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PMID:22116
Effects of intraruminal administration of zinc on gastric acid secretion in sheep.
Intraruminal administration of zinc sulphate at 100 and 200 mg Zn/kg bodyweight resulted in central and peripheral effects in sheep. Feed intake was reduced, pH of the duodenal contents elevated and the secretion of acid from isolated pouches of the abomasum doubled. Suggested explanations include a local inhibitory effect of zinc on abomasal acid secretion elevating duodenal pH and a resultant increased release of gastrin stimulating secretion from the pouches.
Effects of intraruminal administration of zinc on gastric acid secretion in sheep. Intraruminal administration of zinc sulphate at 100 and 200 mg Zn/kg bodyweight resulted in central and peripheral effects in sheep. Feed intake was reduced, pH of the duodenal contents elevated and the secretion of acid from isolated pouches of the abomasum doubled. Suggested explanations include a local inhibitory effect of zinc on abomasal acid secretion elevating duodenal pH and a resultant increased release of gastrin stimulating secretion from the pouches.
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PMID:22117
Blood acid-base state at a variable temperature. A graphical representation.
When blood temperature is changed in closed system ('anaerobic') conditions, plasma pH and PCO2 vary but no titration by external CO2, acid or alkaline equivalents takes place. It is therefore assumed that the overall acid-base state undergoes no fundamental change. This is further justified by the constancy of osmotic relationships between plasma and red cells, and to a lesser extent of relative alkalinity and protein alpha imidazole (Reeves, 1972, 1976a, b). These considerations serve as a basis for a correction procedure of pH and PCO2 of blood in open systems in vivo to a standard temperature T* (25 degrees C, eventually 37 degrees C). The temperature-corrected values pH* and P*CO2, and the derived [HCO3]* can be represented on a temperature-independent bicarbonate-pH diagram. This permits an easier interpretation of blood acid-base changes occurring together with body temperature variations, such as in ectotherms, hibernators or in artificial hypothermia. Extension to intracellular pH is considered.
Blood acid-base state at a variable temperature. A graphical representation. When blood temperature is changed in closed system ('anaerobic') conditions, plasma pH and PCO2 vary but no titration by external CO2, acid or alkaline equivalents takes place. It is therefore assumed that the overall acid-base state undergoes no fundamental change. This is further justified by the constancy of osmotic relationships between plasma and red cells, and to a lesser extent of relative alkalinity and protein alpha imidazole (Reeves, 1972, 1976a, b). These considerations serve as a basis for a correction procedure of pH and PCO2 of blood in open systems in vivo to a standard temperature T* (25 degrees C, eventually 37 degrees C). The temperature-corrected values pH* and P*CO2, and the derived [HCO3]* can be represented on a temperature-independent bicarbonate-pH diagram. This permits an easier interpretation of blood acid-base changes occurring together with body temperature variations, such as in ectotherms, hibernators or in artificial hypothermia. Extension to intracellular pH is considered.
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PMID:22123
Hemodynamic effects of two cardioselective beta-adrenoceptive antagonists, metoprolol and H 87/07, in coronary insufficiency.
Nineteen patients with ischemic heart disease were randomized into two groups and received either metoprolol or H 87/07. Heart catheterization was performed, and the groups were studied at rest and during exercise--before and after intravenous drug administration. During work metoprolol gave a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular work (expressed as pressure-rate product) of about 20%, mainly depending on a reduction in heart rate. Cardiac output decreased by 21%. Stroke volume was almost unchanged. The abnormal increase in left ventricular filling pressure during work was slightly, but not significantly, reduced by the drug. For H 87/07 no significant changes were found in the corresponding variables. This seems, however, to depend on an inadequate dosage, since not even the heart rate during work was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in the doses used metoprolol has been shown to be a potent beta-adrenoceptive antagonist in contrast to H 87/07.
Hemodynamic effects of two cardioselective beta-adrenoceptive antagonists, metoprolol and H 87/07, in coronary insufficiency. Nineteen patients with ischemic heart disease were randomized into two groups and received either metoprolol or H 87/07. Heart catheterization was performed, and the groups were studied at rest and during exercise--before and after intravenous drug administration. During work metoprolol gave a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular work (expressed as pressure-rate product) of about 20%, mainly depending on a reduction in heart rate. Cardiac output decreased by 21%. Stroke volume was almost unchanged. The abnormal increase in left ventricular filling pressure during work was slightly, but not significantly, reduced by the drug. For H 87/07 no significant changes were found in the corresponding variables. This seems, however, to depend on an inadequate dosage, since not even the heart rate during work was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in the doses used metoprolol has been shown to be a potent beta-adrenoceptive antagonist in contrast to H 87/07.
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PMID:22124
Diagnosis of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux by prolonged monitoring of lower esophageal pH.
Lower esophageal pH was continuously monitored for 15 hours in 10 asymptomatic subjects and 27 patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, and the pH measurements in symptomatic patients were compared with the results of other esophageal investigations. Symptomatic patients had significantly longer periods of reflux in the pH test than asymptomatic subjects (P less than 0.01), but there was no significant correlation between the pH measurements and the results of esophageal manometry, acid-perfusion, and acid-clearing tests. Ten patients had evidence of esophagitis at esophagoscopy, but there was no correlation between pH measurements and the findings at esophagoscopy. Two patients with esophagitis had no evidence of reflux in the pH monitoring test. The results indicate that the pH-monitoring test has a useful role in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in patients who do not have endoscopic signs of esophagitis. However, negative pH tests do not exclude the diagnosis of symptomatic reflux, and it appears that the test has no value in assessing the severity of esophageal inflammation.
Diagnosis of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux by prolonged monitoring of lower esophageal pH. Lower esophageal pH was continuously monitored for 15 hours in 10 asymptomatic subjects and 27 patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, and the pH measurements in symptomatic patients were compared with the results of other esophageal investigations. Symptomatic patients had significantly longer periods of reflux in the pH test than asymptomatic subjects (P less than 0.01), but there was no significant correlation between the pH measurements and the results of esophageal manometry, acid-perfusion, and acid-clearing tests. Ten patients had evidence of esophagitis at esophagoscopy, but there was no correlation between pH measurements and the findings at esophagoscopy. Two patients with esophagitis had no evidence of reflux in the pH monitoring test. The results indicate that the pH-monitoring test has a useful role in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in patients who do not have endoscopic signs of esophagitis. However, negative pH tests do not exclude the diagnosis of symptomatic reflux, and it appears that the test has no value in assessing the severity of esophageal inflammation.
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PMID:22126
Cigarette smoke activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in tissues.
The gaseous phase of cigarette smoke induced a 2- to 36-fold increase in the activity of guanylate cyclase in supernatant and particulate fractions from various rat and bovine tissues over basal activity. The characteristics of this phenomenon paralleled those of the activation of guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, which is a component of tobacco smoke.
Cigarette smoke activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in tissues. The gaseous phase of cigarette smoke induced a 2- to 36-fold increase in the activity of guanylate cyclase in supernatant and particulate fractions from various rat and bovine tissues over basal activity. The characteristics of this phenomenon paralleled those of the activation of guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, which is a component of tobacco smoke.
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PMID:22127
Cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) formation in mammalian tissues.
Mammalian tissues possess the capacity to synthesize cytidine 3',5'-monopHosphate (cyclic CMP) via the enzymatic conversion of cytidine 5'-triphosphate to cyclic CMP by cytidylate cyclase. Cyclic CMP formation occurs best in the presence of manganese or iron, at neutral pH, at 37 degrees C, in the absence of detergents, and with whole tissue homogenate fractions. Thus, mammalian tissues are capable of synthesizing not only cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, but also cyclic CMP.
Cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) formation in mammalian tissues. Mammalian tissues possess the capacity to synthesize cytidine 3',5'-monopHosphate (cyclic CMP) via the enzymatic conversion of cytidine 5'-triphosphate to cyclic CMP by cytidylate cyclase. Cyclic CMP formation occurs best in the presence of manganese or iron, at neutral pH, at 37 degrees C, in the absence of detergents, and with whole tissue homogenate fractions. Thus, mammalian tissues are capable of synthesizing not only cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, but also cyclic CMP.
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PMID:22128
[Follow-up study of non-neoplastic Cushing's syndrome followed by paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome after removal of a malignant pulmonary tumor. Role of the diffuse endocrine system and APUD (amine precursor uptake decarboxylase) cells].
A 27 year old woman had in 1965, a paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome was cured by removal of a pulmonary tumour. The case was published in June 1968. After a normal pregnancy, a recurrence of the Cushing's syndrome in 1969 led in 1970 to bilateral total adrenalectomy in two stages. Pathology showed hyperplastic adrenal glands. After 11 years follow up, we have not noted any relapse of the tumour nor of the Cushing's syndrome. The pathological appearance of the lung carcinoma removed in 1965 (endocrinoid or neuroid structures) suggests that this was an "apudoma" and that the recurrence of the Cushing's syndrome was perhaps an "apudomatosis" involving the pituitary ACTH cells.
[Follow-up study of non-neoplastic Cushing's syndrome followed by paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome after removal of a malignant pulmonary tumor. Role of the diffuse endocrine system and APUD (amine precursor uptake decarboxylase) cells]. A 27 year old woman had in 1965, a paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome was cured by removal of a pulmonary tumour. The case was published in June 1968. After a normal pregnancy, a recurrence of the Cushing's syndrome in 1969 led in 1970 to bilateral total adrenalectomy in two stages. Pathology showed hyperplastic adrenal glands. After 11 years follow up, we have not noted any relapse of the tumour nor of the Cushing's syndrome. The pathological appearance of the lung carcinoma removed in 1965 (endocrinoid or neuroid structures) suggests that this was an "apudoma" and that the recurrence of the Cushing's syndrome was perhaps an "apudomatosis" involving the pituitary ACTH cells.
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PMID:22136
Quantitative characteristics of the Feyrter (APUD) cells of the neonatal rabbit lung in normoxia and chronic hypoxia.
Our studies show that the apparent number of Feyrter cells in the lung declines during the neonatal period in normoxic rabbits, and that in hypoxic animals a uniformly and significantly lower number of cells occurs as compared with the normoxic rabbits. There is some indication of degranulation of cells in the hypoxic groups. It is suggested that environmental and/or physiological factors associated with the start of extrauterine life, or lung development, may affect the apparent number and probable level of activity of these cells. These changes seem to be enhanced by hypoxia. Mast cells are scarce, and Feyrter cells are relatively more numerous along the airways. These cell types could possibly represent storage sites for 5-hydroxytryptamine, as suggested also by other investigators. Intraepithelial nerve fibres in bronchi and bronchioles were found but they were not limited to innervations of Feyrter cells or related cell bodies.
Quantitative characteristics of the Feyrter (APUD) cells of the neonatal rabbit lung in normoxia and chronic hypoxia. Our studies show that the apparent number of Feyrter cells in the lung declines during the neonatal period in normoxic rabbits, and that in hypoxic animals a uniformly and significantly lower number of cells occurs as compared with the normoxic rabbits. There is some indication of degranulation of cells in the hypoxic groups. It is suggested that environmental and/or physiological factors associated with the start of extrauterine life, or lung development, may affect the apparent number and probable level of activity of these cells. These changes seem to be enhanced by hypoxia. Mast cells are scarce, and Feyrter cells are relatively more numerous along the airways. These cell types could possibly represent storage sites for 5-hydroxytryptamine, as suggested also by other investigators. Intraepithelial nerve fibres in bronchi and bronchioles were found but they were not limited to innervations of Feyrter cells or related cell bodies.
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PMID:22139
[Local contractility and acidosis in the ischemic myocardium of the dog (author's transl)].
In open chest dogs up to 8 side branches of the R, circumflexus and descendens were embraced and could selectively be occluded. With a new developed method local myocardial length changes in the ischemic areas, and with H+-sensitive minielectrodes the interstitial H+-activities were measured. All changes which were observed during the 3-30 min lasting coronary artery occlusions (H+-increases to about 500 neq/1, increases of diastolic length, decreases of the contraction amplitude, ST-elevations) returned to preocclusion levels during reperfusion. LVP and dp/dt remained unchanged during ischemia and reperfusion.
[Local contractility and acidosis in the ischemic myocardium of the dog (author's transl)]. In open chest dogs up to 8 side branches of the R, circumflexus and descendens were embraced and could selectively be occluded. With a new developed method local myocardial length changes in the ischemic areas, and with H+-sensitive minielectrodes the interstitial H+-activities were measured. All changes which were observed during the 3-30 min lasting coronary artery occlusions (H+-increases to about 500 neq/1, increases of diastolic length, decreases of the contraction amplitude, ST-elevations) returned to preocclusion levels during reperfusion. LVP and dp/dt remained unchanged during ischemia and reperfusion.
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PMID:22143
Teratological study of etoperidone in the rat and rabbit.
Etoperidone was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis. The oral doses were 100 and 300 mg/kg in the rat and 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg in the rabbit. In the rat the dose of 300 mg/kg produced toxic effects on the mother, consisting mainly of behavioural changes and death in some cases; a slight increase in embryofetal mortality was also observed. The dose of 100 mg/kg still produced behavioural changes in the mother, but had no effect on the product of conception. Chlorcyclizine, on the other hand, used as a reference drug in the rat produced fetal malformations at a dose devoid of any toxic activity on the maternal organism. The doses studied in the rabbit were shown to be pharmacologically active in the mothers, producing sedation. No effect, however, was observed on embryofetal development.
Teratological study of etoperidone in the rat and rabbit. Etoperidone was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis. The oral doses were 100 and 300 mg/kg in the rat and 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg in the rabbit. In the rat the dose of 300 mg/kg produced toxic effects on the mother, consisting mainly of behavioural changes and death in some cases; a slight increase in embryofetal mortality was also observed. The dose of 100 mg/kg still produced behavioural changes in the mother, but had no effect on the product of conception. Chlorcyclizine, on the other hand, used as a reference drug in the rat produced fetal malformations at a dose devoid of any toxic activity on the maternal organism. The doses studied in the rabbit were shown to be pharmacologically active in the mothers, producing sedation. No effect, however, was observed on embryofetal development.
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PMID:22146
In vitro biosynthesis of radioactive estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate by rhesus monkey liver.
A method for the preparation of radioactive estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate by incubating 3H-estradiol with rhesus monkey liver microsomal preparation in the presence of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid is described. Small but significant amounts of the conjugate were also obtained from the 150,00 pellet and cytosol fractions. The addition of NADPH to the incubation media increased the yield of radioactive-estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate perhaps by preserving the integrity of the C-17-hydroxyl group. As expected, the effect of the reduced nucleotide was more pronounced in the fractions other than the microsome. The biosynthesized conjugate was isolated and purified by multiple column chromatography and the structure was confirmed by derivative formation, enzyme hydrolysis and crystallization of the aglycone.
In vitro biosynthesis of radioactive estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate by rhesus monkey liver. A method for the preparation of radioactive estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate by incubating 3H-estradiol with rhesus monkey liver microsomal preparation in the presence of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid is described. Small but significant amounts of the conjugate were also obtained from the 150,00 pellet and cytosol fractions. The addition of NADPH to the incubation media increased the yield of radioactive-estradiol-17 beta, 17-glucosiduronate perhaps by preserving the integrity of the C-17-hydroxyl group. As expected, the effect of the reduced nucleotide was more pronounced in the fractions other than the microsome. The biosynthesized conjugate was isolated and purified by multiple column chromatography and the structure was confirmed by derivative formation, enzyme hydrolysis and crystallization of the aglycone.
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PMID:22148
[Content of nicotinamide coenzymes in rat liver under conditions of nicotinamide administration].
The content of NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH in the liver of normal, fasting rats, those on the low-carbohydrate diet and suffering from alloxan diabetes was studied as affected by nictotinamide. Changes in the NAD+ content, sum of nicotinamide coenzymes, the [NAD+] + [NADP+]/[NADH] +/- [NADPH] and [NAD+] + [NADH] (sum of nicotinamide coenzymes) ratios are mainly due to nicotinamide administration. Changes in the content of reduced forms of both nucleotides depend equally on nicotinamide administration and the physiological state of animals. Response of the rat organism to nicotinamide administration consists in a sharp intensification of NAD+ synthesis and in a less pronounced intensification of NADH, NADP+ and NADPH synthesis.
[Content of nicotinamide coenzymes in rat liver under conditions of nicotinamide administration]. The content of NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH in the liver of normal, fasting rats, those on the low-carbohydrate diet and suffering from alloxan diabetes was studied as affected by nictotinamide. Changes in the NAD+ content, sum of nicotinamide coenzymes, the [NAD+] + [NADP+]/[NADH] +/- [NADPH] and [NAD+] + [NADH] (sum of nicotinamide coenzymes) ratios are mainly due to nicotinamide administration. Changes in the content of reduced forms of both nucleotides depend equally on nicotinamide administration and the physiological state of animals. Response of the rat organism to nicotinamide administration consists in a sharp intensification of NAD+ synthesis and in a less pronounced intensification of NADH, NADP+ and NADPH synthesis.
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PMID:22149
[Equilibrium system consisting of soluble forms of fibrin and the specific anticoagulant D fragment of the firbinogen molecule].
According to the authors' observations, mixtures of fibrin monomer and fibrinogen-derived D fragment are gradually transformed into an equilibrium system when fibrin exists partly in a solid clot form and partly as a soluble material made unclottable by the influence of fragment D. The amount of such a soluble fibrin proved to be a linear function of the D fragment concentration. Three fibrin monomer preparations obtained in different ways were used. All of them showed similar properties as to the modifications with D fragment. The solubilzing activity of D fragment in the equilibrium system could sharply be raised by increasing ionic strength or pH. It is known that these medium changes produce the same stimulation effect on D fragment, being examined as an inhibitor of fibrin monomer polymerization. But the concentration dependences of the two activities of D fragment differ in principle.
[Equilibrium system consisting of soluble forms of fibrin and the specific anticoagulant D fragment of the firbinogen molecule]. According to the authors' observations, mixtures of fibrin monomer and fibrinogen-derived D fragment are gradually transformed into an equilibrium system when fibrin exists partly in a solid clot form and partly as a soluble material made unclottable by the influence of fragment D. The amount of such a soluble fibrin proved to be a linear function of the D fragment concentration. Three fibrin monomer preparations obtained in different ways were used. All of them showed similar properties as to the modifications with D fragment. The solubilzing activity of D fragment in the equilibrium system could sharply be raised by increasing ionic strength or pH. It is known that these medium changes produce the same stimulation effect on D fragment, being examined as an inhibitor of fibrin monomer polymerization. But the concentration dependences of the two activities of D fragment differ in principle.
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PMID:22155
The sedation and anaesthesia of birds and reptiles.
Demand for veterinary care of birds and reptiles is increasing and with it a knowledge of the current methods of restraint and sedation of these classes. Some of the safer and more practical methods are reviewed and commented on in the light of recent results from the Zoological Society of London's veterinary department.
The sedation and anaesthesia of birds and reptiles. Demand for veterinary care of birds and reptiles is increasing and with it a knowledge of the current methods of restraint and sedation of these classes. Some of the safer and more practical methods are reviewed and commented on in the light of recent results from the Zoological Society of London's veterinary department.
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PMID:22157
[Cholinesterase activity of sperm from rams infected with Brucella ovis].
Studied were the indices of cholinesterase activity of semen taken from 23 normal rams and 23 rams infected with Brucella ovis, the latter being positive by the complement-fixation test and showing a varying deterioration of the semen production. The results obtained were processed biometrically. Established were dependable differences. The cholinesterase activity of semen of brucellosis-affected rams proved four times higher than that of normal rams' semen: 39.45 +/- 5.49 microleter TO2 for 1 hour as against 174.15 +/- 9.97 microleter. A reverse correlation was established between the values of the cholinesterase activity, and the pH value and the percent of pathologic forms of spermatozoa.
[Cholinesterase activity of sperm from rams infected with Brucella ovis]. Studied were the indices of cholinesterase activity of semen taken from 23 normal rams and 23 rams infected with Brucella ovis, the latter being positive by the complement-fixation test and showing a varying deterioration of the semen production. The results obtained were processed biometrically. Established were dependable differences. The cholinesterase activity of semen of brucellosis-affected rams proved four times higher than that of normal rams' semen: 39.45 +/- 5.49 microleter TO2 for 1 hour as against 174.15 +/- 9.97 microleter. A reverse correlation was established between the values of the cholinesterase activity, and the pH value and the percent of pathologic forms of spermatozoa.
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PMID:22159
Development of hemagglutination assays I. Attachment of anti-HBs antibody to stabilized erythrocytes.
Conditions favoring the coupling of antibody to human erythrocytes stabilized by a variety of reagents were studied with the use of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Functional anti-HBs bound to erythrocytes was measured by radioimmune assay using 125 I-HBsAg. The attachment of anti-HBs to aldehyde-stabilized cells is favored by low pH and low ionic strength. The extent of antibody binding is both concentration and time dependent. Development of spontaneous agglutination of the coated erythrocytes occurs with the attachment of increasing quantities of anti-HBs. Although antibody was rapidly taken up by aldehyde-stabilized erythrocytes, it was initially readily dissociable, but after longer exposure became firmly bound. Experiments pertaining to the chemical nature of the more stable antibody-erythrocyte complex gave results consistent with covalent bond formation, though rigorous proof was not developed.
Development of hemagglutination assays I. Attachment of anti-HBs antibody to stabilized erythrocytes. Conditions favoring the coupling of antibody to human erythrocytes stabilized by a variety of reagents were studied with the use of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Functional anti-HBs bound to erythrocytes was measured by radioimmune assay using 125 I-HBsAg. The attachment of anti-HBs to aldehyde-stabilized cells is favored by low pH and low ionic strength. The extent of antibody binding is both concentration and time dependent. Development of spontaneous agglutination of the coated erythrocytes occurs with the attachment of increasing quantities of anti-HBs. Although antibody was rapidly taken up by aldehyde-stabilized erythrocytes, it was initially readily dissociable, but after longer exposure became firmly bound. Experiments pertaining to the chemical nature of the more stable antibody-erythrocyte complex gave results consistent with covalent bond formation, though rigorous proof was not developed.
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PMID:22164
Lysis of intact yeast cells and isolated cell walls by an inducible enzyme system of Arthrobacter GJM-1.
Bacterium Arthrobacter GJM-1 known in the literature as a good producer of alpha-mannanase was found to accumulate in the culture fluid lytic activities against viable yeast cells during growth on isolated cell walls or beta-glucan fractions of yeast. The accumulation of the lytic activities showed an inducible character. The lytic system produced in the medium containing baker's yeast cell walls was capable of complete solubiliaztion of cell wals in vitro. The system lysed viable cells of a number of yeast species and induced their conversion to protoplasts in an osmotically stabilized medium. The lytic system showed different pH and temperature optima when viable cells or isolated cell walls were used as substrates. The pH optimum of the lysis of isolated cell walls was identical with pH optimum of beta-glucanase activities in the crude system. The results pointed out that in the lysis of intact cells, in addition to beta-glucanases, some other factor is involved. Substantial differences in the nature of the outer and the inner surface of cell walls of Saccharomuces cerevisiae were confirmed in this paper based on the different susceptibility to lysis of the cell walls in vivo and in vitro.
Lysis of intact yeast cells and isolated cell walls by an inducible enzyme system of Arthrobacter GJM-1. Bacterium Arthrobacter GJM-1 known in the literature as a good producer of alpha-mannanase was found to accumulate in the culture fluid lytic activities against viable yeast cells during growth on isolated cell walls or beta-glucan fractions of yeast. The accumulation of the lytic activities showed an inducible character. The lytic system produced in the medium containing baker's yeast cell walls was capable of complete solubiliaztion of cell wals in vitro. The system lysed viable cells of a number of yeast species and induced their conversion to protoplasts in an osmotically stabilized medium. The lytic system showed different pH and temperature optima when viable cells or isolated cell walls were used as substrates. The pH optimum of the lysis of isolated cell walls was identical with pH optimum of beta-glucanase activities in the crude system. The results pointed out that in the lysis of intact cells, in addition to beta-glucanases, some other factor is involved. Substantial differences in the nature of the outer and the inner surface of cell walls of Saccharomuces cerevisiae were confirmed in this paper based on the different susceptibility to lysis of the cell walls in vivo and in vitro.
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PMID:22167
[On the problem of dimethylnitrosamine formation from tetracycline-derivatives by nitrosation reaction in acidic medium (author's transl)].
The hydrochlorides from tetracycline and six tetracycline derivatives -- 7-dimethylamino-6-des-methyl-6-desoxytetracycline [minocycline], 7-chlorotetracycline [chlorotetracycline], 7-chloro-anhydrotetracycline [anhydrochlorotetracycline, 7-chloro-6-desmethyltetracycline [demethylchlorotetracycline], 5-hydroxytetracycline [oxytetracycline] and 6-desoxy-5-hydroxytetracycline [doxycycline] -- were reacted with different amounts of sodium nitrite at 37 degrees C for two hours in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 2 and 4. Dimethylnitrosamine formation was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and anhydrochlorotetracycline. Dimethylnitrosamine formation from minocycline and doxycycline was blocked by ascorbic acid. The catalytic effect of sodium thiocyanate for the dimethylnitrosamine formation from minocycline and nitrite was investigated. The different reactivity of the investigated tetracycline derivatives towards nitrite in acidic solutions is discussed by stereochemical considerations in connection with the formation of hydrogen bridge linkages. This hypothesis was confirmed by dimethylnitrosamine formation from anhydrochlorotetracycline and sodium nitrite at pH 2.
[On the problem of dimethylnitrosamine formation from tetracycline-derivatives by nitrosation reaction in acidic medium (author's transl)]. The hydrochlorides from tetracycline and six tetracycline derivatives -- 7-dimethylamino-6-des-methyl-6-desoxytetracycline [minocycline], 7-chlorotetracycline [chlorotetracycline], 7-chloro-anhydrotetracycline [anhydrochlorotetracycline, 7-chloro-6-desmethyltetracycline [demethylchlorotetracycline], 5-hydroxytetracycline [oxytetracycline] and 6-desoxy-5-hydroxytetracycline [doxycycline] -- were reacted with different amounts of sodium nitrite at 37 degrees C for two hours in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 2 and 4. Dimethylnitrosamine formation was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and anhydrochlorotetracycline. Dimethylnitrosamine formation from minocycline and doxycycline was blocked by ascorbic acid. The catalytic effect of sodium thiocyanate for the dimethylnitrosamine formation from minocycline and nitrite was investigated. The different reactivity of the investigated tetracycline derivatives towards nitrite in acidic solutions is discussed by stereochemical considerations in connection with the formation of hydrogen bridge linkages. This hypothesis was confirmed by dimethylnitrosamine formation from anhydrochlorotetracycline and sodium nitrite at pH 2.
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PMID:22168
On the mechanism of inactivation and ATP-dependent reactivation of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase.
The mechanism of in vitro inactivation and ATP-dependent rapid reactivation of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase by a membrane-bound system from rat liver and kidney cortex and the nucleotide specificity of this process was investigated using partially purified tyrosine amino-transferase as a substrate. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) could be replaced by guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), Whereas inosine 5'-triphosphate (ITP) was less effective. During reactivation [gamma-32P]ATP was incorporated into the enzyme and not excorporated by incubation of the labeled enzyme with excess non-radioative ATP. Inactivation of labeled tyrosine aminotransferase by a particulate fraction led to a decrease protein-bound radioactivity concomitant with an increase of [32P]orthophosphate. This points to a phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanism in the regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity.
On the mechanism of inactivation and ATP-dependent reactivation of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase. The mechanism of in vitro inactivation and ATP-dependent rapid reactivation of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase by a membrane-bound system from rat liver and kidney cortex and the nucleotide specificity of this process was investigated using partially purified tyrosine amino-transferase as a substrate. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) could be replaced by guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), Whereas inosine 5'-triphosphate (ITP) was less effective. During reactivation [gamma-32P]ATP was incorporated into the enzyme and not excorporated by incubation of the labeled enzyme with excess non-radioative ATP. Inactivation of labeled tyrosine aminotransferase by a particulate fraction led to a decrease protein-bound radioactivity concomitant with an increase of [32P]orthophosphate. This points to a phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanism in the regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity.
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PMID:22171
[Thioacylamides and thioacylureas as inhibitors of photosystem II (author's transl)].
Thioacylureas and thioacylamides were found to inhibit photosynthetic O2-evolution (Hill-reactions) of "broken chloroplasts", some derivatives approaching an I50 of 10(-5) M. The inhibition site is near photosystem II. The inhibitory effects of the tested derivatives vary in theri pH-dependency between pH 5 and 8.
[Thioacylamides and thioacylureas as inhibitors of photosystem II (author's transl)]. Thioacylureas and thioacylamides were found to inhibit photosynthetic O2-evolution (Hill-reactions) of "broken chloroplasts", some derivatives approaching an I50 of 10(-5) M. The inhibition site is near photosystem II. The inhibitory effects of the tested derivatives vary in theri pH-dependency between pH 5 and 8.
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PMID:22208
[Researches to the conversion of sorbit into sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (author's transl)].
The production of sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (4) is closely related to the concentration of sorbit in the medium. An increasing concentration of sorbit gives rise to the inhibition of cell reproduction; followed by a decrease of sorbose content in the culture medium. The decrease of sorbose yield in concentrations of about 15% sorbit in medium indicates the decreasing metabolism rate of the total population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) culture and does not refer to the ability of the individual bacterium cell to produce sorbose. Relevant research work showed, that sorbose production for each bacterium cell distinctly increased with the decrease of the number of cells in a population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) as a consequence of the application of an increased sorbit concentration. An unrestrained reproduction of bacteria could be obtained by exluding all factors involved in the contamination of sorbit and exhibiting toxic effects. Therefore the organisms could be offered a greater concentration of sorbit for conversion into sorbose. Thus sorbose yield would be increased, respectively. The total conversion of the C-source into sorbose could not be obtained with Acetobacter ruboxydans (4).
[Researches to the conversion of sorbit into sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (author's transl)]. The production of sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (4) is closely related to the concentration of sorbit in the medium. An increasing concentration of sorbit gives rise to the inhibition of cell reproduction; followed by a decrease of sorbose content in the culture medium. The decrease of sorbose yield in concentrations of about 15% sorbit in medium indicates the decreasing metabolism rate of the total population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) culture and does not refer to the ability of the individual bacterium cell to produce sorbose. Relevant research work showed, that sorbose production for each bacterium cell distinctly increased with the decrease of the number of cells in a population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) as a consequence of the application of an increased sorbit concentration. An unrestrained reproduction of bacteria could be obtained by exluding all factors involved in the contamination of sorbit and exhibiting toxic effects. Therefore the organisms could be offered a greater concentration of sorbit for conversion into sorbose. Thus sorbose yield would be increased, respectively. The total conversion of the C-source into sorbose could not be obtained with Acetobacter ruboxydans (4).
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PMID:22209
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants. I. Occurrence of bacteria, acid producers, and phosphate dissolvers.
Occurrence of bacteria (total), acid producing and phosphate dissolving micro-organisms in soil, rhizosphere, and rizoplane of Egyptian cotton, peas, or maize during their different growth phases was studied. The rhizosphere effects were generally positive and differed according to type of plant, growth phase of each special plant, and type of micro-organism under study. The high densities of bacteria, acid-producers, and phosphate-dissolvers in the rhizoplane samples suggest the conclusion that roots of the studied plants are colonized with these soil micro-organisms. The role of the micro-organism and the mechanism of the noted colonization is not fully understood yet. However, the presence of high numbers of bacteria in the rhizosphere zones of all plants is undoubtedly important, since they may convert organic and inorganic substances into available plant nutrients. The acidproducing organisms were greatly stimulated in the rhizosphere of all plants. Consequently, the production of acid, especially in alkaline soils such as in Egypt, may directly or indirectly react with insoluble inorganic compounds, converting their nutrient elements into available forms for the growing plants. But not all acid-producers are considered as phosphate-dissolvers. Therefore, the presence of high numbers of phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizophere zones may explain how the growing plants can obtain their requirements in such alkaline soils.
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants. I. Occurrence of bacteria, acid producers, and phosphate dissolvers. Occurrence of bacteria (total), acid producing and phosphate dissolving micro-organisms in soil, rhizosphere, and rizoplane of Egyptian cotton, peas, or maize during their different growth phases was studied. The rhizosphere effects were generally positive and differed according to type of plant, growth phase of each special plant, and type of micro-organism under study. The high densities of bacteria, acid-producers, and phosphate-dissolvers in the rhizoplane samples suggest the conclusion that roots of the studied plants are colonized with these soil micro-organisms. The role of the micro-organism and the mechanism of the noted colonization is not fully understood yet. However, the presence of high numbers of bacteria in the rhizosphere zones of all plants is undoubtedly important, since they may convert organic and inorganic substances into available plant nutrients. The acidproducing organisms were greatly stimulated in the rhizosphere of all plants. Consequently, the production of acid, especially in alkaline soils such as in Egypt, may directly or indirectly react with insoluble inorganic compounds, converting their nutrient elements into available forms for the growing plants. But not all acid-producers are considered as phosphate-dissolvers. Therefore, the presence of high numbers of phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizophere zones may explain how the growing plants can obtain their requirements in such alkaline soils.
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PMID:22210
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants. II. Selection of the most efficient phosphate-dissolvers and their morphological grouping.
Two hundred colonies which showed positive reaction on the plates prepared for the phosphate-dissolving bacteria from control soil rhizosphere soils and rhizoplane samples of maize, peas, or cotton were isolated at random. Fifty isolates were selected as the most efficient isolates according to their capability for increasing the amounts of available phosphorus in the media with corresponding decreases in pH values. The percentage of the most efficient isolates differed according to type of plant and location of isolation. Not only the morphological types of the phosphate-dissolving bacteria differed in soil and in rhizosphere, but they also differed in the rhizosphere soil of each special plant. Morphological differences in the isolates from rhizosphere soil and from rhizoplane samples of the same plant were also occurring. The abundance of mycelial-forming bacteria and of aerobic sporeformers in Egyptian soil is important as they are well known to resist adverse conditions, such as high temperature and dryness to which our soils are subjected most time of the year.
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants. II. Selection of the most efficient phosphate-dissolvers and their morphological grouping. Two hundred colonies which showed positive reaction on the plates prepared for the phosphate-dissolving bacteria from control soil rhizosphere soils and rhizoplane samples of maize, peas, or cotton were isolated at random. Fifty isolates were selected as the most efficient isolates according to their capability for increasing the amounts of available phosphorus in the media with corresponding decreases in pH values. The percentage of the most efficient isolates differed according to type of plant and location of isolation. Not only the morphological types of the phosphate-dissolving bacteria differed in soil and in rhizosphere, but they also differed in the rhizosphere soil of each special plant. Morphological differences in the isolates from rhizosphere soil and from rhizoplane samples of the same plant were also occurring. The abundance of mycelial-forming bacteria and of aerobic sporeformers in Egyptian soil is important as they are well known to resist adverse conditions, such as high temperature and dryness to which our soils are subjected most time of the year.
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PMID:22212
The N4-hydroxycytidine reduction system in toluenized cells of Salmonella typhimurium.
1. Enzymatic reduction of N4-hydroxycytidine to cytidine in Salmonella typhimurium is highly specific. The reaction occurs only at the nucleoside level. Free base or its 1-methyl analogue is not reduced. 2. The pH optimum shows a broad plateau with a maximum at pH 7.0. The apparent Km value, estimated in the toluene-treated cells, is 4.8 mM and Vmax 1.4 nmoles/min/mg of wet bacterial weight. The reaction is NADH-dependent, although in toluenized bacterial cells it can occure without addition of any exogenous factor.
The N4-hydroxycytidine reduction system in toluenized cells of Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Enzymatic reduction of N4-hydroxycytidine to cytidine in Salmonella typhimurium is highly specific. The reaction occurs only at the nucleoside level. Free base or its 1-methyl analogue is not reduced. 2. The pH optimum shows a broad plateau with a maximum at pH 7.0. The apparent Km value, estimated in the toluene-treated cells, is 4.8 mM and Vmax 1.4 nmoles/min/mg of wet bacterial weight. The reaction is NADH-dependent, although in toluenized bacterial cells it can occure without addition of any exogenous factor.
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PMID:22213
Intrauterine hypoxia -- a phenomenon peculiar to the second twin.
During a 5-year period twin births occurring at the university hospital were investigated for the presence of clinical and biochemical symptoms of intrauterine hypoxia. It appears that intrauterine hypoxia, when detectable, is limited to the second twin. Some factors which may influence the oxygenation of the second twin have been analysed, i.e., the mode of delivery, the time interval between deliveries, and the duration of gestation. No single explanation for the genesis of the hypoxia seems to be valid.
Intrauterine hypoxia -- a phenomenon peculiar to the second twin. During a 5-year period twin births occurring at the university hospital were investigated for the presence of clinical and biochemical symptoms of intrauterine hypoxia. It appears that intrauterine hypoxia, when detectable, is limited to the second twin. Some factors which may influence the oxygenation of the second twin have been analysed, i.e., the mode of delivery, the time interval between deliveries, and the duration of gestation. No single explanation for the genesis of the hypoxia seems to be valid.
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PMID:22214
Clinical trial with lorazepam in pre-operative anxiety.
An important part of the pre-operative preparation of a patient consists in the treatment of his anxiety. One hundred eighty-two patients (varying in age from 17 to 80 years) were sedated for surgery with lorazepam. The evening before intervention, each patient received 1 tablet of lorazepam (2.5 mg) and on the day of operation (90 minutes before induction of the anesthesia), each patient received an I.M. injection of lorazepam and atropine, the dosage being adjusted to body weight. The prior administration of lorazepam usually gives very good results with only slight risk of side-effects and without unhappy recollections of the pre- and post-operative periods. Most of the patients were very calm, being well rested, conscious and capable of conversation. In our experience the sedation of anxious patients with lorazepam would seem to be a very good and safe procedure.
Clinical trial with lorazepam in pre-operative anxiety. An important part of the pre-operative preparation of a patient consists in the treatment of his anxiety. One hundred eighty-two patients (varying in age from 17 to 80 years) were sedated for surgery with lorazepam. The evening before intervention, each patient received 1 tablet of lorazepam (2.5 mg) and on the day of operation (90 minutes before induction of the anesthesia), each patient received an I.M. injection of lorazepam and atropine, the dosage being adjusted to body weight. The prior administration of lorazepam usually gives very good results with only slight risk of side-effects and without unhappy recollections of the pre- and post-operative periods. Most of the patients were very calm, being well rested, conscious and capable of conversation. In our experience the sedation of anxious patients with lorazepam would seem to be a very good and safe procedure.
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PMID:22215
Enzyme histochemical study on hepatoma--the relation between enzyme activity and histological type.
The activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (A-p), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were examined in 18 cases of hepatomas. The activity of gamma-GTP was most remarkable in the hepatoma consisting of small to medium-sized tumor cells showing the least atypism. The enzyme activity found in the type composed of large tumor cells resembled that of normal liver and was considered to be the most mature form of the neoplasm. This enzyme was not found in the immature type composed of small typical tumor cells. A-P activity was seen in only a few cases of hepatoma; conspicuous in one case showing immature features and sporadically in one case with florid histological pattern. The activity of this enzyme could not be confirmed in the type demonstrating marked gamma-GTP activity. LAP activity was noted in the majority of cases, especially marked in the medium-sized tumor cells, but there was hardly any connection between this enzyme and histological type. In general, the cases demonstrating positive gamma-GTP activity tended to show LAP activity. Although the activity of gamma-GTP and that of A-p usually showed an inverse relation, all three enzymes demonstrated almost equal activity in the type showing a florid histological pattern.
Enzyme histochemical study on hepatoma--the relation between enzyme activity and histological type. The activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (A-p), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were examined in 18 cases of hepatomas. The activity of gamma-GTP was most remarkable in the hepatoma consisting of small to medium-sized tumor cells showing the least atypism. The enzyme activity found in the type composed of large tumor cells resembled that of normal liver and was considered to be the most mature form of the neoplasm. This enzyme was not found in the immature type composed of small typical tumor cells. A-P activity was seen in only a few cases of hepatoma; conspicuous in one case showing immature features and sporadically in one case with florid histological pattern. The activity of this enzyme could not be confirmed in the type demonstrating marked gamma-GTP activity. LAP activity was noted in the majority of cases, especially marked in the medium-sized tumor cells, but there was hardly any connection between this enzyme and histological type. In general, the cases demonstrating positive gamma-GTP activity tended to show LAP activity. Although the activity of gamma-GTP and that of A-p usually showed an inverse relation, all three enzymes demonstrated almost equal activity in the type showing a florid histological pattern.
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PMID:22217
An improved direct colorimetric method for the quantitative analysis of urinary hippuric acid as an index of toluene exposure.
An improved direct colorimetric method for determining the concentration of urinary hippuric acid as an index of toluene exposure was described. One tenth ml of urine was diluted with 0.4 ml 0.01 M phosphate buffer H 6.9 and mixed with 0.5 ml pyridine. The mixture was layered on 0.2 ml benzenesulfonyl chloride. The reaction was started by mixing for one min with a mechanical shaker. The colored solution was allowed to stand for 30 min, diluted with 5 ml ethanol, and absorbance measured at 410 nm within 30 min after the dilution. The coefficient of variation of this method was 6% and the recovery 103% when urine contains about 0.2-0.5 mg hippuric acid per ml of urine. The concentration was linear up to 2.0 mg per ml hippuric acid in a specimen.
An improved direct colorimetric method for the quantitative analysis of urinary hippuric acid as an index of toluene exposure. An improved direct colorimetric method for determining the concentration of urinary hippuric acid as an index of toluene exposure was described. One tenth ml of urine was diluted with 0.4 ml 0.01 M phosphate buffer H 6.9 and mixed with 0.5 ml pyridine. The mixture was layered on 0.2 ml benzenesulfonyl chloride. The reaction was started by mixing for one min with a mechanical shaker. The colored solution was allowed to stand for 30 min, diluted with 5 ml ethanol, and absorbance measured at 410 nm within 30 min after the dilution. The coefficient of variation of this method was 6% and the recovery 103% when urine contains about 0.2-0.5 mg hippuric acid per ml of urine. The concentration was linear up to 2.0 mg per ml hippuric acid in a specimen.
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PMID:22219
Antibacterial effect, plasmid curing activity and chemical structure of some tricyclic compounds.
Diethazine, amitriptyline and imipramine showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on different bacteria. Chlorpromazine sulphoxide and fluorescein were ineffective even at 1000 microgram/ml. The antibacterial compounds deleted at 40-70% frequency the F'lac plasmid of Escherichia coli K12 LE-140.
Antibacterial effect, plasmid curing activity and chemical structure of some tricyclic compounds. Diethazine, amitriptyline and imipramine showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on different bacteria. Chlorpromazine sulphoxide and fluorescein were ineffective even at 1000 microgram/ml. The antibacterial compounds deleted at 40-70% frequency the F'lac plasmid of Escherichia coli K12 LE-140.
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PMID:22226
Inhibition of transmitter release from isolated rabbit kidney by bradykinin.
The effect of kallikrein on the release of norepinephrine has been studied in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Kallikrein in the perfusion medium caused an inhibition in the rise of the perfusion pressure induced by periarterial stimulation and in the contraction of rabbit aorta superfused by the venous outflow of the stimulated kidney. On the contrary, kallikrein caused a potentiation in the urine volume induced by periarterial stimulation. Similar findings were obtained when bradykinin was added instead of kallikrein. Kallikrein did not alter the pressure response and rabbit aorta contraction but potentiated the diuretic effects of exogenously administered norepinephrine. Acetyl salicyclic acid when added to the perfusion medium containing kallikrein caused a reversal in all parameters measured in this study. It is concluded that the changes of the effects of periarterial stimulation of the isolated rabbit kidney by kallikrein are mediated through the bradykinin-mediated increased generation of intrarenal prostaglandins.
Inhibition of transmitter release from isolated rabbit kidney by bradykinin. The effect of kallikrein on the release of norepinephrine has been studied in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Kallikrein in the perfusion medium caused an inhibition in the rise of the perfusion pressure induced by periarterial stimulation and in the contraction of rabbit aorta superfused by the venous outflow of the stimulated kidney. On the contrary, kallikrein caused a potentiation in the urine volume induced by periarterial stimulation. Similar findings were obtained when bradykinin was added instead of kallikrein. Kallikrein did not alter the pressure response and rabbit aorta contraction but potentiated the diuretic effects of exogenously administered norepinephrine. Acetyl salicyclic acid when added to the perfusion medium containing kallikrein caused a reversal in all parameters measured in this study. It is concluded that the changes of the effects of periarterial stimulation of the isolated rabbit kidney by kallikrein are mediated through the bradykinin-mediated increased generation of intrarenal prostaglandins.
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PMID:22228
Translation by bacterial cells of messenger RNA for interferon of animal origin.
Escherichia coli, strain AB 1157, cells are capable of translating human, mouse, and chicken messenter RNA for interferon with production of interferon of the corresponding specifity. This translation occurs in the presence of serum. The activity of the resulting interferon decreased in parallel to dilution of the original mRNA preparation, upon multiple ulitization of the mRNA solution, as well as upon reduction of the interferon- producing activity of cells-donors of mRNA due to prolonged storage of the cells. Unlike animal cells, the bacteria do not require pre-treatment with actinomycin D. The interferon translated by bacteria is inactivated by trypsin and resistant to ribonuclease.
Translation by bacterial cells of messenger RNA for interferon of animal origin. Escherichia coli, strain AB 1157, cells are capable of translating human, mouse, and chicken messenter RNA for interferon with production of interferon of the corresponding specifity. This translation occurs in the presence of serum. The activity of the resulting interferon decreased in parallel to dilution of the original mRNA preparation, upon multiple ulitization of the mRNA solution, as well as upon reduction of the interferon- producing activity of cells-donors of mRNA due to prolonged storage of the cells. Unlike animal cells, the bacteria do not require pre-treatment with actinomycin D. The interferon translated by bacteria is inactivated by trypsin and resistant to ribonuclease.
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PMID:22229
Physico-chemical properties of interferon produced by a mixed leukocyte suspension.
Physico-chemical properties of partially purified interferon produced by a mixed culture of human peripheral blood leukocytes following induction with double-stranded RNA extracted from f2 phage infected Escherichia coli were studied. Molecular heterogeneity of the interferon preparation was demonstrated by gel chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column, disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first two methods revealed 5 peaks, the latter 7 peaks of interferon activity. There was no difference in the molecular nature of interferon produced by cultures exposed to the inducer for the whole period of incubation and that produced by cultures from which the inducer was removed after a short induction time.
Physico-chemical properties of interferon produced by a mixed leukocyte suspension. Physico-chemical properties of partially purified interferon produced by a mixed culture of human peripheral blood leukocytes following induction with double-stranded RNA extracted from f2 phage infected Escherichia coli were studied. Molecular heterogeneity of the interferon preparation was demonstrated by gel chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column, disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first two methods revealed 5 peaks, the latter 7 peaks of interferon activity. There was no difference in the molecular nature of interferon produced by cultures exposed to the inducer for the whole period of incubation and that produced by cultures from which the inducer was removed after a short induction time.
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PMID:22230
Effect of amino acid replacement on the stability of the tobacco mosaic virus protein structure.
A comparative polarographic study on the alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain vulgare and its mutant TMV 483, having histidine instead of glutamine at position 9 in the polypeptide chain, was performed. In the course of alkaline degradation and subsequent incubation in the supporting electrolyte at 0 degrees C TMV 483, unlike TMV vulgare, showed a polarographic effect indicating the unfolding of the TMV polypeptide. It was concluded that the replacement of glutamine-9 by histidine causes a decrease in the stability of the three-dimensional structure of the TMV protein subunit. A polarographic study of untreated virions as well as denatured proteins of both TMV strains showed that histidine, when incorporated into the polypeptide chain, is not active polarographically at the conditions used.
Effect of amino acid replacement on the stability of the tobacco mosaic virus protein structure. A comparative polarographic study on the alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain vulgare and its mutant TMV 483, having histidine instead of glutamine at position 9 in the polypeptide chain, was performed. In the course of alkaline degradation and subsequent incubation in the supporting electrolyte at 0 degrees C TMV 483, unlike TMV vulgare, showed a polarographic effect indicating the unfolding of the TMV polypeptide. It was concluded that the replacement of glutamine-9 by histidine causes a decrease in the stability of the three-dimensional structure of the TMV protein subunit. A polarographic study of untreated virions as well as denatured proteins of both TMV strains showed that histidine, when incorporated into the polypeptide chain, is not active polarographically at the conditions used.
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PMID:22231
Ultrastructural studies of cell-virus interaction in reptilian cell lines. IV. Effects of chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide on VSW cell mitochondria and associated virions.
Structural effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and ethidium bromide (EB) on VSW cell mitochondria and intramitochondrial virions (IMV) have been studied on a comparative basis by thin-section electron microscopy. CAP-treated cells show a wide variety of mitochondrial alterations, frequently involving swelling of the organelle and loss of cristae orientation. IMV are generally severely disrupted, particularly in peripheral regions. In such configurations, strand-like material radiates in a spokelike fashion from the shell zone to adjacent cristae-matrix area. EB-treated cells also display considerable mitochondrial distortion evidenced primarily by the formation of small, localized multimembrane regions. IMV exposed to EB, however, are less structurally damaged than CAP-treated ones. The relative incidence of IMV production is enhanced approximately fourfold in EB-treated cells compared to CAP-treated ones, suggesting that virion synthesis may be under nuclear, rather than mitochondrial, control.
Ultrastructural studies of cell-virus interaction in reptilian cell lines. IV. Effects of chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide on VSW cell mitochondria and associated virions. Structural effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and ethidium bromide (EB) on VSW cell mitochondria and intramitochondrial virions (IMV) have been studied on a comparative basis by thin-section electron microscopy. CAP-treated cells show a wide variety of mitochondrial alterations, frequently involving swelling of the organelle and loss of cristae orientation. IMV are generally severely disrupted, particularly in peripheral regions. In such configurations, strand-like material radiates in a spokelike fashion from the shell zone to adjacent cristae-matrix area. EB-treated cells also display considerable mitochondrial distortion evidenced primarily by the formation of small, localized multimembrane regions. IMV exposed to EB, however, are less structurally damaged than CAP-treated ones. The relative incidence of IMV production is enhanced approximately fourfold in EB-treated cells compared to CAP-treated ones, suggesting that virion synthesis may be under nuclear, rather than mitochondrial, control.
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PMID:22232
Genetic characteristics of clones derived from measles virus strain L-16.
The L-16 vaccine strain of measles virus produced in L-41 cell cultures of various size (0.5-0.2 mm in diameter), with clear or opaque centers, thus being genetically heterogeneous by the S and P markes. The clones derived from the L-16 strain differed from it and from each other in a number of genetic properties. Clones isolated at different temperatures, 35 degrees or 32 degrees C, differed from each other in thermostability, sensitivity to interferon, interferon-inducing activity, antigenicity and plaque size. Marked correlations were established between cytopathic activity (TC) and reproductive activity in L-41 cell cultures; thermostability at 50 degrees C (T50 character) and inactivation constant; and interferon-inducing activity and sensitivity to interferon.
Genetic characteristics of clones derived from measles virus strain L-16. The L-16 vaccine strain of measles virus produced in L-41 cell cultures of various size (0.5-0.2 mm in diameter), with clear or opaque centers, thus being genetically heterogeneous by the S and P markes. The clones derived from the L-16 strain differed from it and from each other in a number of genetic properties. Clones isolated at different temperatures, 35 degrees or 32 degrees C, differed from each other in thermostability, sensitivity to interferon, interferon-inducing activity, antigenicity and plaque size. Marked correlations were established between cytopathic activity (TC) and reproductive activity in L-41 cell cultures; thermostability at 50 degrees C (T50 character) and inactivation constant; and interferon-inducing activity and sensitivity to interferon.
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PMID:22233
Influenza virus antigens in human leukocytes after oral administration of live tissue culture influenza A monovaccine.
Influenza A virus antigens were detected in leukocytes by immunofluorescence. After intravenous inoculation of the A/Moscow/16/65 (H2N2) vaccine strain to chickens, cytoplasmic antigens of the virus were observed in mononuclear leukocytes from 24 to 72 hours post inoculation (p.i.). The course of antigen detectability was similar after two repeated inoculations of the virus. After oral vaccination of human volunteers with a live tissue culture influenza A monovaccine from the X-47 (H3N2) recombinant viral antigens were also found in mononuclears; the maximal number of antigen-positive cells was observed at 24 hours p.i. The method of membrane immunofluorescence proved to be the most sensitive for antigen detection; it revealed a considerable decrease in the number of antigen-positive cells after repeated administration of the virus to volunteers. This fact may possibly reflect the development of antiviral resistance in the process of vaccination.
Influenza virus antigens in human leukocytes after oral administration of live tissue culture influenza A monovaccine. Influenza A virus antigens were detected in leukocytes by immunofluorescence. After intravenous inoculation of the A/Moscow/16/65 (H2N2) vaccine strain to chickens, cytoplasmic antigens of the virus were observed in mononuclear leukocytes from 24 to 72 hours post inoculation (p.i.). The course of antigen detectability was similar after two repeated inoculations of the virus. After oral vaccination of human volunteers with a live tissue culture influenza A monovaccine from the X-47 (H3N2) recombinant viral antigens were also found in mononuclears; the maximal number of antigen-positive cells was observed at 24 hours p.i. The method of membrane immunofluorescence proved to be the most sensitive for antigen detection; it revealed a considerable decrease in the number of antigen-positive cells after repeated administration of the virus to volunteers. This fact may possibly reflect the development of antiviral resistance in the process of vaccination.
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PMID:22234
Isolation and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of pseudorabies virus.
Nine ts mutants of pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain BUK were isolated following bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) or NaNO2 mutagenesis by a selection technique based on a shiftdown from nonpermissive to permissive temperature. This technique is described and its advantages are discussed. The nine ts mutants have been assigned to four complementation groups.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of pseudorabies virus. Nine ts mutants of pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain BUK were isolated following bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) or NaNO2 mutagenesis by a selection technique based on a shiftdown from nonpermissive to permissive temperature. This technique is described and its advantages are discussed. The nine ts mutants have been assigned to four complementation groups.
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PMID:22235
Measurement of antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 in human sera by microradioimmunoassay.
The binding of 125I-labelled anti-human antibodies against the fc IgG fragment to unlabelled antiviral immunoglobulins in the surface of infected cells was used to quantitate antibodies against herpes simplex virus type (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in sera from patients with cervix carcinoma. The microradioimmunoassay technique (micro-RIA) proved to be 5-10 times more sensitive than the microneutralization test. Antibody titres determined by micro-RIA correlated with neutralizing antibody titres to both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The relative antibody titres to HSV-1 and HSV-2, as determined by micro-RIA, could be used to distinguish persons previously infected with HSV-2 by means of II/I indices.
Measurement of antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 in human sera by microradioimmunoassay. The binding of 125I-labelled anti-human antibodies against the fc IgG fragment to unlabelled antiviral immunoglobulins in the surface of infected cells was used to quantitate antibodies against herpes simplex virus type (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in sera from patients with cervix carcinoma. The microradioimmunoassay technique (micro-RIA) proved to be 5-10 times more sensitive than the microneutralization test. Antibody titres determined by micro-RIA correlated with neutralizing antibody titres to both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The relative antibody titres to HSV-1 and HSV-2, as determined by micro-RIA, could be used to distinguish persons previously infected with HSV-2 by means of II/I indices.
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PMID:22236
Infectivity of DNA recovered from cells persistently infected with SV5 paramyxovirus.
Infectivity of DNA isolated from L cells chronically infected with SV5 paramyxovirus was demonstrated by inoculation of continuous RH and HEp-2 cells. Infectivity of the DNA was completely abolished by treatment with deoxyribonuclease or by alkaline hydrolysis but did not change after treatment with ribonuclease and specific anti SV5 serum. The virus obtained as a result of transfection caused haemadsorption in susceptible cells and was neutralized by specific antiserum like the prototype SV5 strain.
Infectivity of DNA recovered from cells persistently infected with SV5 paramyxovirus. Infectivity of DNA isolated from L cells chronically infected with SV5 paramyxovirus was demonstrated by inoculation of continuous RH and HEp-2 cells. Infectivity of the DNA was completely abolished by treatment with deoxyribonuclease or by alkaline hydrolysis but did not change after treatment with ribonuclease and specific anti SV5 serum. The virus obtained as a result of transfection caused haemadsorption in susceptible cells and was neutralized by specific antiserum like the prototype SV5 strain.
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PMID:22237
Mononuclear cells in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: changes in cells counts and specific fluorescence.
Progressive reduction in blood cell counts was observed in mice inoculated intracerebrally (ic) with Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. No changes were observed in the blood cell counts of mice inoculated intraperitoneally (ip). Reduction in cell counts after a transient rise was noticed in lymph nodes of mice inoculated by either route but the cell counts returned to normal in lymph nodes of ip inoculated mice by the 8th day post inoculation (p.i.). JE virus antigen was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in mononuclear cells from the blood, spleen and lymph nodes starting from the 3rd and 4th day p.i. in mice inoculated ic and ip, respectively. The number of fluorescent cells increased as the infection progressed. The number of fluorescent spleen cells uas higher in ip than in ic inoculated mice. Live virus could only occasionally be demonstrated in the cells.
Mononuclear cells in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: changes in cells counts and specific fluorescence. Progressive reduction in blood cell counts was observed in mice inoculated intracerebrally (ic) with Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. No changes were observed in the blood cell counts of mice inoculated intraperitoneally (ip). Reduction in cell counts after a transient rise was noticed in lymph nodes of mice inoculated by either route but the cell counts returned to normal in lymph nodes of ip inoculated mice by the 8th day post inoculation (p.i.). JE virus antigen was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in mononuclear cells from the blood, spleen and lymph nodes starting from the 3rd and 4th day p.i. in mice inoculated ic and ip, respectively. The number of fluorescent cells increased as the infection progressed. The number of fluorescent spleen cells uas higher in ip than in ic inoculated mice. Live virus could only occasionally be demonstrated in the cells.
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PMID:22238
Search for correlates of resistance to virulent challenge in mice immunized with Coxiella burnetii.
Mice immunized with live phase I or phase II Coxiella burnetii, with killed phase I or phase II organisms or with trichloroacetic acid (TCAE) or phenol (PE) extracts were resistant to intraperitoneal infection with phase I C. burnetii irrespective of whether or not they displayed phase I antibody response at the time of virulent challenge. Increased phagocytosis of purified phase I organisms by blood leukocytes or peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) was noticed only in mice with phase I agglutinating antibodies in their sera or peritoneal washings. Passive transfer of resistance was made possible only by sera containing phase I agglutinating antibodies. Adoptive transfer of immunity by spleen cells, but not by PEC, was achieved providing that these cells were taken from mice immunized with live phase I C. burnetii.
Search for correlates of resistance to virulent challenge in mice immunized with Coxiella burnetii. Mice immunized with live phase I or phase II Coxiella burnetii, with killed phase I or phase II organisms or with trichloroacetic acid (TCAE) or phenol (PE) extracts were resistant to intraperitoneal infection with phase I C. burnetii irrespective of whether or not they displayed phase I antibody response at the time of virulent challenge. Increased phagocytosis of purified phase I organisms by blood leukocytes or peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) was noticed only in mice with phase I agglutinating antibodies in their sera or peritoneal washings. Passive transfer of resistance was made possible only by sera containing phase I agglutinating antibodies. Adoptive transfer of immunity by spleen cells, but not by PEC, was achieved providing that these cells were taken from mice immunized with live phase I C. burnetii.
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PMID:22239
Massive occurrence of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in fowl tampan, Argas persicus, in the Armenian S.S.R.
Fowl tampans (Argas persicus) collected in Oktemberyan in the Armenian S.S.R. in 1974 were found to be massively infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group. One isolated rickettsial strain, designated Armenia 9, is antigenically related to, and probably identical with, strain Armenia 11 and strain B of Rickettsia slovaca, isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks. Strain Armenia 9 grows readily in chick embryo yolk sacs and in chick embryo cell (CEC) and L-cell cultures. It causes generalized infection in both soft and hard ticks. A fatal disease was produced in Clethrionomys glareolus after subcutaneous inoculation. Similar inoculation of other small wild rodents (Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis), hens and laboratory animals (guinea pigs, white mice and hamsters) resulted only in an antibody response.
Massive occurrence of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in fowl tampan, Argas persicus, in the Armenian S.S.R. Fowl tampans (Argas persicus) collected in Oktemberyan in the Armenian S.S.R. in 1974 were found to be massively infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group. One isolated rickettsial strain, designated Armenia 9, is antigenically related to, and probably identical with, strain Armenia 11 and strain B of Rickettsia slovaca, isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks. Strain Armenia 9 grows readily in chick embryo yolk sacs and in chick embryo cell (CEC) and L-cell cultures. It causes generalized infection in both soft and hard ticks. A fatal disease was produced in Clethrionomys glareolus after subcutaneous inoculation. Similar inoculation of other small wild rodents (Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis), hens and laboratory animals (guinea pigs, white mice and hamsters) resulted only in an antibody response.
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PMID:22240
Some biological properties of an endotoxic lipopolysaccharide from the typhus group rickettsiae.
A lipophilic thermostable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex was isolated by phenol extraction from purified suspensions of the typhus group rickettsiae. The LPS complex is antigenic and possesses some endotoxic properties such as toxicity for actinomycin D-treated mice, pyrogenicity for rabbits and guinea pigs, ability to elicit hypothermia in white rats and local Schwartzman reaction and active cutaneous anaphylaxis in rabbits.
Some biological properties of an endotoxic lipopolysaccharide from the typhus group rickettsiae. A lipophilic thermostable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex was isolated by phenol extraction from purified suspensions of the typhus group rickettsiae. The LPS complex is antigenic and possesses some endotoxic properties such as toxicity for actinomycin D-treated mice, pyrogenicity for rabbits and guinea pigs, ability to elicit hypothermia in white rats and local Schwartzman reaction and active cutaneous anaphylaxis in rabbits.
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PMID:22243
Effects of ethanol on electrical parameters of the in vivo rat stomach.
The gastric transmural electrical potential difference (PD) and direct-current resistance were measured in the rat in vivo under conditions in which the luminal pH was controlled over the pH range 1.0 to 12.0. Raising the pH above 11.0 caused a reduction in both PD and resistance. This is consistent with basic groups limiting cation permeability through the mucosa. Exposure of the mucosa to 20% ethanol caused a reduction in resistance, PD, and H+ secretion, and an increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen at neutral pH. The pH dependence of the resistance at high pH values was also eliminated, consistent with the elimination or bypassing of channels containing basic groups. Mucosal exposure to 8.5% ethanol reduced the PD and H+ secretion without affecting resistance. The increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen seen with this alcohol solution also occurred following exposure to hyperosmotic sucrose.
Effects of ethanol on electrical parameters of the in vivo rat stomach. The gastric transmural electrical potential difference (PD) and direct-current resistance were measured in the rat in vivo under conditions in which the luminal pH was controlled over the pH range 1.0 to 12.0. Raising the pH above 11.0 caused a reduction in both PD and resistance. This is consistent with basic groups limiting cation permeability through the mucosa. Exposure of the mucosa to 20% ethanol caused a reduction in resistance, PD, and H+ secretion, and an increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen at neutral pH. The pH dependence of the resistance at high pH values was also eliminated, consistent with the elimination or bypassing of channels containing basic groups. Mucosal exposure to 8.5% ethanol reduced the PD and H+ secretion without affecting resistance. The increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen seen with this alcohol solution also occurred following exposure to hyperosmotic sucrose.
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PMID:22244
Gastric mucosal damage by taurine and glycine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid.
Bile damage to gastric mucosa may be demonstrated by means of changes in the transmucosal movement of H+ and Na+ ions. In the present study pure 10 mM solutions of taurine and glycine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid were instilled into canine Heidenhain pouches. Solutions were prepared at pH 2, 4, and 8, as previous work had shown a greater damaging effect at low pH. The present study confirmed this pH effect, but only with respect to movement of Na+ ion for taurine conjugates. The magnitude of the changes in ionic movements was much greater with pure bile acid solutions than that seen previously with whole bile. These findings are discussed. The greater damage seen below the pKa of the bile acid conjugates suggests that its nonionized form is the more damaging.
Gastric mucosal damage by taurine and glycine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid. Bile damage to gastric mucosa may be demonstrated by means of changes in the transmucosal movement of H+ and Na+ ions. In the present study pure 10 mM solutions of taurine and glycine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid were instilled into canine Heidenhain pouches. Solutions were prepared at pH 2, 4, and 8, as previous work had shown a greater damaging effect at low pH. The present study confirmed this pH effect, but only with respect to movement of Na+ ion for taurine conjugates. The magnitude of the changes in ionic movements was much greater with pure bile acid solutions than that seen previously with whole bile. These findings are discussed. The greater damage seen below the pKa of the bile acid conjugates suggests that its nonionized form is the more damaging.
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PMID:22246
Endocrine cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium.
Among the epithelial elements of the pulmonary airways are cells with features suggestive of endocrine function. Although these cells share a number of properties with the intestinal endocrine (argentaffine) cells, peptide hormones analogous to the multitude of those present in the gastrointestinal tract have yet to be identified in the lung. The oat cell carcinoma, which arises from this cell type, is of importance clinically, yet investigations into the basic properties and functions of this cell have been difficult and sparse, in part due to a lack of appreciation of the problem.
Endocrine cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Among the epithelial elements of the pulmonary airways are cells with features suggestive of endocrine function. Although these cells share a number of properties with the intestinal endocrine (argentaffine) cells, peptide hormones analogous to the multitude of those present in the gastrointestinal tract have yet to be identified in the lung. The oat cell carcinoma, which arises from this cell type, is of importance clinically, yet investigations into the basic properties and functions of this cell have been difficult and sparse, in part due to a lack of appreciation of the problem.
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PMID:22247
Fetal reacting bradycardia.
Acute and abrupt fetal bradycardia are considered to be vagal in origin. In addition to head compression and funis compression bradycardias, we will report on those acute fetal bradycardias occurring during maternal seizures and maternal voiding, during aortocaval compression, during terminal labor, and during the immediate postpartum period. While certain mechanisms are known which can explain some or parts of these bradycardias, we conclude that in the clinical setting information is insufficient to determine their etiology with precision. Instead of labeling abrupt fetal heart rate pattern as resulting from either head or funis compression, it is suggested that the patterns be described according to their severity and duration. Such acute fetal bradycardias can be detrimental in terms of reduced umbilical flow. Administration of atropine may be indicated in the otherwise healthy fetus with acute bradycardia.
Fetal reacting bradycardia. Acute and abrupt fetal bradycardia are considered to be vagal in origin. In addition to head compression and funis compression bradycardias, we will report on those acute fetal bradycardias occurring during maternal seizures and maternal voiding, during aortocaval compression, during terminal labor, and during the immediate postpartum period. While certain mechanisms are known which can explain some or parts of these bradycardias, we conclude that in the clinical setting information is insufficient to determine their etiology with precision. Instead of labeling abrupt fetal heart rate pattern as resulting from either head or funis compression, it is suggested that the patterns be described according to their severity and duration. Such acute fetal bradycardias can be detrimental in terms of reduced umbilical flow. Administration of atropine may be indicated in the otherwise healthy fetus with acute bradycardia.
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PMID:22248
Intrapartum fetal asphyxia: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and significance in relation to pattern of development.
The clinical and fetal heart rates and acid-base characteristics and their sequelae have been reviewed in 587 patients. The relevant clinical factors in the asphyxia group were the preterm fetus, the intrauterine growth retarded fetus, maternal toxemia, and midforceps delivery. The duration of the developing metabolic acidosis in the asphyxia group ranged from terminal to the last two hours of labor. Marked patterns of total decelerations and moderate and marked patterns of late decelerations are of predictive value in the diagnosis of intrapartum fetal asphyxia with a trend to an increased incidence in the longer duration categories, between four and two hours prior to delivery, and a significant increase in all categories during the last two hours of labor. The significance of intrapartum fetal asphyxia to the newborn infant is evident from the low Apgar scores, increased incidence of moderate and severe respiratory distress syndrome, and central nervous system complications in the asphixia group in relation to the normal group.
Intrapartum fetal asphyxia: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and significance in relation to pattern of development. The clinical and fetal heart rates and acid-base characteristics and their sequelae have been reviewed in 587 patients. The relevant clinical factors in the asphyxia group were the preterm fetus, the intrauterine growth retarded fetus, maternal toxemia, and midforceps delivery. The duration of the developing metabolic acidosis in the asphyxia group ranged from terminal to the last two hours of labor. Marked patterns of total decelerations and moderate and marked patterns of late decelerations are of predictive value in the diagnosis of intrapartum fetal asphyxia with a trend to an increased incidence in the longer duration categories, between four and two hours prior to delivery, and a significant increase in all categories during the last two hours of labor. The significance of intrapartum fetal asphyxia to the newborn infant is evident from the low Apgar scores, increased incidence of moderate and severe respiratory distress syndrome, and central nervous system complications in the asphixia group in relation to the normal group.
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PMID:22252
The rodent as an experimental tool in gerontological research.
Advances in basic gerontology has has brought along numerous methodological questions among which the growth-persistency as a function of ageing of the rodents, particularly the rat, plays an intriguing role. The fact that, the rat's growth may proceed for more than half of the lifetime was confirmed by many authors. Whether the senescent loss in body weight is induced by the subnormal food and water intake in old age, or rather, the former leads to the latter, has not yet settled. It is suggested however, that the apparent detrimental losses in masticatory function; i.e. defects of the maxillary incisors of the aged animals exert food consumption by all accounts. This can be either the consequence or cause of the unessential loss of body weight well before death. The reasons which explain the startling pecularity concerned of the rodents must be sought in the phylogenetical backgrounds of these species. Most of them are still in their flourishing-evolutionary period of the present. These small-sized, omnivorous, highly-variable animals are non-specialized but labile/flexible species to convert according to our requirements. Neverthless, particular attention should be paid when treating these animals, as rather primordial species, whose one or more characteristics, i.e. persistency in growth merit a special caution of gerontologists.
The rodent as an experimental tool in gerontological research. Advances in basic gerontology has has brought along numerous methodological questions among which the growth-persistency as a function of ageing of the rodents, particularly the rat, plays an intriguing role. The fact that, the rat's growth may proceed for more than half of the lifetime was confirmed by many authors. Whether the senescent loss in body weight is induced by the subnormal food and water intake in old age, or rather, the former leads to the latter, has not yet settled. It is suggested however, that the apparent detrimental losses in masticatory function; i.e. defects of the maxillary incisors of the aged animals exert food consumption by all accounts. This can be either the consequence or cause of the unessential loss of body weight well before death. The reasons which explain the startling pecularity concerned of the rodents must be sought in the phylogenetical backgrounds of these species. Most of them are still in their flourishing-evolutionary period of the present. These small-sized, omnivorous, highly-variable animals are non-specialized but labile/flexible species to convert according to our requirements. Neverthless, particular attention should be paid when treating these animals, as rather primordial species, whose one or more characteristics, i.e. persistency in growth merit a special caution of gerontologists.
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PMID:22253
[Polyploidisation - a phenomenon of aging? (author's transl)].
By means of cytophotometric determination of DNA in different cellular systems an increase in polyploidisation correlated to age could be demonstrated. The latter is well demonstrable if compensatory hyperplasia or hypertrophy occurs. It is discussed that cellular systems of older individuals can increase their DNA - content, but they are not able to carry out a caryo-and cytocinesis.
[Polyploidisation - a phenomenon of aging? (author's transl)]. By means of cytophotometric determination of DNA in different cellular systems an increase in polyploidisation correlated to age could be demonstrated. The latter is well demonstrable if compensatory hyperplasia or hypertrophy occurs. It is discussed that cellular systems of older individuals can increase their DNA - content, but they are not able to carry out a caryo-and cytocinesis.
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PMID:22254
[Tensibility measurements on the rats aorta (author's transl)].
II. Elasticity Parameters in Various Ages Power-extension diagrams of longitudinal and transversal stripes of the Aorta thoracica were recorded by means of an elctro-mechanical measuring instrument. The samples were taken from 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 9, 15 and 24 months. The following parameters describing age-dependent alterations were calculated from the hysteresis loops of three consecutive extension-relaxation cycles: 1. the maximum power 2. the area of the first hysteresis loop 3. the characteristic of the relaxation-part of the third cycle. The maximum power and partly the areas of the hysteresis loops increased with age. The curves obtained by longitudinal stripes were approximated to a linear function (y = a + bx) plus a power-function (y = cxd). Their constants were explained as indices to the plasticity of the aorta, the retraction-power of the elastic fibres, the degree of the spiralization of the collagen fibres and the amount and/or the stability of the collagen. The ageing changes of these parameters indicated an increase of plasticity, an increase in the retraction-power of the elastic fibres, a rise of the pitch of the collagen spiral and an increase in the amount and/or in the stability of collagen. The curves from the extension of the transversal stripes revealed a different extension characteristic and could be described as the sum of two power functions. The causes of this different behaviour are not yet clearly understood.
[Tensibility measurements on the rats aorta (author's transl)]. II. Elasticity Parameters in Various Ages Power-extension diagrams of longitudinal and transversal stripes of the Aorta thoracica were recorded by means of an elctro-mechanical measuring instrument. The samples were taken from 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 9, 15 and 24 months. The following parameters describing age-dependent alterations were calculated from the hysteresis loops of three consecutive extension-relaxation cycles: 1. the maximum power 2. the area of the first hysteresis loop 3. the characteristic of the relaxation-part of the third cycle. The maximum power and partly the areas of the hysteresis loops increased with age. The curves obtained by longitudinal stripes were approximated to a linear function (y = a + bx) plus a power-function (y = cxd). Their constants were explained as indices to the plasticity of the aorta, the retraction-power of the elastic fibres, the degree of the spiralization of the collagen fibres and the amount and/or the stability of the collagen. The ageing changes of these parameters indicated an increase of plasticity, an increase in the retraction-power of the elastic fibres, a rise of the pitch of the collagen spiral and an increase in the amount and/or in the stability of collagen. The curves from the extension of the transversal stripes revealed a different extension characteristic and could be described as the sum of two power functions. The causes of this different behaviour are not yet clearly understood.
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PMID:22255
Long-term tryptophan restriction and aging in the rat.
Growth-retarded rats fed a tryptophan deficient diet at 21 days for periods of 6-22 months were shown to reach normal body weight when subsequently fed Purina Rat Chow. They demonstrated an increased ability over similar aged controls to recover from hypothermia induced by 3-minute whole-body ice water immersion, were able to bear litters at 17--28 months of age, showed a delay in the age of onset of visible tumors, and indicated an increase in their average lifespan at late ages. Animals fed on this diet from 3 months of age revealed a similar ability to reproduce at advanced ages, but not as marked as those placed on the diet earlier. The average lifespan (in months +/- the standard error of the mean) of the rats recovering from the long-term tryptophan-deficient diets was 36.31 +/- 2.26 while the control rats survived an average of 30.5 +/- 1.90 months. The last of 8 rats surviving the period of tryptophan-deficiency died at 45.50 months (1387 days) while the last of 14 control rats died at 41.75 months (1266 days). It is hypothesized that some kind of subtle mechanism exerts its influence on the rats during the period of tryptophan deficiency which caused an accelerated morbidity and mortality as they approached senescence approximately 1 to 2 years after refeeding. This is parallel to the situation with immature animals subjected to long-term caloric restriction and then fed on normal diets.
Long-term tryptophan restriction and aging in the rat. Growth-retarded rats fed a tryptophan deficient diet at 21 days for periods of 6-22 months were shown to reach normal body weight when subsequently fed Purina Rat Chow. They demonstrated an increased ability over similar aged controls to recover from hypothermia induced by 3-minute whole-body ice water immersion, were able to bear litters at 17--28 months of age, showed a delay in the age of onset of visible tumors, and indicated an increase in their average lifespan at late ages. Animals fed on this diet from 3 months of age revealed a similar ability to reproduce at advanced ages, but not as marked as those placed on the diet earlier. The average lifespan (in months +/- the standard error of the mean) of the rats recovering from the long-term tryptophan-deficient diets was 36.31 +/- 2.26 while the control rats survived an average of 30.5 +/- 1.90 months. The last of 8 rats surviving the period of tryptophan-deficiency died at 45.50 months (1387 days) while the last of 14 control rats died at 41.75 months (1266 days). It is hypothesized that some kind of subtle mechanism exerts its influence on the rats during the period of tryptophan deficiency which caused an accelerated morbidity and mortality as they approached senescence approximately 1 to 2 years after refeeding. This is parallel to the situation with immature animals subjected to long-term caloric restriction and then fed on normal diets.
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PMID:22256
The age dependence of bile acid metabolism in rats.
The age dependence of bile acid metabolism in rats was investigated and the following results were obtained. 1) Synthesis rate, pool size and total secretion decreased in old rats (24 month) significantly compared to young rats (6 weeks). 2) The quotient of taurine to glycine conjugates is is significant lower in old rats compared to young rats. 3) The lithogenic index remains unchanged in all age groups. 4) Old rats show a significantly higher Km for cholic acid uptake, whereas the diffusion coefficient is decreased. The possible influence of humoral factors on age dependent regulations of bile metabolism is discussed.
The age dependence of bile acid metabolism in rats. The age dependence of bile acid metabolism in rats was investigated and the following results were obtained. 1) Synthesis rate, pool size and total secretion decreased in old rats (24 month) significantly compared to young rats (6 weeks). 2) The quotient of taurine to glycine conjugates is is significant lower in old rats compared to young rats. 3) The lithogenic index remains unchanged in all age groups. 4) Old rats show a significantly higher Km for cholic acid uptake, whereas the diffusion coefficient is decreased. The possible influence of humoral factors on age dependent regulations of bile metabolism is discussed.
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PMID:22257
Age-dependent changes of the protein synthetic machinery of liver cell cytoplasm as revealed by electron microscopic morphometry.
Complete electron microscopic morphometric explorations of the liver were carry out in groups of 5 each young, adult and old female Wistar rats. In addition, livers were studied 1, 5, 10, 20 days after 2/3 hepatectomy in old rats. Characteristic age-dependent change: Decrease of the surface density of total endoplasmic reticulums between 1 and 12--27 months of age. After the partial hepatectomy the regenerated old liver "shows a certain" rejuvenation. The results suggest the validity of the theory of accumulation of somatic mutations during aging.
Age-dependent changes of the protein synthetic machinery of liver cell cytoplasm as revealed by electron microscopic morphometry. Complete electron microscopic morphometric explorations of the liver were carry out in groups of 5 each young, adult and old female Wistar rats. In addition, livers were studied 1, 5, 10, 20 days after 2/3 hepatectomy in old rats. Characteristic age-dependent change: Decrease of the surface density of total endoplasmic reticulums between 1 and 12--27 months of age. After the partial hepatectomy the regenerated old liver "shows a certain" rejuvenation. The results suggest the validity of the theory of accumulation of somatic mutations during aging.
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PMID:22258
[Age-dependent metabolism and polymerisation of collagen (author's transl)].
Investigations of collagen metabolism on the one side and of crosslinking of fibres on the other side speak for the assumption that the decrease of synthesis of collagen correlates with an increase of its crosslinking. This process can be seen in the skin of aging rats. The increase of steady crosslinks bonds represents a regulation to elongate the life-span of fibres, that means a compensation for the decreased production of new collagen.
[Age-dependent metabolism and polymerisation of collagen (author's transl)]. Investigations of collagen metabolism on the one side and of crosslinking of fibres on the other side speak for the assumption that the decrease of synthesis of collagen correlates with an increase of its crosslinking. This process can be seen in the skin of aging rats. The increase of steady crosslinks bonds represents a regulation to elongate the life-span of fibres, that means a compensation for the decreased production of new collagen.
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PMID:22259
[Degenerative changes in the central region of aging human rib cartilage, as influenced by growing cross section diameter (author's transl)].
In the centre of aged human rib cartilage, a yellowing degenerative zone is seen, while in a circular peripheral region the tissue remains unchanged. The cartilage of the 12th rib shows decrease in diameter towards its free end. It therefore was used as a model to find out wether there is a critical diameter of the diffusion stretch leading to a degeneration of the centre. This stretch was to be compared with the diameter of the peripheral circular zone. Cartilage of the second rib was used for comparison. The length of the free end showing no degeneration was 2,5- to 4 mm. Its radius was longer than the diameter of the circular zone in the middle part of the 12th rib cartilage, but this was not found in the second rib cartilage nor at the base of the 12th rib cartilage. The difference between the cartilage of differing individuals was more striking than the difference found between all cross sections of the second and 12th rib cartilage. The length of the diffusion stretch is thought to be an accessorial cause of aging besides the age changes of the cells and intercellular matrix, but not the only cause.
[Degenerative changes in the central region of aging human rib cartilage, as influenced by growing cross section diameter (author's transl)]. In the centre of aged human rib cartilage, a yellowing degenerative zone is seen, while in a circular peripheral region the tissue remains unchanged. The cartilage of the 12th rib shows decrease in diameter towards its free end. It therefore was used as a model to find out wether there is a critical diameter of the diffusion stretch leading to a degeneration of the centre. This stretch was to be compared with the diameter of the peripheral circular zone. Cartilage of the second rib was used for comparison. The length of the free end showing no degeneration was 2,5- to 4 mm. Its radius was longer than the diameter of the circular zone in the middle part of the 12th rib cartilage, but this was not found in the second rib cartilage nor at the base of the 12th rib cartilage. The difference between the cartilage of differing individuals was more striking than the difference found between all cross sections of the second and 12th rib cartilage. The length of the diffusion stretch is thought to be an accessorial cause of aging besides the age changes of the cells and intercellular matrix, but not the only cause.
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PMID:22272
Acute hypocapneic hypokalemia: an latrogenic anesthetic complication.
Hyperventilation of patients during surgical anesthesia is a common practice in the United States. The results obtained in the present study re-emphasize serum potassium concentration is directly proportional to arterial carbon dioxide tension, and that for every 10 torr decrease in PaCO2 there is a concomitant 0.5 mEq/L decrease in potassium. Therefore sudden and significant levels of hypokalemia may occur during the course of a general anesthetic, and since hypokalemia is known to be capable of producing serious cardiac arrhythmias, hyperventilation should be avoided during surgical anesthesia, particularly in patients on drugs which produce electrophysiologic changes similar to those resulting from hypokalemia.
Acute hypocapneic hypokalemia: an latrogenic anesthetic complication. Hyperventilation of patients during surgical anesthesia is a common practice in the United States. The results obtained in the present study re-emphasize serum potassium concentration is directly proportional to arterial carbon dioxide tension, and that for every 10 torr decrease in PaCO2 there is a concomitant 0.5 mEq/L decrease in potassium. Therefore sudden and significant levels of hypokalemia may occur during the course of a general anesthetic, and since hypokalemia is known to be capable of producing serious cardiac arrhythmias, hyperventilation should be avoided during surgical anesthesia, particularly in patients on drugs which produce electrophysiologic changes similar to those resulting from hypokalemia.
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PMID:22276
[Early mortality after ingestion of caustic substances].
The authors define the management of a patient following emergency admission for the ingestion of a caustic liquid: immediate assessment by fibroscope oesophagoscopy; avoidance of all corticosteroid therapy and of the insertion of a gastric tube; parenteral alimentation. The frequency of early deaths has considerably decreased since the applications of this method, either as a result of shock or of the inhalation of caustic liquid.
[Early mortality after ingestion of caustic substances]. The authors define the management of a patient following emergency admission for the ingestion of a caustic liquid: immediate assessment by fibroscope oesophagoscopy; avoidance of all corticosteroid therapy and of the insertion of a gastric tube; parenteral alimentation. The frequency of early deaths has considerably decreased since the applications of this method, either as a result of shock or of the inhalation of caustic liquid.
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PMID:22273
Cerebral surface pH changes during asphyxia, hypotension, and circulatory arrest in the dog.
A technic is described for the measurement of cerebral surface pH in acute experiments in anesthetized dogs. During asphyxia and circulatory arrest, cerebral surface pH fell promptly and more profoundly than arterial blood or muscle surface pH; during hypovolemic hypotension (30 to 50 torr) cerebral surface pH declined later and less than muscle surface pH. The cerebral surface pH reflects the pH of the cortical interstitial fluid. Since the blood brain barrier is effectively impermeable to lactate, the changes recorded in the cerebral surface pH are a useful index of cortical intracellular metabolism.
Cerebral surface pH changes during asphyxia, hypotension, and circulatory arrest in the dog. A technic is described for the measurement of cerebral surface pH in acute experiments in anesthetized dogs. During asphyxia and circulatory arrest, cerebral surface pH fell promptly and more profoundly than arterial blood or muscle surface pH; during hypovolemic hypotension (30 to 50 torr) cerebral surface pH declined later and less than muscle surface pH. The cerebral surface pH reflects the pH of the cortical interstitial fluid. Since the blood brain barrier is effectively impermeable to lactate, the changes recorded in the cerebral surface pH are a useful index of cortical intracellular metabolism.
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PMID:22277
[Anesthesia for esophageal surgery].
At the present time, it is rarely necessary to operate after a digestive perforation complicating the ingestion of a caustic fluid. By contrast, cancer surgery progresses. Anaesthesia requires protection with a high degree of analgesia and curarisation. The use of a Carlens tube during oesophagectomy via a thoracic approach facilitates the surgeon's task. Compensation for blood and water losses should be generous. Insertion of a gastric tube through the plasty makes it possible to avoid gastrostomy. Finally, postoperative artificial ventilation is necessary in these individuals who often suffer from some form of respiratory pathology.
[Anesthesia for esophageal surgery]. At the present time, it is rarely necessary to operate after a digestive perforation complicating the ingestion of a caustic fluid. By contrast, cancer surgery progresses. Anaesthesia requires protection with a high degree of analgesia and curarisation. The use of a Carlens tube during oesophagectomy via a thoracic approach facilitates the surgeon's task. Compensation for blood and water losses should be generous. Insertion of a gastric tube through the plasty makes it possible to avoid gastrostomy. Finally, postoperative artificial ventilation is necessary in these individuals who often suffer from some form of respiratory pathology.
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PMID:22278
[Surgical treatment of caustic esophagogastric stenosis in the chronic phase].
The authors report the results of 26 oesophagoplasties carried out using the descending colon for oesophageal stenosis as a result of a caustic lesion. Superior: in 5 cases the anastomosis being made to the pharynx. Inferior: 8 associated gastric lesions being treated either by resection or by short circuit. The remaining oesophagus was removed in two cases. There were two postoperative deaths. In all the remaining patients a satisfactory functional result was obtained.
[Surgical treatment of caustic esophagogastric stenosis in the chronic phase]. The authors report the results of 26 oesophagoplasties carried out using the descending colon for oesophageal stenosis as a result of a caustic lesion. Superior: in 5 cases the anastomosis being made to the pharynx. Inferior: 8 associated gastric lesions being treated either by resection or by short circuit. The remaining oesophagus was removed in two cases. There were two postoperative deaths. In all the remaining patients a satisfactory functional result was obtained.
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PMID:22279
[Intensive care and diet in cases of caustic esophageal stenosis after the first eight days].
On the basis of 12 cases of caustic burns of the oesophagus, the authors describe the technique of alimentation, once the acute phase of the first eight days has passed. From the 8th to the 15th days, calories and provided parenterally. An upper GI series is carried out on the 15th day: if the stomach is healthy, the authors fashion an alimentation gastrostomy, if the stomach is damaged, they carry out gastrectomy with alimentation gastrostomy or jejunostomy. In all cases, continuity is re-established by coloplasty two months later.
[Intensive care and diet in cases of caustic esophageal stenosis after the first eight days]. On the basis of 12 cases of caustic burns of the oesophagus, the authors describe the technique of alimentation, once the acute phase of the first eight days has passed. From the 8th to the 15th days, calories and provided parenterally. An upper GI series is carried out on the 15th day: if the stomach is healthy, the authors fashion an alimentation gastrostomy, if the stomach is damaged, they carry out gastrectomy with alimentation gastrostomy or jejunostomy. In all cases, continuity is re-established by coloplasty two months later.
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PMID:22280
[Caustic lesions of the esophagus in the child].
On the basis of a study involving 21 children treated over a 10 year period, the authors describe a method for the management of a child following the ingestion of a caustic fluid: emergency oesophagoscopy to determine the extent and nature on the lesions, in severe forms, alimentation gastrostomy, which would seem to be preferable to parenteral alimentation, is carried out, on the 21st day, a new endoscopic and radiological assessment, permitting distinction between those cases which are cured and those progressing to stenosis. In this latter group, the choice is made between dilatations and oesophagoplasty on the basis on the lesions present and the development of complications during dilatation.
[Caustic lesions of the esophagus in the child]. On the basis of a study involving 21 children treated over a 10 year period, the authors describe a method for the management of a child following the ingestion of a caustic fluid: emergency oesophagoscopy to determine the extent and nature on the lesions, in severe forms, alimentation gastrostomy, which would seem to be preferable to parenteral alimentation, is carried out, on the 21st day, a new endoscopic and radiological assessment, permitting distinction between those cases which are cured and those progressing to stenosis. In this latter group, the choice is made between dilatations and oesophagoplasty on the basis on the lesions present and the development of complications during dilatation.
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PMID:22281
[Perforations of the cervical esophagus in attempted tracheal intubation. A report of 12 cases].
The authors underline the factors favouring perforation of the oesophagus during intubation in the light of 12 personal cases: difficulty in intubation, use of an introducer, inexperienced operator. Such a perforation may result in mediastinitis and should be treated early with massive polyvalent antibiotics and a surgical suture left at rest for approximately one week.
[Perforations of the cervical esophagus in attempted tracheal intubation. A report of 12 cases]. The authors underline the factors favouring perforation of the oesophagus during intubation in the light of 12 personal cases: difficulty in intubation, use of an introducer, inexperienced operator. Such a perforation may result in mediastinitis and should be treated early with massive polyvalent antibiotics and a surgical suture left at rest for approximately one week.
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PMID:22282
[Pharyngolaryngeal fistula and hypopharyngeal perforation resulting from difficult tracheal intubation].
The authors report a case of lesions of the pharyngo-oesophagolaryngeal junction following difficult intubation. On the basis of the small number of cases published in recent years, they attempt to determine those factors which may permit early diagnosis before the development of complications in order that any medical or surgical therapeutic measures applied may be fully effective.
[Pharyngolaryngeal fistula and hypopharyngeal perforation resulting from difficult tracheal intubation]. The authors report a case of lesions of the pharyngo-oesophagolaryngeal junction following difficult intubation. On the basis of the small number of cases published in recent years, they attempt to determine those factors which may permit early diagnosis before the development of complications in order that any medical or surgical therapeutic measures applied may be fully effective.
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PMID:22283
[Surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus. Methods and techniques].
Given the poor prognosis in carcinoma of the oesophagus, and with the aid of advances in anaesthesia and postoperative care, surgery has progressively evolved towards wider excision and a reduction in the number of operative stages. Partial oesophagectomy, with gastrolysis and gastro-oesophageal anastomosis, via a left thoracotomy, is favoured by large number of authors. However, it involves a certain number of disadvantages: by definition a limited excision, unsuitable for carcinomas in the cervical region and a marked risk of postoperative gastro-oesophageal reflux. Total oesophagectomy offers a hope of better results from an oncological standpoint, the more so since excision may be extended superiorly (laryngectomy) or inferiorly (total gastrectomy with lymph node excision). Continuity is re-established using a colonic transplant. The operation may be performed in two stages, though a single stage procedure with two teams would appear to be preferable, overall mortality and morbidity being reduced. Finally, colonic oesophagoplasty may be used alone, as a simply palliative measure, without associated tumour excision. By short-circuiting the oesophageal stenosis, it permits continued alimentation per os and the patient's period of survival is more comfortable.
[Surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus. Methods and techniques]. Given the poor prognosis in carcinoma of the oesophagus, and with the aid of advances in anaesthesia and postoperative care, surgery has progressively evolved towards wider excision and a reduction in the number of operative stages. Partial oesophagectomy, with gastrolysis and gastro-oesophageal anastomosis, via a left thoracotomy, is favoured by large number of authors. However, it involves a certain number of disadvantages: by definition a limited excision, unsuitable for carcinomas in the cervical region and a marked risk of postoperative gastro-oesophageal reflux. Total oesophagectomy offers a hope of better results from an oncological standpoint, the more so since excision may be extended superiorly (laryngectomy) or inferiorly (total gastrectomy with lymph node excision). Continuity is re-established using a colonic transplant. The operation may be performed in two stages, though a single stage procedure with two teams would appear to be preferable, overall mortality and morbidity being reduced. Finally, colonic oesophagoplasty may be used alone, as a simply palliative measure, without associated tumour excision. By short-circuiting the oesophageal stenosis, it permits continued alimentation per os and the patient's period of survival is more comfortable.
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PMID:22284
[Postoperative complications in esophageal surgery].
Apart from certain complications which may follow any surgical procedure, the authors sought to emphasise in particular the problems posed by fistulae occurring after oesophageal surgery. They draw a clear distinction between cervical fistulae which, draining adequately, do not affect the vital prognosis, merely prolonging the period of hospitalisation, and intrathoracic or sub-diaphragmatic fistulae, with a grave prognosis and which pose delicate problems of re-operation, drainage and intensive care. They feel that the possibility of prevention of these digestive fistulae must be stressed, combining the most meticulous surgical technique with appropriate pre- and postoperative care.
[Postoperative complications in esophageal surgery]. Apart from certain complications which may follow any surgical procedure, the authors sought to emphasise in particular the problems posed by fistulae occurring after oesophageal surgery. They draw a clear distinction between cervical fistulae which, draining adequately, do not affect the vital prognosis, merely prolonging the period of hospitalisation, and intrathoracic or sub-diaphragmatic fistulae, with a grave prognosis and which pose delicate problems of re-operation, drainage and intensive care. They feel that the possibility of prevention of these digestive fistulae must be stressed, combining the most meticulous surgical technique with appropriate pre- and postoperative care.
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PMID:22285
[Preoperative assessment: value and limitations in the preparation for surgery of esophageal or cardia carcinoma].
Pre-operative assessment of a patient suffering from a carcinoma of the oesophagus demonstrates numerous pathological features and marked malnutrition. The authors give details of their method of nutritional preparation: operation is scheduled only when the patients are restored to a state of anabolism, i.e. when daily potassium balance is greater than 40 mEq and daily nitrogen balance exceeds 4 g. Carolies are provided either intravenously or via a gastric tube. Alimentation consists on average of 2,000 to 2,6000 calories as carbohydrate and lipids and 12 to 14 g of nitrogen. This preparation lasts on average for one week. It is associated with a reduction in mortality and the number of postoperative complications.
[Preoperative assessment: value and limitations in the preparation for surgery of esophageal or cardia carcinoma]. Pre-operative assessment of a patient suffering from a carcinoma of the oesophagus demonstrates numerous pathological features and marked malnutrition. The authors give details of their method of nutritional preparation: operation is scheduled only when the patients are restored to a state of anabolism, i.e. when daily potassium balance is greater than 40 mEq and daily nitrogen balance exceeds 4 g. Carolies are provided either intravenously or via a gastric tube. Alimentation consists on average of 2,000 to 2,6000 calories as carbohydrate and lipids and 12 to 14 g of nitrogen. This preparation lasts on average for one week. It is associated with a reduction in mortality and the number of postoperative complications.
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PMID:22286
[Practical problems and results of parenteral alimentation in 60 patients undergoing surgery for neoplasms of the esophagus].
Sixty patients suffering from a neoplasm of the oesophagus underwent surgery. All received parenteral alimentation in an intensive care unit and its value was studied, in particular in the immediate postoperative period. Describing the technique used, together with the qualitative and quantitative nature of the products employed, the authors analyse the results obtained and in particular the effectiveness of treatment from the standpoint of protein balance and of body weight stability in these patients.
[Practical problems and results of parenteral alimentation in 60 patients undergoing surgery for neoplasms of the esophagus]. Sixty patients suffering from a neoplasm of the oesophagus underwent surgery. All received parenteral alimentation in an intensive care unit and its value was studied, in particular in the immediate postoperative period. Describing the technique used, together with the qualitative and quantitative nature of the products employed, the authors analyse the results obtained and in particular the effectiveness of treatment from the standpoint of protein balance and of body weight stability in these patients.
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PMID:22287
[Tracheo-bronchial intubation for surgery of the esophagus via a thoracic approach].
Tracheo-bronchial intubation using a double-lumen Carlens tube provides the surgeon with a mediastinal operating field free of any obstruction by the lung and provides greater surgical ease than that of an assistant retracting a constantly invasive lung with tracheal intubation. This anaesthetic technique involving the ventilation of only one lung during the endothoracic period of the surgical procedure has not been used routinely for extra-pulmonary surgery since the shunt which is created leads to a fear of dangerous hypoxia. The aim of this study involving 30 patients is to demonstrate that the blood oxygen saturation obtained by the careful ventilation of a single lung, that of the side on which the patient is lying, is perfectly acceptable and comparable with the preoperative oxygen saturation of the subject at rest. This is obtained at the price of an increase in insufflation pressures of the order of 100 percent. Re-expansion of the collapsed lung without visual confirmation after careful endobronchial aspiration makes it possible to prevent the development of areas of micro-atelectasia and to ensure the absence of any pulmonary postoperative complications.
[Tracheo-bronchial intubation for surgery of the esophagus via a thoracic approach]. Tracheo-bronchial intubation using a double-lumen Carlens tube provides the surgeon with a mediastinal operating field free of any obstruction by the lung and provides greater surgical ease than that of an assistant retracting a constantly invasive lung with tracheal intubation. This anaesthetic technique involving the ventilation of only one lung during the endothoracic period of the surgical procedure has not been used routinely for extra-pulmonary surgery since the shunt which is created leads to a fear of dangerous hypoxia. The aim of this study involving 30 patients is to demonstrate that the blood oxygen saturation obtained by the careful ventilation of a single lung, that of the side on which the patient is lying, is perfectly acceptable and comparable with the preoperative oxygen saturation of the subject at rest. This is obtained at the price of an increase in insufflation pressures of the order of 100 percent. Re-expansion of the collapsed lung without visual confirmation after careful endobronchial aspiration makes it possible to prevent the development of areas of micro-atelectasia and to ensure the absence of any pulmonary postoperative complications.
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0.00790200475603342, 0.016276530921459198, -0.047063592821359634, 0.10945156961679459, -0.045098744332790375, -0.010247379541397095, -0.03395599126815796, -0.004807416815310717, -0.019439607858657837, 0.06474372744560242, 0.03699330613017082, 0.06542634963989258, 0.061134640127420425, 0.03834227845072746, 0.05186537653207779, -0.01068826299160719, 0.002944361651316285, 0.013912063091993332, 0.04114490747451782, -0.002291630720719695, -0.026167085394263268, -0.08778680115938187, 0.10414676368236542, 0.07074816524982452 ]
PMID:22288
[The influence of preoperative irradiation on postoperative complications in surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus].
Over a 15 year period, the authors operated upon 650 patients suffering from carcinoma of the oesophagus. Amongst them, 185 underwent pre-operative irradiation. The latter appears to increase the percentage in whom excision was possible. By contrast, the occurence rate of postoperative complications is essentially the same in both groups of patients apart from chylothorax which was more common in the irradiated subjects.
[The influence of preoperative irradiation on postoperative complications in surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus]. Over a 15 year period, the authors operated upon 650 patients suffering from carcinoma of the oesophagus. Amongst them, 185 underwent pre-operative irradiation. The latter appears to increase the percentage in whom excision was possible. By contrast, the occurence rate of postoperative complications is essentially the same in both groups of patients apart from chylothorax which was more common in the irradiated subjects.
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PMID:22289
[The value of early routine radiological examination following esophagectomy for carcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus].
An early upper gastrointestinal series may be carried out on a routine basis after recovery of the postoperative ileus and makes it possible to confirm the good quality of the anastomoses or, by contrast, reveal a benign fistula. Under some circumstances, it may be carried out very early following the development of postoperative complications: pain, fever, respiratory, circulatory and renal insufficiency or in the presence of abnormal discharge from the drains. It then shows whether this complication is due to an oesophagomediastinal or pleural fistula.
[The value of early routine radiological examination following esophagectomy for carcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus]. An early upper gastrointestinal series may be carried out on a routine basis after recovery of the postoperative ileus and makes it possible to confirm the good quality of the anastomoses or, by contrast, reveal a benign fistula. Under some circumstances, it may be carried out very early following the development of postoperative complications: pain, fever, respiratory, circulatory and renal insufficiency or in the presence of abnormal discharge from the drains. It then shows whether this complication is due to an oesophagomediastinal or pleural fistula.
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PMID:22290
[Postoperative pulmonary complications following surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus].
Pulmonary complications frequently occur during the postoperative period following surgery for neoplasms of the oesophagus. The aetiology varies according to the time of their onset but the clinical signs and treatment are essentially the same. The problems encountered and related either to anaesthesia, to the surgical approach to the position of the patient. It is after the third day that complication develop related at one and the same to the past history, classical in such patients, (tobacco, chronic bronchitis, alcoholism) and the ectopic position of an abdominal viscus.
[Postoperative pulmonary complications following surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus]. Pulmonary complications frequently occur during the postoperative period following surgery for neoplasms of the oesophagus. The aetiology varies according to the time of their onset but the clinical signs and treatment are essentially the same. The problems encountered and related either to anaesthesia, to the surgical approach to the position of the patient. It is after the third day that complication develop related at one and the same to the past history, classical in such patients, (tobacco, chronic bronchitis, alcoholism) and the ectopic position of an abdominal viscus.
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PMID:22291
[Pulmonary complications of esophagectomy for carcinoma of the middle third of the esophagus].
The authors studied 20 patients undergoing operation for a carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus during the period January 1972 to April 1975. Postoperative pulmonary complications are extremely common in such patients. All the patients had pulmonary function study results which were compatible with this type of surgery. All underwent resection with oesophagogastric anastomosis via a left thoracophrenolaparotomy. Of the 20 patients, 14 suffered from one or more episodes of acute respiratory insufficiency, some related to pneumonia. On the basis of various associated clinical, radiological, biological, evolutive and histopathological criteria, five types of pulmonary complication were distinguished: 1-Shock lung; 2-Infective pneumonia; 3-Traumatic pulmonary disease; 4-Acute cor pulmonale; 5-Lung disease of undetermined origin. Twelve patients died as a result of pulmonary complications, 11 early (before the 16th day). One patient only died as a result of rupture of the oesophagogastric anastomosis.
[Pulmonary complications of esophagectomy for carcinoma of the middle third of the esophagus]. The authors studied 20 patients undergoing operation for a carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus during the period January 1972 to April 1975. Postoperative pulmonary complications are extremely common in such patients. All the patients had pulmonary function study results which were compatible with this type of surgery. All underwent resection with oesophagogastric anastomosis via a left thoracophrenolaparotomy. Of the 20 patients, 14 suffered from one or more episodes of acute respiratory insufficiency, some related to pneumonia. On the basis of various associated clinical, radiological, biological, evolutive and histopathological criteria, five types of pulmonary complication were distinguished: 1-Shock lung; 2-Infective pneumonia; 3-Traumatic pulmonary disease; 4-Acute cor pulmonale; 5-Lung disease of undetermined origin. Twelve patients died as a result of pulmonary complications, 11 early (before the 16th day). One patient only died as a result of rupture of the oesophagogastric anastomosis.
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PMID:22294
[Peroperative sinus arrest in a patient with sick sinus syndrome (apropos of a case)].
A sinus arrest occured during a surgical intervention in a patient suffering from a sinus nodal dysfunction. The Fentanyl acetate used as an analgésic, seems to have played an important role in the genesis of the accident, depressing sinusal and junctional automatisms. Though unusual, this complication leads to a further investigation in preoperative period for a possible sinus nodal dysfunction in order to anticipate an extreme preoperative bradycardia (sino atrial block) treated with intravenous administration of isoprenaline. Intraveinous atropine test is a simple preoperative technique of research in front all unexplained sinus bradycardia.
[Peroperative sinus arrest in a patient with sick sinus syndrome (apropos of a case)]. A sinus arrest occured during a surgical intervention in a patient suffering from a sinus nodal dysfunction. The Fentanyl acetate used as an analgésic, seems to have played an important role in the genesis of the accident, depressing sinusal and junctional automatisms. Though unusual, this complication leads to a further investigation in preoperative period for a possible sinus nodal dysfunction in order to anticipate an extreme preoperative bradycardia (sino atrial block) treated with intravenous administration of isoprenaline. Intraveinous atropine test is a simple preoperative technique of research in front all unexplained sinus bradycardia.
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PMID:22295
[Trial droperidol premedication in infants and children].
Droperidol premedication for children (0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg) was compared with pentobarbital and Dolosal--promethazine). Results are analyzed using criteria proposed by Burken and Nisbet. Droperidol compared very favourably with the order drugs. However a decrease in efficacy was noted with infants and neuw-born children, even with higher doses. The possible incidence it hypertonic seizures renders this drug unsuitable for ambulatory surgery.
[Trial droperidol premedication in infants and children]. Droperidol premedication for children (0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg) was compared with pentobarbital and Dolosal--promethazine). Results are analyzed using criteria proposed by Burken and Nisbet. Droperidol compared very favourably with the order drugs. However a decrease in efficacy was noted with infants and neuw-born children, even with higher doses. The possible incidence it hypertonic seizures renders this drug unsuitable for ambulatory surgery.
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PMID:22297
[Prevention by pindolol of electrocardiographic changes during bronchoscopy performed under local and general anesthesia].
Sixty patients were studied with respect to ECG modifications during bronchoscopy under local or general anesthesia, using dynamic electrocardiography. The increase in heart rate and incidence of extra-systoles were greater under local than general anesthesia. When pindolol, a beta-blocker with practically no bronchospastic effect was administered before the procedure, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of tachycardia and extra-systoles. This drug appears to be useful before bronchoscopy.
[Prevention by pindolol of electrocardiographic changes during bronchoscopy performed under local and general anesthesia]. Sixty patients were studied with respect to ECG modifications during bronchoscopy under local or general anesthesia, using dynamic electrocardiography. The increase in heart rate and incidence of extra-systoles were greater under local than general anesthesia. When pindolol, a beta-blocker with practically no bronchospastic effect was administered before the procedure, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of tachycardia and extra-systoles. This drug appears to be useful before bronchoscopy.
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PMID:22298
[Electric burns in the operating room. Apropos of 4 cases].
Four cases of patients suffering from peroperative skin burns at electrocardioscope electrode sites are reported. They were the result of incorrect function of the cutting diathermy, (error of internal or external connection). Use of the electrocardioscope with a "floating input" protects the patient against this type of electrical accident.
[Electric burns in the operating room. Apropos of 4 cases]. Four cases of patients suffering from peroperative skin burns at electrocardioscope electrode sites are reported. They were the result of incorrect function of the cutting diathermy, (error of internal or external connection). Use of the electrocardioscope with a "floating input" protects the patient against this type of electrical accident.
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PMID:22300
[A case of survival after 65 hours of immersion in the Mediterranean].
Survical time of a man immerged in sea water at a mean temperature of 20 degrees C was 65 hours. This remarkable tolerance of a professional diver to hypothermia is attributed to his adapted clothing and safety equipment, and to favourable atmospheric conditions. On the light of this accidental immersion, one must reconsider out of date concepts concerning sea rescue with respect to water temperature, clothing equipment of the ship-wrecked, meterological conditions and circonstances of accident.
[A case of survival after 65 hours of immersion in the Mediterranean]. Survical time of a man immerged in sea water at a mean temperature of 20 degrees C was 65 hours. This remarkable tolerance of a professional diver to hypothermia is attributed to his adapted clothing and safety equipment, and to favourable atmospheric conditions. On the light of this accidental immersion, one must reconsider out of date concepts concerning sea rescue with respect to water temperature, clothing equipment of the ship-wrecked, meterological conditions and circonstances of accident.
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PMID:22301
[Comparative study of nitrogen sparing during parenteral feeding as a function of carbohydrate intake].
The nitrogen balance of two groups of patients, A and B, was studied during the first four post-operative days. Groups A (31) received a daily intake of one liter of Totamine concentrée glucidique with glucose 10 p. 100 1,5 liter. Groups B received Totamine concentrée glucidique with glucose 30 p. 100 1,5 liter. There was no statistically significant difference in nitrogen balance between both groups. On the other hand, the cumulative nitrogen balance was positive for both groups for the first four post-operative days.
[Comparative study of nitrogen sparing during parenteral feeding as a function of carbohydrate intake]. The nitrogen balance of two groups of patients, A and B, was studied during the first four post-operative days. Groups A (31) received a daily intake of one liter of Totamine concentrée glucidique with glucose 10 p. 100 1,5 liter. Groups B received Totamine concentrée glucidique with glucose 30 p. 100 1,5 liter. There was no statistically significant difference in nitrogen balance between both groups. On the other hand, the cumulative nitrogen balance was positive for both groups for the first four post-operative days.
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PMID:22302
[26 cases of tracheal stenosis after prolonged intubation or tracheotomy. Personal retrospective study].
A retrospective study over a period of 10 years, involving different hospital departments, revealed a total of 26 patients with post-intubation and/or post-prolonged tracheotomy stenosis which required surgical treatment. Predisposing factors included poor general condition, infection, iatrogenic factors related to intensive therapy (respiration, inadequate nursing) and the duration. Stenosis were situated from the sub-glottis to the carina. After surgical treatment, there were ten cases of restenosis, two multiple, and one inflammatory granuloma. Intubation may be life-saving, but must be performed by an individual competent in the procedure, under strictly aseptic conditions, and using non-traumatic disposable material. The patient should undergo thorough ENT examination at the time of extubation, repeated one month and six months later.
[26 cases of tracheal stenosis after prolonged intubation or tracheotomy. Personal retrospective study]. A retrospective study over a period of 10 years, involving different hospital departments, revealed a total of 26 patients with post-intubation and/or post-prolonged tracheotomy stenosis which required surgical treatment. Predisposing factors included poor general condition, infection, iatrogenic factors related to intensive therapy (respiration, inadequate nursing) and the duration. Stenosis were situated from the sub-glottis to the carina. After surgical treatment, there were ten cases of restenosis, two multiple, and one inflammatory granuloma. Intubation may be life-saving, but must be performed by an individual competent in the procedure, under strictly aseptic conditions, and using non-traumatic disposable material. The patient should undergo thorough ENT examination at the time of extubation, repeated one month and six months later.
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PMID:22304
H2-Histamine receptor blocking agents in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Experience in seven cases and implications for long-term therapy.
H2-Histamine receptor blocking agents metiamide and cimetidine were assessed in seven patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (serum gastrin greater than 300 microgram/ml, basal acid output greater than 15 meq/h, ratio of basal acid output to maximal acid output greater than 0.5). Intravenous or oral administration of the drugs lowered acid secretion by at least 70% in all cases. Subsequent treatment of six patients for 3 to 15 months (oral therapy) and one patient for 1 month (intravenous therapy) showed that the drugs abolished symptoms in all seven, abolished diarrhea in five, allowed ulcer healing in six, and were well tolerated without adverse effects in seven. No patient failed to respond to the drug, although one died from tumor progression and two required total gastrectomy for complex reasons. The results indicate that patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be managed medically and, in light of current mortality trends, gain little from the extra risks attending total gastrectomy.
H2-Histamine receptor blocking agents in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Experience in seven cases and implications for long-term therapy. H2-Histamine receptor blocking agents metiamide and cimetidine were assessed in seven patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (serum gastrin greater than 300 microgram/ml, basal acid output greater than 15 meq/h, ratio of basal acid output to maximal acid output greater than 0.5). Intravenous or oral administration of the drugs lowered acid secretion by at least 70% in all cases. Subsequent treatment of six patients for 3 to 15 months (oral therapy) and one patient for 1 month (intravenous therapy) showed that the drugs abolished symptoms in all seven, abolished diarrhea in five, allowed ulcer healing in six, and were well tolerated without adverse effects in seven. No patient failed to respond to the drug, although one died from tumor progression and two required total gastrectomy for complex reasons. The results indicate that patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be managed medically and, in light of current mortality trends, gain little from the extra risks attending total gastrectomy.
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PMID:22305
Protective effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage.
Aspirin alters the gastric mucosal barrier as measured by ionic flux and potential difference. The effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced alterations in gastric mucosa was studied in five normal male volunteers. Aspirin effects were studied with and without previous treatment with cimetidine. Mean (+/- SEM) basal potential difference was -48 +/- 1 mV. After 600 mg of aspirin in 1 dl of isotonic saline, potential difference decreased in 10 min to -39 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001) and returned to baseline within 60 min. Control biopsies showed 2% damaged mucosal cells compared with 20% damaged at the time of maximal drop in potential difference (P less than 0.001) after aspirin. Recovery to 9% damage occurred by 60 min. In subjects pretreated with 300 mg cimetidine, potential difference rose during 1 h to -62 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001). After aspirin potential difference fell to -48 +/- 1 mV compared with -39 +/- 1 mV with aspirin alone (P less than 0.01) and returned to -62 +/- 1 mV at 60 min. The cimetidine-treated group showed 4% mucosal damage at the peak potential difference fall after aspirin, significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in the untreated subjects.
Protective effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage. Aspirin alters the gastric mucosal barrier as measured by ionic flux and potential difference. The effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced alterations in gastric mucosa was studied in five normal male volunteers. Aspirin effects were studied with and without previous treatment with cimetidine. Mean (+/- SEM) basal potential difference was -48 +/- 1 mV. After 600 mg of aspirin in 1 dl of isotonic saline, potential difference decreased in 10 min to -39 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001) and returned to baseline within 60 min. Control biopsies showed 2% damaged mucosal cells compared with 20% damaged at the time of maximal drop in potential difference (P less than 0.001) after aspirin. Recovery to 9% damage occurred by 60 min. In subjects pretreated with 300 mg cimetidine, potential difference rose during 1 h to -62 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001). After aspirin potential difference fell to -48 +/- 1 mV compared with -39 +/- 1 mV with aspirin alone (P less than 0.01) and returned to -62 +/- 1 mV at 60 min. The cimetidine-treated group showed 4% mucosal damage at the peak potential difference fall after aspirin, significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in the untreated subjects.
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PMID:22306
Sjögren-type syndrome after allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation.
Four patients, treated for hematologic disorders with bone-marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings, spontaneously complained of dry eyes 8 to 12 months after transplantation. Four allograft recipients and two recipients of autologous bone-marrow transplants were evaluated for xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Three allogeneic marrow recipients had evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and two had decreased parotid gland function. All four allograft recipients had minor salivary gland histopathology identical to that of Sjögren's syndrome. The severity of symptoms and histologic lesions corresponded with the severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease. In addition, one patient developed sclerodermatous skin changes, another had discoid lupus erythematosus, and two patients had laboratory evidence of cholestasis. None of the patients had autoantibodies but all had hypergammaglobulinemia. In contrast, none of the recipients of autologous bone marrow had clinical, laboratory, or histologic findings resembling Sjögren's syndrome.
Sjögren-type syndrome after allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Four patients, treated for hematologic disorders with bone-marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings, spontaneously complained of dry eyes 8 to 12 months after transplantation. Four allograft recipients and two recipients of autologous bone-marrow transplants were evaluated for xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Three allogeneic marrow recipients had evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and two had decreased parotid gland function. All four allograft recipients had minor salivary gland histopathology identical to that of Sjögren's syndrome. The severity of symptoms and histologic lesions corresponded with the severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease. In addition, one patient developed sclerodermatous skin changes, another had discoid lupus erythematosus, and two patients had laboratory evidence of cholestasis. None of the patients had autoantibodies but all had hypergammaglobulinemia. In contrast, none of the recipients of autologous bone marrow had clinical, laboratory, or histologic findings resembling Sjögren's syndrome.
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PMID:22307
Scleroderma, Sjögren-like syndrome, and chronic graft-versus-host disease.
A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia treated with an allogeneic bone marrow transplant developed acute graft-versus-host disease manifested by severe diarrhea, hepatitis, and a cutaneous eruption. As the graft-versus-host disease progressed to the chronic phase, the patient developed marked cutaneous sclerosis and symptoms of xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Biopsy of his indurated skin showed features of both graft-versus-host disease and scleroderma. Results of Schirmer's tests, corneal fluorescent studies, parotid flow-rate testing, and a lip biopsy were consistent with Sjögren's syndrome. Possibly, activated lymphocytes may have a role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease, scleroderma, and Sjögren's syndrome.
Scleroderma, Sjögren-like syndrome, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia treated with an allogeneic bone marrow transplant developed acute graft-versus-host disease manifested by severe diarrhea, hepatitis, and a cutaneous eruption. As the graft-versus-host disease progressed to the chronic phase, the patient developed marked cutaneous sclerosis and symptoms of xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Biopsy of his indurated skin showed features of both graft-versus-host disease and scleroderma. Results of Schirmer's tests, corneal fluorescent studies, parotid flow-rate testing, and a lip biopsy were consistent with Sjögren's syndrome. Possibly, activated lymphocytes may have a role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease, scleroderma, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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-0.006479635834693909, -0.0006088411901146173, 0.005181567743420601, 0.04082091152667999, -0.04412829875946045, 0.010322047397494316, -0.017313938587903976, -0.005615712143480778, -0.023496324196457863, -0.054427940398454666, -0.028262538835406303, 0.026285378262400627, -0.013459917157888412, -0.0011962504358962178, -0.04229047894477844, -0.02456183172762394, 0.00810670293867588, 0.05303138121962547, 0.00007129357982194051, 0.033957891166210175, -0.0005663776537403464, -0.11952752619981766, 0.058592211455106735, 0.056763533502817154 ]
PMID:22310
Penicillic acid production in submerged culture.
Twenty known penicillic acid (PA)-producing Aspergillus and Penicillium cultures were grown under various conditions in shaken flasks to determine the highest yielding strains and their requirements for maximum toxin production. Abilities of the cultures to utilize eight different carbon sources in Raulin-Thom medium for mycotoxin synthesis were determined at four different incubation temperatures: 15, 20, 25, and 28 degrees C. Of the 20 cultures, P. cyclopium NRRL 1888 was superior, yielding up to 4 mg of PG per ml, with mannitol as the carbon source and 25 degrees C as the incubation temperature. Fifteen of the cultures elaborated lesser amounts of PA, whereas four strains yielded none under the test conditions. Whey from the manufacture of cottage cheese by the cultured process was also a satisfactory medium for PA production. In whey medium, yields up to 3 mg/ml were obtained with P. cyclopium NRRL 1888.
Penicillic acid production in submerged culture. Twenty known penicillic acid (PA)-producing Aspergillus and Penicillium cultures were grown under various conditions in shaken flasks to determine the highest yielding strains and their requirements for maximum toxin production. Abilities of the cultures to utilize eight different carbon sources in Raulin-Thom medium for mycotoxin synthesis were determined at four different incubation temperatures: 15, 20, 25, and 28 degrees C. Of the 20 cultures, P. cyclopium NRRL 1888 was superior, yielding up to 4 mg of PG per ml, with mannitol as the carbon source and 25 degrees C as the incubation temperature. Fifteen of the cultures elaborated lesser amounts of PA, whereas four strains yielded none under the test conditions. Whey from the manufacture of cottage cheese by the cultured process was also a satisfactory medium for PA production. In whey medium, yields up to 3 mg/ml were obtained with P. cyclopium NRRL 1888.
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PMID:22311
Nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and pleomorphic growth in a highly pigmented Spirillum lipoferum.
A strain of Spirillum lipoferum with intense red pigmentation was isolated from the roots of Cynodon dactylon "Coastal." This isolate vigorously reduced acetylene when grown in N-free, Na-malate, semisolid agar, and it was identical to S. lipoferum strain SP7 by standard taxonomic tests. Both S. lipoferum SP7 and the C. dactylon root isolate displayed the unique features of being denitrifiers as well as N2 fixers. The N2-dependent growth curve was biphasic: cells in younger cultures showed the characteristic spiral shape and motility, but those in older cultures developed larger, nonmotile, cystlike forms. Nitrogenase activity seemed associated only with younger spiral forms. The red pigment may be a b- or c-type cytochrome. The strong red color, which this strain develops, could be used as a marker in evaluating soil inoculation experiments.
Nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and pleomorphic growth in a highly pigmented Spirillum lipoferum. A strain of Spirillum lipoferum with intense red pigmentation was isolated from the roots of Cynodon dactylon "Coastal." This isolate vigorously reduced acetylene when grown in N-free, Na-malate, semisolid agar, and it was identical to S. lipoferum strain SP7 by standard taxonomic tests. Both S. lipoferum SP7 and the C. dactylon root isolate displayed the unique features of being denitrifiers as well as N2 fixers. The N2-dependent growth curve was biphasic: cells in younger cultures showed the characteristic spiral shape and motility, but those in older cultures developed larger, nonmotile, cystlike forms. Nitrogenase activity seemed associated only with younger spiral forms. The red pigment may be a b- or c-type cytochrome. The strong red color, which this strain develops, could be used as a marker in evaluating soil inoculation experiments.
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PMID:22312
The distribution of enzymes in the epidermis of the domestic cat.
With the help of enzyme histochemical methods, the distribution and activities of several oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in the epidermis of the densely-haired domestic cat have been studied. Distinct oxidative enzyme activity could be demonstrated in all epidermal layers except the stratum corneum. Among the hydrolytic enzymes investigated, strong reactions for non-specific esterases were visible especially in the str. granulosum and the basal lamellae of the str. corneum. Positive reactions for cholinesterases could not be observed in the cat epidermis. The results are discussed in relation to corresponding investigations on the epidermis of sparsely-haired mammals, e.g. the domestic pig and man. Generally the enzyme pattern of the cat epidermis only shows limited parallels to man, especially where esterase distribution is concerned.
The distribution of enzymes in the epidermis of the domestic cat. With the help of enzyme histochemical methods, the distribution and activities of several oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in the epidermis of the densely-haired domestic cat have been studied. Distinct oxidative enzyme activity could be demonstrated in all epidermal layers except the stratum corneum. Among the hydrolytic enzymes investigated, strong reactions for non-specific esterases were visible especially in the str. granulosum and the basal lamellae of the str. corneum. Positive reactions for cholinesterases could not be observed in the cat epidermis. The results are discussed in relation to corresponding investigations on the epidermis of sparsely-haired mammals, e.g. the domestic pig and man. Generally the enzyme pattern of the cat epidermis only shows limited parallels to man, especially where esterase distribution is concerned.
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PMID:22317
[Acid-base balance immediately after administration of an oral contraceptive (author's transl)].
An increase in breathing activity has often been described for the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, for gravidity and after intramuscular application of corpus luteum and follicle hormone. The reason for this has been assumed to be a direct interaction of the hormones in the respiratory center. A shortly published paper dealing with 50 women under long-term treatment with a combination of oestrogenes and gestagenes for oral contraception leads the author to the assumption, that a metabolic acidosis is the primary reaction, followed by an increase in breathing activity for respiratory compensation. In a long-term study it is difficult to differentiate between primary and secondary effects. Therefore in the present experiments arterial blood has been analyzed for PaO2, PaCO2, pH and hemoglobin in 49 subjects on day 1 without hormone administration and on day 2 prior to (9.00 a.m.) after (11.00 a.m., 1.00 p.m., 4.00 p.m.) administration of a combination of oestrogene and gestagene. From the measured values O2-saturation, standard-bicarbonate, buffer bases and base excess have been calculated by the Thews nomogram. By comparison of the results before and after hormone administration it was shown, that the primary effect is a metabolic acidosis, partly compensated during the next 7 h by respiratory adaptation. There is no indication for a primary respiratory alkalosis.
[Acid-base balance immediately after administration of an oral contraceptive (author's transl)]. An increase in breathing activity has often been described for the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, for gravidity and after intramuscular application of corpus luteum and follicle hormone. The reason for this has been assumed to be a direct interaction of the hormones in the respiratory center. A shortly published paper dealing with 50 women under long-term treatment with a combination of oestrogenes and gestagenes for oral contraception leads the author to the assumption, that a metabolic acidosis is the primary reaction, followed by an increase in breathing activity for respiratory compensation. In a long-term study it is difficult to differentiate between primary and secondary effects. Therefore in the present experiments arterial blood has been analyzed for PaO2, PaCO2, pH and hemoglobin in 49 subjects on day 1 without hormone administration and on day 2 prior to (9.00 a.m.) after (11.00 a.m., 1.00 p.m., 4.00 p.m.) administration of a combination of oestrogene and gestagene. From the measured values O2-saturation, standard-bicarbonate, buffer bases and base excess have been calculated by the Thews nomogram. By comparison of the results before and after hormone administration it was shown, that the primary effect is a metabolic acidosis, partly compensated during the next 7 h by respiratory adaptation. There is no indication for a primary respiratory alkalosis.
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PMID:22318
Influence of cobra venom (CoF) and pneumococcal S III capsular polysaccharide on immunologic humoral response and visceral distribution of antigens.
The immunologic response to sheep erythrocytes was compared in mice treated with Cobra venom (CoF) and with pneumococcal capsular antigen S III. Suppression of the immunologic response in both cases was attributed to the ability of both tested substances to activate the third component of complement. CoF and S III both changed the organ localization of labeled antigens capable of activating the complement system. No evidence for an alternative pathway by which S III could activate the complement system was found. On the basis of the literature data and experimental findings, the properties of CoF and S III were compared in the light of their ability to suppress the immunologic response.
Influence of cobra venom (CoF) and pneumococcal S III capsular polysaccharide on immunologic humoral response and visceral distribution of antigens. The immunologic response to sheep erythrocytes was compared in mice treated with Cobra venom (CoF) and with pneumococcal capsular antigen S III. Suppression of the immunologic response in both cases was attributed to the ability of both tested substances to activate the third component of complement. CoF and S III both changed the organ localization of labeled antigens capable of activating the complement system. No evidence for an alternative pathway by which S III could activate the complement system was found. On the basis of the literature data and experimental findings, the properties of CoF and S III were compared in the light of their ability to suppress the immunologic response.
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PMID:22319
Variation of human intestinal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in ontogenetic development.
Activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human intestines was measured against alpha-naphthylamide and 12 gamma-glutamyl amino acids and peptides as substrate. Distinctly altered activity was found to accompany ontogenetic development. The ratio of the transpeptidase activity tested against monoglutamyl substrates in the intestines of 7-month fetuses, newborns and adults was 15:1:4, whereas the ratio of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase activities in the same age groups was 1-0:1-2:1-6. Distinct differences were found in resistance to heating, sensitivity to L-serine plus borate, and other effectors, and electrophoretic mobility, between fetal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the enzyme from adults, which supports the hypothesis of existence of two forms of the enzyme in the human intestines. The results suggest involvement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the pathomechanism of celiakia in children.
Variation of human intestinal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in ontogenetic development. Activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human intestines was measured against alpha-naphthylamide and 12 gamma-glutamyl amino acids and peptides as substrate. Distinctly altered activity was found to accompany ontogenetic development. The ratio of the transpeptidase activity tested against monoglutamyl substrates in the intestines of 7-month fetuses, newborns and adults was 15:1:4, whereas the ratio of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase activities in the same age groups was 1-0:1-2:1-6. Distinct differences were found in resistance to heating, sensitivity to L-serine plus borate, and other effectors, and electrophoretic mobility, between fetal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the enzyme from adults, which supports the hypothesis of existence of two forms of the enzyme in the human intestines. The results suggest involvement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the pathomechanism of celiakia in children.
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PMID:22320
Reaction of antibody with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. I. Isolation of the human enzyme and inhibition of its activity by antiserum.
Use of a four-step method of purification from human kidneys yielded gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with specific activity 330 times higher than activity in the homogenate. The enzyme from human liver was also purified, and from urine two fractions of it were separated. From rabbits immunized with the enzyme from human kidney, antiserum was obtained which inhibits and precipitates the human-derived enzyme, and in a low degree the enzyme purified from bovine kidneys. This inhibition was independent of incubation time and precipitate formation, but dependent on the amount of antiserum used. A gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase complex with antibody was isolated on a column with CM-cellulose with electrophoretic mobility different from that of the native enzyme.
Reaction of antibody with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. I. Isolation of the human enzyme and inhibition of its activity by antiserum. Use of a four-step method of purification from human kidneys yielded gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with specific activity 330 times higher than activity in the homogenate. The enzyme from human liver was also purified, and from urine two fractions of it were separated. From rabbits immunized with the enzyme from human kidney, antiserum was obtained which inhibits and precipitates the human-derived enzyme, and in a low degree the enzyme purified from bovine kidneys. This inhibition was independent of incubation time and precipitate formation, but dependent on the amount of antiserum used. A gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase complex with antibody was isolated on a column with CM-cellulose with electrophoretic mobility different from that of the native enzyme.
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PMID:22316
[Heterogenity of the cryptorchid syndrome. Study of the pituitary gonadotropin reserve in 50 prepuberal bodys].
As compared to a control group, the study of the pituitary reserve of gonadotrophins in 50, not yet puberous, cryptorchid boys, evoked that there is a heterogeneity in cryptorchism. The LH pituitary reserve may be insufficient, normal or increased; the FSH pituitary reserve may be normal or above normal. A longitudinal study of these patients, as well as the correlations with ultra-structural and histologic studies should lead to a better understanding of the significance of the hormonal abnormalities encountered in cryptorchism, and to a better appreciation of the associated testicular changes.
[Heterogenity of the cryptorchid syndrome. Study of the pituitary gonadotropin reserve in 50 prepuberal bodys]. As compared to a control group, the study of the pituitary reserve of gonadotrophins in 50, not yet puberous, cryptorchid boys, evoked that there is a heterogeneity in cryptorchism. The LH pituitary reserve may be insufficient, normal or increased; the FSH pituitary reserve may be normal or above normal. A longitudinal study of these patients, as well as the correlations with ultra-structural and histologic studies should lead to a better understanding of the significance of the hormonal abnormalities encountered in cryptorchism, and to a better appreciation of the associated testicular changes.
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PMID:22321
Cobalt-activated acylase activity in experimental toxic liver damage.
Co++-activated acylase activity was studied in the blood serum and liver homogenates from rabbits poisoned with CCl4 in doses of 0-5 g/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Activity of this enzyme in serum increased on the first day after poisoning, but the rise was of short duration. Increased serum activity of the enzyme was accompanied by an increase in acylase activity in liver homogenates, which persisted to the ninth day, i.e. to the end of the observation period, when serum acylase activity returned to normal. Co++-activated acylase activity in serum was not correlated with its activity in liver homogenates. Co++-activated acylase activity was significantly correlated with AlAT and GGTP activities, but acylase and LAP were not correlated.
Cobalt-activated acylase activity in experimental toxic liver damage. Co++-activated acylase activity was studied in the blood serum and liver homogenates from rabbits poisoned with CCl4 in doses of 0-5 g/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Activity of this enzyme in serum increased on the first day after poisoning, but the rise was of short duration. Increased serum activity of the enzyme was accompanied by an increase in acylase activity in liver homogenates, which persisted to the ninth day, i.e. to the end of the observation period, when serum acylase activity returned to normal. Co++-activated acylase activity in serum was not correlated with its activity in liver homogenates. Co++-activated acylase activity was significantly correlated with AlAT and GGTP activities, but acylase and LAP were not correlated.
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PMID:22322
[Pathomorphology of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculitis].
The impregnation method and micropreparation were used to study the morphological changes in vessels of the microcirculatory channel of serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculites. Inflammatory and sclerotic processes in arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, and venules were found to be accompanied by regeneration changes and complicated adaptative alteration of the intact structures of the terminal vascular bed. The paper also presents morphological data reflecting decompensation processes in local lymph and blood flow.
[Pathomorphology of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculitis]. The impregnation method and micropreparation were used to study the morphological changes in vessels of the microcirculatory channel of serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculites. Inflammatory and sclerotic processes in arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, and venules were found to be accompanied by regeneration changes and complicated adaptative alteration of the intact structures of the terminal vascular bed. The paper also presents morphological data reflecting decompensation processes in local lymph and blood flow.
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PMID:22324
The gold solder, gold alloy interface.
With soldering the physical properties of the basis metal must be maintained and a minimum of molten metal is used. An examination of joints in 17 gauge platinized gold wire is made with 18 k gold solder following quenching immediately after flow and cooling in air; there is a widening of grain boundaries and intergranulation penetration in the latter method. A comparison with the cast gold joint is made. Some inclusions were noted.
The gold solder, gold alloy interface. With soldering the physical properties of the basis metal must be maintained and a minimum of molten metal is used. An examination of joints in 17 gauge platinized gold wire is made with 18 k gold solder following quenching immediately after flow and cooling in air; there is a widening of grain boundaries and intergranulation penetration in the latter method. A comparison with the cast gold joint is made. Some inclusions were noted.
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PMID:22325
Self-association of troponin.
Ox muscle troponin was shown by equilibrium- and velocity-sedimentation studies to undergo concentration-dependent dissociation into its constituent subunits as well as self-association in imidazole buffers, pH 6.9. The extent of troponin association was found to be strongly dependent on ionic strength and also to exhibit a dependence on pH and temperature; under conditions physiological in regard to pH, temperature and ionic strength the extent of polymerization of troponin is considerable in 2 mg/ml solutions. The ability of polymeric troponin to bind to tropomyosin has been inferred from studies of mixtures containing actin-tropomyosin and an excess of troponin over the amount required for the normal 7:1:1 actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex. These findings should be relevant to studies of reconstituted actin-tropomyosin-troponin preparations, since they signify possible chemical as well as physical differences between the gel, paracrystalline and filamentous states of the complex that result from adoption of different preparative procedures for analogues of the native thin filament.
Self-association of troponin. Ox muscle troponin was shown by equilibrium- and velocity-sedimentation studies to undergo concentration-dependent dissociation into its constituent subunits as well as self-association in imidazole buffers, pH 6.9. The extent of troponin association was found to be strongly dependent on ionic strength and also to exhibit a dependence on pH and temperature; under conditions physiological in regard to pH, temperature and ionic strength the extent of polymerization of troponin is considerable in 2 mg/ml solutions. The ability of polymeric troponin to bind to tropomyosin has been inferred from studies of mixtures containing actin-tropomyosin and an excess of troponin over the amount required for the normal 7:1:1 actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex. These findings should be relevant to studies of reconstituted actin-tropomyosin-troponin preparations, since they signify possible chemical as well as physical differences between the gel, paracrystalline and filamentous states of the complex that result from adoption of different preparative procedures for analogues of the native thin filament.
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PMID:22326
The state of aggregation of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) beta-lactoglobulin preparations near neutral pH.
1. The state of aggregation of four red-deer (Cervus elaphus L.) beta-lactoglobulin preparations and a control ox beta-lactoglobulin A preparation was studied by sedimentation-equilibrium experiments at pH 6.5 and 20 degrees C. 2. Three of the deer preparations and the ox control each behaved as a monomer-dimer system, with a value of log K (where K is the association constant in litres/mol) in the range 5.4-5.5. 3. When one of these deer preparations was examined in the presence of dithiothreitol, log K appeared to decrease to 4.5.4. One deer preparation, comprising recovered material, appeared to have undergone irreversible changes and to behave like a non-equilibrating system containing monomer, dimer and trimer. 5. The sedimentation-equilibrium properties of the deer monomer was studied in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride at pH 7.0; the mol.wt. was 17600, the second virial coefficient was 3.4 x 10(-3) ml - mol - g-2, and the apparent partial specific volume 0.724 ml/g, a value indicating an appreciable decrease in volume on dissociation and denaturation.
The state of aggregation of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) beta-lactoglobulin preparations near neutral pH. 1. The state of aggregation of four red-deer (Cervus elaphus L.) beta-lactoglobulin preparations and a control ox beta-lactoglobulin A preparation was studied by sedimentation-equilibrium experiments at pH 6.5 and 20 degrees C. 2. Three of the deer preparations and the ox control each behaved as a monomer-dimer system, with a value of log K (where K is the association constant in litres/mol) in the range 5.4-5.5. 3. When one of these deer preparations was examined in the presence of dithiothreitol, log K appeared to decrease to 4.5.4. One deer preparation, comprising recovered material, appeared to have undergone irreversible changes and to behave like a non-equilibrating system containing monomer, dimer and trimer. 5. The sedimentation-equilibrium properties of the deer monomer was studied in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride at pH 7.0; the mol.wt. was 17600, the second virial coefficient was 3.4 x 10(-3) ml - mol - g-2, and the apparent partial specific volume 0.724 ml/g, a value indicating an appreciable decrease in volume on dissociation and denaturation.
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PMID:22327
Tritium effect in peroxidation of ehtanol by liver catalase.
1. Simultaneous determination of the rate of appearance of 3H in water from [(1R)-1-3H1] ethanol and the rate of acetaldehyde formation in the presence of rat or ox liver catalase under conditions of steady-state generation of H2O2 allowed calculation of the 3H isotope effect. The mean value of 2.52 obtained for rat liver catalase at 37 degrees C and pH 6.3-7.7 was independent of both ethanol concentration and the rate of H2O2 generation over a wide range. At 25 degrees C a slightly lower mean value of 2.40 was obtained with the ox liver catalase. 2. Neither the product, acetaldehyde, nor 4-methylpyrazole influenced the two rates measured in the assay. 3. Relating the value obtained for the 3H isotope effect to a known value for the 2H isotope effect strongly supports the view that both values are close to the true isotope effect with the respective substituted compounds on the rate constant in the catalytic step involving scission of the C-H bond. 4. The constancy of the isotope effect under various conditions makes it possible to use it for interpretations in vivo. 5. It was established that beta-D-galactose dehydrogenase exhibits B-specificity towards the nicotinamide ring in NAD.
Tritium effect in peroxidation of ehtanol by liver catalase. 1. Simultaneous determination of the rate of appearance of 3H in water from [(1R)-1-3H1] ethanol and the rate of acetaldehyde formation in the presence of rat or ox liver catalase under conditions of steady-state generation of H2O2 allowed calculation of the 3H isotope effect. The mean value of 2.52 obtained for rat liver catalase at 37 degrees C and pH 6.3-7.7 was independent of both ethanol concentration and the rate of H2O2 generation over a wide range. At 25 degrees C a slightly lower mean value of 2.40 was obtained with the ox liver catalase. 2. Neither the product, acetaldehyde, nor 4-methylpyrazole influenced the two rates measured in the assay. 3. Relating the value obtained for the 3H isotope effect to a known value for the 2H isotope effect strongly supports the view that both values are close to the true isotope effect with the respective substituted compounds on the rate constant in the catalytic step involving scission of the C-H bond. 4. The constancy of the isotope effect under various conditions makes it possible to use it for interpretations in vivo. 5. It was established that beta-D-galactose dehydrogenase exhibits B-specificity towards the nicotinamide ring in NAD.
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PMID:22328
Affinity chromatography of the Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, its mutational variants and hybrid hexamers.
The synthesis of an affinity adsorbent, 8-(6-aminohexyl)aminoadenosine 2'-phosphate-Sepharose 4B, is described. The assembly of the 2'-AMP ligand and the hexanediamide spacer arm was synthesized in free solution before its attachment to the Sepharose matrix. This adsorbent retarded the hexameric NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa, showing a capacity for this enzyme similar to that of comparable coenzyme-analogue adsorbents for other dehydrogenases. The enzyme was eluted either at pH 6.8 in a concentration gradient of NADP+, or at pH 8.5 in the presence of NADP+ in concentration gradients of either dicarboxylates or NaCl. Anomalous effects of dicarboxylates in facilitating elution are discussed. 2'-AMP and its derivatives, 8-bromoadenosine 2'-phosphate and 8-(l-aminohexyl)aminoadenosine 2'-phosphate, which were used in the synthesis of the adsorbent, all acted as enzyme inhibitors competitive with NADP+. The chromatographic properties of the wild-type enzyme were compared with those of mutationally modified variants containing defined amino acid substitutions. This approach was used to assess the biospecificity of adsorption and elution and the contribution of non-specific binding. The adsorbent showed a low capacity for the enzyme from mutant am1 (Ser-336 replaced by Phe), a variant that has a localized defect in NADP binding, but an otherwise almost normal conformation, suggesting that non-specific interactions are at most weak. The enzyme from mutant am3, a variant modified in a conformational equilibrium, was fully retarded by the adsorbent, but showed a significantly earlier elution position than the wild-type enzyme. This is consistent with measurements in free solution that showed the am3 enzyme to have a higher Ki for 2'-AMP than the wild-type enzyme. The enzyme from mutant am19 was eluted as two distinct peaks at both pH 6.8 and 8.5. The adsorbent was used to separate hybrid hexamers constructed in vitro by a freeze-thaw procedure from pairs of purified variants. Several chromatographically distinct peaks of differing enzymological properties were purified from each hybridization mixture in quantities of up to a few milligrams, and represented distinct species of hybrid hexamers differing in subunit ratio.
Affinity chromatography of the Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, its mutational variants and hybrid hexamers. The synthesis of an affinity adsorbent, 8-(6-aminohexyl)aminoadenosine 2'-phosphate-Sepharose 4B, is described. The assembly of the 2'-AMP ligand and the hexanediamide spacer arm was synthesized in free solution before its attachment to the Sepharose matrix. This adsorbent retarded the hexameric NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa, showing a capacity for this enzyme similar to that of comparable coenzyme-analogue adsorbents for other dehydrogenases. The enzyme was eluted either at pH 6.8 in a concentration gradient of NADP+, or at pH 8.5 in the presence of NADP+ in concentration gradients of either dicarboxylates or NaCl. Anomalous effects of dicarboxylates in facilitating elution are discussed. 2'-AMP and its derivatives, 8-bromoadenosine 2'-phosphate and 8-(l-aminohexyl)aminoadenosine 2'-phosphate, which were used in the synthesis of the adsorbent, all acted as enzyme inhibitors competitive with NADP+. The chromatographic properties of the wild-type enzyme were compared with those of mutationally modified variants containing defined amino acid substitutions. This approach was used to assess the biospecificity of adsorption and elution and the contribution of non-specific binding. The adsorbent showed a low capacity for the enzyme from mutant am1 (Ser-336 replaced by Phe), a variant that has a localized defect in NADP binding, but an otherwise almost normal conformation, suggesting that non-specific interactions are at most weak. The enzyme from mutant am3, a variant modified in a conformational equilibrium, was fully retarded by the adsorbent, but showed a significantly earlier elution position than the wild-type enzyme. This is consistent with measurements in free solution that showed the am3 enzyme to have a higher Ki for 2'-AMP than the wild-type enzyme. The enzyme from mutant am19 was eluted as two distinct peaks at both pH 6.8 and 8.5. The adsorbent was used to separate hybrid hexamers constructed in vitro by a freeze-thaw procedure from pairs of purified variants. Several chromatographically distinct peaks of differing enzymological properties were purified from each hybridization mixture in quantities of up to a few milligrams, and represented distinct species of hybrid hexamers differing in subunit ratio.
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