],[@B72-cancers-12-00185]\]. Alkodsi et al. found that the expression of 36 SHM target genes featured four novel SHM subtypes, strongly associated and overlapping with genetic subtypes already characterized by Schmitz et al., and that were significantly associated with OS and PFS of DLBCL patients treated with immunochemotherapy \[[@B55-cancers-12-00185]\]. Their stratification separates the GCB-DLBCL class into two major subtypes: SHM1, characterized by a high frequency of not always concurrent BCL2 and MYC aberrations and mutations in chromatin modifying genes, and including cases with poor outcome after standard R-CHOP therapy, that could be directed to alternative therapies; and SHM3, featuring mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway and a better outcome to standard cure. The ABC class was divided into SHM4, presenting with BCL6 fusions and mutations in CD70 and BCL10; and SHM2, presenting with the worst outcome and characterized by mutations in the BCR signalling pathway, that could be treated with kinase inhibitors. Through multivariate analysis of survival, they revealed that the SHM subtypes conferred a prognostic impact independently from the COO classification and IPI. Moreover, a distinct clinical outcome was observed for the SHM subtypes in the same COO subtype, and interestingly, even within unclassified DLBCL. Furthermore, they identified associations of each SHM subtype with driver mutations and oncogenic signalling pathways, proposing the possibility of choosing targeted therapy. Thus, SHM pattern represents a marker for the molecular and clinical classification of DLBCL \[[@B55-cancers-12-00185]\].
Also Arthur et al. in 2018 focused on SHM activity and analysed through WGS a discovery cohort of 153 DLBCL tumour/normal pairs, and performed data validation on an internal validation cohort of 338 cases and on an external validation cohort of over 1000 additional cases to find frequently mutated coding and non-coding loci, likely targeted by aberrant SHM \[[@B56-cancers-12-00185],[@B73-cancers-12-00185]\]. Through further analysis of matched RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, they suggested the potential cis-regulatory effects on coding genes of the alterations found \[[@B71-cancers-12-00185],[@B74-cancers-12-00185]\]. These analyses revealed recurrent mutations in the 3'UTR of NFKBIZ, responsible for oncogene deregulation, and NF-κB pathway activation in the ABC subclass; instead, in the GCB subgroup they evidenced small amplifications accompanied by over-expression of FCGR2B (the Fcγ receptor protein IIB), associated with poor outcomes \[[@B56-cancers-12-00185]\].
1.3. Discovering Causes of Transformation and Chemoresistence {#sec1dot3-cancers-12-00185}
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In 2014 Pasqualucci and researchers through WES and copy-number analysis performed a pioneering work highlighting aberrations of CDKN2A/B, MYC and TP53 as major drivers of transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL) to an aggressive malignancy, typically DLBCL \[[@B58-cancers-12-00185]\] ([Table 1](#cancers-12-00185-t001){ref-type="table"}). Further, a subsequent work showed that one third of transformed FL harbor a MYC rearrangement \[[@B75-cancers-12-00185]\]. More recently, Gonzalez-Rincon et al. performed targeted NGS on 22 matched samples of pre-transformed FL/transformed DLBCL patients and on 20 non-transformed FL patients \[[@B59-cancers-12-00185]\]. Through this approach they identified several recurrently mutated genes with roles in B-cell differentiation, GC architecture and migration that were enriched at transformation, such as LRP1B, GNA13, and, in particular, POU2AF1, whose mutations seemed to characterize transformed forms rather than de novo DLBCL cases. Overall, they observed that pre-transformed FLs samples were more mutated and presented greater subclonal heterogeneity than non-transformed forms. Specifically, four genes differed between patients who did and did not show transformation: NOTCH2, DTX1, UBE2A and HIST1H1E; the mutation of these genes was related to a shorter time to transformation. With this information, the authors conclude, it could be easier to identify patients at higher risk of transformation \[[@B59-cancers-12-00185]\].
With the purpose of investigating the pathogenic causes of chemoresistance and relapse in DLBCL, a 2014 work sequenced VDJ junctions in 14 pairs of matched diagnosis--relapse tumours \[[@B60-cancers-12-00185]\]. The results of this study proposed two mechanisms of clonal evolution in which the early-divergent mode found two distinct clones, the diagnostic one and the relapsing one, that diverged early; and the late-divergent mode, in which relapse clones descended directly from diagnostic clones with minor divergence. Indeed, they identified in epigenetic modifiers such as KMT2D the potential early driving mutation targets, and in immune escape alterations the relapse-associated events \[[@B60-cancers-12-00185]\]. A following research analyzed 38 R/R DLBCL biopsies obtained at the time of progression after immunochemotherapy with WES and compared the obtained mutation frequencies to an unrelated cohort of 138 diagnostic DLBCLs, with the aim of identifying relapse-associated genes. Through this approach they evidenced TP53, FOXO1, MLL3 (KMT2C), CCND3, NFKBIZ, and STAT6 as top candidate genes implicated in therapeutic resistance. Indeed, they detected mutations that may affect sensitivity to novel therapeutics, such as MYD88 and CD79B mutations in a portion of R/R ABC patients, and STAT6 mutations in one third of R/R GCB patients that were associated with activated JAK/STAT signaling, increased phospho-STAT6 protein expression, and increased expression of STAT6 target genes \[[@B61-cancers-12-00185]\]. Another research highlighted JAK-STAT pathway involvement in the relapsed samples; the authors performed WES on 14 matched primary/relapse samples from six DLBCL patients and recorded a mild increase of mutations in relapsed samples as compared to primary tumour specimens; 264 genes possibly related to therapy resistance were identified, such as tyrosine kinases, glycoproteins, and JAK-STAT pathway genes, as well as PIM1, SOCS1, and MYC, already known to be related to a risk for treatment failure \[[@B62-cancers-12-00185]\].
Furthermore, recently two other large-scale differential multi-omics studies were conducted on R/R DLBCL patients \[[@B63-cancers-12-00185]\]. In the former, Fornecher et al. integrated quantitative proteomics and targeted RNA-seq data obtained from a cohort of R/R versus chemosensitive DLBCL patients and listed a set of 22 transcripts/proteins pairs, whose expression levels significantly differed between the two groups. In this list appeared genes involved in metabolism such as Hexokinase 3, in the microenvironment such as IDO1, CXCL13, in cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion or the BCR signalling pathway such as CD79B \[[@B63-cancers-12-00185]\]. In the latter research, Rushton et al. collected samples from 134 R/R patients enrolled in three clinical trials and performed a combination of exome sequencing and target panel sequencing of lymphoma-associated genes on circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) extracted from plasma samples and tissue biopsies \[[@B64-cancers-12-00185]\]. They found that R/R patients were enriched for mutations in five genes; TP53, IL4R, HVCN1, RB1, and MS4A1. Apart from TP53, already described in R/R cases \[[@B54-cancers-12-00185]\], they focused on the others showing that IL4R mutations may trigger constitutively activation of JAK/STAT signalling and were associated to inferior OS; HVCN1 modulates the B-cell receptor (BCR) function, and truncated HVCN1 isoforms have been demonstrated to enhance BCR signaling; MS4A1 encodes CD20, the target of Rituximab, and its mutations either truncate CD20, or destabilize a common transmembrane helix. Collectively, they found that DLBCL patients with such mutations present a higher risk of treatment failure \[[@B64-cancers-12-00185]\].
1.4. Double Hit or Triple Hit B-Cell Lymphomas {#sec1dot4-cancers-12-00185}
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The debate about research into aggressive mature B-cell lymphomas with MYC, BCL2 and/or BLC6 aberrations, defined as high-grade B-cell lymphoma with double or triple hit (HGBL-DH/TH), deserves a special section as their detection constitutes a principal goal according to the last WHO classification \[[@B76-cancers-12-00185]\]. Quite recently, two research groups tried independently to recognize HGBL-DH/TH cases using gene expression signatures. Applying a gene expression--based classifier to a cohort of 928 DLBCL patients, Sha et al. identified a molecular high-grade (MHG) subgroup comprising 83 patients (9%), 75 of which were afferent to the GCB subtype \[[@B77-cancers-12-00185]\]. They revealed a subcategory of DH lymphomas and MYC rearrangement in one half of the total. GEP analysis identified proliferative features similar to centroblasts. PFS analysis at 36 months was 37% for the MHG subgroup after R-CHOP compared with 72% for others. Indeed, DH lymphomas not afferent to the MHG subgroup showed no evidence of a worse outcome than other GCB-like patients. Furthermore, they analysed the benefits of the addition of bortezomib to standard R-CHOP therapy; the collected data suggested a possible positive response to bortezomib \[[@B77-cancers-12-00185]\].
In another work, Ennishi et al. studied RNA-seq data deriving from 157 GCB-DLBCL cases, including 25 HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 cases, to elaborate a gene expression signature identifying HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 from other GCB-DLBCLs \[[@B78-cancers-12-00185]\]. Through this approach they elaborated a 104-gene panel with which 27% of all GCB-DLBCLs were grouped by the same expression signature, even if only one half harbored MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2). They evidenced that, regardless of the HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 status, the so-called double-hit signature-positive (DHITsig+) patients were characterized by inferior outcomes after immunochemotherapy as compared to negative patients. Indeed, they projected a new NanoString assay (DLBCL90) that should be useful in routine diagnostics to easily identify DHIT-positive cases \[[@B78-cancers-12-00185]\]. Later, Hilton et al evaluated through WES 20 DHITsig+GCB-DLBCL cases apparently lacking MYC and/or BCL2 rearrangements and revealed six tumours with cryptic MYC or BCL2 rearrangements that were FISH negative \[[@B79-cancers-12-00185]\]. Copy-number analysis revealed MYC and MIR17HG gains or amplifications, and focal deletions of the PVT1 promoter, both of which may contribute to dysregulation of MYC and its downstream pathways. These results support the role of the GEP signature for identifying GCB-DLBCL with poor outcomes \[[@B79-cancers-12-00185]\].
Through the expression signatures found, most HGBL-DH/TH were identified, emphasizing that, regardless of genetic or epigenetic aberrations, these patients present similar gene expression features. This observation highlights the concept that the mechanisms of alteration of the physiologic function of MYC and/or BCL2 are diverse and still emerging. Apart from structural aberrations such as translocation or gene amplification, the MYC role can be altered by transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications, by the activation of enhancer/superenhancer elements \[[@B80-cancers-12-00185],[@B81-cancers-12-00185]\] as well as by mutations \[[@B82-cancers-12-00185]\]. So, it is well known that there are diverse MYC alteration mechanisms, and other new ones are being discovered. For example, very recently Gallardo et al. showed a novel mechanism of MYC signalling aberrant activation \[[@B83-cancers-12-00185]\]. They explored the biological consequences of overexpression of hnRNP K, an RNA-binding protein, whose expression is altered in cancer. They analysed the clinical implications of hnRNP K overexpression in 75 DLBCL patients without MYC alterations, observing hnRNP K overexpression in DLBCL patients even without MYC aberrations and its association with a short OS and PFS. Furthermore, hnRNP K overexpression in transgenic mice induced the development of lymphomas and reduced survival. Indeed, through global screening experiments and biochemical assays, they showed that hnRNP K is capable of post-transcriptionally and translationally regulating MYC. This aspect renders hnRNP K overexpressing-cells sensitive to BET-bromodomain-inhibition both in vitro and in transplantation models, opening out a new treatment strategy for DLBCL patients \[[@B83-cancers-12-00185]\].
From a diagnostic point of view, because sometimes HGBL-DH/TH DLBCL lacks aggressive morphological and/or immunohistochemical characteristics, the doubt arises whether FISH testing for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 genes should be performed for every DLBCL case to detect DH status. A limitation to FISH testing was proposed only for GCB and double-protein expressor (DPE) (i.e., cases with MYC and BCL2 protein overexpression) DLBCL cases, thus reducing the analyses to 15% of patients \[[@B84-cancers-12-00185]\], but until now studies on large cohorts of patients are lacking. In their report, Scott et al. evaluated the prevalence of HGBL-DH/TH and the data resulting from FISH, COO (Lymph2Cx gene expression assay and/or Hans algorithm), and IHC testing in a large cohort of 1128 DLBCL cases deriving from three clinical trials and a population-based registry \[[@B85-cancers-12-00185]\]. Overall, 8% of the DLBCL analysed cases were HGBL-DH/TH and mostly GCB (13.3%) rather than ABC (1.7%). They demonstrated that the MYC rearrangement (MYC-R) featured 12.2% of cases that were mostly, but not totally, GCB DLBCLs: MYC-R alone and MYC/BCL6 HGBL-DH were observed in both ABC and GCB DLBCLs; instead, MYC/BCL2 and MYC/BCL2/BCL6 HGBL-DH/TH characterized only GCB. The data collected by the authors suggested that the best method for identifying all HGBL-DH/TH tumours is to perform FISH for the MYC rearrangement for all cases; when FISH testing is positive, BCL2 and BCL6 gene aberrations should be investigated \[[@B85-cancers-12-00185]\]. Another option is limiting FISH screening to GCB DLBCLs, thus reducing FISH experiments to half of DLBCL patients, still allowing the detection of about 99% HGBL-DH/TH with BCL2 rearrangements. However, this approach would prevent identifying rare MYC/BCL6 HGBL-DH \[[@B36-cancers-12-00185],[@B86-cancers-12-00185]\] and ABC/non-GCB cases with isolated MYC rearrangements. Indeed, the selection of DLBCL cases based on DPE status and/or COO did not allow about 35% of all HGBL-DH to be detected. Thus, FISH screening for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 should be performed in routine diagnostics, together with gene expression assays and NGS; alternatively, the optimum is testing for MYC rearrangements, followed by BCL2 and BCL6 analyses if the former is positive \[[@B85-cancers-12-00185]\].
However, FISH testing for MYC rearrangements frequently does not allow breakpoint characterization and MYC-partner gene identification. In an interesting study conducted by Chong et al., targeted sequencing of MYC, BCL2, BCL6 and the immunoglobulin (IG) loci was applied in 112 DLBCL cases with a MYC aberration to explore the rearrangement at base pair resolution and to identify the partner gene identity \[[@B87-cancers-12-00185]\]. They characterized the partner gene in 88 cases and identified a breakpoint cluster region upstream of the MYC coding region and in intron 1. In this region, mostly breaks for translocations involving IGH (80%) occurred, whereas breaks involving non genic rearrangements were located downstream of the gene locus with different partners such as IGL and IGK. They identified BCL6, ZCCHC7, and RFTN1 as recurrent MYC partners, never previously described. Indeed, they tested two commercially available FISH break-apart assays for the search of MYC rearrangements, and found discordant data in 32% of the examined patients. In HGBL-DH cases most (65%) of the MYC rearrangements presented non-IG partners and the breakpoints were located outside the genic cluster region in 72% of cases. Furthermore, patients with de novo HGBL-DH and MYC-IG aberrations featured a trend toward progression and to shorter OS as compared to patients with MYC--non-IG rearrangements, thus associating MYC rearrangement architecture to the clinical outcome \[[@B87-cancers-12-00185]\]. More recently, another work confirmed these data: by analyzing a large cohort of 2383 DLBCL patients, Rosenwald et al. identified MYC-R in 264 (11%) cases, and evidenced that the negative prognostic impact of MYC-R is largely observed in patients with MYC DH/TH disease in which MYC is translocated to an IG partner \[[@B88-cancers-12-00185]\].
HGBL-DH/TH lymphomas are a specific subcategory according to the WHO classification, owing to their particular worse outcome \[[@B89-cancers-12-00185]\]. As regards DH lymphomas, MYC and BCL2 rearrangements frequently trigger the corresponding protein overexpression, characterizing a specific group called DPE lymphomas \[[@B90-cancers-12-00185],[@B91-cancers-12-00185]\], clinically featuring rapid progression and poor outcome. Recently, a study by Uchida et al. showed the positive effect of the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax for the therapy of this subgroup of lymphomas \[[@B92-cancers-12-00185]\]. In vitro studies on DH and DPE lymphoma-derived cell lines revealed that the survival of neoplastic cells seems to depend on BCL2 activity rather than that of MCL1, a protein with a pro-survival function. In this context, they demonstrated that venetoclax interrupts the interaction between BCL2 and BIM, a pro-apoptotic protein, induces dephosphorylation of BCL2, and represses MCL1 protein expression. In primary lymphoma cell cultures, venetoclax was able to induce apoptosis even at low doses \[[@B92-cancers-12-00185]\], showing venetoclax as a promising strategy for the treatment of DH-DPE lymphomas. Nonetheless, the first clinical studies showed that as monotherapy it probably has no room, and even when combined with a trail inhibitor doesn't seem effective in relapsed DLBCL \[[@B93-cancers-12-00185]\]. However, further investigations are needed before coming to definitive conclusions.
1.5. NGS Application in Clinical Practice: Liquid Biopsy {#sec1dot5-cancers-12-00185}
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In the future liquid biopsy will likely be the tool that can render NGS investigations more feasible and realistic. Analyzing circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) containing DNA released by the tumour cells (ctDNA), liquid biopsy is a non-invasive investigation that, joined to NGS sensitivity and specificity, will probably revolutionize cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. ctDNA has been demonstrated to be as accurate as genotyping of the diagnostic biopsy to detect somatic mutations in DLBCL \[[@B94-cancers-12-00185]\]; indeed, ctDNA analysis has proven able to define tumour burden \[[@B95-cancers-12-00185],[@B96-cancers-12-00185]\] and identify prognostic and actionable biomarkers \[[@B95-cancers-12-00185],[@B96-cancers-12-00185],[@B97-cancers-12-00185],[@B98-cancers-12-00185],[@B99-cancers-12-00185],[@B100-cancers-12-00185]\]. Indeed, it reflects the real tumour genomic heterogeneity, as demonstrated by the observation of varies mutations maybe originating from different tumour-associated localizations. Further, through liquid biopsy the response to therapy and minimal residual disease can be monitored, as well as transformation or chemoresistance emerging by tracking genetic evolution through ctDNA analysis over time \[[@B94-cancers-12-00185],[@B96-cancers-12-00185]\]. A 2019 work conducted liquid biopsy through targeted-NGS on a set of 390 lymphoma- and cancer-relevant genes in 50 lymphoma patients in order to establish the mutation profiles of different lymphoma subtypes and evaluate the correlation between the cfDNA concentration and other clinical indexes such as serum LDH and IPI \[[@B101-cancers-12-00185]\]. The cfDNA concentration in the plasma was significantly correlated with the clinical indices in DLBCL; indeed, the differences between GCB-DLBCL, non-GCB-DLBCL and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma were evident, confirming that NGS-based cfDNA mutation profiling is capable of discriminating different lymphoma subtypes as well as performing COO classification \[[@B96-cancers-12-00185],[@B101-cancers-12-00185]\], thus helping to direct precision medicine actions \[[@B101-cancers-12-00185]\].
Recently, ctDNA level measurement has recently been integrated in a new risk assessment method called CIRI (Continuous Individualized Risk Index), that dynamically evaluates individual outcome probabilities employing risk predictors obtained over time, producing real-time risk assessments during the patient's disease course. CIRI for monitoring DLBCL patients considers a total of six risk factors, including the IPI, COO, interim imaging (iPET), along with ctDNA measurements prior to cycles one, two, and three of therapy, and has been demonstrated to improve outcome prediction compared to conventional risk models, thus enabling therapy selection in the perspective of personalized medicine \[[@B102-cancers-12-00185]\].
1.6. Discovering Personalized Treatment Approaches {#sec1dot6-cancers-12-00185}
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In the last years, the clinical management of patients with malignant lymphoma has benefited from research on tumour genomics and biology, particularly in the context of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors \[[@B53-cancers-12-00185],[@B103-cancers-12-00185],[@B104-cancers-12-00185],[@B105-cancers-12-00185],[@B106-cancers-12-00185]\], despite some disappointing results of phase II/III trials on some promising agents (e.g., obinutuzumab and bortezomib) \[[@B107-cancers-12-00185]\] for which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Moreover, a problem of the first line studies is that in relapsed setting drugs have a short duration of responses and no plateau. Hence, any benefit seen in relapse setting does not necessarily translate in a durable increase in cure/remission in first line. Indeed, the efficacy of some drugs could be reduced because of incorrect combination with chemotherapeutic agents or insufficient dosage, as well as because of tumour-specific peculiarities \[[@B108-cancers-12-00185]\].
In the future, NGS implementation in the routine clinical diagnostics will render tumour genetic profiling within everyone's reach, offering the chance of a choice of tailored treatment strategies. However, despite the enormous excitement about the hypothesis of using targeted agents for patient personalized treatment, there are a series of inherent difficulties to be surmounted. Randomized trials on the addition of targeted drugs (ibrutinib, everolimus, bortezomib, and lenalidomide) to standard chemotherapy did not demonstrate a clear advantage \[[@B109-cancers-12-00185],[@B110-cancers-12-00185],[@B111-cancers-12-00185],[@B112-cancers-12-00185]\], and in some circumstances the use of targeted agents alone has been hypothesized. In other cases, the opportunity of drug combinations has been discussed \[[@B113-cancers-12-00185]\], as a better response can be obtained than with each drug alone. Indeed, although nowadays a number of new potent drugs are available, it is equally true that there could be a wide list of drug combinations that could be employed for patient treatment. The opportunity of using drug combinations that attack important cancer-signalling pathways at the same time from multiple fronts raises the chance of therapeutic success, especially in the treatment of tumours such as DLBCL that present with complex genetic heterogeneity. Indeed, this approach can reduce treatment resistance, which can frequently be due to pathway redundancies, cancer cell heterogeneity, and disease evolution \[[@B114-cancers-12-00185],[@B115-cancers-12-00185]\]. A clear example that confirms this concept is R-CHOP, which has recently been demonstrated to be effective and curative thanks to low cross-resistance, rather than synergy among drugs \[[@B116-cancers-12-00185]\].
However, today only a narrow list of approved drug combinations is available; indeed, they mostly derive from empirical clinical experience rather than rational design. To meet this need, some computational models have been developed that integrate the tumour genomic signatures with pharmacological profiles of drugs. In 2018, Preuer et al. developed a deep neural network model, DeepSynergy, to elaborate drug combinations integrating the data deriving from gene expression analysis of 39 cancer cell lines with the chemical peculiarities of 38 anti-cancer drugs \[[@B117-cancers-12-00185]\]. However, some authors observed that this method uses large numbers of known synergistic drug combinations, frequently not providing a hypothesis of the potential mechanism of a specific drug combination synergy. Other approaches were then developed in order to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease; one example is Combinatorial Drug Assembler (CDA) \[[@B118-cancers-12-00185]\], a pathway-based model elaborated to discover drug combinations targeting pathways that overlap with tumour-enriched signalling pathways using differentially expressed genes. Another model is TIMMA \[[@B119-cancers-12-00185]\], which identifies drugs targeting multiple driver pathways by elaborating and combining drug screening data and drug target interactions into a target inhibition network framework. However, the survival pathways to be targeted were identified based on empirical selection, not considering genomic data.
Recently, some investigators proposed a new computational system biology tool that they called DrugComboExplorer, which combines specific genomic characteristics of cancer types (i.e., signalling pathways, interactome and pharmacological data) with pharmacogenomic profiles of 5585 drugs and bioactive compounds from the NIH LINCS program (Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures) \[[@B120-cancers-12-00185]\]. Indeed, by adopting a data-driven strategy and by combining multi-omics data (DNA seq, gene copy number, DNA methylation, and RNA-seq data) of individual cancer patients, this tool unveils new regulatory signalling pathway mechanisms (i.e., driver signalling networks) and is able to perform large-scale drug combination prediction (15,593,320 available drug combinations). In vitro validation experiments on DLBCL and prostate cancer cell lines, in order to evaluate the reliability and the predictive power of their bioinformatics tool, confirmed its utility in identifying targetable cancer driver pathways and prioritizing potential drug combinations useful to attack them \[[@B120-cancers-12-00185]\].
Surely, this kind of approach is still in its infancy as the authors admit, but further investigations are ongoing to try to apply these models to specific cancer cases in clinical practice in order to identify personalized drug combinations and more efficient treatment plans for individual patients \[[@B120-cancers-12-00185]\]. Then, large scale collaborations should be scheduled integrating mulit-omics data, Bayesian trial design, and early shared endpoints based on, for example, CIRI or any interim guided models to test in vivo the reliability of these drug combination-predicting models ([Figure 1](#cancers-12-00185-f001){ref-type="fig"}).
2. Conclusions {#sec2-cancers-12-00185}
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The attentive observer has surely realized that there is currently a dichotomy between the potentialities deriving from the recent discoveries for DLBCL diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, and patient management in real clinical life. Despite discoveries of new drugs, R-CHOP remains the standard treatment approach, and targeted therapy is considered mostly for R/R patients. This circumstance will probably persist for a while, but when the biological background becomes clearer, when genome-wide screening has become within everyone's reach, and when targeted drugs have demonstrated their real benefits, personalized medicine will become feasible also for DLBCL.
In this panorama, a great improvement in clinical management of patients will certainly derive from the synergy of data obtained from liquid biopsy, providing information about therapy options stitched onto the patient's specific disease. Probably, today we are still far from this goal, as standardizations and clinical trial designs are still needed to render molecularly driven approaches really achievable. In any case, the bases are there, allowing us to pursue the goal of realizing targeted therapy for DLBCL.
The authors would like to thank Mary Victoria Pragnell, B.A., for language revision of the manuscript. This work was supported by the 'Il sorriso di Antonio' Association (Corato, Italy) and Associazione Italiana contro le Leucemie (AIL)-BARI.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#cancers-12-00185-f001}
cancers-12-00185-t001_Table 1
######
Summary of the most relevant recent studies about DLBCL molecular classification and prognostication.
Reference Kind of Study Main Molecular Findings Clinical Implications
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New Prognostic Biomarkers and Models
Reddy et al., *Cell* 2017 \[[@B49-cancers-12-00185]\] Exome and transcriptome sequencing of 1001 DLBCL cases Identification of 150 driver genes set, definition of a prognostic model better than current ones -MYC mutations or aberrant expression: worst prognosis-CD70 alterations: better outcome
Schmitz et al., *NEJM* 2018 \[[@B50-cancers-12-00185]\] WES, RNA-seq, gene copy number analysis and targeted sequencing of 372 genes in 574 DLBCL cases Development of a specific algorithm identifying four genetic subtypes: -MCD (MYD88L265P and CD79B mutations),-BN2 (BCL6 fusions and NOTCH2 mutations),-N1 (NOTCH1 mutations),-EZB (EZH2 mutations and BCL2 translocations) -BN2 and EZB: favourable outcome-MCD and N1: inferior outcome-MCD and BN2 subtypes depend on BCR signalling pathway activation (targeted therapeutic option)
Chapuy et al., *Nat Med* 2018 \[[@B51-cancers-12-00185]\] WES and targeted sequencing on 304 DLBCL patients Identification of five DLBCL subsets:-C1 (NOTCH2 mutations)-C2 (TP53 and CDKN2A alterations, genomic instability)-C3 (PTEN, KMT2D, CREBBP, and EZH2 aberrations)-C4 (BCR--PI3K, NF-κB, or RAS--JAK pathway alterations, BRAF, STAT3, CD83, CD70, and CD58 mutations)-C5 (BCL2, MYD88L265P, CD79B, PIM1, and PRDM1 alterations) -C1: low-risk-C2: poor outcome-C3: poor outcome-C4: favourable outcome-C5: unfavourable outcome
Vermaat et al., *Haematologica* 2019 \[[@B52-cancers-12-00185]\] NGS, allele-specific PCR and FISH on 250 DLBCL cases Identification of:-MYD88 and CD79B mutations in 29.6% and 12.3%-MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements in 10.6%, 13.6%, and 20.3%, respectively MYD88 mutations: adverse prognostic impact
Jain et al., *Sci. Transl. Med* 2019 \[[@B53-cancers-12-00185]\] DNA copy number analysis of 1000 DLBCL cases Identification of 18q21.2 gains as the most frequent genetic alteration in the ABC-like group, with involvement of TCF4 (E2-2) transcription factor gene The inhibition of TCF4 activity through BET inhibitors could be employed in the treatment of this patient subset
Intlekofer et al., *Blood Cancer* 2018 \[[@B54-cancers-12-00185]\] Targeted NGS on 198 DLBCL cases Identification of a median number of six genetic aberrations per case, with 97% of patients presenting at least one alteration and 54% of cases more than one (e.g., MYD88, CREBBP, CD79B, EZH2) -Less common aberrations (BRAF, CD274 (PD-L1), IDH2, and JAK1/2) could be employed as potential therapeutic targets-TP53 alterations: more frequently associated to lack of response to first-line chemotherapy and involved in R/R DLBCL
Alkodsi et al., *Leukemia* 2019 \[[@B55-cancers-12-00185]\] WGS, RNA-seq, and gene expression from literature DLBCL cohorts The expression of 36 SHM target genes identifies four SHM subtypes:-SHM1 (BCL2, MYC, and chromatin modifying genes aberrations)-SHM2 (BCR signalling pathway mutations)-SHM3 (JAK-STAT pathway mutations)-SHM4 (BCL6 fusions and mutations in CD70 and BCL10) -SHM1: poor outcome after standard R-CHOP therapy-SHM2: worst outcome, could be treated with kinase inhibitors-SHM3: better outcome to standard cure-SHM4: worst outcome, similar to SHM2
Arthur et al., *Nat. Commun.* 2018 \[[@B56-cancers-12-00185]\] Integrative analysis of whole genomes, exomes, and transcriptomes on thousands of DLBCL cases Identification of:-recurrent NFKBIZ 3' UTR mutations causing NF-κB pathway activation in the ABC subgroup-Small amplifications associated with over-expression of FCGR2B, in the GCB subgroup These results revealed new driver DLBCL mutations, improving diagnostic assays and offering new possibilities for the development of targeted therapeutics
Wang et al., *Carcinogenesis* 2019 \[[@B57-cancers-12-00185]\] WES on 22 early stage DLBCL and validation on 35 primary DLBCL cases Identification of two MATH score classes: low and high MATH score groups according to the median expression level -The higher MATH score group was associated with a higher risk of progression-The MATH score has a prognostic value that could be considered in the management of DLBCL patients
Causes of Transformation and Chemoresistance
Pasqualucci et al., *Cell Rep.* 2014 \[[@B58-cancers-12-00185]\] WES and SNP array analysis on 12 FL samples at diagnosis and on 39 transformed FL Identification of CDKN2A/B, MYC and TP53 as major drivers of transformation of FL to an aggressive malignancy, typically DLBCL The genomic profile of transformed FL shares similarities with de novo DLBCL-GCB but also displays unique gene mutations with diagnostic and therapeutic implications
González-Rincón et al., *PLoS One* 2019 \[[@B59-cancers-12-00185]\] Targeted NGS on 22 pre-transformed /transformed and on 20 non-transformed FL cases Transformed FL are characterized by several recurrently mutated genes with roles in B-cell differentiation, GC architecture and migration (LRP1B, GNA13 and POU2AF1) -Four genes differed between patients who did and did not show transformation (NOTCH2, DTX1, UBE2A and HIST1H1E)-the mutation of these genes was related to a higher risk of transformation
Jiang et al., *Genome Biol.* 2014 \[[@B60-cancers-12-00185]\] High-throughput sequencing of rearranged VDJ junctions in 14 pairs of matched diagnosis-relapse DLBCL Two proposed mechanisms of clonal evolution:-the early-divergent mode with two distinct clones (the diagnostic and the relapsing one) that early diverged;-the late-divergent mode, in which relapse clones descended directly from diagnostic clones with minor divergence Although DLBCL relapse may result from multiple tumour evolutionary mechanisms, each mechanism could provide rationale for therapies
Morin et al., *Clin. Cancer Res.* 2016 \[[@B61-cancers-12-00185]\] WES on 38 R/R DLBCL biopsies and on an unrelated cohort of 138 diagnostic DLBCLs Identification of TP53, FOXO1, MLL3 (KMT2C), CCND3, NFKBIZ, and STAT6 as top candidate genes implicated in therapeutic resistance Detection of mutations (MYD88 and CD79B) that may affect sensitivity to novel therapeutics
Nijland et al., *Cancers (Basel)*. 2018 \[[@B62-cancers-12-00185]\] WES on 14 matched primary/relapse samples from six DLBCL patients Identification of 264 genes possibly related to therapy resistance, including tyrosine kinases, transmembrane glycoproteins, and genes involved in the JAK-STAT pathway Identification of resistance-related genes such as PIM1, SOCS1, and MYC, that confer a risk for treatment failure
Fornecker et al., *Sci. Rep.* 2019 \[[@B63-cancers-12-00185]\] Integrated quantitative proteomics and targeted RNA-sequencing in 8 R/R DLBCL cases versus 12 chemosensitive DLBCL patients Identification of a set of 22 transcripts/proteins pairs, whose expression levels significantly differed between the two analysed groups Identification of new biomarkers related to chemoresistance, new potential drug targets: Hexokinase 3, IDO1, CXCL13, S100 proteins, CD79B
Rushton et al., *Hematol. Oncol.* 2019 \[[@B64-cancers-12-00185]\] WES and targeted NGS on plasma samples and tissue biopsies from 134 R/R patients R/R patients were enriched for mutations in five genes: TP53, IL4R, HVCN1, RB1 and MS4A1 DLBCL patients with mutations in these five genes present a higher risk of treatment failure
Abbreviations: WES, whole-exome sequencing; RNA-seq, transcriptome sequencing; NGS, next-generation sequencing; R/R, relapse or refractory; MATH, mutant-allele tumour heterogeneity; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; FL, follicular lymphoma; VDJ, Variable Diversity Joining.
|
/*-
* See the file LICENSE for redistribution information.
*
* Copyright (c) 1999, 2011 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* $Id$
*/
#include "db_config.h"
#include "db_int.h"
#pragma hdrstop
// @v9.5.5 #include "dbinc/db_verify.h"
static int __bam_safe_getdata __P((DB*, DB_THREAD_INFO*,PAGE*, uint32, int, DBT*, int *));
static int __bam_vrfy_inp __P((DB*, VRFY_DBINFO*, PAGE*, db_pgno_t, db_indx_t*, uint32));
static int __bam_vrfy_treeorder __P((DB*, DB_THREAD_INFO*, PAGE*, BINTERNAL*, BINTERNAL*, int (*)(DB *, const DBT *, const DBT *), uint32));
static int __ram_vrfy_inp __P((DB*, VRFY_DBINFO*, PAGE*, db_pgno_t, db_indx_t*, uint32));
/*
* __bam_vrfy_meta --
* Verify the btree-specific part of a metadata page.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_vrfy_meta __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, BTMETA *,
* PUBLIC: db_pgno_t, uint32));
*/
int __bam_vrfy_meta(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, BTMETA * meta, db_pgno_t pgno, uint32 flags)
{
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
int t_ret, ret;
db_indx_t ovflsize;
ENV * env = dbp->env;
int isbad = 0;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
/*
* If VRFY_INCOMPLETE is not set, then we didn't come through
* __db_vrfy_pagezero and didn't incompletely
* check this page--we haven't checked it at all.
* Thus we need to call __db_vrfy_meta and check the common fields.
*
* If VRFY_INCOMPLETE is set, we've already done all the same work
* in __db_vrfy_pagezero, so skip the check.
*/
if(!F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_INCOMPLETE) && (ret = __db_vrfy_meta(dbp, vdp, &meta->dbmeta, pgno, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
/* bt_minkey: must be >= 2; must produce sensible ovflsize */
/* avoid division by zero */
ovflsize = meta->minkey > 0 ?
B_MINKEY_TO_OVFLSIZE(dbp, meta->minkey, dbp->pgsize) : 0;
if(meta->minkey < 2 ||
ovflsize > B_MINKEY_TO_OVFLSIZE(dbp, DEFMINKEYPAGE, dbp->pgsize)) {
pip->bt_minkey = 0;
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1034", "Page %lu: nonsensical bt_minkey value %lu on metadata page", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)meta->minkey));
}
else
pip->bt_minkey = meta->minkey;
/* re_len: no constraints on this (may be zero or huge--we make rope) */
pip->re_pad = meta->re_pad;
pip->re_len = meta->re_len;
/*
* The root must not be current page or 0 and it must be within
* database. If this metadata page is the master meta data page
* of the file, then the root page had better be page 1.
*/
pip->root = 0;
if(meta->root == PGNO_INVALID || meta->root == pgno || !IS_VALID_PGNO(meta->root) || (pgno == PGNO_BASE_MD && meta->root != 1)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1035", "Page %lu: nonsensical root page %lu on metadata page", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)meta->root));
}
else
pip->root = meta->root;
/* Flags. */
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_RENUMBER))
F_SET(pip, VRFY_IS_RRECNO);
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_SUBDB)) {
/*
* If this is a master db meta page, it had better not have
* duplicates.
*/
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_DUP) && pgno == PGNO_BASE_MD) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1036", "Page %lu: Btree metadata page has both duplicates and multiple databases", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_SUBDBS);
}
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_DUP))
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS);
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_DUPSORT))
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPSORT);
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_RECNUM))
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_RECNUMS);
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_RECNUMS) && F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1037", "Page %lu: Btree metadata page illegally has both recnums and dups", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
isbad = 1;
}
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_RECNO)) {
F_SET(pip, VRFY_IS_RECNO);
dbp->type = DB_RECNO;
}
else if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_IS_RRECNO)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1038", "Page %lu: metadata page has renumber flag set but is not recno", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_COMPRESS)) {
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_COMPRESS);
if(!DB_IS_COMPRESSED(dbp)) {
static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal)->bt_compress = __bam_defcompress;
static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal)->bt_decompress = __bam_defdecompress;
}
/*
* Copy dup_compare to compress_dup_compare, and use the
* compression duplicate compare.
*/
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPSORT)) {
SETIFZ(dbp->dup_compare, __bam_defcmp);
if(static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal)->compress_dup_compare == NULL) {
static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal)->compress_dup_compare = dbp->dup_compare;
dbp->dup_compare = __bam_compress_dupcmp;
}
}
}
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_RECNUMS) && F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_COMPRESS)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1039", "Page %lu: Btree metadata page illegally has both recnums and compression", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
isbad = 1;
}
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS) && !F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPSORT) && F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_COMPRESS)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1040", "Page %lu: Btree metadata page illegally has both unsorted duplicates and compression", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
isbad = 1;
}
#endif
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_IS_RECNO) && F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1041", "Page %lu: recno metadata page specifies duplicates", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
isbad = 1;
}
if(F_ISSET(&meta->dbmeta, BTM_FIXEDLEN))
F_SET(pip, VRFY_IS_FIXEDLEN);
else if(pip->re_len > 0) {
/*
* It's wrong to have an re_len if it's not a fixed-length
* database
*/
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1042", "Page %lu: re_len of %lu in non-fixed-length database", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)pip->re_len));
}
/*
* We do not check that the rest of the page is 0, because it may
* not be and may still be correct.
*/
err:
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
if(LF_ISSET(DB_SALVAGE) && (t_ret = __db_salvage_markdone(vdp, pgno)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __ram_vrfy_leaf --
* Verify a recno leaf page.
*
* PUBLIC: int __ram_vrfy_leaf __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, PAGE *, db_pgno_t,
* PUBLIC: uint32));
*/
int __ram_vrfy_leaf(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, PAGE * h, db_pgno_t pgno, uint32 flags)
{
BKEYDATA * bk;
ENV * env;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
db_indx_t i;
int ret, t_ret, isbad;
uint32 re_len_guess, len;
env = dbp->env;
isbad = 0;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
if(TYPE(h) != P_LRECNO) {
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__ram_vrfy_leaf");
goto err;
}
/*
* Verify (and, if relevant, save off) page fields common to
* all PAGEs.
*/
if((ret = __db_vrfy_datapage(dbp, vdp, h, pgno, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
/*
* Verify inp[]. Return immediately if it returns DB_VERIFY_BAD;
* further checks are dangerous.
*/
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_inp(dbp,
vdp, h, pgno, &pip->entries, flags)) != 0)
goto err;
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1043", "Page %lu: Recno database has dups", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
/*
* Walk through inp and see if the lengths of all the records are the
* same--if so, this may be a fixed-length database, and we want to
* save off this value. We know inp to be safe if we've gotten this
* far.
*/
re_len_guess = 0;
for(i = 0; i < NUM_ENT(h); i++) {
bk = GET_BKEYDATA(dbp, h, i);
/* KEYEMPTY. Go on. */
if(B_DISSET(bk->type))
continue;
if(bk->type == B_OVERFLOW)
len = ((BOVERFLOW *)bk)->tlen;
else if(bk->type == B_KEYDATA)
len = bk->len;
else {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1044", "Page %lu: nonsensical type for item %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
continue;
}
if(re_len_guess == 0)
re_len_guess = len;
/*
* Is this item's len the same as the last one's? If not,
* reset to 0 and break--we don't have a single re_len.
* Otherwise, go on to the next item.
*/
if(re_len_guess != len) {
re_len_guess = 0;
break;
}
}
pip->re_len = re_len_guess;
/* Save off record count. */
pip->rec_cnt = NUM_ENT(h);
err:
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __bam_vrfy --
* Verify a btree leaf or internal page.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_vrfy __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, PAGE *, db_pgno_t,
* PUBLIC: uint32));
*/
int __bam_vrfy(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, PAGE * h, db_pgno_t pgno, uint32 flags)
{
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
int ret, t_ret;
ENV * env = dbp->env;
int isbad = 0;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
case P_IRECNO:
case P_LBTREE:
case P_LDUP:
break;
default:
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy");
goto err;
}
/*
* Verify (and, if relevant, save off) page fields common to
* all PAGEs.
*/
if((ret = __db_vrfy_datapage(dbp, vdp, h, pgno, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
/*
* The record count is, on internal pages, stored in an overloaded
* next_pgno field. Save it off; we'll verify it when we check
* overall database structure. We could overload the field
* in VRFY_PAGEINFO, too, but this seems gross, and space
* is not at such a premium.
*/
pip->rec_cnt = RE_NREC(h);
/*
* Verify inp[].
*/
if(TYPE(h) == P_IRECNO) {
if((ret = __ram_vrfy_inp(dbp, vdp, h, pgno, &pip->entries, flags)) != 0)
goto err;
}
else if((ret = __bam_vrfy_inp(dbp, vdp, h, pgno, &pip->entries, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1045", "Page %lu: item order check unsafe: skipping", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
else if(!LF_ISSET(DB_NOORDERCHK) && (ret = __bam_vrfy_itemorder(dbp, vdp, vdp->thread_info, h, pgno, 0, 0, 0, flags)) != 0) {
/*
* We know that the elements of inp are reasonable.
*
* Check that elements fall in the proper order.
*/
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
err:
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __ram_vrfy_inp --
* Verify that all entries in a P_IRECNO inp[] array are reasonable,
* and count them. Note that P_LRECNO uses __bam_vrfy_inp;
* P_IRECNOs are a special, and simpler, case, since they have
* RINTERNALs rather than BKEYDATA/BINTERNALs.
*/
static int __ram_vrfy_inp(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, PAGE * h, db_pgno_t pgno, db_indx_t * nentriesp, uint32 flags)
{
ENV * env;
RINTERNAL * ri;
VRFY_CHILDINFO child;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
int ret, t_ret, isbad;
uint32 himark, i, offset, nentries;
db_indx_t * inp;
uint8 * pagelayout, * p;
env = dbp->env;
isbad = 0;
memzero(&child, sizeof(VRFY_CHILDINFO));
nentries = 0;
pagelayout = NULL;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
if(TYPE(h) != P_IRECNO) {
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__ram_vrfy_inp");
goto err;
}
himark = dbp->pgsize;
if((ret = __os_malloc(env, dbp->pgsize, &pagelayout)) != 0)
goto err;
memzero(pagelayout, dbp->pgsize);
inp = P_INP(dbp, h);
for(i = 0; i < NUM_ENT(h); i++) {
if((uint8 *)inp+i >= (uint8 *)h+himark) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1046", "Page %lu: entries listing %lu overlaps data", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
offset = inp[i];
/*
* Check that the item offset is reasonable: it points
* somewhere after the inp array and before the end of the
* page.
*/
if(offset <= (uint32)((uint8 *)inp+i-
(uint8 *)h) ||
offset > (uint32)(dbp->pgsize-RINTERNAL_SIZE)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1047", "Page %lu: bad offset %lu at index %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)offset, (ulong)i));
continue;
}
/* Update the high-water mark (what HOFFSET should be) */
if(offset < himark)
himark = offset;
nentries++;
/* Make sure this RINTERNAL is not multiply referenced. */
ri = GET_RINTERNAL(dbp, h, i);
if(pagelayout[offset] == 0) {
pagelayout[offset] = 1;
child.pgno = ri->pgno;
child.type = V_RECNO;
child.nrecs = ri->nrecs;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_childput(vdp, pgno, &child)) != 0)
goto err;
}
else {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1048", "Page %lu: RINTERNAL structure at offset %lu referenced twice", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)offset));
isbad = 1;
}
}
for(p = pagelayout+himark; p < pagelayout+dbp->pgsize; p += RINTERNAL_SIZE)
if(*p != 1) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1049", "Page %lu: gap between items at offset %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)(p-pagelayout)));
isbad = 1;
}
if((db_indx_t)himark != HOFFSET(h)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1050", "Page %lu: bad HOFFSET %lu, appears to be %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)(HOFFSET(h)), (ulong)himark));
isbad = 1;
}
*nentriesp = nentries;
err:
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
__os_free(env, pagelayout);
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
typedef enum { VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET = 0, VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN, VRFY_ITEM_END } VRFY_ITEM;
/*
* __bam_vrfy_inp --
* Verify that all entries in inp[] array are reasonable;
* count them.
*/
static int __bam_vrfy_inp(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, PAGE * h, db_pgno_t pgno, db_indx_t * nentriesp, uint32 flags)
{
BKEYDATA * bk;
BOVERFLOW * bo;
ENV * env;
VRFY_CHILDINFO child;
VRFY_ITEM * pagelayout;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
uint32 himark, offset; /* These would be db_indx_ts but for alignment. */
uint32 i, endoff, nentries;
int isbad, initem, isdupitem, ret, t_ret;
env = dbp->env;
isbad = isdupitem = 0;
nentries = 0;
memzero(&child, sizeof(VRFY_CHILDINFO));
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
case P_LBTREE:
case P_LDUP:
case P_LRECNO:
break;
default:
/*
* In the salvager, we might call this from a page which
* we merely suspect is a btree page. Otherwise, it
* shouldn't get called--if it is, that's a verifier bug.
*/
if(LF_ISSET(DB_SALVAGE))
break;
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_inp");
goto err;
}
/*
* Loop through inp[], the array of items, until we either
* run out of entries or collide with the data. Keep track
* of h_offset in himark.
*
* For each element in inp[i], make sure it references a region
* that starts after the end of the inp array (as defined by
* NUM_ENT(h)), ends before the beginning of the page, doesn't
* overlap any other regions, and doesn't have a gap between
* it and the region immediately after it.
*/
himark = dbp->pgsize;
if((ret = __os_calloc(
env, dbp->pgsize, sizeof(pagelayout[0]), &pagelayout)) != 0)
goto err;
for(i = 0; i < NUM_ENT(h); i++) {
switch(ret = __db_vrfy_inpitem(dbp,
h, pgno, i, 1, flags, &himark, &offset)) {
case 0:
break;
case DB_VERIFY_BAD:
isbad = 1;
continue;
case DB_VERIFY_FATAL:
isbad = 1;
goto err;
default:
DB_ASSERT(env, ret != 0);
break;
}
/*
* We now have a plausible beginning for the item, and we know
* its length is safe.
*
* Mark the beginning and end in pagelayout so we can make sure
* items have no overlaps or gaps.
*/
bk = GET_BKEYDATA(dbp, h, i);
if(pagelayout[offset] == VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET)
pagelayout[offset] = VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN;
else if(pagelayout[offset] == VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN) {
/*
* Having two inp entries that point at the same patch
* of page is legal if and only if the page is
* a btree leaf and they're onpage duplicate keys--
* that is, if(i % P_INDX) == 0.
*/
if((i%P_INDX == 0) && (TYPE(h) == P_LBTREE)) {
/* Flag for later. */
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS);
/* Bump up nentries so we don't undercount. */
nentries++;
/*
* We'll check to make sure the end is
* equal, too.
*/
isdupitem = 1;
}
else {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1051", "Page %lu: duplicated item %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
}
}
/*
* Mark the end. Its location varies with the page type
* and the item type.
*
* If the end already has a sign other than 0, do nothing--
* it's an overlap that we'll catch later.
*/
switch(B_TYPE(bk->type)) {
case B_KEYDATA:
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE)
/* It's a BINTERNAL. */
endoff = offset+BINTERNAL_SIZE(bk->len)-1;
else
endoff = offset+BKEYDATA_SIZE(bk->len)-1;
break;
case B_DUPLICATE:
/*
* Flag that we have dups; we'll check whether
* that's okay during the structure check.
*/
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS);
// @fallthrough
case B_OVERFLOW:
/*
* Overflow entries on internal pages are stored
* as the _data_ of a BINTERNAL; overflow entries
* on leaf pages are stored as the entire entry.
*/
endoff = offset+
((TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE) ?
BINTERNAL_SIZE(BOVERFLOW_SIZE) :
BOVERFLOW_SIZE)-1;
break;
default:
/*
* We'll complain later; for now, just mark
* a minimum.
*/
endoff = offset+BKEYDATA_SIZE(0)-1;
break;
}
/*
* If this is an onpage duplicate key we've seen before,
* the end had better coincide too.
*/
if(isdupitem && pagelayout[endoff] != VRFY_ITEM_END) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1052", "Page %lu: duplicated item %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
isbad = 1;
}
else if(pagelayout[endoff] == VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET)
pagelayout[endoff] = VRFY_ITEM_END;
isdupitem = 0;
/*
* There should be no deleted items in a quiescent tree,
* except in recno.
*/
if(B_DISSET(bk->type) && TYPE(h) != P_LRECNO) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1053", "Page %lu: item %lu marked deleted", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
}
/*
* Check the type and such of bk--make sure it's reasonable
* for the pagetype.
*/
switch(B_TYPE(bk->type)) {
case B_KEYDATA:
/*
* This is a normal, non-overflow BKEYDATA or BINTERNAL.
* The only thing to check is the len, and that's
* already been done.
*/
break;
case B_DUPLICATE:
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1054", "Page %lu: duplicate page referenced by internal btree page at item %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
break;
}
else if(TYPE(h) == P_LRECNO) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1055", "Page %lu: duplicate page referenced by recno page at item %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
break;
}
// @fallthrough
case B_OVERFLOW:
bo = (TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE) ?
(BOVERFLOW *)(((BINTERNAL *)bk)->data) :
(BOVERFLOW *)bk;
if(B_TYPE(bk->type) == B_OVERFLOW)
/* Make sure tlen is reasonable. */
if(bo->tlen > dbp->pgsize*vdp->last_pgno) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1056", "Page %lu: impossible tlen %lu, item %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)bo->tlen, (ulong)i));
/* Don't save as a child. */
break;
}
if(!IS_VALID_PGNO(bo->pgno) || bo->pgno == pgno ||
bo->pgno == PGNO_INVALID) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1057", "Page %lu: offpage item %lu has bad pgno %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i, (ulong)bo->pgno));
/* Don't save as a child. */
break;
}
child.pgno = bo->pgno;
child.type = (B_TYPE(bk->type) == B_OVERFLOW ? V_OVERFLOW : V_DUPLICATE);
child.tlen = bo->tlen;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_childput(vdp, pgno, &child)) != 0)
goto err;
break;
default:
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1058", "Page %lu: item %lu of invalid type %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i, (ulong)B_TYPE(bk->type)));
break;
}
}
/*
* Now, loop through and make sure the items are contiguous and
* non-overlapping.
*/
initem = 0;
for(i = himark; i < dbp->pgsize; i++)
if(initem == 0)
switch(pagelayout[i]) {
case VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET:
/* May be just for alignment. */
if(i != DB_ALIGN(i, sizeof(uint32)))
continue;
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1059", "Page %lu: gap between items at offset %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
/* Find the end of the gap */
for(; pagelayout[i+1] == VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET && (size_t)(i+1) < dbp->pgsize; i++)
;
break;
case VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN:
/* We've found an item. Check its alignment. */
if(i != DB_ALIGN(i, sizeof(uint32))) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1060", "Page %lu: offset %lu unaligned", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
}
initem = 1;
nentries++;
break;
case VRFY_ITEM_END:
/*
* We've hit the end of an item even though
* we don't think we're in one; must
* be an overlap.
*/
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1061", "Page %lu: overlapping items at offset %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
break;
}
else
switch(pagelayout[i]) {
case VRFY_ITEM_NOTSET: // In the middle of an item somewhere. Okay.
break;
case VRFY_ITEM_END: // End of an item; switch to out-of-item mode.
initem = 0;
break;
case VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN: // Hit a second item beginning without an end. Overlap.
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1062", "Page %lu: overlapping items at offset %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
break;
}
__os_free(env, pagelayout);
/* Verify HOFFSET. */
if((db_indx_t)himark != HOFFSET(h)) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1063", "Page %lu: bad HOFFSET %lu, appears to be %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)HOFFSET(h), (ulong)himark));
isbad = 1;
}
err:
ASSIGN_PTR(nentriesp, nentries);
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return (isbad == 1 && ret == 0) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __bam_vrfy_itemorder --
* Make sure the items on a page sort correctly.
*
* Assumes that NUM_ENT(h) and inp[0]..inp[NUM_ENT(h) - 1] are
* reasonable; be sure that __bam_vrfy_inp has been called first.
*
* If ovflok is set, it also assumes that overflow page chains
* hanging off the current page have been sanity-checked, and so we
* can use __bam_cmp to verify their ordering. If it is not set,
* and we run into an overflow page, carp and return DB_VERIFY_BAD;
* we shouldn't be called if any exist.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_vrfy_itemorder __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, DB_THREAD_INFO *,
* PUBLIC: PAGE *, db_pgno_t, uint32, int, int, uint32));
*/
int __bam_vrfy_itemorder(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, DB_THREAD_INFO * ip, PAGE * h, db_pgno_t pgno, uint32 nentries, int ovflok, int hasdups, uint32 flags)
{
BINTERNAL * bi;
BKEYDATA * bk;
BOVERFLOW * bo;
BTREE * bt;
DBC * dbc;
DBT dbta, dbtb, dup_1, dup_2, * p1, * p2, * tmp;
ENV * env;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
db_indx_t i, * inp;
int adj, cmp, freedup_1, freedup_2, isbad, ret, t_ret;
int (*dupfunc)(DB*, const DBT*, const DBT *);
int (*func)(DB*, const DBT*, const DBT *);
void * buf1, * buf2, * tmpbuf;
/*
* We need to work in the ORDERCHKONLY environment where we might
* not have a pip, but we also may need to work in contexts where
* NUM_ENT isn't safe.
*/
if(vdp) {
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
nentries = pip->entries;
}
else
pip = NULL;
env = dbp->env;
ret = isbad = 0;
bo = NULL; /* Shut up compiler. */
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&dbta, sizeof(DBT));
F_SET(&dbta, DB_DBT_REALLOC);
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&dbtb, sizeof(DBT));
F_SET(&dbtb, DB_DBT_REALLOC);
buf1 = buf2 = NULL;
DB_ASSERT(env, !LF_ISSET(DB_NOORDERCHK));
dupfunc = (dbp->dup_compare == NULL) ? __bam_defcmp : dbp->dup_compare;
if(TYPE(h) == P_LDUP)
func = dupfunc;
else {
func = __bam_defcmp;
if(dbp->bt_internal) {
bt = static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal);
if(bt->bt_compare)
func = bt->bt_compare;
}
}
/*
* We alternate our use of dbta and dbtb so that we can walk
* through the page key-by-key without copying a dbt twice.
* p1 is always the dbt for index i - 1, and p2 for index i.
* Reset the data pointers in case we are retrying.
*/
retry:
p1 = &dbta;
p1->data = NULL;
p2 = &dbtb;
p2->data = NULL;
/*
* Loop through the entries. nentries ought to contain the
* actual count, and so is a safe way to terminate the loop; whether
* we inc. by one or two depends on whether we're a leaf page--
* on a leaf page, we care only about keys. On internal pages
* and LDUP pages, we want to check the order of all entries.
*
* Note that on IBTREE pages or the index page of a partitioned
* database, we start with item 1, since item 0 doesn't get looked
* at by __bam_cmp.
*/
inp = P_INP(dbp, h);
adj = (TYPE(h) == P_LBTREE) ? P_INDX : O_INDX;
for(i = (TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE || dbp->p_internal) ? adj : 0; i < nentries; i += adj) {
/*
* Put key i-1, now in p2, into p1, by swapping DBTs and bufs.
*/
tmp = p1;
p1 = p2;
p2 = tmp;
tmpbuf = buf1;
buf1 = buf2;
buf2 = tmpbuf;
/*
* Get key i into p2.
*/
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
bi = GET_BINTERNAL(dbp, h, i);
if(B_TYPE(bi->type) == B_OVERFLOW) {
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)(bi->data);
goto overflow;
}
else {
p2->data = bi->data;
p2->size = bi->len;
}
/*
* The leftmost key on an internal page must be
* len 0, since it's just a placeholder and
* automatically sorts less than all keys.
*
* XXX
* This criterion does not currently hold!
* See todo list item #1686. Meanwhile, it's harmless
* to just not check for it.
*/
#if 0
if(i == 0 && bi->len != 0) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1064", "Page %lu: lowest key on internal page of nonzero length", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
#endif
break;
case P_LBTREE:
case P_LDUP:
bk = GET_BKEYDATA(dbp, h, i);
if(B_TYPE(bk->type) == B_OVERFLOW) {
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)bk;
goto overflow;
}
else {
p2->data = bk->data;
p2->size = bk->len;
}
break;
default:
/*
* This means our caller screwed up and sent us
* an inappropriate page.
*/
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_itemorder");
goto err;
}
if(0) {
/*
* If ovflok != 1, we can't safely go chasing
* overflow pages with the normal routines now;
* they might be unsafe or nonexistent. Mark this
* page as incomplete and return.
*
* Note that we don't need to worry about freeing
* buffers, since they can't have been allocated
* if overflow items are unsafe.
*/
overflow:
if(!ovflok) {
F_SET(pip, VRFY_INCOMPLETE);
goto err;
}
/*
* Overflow items are safe to chase. Do so.
* Fetch the overflow item into p2->data,
* NULLing it or reallocing it as appropriate.
*
* (We set p2->data to buf2 before the call
* so we're sure to realloc if we can and if p2
* was just pointing at a non-overflow item.)
*/
p2->data = buf2;
if((ret = __db_cursor_int(dbp, ip, NULL, DB_BTREE, PGNO_INVALID, 0, DB_LOCK_INVALIDID, &dbc)) != 0)
goto err;
if((ret = __db_goff(dbc, p2, bo->tlen, bo->pgno, NULL, NULL)) != 0) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1065", "Page %lu: error %lu in fetching overflow item %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)ret, (ulong)i));
}
/* In case it got realloc'ed and thus changed. */
buf2 = p2->data;
}
/* Compare with the last key. */
if(p1->data && p2->data) {
cmp = inp[i] == inp[i-adj] ? 0 : func(dbp, p1, p2);
/* comparison succeeded */
if(cmp > 0) {
/*
* If we are looking at an internal page, we
* don't know whether it is part of the main
* database or in an off-page-duplicate tree.
* If the main comparator fails, retry with
* the duplicate comparator.
*/
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE && func != dupfunc) {
func = dupfunc;
goto retry;
}
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1066", "Page %lu: out-of-order key at entry %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
/* proceed */
}
else if(cmp == 0) {
if(inp[i] != inp[i-adj]) {
/* See above. */
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE && func != dupfunc) {
func = dupfunc;
goto retry;
}
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1067", "Page %lu: non-dup dup key at entry %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i));
}
/*
* If they compared equally, this
* had better be a (sub)database with dups.
* Mark it so we can check during the
* structure check.
*/
if(pip)
F_SET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS);
else if(hasdups == 0) {
/* See above. */
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE && func != dupfunc) {
func = dupfunc;
goto retry;
}
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1068", "Page %lu: database with no duplicates has duplicated keys", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
/*
* If we're a btree leaf, check to see
* if the data items of these on-page dups are
* in sorted order. If not, flag this, so
* that we can make sure during the
* structure checks that the DUPSORT flag
* is unset.
*
* At this point i points to a duplicate key.
* Compare the datum before it (same key)
* to the datum after it, i.e. i-1 to i+1.
*/
if(TYPE(h) == P_LBTREE) {
/*
* Unsafe; continue and we'll pick
* up the bogus nentries later.
*/
if(i+1 >= (db_indx_t)nentries)
continue;
/*
* We don't bother with clever memory
* management with on-page dups,
* as it's only really a big win
* in the overflow case, and overflow
* dups are probably (?) rare.
*/
if(((ret = __bam_safe_getdata(dbp, ip, h, i-1, ovflok, &dup_1, &freedup_1)) != 0) ||
((ret = __bam_safe_getdata(dbp, ip, h, i+1, ovflok, &dup_2, &freedup_2)) != 0))
goto err;
/*
* If either of the data are NULL,
* it's because they're overflows and
* it's not safe to chase them now.
* Mark an incomplete and return.
*/
if(dup_1.data == NULL || dup_2.data == NULL) {
DB_ASSERT(env, !ovflok);
F_SET(pip, VRFY_INCOMPLETE);
goto err;
}
/*
* If the dups are out of order,
* flag this. It's not an error
* until we do the structure check
* and see whether DUPSORT is set.
*/
if(dupfunc(dbp, &dup_1, &dup_2) > 0)
F_SET(pip, VRFY_DUPS_UNSORTED);
if(freedup_1)
__os_ufree(env, dup_1.data);
if(freedup_2)
__os_ufree(env, dup_2.data);
}
}
}
}
err:
if(pip && ((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0) && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
__os_ufree(env, buf1);
__os_ufree(env, buf2);
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __bam_vrfy_structure --
* Verify the tree structure of a btree database (including the master
* database containing subdbs).
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_vrfy_structure __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, db_pgno_t,
* PUBLIC: void *, void *, uint32));
*/
int __bam_vrfy_structure(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, db_pgno_t meta_pgno, void * lp, void * rp, uint32 flags)
{
VRFY_PAGEINFO * mip = 0;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * rip = 0;
db_pgno_t root, p;
int t_ret, ret;
uint32 nrecs, level, relen, stflags;
ENV * env = dbp->env;
DB * pgset = vdp->pgset;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, meta_pgno, &mip)) != 0)
return ret;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_get(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, meta_pgno, (int *)&p)) != 0)
goto err;
if(p != 0) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1069", "Page %lu: btree metadata page observed twice", "%lu"), (ulong)meta_pgno));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_inc(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, meta_pgno)) != 0)
goto err;
root = mip->root;
if(root == 0) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1070", "Page %lu: btree metadata page has no root", "%lu"), (ulong)meta_pgno));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, root, &rip)) != 0)
goto err;
switch(rip->type) {
case P_IBTREE:
case P_LBTREE:
stflags = flags|DB_ST_TOPLEVEL;
if(F_ISSET(mip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS))
stflags |= DB_ST_DUPOK;
if(F_ISSET(mip, VRFY_HAS_DUPSORT))
stflags |= DB_ST_DUPSORT;
if(F_ISSET(mip, VRFY_HAS_RECNUMS))
stflags |= DB_ST_RECNUM;
ret = __bam_vrfy_subtree(dbp, vdp, root, lp, rp, stflags, 0, 0, 0);
break;
case P_IRECNO:
case P_LRECNO:
stflags = flags|DB_ST_RECNUM|DB_ST_IS_RECNO|DB_ST_TOPLEVEL;
if(mip->re_len > 0)
stflags |= DB_ST_RELEN;
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_subtree(dbp, vdp, root, NULL, NULL, stflags, &level, &nrecs, &relen)) != 0)
goto err;
/*
* Even if mip->re_len > 0, re_len may come back zero if the
* tree is empty. It should be okay to just skip the check in
* this case, as if there are any non-deleted keys at all,
* that should never happen.
*/
if(mip->re_len > 0 && relen > 0 && mip->re_len != relen) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1071", "Page %lu: recno database has bad re_len %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)meta_pgno, (ulong)relen));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
ret = 0;
break;
case P_LDUP:
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1072", "Page %lu: duplicate tree referenced from metadata page", "%lu"), (ulong)meta_pgno));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
break;
default:
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1073", "Page %lu: btree root of incorrect type %lu on metadata page", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)meta_pgno, (ulong)rip->type));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
break;
}
err:
if(mip && ((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, mip)) != 0) && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
if(rip && ((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, rip)) != 0) && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return ret;
}
/*
* __bam_vrfy_subtree--
* Verify a subtree (or entire) btree with specified root.
*
* Note that this is public because it must be called to verify
* offpage dup trees, including from hash.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_vrfy_subtree __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, db_pgno_t, void *,
* PUBLIC: void *, uint32, uint32 *, uint32 *, uint32 *));
*/
int __bam_vrfy_subtree(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, db_pgno_t pgno, void * l, void * r, uint32 flags, uint32 * levelp, uint32 * nrecsp, uint32 * relenp)
{
BINTERNAL * li, * ri;
DB * pgset;
DBC * cc;
DB_MPOOLFILE * mpf;
ENV * env;
PAGE * h = 0;
VRFY_CHILDINFO * child;
VRFY_PAGEINFO * pip;
db_indx_t i;
db_pgno_t next_pgno, prev_pgno;
db_recno_t child_nrecs, nrecs;
uint32 child_level, child_relen, j, level, relen, stflags;
uint8 leaf_type;
int (*func)(DB*, const DBT*, const DBT *);
int isbad, p, ret, t_ret, toplevel;
ASSIGN_PTR(levelp, 0); /* Don't leave uninitialized on error. */
ASSIGN_PTR(nrecsp, 0);
env = dbp->env;
mpf = dbp->mpf;
next_pgno = prev_pgno = PGNO_INVALID;
nrecs = 0;
relen = 0;
leaf_type = P_INVALID;
isbad = ret = 0;
/* Provide feedback on our progress to the application. */
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_SALVAGE))
__db_vrfy_struct_feedback(dbp, vdp);
if((ret = __db_vrfy_getpageinfo(vdp, pgno, &pip)) != 0)
return ret;
cc = NULL;
level = pip->bt_level;
toplevel = LF_ISSET(DB_ST_TOPLEVEL) ? 1 : 0;
LF_CLR(DB_ST_TOPLEVEL);
/*
* If this is the root, initialize the vdp's prev- and next-pgno
* accounting.
*
* For each leaf page we hit, we'll want to make sure that
* vdp->prev_pgno is the same as pip->prev_pgno and vdp->next_pgno is
* our page number. Then, we'll set vdp->next_pgno to pip->next_pgno
* and vdp->prev_pgno to our page number, and the next leaf page in
* line should be able to do the same verification.
*/
if(toplevel) {
/*
* Cache the values stored in the vdp so that if we're an
* auxiliary tree such as an off-page duplicate set, our
* caller's leaf page chain doesn't get lost.
*/
prev_pgno = vdp->prev_pgno;
next_pgno = vdp->next_pgno;
leaf_type = vdp->leaf_type;
vdp->next_pgno = vdp->prev_pgno = PGNO_INVALID;
vdp->leaf_type = P_INVALID;
}
/*
* We are recursively descending a btree, starting from the root
* and working our way out to the leaves.
*
* There are four cases we need to deal with:
* 1. pgno is a recno leaf page. Any children are overflows.
* 2. pgno is a duplicate leaf page. Any children
* are overflow pages; traverse them, and then return
* level and nrecs.
* 3. pgno is an ordinary leaf page. Check whether dups are
* allowed, and if so, traverse any off-page dups or
* overflows. Then return nrecs and level.
* 4. pgno is a recno internal page. Recursively check any
* child pages, making sure their levels are one lower
* and their nrecs sum to ours.
* 5. pgno is a btree internal page. Same as #4, plus we
* must verify that for each pair of BINTERNAL entries
* N and N+1, the leftmost item on N's child sorts
* greater than N, and the rightmost item on N's child
* sorts less than N+1.
*
* Furthermore, in any sorted page type (P_LDUP, P_LBTREE, P_IBTREE),
* we need to verify the internal sort order is correct if,
* due to overflow items, we were not able to do so earlier.
*/
switch(pip->type) {
case P_LRECNO:
case P_LDUP:
case P_LBTREE:
/*
* Cases 1, 2 and 3.
*
* We're some sort of leaf page; verify
* that our linked list of leaves is consistent.
*/
if(vdp->leaf_type == P_INVALID) {
/*
* First leaf page. Set the type that all its
* successors should be, and verify that our prev_pgno
* is PGNO_INVALID.
*/
vdp->leaf_type = pip->type;
if(pip->prev_pgno != PGNO_INVALID)
goto bad_prev;
}
else {
/*
* Successor leaf page. Check our type, the previous
* page's next_pgno, and our prev_pgno.
*/
if(pip->type != vdp->leaf_type) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1074", "Page %lu: unexpected page type %lu found in leaf chain (expected %lu)", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pip->pgno,
(ulong)pip->type, (ulong)vdp->leaf_type));
}
/*
* Don't do the prev/next_pgno checks if we've lost
* leaf pages due to another corruption.
*/
if(!F_ISSET(vdp, VRFY_LEAFCHAIN_BROKEN)) {
if(pip->pgno != vdp->next_pgno) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1075", "Page %lu: incorrect next_pgno %lu found in leaf chain (should be %lu)", "%lu %lu %lu"),
(ulong)vdp->prev_pgno, (ulong)vdp->next_pgno, (ulong)pip->pgno));
}
if(pip->prev_pgno != vdp->prev_pgno) {
bad_prev:
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1076", "Page %lu: incorrect prev_pgno %lu found in leaf chain (should be %lu)", "%lu %lu %lu"),
(ulong)pip->pgno, (ulong)pip->prev_pgno, (ulong)vdp->prev_pgno));
}
}
}
vdp->prev_pgno = pip->pgno;
vdp->next_pgno = pip->next_pgno;
F_CLR(vdp, VRFY_LEAFCHAIN_BROKEN);
/*
* Overflow pages are common to all three leaf types;
* traverse the child list, looking for overflows.
*/
if((ret = __db_vrfy_childcursor(vdp, &cc)) != 0)
goto err;
for(ret = __db_vrfy_ccset(cc, pgno, &child); ret == 0; ret = __db_vrfy_ccnext(cc, &child))
if(child->type == V_OVERFLOW && (ret = __db_vrfy_ovfl_structure(dbp, vdp, child->pgno, child->tlen, flags|DB_ST_OVFL_LEAF)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto done;
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_ccclose(cc)) != 0)
goto err;
cc = NULL;
/* Case 1 */
if(pip->type == P_LRECNO) {
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_ST_IS_RECNO) && !(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_DUPOK) && !LF_ISSET(DB_ST_DUPSORT))) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1077", "Page %lu: recno leaf page non-recno tree", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
goto done;
}
goto leaf;
}
else if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_IS_RECNO)) {
/*
* It's a non-recno leaf. Had better not be a recno
* subtree.
*/
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1078", "Page %lu: non-recno leaf page in recno tree", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
goto done;
}
/* Case 2--no more work. */
if(pip->type == P_LDUP)
goto leaf;
/* Case 3 */
/* Check if we have any dups. */
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_HAS_DUPS)) {
/* If dups aren't allowed in this btree, trouble. */
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_ST_DUPOK)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1079", "Page %lu: duplicates in non-dup btree", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
else {
/*
* We correctly have dups. If any are off-page,
* traverse those btrees recursively.
*/
if((ret = __db_vrfy_childcursor(vdp, &cc)) != 0)
goto err;
for(ret = __db_vrfy_ccset(cc, pgno, &child); ret == 0; ret = __db_vrfy_ccnext(cc, &child)) {
stflags = flags|DB_ST_RECNUM|DB_ST_DUPSET;
/* Skip any overflow entries. */
if(child->type == V_DUPLICATE) {
if((ret = __db_vrfy_duptype(dbp, vdp, child->pgno, stflags)) != 0) {
isbad = 1;
/* Next child. */
continue;
}
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_subtree(dbp, vdp, child->pgno, NULL, NULL, stflags|DB_ST_TOPLEVEL, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
}
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_ccclose(cc)) != 0)
goto err;
cc = NULL;
/*
* If VRFY_DUPS_UNSORTED is set,
* DB_ST_DUPSORT had better not be.
*/
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_DUPS_UNSORTED) && LF_ISSET(DB_ST_DUPSORT)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1080", "Page %lu: unsorted duplicate set in sorted-dup database", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
}
}
goto leaf;
case P_IBTREE:
case P_IRECNO:
/* We handle these below. */
break;
default:
/*
* If a P_IBTREE or P_IRECNO contains a reference to an
* invalid page, we'll wind up here; handle it gracefully.
* Note that the code at the "done" label assumes that the
* current page is a btree/recno one of some sort; this
* is not the case here, so we goto err.
*
* If the page is entirely zeroed, its pip->type will be a lie
* (we assumed it was a hash page, as they're allowed to be
* zeroed); handle this case specially.
*/
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_IS_ALLZEROES))
ZEROPG_ERR_PRINT(env, pgno, DB_STR_P("btree or recno page"));
else
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1081", "Page %lu: btree or recno page is of inappropriate type %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)pip->type));
/*
* We probably lost a leaf page (or more if this was an
* internal page) from our prev/next_pgno chain. Flag
* that this is expected; we don't want or need to
* spew error messages about erroneous prev/next_pgnos,
* since that's probably not the real problem.
*/
F_SET(vdp, VRFY_LEAFCHAIN_BROKEN);
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
/*
* Cases 4 & 5: This is a btree or recno internal page. For each child,
* recurse, keeping a running count of nrecs and making sure the level
* is always reasonable.
*/
if((ret = __db_vrfy_childcursor(vdp, &cc)) != 0)
goto err;
for(ret = __db_vrfy_ccset(cc, pgno, &child); ret == 0; ret = __db_vrfy_ccnext(cc, &child))
if(child->type == V_RECNO) {
if(pip->type != P_IRECNO) {
ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_subtree");
goto err;
}
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_subtree(dbp, vdp, child->pgno, NULL, NULL, flags, &child_level, &child_nrecs, &child_relen)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto done;
}
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RELEN)) {
if(relen == 0)
relen = child_relen;
// child_relen may be zero if the child subtree is empty.
else if(child_relen > 0 && relen != child_relen) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1082", "Page %lu: recno page returned bad re_len %lu", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)child->pgno, (ulong)child_relen));
}
ASSIGN_PTR(relenp, relen);
}
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RECNUM)) {
if(child->nrecs != child_nrecs) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1083", "Page %lu: record count incorrect: actual %lu, in record %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"),
(ulong)child->pgno, (ulong)child_nrecs, (ulong)child->nrecs));
}
nrecs += child_nrecs;
}
if(isbad == 0 && level != child_level+1) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1084", "Page %lu: recno level incorrect: got %lu, expected %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"),
(ulong)child->pgno, (ulong)child_level, (ulong)(level-1)));
}
}
else if(child->type == V_OVERFLOW) {
/*
* It is possible for one internal page to reference
* a single overflow page twice, if all the items
* in the subtree referenced by slot 0 are deleted,
* then a similar number of items are put back
* before the key that formerly had been in slot 1.
*
* (Btree doesn't look at the key in slot 0, so the
* fact that the key formerly at slot 1 is the "wrong"
* parent of the stuff in the slot 0 subtree isn't
* really incorrect.)
*
* __db_vrfy_ovfl_structure is designed to be
* efficiently called multiple times for multiple
* references; call it here as many times as is
* appropriate.
*/
/* Otherwise, __db_vrfy_childput would be broken. */
DB_ASSERT(env, child->refcnt >= 1);
/*
* An overflow referenced more than twice here
* shouldn't happen.
*/
if(child->refcnt > 2) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1085", "Page %lu: overflow page %lu referenced more than twice from internal page", "%lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno,
(ulong)child->pgno));
}
else
for(j = 0; j < child->refcnt; j++)
if((ret = __db_vrfy_ovfl_structure(dbp, vdp, child->pgno, child->tlen, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto done;
}
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_ccclose(cc)) != 0)
goto err;
cc = NULL;
/* We're done with case 4. */
if(pip->type == P_IRECNO)
goto done;
/*
* Case 5. Btree internal pages.
* As described above, we need to iterate through all the
* items on the page and make sure that our children sort appropriately
* with respect to them.
*
* For each entry, li will be the "left-hand" key for the entry
* itself, which must sort lower than all entries on its child;
* ri will be the key to its right, which must sort greater.
*/
if(!h && (ret = __memp_fget(mpf, &pgno, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0)
goto err;
for(i = 0; i < pip->entries; i += O_INDX) {
li = GET_BINTERNAL(dbp, h, i);
ri = (i+O_INDX < pip->entries) ? GET_BINTERNAL(dbp, h, i+O_INDX) : (BINTERNAL *)r;
/*
* The leftmost key is forcibly sorted less than all entries,
* so don't bother passing it.
*/
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_subtree(dbp, vdp, li->pgno, i == 0 ? NULL : li, ri, flags, &child_level, &child_nrecs, NULL)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto done;
}
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RECNUM)) {
/*
* Keep a running tally on the actual record count so
* we can return it to our parent (if we have one) or
* compare it to the NRECS field if we're a root page.
*/
nrecs += child_nrecs;
/*
* Make sure the actual record count of the child
* is equal to the value in the BINTERNAL structure.
*/
if(li->nrecs != child_nrecs) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1086", "Page %lu: item %lu has incorrect record count of %lu, should be %lu",
"%lu %lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)i, (ulong)li->nrecs, (ulong)child_nrecs));
}
}
if(level != child_level+1) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1087", "Page %lu: Btree level incorrect: got %lu, expected %lu",
"%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)li->pgno, (ulong)child_level, (ulong)(level-1)));
}
}
if(0) {
leaf:
level = LEAFLEVEL;
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RECNUM))
nrecs = pip->rec_cnt;
/* XXX
* We should verify that the record count on a leaf page
* is the sum of the number of keys and the number of
* records in its off-page dups. This requires looking
* at the page again, however, and it may all be changing
* soon, so for now we don't bother.
*/
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RELEN) && relenp)
*relenp = pip->re_len;
}
done:
if(F_ISSET(pip, VRFY_INCOMPLETE) && isbad == 0 && ret == 0) {
/*
* During the page-by-page pass, item order verification was
* not finished due to the presence of overflow items. If
* isbad == 0, though, it's now safe to do so, as we've
* traversed any child overflow pages. Do it.
*/
if(!h && (ret = __memp_fget(mpf, &pgno, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0)
goto err;
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_itemorder(dbp, vdp, vdp->thread_info, h, pgno, 0, 1, 0, flags)) != 0)
goto err;
F_CLR(pip, VRFY_INCOMPLETE);
}
/*
* It's possible to get to this point with a page that has no
* items, but without having detected any sort of failure yet.
* Having zero items is legal if it's a leaf--it may be the
* root page in an empty tree, or the tree may have been
* modified with the DB_REVSPLITOFF flag set (there's no way
* to tell from what's on disk). For an internal page,
* though, having no items is a problem (all internal pages
* must have children).
*/
if(isbad == 0 && ret == 0) {
if(!h && (ret = __memp_fget(mpf, &pgno, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0)
goto err;
if(NUM_ENT(h) == 0 && ISINTERNAL(h)) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1088", "Page %lu: internal page is empty and should not be", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
goto err;
}
}
/*
* Our parent has sent us BINTERNAL pointers to parent records
* so that we can verify our place with respect to them. If it's
* appropriate--we have a default sort function--verify this.
*/
if(isbad == 0 && ret == 0 && !LF_ISSET(DB_NOORDERCHK) && pip->type != P_IRECNO && pip->type != P_LRECNO) {
if(!h && (ret = __memp_fget(mpf, &pgno, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0)
goto err;
/*
* __bam_vrfy_treeorder needs to know what comparison function
* to use. If DB_ST_DUPSET is set, we're in a duplicate tree
* and we use the duplicate comparison function; otherwise,
* use the btree one. If unset, use the default, of course.
*/
func = LF_ISSET(DB_ST_DUPSET) ? dbp->dup_compare :
static_cast<BTREE *>(dbp->bt_internal)->bt_compare;
if(func == NULL)
func = __bam_defcmp;
if((ret = __bam_vrfy_treeorder(dbp, vdp->thread_info, h, (BINTERNAL *)l, (BINTERNAL *)r, func, flags)) != 0) {
if(ret == DB_VERIFY_BAD)
isbad = 1;
else
goto err;
}
}
/*
* This is guaranteed to succeed for leaf pages, but no harm done.
*
* Internal pages below the top level do not store their own
* record numbers, so we skip them.
*/
if(LF_ISSET(DB_ST_RECNUM) && nrecs != pip->rec_cnt && toplevel) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1089", "Page %lu: bad record count: has %lu records, claims %lu", "%lu %lu %lu"), (ulong)pgno, (ulong)nrecs,
(ulong)pip->rec_cnt));
}
if(levelp)
*levelp = level;
if(nrecsp)
*nrecsp = nrecs;
pgset = vdp->pgset;
if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_get(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, pgno, &p)) != 0)
goto err;
if(p != 0) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1090", "Page %lu: linked twice", "%lu"), (ulong)pgno));
}
else if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_inc(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, pgno)) != 0)
goto err;
if(toplevel)
/*
* The last page's next_pgno in the leaf chain should have been
* PGNO_INVALID.
*/
if(vdp->next_pgno != PGNO_INVALID) {
isbad = 1;
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1091", "Page %lu: unterminated leaf chain", "%lu"), (ulong)vdp->prev_pgno));
}
err:
if(toplevel) {
/* Restore our caller's settings. */
vdp->next_pgno = next_pgno;
vdp->prev_pgno = prev_pgno;
vdp->leaf_type = leaf_type;
}
if((t_ret = __memp_fput(mpf, vdp->thread_info, h, DB_PRIORITY_UNCHANGED)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_putpageinfo(env, vdp, pip)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
if(cc && ((t_ret = __db_vrfy_ccclose(cc)) != 0) && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return (ret == 0 && isbad == 1) ? DB_VERIFY_BAD : ret;
}
/*
* __bam_vrfy_treeorder --
* Verify that the lowest key on a page sorts greater than the
* BINTERNAL which points to it (lp), and the highest key
* sorts less than the BINTERNAL above that (rp).
*
* If lp is NULL, this means that it was the leftmost key on the
* parent, which (regardless of sort function) sorts less than
* all keys. No need to check it.
*
* If rp is NULL, lp was the highest key on the parent, so there's
* no higher key we must sort less than.
*/
static int __bam_vrfy_treeorder(DB * dbp, DB_THREAD_INFO * ip, PAGE * h, BINTERNAL * lp, BINTERNAL * rp, int (*func)(DB*, const DBT*, const DBT *), uint32 flags)
{
BOVERFLOW * bo;
DBC * dbc;
DBT dbt;
ENV * env;
db_indx_t last;
int ret, cmp;
env = dbp->env;
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&dbt, sizeof(DBT));
F_SET(&dbt, DB_DBT_MALLOC);
ret = 0;
/*
* Empty pages are sorted correctly by definition. We check
* to see whether they ought to be empty elsewhere; leaf
* pages legally may be.
*/
if(NUM_ENT(h) == 0)
return 0;
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
case P_LDUP:
last = NUM_ENT(h)-O_INDX;
break;
case P_LBTREE:
last = NUM_ENT(h)-P_INDX;
break;
default:
return __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_treeorder");
}
/* Populate a dummy cursor. */
if((ret = __db_cursor_int(dbp, ip, NULL, DB_BTREE,
PGNO_INVALID, 0, DB_LOCK_INVALIDID, &dbc)) != 0)
return ret;
/*
* The key on page h, the child page, is more likely to be
* an overflow page, so we pass its offset, rather than lp/rp's,
* into __bam_cmp. This will take advantage of __db_moff.
*/
/*
* Skip first-item check if we're an internal page--the first
* entry on an internal page is treated specially by __bam_cmp,
* so what's on the page shouldn't matter. (Plus, since we're passing
* our page and item 0 as to __bam_cmp, we'll sort before our
* parent and falsely report a failure.)
*/
if(lp && TYPE(h) != P_IBTREE) {
if((ret = __db_cursor_int(dbp, ip, NULL, DB_BTREE, PGNO_INVALID, 0, DB_LOCK_INVALIDID, &dbc)) != 0)
return ret;
if(lp->type == B_KEYDATA) {
dbt.data = lp->data;
dbt.size = lp->len;
}
else if(lp->type == B_OVERFLOW) {
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)lp->data;
if((ret = __db_goff(dbc, &dbt, bo->tlen, bo->pgno, NULL, NULL)) != 0)
return ret;
}
else
return __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_treeorder");
/* On error, fall through, free if needed, and return. */
if((ret = __bam_cmp(dbc, &dbt, h, 0, func, &cmp)) == 0) {
if(cmp > 0) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1092", "Page %lu: first item on page sorted greater than parent entry", "%lu"), (ulong)PGNO(h)));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
}
}
else
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1093", "Page %lu: first item on page had comparison error", "%lu"), (ulong)PGNO(h)));
if(dbt.data != lp->data)
__os_ufree(env, dbt.data);
if(ret != 0)
return ret;
}
if(rp) {
if(rp->type == B_KEYDATA) {
dbt.data = rp->data;
dbt.size = rp->len;
}
else if(rp->type == B_OVERFLOW) {
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)rp->data;
if((ret = __db_goff(dbc, &dbt, bo->tlen, bo->pgno, NULL, NULL)) != 0)
return ret;
}
else
return __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_vrfy_treeorder");
/* On error, fall through, free if needed, and return. */
if((ret = __bam_cmp(dbc, &dbt, h, last, func, &cmp)) == 0) {
if(cmp < 0) {
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1094", "Page %lu: last item on page sorted greater than parent entry", "%lu"), (ulong)PGNO(h)));
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
}
}
else
EPRINT((env, DB_STR_A("1095", "Page %lu: last item on page had comparison error", "%lu"), (ulong)PGNO(h)));
if(dbt.data != rp->data)
__os_ufree(env, dbt.data);
}
return ret;
}
/*
* __bam_salvage --
* Safely dump out anything that looks like a key on an alleged
* btree leaf page, also mark overflow pages as seen. For internal btree
* pages, just mark any overflow pages as seen.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_salvage __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *,
* PUBLIC: db_pgno_t, uint32, PAGE *, void *,
* PUBLIC: int (*)(void *, const void *), DBT *, uint32));
*/
int __bam_salvage(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, db_pgno_t pgno, uint32 pgtype, PAGE * h, void * handle, int (*callback)__P((void *, const void *)), DBT * key, uint32 flags)
{
BKEYDATA * bk;
BOVERFLOW * bo;
DBT dbt, repldbt, unknown_key, unknown_data;
ENV * env;
VRFY_ITEM * pgmap;
db_indx_t i, last, beg, end, * inp;
db_pgno_t ovflpg;
uint32 himark, ovfl_bufsz;
void * ovflbuf;
int adj, ret, t_ret, t2_ret;
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
DBT kcpy, * last_key;
int unknown_dup_key;
#endif
env = dbp->env;
ovflbuf = pgmap = NULL;
inp = P_INP(dbp, h);
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&dbt, sizeof(DBT));
dbt.flags = DB_DBT_REALLOC;
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&repldbt, sizeof(DBT));
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
// (replaced by ctr) memzero(&kcpy, sizeof(DBT));
unknown_dup_key = LF_ISSET(DB_SA_UNKNOWNKEY);
last_key = unknown_dup_key ? NULL : key;
#endif
LF_CLR(DB_SA_UNKNOWNKEY);
DB_INIT_DBT(unknown_key, "UNKNOWN_KEY", sizeof("UNKNOWN_KEY")-1);
DB_INIT_DBT(unknown_data, "UNKNOWN_DATA", sizeof("UNKNOWN_DATA")-1);
/*
* Allocate a buffer for overflow items. Start at one page;
* __db_safe_goff will realloc as needed.
*/
if((ret = __os_malloc(env, dbp->pgsize, &ovflbuf)) != 0)
goto err;
ovfl_bufsz = dbp->pgsize;
if(LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE) && (ret = __os_calloc(env, dbp->pgsize, sizeof(pgmap[0]), &pgmap)) != 0)
goto err;
/*
* Loop through the inp array, spitting out key/data pairs.
*
* If we're salvaging normally, loop from 0 through NUM_ENT(h). If
* we're being aggressive, loop until we hit the end of the page --
* NUM_ENT() may be bogus.
*/
himark = dbp->pgsize;
for(i = 0, last = UINT16_MAX;; i += O_INDX) {
/*
* If we're not aggressive, or if we're on an internal page,
* break when we hit NUM_ENT(h).
*/
if((!LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE) || pgtype == P_IBTREE) && i >= NUM_ENT(h))
break;
/* Verify the current item. */
t_ret = __db_vrfy_inpitem(dbp, h, pgno, i, 1, flags, &himark, 0);
if(t_ret != 0) {
/*
* If this is a btree leaf and we've printed out a key
* but not its associated data item, fix this imbalance
* by printing an "UNKNOWN_DATA".
*/
if(pgtype == P_LBTREE && i%P_INDX == 1 && last == i-1 && (t2_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(&unknown_data, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t2_ret);
goto err;
}
/*
* Don't return DB_VERIFY_FATAL; it's private and means
* only that we can't go on with this page, not with
* the whole database. It's not even an error if we've
* run into it after NUM_ENT(h).
*/
if(t_ret == DB_VERIFY_FATAL) {
if(i < NUM_ENT(h) && ret == 0)
ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
break;
}
continue;
}
/*
* If this returned 0, it's safe to print or (carefully)
* try to fetch.
*
* We only print deleted items if DB_AGGRESSIVE is set.
*/
bk = GET_BKEYDATA(dbp, h, i);
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE) && B_DISSET(bk->type))
continue;
/*
* If this is a btree leaf and we're about to print out a data
* item for which we didn't print out a key, fix this imbalance
* by printing an "UNKNOWN_KEY".
*/
if(pgtype == P_LBTREE && i%P_INDX == 1 && last != i-1) {
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
last_key = NULL;
#endif
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(&unknown_key, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
}
last = i;
/*
* We're going to go try to print the next item. If key is
* non-NULL, we're a dup page, so we've got to print the key
* first, unless DB_SA_SKIPFIRSTKEY is set and we're on the
* first entry.
*/
if(key && (i != 0 || !LF_ISSET(DB_SA_SKIPFIRSTKEY))) {
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
last_key = unknown_dup_key ? NULL : key;
#endif
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(key, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
}
beg = end = inp[i];
switch(B_TYPE(bk->type)) {
case B_DUPLICATE:
if(pgtype == P_IBTREE)
break;
end = beg+BOVERFLOW_SIZE-1;
/*
* If we're not on a normal btree leaf page, there
* shouldn't be off-page dup sets. Something's
* confused; just drop it, and the code to pick up
* unlinked offpage dup sets will print it out
* with key "UNKNOWN" later.
*/
if(pgtype != P_LBTREE)
break;
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)bk;
/*
* If the page number is unreasonable, or if this is
* supposed to be a key item, output "UNKNOWN_KEY" --
* the best we can do is run into the data items in
* the unlinked offpage dup pass.
*/
if(!IS_VALID_PGNO(bo->pgno) || (i%P_INDX == 0)) {
/* Not much to do on failure. */
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
if(key == NULL && i%P_INDX == 0)
last_key = NULL;
#endif
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(i%P_INDX == 0 ? &unknown_key : &unknown_data, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
break;
}
/* Don't stop on error. */
if((t_ret = __db_salvage_duptree(dbp, vdp, bo->pgno, &dbt, handle, callback, flags|DB_SA_SKIPFIRSTKEY
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
|(last_key == NULL ? DB_SA_UNKNOWNKEY : 0)
#endif
)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
break;
case B_KEYDATA:
if(pgtype == P_IBTREE)
break;
end = (db_indx_t)DB_ALIGN(beg+bk->len, sizeof(uint32))-1;
dbt.data = bk->data;
dbt.size = bk->len;
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
if(DB_IS_COMPRESSED(dbp) && last_key && (key || (i%P_INDX == 1))) {
/* Decompress the key/data pair - the key
is in last_key, and the data is in dbt */
if((t_ret = __bam_compress_salvage(dbp, vdp, handle, callback, last_key, &dbt)) != 0) {
if(t_ret == DB_VERIFY_FATAL) {
SETIFZ(ret, DB_VERIFY_BAD);
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE))
goto err;
}
else if(!ret) {
ret = t_ret;
goto err;
}
}
}
else {
if(key == NULL && i%P_INDX == 0) {
if((ret = __os_realloc(env, dbt.size, &kcpy.data)) != 0)
goto err;
memcpy(kcpy.data, dbt.data, dbt.size);
kcpy.size = dbt.size;
last_key = &kcpy;
}
#endif
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(&dbt, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
}
#endif
break;
case B_OVERFLOW:
if(pgtype != P_IBTREE)
end = beg+BOVERFLOW_SIZE-1;
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)bk;
/*
* Check for replicated overflow keys, so that we only
* call __db_safe_goff once per overflow page. If we
* get the same offset as the previous key just re-use
* the previous dbt.
*
* P_IBTREE pages will never have replicated overflow
* keys.
*/
adj = pgtype == P_IBTREE ? O_INDX : P_INDX;
if(pgtype == P_IBTREE) {
/*
* If we're looking at a P_IBTREE, we just want
* to mark the overflow page as seen.
*
* Note that this call to __db_safe_goff differs
* from the non-P_IBTREE call.
*
* Only call __db_safe_goff if the overflow page
* hasn't been seen.
*/
ovflpg = ((BOVERFLOW *)((BINTERNAL *)bk)->data)->pgno;
if(__db_salvage_isdone(vdp, ovflpg) == 0 && (t_ret = __db_safe_goff(dbp, vdp, ovflpg, &dbt, &ovflbuf, &ovfl_bufsz, flags)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
break;
}
else if(i > adj-1 && i%adj == 0 && inp[i] == inp[i-adj])
dbt = repldbt;
else {
/* Don't stop on error. */
if((t_ret = __db_safe_goff(dbp, vdp, bo->pgno, &dbt, &ovflbuf, &ovfl_bufsz, flags)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
/*
* If this is a key, save it in case the next
* key is a replicated overflow, so we don't
* call __db_safe_goff again. Copy out dbt.data
* in case that pointer gets realloc'd when
* getting a data item.
*/
if(i%P_INDX == 0) {
if(t_ret == 0) {
if((t_ret = __os_realloc(env, dbt.size, &repldbt.data)) != 0) {
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
memcpy(repldbt.data, dbt.data, dbt.size);
repldbt.size = dbt.size;
}
else {
if(__os_realloc(env, unknown_key.size, &repldbt.data) != 0)
goto err;
memcpy(repldbt.data, unknown_key.data, unknown_key.size);
repldbt.size = unknown_key.size;
}
}
}
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
if(DB_IS_COMPRESSED(dbp) && last_key && t_ret == 0 && (key || (i%P_INDX == 1))) {
/* Decompress the key/data pair - the key
is in last_key, and the data is in dbt */
if((t_ret = __bam_compress_salvage(dbp, vdp, handle, callback, last_key, &dbt)) != 0) {
if(t_ret == DB_VERIFY_FATAL) {
SETIFZ(ret, DB_VERIFY_BAD);
if(!LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE))
goto err;
}
else if(!ret) {
ret = t_ret;
goto err;
}
}
}
else {
if(key == NULL && i%P_INDX == 0) {
if(t_ret == 0) {
if((ret = __os_realloc(env, dbt.size, &kcpy.data)) != 0)
goto err;
memcpy(kcpy.data, dbt.data, dbt.size);
kcpy.size = dbt.size;
last_key = &kcpy;
}
else
last_key = NULL;
}
#endif
if((t_ret = __db_vrfy_prdbt(t_ret == 0 ? &dbt : &unknown_key, 0, " ", handle, callback, 0, 0, vdp)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
}
#endif
break;
default:
/*
* We should never get here; __db_vrfy_inpitem should
* not be returning 0 if bk->type is unrecognizable.
*/
t_ret = __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_salvage");
SETIFZ(ret, t_ret);
goto err;
}
/*
* If we're being aggressive, mark the beginning and end of
* the item; we'll come back and print whatever "junk" is in
* the gaps in case we had any bogus inp elements and thereby
* missed stuff.
*/
if(LF_ISSET(DB_AGGRESSIVE) && pgtype != P_IBTREE) {
pgmap[beg] = VRFY_ITEM_BEGIN;
pgmap[end] = VRFY_ITEM_END;
}
}
err:
__os_free(env, pgmap);
__os_free(env, ovflbuf);
__os_free(env, repldbt.data);
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESSION
__os_free(env, kcpy.data);
#endif
/* Mark this page as done. */
if((t_ret = __db_salvage_markdone(vdp, pgno)) != 0 && ret == 0)
ret = t_ret;
return ret;
}
/*
* __bam_salvage_walkdupint --
* Walk a known-good btree or recno internal page which is part of
* a dup tree, calling __db_salvage_duptree on each child page.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_salvage_walkdupint __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, PAGE *,
* PUBLIC: DBT *, void *, int (*)(void *, const void *), uint32));
*/
int __bam_salvage_walkdupint(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, PAGE * h, DBT * key, void * handle, int (*callback)__P((void *, const void *)), uint32 flags)
{
BINTERNAL * bi;
RINTERNAL * ri;
int t_ret;
db_indx_t i;
ENV * env = dbp->env;
int ret = 0;
for(i = 0; i < NUM_ENT(h); i++) {
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
bi = GET_BINTERNAL(dbp, h, i);
if((t_ret = __db_salvage_duptree(dbp, vdp, bi->pgno, key, handle, callback, flags)) != 0)
ret = t_ret;
break;
case P_IRECNO:
ri = GET_RINTERNAL(dbp, h, i);
if((t_ret = __db_salvage_duptree(dbp, vdp, ri->pgno, key, handle, callback, flags)) != 0)
ret = t_ret;
break;
default:
return __db_unknown_path(env, "__bam_salvage_walkdupint");
}
/* Pass DB_SA_SKIPFIRSTKEY, if set, on to the 0th child only. */
flags &= ~LF_ISSET(DB_SA_SKIPFIRSTKEY);
}
return ret;
}
/*
* __bam_meta2pgset --
* Given a known-good meta page, return in pgsetp a 0-terminated list of
* db_pgno_t's corresponding to the pages in the btree.
*
* We do this by a somewhat sleazy method, to avoid having to traverse the
* btree structure neatly: we walk down the left side to the very
* first leaf page, then we mark all the pages in the chain of
* NEXT_PGNOs (being wary of cycles and invalid ones), then we
* consolidate our scratch array into a nice list, and return. This
* avoids the memory management hassles of recursion and the
* trouble of walking internal pages--they just don't matter, except
* for the left branch.
*
* PUBLIC: int __bam_meta2pgset __P((DB *, VRFY_DBINFO *, BTMETA *,
* PUBLIC: uint32, DB *));
*/
int __bam_meta2pgset(DB * dbp, VRFY_DBINFO * vdp, BTMETA * btmeta, uint32 flags, DB * pgset)
{
BINTERNAL * bi;
DB_MPOOLFILE * mpf;
PAGE * h;
RINTERNAL * ri;
db_pgno_t current, p;
int err_ret, ret;
DB_ASSERT(dbp->env, pgset != NULL);
mpf = dbp->mpf;
h = NULL;
ret = err_ret = 0;
for(current = btmeta->root;; ) {
if(!IS_VALID_PGNO(current) || current == PGNO(btmeta)) {
err_ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
if((ret = __memp_fget(mpf, ¤t, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0) {
err_ret = ret;
goto err;
}
switch(TYPE(h)) {
case P_IBTREE:
case P_IRECNO:
if((ret = __bam_vrfy(dbp, vdp, h, current, flags|DB_NOORDERCHK)) != 0) {
err_ret = ret;
goto err;
}
if(TYPE(h) == P_IBTREE) {
bi = GET_BINTERNAL(dbp, h, 0);
current = bi->pgno;
}
else { /* P_IRECNO */
ri = GET_RINTERNAL(dbp, h, 0);
current = ri->pgno;
}
break;
case P_LBTREE:
case P_LRECNO:
goto traverse;
default:
err_ret = DB_VERIFY_BAD;
goto err;
}
if((ret = __memp_fput(mpf, vdp->thread_info, h, DB_PRIORITY_UNCHANGED)) != 0)
err_ret = ret;
h = NULL;
}
/*
* At this point, current is the pgno of leaf page h, the 0th in the
* tree we're concerned with.
*/
traverse:
while(IS_VALID_PGNO(current) && current != PGNO_INVALID) {
if(!h && (ret = __memp_fget(mpf, ¤t, vdp->thread_info, NULL, 0, &h)) != 0) {
err_ret = ret;
break;
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_get(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, current, (int *)&p)) != 0)
goto err;
if(p != 0) {
/*
* We've found a cycle. Return success anyway--
* our caller may as well use however much of
* the pgset we've come up with.
*/
break;
}
if((ret = __db_vrfy_pgset_inc(pgset, vdp->thread_info, vdp->txn, current)) != 0)
goto err;
current = NEXT_PGNO(h);
if((ret = __memp_fput(mpf, vdp->thread_info, h, DB_PRIORITY_UNCHANGED)) != 0)
err_ret = ret;
h = NULL;
}
err:
__memp_fput(mpf, vdp->thread_info, h, DB_PRIORITY_UNCHANGED);
return ret == 0 ? err_ret : ret;
}
/*
* __bam_safe_getdata --
*
* Utility function for __bam_vrfy_itemorder. Safely gets the datum at
* index i, page h, and sticks it in DBT dbt. If ovflok is 1 and i's an
* overflow item, we do a safe_goff to get the item and signal that we need
* to free dbt->data; if ovflok is 0, we leaves the DBT zeroed.
*/
static int __bam_safe_getdata(DB * dbp, DB_THREAD_INFO * ip, PAGE * h, uint32 i, int ovflok, DBT * dbt, int * freedbtp)
{
BKEYDATA * bk;
BOVERFLOW * bo;
DBC * dbc;
int ret;
memzero(dbt, sizeof(DBT));
*freedbtp = 0;
bk = GET_BKEYDATA(dbp, h, i);
if(B_TYPE(bk->type) == B_OVERFLOW) {
if(!ovflok)
return 0;
else if((ret = __db_cursor_int(dbp, ip, NULL, DB_BTREE, PGNO_INVALID, 0, DB_LOCK_INVALIDID, &dbc)) != 0)
return ret;
else {
bo = (BOVERFLOW *)bk;
F_SET(dbt, DB_DBT_MALLOC);
*freedbtp = 1;
return __db_goff(dbc, dbt, bo->tlen, bo->pgno, 0, 0);
}
}
else {
dbt->data = bk->data;
dbt->size = bk->len;
}
return 0;
}
|
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Illustrations
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "illustrations/illustrations";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Fonts
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "base/fonts";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Scroll reveal
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "base/scroll-reveal";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Base
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "base/base";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Typography
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "base/typography";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Containers
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "elements/containers";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Buttons
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "elements/buttons";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Forms
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "elements/forms";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Hamburger
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "elements/hamburger";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Modal
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "elements/modal";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Split pattern
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "patterns/split";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Tiles pattern
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "patterns/tiles";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Header
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "layout/header";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Site content
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "layout/main";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Footer
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "layout/footer";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Section
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/section";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Hero
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/hero";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Features split
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/features-split";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Features tiles
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/features-tiles";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Testimonial
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/testimonial";
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Call to action
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@import "sections/cta";
|
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|
import java.io.{File}
import scalaxb.compiler.{Config}
class UnqualifiedLocalTest extends TestBase {
val inFile = new File("integration/src/test/resources/unqualified.xsd")
lazy val generated = module.process(inFile, "unqualified", tmp)
"unqualified.scala file must compile so that Foo can be used" in {
(List("""scalaxb.toXML[unqualified.Foo](scalaxb.fromXML[unqualified.Foo](""" +
"""<unq:foo xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified" attribute1="bar">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"""</unq:foo>), """ +
"""Some("http://www.example.com/unqualified"), "foo", """ +
"""scalaxb.toScope(Some("unq") -> "http://www.example.com/unqualified") ).toString"""),
generated) must evaluateTo("""<unq:foo attribute1="bar" xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"</unq:foo>", outdir = "./tmp")
}
"unqualified.scala file must compiled with an alternative toXML" in {
(List("""scalaxb.toXML[unqualified.Foo](scalaxb.fromXML[unqualified.Foo](""" +
"""<unq:foo xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified" attribute1="bar">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"""</unq:foo>), """ +
"""Some("http://www.example.com/unqualified"), Some("foo"), """ +
"""scalaxb.toScope(Some("unq") -> "http://www.example.com/unqualified") ).toString"""),
generated) must evaluateTo("""<unq:foo attribute1="bar" xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"</unq:foo>", outdir = "./tmp")
}
"unqualified.scala file must compile so that Foo can be used without toplevel prefix" in {
(List("""scalaxb.toXML[unqualified.Foo](scalaxb.fromXML[unqualified.Foo](""" +
"""<unq:foo xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified" attribute1="bar">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"""</unq:foo>), "foo", """ +
"""scalaxb.toScope(Some("unq") -> "http://www.example.com/unqualified") ).toString"""),
generated) must evaluateTo("""<foo attribute1="bar" xmlns:unq="http://www.example.com/unqualified">""" +
"<string1></string1>" +
"""<unq:bar>bar</unq:bar>""" +
"</foo>", outdir = "./tmp")
}
"unqualified.scala file must compile so that USAddress can roundtrip" in {
(List("""val usaddress = unqualified.USAddress("123", "New York", "NY", 10000, Map())""",
"""val xml = scalaxb.toXML[unqualified.Addressable](usaddress, None, Some("shipTo"), unqualified.defaultScope)""",
"""val x = scalaxb.fromXML[unqualified.Addressable](xml).toString""",
"""x"""),
generated) must evaluateTo ("""USAddress(123,New York,NY,10000,Map(@{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance}type -> DataRecord({http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance}type,tns:USAddress)))""",
outdir = "./tmp")
}
/*
val inFile2 = new File("integration/src/test/resources/qualified.xsd")
lazy val generated2 = (new Driver).process(inFile2, "qualified", tmp)
"qualified.scala file must compile so that Foo can be used" in {
(List("""scalaxb.toXML[qualified.Foo](scalaxb.fromXML[qualified.Foo](""" +
"""<q:foo xmlns:q="http://www.example.com/qualified" q:attribute1="bar">""" +
"<q:string1></q:string1>" +
"""</q:foo>), """ +
"""Some("http://www.example.com/qualified"), "foo", """ +
"""scalaxb.toScope(Some("q") -> "http://www.example.com/qualified") ).toString"""),
generated2) must evaluateTo("""<q:foo q:attribute1="bar" xmlns:q="http://www.example.com/qualified">""" +
"<q:string1></q:string1>" +
"</q:foo>", outdir = "./tmp")
}
*/
}
|
<%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title><la:message key="labels.admin_brand_title"/> | <la:message key="labels.search_list_configuration"/></title>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/view/common/admin/head.jsp"></jsp:include>
</head>
<body class="hold-transition sidebar-mini">
<div class="wrapper">
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/view/common/admin/header.jsp"></jsp:include>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/view/common/admin/sidebar.jsp">
<jsp:param name="menuCategoryType" value="log"/>
<jsp:param name="menuType" value="searchList"/>
</jsp:include>
<div class="content-wrapper">
<div class="content-header">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row mb-2">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<h1>
<la:message key="labels.search_list_configuration"/>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<ol class="breadcrumb float-sm-right">
<li class="breadcrumb-item active"><la:link href="/admin/searchlist/search?q=${f:u(q)}">
<la:message key="labels.search_list_configuration"/>
</la:link></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section class="content">
<la:form action="/admin/searchlist/">
<la:hidden property="crudMode"/>
<la:hidden property="q"/>
<c:if test="${crudMode==2}">
<la:hidden property="id"/>
<la:hidden property="seqNo"/>
<la:hidden property="primaryTerm"/>
</c:if>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="card card-outline <c:if test="${crudMode == 1 || crudMode == 2}">card-success</c:if>">
<div class="card-header">
<h3 class="card-title">
<c:if test="${crudMode == null}">
<la:message key="labels.crud_title_list"/>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${crudMode == 1}">
<la:message key="labels.crud_title_create"/>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${crudMode == 2}">
<la:message key="labels.crud_title_edit"/>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${crudMode == 3}">
<la:message key="labels.crud_title_delete"/>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${crudMode == 4}">
<la:message key="labels.crud_title_details"/>
</c:if>
</h3>
<div class="card-tools">
<div class="btn-group">
<c:choose>
<c:when test="${crudMode == null}">
<la:link href="createnew" styleClass="btn btn-success btn-xs">
<em class="fa fa-plus"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_link_create"/>
</la:link>
</c:when>
<c:otherwise>
<la:link href="/admin/searchlist/search?q=${f:u(q)}"
styleClass="btn btn-primary btn-xs">
<em class="fa fa-th-list"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_link_list"/>
</la:link>
</c:otherwise>
</c:choose>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div>
<la:info id="msg" message="true">
<div class="alert alert-info">${msg}</div>
</la:info>
<la:errors property="_global"/>
</div>
<c:if test="${crudMode==2}">
<div class="form-group row">
<label class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">_id</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">${f:h(id)}</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.doc_id" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">doc_id</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
${f:h(doc.doc_id)}
<la:hidden styleId="doc.doc_id" property="doc.doc_id"/>
</div>
</div>
</c:if>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.url" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">url</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.url"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.url"
property="doc.url" styleClass="form-control"
required="required" data-validation="required"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.title" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">title</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.title"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.title"
property="doc.title" styleClass="form-control"
required="required" data-validation="required"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.role" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">role</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.role"/>
<la:textarea styleId="doc.role"
property="doc.role" styleClass="form-control"
data-validation-help="1(username) | 2(groupname) | R(rolename) e.g. Rguest"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.boost" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">boost</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.boost"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.boost"
property="doc.boost" styleClass="form-control"
title="Floating point number" required="required"
data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="(\+|\-)?\d+(\.\d+)?((e|E)(\+|\-)?\d+)?"
data-validation-help="number (Float)"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.label" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">label</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.label"/>
<la:textarea styleId="doc.label" property="doc.label" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.lang" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">lang</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.lang"/>
<la:textarea styleId="doc.lang" property="doc.lang" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.mimetype" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">mimetype</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.mimetype"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.mimetype" property="doc.mimetype" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.filetype" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">filetype</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.filetype"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.filetype" property="doc.filetype" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.filename" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">filename</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.filename"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.filename" property="doc.filename" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.content" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">content</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.content"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.content" property="doc.content" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.has_cache" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">has_cache</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.has_cache"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.has_cache" property="doc.has_cache" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.cache" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">cache</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.cache"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.cache" property="doc.cache" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.digest" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">digest</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.digest"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.digest" property="doc.digest" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.host" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">host</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.host"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.host" property="doc.host" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.site" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">site</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.site"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.site" property="doc.site" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.segment" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">segment</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.segment"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.segment" property="doc.segment" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.config_id" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">config_id</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.config_id"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.config_id" property="doc.config_id" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.parent_id" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">parent_id</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.parent_id"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.parent_id" property="doc.parent_id" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.content_length" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">content_length</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.content_length"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.content_length"
property="doc.content_length"
styleClass="form-control" title="Integer"
data-validation="custom" data-validation-regexp="^(\d+)?$"
data-validation-help="number (Integer)"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.favorite_count" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">favorite_count</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.favorite_count"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.favorite_count"
property="doc.favorite_count"
styleClass="form-control" title="Integer"
data-validation="custom" data-validation-regexp="^(\d+)?$"
data-validation-help="number (Integer)"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.click_count" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">click_count</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.click_count"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.click_count"
property="doc.click_count" styleClass="form-control"
title="Integer" data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="^(\d+)?$"
data-validation-help="number (Integer)"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.created" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">created</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.created"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.created"
property="doc.created" styleClass="form-control"
title="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"
data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="(^$|^[1-9]\d{3}\-\d\d\-\d\dT\d\d\:\d\d\:\d\d\.\d{3}Z$)"
data-validation-help="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.timestamp" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">timestamp</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.timestamp"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.timestamp"
property="doc.timestamp" styleClass="form-control"
title="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"
data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="(^$|^[1-9]\d{3}\-\d\d\-\d\dT\d\d\:\d\d\:\d\d\.\d{3}Z$)"
data-validation-help="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.last_modified" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">last_modified</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.last_modified"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.last_modified"
property="doc.last_modified" styleClass="form-control"
title="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"
data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="(^$|^[1-9]\d{3}\-\d\d\-\d\dT\d\d\:\d\d\:\d\d\.\d{3}Z$)"
data-validation-help="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.expires" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">expires</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.expires"/>
<la:text styleId="doc.expires"
property="doc.expires" styleClass="form-control"
title="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"
data-validation="custom"
data-validation-regexp="(^$|^[1-9]\d{3}\-\d\d\-\d\dT\d\d\:\d\d\:\d\d\.\d{3}Z$)"
data-validation-help="yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
<label for="doc.virtual_host" class="col-sm-3 text-sm-right col-form-label">virtual_host</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<la:errors property="doc.virtual_host"/>
<la:textarea styleId="doc.virtual_host" property="doc.virtual_host" styleClass="form-control"/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-footer">
<c:if test="${crudMode == 1}">
<la:link href="/admin/searchlist/search?q=${f:u(q)}" styleClass="btn btn-default">
<em class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_button_back"/>
</la:link>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" name="create"
value="<la:message key="labels.crud_button_create" />">
<em class="fa fa-plus"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_button_create"/>
</button>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${crudMode == 2}">
<la:link href="/admin/searchlist/search?q=${f:u(q)}" styleClass="btn btn-default">
<em class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_button_back"/>
</la:link>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" name="update"
value="<la:message key="labels.crud_button_update" />">
<em class="fa fa-pencil-alt"></em>
<la:message key="labels.crud_button_update"/>
</button>
</c:if>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</la:form>
</section>
</div>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/view/common/admin/footer.jsp"></jsp:include>
</div>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/view/common/admin/foot.jsp"></jsp:include>
<script src="${fe:url('/js/admin/plugins/form-validator/jquery.form-validator.min.js')}"
type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="${fe:url('/js/admin/searchlist.js')}" type="text/javascript"></script>
</body>
</html>
|
Legacy Recordings Honors Nina Simone As Artist Of The Month For February 2013
All the details of this commemoration and how fans can participate, via press release below:
Legacy Recordings, the catalog division of Sony Music Entertainment, commemorates the life and music of Nina Simone on the occasion of the singer’s 80th birthday and celebrates the iconic High Priestess of Soul as the label’s Artist of the Month for February 2013.
Nina Simone, who would’ve turned 80 on February 21, was a strong and vocal civil rights advocate who carried the message of universal rights and personal empowerment, freedom, equality and dignity throughout her career. Whether it was political or emotional or personal, she never failed to tell the truth through her music.
One of the most powerful and uncompromising artists of the 20th century, Nina Simone was a natural talent who developed into a virtuosic performer–an ineffable song stylist with concert hall piano skills and a transcendental on-stage presence. Singer, songwriter, arranger, and pianist, Nina wove classical, blues, jazz, pop, rock, R&B, folk, gospel, torch songs and world music into a body of work as eclectic as it is incomparable.
She began her career as a recording artist in 1958 with her version of “I Loves You, Porgy,” from George and Ira Gershwin’s “Porgy and Bess,” her first US chart success, and made more than 40 albums before her death, at 70, in France on April 21, 2003.
On the Legacy Recordings site, fans and collectors will find access a variety of comprehensive Nina Simone titles including: Nina Simone – The Complete RCA Album Collection; To Be Free: The Nina Simone Story (a four-disc set including DVD); The Essential Nina Simone; Playlist: The Very Best of Nina Simon and, in time for Valentine’s Day, Nina Simone – Love Songs, a specially-curated collection of the artist’s most sensual and romantic recordings.
In 2008, Legacy Recordings released To Be Free: The Nina Simone Story, a deluxe four-disc (three CDs + DVD) box set that stands as the most comprehensive and wide-ranging collection of Nina Simone’s music ever compiled. Containing 51 audio tracks – eight of them previously unreleased – the collection covered her recording years from 1957 to 1993 for the Bethlehem, Colpix, Philips, RCA (for whom she cut nine LPs that are considered the pinnacle of her output), CTI, and Elektra record labels, plus another nine performances on the 23-minute documentary DVD.
“Nina Simone was one of those controversial figures American pop music puts forward from time to time,” wrote Ed Ward in his liner notes for To Be Free: The Nina Simone Story. “To see this African-American woman get angry about the racial situation in her country, right there on stage, was a shock to people who’d come to hear her sing ‘I Loves You, Porgy.’ Not that she cared; she figured that it was the artist’s job to deliver the truth, and if the truth hurt, so be it. Of course, events wound up proving her right, but she never stopped being prickly about one thing or another. It was just part of who she was, and part of why her music has endured while that of some of her contemporaries has faded: she’s still contemporary.”
|
/*
* C# Version Ported by Matt Bettcher and Ian Qvist 2009-2010
*
* Original C++ Version Copyright (c) 2007 Eric Jordan
*
* This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
* warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
* arising from the use of this software.
* Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
* including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
* freely, subject to the following restrictions:
* 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
* claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
* in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
* appreciated but is not required.
* 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
* misrepresented as being the original software.
* 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
namespace FarseerPhysics.Common.Decomposition
{
/// <summary>
/// Convex decomposition algorithm using ear clipping
///
/// Properties:
/// - Only works on simple polygons.
/// - Does not support holes.
/// - Running time is O(n^2), n = number of vertices.
///
/// Source: http://www.ewjordan.com/earClip/
/// </summary>
internal static class EarclipDecomposer
{
//box2D rev 32 - for details, see http://www.box2d.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=83&start=50
/// <summary>
/// Decompose the polygon into several smaller non-concave polygon.
/// Each resulting polygon will have no more than Settings.MaxPolygonVertices vertices.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="vertices">The vertices.</param>
/// <param name="tolerance">The tolerance.</param>
public static List<Vertices> ConvexPartition(Vertices vertices, float tolerance = 0.001f)
{
Debug.Assert(vertices.Count > 3);
Debug.Assert(!vertices.IsCounterClockWise());
return TriangulatePolygon(vertices, tolerance);
}
/// <summary>
/// Triangulates a polygon using simple ear-clipping algorithm. Returns
/// size of Triangle array unless the polygon can't be triangulated.
/// This should only happen if the polygon self-intersects,
/// though it will not _always_ return null for a bad polygon - it is the
/// caller's responsibility to check for self-intersection, and if it
/// doesn't, it should at least check that the return value is non-null
/// before using. You're warned!
///
/// Triangles may be degenerate, especially if you have identical points
/// in the input to the algorithm. Check this before you use them.
///
/// This is totally unoptimized, so for large polygons it should not be part
/// of the simulation loop.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Only works on simple polygons.
/// </remarks>
static List<Vertices> TriangulatePolygon(Vertices vertices, float tolerance)
{
//FPE note: Check is needed as invalid triangles can be returned in recursive calls.
if (vertices.Count < 3)
return new List<Vertices>();
var results = new List<Vertices>();
//Recurse and split on pinch points
Vertices pA, pB;
var pin = new Vertices(vertices);
if (ResolvePinchPoint(pin, out pA, out pB, tolerance))
{
var mergeA = TriangulatePolygon(pA, tolerance);
var mergeB = TriangulatePolygon(pB, tolerance);
if (mergeA.Count == -1 || mergeB.Count == -1)
throw new Exception("Can't triangulate your polygon.");
for (int i = 0; i < mergeA.Count; ++i)
results.Add(new Vertices(mergeA[i]));
for (int i = 0; i < mergeB.Count; ++i)
results.Add(new Vertices(mergeB[i]));
return results;
}
var buffer = new Vertices[vertices.Count - 2];
var bufferSize = 0;
var xrem = new float[vertices.Count];
var yrem = new float[vertices.Count];
for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Count; ++i)
{
xrem[i] = vertices[i].X;
yrem[i] = vertices[i].Y;
}
var vNum = vertices.Count;
while (vNum > 3)
{
// Find an ear
var earIndex = -1;
var earMaxMinCross = -10.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < vNum; ++i)
{
if (IsEar(i, xrem, yrem, vNum))
{
var lower = Remainder(i - 1, vNum);
var upper = Remainder(i + 1, vNum);
var d1 = new Vector2(xrem[upper] - xrem[i], yrem[upper] - yrem[i]);
var d2 = new Vector2(xrem[i] - xrem[lower], yrem[i] - yrem[lower]);
var d3 = new Vector2(xrem[lower] - xrem[upper], yrem[lower] - yrem[upper]);
Nez.Vector2Ext.Normalize(ref d1);
Nez.Vector2Ext.Normalize(ref d2);
Nez.Vector2Ext.Normalize(ref d3);
float cross12;
MathUtils.Cross(ref d1, ref d2, out cross12);
cross12 = Math.Abs(cross12);
float cross23;
MathUtils.Cross(ref d2, ref d3, out cross23);
cross23 = Math.Abs(cross23);
float cross31;
MathUtils.Cross(ref d3, ref d1, out cross31);
cross31 = Math.Abs(cross31);
//Find the maximum minimum angle
float minCross = Math.Min(cross12, Math.Min(cross23, cross31));
if (minCross > earMaxMinCross)
{
earIndex = i;
earMaxMinCross = minCross;
}
}
}
// If we still haven't found an ear, we're screwed.
// Note: sometimes this is happening because the
// remaining points are collinear. Really these
// should just be thrown out without halting triangulation.
if (earIndex == -1)
{
for (int i = 0; i < bufferSize; i++)
results.Add(buffer[i]);
return results;
}
// Clip off the ear:
// - remove the ear tip from the list
--vNum;
float[] newx = new float[vNum];
float[] newy = new float[vNum];
int currDest = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < vNum; ++i)
{
if (currDest == earIndex) ++currDest;
newx[i] = xrem[currDest];
newy[i] = yrem[currDest];
++currDest;
}
// - add the clipped triangle to the triangle list
int under = (earIndex == 0) ? (vNum) : (earIndex - 1);
int over = (earIndex == vNum) ? 0 : (earIndex + 1);
var toAdd = new Triangle(xrem[earIndex], yrem[earIndex], xrem[over], yrem[over], xrem[under],
yrem[under]);
buffer[bufferSize] = toAdd;
++bufferSize;
// - replace the old list with the new one
xrem = newx;
yrem = newy;
}
var tooAdd = new Triangle(xrem[1], yrem[1], xrem[2], yrem[2], xrem[0], yrem[0]);
buffer[bufferSize] = tooAdd;
++bufferSize;
for (int i = 0; i < bufferSize; i++)
results.Add(new Vertices(buffer[i]));
return results;
}
/// <summary>
/// Finds and fixes "pinch points," points where two polygon
/// vertices are at the same point.
///
/// If a pinch point is found, pin is broken up into poutA and poutB
/// and true is returned; otherwise, returns false.
///
/// Mostly for internal use.
///
/// O(N^2) time, which sucks...
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pin">The pin.</param>
/// <param name="poutA">The pout A.</param>
/// <param name="poutB">The pout B.</param>
/// <param name="tolerance"></param>
static bool ResolvePinchPoint(Vertices pin, out Vertices poutA, out Vertices poutB, float tolerance)
{
poutA = new Vertices();
poutB = new Vertices();
if (pin.Count < 3)
return false;
bool hasPinchPoint = false;
int pinchIndexA = -1;
int pinchIndexB = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < pin.Count; ++i)
{
for (int j = i + 1; j < pin.Count; ++j)
{
//Don't worry about pinch points where the points
//are actually just dupe neighbors
if (Math.Abs(pin[i].X - pin[j].X) < tolerance && Math.Abs(pin[i].Y - pin[j].Y) < tolerance &&
j != i + 1)
{
pinchIndexA = i;
pinchIndexB = j;
hasPinchPoint = true;
break;
}
}
if (hasPinchPoint)
break;
}
if (hasPinchPoint)
{
int sizeA = pinchIndexB - pinchIndexA;
if (sizeA == pin.Count) return false; //has dupe points at wraparound, not a problem here
for (int i = 0; i < sizeA; ++i)
{
int ind = Remainder(pinchIndexA + i, pin.Count); // is this right
poutA.Add(pin[ind]);
}
int sizeB = pin.Count - sizeA;
for (int i = 0; i < sizeB; ++i)
{
int ind = Remainder(pinchIndexB + i, pin.Count); // is this right
poutB.Add(pin[ind]);
}
}
return hasPinchPoint;
}
/// <summary>
/// Fix for obnoxious behavior for the % operator for negative numbers...
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">The x.</param>
/// <param name="modulus">The modulus.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
static int Remainder(int x, int modulus)
{
int rem = x % modulus;
while (rem < 0)
{
rem += modulus;
}
return rem;
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if vertex i is the tip of an ear in polygon defined by xv[] and yv[].
/// </summary>
/// <param name="i">The i.</param>
/// <param name="xv">The xv.</param>
/// <param name="yv">The yv.</param>
/// <param name="xvLength">Length of the xv.</param>
/// <remarks>
/// Assumes clockwise orientation of polygon.
/// </remarks>
/// <returns>
/// <c>true</c> if the specified i is ear; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
/// </returns>
static bool IsEar(int i, float[] xv, float[] yv, int xvLength)
{
float dx0, dy0, dx1, dy1;
if (i >= xvLength || i < 0 || xvLength < 3)
{
return false;
}
int upper = i + 1;
int lower = i - 1;
if (i == 0)
{
dx0 = xv[0] - xv[xvLength - 1];
dy0 = yv[0] - yv[xvLength - 1];
dx1 = xv[1] - xv[0];
dy1 = yv[1] - yv[0];
lower = xvLength - 1;
}
else if (i == xvLength - 1)
{
dx0 = xv[i] - xv[i - 1];
dy0 = yv[i] - yv[i - 1];
dx1 = xv[0] - xv[i];
dy1 = yv[0] - yv[i];
upper = 0;
}
else
{
dx0 = xv[i] - xv[i - 1];
dy0 = yv[i] - yv[i - 1];
dx1 = xv[i + 1] - xv[i];
dy1 = yv[i + 1] - yv[i];
}
float cross = dx0 * dy1 - dx1 * dy0;
if (cross > 0)
return false;
var myTri = new Triangle(xv[i], yv[i], xv[upper], yv[upper], xv[lower], yv[lower]);
for (int j = 0; j < xvLength; ++j)
{
if (j == i || j == lower || j == upper)
continue;
if (myTri.IsInside(xv[j], yv[j]))
return false;
}
return true;
}
class Triangle : Vertices
{
//Constructor automatically fixes orientation to ccw
public Triangle(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2, float x3, float y3)
{
float cross = (x2 - x1) * (y3 - y1) - (x3 - x1) * (y2 - y1);
if (cross > 0)
{
Add(new Vector2(x1, y1));
Add(new Vector2(x2, y2));
Add(new Vector2(x3, y3));
}
else
{
Add(new Vector2(x1, y1));
Add(new Vector2(x3, y3));
Add(new Vector2(x2, y2));
}
}
public bool IsInside(float x, float y)
{
Vector2 a = this[0];
Vector2 b = this[1];
Vector2 c = this[2];
if (x < a.X && x < b.X && x < c.X) return false;
if (x > a.X && x > b.X && x > c.X) return false;
if (y < a.Y && y < b.Y && y < c.Y) return false;
if (y > a.Y && y > b.Y && y > c.Y) return false;
float vx2 = x - a.X;
float vy2 = y - a.Y;
float vx1 = b.X - a.X;
float vy1 = b.Y - a.Y;
float vx0 = c.X - a.X;
float vy0 = c.Y - a.Y;
float dot00 = vx0 * vx0 + vy0 * vy0;
float dot01 = vx0 * vx1 + vy0 * vy1;
float dot02 = vx0 * vx2 + vy0 * vy2;
float dot11 = vx1 * vx1 + vy1 * vy1;
float dot12 = vx1 * vx2 + vy1 * vy2;
float invDenom = 1.0f / (dot00 * dot11 - dot01 * dot01);
float u = (dot11 * dot02 - dot01 * dot12) * invDenom;
float v = (dot00 * dot12 - dot01 * dot02) * invDenom;
return ((u > 0) && (v > 0) && (u + v < 1));
}
}
}
}
|
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Regional Offices
Ampacity and Engineering Aspects of Power Cables course - Dubai
One-day training course providing an insight into calculating the ampacity of cable systems. The course also covers various important subject areas relevant to the detailed engineering of cable systems
SHARE:
Do you have questions regarding your cable system's ampacity or current rating? Or about the detailed design of cable systems or the potential additional possibilities for existing cable systems? Do you design or verify the design of cable systems? Then this course is definitely for you!
With the increasingly widespread use of underground and submarine power cables, proper design and engineering of power cable systems becomes more and more important. A very important topic in the design and engineering of these systems is the ampacity of power cables, which can appear to be surprisingly good over the short term, but surprisingly poor over the long term or at very specific spots (therminal bottleneck). The objective of this course is to provide insight and methodologies designed to determine the ampacity in a proper way, as well as to cover the various topics that play a major role during the design and engineering phase.
For more information and to register, please refer to the leaflet and registration form.
This in-depth practical one-day training course is part of a series of courses on power cables, consisting of a general three-day course, Power cables in general and several in-depth two-day courses, providing more detailed information on the following topics:
The Ampacity and Engineering Aspects of Power Cables course will be run as a one-day course in Dubai. The three-day course Power Cables in General will be run in Dubai from May 19-21, 2014. For more information please click here.
The entire series of courses will be run from 23-27 June and 10-13 November in Arnhem (the Netherlands) as well. For more information please click here.
On request, Energy Academy can also provide an in-house training course in English or Dutch (content, location and duration of the course can be adapted to the client’s wishes). Please contact us for more information.
Subjects:
General framework and existing standards
Cable installation design
Continuous current rating
Dynamic current rating
Short-circuit behavior
Magnetic fields
Requirements and specifications of power cables
Target Audience:
Anyone involved (or to be involved) with power cables in the course of their daily work. It is recommended that the participants hold at least a Bachelor of Engineering degree or have a certain foreknowledge of power cables. The Power cables in general course is a recommended preparation, but not a requirement.
Contact us:
Irene Heunks
For more information about our training courses
Where:
Dubai
Venue:
upon request
Language:
English
Do you have questions regarding your cable system's ampacity or current rating? Or about the detailed design of cable systems or the potential additional possibilities for existing cable systems? Do you design or verify the design of cable systems? Then this course is definitely for you!
With the increasingly widespread use of underground and submarine power cables, proper design and engineering of power cable systems becomes more and more important. A very important topic in the design and engineering of these systems is the ampacity of power cables, which can appear to be surprisingly good over the short term, but surprisingly poor over the long term or at very specific spots (therminal bottleneck). The objective of this course is to provide insight and methodologies designed to determine the ampacity in a proper way, as well as to cover the various topics that play a major role during the design and engineering phase.
For more information and to register, please refer to the leaflet and registration form.
This in-depth practical one-day training course is part of a series of courses on power cables, consisting of a general three-day course, Power cables in general and several in-depth two-day courses, providing more detailed information on the following topics:
The Ampacity and Engineering Aspects of Power Cables course will be run as a one-day course in Dubai. The three-day course Power Cables in General will be run in Dubai from May 19-21, 2014. For more information please click here.
The entire series of courses will be run from 23-27 June and 10-13 November in Arnhem (the Netherlands) as well. For more information please click here.
On request, Energy Academy can also provide an in-house training course in English or Dutch (content, location and duration of the course can be adapted to the client’s wishes). Please contact us for more information.
Subjects:
General framework and existing standards
Cable installation design
Continuous current rating
Dynamic current rating
Short-circuit behavior
Magnetic fields
Requirements and specifications of power cables
Target Audience:
Anyone involved (or to be involved) with power cables in the course of their daily work. It is recommended that the participants hold at least a Bachelor of Engineering degree or have a certain foreknowledge of power cables. The Power cables in general course is a recommended preparation, but not a requirement.
|
D’Antoni on Dubs: ‘They've done it in big moments'
Defending champions set for 2015 WCF rematch with Rockets
When the Warriors won their first championship in 40 years during the 2014-15 season over the Cavs, their path included the Rockets in the Western Conference Finals.
Golden State cruised to a 4-1 series win and has been in the NBA Finals every years since. The Rockets, meanwhile, had yet to make it past the second round — until now.
With Houston owning home court, the biggest hurdle for the top seed is figuring out how to stop the experienced — and peaking — Warriors.
"What we have to prove is that we can do it in the big moment,” Rockets head coach Mike D’Antoni told reporters following Friday’s practice.
Mike D'Antoni: "What we have to prove is that we can do it in the big moment. Golden State, that's the advantage they have. They've done it in big moments...Can we do it? I think we can, but we have to go out and prove it." #Rocketspic.twitter.com/6l2itfXDng
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The overall objectives of the Climate Change Working Group during Phase II of the Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme (ASB) were to determine those land-use systems that sequester more carbon and reduce trace gas emissions. The research consisted of three activities:
1 Collect strategic information on changes in carbon stocks and land use,
2 Develop a database on trace gas fluxes from different land-use systems, and
3 Assess land rehabilitation techniques for increasing carbon sequestration
|
package xiaofei.library.hermestest;
import android.content.Context;
import xiaofei.library.hermes.annotation.ClassId;
/**
* Created by Xiaofei on 16/4/28.
*/
@ClassId("FileUtils")
public interface IFileUtils {
String getExternalCacheDir(Context context);
}
|
GOG selling Interplay games on the cheap
13 Apr 2012 by John Robertson
GOG are selling games from Interplay's catalogue for $2.99 each.
That means its cheap pickings for anyone with a hankering for some Fallout 1 or 2, Fallout Tactics, Battle Chess, MDK 1 or 2, Jagged Alliance 2 or VR Soccer '96.
There are 32 games in total, which will set you back $95.68 if you want to purchase them all.
Source: GOG
GOG are selling games from Interplay’s catalogue for $2.99 each.
That means its cheap pickings for anyone with a hankering for some Fallout 1 or 2, Fallout Tactics, Battle Chess, MDK 1 or 2, Jagged Alliance 2 or VR Soccer ’96.
There are 32 games in total, which will set you back $95.68 if you want to purchase them all.
Source: GOG
Related to this story
Register an IncGamers account to post comments or use Disqus.You can also post via a social network.
|
Going all in: USGBC creates net zero certification
Net zero is a powerful target that will move the entire industry forward.
Today, millions of us are living, working and learning in LEED-certified buildings around the world. These spaces are using less energy and water. They’re mitigating the environmental burden on their communities. They’re saving money. And they are offering the people who occupy them a better quality of life. That reality is changing the way all of us think about buildings—not as inanimate structures, but as opportunities to help create a healthier, more sustainable future.
That hasn’t happened by chance. It is a culmination of countless small-scale changes that have come together over decades, structure by structure, block by block. And together, they’ve inspired people around the world and have ignited a fundamental shift in the way we think about our built environment.
LEED has helped to shift our collective mindset about the “who” and the “why” behind sustainability. Businesses, activists, real estate developers and government officials are all coming around to the idea that green buildings aren’t just good for the planet. They’re good for the bottom lines of the people who own them—and the health and well-being of the people who occupy them.
At the end of the day that’s what the green building movement is all about—people. And while I’m proud of what we’ve achieved over the past generation of LEED projects, I’m even more humbled when I think about the millions of people—from every industry and every continent—who have brought us to this point—and the millions more who will help carry it forward.
At USGBC, our mission dictates every action we take. By 2050, the total global floor area of all buildings is expected to double to more than 400 billion square meters. And each new building will last for multiple generations—maybe even hundreds of years. That means the choices we make today are locked in for the foreseeable future. So we have to make the right decisions. We have to keep setting our sights higher and higher—and surpassing even our own high expectations.
At the Global Climate Action Summit this week, leading cities and corporations are gearing up their commitments to climate action, including recommitments to improving the performance of buildings and spaces. And today, at the Net Zero for All conference, I witnessed leaders from all green building sectors pushing the boundaries of what it means to be net zero. Here at USGBC, we have intensified our efforts to support and advance global collaboration to decarbonize buildings, grids and communities by investing our resources and leveraging our tools and technology towards a positive vision.
And now, that means setting our sights at zero. Net zero is a powerful target that will move the entire industry forward.
For years, LEED projects around the world have aspired to net zero energy, net zero water and net zero waste milestones. It’s time we recognize the leadership of projects—and formalize the commitment to net zero across the entire LEED community. That’s why today, we’re announcing a new Net Zero certification program that gives the green building community a new standard to strive for.
USGBC’s new net zero certifications will help reinforce these visionary leaders, while improving accountability and transparency. LEED projects can achieve Net Zero certification when they demonstrate any or one of the following: net zero carbon emissions, net zero energy use, net zero water use or net zero waste. In order to achieve any of these net zero certifications, projects must be LEED-certified and must provide 12 months of performance data across any or all of these categories.
We believe these new certification programs will encourage a holistic approach for buildings and places to contribute to a regenerative future and enhance the health and well-being for not only building occupants, but all of humanity.
We’ll officially kick off these programs this November at Greenbuild—so stay tuned for more!
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Donor-site morbidity of the transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap in autologous breast reconstruction: short-term and long-term results.
The authors have used the transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap technique for autologous breast reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy since August of 2002. The donor site is closed in the manner of a medial thigh lift. The authors examined the short-term and long-term results of donor-site morbidity in their first 22 patients. Nineteen patients underwent unilateral and three patients received bilateral breast reconstruction with a transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap after skin-sparing mastectomy. Using a questionnaire, patients were asked about complaints resulting from elevation of the gracilis muscle and their satisfaction with the result, general condition, and sexuality. Cosmetic evaluations of the thigh donor site were performed independently by two plastic surgeons. To evaluate short-term results, mean follow-up of the 22 patients was 10 months. All patients were satisfied with the scar in the inguinal region. Concerning thigh symmetry, 42 percent of patients showed excellent results, 40 percent had good results, and 18 percent had fair results. With regard to the scars, 24 percent of patients had excellent results, 46 percent had good results, and 30 percent had fair results. Thigh shape was evaluated as excellent by 26 percent, good by 52 percent, and fair by 22 percent. Patients who had a unilateral gracilis donor site had a difference in maximal thigh circumference of 2.368 cm. Four years postoperatively, all patients would choose this kind of operation again. The medial thigh region allows the removal of a moderate amount of tissue, even in thin patients, with a very inconspicuous scar. The transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap is safe for immediate reconstruction of small and medium-sized breasts, with minimal functional donor-site morbidity. Therapeutic, IV.
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I see you are trying to give a simple tutorial, but please keep in mind there is a wide range of DNS servers/services that may have different or same response which could mean the same thing or completely different.
Would you like to elaborate with what kind of software you are working on and write a bit more detailed tutorial so we can all understand.
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Nadella reveals leadership changes at Microsoft – Elop to join as head of mobile
Microsoft’s new CEO Satya Nadella has continued to make sweeping changes at the software giant, announcing Scott Guthrie to lead the Cloud and Enterprise organisation, Phil Spencer to lead Xbox, and former Nokia CEO Stephen Elop to be head of Microsoft’s Mobile Devices Group.
Last year, Microsoft bought Nokia, once the world’s largest phone vendor, for US$7.1bn.
Prior to Nadella’s announcement as CEO, Elop was considered in the running for one of the most powerful leadership roles in the technology industry worldwide.
“In advance of Build, I want to highlight three announcements about how we’re continuing to evolve and tune our organisation for maximum focus and impact,” Nadella said.
Guthrie has been promoted from acting to executive vice-president of Microsoft’s Cloud and Enterprise organisation. According to Nadella, Guthrie made critical contributions to .NET and other pivotal Microsoft technologies.
Spencer will lead the Xbox, Xbox Live, Xbox Music and Xbox Video teams, as well as Microsoft Studios. He will report to Terry Myerson, as well as continue to work alongside Yusef Mehdi and George Peckham.
Nokia acquisition to close by end of April
Elop – once the deal to acquire Nokia has been closed – will join Microsoft as executive vice-president in charge of Microsoft’s Devices Group and will report directly to Nadella.
Nadella said he expects the acquisition of Nokia to close by the end of April.
“The mobile capabilities, hardware design expertise, and world-class manufacturing and supply-chain operations they bring will help us drive innovations in devices to delight our customers. Stephen will partner closely with Phil and Terry on Xbox and will bring together many of the top leaders from his existing Nokia Devices and Services organisation as well as the current leaders of the Devices and Studios team,” Nadella said.
“Recently, I’ve discussed with the Microsoft leadership team the need to zero in on what truly makes Microsoft unique. As I said on my first day, we need to do everything possible to thrive in a mobile-first, cloud-first world. The announcements last week, our news this week, the Nokia acquisition closing soon, and the leaders and teams we are putting in place are all great first steps in making this happen.”
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Early Origins of the McClannent family
The surname McClannent was first found in Ayrshire where their history vitally is enmeshed with that of the larger Logan Clan. The McClannent spelling of this name was first found in Druimdeurfait, in Ross-shire, where they were a branch of the Highland Logans, who lived along Loch Lochy. According to family lore, they descend from Gilliegorm, Chief of the northern Logans, who was killed battling the Clan Fraser. His pregnant wife taken captive by Lord Lovat. Her son, born humped back, was called Crotair MacGilliegorm, the "crooked-back son of Gilliegorm." Fearing future revenge on the Frasers by the boy, he was sent to a monastery at Beauly, where he became a monk. He was said to be an ardent follower of the Irish Saint Fhinan, and one of his children took the name Mac Gillie Fhinan, which eventually became MacLennan.
Early History of the McClannent family
Early History of the McClannent family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our McClannent research.Another 493 words (35 lines of text) covering the years 1204, 1296, 1329, 1555, 1606, 1609, 1746 and 1890 are included under the topic Early McClannent History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
McClannent Spelling Variations
McClannent Spelling Variations
Spelling variations are the result of the medieval practice of spelling according to sound and repeated translation between Gaelic and English. Many spelling variations of McClannent have been recorded over the years, including MacLennan, MacLenan, McLennan, McLennen and many more.
Early Notables of the McClannent family (pre 1700)
Early Notables of the McClannent family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early McClannent Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the McClannent family to Ireland
Migration of the McClannent family to Ireland
Some of the McClannent family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.Another 109 words (8 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the McClannent family to the New World and Oceana
Migration of the McClannent family to the New World and Oceana
Numerous Scottish settlers settled along the east coast of the colonies that would become the United States and Canada. Others traveled to the open country of the west. At the time of the American War of Independence, some remained in the United States, while those who remained loyal to the crown went north to Canada as United Empire Loyalists. The highland games and Clan societies that sprang up across North America in the 20th century have helped many Scots to recover parts of their lost traditions. Research into passenger and immigration lists has revealed some of the very first McClannents to arrive in North America: William MacLenan, who arrived in Pictou, N.S. in 1773 aboard the "Hector"; Angus, Donald, Duncan, Farquhar, John, Roderick, and Rory Maclennan, who were all sent to Barbados in 1745.
The McClannent Motto
The McClannent Motto
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Hoc majorum virtusMotto Translation: This is the valour of my ancestors.
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India’s domestic air traffic nearly doubled to 117 million passengers in 2017 with 100 flights taking off every hour compared with 67 in 2011.
Tata Steel is partnering the nation to gear up and meetthe demand of commuters poised to increase 4-fold.
Tata Steel has also contributed to almost all metro railway networks in the country with our pre-stressed concrete strands. These projects include the Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Lucknow, Ahmedabad and Kochi metros.
DID YOU KNOW?
45,000 Metric Tons of Tata Structura Hollow Steel sections have been used in 32 major airports across the country.
“
"The first day that the metro started in my city there was a crowd of excited people (myself included) standing on the platform. When the metro halted at the platform, we cheered. When we got in, we cheered. And when the train started, we cheered again. Every time I take the metro, I’m reminded of that first day."
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ITIA strategical mission is the grown of competitiveness and sustainability of manufacturing in Italy and Europe through industrial innovation. ITIA, contributes and supports the European Union initiative MANUFUTURE, finalized in development of added high value manufacturing based on research and innovation, work on the development of new products and processes, business models and related enabling technologies in tightened collaboration with research centers, university and enterprises on national, european and international level.
On the basis of the new Manufuture strategical vision, ITIA has focalized its competences on the following applicative areas: microsystems, mechatronic, robotic, control, diagnosis, monitoring and new generation supervising systems, virtual design methods of products and processes and new organizational, mangement and business paradigms.
ITIA's staff is comprised of 81 individuals of which 61 are researchers, 10 technicians, two collaborators and eight administrative officials. It boasts a network of four major laboratories within the country. ITIA constitutes, with six other of Italy's National Council of Research institutes its Production System department.
Collaboration Agreement:
Since the Mid-1980s ITIA-CNR has been committed to international, European and national R&D projects, developed in collaboration with enterprises, universities and research centres operating in the manufacturing sector at international level. The research projects now being developed total 34. They are international, European and national projects employing more than 60 researchers of ITIA. ITIA coordinates and manages regional, national, European (framework programme) and International (IMS) projects.
Currently ITIA coordinates of the following VIIFP projects: FIT4U and VFF. The project management in ITIA is performed by the Strategic Direction and it is structured in the following activities: Development of web based technologies for the project management Management support along all the project life cycle: preparation and negotiation, activity and resource planning, monitoring and contractual/administrative management Definition and implementation of the dissemination instruments for the research results (web sites, conferences, publications) Document management For a complete overview of ITIA running projects and of the main completed projects.
Affiliate Programs:
ITIA-CNR provides specific training opportunities focused on research within domestic and international research project forums, seminars and schools to promote and educate individuals on manufacturing principals.
Scholarship programs:
ITIA strategical mission is the grown of competitiveness and sustainability of manufacturing in Italy and Europe through industrial innovation. ITIA, contributes and supports the European Union initiative MANUFUTURE, finalized in development of added high value manufacturing based on research and innovation, work on the development of new products and processes, business models and related enabling technologies in tightened collaboration with research centers, university and enterprises on national, european and international level.
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colored flashing lightup ugly Christmas Krampus sweater with mock turtleneck and all over snowflake pattern in earth tones. Decorated with a centered Krampus patch with an alarming red puffball trim. Made for a woman but would look ok on a guy. Tall or oversized long fit. Batteries included. Unisex Lightup Ugly Krampus Christmas Sweater$92.00Not in stockItem No. 236796
Scare the little kiddies with your very own Krampus sweater! In European legend, Krampus travels with St. Nick and scares the naughty children. Those who are particularly rotten get stuffed into his sack to be eaten as Christmas dinner. Unisex tan background acrylic pullover longsleeve multi-colored flashing lightup ugly Christmas Krampus sweater with mock turtleneck and all over snowflake pattern in earth tones. Decorated with a centered Krampus patch with an alarming red puffball trim. Made for a woman but would look ok on a guy. Tall or oversized long fit. Batteries included.
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Q:
\llap (or \rlap) at the beginning of an indented paragraph
If I use a \llap{text} command at the beginning of an indented paragraph, the text is not indented and is put on the line above the paragraph.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\parindent=2cm
\llap{x}Hello
H\llap{x}ello
\end{document}
Using the code above, I get the x above and far too the left, relative to the H in the first case, but I get the correct result in the second case (the x is just to the left of the e).
How can I get the x just to the left of the H?
I tried putting a vphantom{X} just before the \llap to force the paragraph to start, but that didn't change the result at all.
A:
\llap is not a LaTeX box command and does not start a paragraph.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\parindent=2cm
\makebox[0pt][r]{x}Hello
H\makebox[0pt][r]{x}ello
\end{document}
A:
You can also use
\indent\llap{x}Hello
|
Coping Well with Advanced Cancer: A Serial Qualitative Interview Study with Patients and Family Carers.
SHARE
Coping Well with Advanced Cancer: A Serial Qualitative Interview Study with Patients and Family Carers.
January 23, 2017
To understand successful strategies used by people to cope well when living with advanced cancer; to explore how professionals can support effective coping strategies; to understand how to support development of effective coping strategies for patients and family carers.
Qualitative serial (4-12 week intervals) interview study with people with advanced cancer and their informal carers followed by focus groups. The iterative design had a novel focus on positive coping strategies. Interview analysis focused on patients and carers as individuals and pairs, exploring multiple dimensions of their coping experiences. Focus group analysis explored strategies for intervention development.
Participants recruited through outpatient clinics at two tertiary cancer centres in Merseyside and Manchester, UK, between June 2012 and July 2013.
45 patient and 41 carer interviews were conducted plus 4 focus groups (16 participants). People with advanced cancer and their informal/family carers develop coping strategies which enable effective management of psychological wellbeing. People draw from pre-diagnosis coping strategies, but these develop through responding to the experience of living with advanced cancer. Strategies include being realistic, indulgence, support, and learning from others, which enabled participants to regain a sense of wellbeing after emotional challenge. Learning from peers emerged as particularly important in promoting psychological wellbeing through the development of effective 'everyday', non-clinical coping strategies.
Our findings challenge current models of providing psychological support for those with advanced cancer which focus on professional intervention. It is important to recognise, enable and support peoples' own resources and coping strategies. Peer support may have potential, and could be a patient-centred, cost effective way of managing the needs of a growing population of those living with advanced cancer.
International Observatory on End of Life Care, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom., The School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom., Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, United Kingdom., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom., User representative, Liverpool, United Kingdom., Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* Mupen64plus - cached_interp.h *
* Mupen64Plus homepage: http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ *
* Copyright (C) 2002 Hacktarux *
* *
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the *
* GNU General Public License for more details. *
* *
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License *
* along with this program; if not, write to the *
* Free Software Foundation, Inc., *
* 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
#ifndef M64P_R4300_CACHED_INTERP_H
#define M64P_R4300_CACHED_INTERP_H
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "ops.h"
/* FIXME: use forward declaration for precomp_block */
#include "recomp.h"
extern char invalid_code[0x100000];
extern struct precomp_block *blocks[0x100000];
extern struct precomp_block *actual;
extern uint32_t jump_to_address;
extern const cpu_instruction_table cached_interpreter_table;
void init_blocks(void);
void free_blocks(void);
void jump_to_func(void);
void invalidate_cached_code_hacktarux(uint32_t address, size_t size);
/* Jumps to the given address. This is for the cached interpreter / dynarec. */
#define jump_to(a) { jump_to_address = a; jump_to_func(); }
#endif /* M64P_R4300_CACHED_INTERP_H */
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Tag Archives: politics
Sometimes I’m just annoyed at politicians. Yesterday, after receiving a letter from Sen. Brownback and reading coverage of Sarah Palin, I was annoyed at them.
So, in keeping with my theme of being annoyed at politicians, here’s my cynic’s guide to American presidents. Yes, it’s biased, under-represents successes, but that’s the point.
I’ll start with FDR, because I feel like it.
FDR – 1933-1945 (D)
Took office during the worst economic crisis of the 20th century. Tried lots of things to fix it; a few of them actually worked, and the best produced social improvements that lasted decades.
Finally solved the depression by getting us into a war, but died before he could get us back out of it. In a stunning display of racial and ethnic discrimination, rounded up and jailed legal Japanese, German, and Italian immigrants and their children just because they were Japanese, German, or Italian. Presided over the firebombing of Dresden, which killed roughly 25,000 civilians in what would be called a terrorist war crime today. Formed an alliance with Stalin that indirectly led to the Cold War.
When asked if he wanted the German people to starve, he replied, “Why not?”
Had an affair with his wife’s secretary that must have inspired Gov. Sanford. FDR, however, kept it secret from his wife for 4 years and the public for 48 years.
Harry S. Truman – 1945-1953 (D)
Became vice president, but when FDR died 82 days later, didn’t want to be president. Victory in Europe was achieved shortly after he became president, but not due to anything he did. Ended World War II, started the Korean War, the Cold War, and the nuclear arms race. Saved the lives of countless Berliners, ended the lives of even more Japanese, though Stalin knew about the bomb years before Truman did.
Desegregated the US military in an early civil rights victory, but committed some of the worst mass murders in history using that same military.
Famously embarrassed the Chicago Tribune by winning re-election over Dewey.
Had the lowest approval rating for any American president until George W. Bush came along.
Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953-1961 (R)
Before becoming president, was supreme commander of NATO during World War II, and thus also was implicated in the Dresden bombing. Reclassified German POWs, depriving them of Geneva Convention protections. Played on fear to justify building the interstate highway system, one of the largest long-term contributors to environmental and energy problems. Refused to defend people from McCarthy, despite privately criticizing McCarthy.
Integrated Washington, DC public schools. Took over the Arkansas National Guard to integrate Arkansas schools. Failed to get us involved in wars in Lebanon and Vietnam, despite his best efforts. Picked Nixon as his vice president, a decision nobody will forgive him for.
Famously warned of the military-industrial complex, a prediction that the profit motive of defense companies would lead politicians to support war for jobs. One of his most accurate predictions, ironically about a situation he created.
JFK – 1961-1963 (D)
Defeated Nixon to win the presidency, mainly because JFK looked better on black and white TV. Famously said “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” But the country did several things for him, including providing security when he had secret meetings with his mistress. (Gov. Sanford, you have a lot to learn.)
Tried Eisenhower’s plan to overthrow Castro. Almost got us a war with Russia, and Castro captured 1189 people. Also almost succeeded in starting the world’s first atomic war, also over Cuba, which was created partly because his earlier Bay of Pigs invasion. Despite putting 16,300 soldiers in Vietnam, it would take Johnson to finally turn that one into a war.
LBJ – 1963-1969 (D)
Supported the largest expansion of civil rights in the 20th century, and also the largest chemical weapons poisoning of a people in American history. Destroyed 6 million acres of land, intentionally destroying Vietnamese food crops, and poisoned 4 million Vietnamese and countless American soldiers. Vietnam war led to the death of 2 million Vietnamese civilians and tens of thousands of American deaths.
An early supporter of the war on poverty, voting rights, and the war on crime, he nonetheless stirred up some of the biggest riots in the 20th century because of Vietnam.
Managed to win re-election in 1964, though probably only because the Republicans had nominated Barry Goldwater, who made LBJ’s war policies look mild and sane.
Didn’t bother to seek re-election in 1968, knowing he was so unpopular. Though still remained more popular than Truman and Bush, which is saying something (though not a lot).
Richard Nixon – 1969-1974 (R)
Known as “tricky Dick”, managed to live up to the nickname. Announced he was leaving politics after losing to JFK in 1960 and a governor’s race in 1962, then won the presidential election in 1968.
Secretly expanded the Vietnam war to include Cambodia and Laos, while simultaneously calling himself a peacemaker. Greatly expanded Social Security and Medicare, supported the Equal Rights Amendment, Title IX, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act.
Went on a famous trip to the Soviet Union, where he mocked Brezhnev for not having color TV. Went on a famous trip to China, where he opened up the possibility of numerous ping-pong tournaments between the two countries.
Despite being heavily favored to win re-election in 1972, his paranoid campaign organization, called “creep” (CRP), broke into Democratic headquarters. The resulting coverup had him ordering illegal actions by the FBI, and unleashed G. Gordon Liddy on the country, which we’ll never forgive him for. His arch-nemesis — print journalists everywhere — achieved new respect due to the Watergate scandal, immortalizing an otherwise obscure porn movie by naming a secret FBI informant after it. Perhaps Nixon’s most lasting achievement.
Famously lied when he told people “I am not a crook.”
Gerald Ford – 1974-1977 (R)
Became president, and lost to Carter, because of Richard Nixon. Wikipedia wrote 2 paragraphs about his presidency, which seems about average for him. Supported women’s liberation, opposed swine flu. Both supported and opposed LSD. Best thing to ever happen to Chevy Chase’s career on SNL.
Jimmy Carter – 1977-1981 (D)
A Georgia farmer, he defeated Chevy Chase to win the presidency in 1976. Got us involved with Iran, failed to rescue the American hostages.
Dealt with an energy crisis by talking honestly about it with American people and making solid plans to deal with it. That ended so poorly that it would be 20 years before another president attempted the “honesty and planning” approach. Could have saved us trillions of dollars if he had been less honest about saving energy.
Famously built homes for the people that Reagan made homeless.
Ronald Reagan – 1981 – 1989 (R)
Despite presiding over the largest expansion of the federal debt in history, he is still well-liked by fiscal conservatives. Unlike Carter’s “tell it like it is” approach, told everybody that things were fine and getting better, and got us into $3 trillion of debt as a result.
Famously fired all the nation’s air traffic controllers, leading to ongoing problems with ATC today. Started a war in Grenada, another in Libya, and escalated the Cold War, though gave the whole country Alzheimer’s about all these actions. Famously called Nazi SS soldiers victims, but ordered generals to lay a wreath on their grave after it became too controversial for him to do it himself.
Violated US and international law by selling weapons to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Also sold weapons to Iraq to use to fight Iran. Single-handedly saved an American jelly bean company. Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s in 1994, but suspected of having it during his presidency, if his answers to the Iran-Contra investigation are any guideline.
George H. W. Bush – 1989-1993 (R)
Started a war in Panama and another in Iraq, but it wasn’t until 10 years later that his son could announce “Mission Accomplished” in Iraq. Pardoned many of the Iran-Contra conspirators. Launched the careers of Dana Carvey and Bill Clinton.
He refused to take charge when Reagan was shot, throwing the federal government into turmoil during a crisis. Barely took charge even after being elected.
Bill Clinton – 1993-2001 (D)
Taught the world how to deal with allegations of affairs with mistresses. Future SC Gov. Sanford voted to impeach him for it, arguing that he broke a promise to his wife more important than the one to his country. Launched the careers of Ken Star and Monica Lewinsky, in rather different ways.
Brokered historic Arab-Israeli peace at Camp David in 2000. Despite shooting down plenty of Iraqi planes in no-fly zones, never managed to cure Republicans in Congress of their constant criticism that we should just re-invade and finish what H. W. Bush didn’t (it would take Dubya to finally cure the Republicans of THAT wish).
Had more “gates” named after him than any president (Whitewatergate, Travelgate, Troopergate). Tried to both encourage and stifle the Internet (clipper chip). Greatly helped the career of David Letterman.
George W. Bush – 2001-2009 (R)
Took office and promptly went on vacation. Responding to the worst attacks on American soil, started two wars, one of which actually managed to fight the people that were tangentially related to the ones that attacked us. Nominated an Arabian Horse judge to head FEMA, then famously praised him after his mismanagement led to thousands of deaths after Hurricane Katrina.
Finally invaded Iraq after his dad refused to go deeply into that country, and announced “Mission Accomplished” before the real fighting ever began. Never seemed to doubt it, either. Actively repressed science in government and supported archaic religious fundamental positions, ironically doing more harm to Christianity in the eyes of the world than any president in recent memory.
Ran for president as a “uniter, not a divider”, then proceeded to act as a divider. Criticized Clinton for nation-building, then tried to build up Iraq. Defeated the husband of a ketchup magnate for re-election in 2004. Launched the career of Jon Stewart.
Supported massive tax breaks for the wealthy, ran up the federal debt more than anyone since Reagan, supported massive deregulation. Not to be outdone by the worst response to a natural disaster in recent times, his policies also implemented the worst response to an economic calamity since Woodrow Wilson. Finished office with the worst popularity ratings in history and tried to reignite the Cold War after staring into Putin’s soul and finding it just as divine as Brownie’s.
Barack Obama – 2009-? (D)
Defeated Tina Fey and the ghost of Barry Goldwater to win the presidency. He’s trying Carter’s “honesty and long-range planning” approach to not just energy, but health care, education, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as well. Good luck with that.
I’ll get the hammer and nails.
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There is a very interesting email that’s been getting attention, written by a resident of Wasilla, AK, Sarah Palin’s hometown. It covers the good and the bad about her, and is the first thing I’ve seen that gives real insight into her governing style. Among other things, it mentioned that she inherited a city with no debt and left it with over $22 million of debt. The Alaska budget has been growing at 10% a year since she took over, not shrinking. Palin also fired a lot of experienced city staff when she took over, and brought in her inexperienced cronies. And she fired the librarian after the librarian refused to ban books that Palin didn’t like.
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I’ve been thinking about this for awhile, so time to put down some thoughts.
First, what is socialized medicine? If we listen to the politicians that label health care as “socialized”, it seems to be “anything that is paid for by taxes and delivered free or cheaply to citizens.” Putting aside the question of whether that meets the academic definition of socialism for the moment, let’s look at things in the United States that are already socialized:
K-12 education
Police
Fire fighters
Public Libraries
Roads
Airports and air traffic control
Military defense and offense
That’s right. We trust the government with our children all day long for 13 years. For free!
Yet this is a country in which hospitals dump the homeless in the gutter for being unable to pay their bills. Even insured Americans find claims turned down for arbitrary reasons. People are afraid to change jobs for fear of losing health insurance.
Why is it bad to have the government pay for health care?
Here in the United States, our health care system is far from best in the world. It’s not even top 10. Or 20. Our system encourages minimizing health care, and doesn’t encourage preventative care.
I’d suggest that, in a democracy, it’s best to have the government pay for health care. That’s because, in a democracy, we are in control of the bureaucrats. If we wish to exercise common sense and pound into their heads that paying for preventative care makes good long-term sense, then we can do so at the ballot box.
So why the scare tactics about government being involved in health care?
Perhaps our real problem is that we have let government get out of our control? Perhaps we are too frightened of change to vote. Perhaps we’ve given up on a responsive government. Perhaps we think that the insurance companies and drug companies will never let us have a good health care system.
Yes, the lobbyists have a lot of power. But we have the power to remove it, and it’s high time we used it.
The audacity of Obama to have hope. To say that we can do better. When Hillary Clinton falls in line with the Republicans and accuses him of having “false hope”, effectively saying that we can’t do any better, then is she — or any Republicans — really a candidate of change? I think that all these accusations from conservatives and Hillary that Obama has “false hope” has finally convinced me that he’s the one to vote for. If everyone else claims that his ideas are too good, that his dreams too big, then I like him.
Oh, and you could substitute “college education” for “socialized medicine” everywhere in this article and get equally valid arguments.
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Birks Building
Known as Divinity Hall until 1972, this building's architectural features reflect a religious function without favouring any particular denomination. Its Reading Room contains over 20,000 monographs and its chapel spans two storeys.
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Category Archives: 1000
Educa has a very long tradition of great choices for their jigsaw puzzles, particularly in terms of fine arts puzzles. This 1000 pieces version of The Prophet Daniel, by Michelangelo, is a good example. They manufactured it in the early 80’s. The box corresponds to the design of their earlier puzzles, long before they started…
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Tuesday, December 16, 2008
UPDATE: According to a British friend of the site, most DVD players now will play both formats. Let's hope!
Original post follows:
It has come to my attention that for some reason DVDs made in America don't play on European players. We use NTSC over here, and they use PAL over there. What? Why? Aren't all DVD players made in Japan? Hey Japan, thanks a lot, way to go.
So, I'm not sure if these will work or not when you international customers get them. If not, I will try and burn a PAL version and send you another one. If I can’t, I will refund your money of course. Sorry for this inconvenience, but who knew?
One other issue to watch out for is the DVD region codes. Most DVDs created in the US are designed not to work in players sold elsewhere (not due to technical limitations, but because media companies think they can make more money that way). If you are shipping internationally, you might want to check if the discs you send are region-free.
NTSC vs PAL is really only an issue for VHS tapes and broadcast TV, as the other commenter said, region coding is what makes things difficult. Most computers let you choose your regions and some DVD players are now region-free.
the box that refuses to play NTSC should be junked asap, because it has outlived itself five times over. Not your fault! All self-respecting players read NTSC and convert to PAL (or SECAM, for the French) for the TV.
However, the region restrictions are more of a trouble. Better make sure the dvd is region free. Not everybody googles and finds remote control service codes to convert their box to an all-region one.
Well, my xmas-bonus wasn't as big as it usually is, but I feel compelled to donate anyway. I got my two DVD's in the mail the other day, Well done! And I sent you a little something by Paypal for all that you do for us, the unwashed masses.
Keep up the good work, and as someone else already said, cassoulet! cassoulet!
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Chelsea trio ruled out of trip to Man Utd
Manchester United and Chelsea return to domestic action on Sunday as we go head-to-head at Old Trafford following our Champions League matches midweek.
Antonio Conte’s side were held 1-1 by Barcelona at Stamford Bridge on Tuesday whilst we were in action in the South of Spain 24 hours later, drawing 0-0 with Sevilla.
We will start the day in third place, three points above Chelsea following Liverpool’s win on Saturday. The Blues would be down to fifth should Tottenham Hotspur avoid defeat at Crystal Palace in tomorrow’s lunchtime kickoff.
Jose Mourinho has already confirmed that Phil Jones, Marcos Rojo, Daley Blind, Marouane Fellaini, Ander Herrera and Zlatan Ibrahimovic are all absent for us for the visit of Chelsea. The Blues themselves will be without half as many players.
Speaking at his pre-match press conference on Friday, Antonio Conte confirmed that his side have no fresh injuries but that Tiemoue Bakayoko, David Luiz and Ross Barkley still remain sidelined.
Bakayoko has been a regular in the Chelsea midfield this season alongside N’Golo Kante, but his absence has been received as good news by many fans of the Blues who have not been impressed with last summer’s signing. In his place, playmaker Cesc Fabregas has been started in central midfielder of a 3-4-2-1 formation.
Centre-back David Luiz has fallen down the pecking order at Stamford Bridge this season after being a regular in their back three during last season’s title win. The Brazilian played 90 minutes in the Premier League at the start of the month for the first time since October, as Chelsea went down 4-1 at Watford nearly three weeks ago.
January signing Ross Barkley spent much of the first half of the season injured at Everton and has only played 54 minutes of Premier League action for his new club.
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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.ratis.examples.filestore;
import org.apache.ratis.thirdparty.com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import org.apache.ratis.util.*;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
public interface FileStoreCommon {
String STATEMACHINE_DIR_KEY = "example.filestore.statemachine.dir";
SizeInBytes MAX_CHUNK_SIZE = SizeInBytes.valueOf(64, TraditionalBinaryPrefix.MEGA);
static int getChunkSize(long suggestedSize) {
return Math.toIntExact(Math.min(suggestedSize, MAX_CHUNK_SIZE.getSize()));
}
static ByteString toByteString(Path p) {
return ProtoUtils.toByteString(p.toString());
}
static <T> CompletableFuture<T> completeExceptionally(
long index, String message) {
return completeExceptionally(index, message, null);
}
static <T> CompletableFuture<T> completeExceptionally(
long index, String message, Throwable cause) {
return completeExceptionally(message + ", index=" + index, cause);
}
static <T> CompletableFuture<T> completeExceptionally(
String message, Throwable cause) {
return JavaUtils.completeExceptionally(
new IOException(message).initCause(cause));
}
}
|
Tabstar - thank you so iChat for your reply. It made me feel better. I'm having this done under twilight anesthesia so it's not general anesthesia, but it is being done in the hospital. I'll just be sure to ask them to go 'heavy' on the twilight. I have a pre-op appt the week before with my GYN and will discuss my concerns and anxiety at that time. Also, thanks for telling me what I might expect afterwards. That's helpful. Hugs back. View Thread
I have had the same issue. I have posted a number of things on this discussion forum and have received some kind responses from members but not from any medical personnel. That being said, I did post something in an entirely different forum (ENT) and received very prompt and detailed replies.View Thread
I had an endometrial polyp diagnosed via ultrasound (went in to be seen about spotting) and am going to have it removed by hysteroscopy. I've read about the procedure and it sounds pretty straight forward but made the mistake of reading, in detail, about rare complications. Embolism? Fluid Overload? Perforations? I tend toward anxiety pretty badly anyway so reading all this was a stupid move on my part.
Someone please talk me down .....anyone who has had hysteroscopy for polyps, fibroids, diagnostic, etc....
Well, I called the doctor's office this morning to get the results. The nurse kindly looked them up for me and said it read 'negative with probably polyp'. I didn't realize that an endometrial biopsy could even determine that, but I'm guessing maybe he snagged a piece of a polyp and it must look distinct on pathology. I don't know. The doctor was with another patient so I could not speak to him right then but they'll have him call me back.
I had a polyp before (in 2010) which was removed via hysteroscopy and D&C but with a different doctor who was a specialist in endometriosis. The polyp removal was done at the same time I was having a laparoscopy to remove endometriosis. I remember the specialist telling me, at that time, that polyps do tend to recur.
I am guessing that my gyn may want to do the hysteroscopy/D&C route. Any questions or advice about things I should ask him when he calls me back? In my health anxiety, I am kind of paranoid to leave anything in there that is not 'normal' but yet don't want to have to have another procedure. I'm usually on the side of getting something removed rather than a wait and watch, but I guess I will have to see what his suggestion is.View Thread
Women's Health Newsletter
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