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PMID:14478
|
Myocardial noradrenaline uptake after coronary occlusion in the rat.
|
Coronary ligation produced a marked increase in labelled noradrenaline uptake by the myocardial tissue of rats. The peri-ischemic zones showed an elevated accumulation of noradrenaline on the 4th day but the intact zone had returned to normal values. At the 14th day of observation, both the ischemic and per-ischemic tissue exhibited a subnormal accumulation of radioactivity. The role of the acidotic state in the changes of noradrenaline uptake was studied in vitro. Noradrenaline accumulation in the myocardial tissue was higher at pH 6.8 than at 7.4 or 7.1 Competition studies revealed that unlabelled noradrenaline had occupied the binding sites in the same quantity at pH 6.8 and at 7.4. It is assumed that intracellular acidosis was involved in the enhanced accumulation of noradrenaline in the damaged myocardium, and that an increase of noradrenaline concentration in the myocardium may be considered a risk factor in supporting heart function.
|
Myocardial noradrenaline uptake after coronary occlusion in the rat. Coronary ligation produced a marked increase in labelled noradrenaline uptake by the myocardial tissue of rats. The peri-ischemic zones showed an elevated accumulation of noradrenaline on the 4th day but the intact zone had returned to normal values. At the 14th day of observation, both the ischemic and per-ischemic tissue exhibited a subnormal accumulation of radioactivity. The role of the acidotic state in the changes of noradrenaline uptake was studied in vitro. Noradrenaline accumulation in the myocardial tissue was higher at pH 6.8 than at 7.4 or 7.1 Competition studies revealed that unlabelled noradrenaline had occupied the binding sites in the same quantity at pH 6.8 and at 7.4. It is assumed that intracellular acidosis was involved in the enhanced accumulation of noradrenaline in the damaged myocardium, and that an increase of noradrenaline concentration in the myocardium may be considered a risk factor in supporting heart function.
|
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] |
PMID:14481
|
Effects of carbachol and calcium on the cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) metabolism in intestinal smooth muscle.
|
In a submaximal concentration carbachol contracted the rabbit colon muscle and increased the cyclic GMP level. The cyclic AMP level was reduced. In a Ca++-depleted muscle carbachol reduced the cyclic GMP level while the effect on the cyclic AMP content of the muscle was unchanged. Carbachol had no effect on the guanylate cyclase activity of the "plasma membrane fraction" (the 35-45% fraction). In the homogenate and the microsomal fractions Ca++ had no effect on the guanylate activity while it stimulated the enzyme in a soluble fraction. In the "plasma membrane fraction" cyclic GMP released Ca++ from the preloaded fraction and inhibited the Ca++ accumulation. These effects were not found in the vesicular microsomal fraction (the 35% fraction). In both fractions, however, cyclic GMP counteracted the stimulating effect of cyclic AMP. These results indicate that cyclic AMP and GMP may have antagonistic roles on the Ca++ metabolism in the colon muscle. It is suggested that cyclic GMP may act as some kind of positive feedback mechanism which may have a modulating effect on the release of Ca++ from one pool to another in rabbit colon.
|
Effects of carbachol and calcium on the cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) metabolism in intestinal smooth muscle. In a submaximal concentration carbachol contracted the rabbit colon muscle and increased the cyclic GMP level. The cyclic AMP level was reduced. In a Ca++-depleted muscle carbachol reduced the cyclic GMP level while the effect on the cyclic AMP content of the muscle was unchanged. Carbachol had no effect on the guanylate cyclase activity of the "plasma membrane fraction" (the 35-45% fraction). In the homogenate and the microsomal fractions Ca++ had no effect on the guanylate activity while it stimulated the enzyme in a soluble fraction. In the "plasma membrane fraction" cyclic GMP released Ca++ from the preloaded fraction and inhibited the Ca++ accumulation. These effects were not found in the vesicular microsomal fraction (the 35% fraction). In both fractions, however, cyclic GMP counteracted the stimulating effect of cyclic AMP. These results indicate that cyclic AMP and GMP may have antagonistic roles on the Ca++ metabolism in the colon muscle. It is suggested that cyclic GMP may act as some kind of positive feedback mechanism which may have a modulating effect on the release of Ca++ from one pool to another in rabbit colon.
|
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] |
PMID:14483
|
The analysis of organic water pollutants by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
|
Four methods for the analysis of trace levels or organic compounds in water have been discussed: direct aqueous injection, vapor stripping, solvent extraction, and lipophilic adsorption. Table 6 presents a comparison of these techniques. Direct injection is applicable to compounds having a wide range of polarities and volatilities, but it is not a very sensitive technique. For applications in which low sensitivity is acceptable, direct injection offers a very rapid and potentially accurate means of measuring organics in water. Vapor stripping is a factor of 10(6) more sensitive than direct injection, but this is achieved at the expense of simplicity. This method is applicable to compounds of volatilities less than that of eicosane. A subtle operational problem with most vapor stripping techniques is that the contents of the trap are consumed with one analysis; if anything goes awry, the analysis of that trapped sample cannot be repeated. Solvent extraction has a respectable sensitivity (about 0.5 ppb) and operationally it is very simple. Furthermore, aliquots of the resulting extract can be analyzed many times with different techniques if necessary. Because of the evaporation step, very volatile compounds (greater than that of decane) cannot be measured effectively with solvent extraction. The introduction of a solvent into the water carries with it the potential for contamination. Thus, ultrapure solvents must be used and all glassware should be carefully cleaned [96]. Lipophilic adsorption has the unique property of sampling many hundreds of liters of water. Thus, the method is quite sensitive (potentially in the ppt range) and, in addition, it can provide several milligrams of an isolated component. This latter feature is of considerable advantage if one wants to complement GC-MS analyses with infrared or NMR for difficult structural identifications. As a solvent extraction, the evaporation of the final solvent limits the applicability of adsorption methods to compounds with volatilities greater than that of decane. Finally, the importance of avoiding contamination should be emphasized. Many of the compounds encountered in environmental samples are also common laboratory artifacts, for example plasticizers and antioxidants. When one finds such compounds in a water sample, it is absolutely essential to demonstrate that they are indeed present in the water and are not the result of laboratory contamination. The best such demonstration is procedural blank analyses that are indeed blank.
|
The analysis of organic water pollutants by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Four methods for the analysis of trace levels or organic compounds in water have been discussed: direct aqueous injection, vapor stripping, solvent extraction, and lipophilic adsorption. Table 6 presents a comparison of these techniques. Direct injection is applicable to compounds having a wide range of polarities and volatilities, but it is not a very sensitive technique. For applications in which low sensitivity is acceptable, direct injection offers a very rapid and potentially accurate means of measuring organics in water. Vapor stripping is a factor of 10(6) more sensitive than direct injection, but this is achieved at the expense of simplicity. This method is applicable to compounds of volatilities less than that of eicosane. A subtle operational problem with most vapor stripping techniques is that the contents of the trap are consumed with one analysis; if anything goes awry, the analysis of that trapped sample cannot be repeated. Solvent extraction has a respectable sensitivity (about 0.5 ppb) and operationally it is very simple. Furthermore, aliquots of the resulting extract can be analyzed many times with different techniques if necessary. Because of the evaporation step, very volatile compounds (greater than that of decane) cannot be measured effectively with solvent extraction. The introduction of a solvent into the water carries with it the potential for contamination. Thus, ultrapure solvents must be used and all glassware should be carefully cleaned [96]. Lipophilic adsorption has the unique property of sampling many hundreds of liters of water. Thus, the method is quite sensitive (potentially in the ppt range) and, in addition, it can provide several milligrams of an isolated component. This latter feature is of considerable advantage if one wants to complement GC-MS analyses with infrared or NMR for difficult structural identifications. As a solvent extraction, the evaporation of the final solvent limits the applicability of adsorption methods to compounds with volatilities greater than that of decane. Finally, the importance of avoiding contamination should be emphasized. Many of the compounds encountered in environmental samples are also common laboratory artifacts, for example plasticizers and antioxidants. When one finds such compounds in a water sample, it is absolutely essential to demonstrate that they are indeed present in the water and are not the result of laboratory contamination. The best such demonstration is procedural blank analyses that are indeed blank.
|
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0.04462609067559242
] |
PMID:14482
|
[Comparison of the effects of oxazepam and oxypertine in treatment of anxious depressive neuroses].
|
The author has treated with the double blind method 38 neurotic patients, hysterical or obsessionnal type, in a state of anxious depressive relapse. Some patients received oxazepam (3 X 15 mg per day), others received oxypertine (3X 10 mg per day); this chemotherapy was completed with supportive psychotherapy. Patients were examined at least once a week for one month. At the end of the treatment, results obtained with both drugs were found to be beneficial. Statistical analysis indicates a more both drugs were found to be beneficial. Statistical analysis indicates a more rapid action for oxypertine, which effects are more pronounced than those of the control medication after two weeks of treatment.
|
[Comparison of the effects of oxazepam and oxypertine in treatment of anxious depressive neuroses]. The author has treated with the double blind method 38 neurotic patients, hysterical or obsessionnal type, in a state of anxious depressive relapse. Some patients received oxazepam (3 X 15 mg per day), others received oxypertine (3X 10 mg per day); this chemotherapy was completed with supportive psychotherapy. Patients were examined at least once a week for one month. At the end of the treatment, results obtained with both drugs were found to be beneficial. Statistical analysis indicates a more both drugs were found to be beneficial. Statistical analysis indicates a more rapid action for oxypertine, which effects are more pronounced than those of the control medication after two weeks of treatment.
|
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] |
PMID:14485
|
Renin and age as determinants of a predominantly betablocker-based antihypertensive drug program.
|
Patients with essential hypertension can be subdivided into groups with low (19%), normal (59%) or high (23%) renin sodium index. The proportion with low renin hypertension increases with age. Patients with high renin fall in two categories: younger patients with fairly mild hypertension and older patients with more severe hypertension and signs of renal disease. The antihypertensive efficacy of betablocker monotherapy is best in high renin forms, good but less consistent in normal renin patients and uniformly bad in low renin hypertensives. In relation to age, betablockers normalized blood pressure (less than or equal to 95 mm Hg diastolic) in three-quarters of the younger-than-40-year-olds, in about half of those 40-60 years of age but in only 20% of those over 60 years. On this basis, it is postulated that the older patients with a low renin exhibit a relatively hypoadrenergic state whereas those with a normal or high renin--for a given age and elevated pressure--have a relatively increased adrenergic nervous activity. Because the betablockers have a potent suppressive action on the renin-angiotensin system--and, as a consequence, on angiotensin vasoconstriction, aldosterone volume expansion and central stimulatory feedback mechanisms--their antihypertensive mode of action may be linked to an important extent, although not exclusively, to renin suppression.
|
Renin and age as determinants of a predominantly betablocker-based antihypertensive drug program. Patients with essential hypertension can be subdivided into groups with low (19%), normal (59%) or high (23%) renin sodium index. The proportion with low renin hypertension increases with age. Patients with high renin fall in two categories: younger patients with fairly mild hypertension and older patients with more severe hypertension and signs of renal disease. The antihypertensive efficacy of betablocker monotherapy is best in high renin forms, good but less consistent in normal renin patients and uniformly bad in low renin hypertensives. In relation to age, betablockers normalized blood pressure (less than or equal to 95 mm Hg diastolic) in three-quarters of the younger-than-40-year-olds, in about half of those 40-60 years of age but in only 20% of those over 60 years. On this basis, it is postulated that the older patients with a low renin exhibit a relatively hypoadrenergic state whereas those with a normal or high renin--for a given age and elevated pressure--have a relatively increased adrenergic nervous activity. Because the betablockers have a potent suppressive action on the renin-angiotensin system--and, as a consequence, on angiotensin vasoconstriction, aldosterone volume expansion and central stimulatory feedback mechanisms--their antihypertensive mode of action may be linked to an important extent, although not exclusively, to renin suppression.
|
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] |
PMID:14490
|
The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature.
|
The incidence of Echis carinatus (saw-scaled or carpet viper) bite and its mortality have been investigated in the Nigerian savanna region. A geographical area was defined in which the snake was particularly abundant and bites were frequent. Perennial and seasonal fluctuations in incidence and mortality, the circumstances in which bites occurred and the types of people bitten were studied at Bambur, Zaria, Kaltungo and Gombe hospitals. Peak incidence coincided with the increase in farming during the rains whereas percentage mortality seemed to be greatest during the cold dry season. The majority of the patients were young males bitten on the foot while walking or farming. A review of the world literature indicated that E. carinatus was the principal cause of snake bite morbidity wherever data were available throughout its wide geographical range. Official statistics have seriously underestimated this important rural health problem.
|
The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. The incidence of Echis carinatus (saw-scaled or carpet viper) bite and its mortality have been investigated in the Nigerian savanna region. A geographical area was defined in which the snake was particularly abundant and bites were frequent. Perennial and seasonal fluctuations in incidence and mortality, the circumstances in which bites occurred and the types of people bitten were studied at Bambur, Zaria, Kaltungo and Gombe hospitals. Peak incidence coincided with the increase in farming during the rains whereas percentage mortality seemed to be greatest during the cold dry season. The majority of the patients were young males bitten on the foot while walking or farming. A review of the world literature indicated that E. carinatus was the principal cause of snake bite morbidity wherever data were available throughout its wide geographical range. Official statistics have seriously underestimated this important rural health problem.
|
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] |
PMID:14491
|
Etiological determinants of protein calorie undernutrition in a rural child community.
|
Two groups of randomly selected underweight and well-nourished preschool children residing in study villages of Punjab, Ludhiana district were examined with respect to their socioeconomic background, birth weights, dietary intakes, quality of received mother care, blood biochemistry, parasite load, psychomotor development and past illness prevalence. It was found that underweight children showed significantly less favourable indices in all of the above categories except stool parasitology suggesting an extremely intricate and complex interaction of a host of ecological variables in the causation of undernutrition. Using the discriminate analysis on readily available social variables, it was found that caste affiliation and, less so parental income were the two most significant variables distinguishing between the two groups. A model for the interaction patterns of ecological variables in their effect of protein calorie malnutrition for the given area is suggested.
|
Etiological determinants of protein calorie undernutrition in a rural child community. Two groups of randomly selected underweight and well-nourished preschool children residing in study villages of Punjab, Ludhiana district were examined with respect to their socioeconomic background, birth weights, dietary intakes, quality of received mother care, blood biochemistry, parasite load, psychomotor development and past illness prevalence. It was found that underweight children showed significantly less favourable indices in all of the above categories except stool parasitology suggesting an extremely intricate and complex interaction of a host of ecological variables in the causation of undernutrition. Using the discriminate analysis on readily available social variables, it was found that caste affiliation and, less so parental income were the two most significant variables distinguishing between the two groups. A model for the interaction patterns of ecological variables in their effect of protein calorie malnutrition for the given area is suggested.
|
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] |
PMID:14492
|
Salivary Secretion in wild Glossina pallidipes Austen. (Diptera, Glossinidae).
|
The salivation behaviour of wild G. pallidipes obtained from Lambwe Valley and Kbwezi was studied. Salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. The results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. The quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. The proportion of flies salivating also increased with intensity of hunger. Female G. pallidipes secreted significantly more saliva than the males. There was no significant difference between the quantities of saliva secreted by infected and free tsetse flies; thus there is no evidence to support the suggestion that the presence of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly stimulated it to salivate copiously. Flies having trypanosome infection in their salivary glands discharge large numbers of mature parasites in their saliva. Flies with trypanosomes in their proboscis discharged relatively few mature and immature parasites in their saliva.
|
Salivary Secretion in wild Glossina pallidipes Austen. (Diptera, Glossinidae). The salivation behaviour of wild G. pallidipes obtained from Lambwe Valley and Kbwezi was studied. Salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. The results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. The quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. The proportion of flies salivating also increased with intensity of hunger. Female G. pallidipes secreted significantly more saliva than the males. There was no significant difference between the quantities of saliva secreted by infected and free tsetse flies; thus there is no evidence to support the suggestion that the presence of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly stimulated it to salivate copiously. Flies having trypanosome infection in their salivary glands discharge large numbers of mature parasites in their saliva. Flies with trypanosomes in their proboscis discharged relatively few mature and immature parasites in their saliva.
|
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] |
PMID:14494
|
Nuclear coat and viruslike particles in the midgut epithelium of Glossina morsitans sspp.
|
The ultrastructural aspects of the nuclear coat formation in midgut epithelial cells of pupae and adult flies of G. morsitans sspp. are described. Out of four different species of Glossina examined, this peculiar structure was only found in G. morsitans sspp. Three different types of viruslike particles were found in midgut epithelial cells. One type which is of the same kind of particle found in the salivary glands, lies inside of cytoplasmic vesicles. Two other types of particles were detected in the nuclei.
|
Nuclear coat and viruslike particles in the midgut epithelium of Glossina morsitans sspp. The ultrastructural aspects of the nuclear coat formation in midgut epithelial cells of pupae and adult flies of G. morsitans sspp. are described. Out of four different species of Glossina examined, this peculiar structure was only found in G. morsitans sspp. Three different types of viruslike particles were found in midgut epithelial cells. One type which is of the same kind of particle found in the salivary glands, lies inside of cytoplasmic vesicles. Two other types of particles were detected in the nuclei.
|
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-0.013328952714800835,
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0.057660870254039764
] |
PMID:14496
|
Comparative study of the postoperative flow in the saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts.
|
Postoperative coronary bypass flow was evaluated in two groups of randomly selected patients with grafts to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Saphenous vein bypass grafts were placed in 27 patients and internal mammary artery grafts in 25 patients. Postoperative flow studies were performed in both groups with roentgendensitometric methods based on the transit time of radiopaque media along the graft plus the mean graft diameter. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients for age, duration of symptoms, or the frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, or cardiomegaly. Intraoperative bypass flows were 75+/-27 and 77+/-24 ml. per minute for the saphenous vein group (SVG) and internal mammary artery group (IMAG), respectively. There was no significant difference in the heart rate or mean aortic pressure at the time of the roentgendensitometric flow study. The mean graft diameters were 3.0+/-0.5 and 1.9+/-0.3 mm. for the SVG and IMAG, respectively (p less than 0.001). The ratios of graft diameter to LAD diameter were 1.9+/-0.3 and 1.2+/-0.2 for the SVG and IMAG, respectively (p less than 0.001). The roentgendensitometric postoperative flows were 68+/-27 ml. per minute in the SVG and 46+/-16 ml. per minute in the IMAG (p less than 0.01). The present study indicates that flow in significantly higher in saphenous vein than in internal mammary artery bypasses and that the difference in flow may in part be explained on the basis of the graft diameter.
|
Comparative study of the postoperative flow in the saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts. Postoperative coronary bypass flow was evaluated in two groups of randomly selected patients with grafts to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Saphenous vein bypass grafts were placed in 27 patients and internal mammary artery grafts in 25 patients. Postoperative flow studies were performed in both groups with roentgendensitometric methods based on the transit time of radiopaque media along the graft plus the mean graft diameter. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients for age, duration of symptoms, or the frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, or cardiomegaly. Intraoperative bypass flows were 75+/-27 and 77+/-24 ml. per minute for the saphenous vein group (SVG) and internal mammary artery group (IMAG), respectively. There was no significant difference in the heart rate or mean aortic pressure at the time of the roentgendensitometric flow study. The mean graft diameters were 3.0+/-0.5 and 1.9+/-0.3 mm. for the SVG and IMAG, respectively (p less than 0.001). The ratios of graft diameter to LAD diameter were 1.9+/-0.3 and 1.2+/-0.2 for the SVG and IMAG, respectively (p less than 0.001). The roentgendensitometric postoperative flows were 68+/-27 ml. per minute in the SVG and 46+/-16 ml. per minute in the IMAG (p less than 0.01). The present study indicates that flow in significantly higher in saphenous vein than in internal mammary artery bypasses and that the difference in flow may in part be explained on the basis of the graft diameter.
|
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] |
PMID:14498
|
The essential action of propranolol in hypertension.
|
The unique action of propranolol and other beta blockers in lowering raised arterial pressure is discussed. Although the onset of the antihypertensive effect is not immediate, many trials have confirmed the efficacy of these drugs. Animal experiments have thrown little light on the mechanism of action of beta blockers in hypertension: this may be because in animals, especially the rat, peripheral beta adrenoceptor vasodilatation is relatively more important than in man. Five principal theories have been advanced to explain the antihypertensive effect. None of these, the renin, central nervous system, cardiac, baroceptor or metabolite theory, is totally satisfactory. A new theory is proposed suggesting that the essential action is to diminish sympathetic nerve output by damping sensory input to the central nervous system from a heart whose capacity to respond to exercise and stress is blunted by beta adrenoceptor blockade.
|
The essential action of propranolol in hypertension. The unique action of propranolol and other beta blockers in lowering raised arterial pressure is discussed. Although the onset of the antihypertensive effect is not immediate, many trials have confirmed the efficacy of these drugs. Animal experiments have thrown little light on the mechanism of action of beta blockers in hypertension: this may be because in animals, especially the rat, peripheral beta adrenoceptor vasodilatation is relatively more important than in man. Five principal theories have been advanced to explain the antihypertensive effect. None of these, the renin, central nervous system, cardiac, baroceptor or metabolite theory, is totally satisfactory. A new theory is proposed suggesting that the essential action is to diminish sympathetic nerve output by damping sensory input to the central nervous system from a heart whose capacity to respond to exercise and stress is blunted by beta adrenoceptor blockade.
|
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] |
PMID:14499
|
Acute and long-term studies of the mechanisms of action of beta-blocking drugs in lowering blood pressure.
|
The antihypertensive effect of intravenous (acute) and oral (long-term) beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol or pindolol was evaluated in 46 male patients with either borderline (group I; 23 patients) or sustained (group II; 23 patients) essential hypertension. Arterial pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma concentration of aldosterone were determined during continuous recumbency overnight every 30 minutes before and after treatment. Patients of group I exhibited a marked variation of their recumbent plasma renin activity with relatively low values before midnight and large increases early in the morning. In contrast, low plasma renin activity values and only minimal fluctuations in renin were observed in patients of group II. Plasma renin activity had a consistent relationship with blood pressure both after acute (r = 0.79) and long-term (r = 0.4) beta-blockade. In four patients of group I, who had high plasma renin activity and had responded to intravenous propranolol, infusion of angiotensin II inhibitor did not lower pressure. In group I following beta-blockade, day-night profiles of renin were similar to those observed in group II before treatment. Thus in this latter subgroup, low renin profiles might reflect reduced beta-adrenergic activity. Acute as well as long-term beta-blockade consistently eliminated the day-night rhythm of plasma renin activity, but it did not change rhythm of plasma concentration of aldosterone. Plasma concentration of aldosterone was lower in group II but appeared to be inappropriately high relative to renin levels. These observations suggest that in hypertensive patients classified according to blood pressure and recumbent plasma renin activity profiles a significant relationship exists between changes in plasma renin activity and arterial pressure responses. Thus, patients with high renin levels respond better to treatment than patients with low renin levels. We conclude that in the patients studied, sympathetic nervous system activity mainly determined renin levels as well as antihypertensive effectiveness of the beta-blocking drugs.
|
Acute and long-term studies of the mechanisms of action of beta-blocking drugs in lowering blood pressure. The antihypertensive effect of intravenous (acute) and oral (long-term) beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol or pindolol was evaluated in 46 male patients with either borderline (group I; 23 patients) or sustained (group II; 23 patients) essential hypertension. Arterial pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma concentration of aldosterone were determined during continuous recumbency overnight every 30 minutes before and after treatment. Patients of group I exhibited a marked variation of their recumbent plasma renin activity with relatively low values before midnight and large increases early in the morning. In contrast, low plasma renin activity values and only minimal fluctuations in renin were observed in patients of group II. Plasma renin activity had a consistent relationship with blood pressure both after acute (r = 0.79) and long-term (r = 0.4) beta-blockade. In four patients of group I, who had high plasma renin activity and had responded to intravenous propranolol, infusion of angiotensin II inhibitor did not lower pressure. In group I following beta-blockade, day-night profiles of renin were similar to those observed in group II before treatment. Thus in this latter subgroup, low renin profiles might reflect reduced beta-adrenergic activity. Acute as well as long-term beta-blockade consistently eliminated the day-night rhythm of plasma renin activity, but it did not change rhythm of plasma concentration of aldosterone. Plasma concentration of aldosterone was lower in group II but appeared to be inappropriately high relative to renin levels. These observations suggest that in hypertensive patients classified according to blood pressure and recumbent plasma renin activity profiles a significant relationship exists between changes in plasma renin activity and arterial pressure responses. Thus, patients with high renin levels respond better to treatment than patients with low renin levels. We conclude that in the patients studied, sympathetic nervous system activity mainly determined renin levels as well as antihypertensive effectiveness of the beta-blocking drugs.
|
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] |
PMID:14500
|
Renin and aldosterone secretion in pheochromocytoma. Effect of chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade.
|
Patients suffering from pheochromocytoma characterized by an exclusive or almost exclusive excess of norepinephrine showed no (one patient) or only a moderate increase (two patients) in renin and aldosterone secretion. In those three patients with concomitant distinct hypersecretion of epinephrine, renin release (and aldosterone secretion except in one patient) was markedly enhanced. Similar results were obtained in a patient with excess norepinephrine and dopamine secretion. Renin release was markedly reduced in all patients during preoperative long-term alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. With the exception of one patient, increased renin and aldosterone secretion was abolished. The results indicate that augmentation in renin release depends on the ratio of the different catecholamines secreted by the pheochromocytoma and their different effe-tiveness in stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors. Even in the presence of excess catecholamine secretion, there is evidence that renin secretion is predominantly mediated by beta receptors rather than by renal vascular alpha-adrenergic receptors. Normalization of catecholamine-induced enhanced renin release in patients with pheochromocytoma during chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade supports the assumption that (alpha-) adrenergic blocking agents inhibit renin secretion distal to their blockade of specific adrenergic receptors. However, contrary to beta-adrenergic blockade, circadian rhythm of renin release seems to remain intact during alpha-adrenergic blockade.
|
Renin and aldosterone secretion in pheochromocytoma. Effect of chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. Patients suffering from pheochromocytoma characterized by an exclusive or almost exclusive excess of norepinephrine showed no (one patient) or only a moderate increase (two patients) in renin and aldosterone secretion. In those three patients with concomitant distinct hypersecretion of epinephrine, renin release (and aldosterone secretion except in one patient) was markedly enhanced. Similar results were obtained in a patient with excess norepinephrine and dopamine secretion. Renin release was markedly reduced in all patients during preoperative long-term alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. With the exception of one patient, increased renin and aldosterone secretion was abolished. The results indicate that augmentation in renin release depends on the ratio of the different catecholamines secreted by the pheochromocytoma and their different effe-tiveness in stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors. Even in the presence of excess catecholamine secretion, there is evidence that renin secretion is predominantly mediated by beta receptors rather than by renal vascular alpha-adrenergic receptors. Normalization of catecholamine-induced enhanced renin release in patients with pheochromocytoma during chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade supports the assumption that (alpha-) adrenergic blocking agents inhibit renin secretion distal to their blockade of specific adrenergic receptors. However, contrary to beta-adrenergic blockade, circadian rhythm of renin release seems to remain intact during alpha-adrenergic blockade.
|
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] |
PMID:14501
|
Experience with pindolol, a betareceptor blocker, in the treatment of hypertension.
|
Ten patients, mean age 48 years, with essential hypertension of stage I and II according to the WHO classification, were studied at rest and during work before and after an average of two and 16 months of oral treatment with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, pindolol. The pindolol treatment caused a significant decrease in the systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both at rest and during work. Three mechanisms seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pindolol: (1) a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, (2) a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, and (3) an increase in venous capacitance affecting the venous return. However, the significance of these mechanisms seems to differ when the situations after two months of treatment are compared with those after 16 months of treatment. In the beginning, a decrease in cardiac output seems to be the main cause of the lowering of the blood pressure; later, a decrease in systemic vascular resistance might be of greater importance.
|
Experience with pindolol, a betareceptor blocker, in the treatment of hypertension. Ten patients, mean age 48 years, with essential hypertension of stage I and II according to the WHO classification, were studied at rest and during work before and after an average of two and 16 months of oral treatment with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, pindolol. The pindolol treatment caused a significant decrease in the systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both at rest and during work. Three mechanisms seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pindolol: (1) a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, (2) a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, and (3) an increase in venous capacitance affecting the venous return. However, the significance of these mechanisms seems to differ when the situations after two months of treatment are compared with those after 16 months of treatment. In the beginning, a decrease in cardiac output seems to be the main cause of the lowering of the blood pressure; later, a decrease in systemic vascular resistance might be of greater importance.
|
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] |
PMID:14502
|
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in hypertension.
|
There is good evidence from many sources that beta-adrenoreceptor blockade is an effective form of therapy in mild, moderate and severe hypertension either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Although a number os such beta blocking compounds are now available, they appear to have a hypotensive effect of approximately equal magnitude. This hypotensive effect is obtained in both the supine and standing positions thus avoiding postural hypotension. The maximum hypotensive effect may take some time to become apparent. Despite considerable work the mode of action remains uncertain, reduction in cardiac output, resetting of baroreceptors, reduction in plasma renin and a central nervous system effect have been suggested but remain unproved. There is evidence to suggest that these compounds can control, to some degree, the surges in blood pressure resulting from either mental or physical stress. A low incidence of serious side effects has been reported by many workers. Only the long-term use of these compounds in comparison with other antihypertensive agents will determine their place in the management of hypertension.
|
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in hypertension. There is good evidence from many sources that beta-adrenoreceptor blockade is an effective form of therapy in mild, moderate and severe hypertension either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Although a number os such beta blocking compounds are now available, they appear to have a hypotensive effect of approximately equal magnitude. This hypotensive effect is obtained in both the supine and standing positions thus avoiding postural hypotension. The maximum hypotensive effect may take some time to become apparent. Despite considerable work the mode of action remains uncertain, reduction in cardiac output, resetting of baroreceptors, reduction in plasma renin and a central nervous system effect have been suggested but remain unproved. There is evidence to suggest that these compounds can control, to some degree, the surges in blood pressure resulting from either mental or physical stress. A low incidence of serious side effects has been reported by many workers. Only the long-term use of these compounds in comparison with other antihypertensive agents will determine their place in the management of hypertension.
|
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] |
PMID:14503
|
Rapid identification of patients with essential hypertension sensitive to acebutolol (a new cardioselective beta-blocker).
|
Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, was administered for 48 hours to 44 patients with essential hypertension at a total dosage of 2.0 g (2,000 mg). The slowing down of their pulse rate and the decrease in blood pressure were highly significant, whereas eight subjects treated with placebos had no change in either the pulse rate or blood pressure. Plasma renin activity decreased from 2.26 +/- 2.11 ng/ml/hour to 0.87 +/- 1.04 ng/ml/hour. The decrease in blood pressure was correlated with the initial plasma renin activity and with the decrease in plasma renin activity. These results demonstrate that a rapid decrease in blood pressure can be obtained in patients with essential hypertension treated with acebutolol and that the decrease in blood pressure is related to the initial state of the renin-angiotensin system.
|
Rapid identification of patients with essential hypertension sensitive to acebutolol (a new cardioselective beta-blocker). Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, was administered for 48 hours to 44 patients with essential hypertension at a total dosage of 2.0 g (2,000 mg). The slowing down of their pulse rate and the decrease in blood pressure were highly significant, whereas eight subjects treated with placebos had no change in either the pulse rate or blood pressure. Plasma renin activity decreased from 2.26 +/- 2.11 ng/ml/hour to 0.87 +/- 1.04 ng/ml/hour. The decrease in blood pressure was correlated with the initial plasma renin activity and with the decrease in plasma renin activity. These results demonstrate that a rapid decrease in blood pressure can be obtained in patients with essential hypertension treated with acebutolol and that the decrease in blood pressure is related to the initial state of the renin-angiotensin system.
|
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] |
PMID:14504
|
Different antihypertensive effect of beta-blocking drugs in low and normal-high renin hypertension.
|
The treatment response to beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs was compared in two groups of patients with primary (essential) hypertension and different renin levels. Each group consisted of 25 patients and was equally distributed regarding age, severity and stage of hypertension. In the first group (group 1), the mean upright plasma renin activity was 0.8 ng ml-1h-1 (range 0.3 to 1.5) and the patients were considered to have low renin hypertension. In the other group (group 2) the patients had a mean plasma renin activity of 2.1 ng ml-1h-1 (range 1.1 to 5.1) and were considered to have normal to high renin hypertension. In both groups the patients were initially treated with beta-blocking drugs; in group 1 with a beta-blocker corresponding to an average dose of 311 mg propranolol a day for at least eight weeks and in group 2 with propranolol 320 mg a day in a fixed dose for eight weeks. The hypotensive response differed significantly between the two groups (p less than 0.001). In group 1 the pretreatment blood pressure was 197/117 mm Hg supine and 198/120 mm Hg standing. During treatment blood pressure decreased only 5/3 mm Hg supine and 9/5 mm Hg standing. The pretreatment blood pressure in group 2 was 187/114 mm Hg supine and 186/117 mm Hg standing. Beta-blocking therapy reduced blood pressure 36/23 and 34/18 mm Hg, respectively (both p less than 0.001). Pulse rates fell significantly in the two groups, both in the lying and standing positions. In 17 patients with low renin hypertension (group 1), a volume-depleting drug was added (spironolactone, 14 patients; thiazides, 3 patients) and this achieved a marked fall in blood pressure levels of 38/16 mm Hg supine and 37/19 mm Hg standing (both p less than 0.001). These results suggest the following: (1) Most patients with normal to high plasma renin activity respond well to moderate doses of propranolol. (2) Propranolol given in the same doses is almost without antihypertensive effect in patients with low renin hypertension. (3) A volume factor may be operating in patients with low renin hypertension since a hypotensive effect is demonstrated after the addition of volume-depleting drugs. (4) Determination of plasma renin activity with adequate methods can predict the treatment response to hypotensive agents.
|
Different antihypertensive effect of beta-blocking drugs in low and normal-high renin hypertension. The treatment response to beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs was compared in two groups of patients with primary (essential) hypertension and different renin levels. Each group consisted of 25 patients and was equally distributed regarding age, severity and stage of hypertension. In the first group (group 1), the mean upright plasma renin activity was 0.8 ng ml-1h-1 (range 0.3 to 1.5) and the patients were considered to have low renin hypertension. In the other group (group 2) the patients had a mean plasma renin activity of 2.1 ng ml-1h-1 (range 1.1 to 5.1) and were considered to have normal to high renin hypertension. In both groups the patients were initially treated with beta-blocking drugs; in group 1 with a beta-blocker corresponding to an average dose of 311 mg propranolol a day for at least eight weeks and in group 2 with propranolol 320 mg a day in a fixed dose for eight weeks. The hypotensive response differed significantly between the two groups (p less than 0.001). In group 1 the pretreatment blood pressure was 197/117 mm Hg supine and 198/120 mm Hg standing. During treatment blood pressure decreased only 5/3 mm Hg supine and 9/5 mm Hg standing. The pretreatment blood pressure in group 2 was 187/114 mm Hg supine and 186/117 mm Hg standing. Beta-blocking therapy reduced blood pressure 36/23 and 34/18 mm Hg, respectively (both p less than 0.001). Pulse rates fell significantly in the two groups, both in the lying and standing positions. In 17 patients with low renin hypertension (group 1), a volume-depleting drug was added (spironolactone, 14 patients; thiazides, 3 patients) and this achieved a marked fall in blood pressure levels of 38/16 mm Hg supine and 37/19 mm Hg standing (both p less than 0.001). These results suggest the following: (1) Most patients with normal to high plasma renin activity respond well to moderate doses of propranolol. (2) Propranolol given in the same doses is almost without antihypertensive effect in patients with low renin hypertension. (3) A volume factor may be operating in patients with low renin hypertension since a hypotensive effect is demonstrated after the addition of volume-depleting drugs. (4) Determination of plasma renin activity with adequate methods can predict the treatment response to hypotensive agents.
|
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] |
PMID:14505
|
Gastric emptying and secretion in the rhesus monkey.
|
The volume and composition of the gastric contents as well as the rates of gastric emptying and secretion were determined simultaneously in conscious chair-adapted monkeys. These determinations were made during fasting and after a liquid meal, thereby allowing studies of the physiologic variables which regulate gastric emptying and gastric secretion. Administration of a water meal is followed by a complex pattern of changes in rates of secretion as well as the fractional rate of emptying. During administration of a 100-ml water meal (pH 7.4), intragastric volume increased while acid concentration decreased; both then returned to fasting values 50 min later. The fractional rate of emptying increased fivefold during administration of the water meal, returned to basal values after 30 min, and then increased again, indicating that gastric emptying cannot be characterized as a simple first-order process with a constant coefficient. The pattern of the change in the rate of water secretion was similar to that for fractional gastric emptying. In contrast, after the meal, gastric acid secretion increased steadily and did not become maximal until 20 min.
|
Gastric emptying and secretion in the rhesus monkey. The volume and composition of the gastric contents as well as the rates of gastric emptying and secretion were determined simultaneously in conscious chair-adapted monkeys. These determinations were made during fasting and after a liquid meal, thereby allowing studies of the physiologic variables which regulate gastric emptying and gastric secretion. Administration of a water meal is followed by a complex pattern of changes in rates of secretion as well as the fractional rate of emptying. During administration of a 100-ml water meal (pH 7.4), intragastric volume increased while acid concentration decreased; both then returned to fasting values 50 min later. The fractional rate of emptying increased fivefold during administration of the water meal, returned to basal values after 30 min, and then increased again, indicating that gastric emptying cannot be characterized as a simple first-order process with a constant coefficient. The pattern of the change in the rate of water secretion was similar to that for fractional gastric emptying. In contrast, after the meal, gastric acid secretion increased steadily and did not become maximal until 20 min.
|
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] |
PMID:14506
|
Impaired renal H+ secretion and NH3 production in mineralocorticoid-deficient glucocorticoid-replete dogs.
|
When the administration of exogenous mineralocorticoid hormones was discontinued in adrenalectomized dogs maintained on glucocorticoid, net acid excretion decreased due largely to a reduction in urinary ammonium excretion (UNH4+V), and hyperchloremic hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis occurred and persisted. The reduction in UNH4+V was not associated with an increase in urine pH (UpH) or a decrease in urine flow, but correlated with the severity of hyperkalemia and was mitigated by dietary potassium restriction. UpH decreased to values as low as 5.3. During acidosis, UpH varied directly with UNH4+V, but in relation to UNH4+V, UpH exceeded that in acid-fed mineralocorticoid-replete dogs. Extrapolated to UNH4+V=0, however, UpH was not significantly different in the two groups (5.27 vs. 5.44). When distal delivery of sodium was increased by infusion of sodium phosphate, titratable acid excretion increased in both groups but pateaued at lower rates in the mineralocorticoid-deficient dogs. These results suggest that in mineralocorticoid-deficient dogs, renal ammonia production is diminished, in part due to potassium retention and hyperkalemia; renal hydrogen ion secretory capacity is reduced even when sodium and buffer delivery to the distal nephron is not reduced; and the ability of the kidney to generate normally steep urine-to-blood hydrogen ion concentration gradients is unimpaired.
|
Impaired renal H+ secretion and NH3 production in mineralocorticoid-deficient glucocorticoid-replete dogs. When the administration of exogenous mineralocorticoid hormones was discontinued in adrenalectomized dogs maintained on glucocorticoid, net acid excretion decreased due largely to a reduction in urinary ammonium excretion (UNH4+V), and hyperchloremic hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis occurred and persisted. The reduction in UNH4+V was not associated with an increase in urine pH (UpH) or a decrease in urine flow, but correlated with the severity of hyperkalemia and was mitigated by dietary potassium restriction. UpH decreased to values as low as 5.3. During acidosis, UpH varied directly with UNH4+V, but in relation to UNH4+V, UpH exceeded that in acid-fed mineralocorticoid-replete dogs. Extrapolated to UNH4+V=0, however, UpH was not significantly different in the two groups (5.27 vs. 5.44). When distal delivery of sodium was increased by infusion of sodium phosphate, titratable acid excretion increased in both groups but pateaued at lower rates in the mineralocorticoid-deficient dogs. These results suggest that in mineralocorticoid-deficient dogs, renal ammonia production is diminished, in part due to potassium retention and hyperkalemia; renal hydrogen ion secretory capacity is reduced even when sodium and buffer delivery to the distal nephron is not reduced; and the ability of the kidney to generate normally steep urine-to-blood hydrogen ion concentration gradients is unimpaired.
|
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] |
PMID:14507
|
Mechanism of intrarenal blood flow redistribution after carotid artery occlusion.
|
Bilateral carotid artery occlusion results in an increase in mean arterial pressure, an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity, and a redistribution of renal blood flow from inner to outer cortex. To elucidate the mechanism of the renal blood flow redistribution, carotid artery occlusion was performed in anesthetized dogs with the left kidney either having renal perfusion pressure maintained constant (aortic constriction) or having alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade (phenoxybenzamine); the right kidney of the same dog served to document the normal response. When renal perfusion pressure was maintained constant, renal blood flow distribution (microspheres) was unchanged by carotid artery occlusion. In the presence of renal alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, carotid artery occlusion elicited the usual redistribution of renal blood flow from inner to outer cortex. The redistribution of renal blood flow observed after carotid artery occlusion is mediated by the increase in renal perfusion pressure rather than the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity.
|
Mechanism of intrarenal blood flow redistribution after carotid artery occlusion. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion results in an increase in mean arterial pressure, an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity, and a redistribution of renal blood flow from inner to outer cortex. To elucidate the mechanism of the renal blood flow redistribution, carotid artery occlusion was performed in anesthetized dogs with the left kidney either having renal perfusion pressure maintained constant (aortic constriction) or having alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade (phenoxybenzamine); the right kidney of the same dog served to document the normal response. When renal perfusion pressure was maintained constant, renal blood flow distribution (microspheres) was unchanged by carotid artery occlusion. In the presence of renal alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, carotid artery occlusion elicited the usual redistribution of renal blood flow from inner to outer cortex. The redistribution of renal blood flow observed after carotid artery occlusion is mediated by the increase in renal perfusion pressure rather than the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity.
|
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] |
PMID:14508
|
A smooth muscle active factor isolated from renal cortex of the rabbit.
|
Homogenates of rabbit renal cortex contained a water-soluble material with striking activity on smooth muscle derived from the rabbit aorta, rat stomach, and guinea pig ileum--but not rat colon or chick rectum. Evidence derived from the spectrum of its pharmacologic activity, the influence of specific competitive antagonists on the smooth muscle responses to the factor, the influence of proteolytic enzymes and its elution position during molecular sieve filtration on Sephadex G-10 made it unlikely that the factor was a prostaglandin, renin, angiotensin, a catecholamine, serotonin, bradykinin, a nucleotide, a small organic product of local metabolism, or a small ion. The agent was not found in extracts of renal medulla, spleen, myocardium, or lung. The smooth muscle response to the factor was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. The renal cortical factor in subthreshold concentration also potentiated responses of the rabbit aorta to angiotensin and norepinephrine. The factor's intrinsic activity and ability to potentiate the smooth muscle actions of endogenous vasoconstrictors make it a candidate as a mediator of smooth muscle responses in a number of states.
|
A smooth muscle active factor isolated from renal cortex of the rabbit. Homogenates of rabbit renal cortex contained a water-soluble material with striking activity on smooth muscle derived from the rabbit aorta, rat stomach, and guinea pig ileum--but not rat colon or chick rectum. Evidence derived from the spectrum of its pharmacologic activity, the influence of specific competitive antagonists on the smooth muscle responses to the factor, the influence of proteolytic enzymes and its elution position during molecular sieve filtration on Sephadex G-10 made it unlikely that the factor was a prostaglandin, renin, angiotensin, a catecholamine, serotonin, bradykinin, a nucleotide, a small organic product of local metabolism, or a small ion. The agent was not found in extracts of renal medulla, spleen, myocardium, or lung. The smooth muscle response to the factor was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. The renal cortical factor in subthreshold concentration also potentiated responses of the rabbit aorta to angiotensin and norepinephrine. The factor's intrinsic activity and ability to potentiate the smooth muscle actions of endogenous vasoconstrictors make it a candidate as a mediator of smooth muscle responses in a number of states.
|
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] |
PMID:14509
|
Specific desensitization (tachyphylaxis) of the guinea pig ileum to angiotensin II.
|
Tachyphylaxis to [Ile5]angiotensin II (angiotensin) in the isolated guinea pig ileum was found to be more severe when the Ca2+ concentration or the temperature of the medium were lowered, or when glucose was absent. Incubation with indomethacin or prostaglandin E2 did not affect the onset of tachyphylaxis or recovery from the tachyphylactic state. The angiotensin dose-response curves of tachyphylactic organs were shifted to the right, and the maximum responses were depressed in proportion to the conditioning doses of the hormone. The recovery from tachyphylaxis followed zero-order kinetics and was not affected by Ca2+ concentration or pH. The temperature dependence of the rate of recovery yielded a value of 14.6 kcal/mol for the activation energy in the physiological temperature range. It is concluded that tachyphylaxis results from the tight binding of angiotensin to superficial calcium-binding sites in the smooth muscle cell membrane. Recovery from tachyphylaxis appears to involve displacement of angiotensin by calcium in a process that is dependent on active transport.
|
Specific desensitization (tachyphylaxis) of the guinea pig ileum to angiotensin II. Tachyphylaxis to [Ile5]angiotensin II (angiotensin) in the isolated guinea pig ileum was found to be more severe when the Ca2+ concentration or the temperature of the medium were lowered, or when glucose was absent. Incubation with indomethacin or prostaglandin E2 did not affect the onset of tachyphylaxis or recovery from the tachyphylactic state. The angiotensin dose-response curves of tachyphylactic organs were shifted to the right, and the maximum responses were depressed in proportion to the conditioning doses of the hormone. The recovery from tachyphylaxis followed zero-order kinetics and was not affected by Ca2+ concentration or pH. The temperature dependence of the rate of recovery yielded a value of 14.6 kcal/mol for the activation energy in the physiological temperature range. It is concluded that tachyphylaxis results from the tight binding of angiotensin to superficial calcium-binding sites in the smooth muscle cell membrane. Recovery from tachyphylaxis appears to involve displacement of angiotensin by calcium in a process that is dependent on active transport.
|
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] |
PMID:14510
|
Effect of nicotine on gastric acid secretion: evidence of electrogenic pump theory.
|
In vitro studies on H+ secretion, potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), and resistance across stripped mucosa of frog stomach in Cl-medium have shown that addition of nicotine in the serum bathing fluid caused a marked inhibition of the H+ secretory rate and an increase of PD and Isc without change of the transmucosal resistance. A dose-response correlation was indicated. During the first 8 min, the changes in the measured parameters, namely, PD versus Ih and Isc versus Ih, were linear. After 8 min, a deviation from linearity was observed. From the slope of the regression lines, the resistance of the electrogenic Cl- pump on the mucosal membrane (Rcl) was calculated to be 127 omega cm2 and the resistance of the chloride pathway on the serosal side (Rcl) was 407 omega cm2. The resistance of the H+ pump on the mucosal membrane (Rh) in Cl- medium was estimated to be 385 omega cm2. The sum of the emf's of the Cl+ pump on the mucosal membrane and of the Cl- gradient across the serosal membrane, namely Ecl + Ecl, was found to be 35 mV. The presence of such linear relationships between measured versus the H+ rate and Isc versus Ih lends support to the electrogenic theory of HCl secretion.
|
Effect of nicotine on gastric acid secretion: evidence of electrogenic pump theory. In vitro studies on H+ secretion, potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), and resistance across stripped mucosa of frog stomach in Cl-medium have shown that addition of nicotine in the serum bathing fluid caused a marked inhibition of the H+ secretory rate and an increase of PD and Isc without change of the transmucosal resistance. A dose-response correlation was indicated. During the first 8 min, the changes in the measured parameters, namely, PD versus Ih and Isc versus Ih, were linear. After 8 min, a deviation from linearity was observed. From the slope of the regression lines, the resistance of the electrogenic Cl- pump on the mucosal membrane (Rcl) was calculated to be 127 omega cm2 and the resistance of the chloride pathway on the serosal side (Rcl) was 407 omega cm2. The resistance of the H+ pump on the mucosal membrane (Rh) in Cl- medium was estimated to be 385 omega cm2. The sum of the emf's of the Cl+ pump on the mucosal membrane and of the Cl- gradient across the serosal membrane, namely Ecl + Ecl, was found to be 35 mV. The presence of such linear relationships between measured versus the H+ rate and Isc versus Ih lends support to the electrogenic theory of HCl secretion.
|
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] |
PMID:14511
|
Consequences of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on metabolism of perfused rat liver.
|
Metabolism of perfused livers from control and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats has been studied. To eliminate the possibility that observed metabolic abnormalities could be realted to hyperphagia, VMH-lesioned rats were placed on restricted diet matching that of controls. Ten days postoperatively, VMH-lesioned rats had hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased blood urea nitrogen levels, together with decreased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose levels. Insulin release produced in vivo by a glucose load was much higher in VMH-lesioned than in control rats. Perfused livers from VMH-lesioned rats secreted more triglycerides and produced more urea than controls, whereas production of glucose and ketone bodies was reduced. Lipogenesis, newly synthesized triglyceride secretion, and the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase were greatest in livers from VMH-lesioned rats. Fasting abolished hyperinsulinemia and most of these observed metabolic alterations. After treatment with anti-insulin serum, the high rate of lipogenesis observed in livers from VMH-lesioned rats was restored toward normal. It is suggested that hyperinsulinemia may be partly responsible for the metabolic disorders observed in livers from nonhyperphagic VMH-lesioned rats.
|
Consequences of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on metabolism of perfused rat liver. Metabolism of perfused livers from control and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats has been studied. To eliminate the possibility that observed metabolic abnormalities could be realted to hyperphagia, VMH-lesioned rats were placed on restricted diet matching that of controls. Ten days postoperatively, VMH-lesioned rats had hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased blood urea nitrogen levels, together with decreased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose levels. Insulin release produced in vivo by a glucose load was much higher in VMH-lesioned than in control rats. Perfused livers from VMH-lesioned rats secreted more triglycerides and produced more urea than controls, whereas production of glucose and ketone bodies was reduced. Lipogenesis, newly synthesized triglyceride secretion, and the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase were greatest in livers from VMH-lesioned rats. Fasting abolished hyperinsulinemia and most of these observed metabolic alterations. After treatment with anti-insulin serum, the high rate of lipogenesis observed in livers from VMH-lesioned rats was restored toward normal. It is suggested that hyperinsulinemia may be partly responsible for the metabolic disorders observed in livers from nonhyperphagic VMH-lesioned rats.
|
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] |
PMID:14512
|
Uptake of K+ by frog gastric mucosa from submucosal side and acid secretory rate.
|
The K+ content in frog gastric mucosa (K+) was measured as a function of the submucosal K+ concentration ([K+sm]) in the absence of K+ on the mucosal side. The (K+) in HCO3- buffer with 95% O2-5% CO2 gas showed that the removal of external K+ induced a 27% K+ loss from the control value of 5 mM K+sm, that there was no linear relation between (K+) and [K+sm, and that the change in the (K+) versus the [K+sm] was hyperbolic, indicating that there are two different types of K+ in the mucosa: bound and free K+.
|
Uptake of K+ by frog gastric mucosa from submucosal side and acid secretory rate. The K+ content in frog gastric mucosa (K+) was measured as a function of the submucosal K+ concentration ([K+sm]) in the absence of K+ on the mucosal side. The (K+) in HCO3- buffer with 95% O2-5% CO2 gas showed that the removal of external K+ induced a 27% K+ loss from the control value of 5 mM K+sm, that there was no linear relation between (K+) and [K+sm, and that the change in the (K+) versus the [K+sm] was hyperbolic, indicating that there are two different types of K+ in the mucosa: bound and free K+.
|
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] |
PMID:14513
|
Intracellular pH in hypoxic smooth muscle.
|
Hypoxia impairs contractility in canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). This is attributed to intracellular lactacidosis. The present studies were undertaken to confirm this. Lactate was found to be significantly increased in hypoxic TSM (65.36 +/- 7.37 mg/100 g wet tissue), compared to normoxic (29.83 +/- 5.05). Intracellular pH (pHi) was, however, significantly increased in hypoxic active TSM to 7.71 +/- 0.05 as compared to 7.30 +/- 0.03 in normoxic active muscle. pHi of resting normoxic muscle (7.20 +/- 0.04) was statistically not different from that of resting hypoxic muscle. The pHi's of resting normoxic and active hypoxic muscles were significantly different. These results show that under in vitro, hypoxic conditions: 1) an increase in glycolysis in TSM is indicated by the increased lactate production, 2) there is a surprising, concomitant rise in pHi rather than a decrease as previously expected, and 3) it is mechanical activity of the muscle which leads to this paradoxical result, inasmuch as pHi is unaltered in the resting hypoxic muscle.
|
Intracellular pH in hypoxic smooth muscle. Hypoxia impairs contractility in canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). This is attributed to intracellular lactacidosis. The present studies were undertaken to confirm this. Lactate was found to be significantly increased in hypoxic TSM (65.36 +/- 7.37 mg/100 g wet tissue), compared to normoxic (29.83 +/- 5.05). Intracellular pH (pHi) was, however, significantly increased in hypoxic active TSM to 7.71 +/- 0.05 as compared to 7.30 +/- 0.03 in normoxic active muscle. pHi of resting normoxic muscle (7.20 +/- 0.04) was statistically not different from that of resting hypoxic muscle. The pHi's of resting normoxic and active hypoxic muscles were significantly different. These results show that under in vitro, hypoxic conditions: 1) an increase in glycolysis in TSM is indicated by the increased lactate production, 2) there is a surprising, concomitant rise in pHi rather than a decrease as previously expected, and 3) it is mechanical activity of the muscle which leads to this paradoxical result, inasmuch as pHi is unaltered in the resting hypoxic muscle.
|
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] |
PMID:14514
|
Neuroleptic drug levels and therapeutic response: preliminary observations with red blood cell bound butaperazine.
|
The authors studied neuroleptic concentration-therapeutic response curves for butaperazine (BPZ), a piperazine phenothiazine, in 10 schizophrenic patients during the first 12 days of treatment. BPZ bound to red blood cells (RBC) was more strongly correlated with therapeutic response than was plasma BPZ. RBC BPZ concentrations could be used to define a "therapeutic window", an optimun concentration for therapeutic response, above and below which favorable response diminishes. The authors emphasize the preliminary nature of the data but suggest that levels of RBC-bound neuroleptic may provide an important guide for dosage regulation in schizophrenic patients.
|
Neuroleptic drug levels and therapeutic response: preliminary observations with red blood cell bound butaperazine. The authors studied neuroleptic concentration-therapeutic response curves for butaperazine (BPZ), a piperazine phenothiazine, in 10 schizophrenic patients during the first 12 days of treatment. BPZ bound to red blood cells (RBC) was more strongly correlated with therapeutic response than was plasma BPZ. RBC BPZ concentrations could be used to define a "therapeutic window", an optimun concentration for therapeutic response, above and below which favorable response diminishes. The authors emphasize the preliminary nature of the data but suggest that levels of RBC-bound neuroleptic may provide an important guide for dosage regulation in schizophrenic patients.
|
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] |
PMID:14516
|
Systemic artery--pulmonary artery communication in Takayasu's arteritis.
|
Four cases of Takayasu's arteritis in which systemic artery-pulmonary artery communication is demonstrated on thoracic aortography are presented. Pulmonary arterial involvement in Takayasu's arteritis seems to be more frequent than generally appreciated (12% in the present series). Demonstration of the communication in the absence of evidence of other causes of a shunt is strongly suggestive of pulmonary artery involvement. It is not necessary to perform pulmonary angiography to confirm the involvement unless clinically indicated. It is also stressed that the presence of pulmonary artery involvement is useful to differentiate Takayasy's arteritis from arteriosclerosis.
|
Systemic artery--pulmonary artery communication in Takayasu's arteritis. Four cases of Takayasu's arteritis in which systemic artery-pulmonary artery communication is demonstrated on thoracic aortography are presented. Pulmonary arterial involvement in Takayasu's arteritis seems to be more frequent than generally appreciated (12% in the present series). Demonstration of the communication in the absence of evidence of other causes of a shunt is strongly suggestive of pulmonary artery involvement. It is not necessary to perform pulmonary angiography to confirm the involvement unless clinically indicated. It is also stressed that the presence of pulmonary artery involvement is useful to differentiate Takayasy's arteritis from arteriosclerosis.
|
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] |
PMID:14518
|
[Effect of run-training and run-stress on glucose assimilation and insulin release in rats of different age (author's transl)].
|
82 male rats of different age have been investigated after a definitive run-training, after a run-training with subsequent run-stress and after a run-stress without run-training. An intravenous glucose tolerance test has been done measuring glucose and insulin serum levels before and after i.v. glucose application. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that: 1. adult rats have a better glucose assimilation and higher insulin serum levels after i.v. glucose than older ones. 2. run-stress leads to a deterioration of glucose assimilation and diminution of insulin release in rats of any age. 3. run-training improves glucose tolerance and saves insulin at the same time. 4. in old rats, which have never done any training before, run-training improves glucose assimilation, too. 5. run-stress after run-training has a different effect on adult and old rats: In adult rats there is nearly no effect on glucose assimilation and insulin release in comparison to control animals, while old rats show a significant deterioration of glucose assimilation in comparison to control rats of the same age. Obviously the effect of run-training is less distinct in old rats despite of similar running work.
|
[Effect of run-training and run-stress on glucose assimilation and insulin release in rats of different age (author's transl)]. 82 male rats of different age have been investigated after a definitive run-training, after a run-training with subsequent run-stress and after a run-stress without run-training. An intravenous glucose tolerance test has been done measuring glucose and insulin serum levels before and after i.v. glucose application. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that: 1. adult rats have a better glucose assimilation and higher insulin serum levels after i.v. glucose than older ones. 2. run-stress leads to a deterioration of glucose assimilation and diminution of insulin release in rats of any age. 3. run-training improves glucose tolerance and saves insulin at the same time. 4. in old rats, which have never done any training before, run-training improves glucose assimilation, too. 5. run-stress after run-training has a different effect on adult and old rats: In adult rats there is nearly no effect on glucose assimilation and insulin release in comparison to control animals, while old rats show a significant deterioration of glucose assimilation in comparison to control rats of the same age. Obviously the effect of run-training is less distinct in old rats despite of similar running work.
|
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] |
PMID:14519
|
[Investigations on LH and FSH serum levels before and after application of synthetic LH-releasing-hormone in healthy men of different age].
|
50 male healthy volunteers of different age had measurements of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Basal levels of LH and FSH as well as maximal release of both hormones after i.v. application of 25 mug of synthetical LH-releasing hormone have been done. Results demonstrate an increasing reserve capacity of LH and FSH with age. FSH/LH ratio is altered in favor of FSH with duration of life. Sensitivity of gonadotropin producing cells of adenohypophysis to LH-releasing hormone is diminished in old age that can be recognized from a diminution of the relative rise of serum LH and FSH after LH-RH application. Correlations and partial correlations of absolute and relative body weight with age and basal LH and FSH serum levels demonstrate that age and not body weight plays a main part for increasing gonadotropin serum values. Causative responsibility for the increased LH serum concentrations is a decrease of testosterone production with age. Data obtained in this study and reports presented in literature give no convincing explanation for the increase of FSH serum levels with age.
|
[Investigations on LH and FSH serum levels before and after application of synthetic LH-releasing-hormone in healthy men of different age]. 50 male healthy volunteers of different age had measurements of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Basal levels of LH and FSH as well as maximal release of both hormones after i.v. application of 25 mug of synthetical LH-releasing hormone have been done. Results demonstrate an increasing reserve capacity of LH and FSH with age. FSH/LH ratio is altered in favor of FSH with duration of life. Sensitivity of gonadotropin producing cells of adenohypophysis to LH-releasing hormone is diminished in old age that can be recognized from a diminution of the relative rise of serum LH and FSH after LH-RH application. Correlations and partial correlations of absolute and relative body weight with age and basal LH and FSH serum levels demonstrate that age and not body weight plays a main part for increasing gonadotropin serum values. Causative responsibility for the increased LH serum concentrations is a decrease of testosterone production with age. Data obtained in this study and reports presented in literature give no convincing explanation for the increase of FSH serum levels with age.
|
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] |
PMID:14520
|
[Sexual hormones in ageing males (author's transl)].
|
Alterations of sexual hormones in plasma of ageing males occur between the 50th and 60th year of life with individual variations: 1. Decreased values of testosterone in plasma and a poor response to gonadotrophins demonstrate a diminished synthesizing capacity of the testes in old men. 2. The decreased testosterone plasma values are followed by an increase in LH. The response of the anterior pituitary gland to LH-RH stimulation in old men is normal. 3. Under basal conditions estrone as well as estradiol plasma concentrations increase significantly with age because of increased conversion from androgens. 4. Parallel to estrogen plasma values an increased concentration of the sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is found, resulting in a steep decrease of the free (= active) testosterone fraction. 5. Decreased testosterone, which is more strongly bound to SHBG and increased estrone and estradiol plasma values result in an androgen/estrogen imbalance in old men.
|
[Sexual hormones in ageing males (author's transl)]. Alterations of sexual hormones in plasma of ageing males occur between the 50th and 60th year of life with individual variations: 1. Decreased values of testosterone in plasma and a poor response to gonadotrophins demonstrate a diminished synthesizing capacity of the testes in old men. 2. The decreased testosterone plasma values are followed by an increase in LH. The response of the anterior pituitary gland to LH-RH stimulation in old men is normal. 3. Under basal conditions estrone as well as estradiol plasma concentrations increase significantly with age because of increased conversion from androgens. 4. Parallel to estrogen plasma values an increased concentration of the sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is found, resulting in a steep decrease of the free (= active) testosterone fraction. 5. Decreased testosterone, which is more strongly bound to SHBG and increased estrone and estradiol plasma values result in an androgen/estrogen imbalance in old men.
|
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] |
PMID:14521
|
[Geriatric change of thyroid function and thyroid diseases (author's transl)].
|
The geriatric changes of thyroid function in healthy individuals are relatively low; therefore it is not necessary to take it into consideration for routine diagnostic work. Thyroid diseases show an increase with age and also a change of the clinical picture. Therefore, and because of being superimposed by symptoms of simulatneous second disease, it is necessary to start with the specific diagnostic earlier than in younger patients.
|
[Geriatric change of thyroid function and thyroid diseases (author's transl)]. The geriatric changes of thyroid function in healthy individuals are relatively low; therefore it is not necessary to take it into consideration for routine diagnostic work. Thyroid diseases show an increase with age and also a change of the clinical picture. Therefore, and because of being superimposed by symptoms of simulatneous second disease, it is necessary to start with the specific diagnostic earlier than in younger patients.
|
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] |
PMID:14522
|
Functional changes of the aging rat retina in relation to the modifications of the ERG components.
|
the intact eye of Wistar rat was stimulated with continual periodic light signals in the range of 0,001-500 lux and from 0,01 cps. up to the fusionfrequency. Using square-wave light stimuli of the frequency range from 0,01 to 0,1 cps. and intensity diapason of 0,1-1,0 lux the scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) consists of the following waves: b, b-negative, c, d, d-positive, respectively. At the beginning of the light sensitivity range, that is near above the threshold, on one part and over a stimulus intensity of 10 lux, on the other the ERG becomes more simple and looks appr. like a direct current (DC) response. Along with aging the ERG undergoes changing. The light sensitivity of the eye proved to be decreased, especially in the short wave range of the spectrum. Thus the ERG threshold becomes increased. The DC components are less apparent. The fast elements of high amplitudes are also missing. The slope of the frontal and descending part of the wave b gets lower. The fusion-frequency is lower with old animals as well. The spontaneous physiological biopotential noise level is significantly higher and the synchronity of elements participating in generating the ERG wave is less. Additionally a considerable great slowing-down of the adaptation processes were observed. Using light signals of different wave forms, it may be established, that differentiating ability of the retina declines more rapidly as aging advances than that of its light sensitivity.
|
Functional changes of the aging rat retina in relation to the modifications of the ERG components. the intact eye of Wistar rat was stimulated with continual periodic light signals in the range of 0,001-500 lux and from 0,01 cps. up to the fusionfrequency. Using square-wave light stimuli of the frequency range from 0,01 to 0,1 cps. and intensity diapason of 0,1-1,0 lux the scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) consists of the following waves: b, b-negative, c, d, d-positive, respectively. At the beginning of the light sensitivity range, that is near above the threshold, on one part and over a stimulus intensity of 10 lux, on the other the ERG becomes more simple and looks appr. like a direct current (DC) response. Along with aging the ERG undergoes changing. The light sensitivity of the eye proved to be decreased, especially in the short wave range of the spectrum. Thus the ERG threshold becomes increased. The DC components are less apparent. The fast elements of high amplitudes are also missing. The slope of the frontal and descending part of the wave b gets lower. The fusion-frequency is lower with old animals as well. The spontaneous physiological biopotential noise level is significantly higher and the synchronity of elements participating in generating the ERG wave is less. Additionally a considerable great slowing-down of the adaptation processes were observed. Using light signals of different wave forms, it may be established, that differentiating ability of the retina declines more rapidly as aging advances than that of its light sensitivity.
|
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] |
PMID:14523
|
[Assessment of the biological age in the animal-experiment (author's transl)].
|
Experimental investigations of internal and external factors presumably influencing the aging process require an objective assessment of the biological age or vitality respectively by means of as many age parameters as possible. Using the rat, a valuable test animal in experimental gerontology, whose life expectancy of about 40 month allows longitudinal studies, a standard test programm for the estimation of the biological age has been developed. The age parameters used originate from investigations of 1. the tail tendon collagen, 2. the skin, 3. the aorta, 4. the ECG, 5. the lipofuscin content of brain and heart, 6. the tissue respiration of various organs, 7, the motor activity and 8. learning and memory. Using the above-mentioned age parameters a statistical measure for the biological age will be calculated by means of multivariate analysis and will allow the comparison of differeent age-and experimental-groups.
|
[Assessment of the biological age in the animal-experiment (author's transl)]. Experimental investigations of internal and external factors presumably influencing the aging process require an objective assessment of the biological age or vitality respectively by means of as many age parameters as possible. Using the rat, a valuable test animal in experimental gerontology, whose life expectancy of about 40 month allows longitudinal studies, a standard test programm for the estimation of the biological age has been developed. The age parameters used originate from investigations of 1. the tail tendon collagen, 2. the skin, 3. the aorta, 4. the ECG, 5. the lipofuscin content of brain and heart, 6. the tissue respiration of various organs, 7, the motor activity and 8. learning and memory. Using the above-mentioned age parameters a statistical measure for the biological age will be calculated by means of multivariate analysis and will allow the comparison of differeent age-and experimental-groups.
|
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] |
PMID:14524
|
[Investigation of memory in experimental gerontology (author's transl)].
|
The possible transfer of learning performance by proteins and ribonucleic acids was studied. 140 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months and 68 aged 20 months were used. Proteins and ribonucleic acids were isolated from the brains of trained and untrained rats aged 3 months. The difference in learning performance was tested and the incorporation of the above-mentioned substances into the hippo-campus and the residual brain in the two age-groups was measured using radioactive labelled material. A specific transfer of learned information-contents on the molecular level was found only after transfer of proteins in both young and old rats; the results of the training are well correlated with those of the incorporation. The two age-groups differ especially with regard to the learning performance, expressed in the error number. In th older group the error number is significantly lower in contrast to the learning time, that is slightly shorter in the younger group. This can be explained by the differences between the incorporation of brain proteins of trained animals into animals of different age, as well as by the investigations of some authors, who distinguished between different modes of learning. The lower incorporation of labelled substance into the brains of old animals is remarkable; the conclusion is a lower turnover of these substances in the brain of old animals, especially of the ribonucleic-acids. Nevertheless the learning performance of complex information-contents is not impaired.
|
[Investigation of memory in experimental gerontology (author's transl)]. The possible transfer of learning performance by proteins and ribonucleic acids was studied. 140 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months and 68 aged 20 months were used. Proteins and ribonucleic acids were isolated from the brains of trained and untrained rats aged 3 months. The difference in learning performance was tested and the incorporation of the above-mentioned substances into the hippo-campus and the residual brain in the two age-groups was measured using radioactive labelled material. A specific transfer of learned information-contents on the molecular level was found only after transfer of proteins in both young and old rats; the results of the training are well correlated with those of the incorporation. The two age-groups differ especially with regard to the learning performance, expressed in the error number. In th older group the error number is significantly lower in contrast to the learning time, that is slightly shorter in the younger group. This can be explained by the differences between the incorporation of brain proteins of trained animals into animals of different age, as well as by the investigations of some authors, who distinguished between different modes of learning. The lower incorporation of labelled substance into the brains of old animals is remarkable; the conclusion is a lower turnover of these substances in the brain of old animals, especially of the ribonucleic-acids. Nevertheless the learning performance of complex information-contents is not impaired.
|
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] |
PMID:14525
|
[Paranoid syndromes in the involution (author's transl)].
|
Conditions of outbreak and chronification of paranoid syndromes, including the existence of an "axial syndrome" and behaviour theories are hypothetically summarized. The individual characteristics of patients with the first paranoid symptoms during involution appear to depend mainly on three factors: the theme of the delusion seems to be connected with the age at the onset, in more than half of the male patients exogenous psychoorganic symptoms were observed, and in females however predominantly manic-depressive syndroms could be found.
|
[Paranoid syndromes in the involution (author's transl)]. Conditions of outbreak and chronification of paranoid syndromes, including the existence of an "axial syndrome" and behaviour theories are hypothetically summarized. The individual characteristics of patients with the first paranoid symptoms during involution appear to depend mainly on three factors: the theme of the delusion seems to be connected with the age at the onset, in more than half of the male patients exogenous psychoorganic symptoms were observed, and in females however predominantly manic-depressive syndroms could be found.
|
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] |
PMID:14526
|
[Genetic aspects of aging (author's transl)].
|
The experimental results indicating a primary genetic cause of aging and some diseases of the old age (cancer, arteriosclerosis, immune deficiency, autoimmune diseases) are summarized under two aspects: 1) The genetic influence is determined during the differentiation and development phase of the organism, whereby the direct or indirect (pleiotropic effect) selection of genes of aging, or the missing selection of genes which are acting against aging come into consideration. 2) The dicisive gene alterations take place by spontaneous and/or induced somatic mutations.
|
[Genetic aspects of aging (author's transl)]. The experimental results indicating a primary genetic cause of aging and some diseases of the old age (cancer, arteriosclerosis, immune deficiency, autoimmune diseases) are summarized under two aspects: 1) The genetic influence is determined during the differentiation and development phase of the organism, whereby the direct or indirect (pleiotropic effect) selection of genes of aging, or the missing selection of genes which are acting against aging come into consideration. 2) The dicisive gene alterations take place by spontaneous and/or induced somatic mutations.
|
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] |
PMID:14527
|
[Study of age and sex dependance in renal clearances with radioisotopes (author's transl)].
|
In 85 patients between 15 and 95 years of age (40 male patients and 45 females) without any signs of renal disease (concentration of serum creatinine below 1,4 mg/100ml, normal diastolic blood pressure and normal urine analysis) a highly significant negative correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate (GFR, determined by 51Cr-EDTA - slope-clearance) and renal plasma flow (RPF, determined by 131J-oJHS-iodinehippuricacid-totalclearance) on one side and age on the other. Beginning with a basic value of 160 ml in males and 144 ml in females for GFR, the average decrease per year was 1,2 ml/1,0 ml respectively. The basis value of RPF was 854 ml for males and 673 ml for females, the decrease per year was 5,4 ml in men and 2,9 ml in women. The importance of physiological diminution of clearance values in elderly patients and its consequences for therapy are discussed. The more exact and methodically simpler 51Cr-EDTA-slope-clearance without urine collection should be used instead of the somewhat inaccurate determination of endogenous creatinine clearance especially in older patients.
|
[Study of age and sex dependance in renal clearances with radioisotopes (author's transl)]. In 85 patients between 15 and 95 years of age (40 male patients and 45 females) without any signs of renal disease (concentration of serum creatinine below 1,4 mg/100ml, normal diastolic blood pressure and normal urine analysis) a highly significant negative correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate (GFR, determined by 51Cr-EDTA - slope-clearance) and renal plasma flow (RPF, determined by 131J-oJHS-iodinehippuricacid-totalclearance) on one side and age on the other. Beginning with a basic value of 160 ml in males and 144 ml in females for GFR, the average decrease per year was 1,2 ml/1,0 ml respectively. The basis value of RPF was 854 ml for males and 673 ml for females, the decrease per year was 5,4 ml in men and 2,9 ml in women. The importance of physiological diminution of clearance values in elderly patients and its consequences for therapy are discussed. The more exact and methodically simpler 51Cr-EDTA-slope-clearance without urine collection should be used instead of the somewhat inaccurate determination of endogenous creatinine clearance especially in older patients.
|
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] |
PMID:14528
|
[The significance of experimental gerontology for clinical geriatrics (author's transl)].
|
Aging is a physiological process. The experimental gerontology is substantially a purely theoretical science. In the future, however, it will attain increasingly more significance for many fields of medicine. After presenting a survey covering the most important theories of aging it is shortly entered into the efforts to establish a mathematical model of multicellular aging (Beier, Brehme and Wiegel 1973). Furthermore an introduction is given into a longitudinal program (3 years) of the own experimental-gerontological research using about 1000 Sprague-Dawley rats and age parameters. The mathematical evaluation of the results shall contribute to come to more exact and objective statements about age and vitality. The significance of the theoretical-experimental gerontology lies mainly in its efforts to study the fundamental conditions and the possibilities for a longer maintenance of vitality by systematic measures and to reduce or retard the susceptibility to the socalled age-diseases.
|
[The significance of experimental gerontology for clinical geriatrics (author's transl)]. Aging is a physiological process. The experimental gerontology is substantially a purely theoretical science. In the future, however, it will attain increasingly more significance for many fields of medicine. After presenting a survey covering the most important theories of aging it is shortly entered into the efforts to establish a mathematical model of multicellular aging (Beier, Brehme and Wiegel 1973). Furthermore an introduction is given into a longitudinal program (3 years) of the own experimental-gerontological research using about 1000 Sprague-Dawley rats and age parameters. The mathematical evaluation of the results shall contribute to come to more exact and objective statements about age and vitality. The significance of the theoretical-experimental gerontology lies mainly in its efforts to study the fundamental conditions and the possibilities for a longer maintenance of vitality by systematic measures and to reduce or retard the susceptibility to the socalled age-diseases.
|
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] |
PMID:14530
|
[A serogenetic approach to the study of Alzheimer's disease (author's transl)].
|
The analysis of 15 hereditary controlled blood characteristics in 57 Alzheimer-patients revealed abnormalities in the distribution of ABO-blood-groups and phenotypes in the third component of complement system. These data indicate that the phenogenesis of the Alzheimer syndrome is multiconditional and is obviously influenced by selective processes of immuno-genetic factors. This selective vulnerability offers a lead into the elucidation of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
|
[A serogenetic approach to the study of Alzheimer's disease (author's transl)]. The analysis of 15 hereditary controlled blood characteristics in 57 Alzheimer-patients revealed abnormalities in the distribution of ABO-blood-groups and phenotypes in the third component of complement system. These data indicate that the phenogenesis of the Alzheimer syndrome is multiconditional and is obviously influenced by selective processes of immuno-genetic factors. This selective vulnerability offers a lead into the elucidation of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
|
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] |
PMID:14531
|
[The effect of prednisolone on the development of the galactosamine hepatitis of young and old rats (author's transl)].
|
The present work reports on kinetic and morphological studies of one hundred female albino rats after the administration of galactosamine and galactosamine and prednisolone. The results demonstrate a significant higher increase of the serum transaminasess got and gpt in the older than in the younger rats as well as a protecting effect of prenisolone against galactosamine produced disturbances. In the thirty months old rats the protection against morphological and biochemical disturbances was only demonstrable for the first twelve hours after the administration of galactosamine.
|
[The effect of prednisolone on the development of the galactosamine hepatitis of young and old rats (author's transl)]. The present work reports on kinetic and morphological studies of one hundred female albino rats after the administration of galactosamine and galactosamine and prednisolone. The results demonstrate a significant higher increase of the serum transaminasess got and gpt in the older than in the younger rats as well as a protecting effect of prenisolone against galactosamine produced disturbances. In the thirty months old rats the protection against morphological and biochemical disturbances was only demonstrable for the first twelve hours after the administration of galactosamine.
|
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] |
PMID:14532
|
[Age-dependent changes of hypophysis-thyroid - regulation (author's transl)].
|
In health men and women different age total thyroxine, free thyroxine-binding-capacity, total triiodothyronine as well as TSH in serum before and after intravenous application of 500 mcg synthetic thyrothropine-releasing-hormone (TRH) were controlled. The investigations have shown: 1. With increasing age total thyroxine level in serum does not change. 2. With increasing age free thyroxine-binding-capacity in serum does not change. 3. With increasing age in men and women a significant decrease of total triiodothyronine in serum is to be measured. 4. Basal TSH serum levels do not change with increasing age. On the other hand in men and women with increasing age significant decreased TSH increments after TRH application were measured. The investigations have shown, that with increasing age the hypothalamus-hypophysial-thyroid-axis is shifting to a lower regulation level.
|
[Age-dependent changes of hypophysis-thyroid - regulation (author's transl)]. In health men and women different age total thyroxine, free thyroxine-binding-capacity, total triiodothyronine as well as TSH in serum before and after intravenous application of 500 mcg synthetic thyrothropine-releasing-hormone (TRH) were controlled. The investigations have shown: 1. With increasing age total thyroxine level in serum does not change. 2. With increasing age free thyroxine-binding-capacity in serum does not change. 3. With increasing age in men and women a significant decrease of total triiodothyronine in serum is to be measured. 4. Basal TSH serum levels do not change with increasing age. On the other hand in men and women with increasing age significant decreased TSH increments after TRH application were measured. The investigations have shown, that with increasing age the hypothalamus-hypophysial-thyroid-axis is shifting to a lower regulation level.
|
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] |
PMID:14533
|
[Problemss of tending to chronicity of diseases in geriatrics (author's transl)].
|
The most important alterations of the old age are mentioned. They have a great influence on the behaviour of the elderly in a hospital. Charactersitic behaviour patterns at admission, during hospitalization and at dismission are pointed out. Multimorbidity should not cause a thoughtless and highly technical work-up. Rehabilitation measures in order to keep the patient in bed as short as possible are important. For this reason the nursing staff should have a good knowledge of activating care. Pharmacogherapy, intensive care, preoperative and postoperative care are mentioned.
|
[Problemss of tending to chronicity of diseases in geriatrics (author's transl)]. The most important alterations of the old age are mentioned. They have a great influence on the behaviour of the elderly in a hospital. Charactersitic behaviour patterns at admission, during hospitalization and at dismission are pointed out. Multimorbidity should not cause a thoughtless and highly technical work-up. Rehabilitation measures in order to keep the patient in bed as short as possible are important. For this reason the nursing staff should have a good knowledge of activating care. Pharmacogherapy, intensive care, preoperative and postoperative care are mentioned.
|
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] |
PMID:14534
|
[Medical treatment and rehabilitation measures for the elderly--discussion of the financial problems involved (author's transl)].
|
The National Pension Insurance and Health Insurance Schemes up to now share the expenses of health insurance for the elderly. The shares to be carried by each body are again and again subject to political discussion. Since nursing home care is up to now not accepted as being an integral part of health care, the social welfare system is forced to cover the expenses involved to a continuously increasing degree. While it can be shown, that health insurance for the elderly has greatly improved since its introduction in 1941, there nevertheless remain elements of discrimination of those no longer belonging to the age group with access to gainful employment. Discussing different measures of solution in the context of existing insurance systems, the National Pension Insurance would seem to be the body best suited to take over the whole responsibility of financing health insurance measures for the elderly. Another alternative would be to let the pensioneers themselves come up for the costs of their health insurance, or the decision may be taken to establish a new insurance system directed at covering the risks of long term illness for all age groups.
|
[Medical treatment and rehabilitation measures for the elderly--discussion of the financial problems involved (author's transl)]. The National Pension Insurance and Health Insurance Schemes up to now share the expenses of health insurance for the elderly. The shares to be carried by each body are again and again subject to political discussion. Since nursing home care is up to now not accepted as being an integral part of health care, the social welfare system is forced to cover the expenses involved to a continuously increasing degree. While it can be shown, that health insurance for the elderly has greatly improved since its introduction in 1941, there nevertheless remain elements of discrimination of those no longer belonging to the age group with access to gainful employment. Discussing different measures of solution in the context of existing insurance systems, the National Pension Insurance would seem to be the body best suited to take over the whole responsibility of financing health insurance measures for the elderly. Another alternative would be to let the pensioneers themselves come up for the costs of their health insurance, or the decision may be taken to establish a new insurance system directed at covering the risks of long term illness for all age groups.
|
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] |
PMID:14535
|
[Clinical use of a thermal method for measuring peripheral blood flow according to A.M. Baptista (author's transl)].
|
Measurement of peripheral circulation according to Baptista is discussed and its applicability in clinical work demonstrated. Examples are given showing changes following peroral treatment with inositol niacinate and intra-arterial injection of carbon dioxide.
|
[Clinical use of a thermal method for measuring peripheral blood flow according to A.M. Baptista (author's transl)]. Measurement of peripheral circulation according to Baptista is discussed and its applicability in clinical work demonstrated. Examples are given showing changes following peroral treatment with inositol niacinate and intra-arterial injection of carbon dioxide.
|
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] |
PMID:14536
|
[Peculiarities of unconditioned and conditioned reflex stimuli effects on secretory function of gastric glands in elderly and senile people (author's transl)].
|
For understanding age peculiarities of gastric secretory function in aging.tory function in aging.tory function regulation, the investigation of nervous influences on gastric secretion is of importance. With this end in view the unconditioned reflex stimulus- the tube with rubber balloon, containing 10 ml of water and conditioned reflex stimulus - food stimulus were employed. The fractional gastric intubation was carried out. The gastric secretion in response to mechanical stimulus was investigated in 125 persons aged 60-89 and in 40 persons aged 20-25 (control group). In response to conditioned reflex stimulus it was studied in 30 persons aged 60-89 and 10 persons aged 20-35 (control group). With aging the response of gastric glands to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli was found to decrease. The amount of secretion, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and gastromuco-protein were decreased, the secretory effect being more slowly developed, the torpid secretion type being observed. The above facts testify to changes of nervous regulation of gastric secre
|
[Peculiarities of unconditioned and conditioned reflex stimuli effects on secretory function of gastric glands in elderly and senile people (author's transl)]. For understanding age peculiarities of gastric secretory function in aging.tory function in aging.tory function regulation, the investigation of nervous influences on gastric secretion is of importance. With this end in view the unconditioned reflex stimulus- the tube with rubber balloon, containing 10 ml of water and conditioned reflex stimulus - food stimulus were employed. The fractional gastric intubation was carried out. The gastric secretion in response to mechanical stimulus was investigated in 125 persons aged 60-89 and in 40 persons aged 20-25 (control group). In response to conditioned reflex stimulus it was studied in 30 persons aged 60-89 and 10 persons aged 20-35 (control group). With aging the response of gastric glands to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli was found to decrease. The amount of secretion, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and gastromuco-protein were decreased, the secretory effect being more slowly developed, the torpid secretion type being observed. The above facts testify to changes of nervous regulation of gastric secre
|
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] |
PMID:14537
|
[Incorporation of 14-C-Glycine during galactosamine hepatitis of young and old rats (author's transl)a*].
|
The present work reports on incorporation of 14-Cglycine in the proteins of three liver fractions after the application of D-Galactosamine and D-Galactosamine + Prednisolone. 164 females albino rats were used in the experiments. The results demonstrate a higher rate of glycine incorporation in thirty months than in six weeks old animals. There is also a different age depending effect of prednisolone. The results are discussed in the light of reports from the literature.ports from the literature.
|
[Incorporation of 14-C-Glycine during galactosamine hepatitis of young and old rats (author's transl)a*]. The present work reports on incorporation of 14-Cglycine in the proteins of three liver fractions after the application of D-Galactosamine and D-Galactosamine + Prednisolone. 164 females albino rats were used in the experiments. The results demonstrate a higher rate of glycine incorporation in thirty months than in six weeks old animals. There is also a different age depending effect of prednisolone. The results are discussed in the light of reports from the literature.ports from the literature.
|
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] |
PMID:14538
|
[The correlations between aging and drug effects (author's transl)].
|
Four examples (Methamphetamine, Testosterone, Caffeine, Cysteamine) have demonstrated that the response of the organism to a drug is primarily dependent upon the functional status of the organ concerned. If this functional status changes with age, then accordingly the reaction to the drug also changes. If, however, one alters the functional status of an organ in the elderly organism, e.g. inducing increased production of DNA in the liver by partial hepatectomy, the reaction of the organ now follows a pattern comparable to the juvenile organism, rather than being dependent on chronological age.
|
[The correlations between aging and drug effects (author's transl)]. Four examples (Methamphetamine, Testosterone, Caffeine, Cysteamine) have demonstrated that the response of the organism to a drug is primarily dependent upon the functional status of the organ concerned. If this functional status changes with age, then accordingly the reaction to the drug also changes. If, however, one alters the functional status of an organ in the elderly organism, e.g. inducing increased production of DNA in the liver by partial hepatectomy, the reaction of the organ now follows a pattern comparable to the juvenile organism, rather than being dependent on chronological age.
|
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] |
PMID:14539
|
[Transitional phases in human development (author's transl)].
|
Transitional phases in the course of Human Development which divide the course of development into different steps, have been searched far from the old. These transitional phases are very often seen to be at least initiated by physical resp. biological changes and accompanied by psychological or mental changes. The results of the Life-span-Psychology and especially the findings of the biographical studies of our Psychological Institue, which were started in the Fifties, shows that there are Transitional phases which neither related to biological change nor to role change nor to the change from the one decade of life to the other one. Much more important are very personal experiences which very often lead to a reorientation. - These findings are in agreement with cognitive theory of personality, according to which human behavior is dependent more on the situation as perceived, than on the stimulus-pattern contigent with this situation. Therefore the study of these situational concepts of individual is relevant for the Life-span-Psychology and specially for the analysis of transitional phases.
|
[Transitional phases in human development (author's transl)]. Transitional phases in the course of Human Development which divide the course of development into different steps, have been searched far from the old. These transitional phases are very often seen to be at least initiated by physical resp. biological changes and accompanied by psychological or mental changes. The results of the Life-span-Psychology and especially the findings of the biographical studies of our Psychological Institue, which were started in the Fifties, shows that there are Transitional phases which neither related to biological change nor to role change nor to the change from the one decade of life to the other one. Much more important are very personal experiences which very often lead to a reorientation. - These findings are in agreement with cognitive theory of personality, according to which human behavior is dependent more on the situation as perceived, than on the stimulus-pattern contigent with this situation. Therefore the study of these situational concepts of individual is relevant for the Life-span-Psychology and specially for the analysis of transitional phases.
|
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] |
PMID:14540
|
[Biological oriented research in gerontopsychiatrie (author's transl)].
|
Possible biological oriented research in geronto-psychiatry is discussed in relation to dementias. The discrimination between the various forms as well as against normal aging is dealt with. Reference is given to results of studies correlating clinical, neuropathological and neurophysiological date.
|
[Biological oriented research in gerontopsychiatrie (author's transl)]. Possible biological oriented research in geronto-psychiatry is discussed in relation to dementias. The discrimination between the various forms as well as against normal aging is dealt with. Reference is given to results of studies correlating clinical, neuropathological and neurophysiological date.
|
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] |
PMID:14541
|
[Multidimensional pharmacopsychiatry in gerontopsychiatry: studies on the therapy with tricyclic antidepressant drugs (author's transl)].
|
A Concept for the multidimensional assessment and correlation of serum level and outcome of therapy with psychomopharmaca with chemical, psychological, psychophysiological, electroencephalographical and clinical methods is shown. It is possible by this method to correlate clinical outcome to serum level and effect of the drug and to objectivate the efficacy of the pharmacon. Applications in Gerontopsychiatry are discussed.
|
[Multidimensional pharmacopsychiatry in gerontopsychiatry: studies on the therapy with tricyclic antidepressant drugs (author's transl)]. A Concept for the multidimensional assessment and correlation of serum level and outcome of therapy with psychomopharmaca with chemical, psychological, psychophysiological, electroencephalographical and clinical methods is shown. It is possible by this method to correlate clinical outcome to serum level and effect of the drug and to objectivate the efficacy of the pharmacon. Applications in Gerontopsychiatry are discussed.
|
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] |
PMID:14542
|
[Patients and their diseases in a geriatric hospital (author's transl)].
|
Report on patients and their problems of a hospital of chronic diseases. Geriatric departments, part of clinics of acute diseases should treat not only patients without real chance for rehabilitation or discharge. Most of the diseases of elder persons are such of the arterial system, especially of the cerebral and coronary vessels. Although patients suffered of partial or complete dementia and had to stay long in the hospital visitors came more often. Generally must be postulated, that all institutions for medical care or nursing of old people should cooperate better than today.
|
[Patients and their diseases in a geriatric hospital (author's transl)]. Report on patients and their problems of a hospital of chronic diseases. Geriatric departments, part of clinics of acute diseases should treat not only patients without real chance for rehabilitation or discharge. Most of the diseases of elder persons are such of the arterial system, especially of the cerebral and coronary vessels. Although patients suffered of partial or complete dementia and had to stay long in the hospital visitors came more often. Generally must be postulated, that all institutions for medical care or nursing of old people should cooperate better than today.
|
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] |
PMID:14544
|
[Indications for orthopedic procedures in old people (author's transl)].
|
Advancements in general medicine and anesthesiology have enabled surgical procedures in old people with diminished risks. With reference to special problems the absolute indication for orthopedic procedures particularly for the old can be demonstrated.
|
[Indications for orthopedic procedures in old people (author's transl)]. Advancements in general medicine and anesthesiology have enabled surgical procedures in old people with diminished risks. With reference to special problems the absolute indication for orthopedic procedures particularly for the old can be demonstrated.
|
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] |
PMID:14545
|
Model systems for studies on cellular basis of organ ageing.
|
The cellular basis of the age-related decline in the functional capacity of many mammalian organs is still poorly understood. In this paper, the rat liver is presented as a promising model for studying cellular phenomena underlying organ ageing. The recent development of methods for isolation and purification of parenchymal, Kupffer and endothelial cells from the rat liver makes possible the comparison of functional and metabolic changes in the intact liver with changes in distinct liver cell classes isolated from rats of various age groups. An attempt has been made to correlate age changes in some important liver-specific functions, such as bromsulophthalein uptake and albumin synthesis, at the organ and at the cellular level. To compare cellular ageing phenomena in long-lived cells (parenchymal cells) and short lived cells (Kupffer and endothelial cells) from the same organ, the role of lysosomes in cellular ageing processes was investigated, with secial reference to the functioning of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D. The specific cathepsin D activity in Kupffer cells was abour 3 times higher than in endothelial cells and about 20 times higher than in parenchymal cells. The enzyme activity in the latter cell type showed a significant increase with age.
|
Model systems for studies on cellular basis of organ ageing. The cellular basis of the age-related decline in the functional capacity of many mammalian organs is still poorly understood. In this paper, the rat liver is presented as a promising model for studying cellular phenomena underlying organ ageing. The recent development of methods for isolation and purification of parenchymal, Kupffer and endothelial cells from the rat liver makes possible the comparison of functional and metabolic changes in the intact liver with changes in distinct liver cell classes isolated from rats of various age groups. An attempt has been made to correlate age changes in some important liver-specific functions, such as bromsulophthalein uptake and albumin synthesis, at the organ and at the cellular level. To compare cellular ageing phenomena in long-lived cells (parenchymal cells) and short lived cells (Kupffer and endothelial cells) from the same organ, the role of lysosomes in cellular ageing processes was investigated, with secial reference to the functioning of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D. The specific cathepsin D activity in Kupffer cells was abour 3 times higher than in endothelial cells and about 20 times higher than in parenchymal cells. The enzyme activity in the latter cell type showed a significant increase with age.
|
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] |
PMID:14546
|
Age-dependent increase of intranuclear monovalent electrolytes as revealed by quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis.
|
The concentration of univalent electrolytes in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of the big neurons of the brain and in hepatocytes was established in young, mature and old rats by means of microanalysis with X-rays. It was demonstrated that the Na+ and Cl-- content increases with aging in both tissues, while K+ increases in the neurons but not in the nuclei of the hepatocytes, At the same time some ions in the cytoplasm increase, while others decrease or remain stable. If a possible loss of water during aging is taken into consideration the result is a considerable increase in ion concentration in the nucleus. This may be regarded as one of the principal reasons for the increased density which accompanies aging and possibly as one of the cause of the aging process.
|
Age-dependent increase of intranuclear monovalent electrolytes as revealed by quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The concentration of univalent electrolytes in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of the big neurons of the brain and in hepatocytes was established in young, mature and old rats by means of microanalysis with X-rays. It was demonstrated that the Na+ and Cl-- content increases with aging in both tissues, while K+ increases in the neurons but not in the nuclei of the hepatocytes, At the same time some ions in the cytoplasm increase, while others decrease or remain stable. If a possible loss of water during aging is taken into consideration the result is a considerable increase in ion concentration in the nucleus. This may be regarded as one of the principal reasons for the increased density which accompanies aging and possibly as one of the cause of the aging process.
|
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] |
PMID:14547
|
On the relationship between the perichromatin granules and cellular ageing as well as cell differentiation.
|
Current hypotheses ascribe the role of pre-RNA storage or transport structures to the perichromatin granules. Their numerical density is directly related to the transcription activity of the nucleus. The perichromatin granules (P.K.) can be demonstrated in ultrathin sections with the stain used by Bernhard (1969) for ribonucleo-proteins. We have established the numerical density per unit of area in nuclear cross-sections of cells in young rats (1-2 months), old rats (26-29 months) and in relation to various cell function types. Cell aging causes a reduction in the numerical density of perichomatin granules in the big neurons of the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar granulocytes, the hepatocytes and the parotid cells. No age-related changes were found in the myocardial cells and erythroblasts of the same maturity. However, at the end of maturation, the number of perichromatin granules both in young and old erythroblasts was nil. (1) There is a quantitative reduction of perichromatin granules primarily in postmitotic and relatively postmitotic cells; (2) cell types showing no age-related reduction in perichromatin granules maintain high synthetic activity throughout their life; (3) the results confirm that relationships exist between numerical density of the perichromatin granules and cell activity; (4) the big fluctuations in the numbers of perichromatin granules in various cell types are probably connected with cell function.
|
On the relationship between the perichromatin granules and cellular ageing as well as cell differentiation. Current hypotheses ascribe the role of pre-RNA storage or transport structures to the perichromatin granules. Their numerical density is directly related to the transcription activity of the nucleus. The perichromatin granules (P.K.) can be demonstrated in ultrathin sections with the stain used by Bernhard (1969) for ribonucleo-proteins. We have established the numerical density per unit of area in nuclear cross-sections of cells in young rats (1-2 months), old rats (26-29 months) and in relation to various cell function types. Cell aging causes a reduction in the numerical density of perichomatin granules in the big neurons of the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar granulocytes, the hepatocytes and the parotid cells. No age-related changes were found in the myocardial cells and erythroblasts of the same maturity. However, at the end of maturation, the number of perichromatin granules both in young and old erythroblasts was nil. (1) There is a quantitative reduction of perichromatin granules primarily in postmitotic and relatively postmitotic cells; (2) cell types showing no age-related reduction in perichromatin granules maintain high synthetic activity throughout their life; (3) the results confirm that relationships exist between numerical density of the perichromatin granules and cell activity; (4) the big fluctuations in the numbers of perichromatin granules in various cell types are probably connected with cell function.
|
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] |
PMID:14548
|
On the reversibility of some cytological ageing parameters of rat brain cells by phytohemagglutinin.
|
It has been shown that the thermal stability of DNA in the brain cortical cells increases with the age. At the same time, the number of perichromatin granules being connected in some way to the messenger RNA synthesis and transport of the interphase nuclei, decreases in the same cells. In vivo treatment of the old animals by mitogens like phytohemagglutinin induced a reversal of both ageing phenomena: the thermal stability of DNA returned almost completely to that of the young animals, whereas the number of perichromatin granules rised again to the young level.
|
On the reversibility of some cytological ageing parameters of rat brain cells by phytohemagglutinin. It has been shown that the thermal stability of DNA in the brain cortical cells increases with the age. At the same time, the number of perichromatin granules being connected in some way to the messenger RNA synthesis and transport of the interphase nuclei, decreases in the same cells. In vivo treatment of the old animals by mitogens like phytohemagglutinin induced a reversal of both ageing phenomena: the thermal stability of DNA returned almost completely to that of the young animals, whereas the number of perichromatin granules rised again to the young level.
|
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] |
PMID:14549
|
[Chromosomal investigations in two age groups of human females].
|
Chromosomal analysis was performed in cultured lymphocytes from 32 old (ages 76-85, abbr. A) and 31 young (ages 15-20, abbr. J) patients, who were representative for a great part of the "normal" female population of the same age. In regard to culture time (48 and 72 hours) each age group was divided into two halves; 1500 cells were examined in each of the resulting four sub-units (A 48, A 72; J 48, J 72). Whereas the frequency of "spontaneous" gaps showed no dependency from age or culture time, single chromatid breaks were predominantly observed in A 72 and dicentric chromosomes in A 48. The mean breakage rates in the two age groups (A 48 2,4% A 72 3,0%; J 48 1,3%, J 72 1,7%) differed significantly for both culture times (Chi2 -test: A 48/J 48 p less than 0,01; A 72/J 72 p approximately 0,01). After karyotyping and additional application of a trypsin-Giemsa-branding-technique large, acentric "fragments," which could only be detected in metaphases of old females (A 48 1,0%, A 72 0,5%), proved to be X-chromosomes with premature centromere division and a high tendency to non-disjunction. These results are in agreement with those published by Fitzgerald (8).
|
[Chromosomal investigations in two age groups of human females]. Chromosomal analysis was performed in cultured lymphocytes from 32 old (ages 76-85, abbr. A) and 31 young (ages 15-20, abbr. J) patients, who were representative for a great part of the "normal" female population of the same age. In regard to culture time (48 and 72 hours) each age group was divided into two halves; 1500 cells were examined in each of the resulting four sub-units (A 48, A 72; J 48, J 72). Whereas the frequency of "spontaneous" gaps showed no dependency from age or culture time, single chromatid breaks were predominantly observed in A 72 and dicentric chromosomes in A 48. The mean breakage rates in the two age groups (A 48 2,4% A 72 3,0%; J 48 1,3%, J 72 1,7%) differed significantly for both culture times (Chi2 -test: A 48/J 48 p less than 0,01; A 72/J 72 p approximately 0,01). After karyotyping and additional application of a trypsin-Giemsa-branding-technique large, acentric "fragments," which could only be detected in metaphases of old females (A 48 1,0%, A 72 0,5%), proved to be X-chromosomes with premature centromere division and a high tendency to non-disjunction. These results are in agreement with those published by Fitzgerald (8).
|
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] |
PMID:14550
|
Age changes of turnover rates and subfraction composition of rat liver and spleen histones.
|
Histones from tissues of young and old rats have been compared. Lysine-rich F1 histone was found to be the only one which is tissue specific and whose subfraction pattern changes in old cells. The comparison of turnover rates of different histones from liver and spleen, measured by the level of 3H-leucine incorporation and subsequent decay of its specific activity with time, showed that while the activity and turnover or arginine-rich histones F3 and F2a2 was reduced in old liver, ageing was associated with increased turnover of F1 histone. The results are discussed from the point of view of a special role of F1 histone in the condensation of chromatin and in the age-related inhibition of some cellular functions.
|
Age changes of turnover rates and subfraction composition of rat liver and spleen histones. Histones from tissues of young and old rats have been compared. Lysine-rich F1 histone was found to be the only one which is tissue specific and whose subfraction pattern changes in old cells. The comparison of turnover rates of different histones from liver and spleen, measured by the level of 3H-leucine incorporation and subsequent decay of its specific activity with time, showed that while the activity and turnover or arginine-rich histones F3 and F2a2 was reduced in old liver, ageing was associated with increased turnover of F1 histone. The results are discussed from the point of view of a special role of F1 histone in the condensation of chromatin and in the age-related inhibition of some cellular functions.
|
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] |
PMID:14551
|
[On the biophysical interpretation of ageing-factors (author's transl)].
|
The ageing-factor is a measure for the rate of ageing. In the model of vitality the error rate mu corresponds to the ageing-factor. The ageing-factors of several physical functions can be determined from the ascent of decrease of these functions. The standardized ageing-factors of the considered physiological functions range from 0.001 to 0.017 year--1 and are smaller than the ageing-factor of the whole organism. The date of the occurrence of pathological manifestations as a result of ageing-conditioned decrease of functions can be estimated by means of the ageing-factors.
|
[On the biophysical interpretation of ageing-factors (author's transl)]. The ageing-factor is a measure for the rate of ageing. In the model of vitality the error rate mu corresponds to the ageing-factor. The ageing-factors of several physical functions can be determined from the ascent of decrease of these functions. The standardized ageing-factors of the considered physiological functions range from 0.001 to 0.017 year--1 and are smaller than the ageing-factor of the whole organism. The date of the occurrence of pathological manifestations as a result of ageing-conditioned decrease of functions can be estimated by means of the ageing-factors.
|
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] |
PMID:14552
|
[Free amino-acids of the plasma in atherosclerotic patients (author's transl)].
|
18 free amino-acids have been valuated in a group of patients recovering from myocardial infarction dating more than one year back and in another group of healthy active athlets. In the group of the ill persons the mean values of the following amino-acids were significantly higher: Arginine, asparagine-acid, phenylalanine, valine, lysine, serine, threonine, leucine, proline and tyrosine. While in the group of the healthy persons the following amino - acids proved to have significantly higher values: alpha -- aminobutter-acid, glycine and cystine. No significant differences between the mean values of both groups were to be found of the following amino - acids: Alanine, methionine, ornithine, isoleucine and histidine. In the group of the patients correlations of the free amino acids to both serumlipids and blood -- glucose could be calculated with significant results in a certain number of amino-acids. The results may suppose that the changes in the metabolism of atherosclerotic patients do not only effect the lipids and carbohydrates, but as well the free amino-acids.
|
[Free amino-acids of the plasma in atherosclerotic patients (author's transl)]. 18 free amino-acids have been valuated in a group of patients recovering from myocardial infarction dating more than one year back and in another group of healthy active athlets. In the group of the ill persons the mean values of the following amino-acids were significantly higher: Arginine, asparagine-acid, phenylalanine, valine, lysine, serine, threonine, leucine, proline and tyrosine. While in the group of the healthy persons the following amino - acids proved to have significantly higher values: alpha -- aminobutter-acid, glycine and cystine. No significant differences between the mean values of both groups were to be found of the following amino - acids: Alanine, methionine, ornithine, isoleucine and histidine. In the group of the patients correlations of the free amino acids to both serumlipids and blood -- glucose could be calculated with significant results in a certain number of amino-acids. The results may suppose that the changes in the metabolism of atherosclerotic patients do not only effect the lipids and carbohydrates, but as well the free amino-acids.
|
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] |
PMID:14557
|
Halothane depresses baroreflex control of heart rate in man.
|
Baroreflex control of heart rate was determined during three awake control situations and during two depths of halothane anesthesia in man. Baroreflex function was quantiated by calculating the pressor test slope from the R-R interval change on the ECG produced by a pharmacologically induced pressor response. During the three awake control situations the subjects breathed room air or 100 per cent O2 spontaneously or 100 per cent O2 with ventilation controlled. Mean (+/- SD) slopes obtained were 15.1 +/- 4.5, 15.6 +/- 6.8 and 18.4 +/- 9.9, respectively. No significant difference in baroreflex function slope was observed. During light halothane anesthesia (0.7 per cent endtidal) baroreflex function was significantly depressed (mean slope = 2.5 +/- 1.5), and it was abolished at 1.1 per cent end-tidal halothane (mean slope = 0.03 +/- 0.04). It is concluded that halothane anesthesia produces depression of baroreflex control of heart rate in man.
|
Halothane depresses baroreflex control of heart rate in man. Baroreflex control of heart rate was determined during three awake control situations and during two depths of halothane anesthesia in man. Baroreflex function was quantiated by calculating the pressor test slope from the R-R interval change on the ECG produced by a pharmacologically induced pressor response. During the three awake control situations the subjects breathed room air or 100 per cent O2 spontaneously or 100 per cent O2 with ventilation controlled. Mean (+/- SD) slopes obtained were 15.1 +/- 4.5, 15.6 +/- 6.8 and 18.4 +/- 9.9, respectively. No significant difference in baroreflex function slope was observed. During light halothane anesthesia (0.7 per cent endtidal) baroreflex function was significantly depressed (mean slope = 2.5 +/- 1.5), and it was abolished at 1.1 per cent end-tidal halothane (mean slope = 0.03 +/- 0.04). It is concluded that halothane anesthesia produces depression of baroreflex control of heart rate in man.
|
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] |
PMID:14563
|
[Neuroleptics and microsurgery of the ear].
|
In the field of research into new methods, we attempted to determine the primary effect, i.e. neuroleptic effects following the intensity of reactions to stimulation in patients undergoing microsurgery of the ear, comparing in particular the quantities of analgesic necessary and used during general anesthetic to ensure both clinically visible protection and, above all, suppression of the effects of stimulation at the level of recordings of arterial and venous pressures. This permits, in our opinion, one to evaluate the dose necessary but also, determine whether or not a drug belongs to the category of neuroleptics which are interesting for the anesthetist.
|
[Neuroleptics and microsurgery of the ear]. In the field of research into new methods, we attempted to determine the primary effect, i.e. neuroleptic effects following the intensity of reactions to stimulation in patients undergoing microsurgery of the ear, comparing in particular the quantities of analgesic necessary and used during general anesthetic to ensure both clinically visible protection and, above all, suppression of the effects of stimulation at the level of recordings of arterial and venous pressures. This permits, in our opinion, one to evaluate the dose necessary but also, determine whether or not a drug belongs to the category of neuroleptics which are interesting for the anesthetist.
|
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] |
PMID:14564
|
[Controlled arterial hypotension produced by nitroprusside combined with neuroleptics].
|
Ganglioplegic drugs, including trimetaphan, have been imperfect agents of arterial hypotension, liable to produce tachyphylaxis, and not blocking intercurrent attacks of adrenergic hypertension the dose is inconstant and reversibility sometimes doubtful. The association of neuroleptics, in particulier promazines, permits an appreciable economy in dosage, stabilises the curves of hypotension, with the disadvantage of blocking normalisation of blood pressure. Sodium nitroprusside does not have the disadvantage of ganglioplegic drugs. Although usable alone, the blood pressure graphs sometimes have a certain instability mainly due to the difficulty of regulating the ideal perfusion flow rate. The authors show that the association of neuroleptic drugs has here also an effect of economy of dosage and facilitates the rise in blood pressure. Verification of reinforcement of the effect of sodium nitroprusside by chlorpromazine, acepromazine and levomepromazine was carried out in the dog. The authors show significant graphs.
|
[Controlled arterial hypotension produced by nitroprusside combined with neuroleptics]. Ganglioplegic drugs, including trimetaphan, have been imperfect agents of arterial hypotension, liable to produce tachyphylaxis, and not blocking intercurrent attacks of adrenergic hypertension the dose is inconstant and reversibility sometimes doubtful. The association of neuroleptics, in particulier promazines, permits an appreciable economy in dosage, stabilises the curves of hypotension, with the disadvantage of blocking normalisation of blood pressure. Sodium nitroprusside does not have the disadvantage of ganglioplegic drugs. Although usable alone, the blood pressure graphs sometimes have a certain instability mainly due to the difficulty of regulating the ideal perfusion flow rate. The authors show that the association of neuroleptic drugs has here also an effect of economy of dosage and facilitates the rise in blood pressure. Verification of reinforcement of the effect of sodium nitroprusside by chlorpromazine, acepromazine and levomepromazine was carried out in the dog. The authors show significant graphs.
|
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] |
PMID:14565
|
[Neuroleptanalgesia as the anesthesia in pediatric surgery].
|
In work carried out over a period of two years in the department of anesthetics and intensive care of the Saint-Etienne University Hospital, the authors report their experience of neuroleptanalgesia using droperidol-dextromoramide in children in 104 cases. The observations may be divided up into 2 groups: - 1 group of children below the age of 2 years; - 1 group of children from 2 to 10 years. This study showed the side-effects and complications common to both groups, in particular, the extrapyramidal syndrome. Furthermore, the authors present their technique of administration.
|
[Neuroleptanalgesia as the anesthesia in pediatric surgery]. In work carried out over a period of two years in the department of anesthetics and intensive care of the Saint-Etienne University Hospital, the authors report their experience of neuroleptanalgesia using droperidol-dextromoramide in children in 104 cases. The observations may be divided up into 2 groups: - 1 group of children below the age of 2 years; - 1 group of children from 2 to 10 years. This study showed the side-effects and complications common to both groups, in particular, the extrapyramidal syndrome. Furthermore, the authors present their technique of administration.
|
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] |
PMID:14566
|
[Place of neuroleptics in geriatric anesthesia].
|
The elderly show changes in various parenchymas linked to the process of ageing. Pathological abnormalities may be added to this picture leading to physiopathology peculiar to the aged. In relation to special problems raised by this background, the advantages and disadvantages of N.L.A. are discussed. The authors refer to an experiment in the Department of Anesthetics and Intensive Care in Créteil.
|
[Place of neuroleptics in geriatric anesthesia]. The elderly show changes in various parenchymas linked to the process of ageing. Pathological abnormalities may be added to this picture leading to physiopathology peculiar to the aged. In relation to special problems raised by this background, the advantages and disadvantages of N.L.A. are discussed. The authors refer to an experiment in the Department of Anesthetics and Intensive Care in Créteil.
|
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] |
PMID:14567
|
[Current place of neuroleptics in cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation. Cardiovascular effects of different combinations].
|
We have been using narconeuroleptanalgesia for anesthesia in cardiac surgery under extra-corporeal circulation since 1969, and we have carried out about 3,500 anesthetics of this type on the 1st of October 1975. For all these anesthetics, the neuroleptic used was droperidol. The other components were: - in the case of the narcotic, penthiobarbital, then more recently Alfatesine; - in the case of the analgesic, either dextromoramide or phenoperidine or Fentanyl; in the case of the curare derivative, D, tubocurarine, and above all, pancuronium dibromide. The advantages of neuroleptanalgesia for such surgery seemed to us mainly: - greater cardio-vascular stability in patients with a heart lesion; - the possibility of better control of cardiac output, i.e. by fillingor by inotropic drugs, thanks to the relative vasoplegia produced by the neuroleptic. Finally, in a recent study, we attempted to determine the hemodynamic effect of droperidol and its association on various analgesic drugs measuring in a few patients the cardiac output, the peripheral resistances the the circulating blood volume. We will report the preliminary results of this study.
|
[Current place of neuroleptics in cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation. Cardiovascular effects of different combinations]. We have been using narconeuroleptanalgesia for anesthesia in cardiac surgery under extra-corporeal circulation since 1969, and we have carried out about 3,500 anesthetics of this type on the 1st of October 1975. For all these anesthetics, the neuroleptic used was droperidol. The other components were: - in the case of the narcotic, penthiobarbital, then more recently Alfatesine; - in the case of the analgesic, either dextromoramide or phenoperidine or Fentanyl; in the case of the curare derivative, D, tubocurarine, and above all, pancuronium dibromide. The advantages of neuroleptanalgesia for such surgery seemed to us mainly: - greater cardio-vascular stability in patients with a heart lesion; - the possibility of better control of cardiac output, i.e. by fillingor by inotropic drugs, thanks to the relative vasoplegia produced by the neuroleptic. Finally, in a recent study, we attempted to determine the hemodynamic effect of droperidol and its association on various analgesic drugs measuring in a few patients the cardiac output, the peripheral resistances the the circulating blood volume. We will report the preliminary results of this study.
|
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] |
PMID:14569
|
[Neuroplegia in cranial and cranio-thoracic injuries].
|
During severe head injuries, the reaction to the cerebral lesion is intense and characterised by a disturbance which is automatic, vasomotor and endocrine. Associated with general ventilatory and nutritional resuscitation, neuroplegia occupies in this pathology, aplace of choice. Cranio-thoracic traumas raise more complex problems owing to different ventilatory requirements, depending on whether the lesion is of the brain or thorax. One must therefore, find a compromise between the depression which necessarily occurs during a too intense autonomic reaction, and the ventilatory requirements created by the thoracic injury. In all cases, the micro-circulatory improvement produced by neuroplegic drugs is probably favourable. The authors report their experience of eighty severe cranio-thoracic traumas, over a period of thirty months, submitted to treatment including neuroplegics.
|
[Neuroplegia in cranial and cranio-thoracic injuries]. During severe head injuries, the reaction to the cerebral lesion is intense and characterised by a disturbance which is automatic, vasomotor and endocrine. Associated with general ventilatory and nutritional resuscitation, neuroplegia occupies in this pathology, aplace of choice. Cranio-thoracic traumas raise more complex problems owing to different ventilatory requirements, depending on whether the lesion is of the brain or thorax. One must therefore, find a compromise between the depression which necessarily occurs during a too intense autonomic reaction, and the ventilatory requirements created by the thoracic injury. In all cases, the micro-circulatory improvement produced by neuroplegic drugs is probably favourable. The authors report their experience of eighty severe cranio-thoracic traumas, over a period of thirty months, submitted to treatment including neuroplegics.
|
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] |
PMID:14570
|
[Place of neuroleptics in neurosurgical anesthesia-resuscitation].
|
The interest of neuroleptics in neurosurgery should be examined in the light of physiopathological and pharmacological data concerning cerebral circulatory autoregulation and intracranial pressure. The fairly favourable conclusions permit one to consider their wide use justified, especially, by the feeble hypnogenic effects, without any marked disturbance of the E.E.G., associated with an anticatecholaminergic and stabilizing effect on the autonomic nervous system. They therefore occupy a place of choice, in particular during induction of anesthesia in high risk patients, during operations requiring neurological or continuous E.E.G. investigations, in surgery of intracranial aneurysm and, finally, to obtain sedation and post-operative autonomic control.
|
[Place of neuroleptics in neurosurgical anesthesia-resuscitation]. The interest of neuroleptics in neurosurgery should be examined in the light of physiopathological and pharmacological data concerning cerebral circulatory autoregulation and intracranial pressure. The fairly favourable conclusions permit one to consider their wide use justified, especially, by the feeble hypnogenic effects, without any marked disturbance of the E.E.G., associated with an anticatecholaminergic and stabilizing effect on the autonomic nervous system. They therefore occupy a place of choice, in particular during induction of anesthesia in high risk patients, during operations requiring neurological or continuous E.E.G. investigations, in surgery of intracranial aneurysm and, finally, to obtain sedation and post-operative autonomic control.
|
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] |
PMID:14571
|
[Very-high-dose droperidol and brain stem injuries].
|
Treating four comatose children with severe injuries of the brain stem, suffering from severe autonomic disorders without any indications for neurosurgery, we were led to increase gradually the doses of neuroleptics used as basis of treatment, the main one being Droperidol. The increase in dosage, often reaching very high doses, was rendered necessary owing to a phenomenon comparable to that of addiction, a steadily increasing dose was necessary each day to obtain the same beneficial effects of autonomic stabilization. A complete cure was obtained on each occasion, at the end of a coma varying between 20 days and two and a half months. The extreme case was the last case in which we were led to give in a single day, 7 grams of the drug to a 12 years old child, who completely recovered his motor and intellectual functions after a coma lasting thirty five days. Comparison of the four cases led us to suppose that the result is all the better when treatment with neuroleptics is started soon after the accident, in low dosage but regularly increased without fixing any other ceiling than the effect obtained, the toxicity of Droperidol seemed to us very low, even in very high dosage, provided the conditions of gradualness are respected. Although it is classical to say that the prognosis of trauma of the brain stem is more favourable in children than in adults, we are certain that such treatment contributed considerably to avoid a fatal issue or chronic invalidism.
|
[Very-high-dose droperidol and brain stem injuries]. Treating four comatose children with severe injuries of the brain stem, suffering from severe autonomic disorders without any indications for neurosurgery, we were led to increase gradually the doses of neuroleptics used as basis of treatment, the main one being Droperidol. The increase in dosage, often reaching very high doses, was rendered necessary owing to a phenomenon comparable to that of addiction, a steadily increasing dose was necessary each day to obtain the same beneficial effects of autonomic stabilization. A complete cure was obtained on each occasion, at the end of a coma varying between 20 days and two and a half months. The extreme case was the last case in which we were led to give in a single day, 7 grams of the drug to a 12 years old child, who completely recovered his motor and intellectual functions after a coma lasting thirty five days. Comparison of the four cases led us to suppose that the result is all the better when treatment with neuroleptics is started soon after the accident, in low dosage but regularly increased without fixing any other ceiling than the effect obtained, the toxicity of Droperidol seemed to us very low, even in very high dosage, provided the conditions of gradualness are respected. Although it is classical to say that the prognosis of trauma of the brain stem is more favourable in children than in adults, we are certain that such treatment contributed considerably to avoid a fatal issue or chronic invalidism.
|
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] |
PMID:14572
|
[Neuroleptics and continuous measurement of intracranial pressure].
|
Neurosurgical patients, whether injured or not, have benefited in recent years from a new technique of supervision, measurement of thr intracranial pressure (ICP). Thus, measurement of a pressure figure and its course, gives precious information, both diagnostic and therapeutic. Various techniques of measurement are now proposed. We chose, for special reasons, measurement of the ICP within the ventricle. A catheter is introduced into the ventricle through a trephine hole. It is linked by a liquid column to a recording system (cathode oscilloscope, ink writer or magnetic tape). A slow inscriber permits continuous recording of the ICP for several days or even weeks. In view of the narrow dependency of the ICP on other physiological parameters, it seemed to us essential to record simultaneously 5 other parameters, the temperature, the blood pressure, the central venous pressure, the heart rate and the respiratory ventilation, by measurement of FeCO2 (capnography). Several forms of treatment have been proposed to bring down a raised ICP (greater than 15 mm Hg), e.g. osmotic diuresis, hyperventilation, corticosteroid therapy. Removal of CSF by ventriculalar catheter, sometimes permits one to pass over the critical period. It was in this background that we attempted to analyse the effect of neuroleptics on the ICP, without attempting to explain their mechanism of action. Our study was of 10 patients with cranial trauma, of both sexes, aged from 14 to 60 years. The intracranial pressure was measured within the ventricle and correlated with the other physiological parameters. When the ICP was normal, e.g. primary lesion of the brain stem, administration of neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine 100 mg IV/24 hours, or levopromazine 50 mg IV/24 hours, does not modify the value of the ICP. On the other hand, in the case of raised intracranial pressure due to contusion with cerebral oedema, for example, the administration of neuroleptic drugs seems to provide a very slight reduction in this pressure. It would be interesting to measure, at the same time as the ICP, the cerebral blood flow.
|
[Neuroleptics and continuous measurement of intracranial pressure]. Neurosurgical patients, whether injured or not, have benefited in recent years from a new technique of supervision, measurement of thr intracranial pressure (ICP). Thus, measurement of a pressure figure and its course, gives precious information, both diagnostic and therapeutic. Various techniques of measurement are now proposed. We chose, for special reasons, measurement of the ICP within the ventricle. A catheter is introduced into the ventricle through a trephine hole. It is linked by a liquid column to a recording system (cathode oscilloscope, ink writer or magnetic tape). A slow inscriber permits continuous recording of the ICP for several days or even weeks. In view of the narrow dependency of the ICP on other physiological parameters, it seemed to us essential to record simultaneously 5 other parameters, the temperature, the blood pressure, the central venous pressure, the heart rate and the respiratory ventilation, by measurement of FeCO2 (capnography). Several forms of treatment have been proposed to bring down a raised ICP (greater than 15 mm Hg), e.g. osmotic diuresis, hyperventilation, corticosteroid therapy. Removal of CSF by ventriculalar catheter, sometimes permits one to pass over the critical period. It was in this background that we attempted to analyse the effect of neuroleptics on the ICP, without attempting to explain their mechanism of action. Our study was of 10 patients with cranial trauma, of both sexes, aged from 14 to 60 years. The intracranial pressure was measured within the ventricle and correlated with the other physiological parameters. When the ICP was normal, e.g. primary lesion of the brain stem, administration of neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine 100 mg IV/24 hours, or levopromazine 50 mg IV/24 hours, does not modify the value of the ICP. On the other hand, in the case of raised intracranial pressure due to contusion with cerebral oedema, for example, the administration of neuroleptic drugs seems to provide a very slight reduction in this pressure. It would be interesting to measure, at the same time as the ICP, the cerebral blood flow.
|
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0.009419593960046768
] |
PMID:14573
|
[Note on the comparative effects of benzodiazepines and chlorpromazine on intracranial pressure in the dog].
|
The neutrality of the butyrophenones on intracranial pressure has been relatively well shown. That of the phenothiazines and benzodiazepine derivatives has been less well established. The authors studied, by a continuous method, the action of chlorpromazine, acepromazine and three benzodiazepines (diazepam, flunitrazepam and chlorazepam) on intracranial pressure and blood pressure in the dog. These substances seem to be definitely neutral on intracranial pressure, more so in the case of the benzodiazepines than for the promazines, the vasomotor action of which was perceptible when seen closely. The authors produce demonstrative graphs, illustrating the correlation of these two pressures.
|
[Note on the comparative effects of benzodiazepines and chlorpromazine on intracranial pressure in the dog]. The neutrality of the butyrophenones on intracranial pressure has been relatively well shown. That of the phenothiazines and benzodiazepine derivatives has been less well established. The authors studied, by a continuous method, the action of chlorpromazine, acepromazine and three benzodiazepines (diazepam, flunitrazepam and chlorazepam) on intracranial pressure and blood pressure in the dog. These substances seem to be definitely neutral on intracranial pressure, more so in the case of the benzodiazepines than for the promazines, the vasomotor action of which was perceptible when seen closely. The authors produce demonstrative graphs, illustrating the correlation of these two pressures.
|
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] |
PMID:14575
|
Effect of adrenalectomy in the dog on blood gas tensions and oxygen content.
|
Arterial and venous blood gas tensions and pH were determined in 8 dogs during a control interval, while adrenal deficient, and following replacement therapy with corticosteroids. Additionally, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) values were measured, and oxygen tension (mm of Hg) when hemoglobin is half-saturated with oxygen (P50) values were calculated. Mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2), but not arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) during adrenal insufficiency. This change was reflected in a significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) venous oxygen content and a significant increase (P less than 0.001) of the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. Other changes during adrenal insufficiency were nonsignificant decreases in DPG and P50 values. Treatment with corticosteroids for 2 to 3 days resulted in a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in DPG concentrations, a significant (P less than 0.025) increase in P50, and a reduction in the arterial-venous oxygen content difference compared with those values found in the adrenal-deficient dog.
|
Effect of adrenalectomy in the dog on blood gas tensions and oxygen content. Arterial and venous blood gas tensions and pH were determined in 8 dogs during a control interval, while adrenal deficient, and following replacement therapy with corticosteroids. Additionally, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) values were measured, and oxygen tension (mm of Hg) when hemoglobin is half-saturated with oxygen (P50) values were calculated. Mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2), but not arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) during adrenal insufficiency. This change was reflected in a significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) venous oxygen content and a significant increase (P less than 0.001) of the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. Other changes during adrenal insufficiency were nonsignificant decreases in DPG and P50 values. Treatment with corticosteroids for 2 to 3 days resulted in a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in DPG concentrations, a significant (P less than 0.025) increase in P50, and a reduction in the arterial-venous oxygen content difference compared with those values found in the adrenal-deficient dog.
|
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] |
PMID:14576
|
Salicylate pulmonary edema: the mechanism in sheep and review of the clinical literature.
|
Several clinical reports of salicylate-induced pulmonary edema led us to investigate the mechanism in a chronic unanesthetized sheep preparation. We infused an aspirin-buffer solution intravenously at rates up to 1,200 mg of aspirin per hour and compared effects on lung lymph flow and lymph protein concentration to those seen after mechanical elevation of pulmonary vascular pressures. Aspirin had little effect on lung vascular pressures but caused lung lymph flow to increase an average of greater than twice baseline. Because lymph protein concentrations were higher for a given lymph flow with aspirin than during mechanical pressure elevation, lymph protein (lymph flow X lymph to plasma protein concentration) increased much more with aspirin. Thus, aspirin appears to cause increased permeability to fluid and protein in the pulmonary vascular bed. Aspirin caused arterial PO2 to decrease from 83 +/- 3 SE mm Hg to 74 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and caused postmortem extravascular lung water to increase. These findings are supported by a review of the clinical literature, indicating that salicylate pulmonary edema in humans is noncardiac in origin and may occur at doses considered therapeutic for some diseases as well as after overdose.
|
Salicylate pulmonary edema: the mechanism in sheep and review of the clinical literature. Several clinical reports of salicylate-induced pulmonary edema led us to investigate the mechanism in a chronic unanesthetized sheep preparation. We infused an aspirin-buffer solution intravenously at rates up to 1,200 mg of aspirin per hour and compared effects on lung lymph flow and lymph protein concentration to those seen after mechanical elevation of pulmonary vascular pressures. Aspirin had little effect on lung vascular pressures but caused lung lymph flow to increase an average of greater than twice baseline. Because lymph protein concentrations were higher for a given lymph flow with aspirin than during mechanical pressure elevation, lymph protein (lymph flow X lymph to plasma protein concentration) increased much more with aspirin. Thus, aspirin appears to cause increased permeability to fluid and protein in the pulmonary vascular bed. Aspirin caused arterial PO2 to decrease from 83 +/- 3 SE mm Hg to 74 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and caused postmortem extravascular lung water to increase. These findings are supported by a review of the clinical literature, indicating that salicylate pulmonary edema in humans is noncardiac in origin and may occur at doses considered therapeutic for some diseases as well as after overdose.
|
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0.08125150203704834
] |
PMID:14577
|
Treatment of brain disease with dietary precursors of neurotransmitters.
|
A growing number of brain diseases are characterized by decreased levels of one or more of the neurotransmitters. Recent experimental evidence indicates that nutritional factors strongly influence the regulation of two of these neurotransmitters, serotonin and acetylcholine. As a result, attempts are now being made to treat diseases associated with low levels of serotonin or acetylcholine by administering their dietary precursors, tryptophan and choline, respectively. This treatment may increase the amount of the deficient neurotransmitter at synapses and produce clinical benefit. Such efforts to elevate brain neurotransmitter levels with a naturally occurring precursor represent a new approach in medical therapeutics and will probably continue. We review the scientific basis for such treatment and show that brain levels of serotonin and acetylcholine depend upon the amounts of tryptophan and choline available to the brain; these, in turn, fluctuate according to dietary factors.
|
Treatment of brain disease with dietary precursors of neurotransmitters. A growing number of brain diseases are characterized by decreased levels of one or more of the neurotransmitters. Recent experimental evidence indicates that nutritional factors strongly influence the regulation of two of these neurotransmitters, serotonin and acetylcholine. As a result, attempts are now being made to treat diseases associated with low levels of serotonin or acetylcholine by administering their dietary precursors, tryptophan and choline, respectively. This treatment may increase the amount of the deficient neurotransmitter at synapses and produce clinical benefit. Such efforts to elevate brain neurotransmitter levels with a naturally occurring precursor represent a new approach in medical therapeutics and will probably continue. We review the scientific basis for such treatment and show that brain levels of serotonin and acetylcholine depend upon the amounts of tryptophan and choline available to the brain; these, in turn, fluctuate according to dietary factors.
|
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] |
PMID:14578
|
[Rabies glycoprotein purification by isoelectric focusing (author's transl)].
|
A glycoprotein was extracted with Triton X100 from rabies virus grown in primary foetal bovine kidney cells. This glycoprotein was further purified by iso electro focusing and showed a major peak at pH 7,0 and a smaller peak at pH 4,6. Purified fractions were migrated on polyacrylamide gels and assayed for immunogenicity.
|
[Rabies glycoprotein purification by isoelectric focusing (author's transl)]. A glycoprotein was extracted with Triton X100 from rabies virus grown in primary foetal bovine kidney cells. This glycoprotein was further purified by iso electro focusing and showed a major peak at pH 7,0 and a smaller peak at pH 4,6. Purified fractions were migrated on polyacrylamide gels and assayed for immunogenicity.
|
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] |
PMID:14579
|
[Studies on the mechanism of interaction of glutaraldehyde with microorganisms (author's transl)].
|
The antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde on Candida lipolytica increases with reagent concentration, pH and duration of contact. The simultaneous study of the size distribution of the particles shows an agglutination of the cells. This result is confirmed by direct observation of the cells by electron microscopy. Cell agglutination also occurs with other microorganisms (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli) and increases their settling rate. The formation of such intercellular bonds seems to confirm the hypothesis of a preferential action of glutaraldehyde on the outer layers of the cells. The effect of pH on the antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde is accounted for by the fact that this reagent does not act, under neutral and alcaline conditions, as a dialdehyde but as an unsaturated polymer. This mechanism also accounts for various observations made on microorganisms-glutaraldehyde interactions.
|
[Studies on the mechanism of interaction of glutaraldehyde with microorganisms (author's transl)]. The antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde on Candida lipolytica increases with reagent concentration, pH and duration of contact. The simultaneous study of the size distribution of the particles shows an agglutination of the cells. This result is confirmed by direct observation of the cells by electron microscopy. Cell agglutination also occurs with other microorganisms (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli) and increases their settling rate. The formation of such intercellular bonds seems to confirm the hypothesis of a preferential action of glutaraldehyde on the outer layers of the cells. The effect of pH on the antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde is accounted for by the fact that this reagent does not act, under neutral and alcaline conditions, as a dialdehyde but as an unsaturated polymer. This mechanism also accounts for various observations made on microorganisms-glutaraldehyde interactions.
|
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] |
PMID:14586
|
[Familial palmo-plantar keratoderma with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (author's transl)].
|
Three cases of palmo-plantar keratoderma coming from three different families are reported; Clinical features were those of Thost-Unna's disease; histo-pathological and ultrastructural aspects resembled those of the epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. The literature, 13 cases within 7 families with the same clinical and histopathological characteristics (though without study of the ultrastructure), have been reported. The authors propose to term "familial palmo-plantar keratoderma with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis", those cases of palmo-plantar keratoderma with dominant autosomal transmission and the histopathological aspects of the epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (Frost and Van Scott). The relationship of this disease with the naevus unius lateris and the bullous ichtyosiform hyperkeratosis are discussed. All three diseases could represent various phenotypical aspects of the same genetic abnormality of the keratinization process.
|
[Familial palmo-plantar keratoderma with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (author's transl)]. Three cases of palmo-plantar keratoderma coming from three different families are reported; Clinical features were those of Thost-Unna's disease; histo-pathological and ultrastructural aspects resembled those of the epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. The literature, 13 cases within 7 families with the same clinical and histopathological characteristics (though without study of the ultrastructure), have been reported. The authors propose to term "familial palmo-plantar keratoderma with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis", those cases of palmo-plantar keratoderma with dominant autosomal transmission and the histopathological aspects of the epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (Frost and Van Scott). The relationship of this disease with the naevus unius lateris and the bullous ichtyosiform hyperkeratosis are discussed. All three diseases could represent various phenotypical aspects of the same genetic abnormality of the keratinization process.
|
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] |
PMID:14588
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Comparison of thiopentone versus althesin for caesarean section.
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Thiopentone and Althesin were compared in 50 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. The patients were divided into group A (24 mothers) were thiopentone (3.5 mg/kg) was used for induction and group B (26 mothers) where Althesin (80 mu1/kg) was employed. Blood samples for estimating the maternal and umbilical venous and arterial blood pH, pCO2, BD and pO2 were taken at the time of delivery. The clinical condition of the newborn were estimated by the Apgar score. Postoperatively the mothers were interviewed about thei subjective opinion concerning the anaesthesia. The interview showed equal acceptance of both induction agents. The umbilical venous and arterial pH, pCO2 and BD were well within the normal physiological range and there was no significant intergroup difference. The only significant differences were the lower umbilical venous and arterial pO2 values in the Althesin group. The clinical condition of the newborn (Apgar score) showed no significant difference between the two groups.
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Comparison of thiopentone versus althesin for caesarean section. Thiopentone and Althesin were compared in 50 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. The patients were divided into group A (24 mothers) were thiopentone (3.5 mg/kg) was used for induction and group B (26 mothers) where Althesin (80 mu1/kg) was employed. Blood samples for estimating the maternal and umbilical venous and arterial blood pH, pCO2, BD and pO2 were taken at the time of delivery. The clinical condition of the newborn were estimated by the Apgar score. Postoperatively the mothers were interviewed about thei subjective opinion concerning the anaesthesia. The interview showed equal acceptance of both induction agents. The umbilical venous and arterial pH, pCO2 and BD were well within the normal physiological range and there was no significant intergroup difference. The only significant differences were the lower umbilical venous and arterial pO2 values in the Althesin group. The clinical condition of the newborn (Apgar score) showed no significant difference between the two groups.
|
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] |
PMID:14589
|
[Optimization of conditions for determining the activity of amphotericin B].
|
The effect of incubation temperature, pH and medium composition on the size of the growth inhibitions zones, clearance of their borders and slope of the dose-response curve in determin ation of the biological activity of amphotericin B by the agar-diffusion method using Candida scotti, Tul-1 as the test-microbe was studied. The composition of the medium providing optimal conditions for the activity assay according to the sone size and clearness was developed. When the above medium was used for determination of the biological activity of amphotericin B, the standard deviatioos of the assay results, as well as the average results obtained at an interval of 1 month were 1.5 times lower than with the use of the medium proposed at an interval of 1 month were 1.5 times lower than with the use of the medium proposed in Specification 42 No. 3857-70. At the same time the average results of the assay on both media coincided.
|
[Optimization of conditions for determining the activity of amphotericin B]. The effect of incubation temperature, pH and medium composition on the size of the growth inhibitions zones, clearance of their borders and slope of the dose-response curve in determin ation of the biological activity of amphotericin B by the agar-diffusion method using Candida scotti, Tul-1 as the test-microbe was studied. The composition of the medium providing optimal conditions for the activity assay according to the sone size and clearness was developed. When the above medium was used for determination of the biological activity of amphotericin B, the standard deviatioos of the assay results, as well as the average results obtained at an interval of 1 month were 1.5 times lower than with the use of the medium proposed at an interval of 1 month were 1.5 times lower than with the use of the medium proposed in Specification 42 No. 3857-70. At the same time the average results of the assay on both media coincided.
|
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] |
PMID:14600
|
The phenol oxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. XII. Affinity of laccases II and III to substrates with different substitution patterns.
|
For the low molecular weight laccases II and III of Podospora anserina the kinetic parameters Michaelis constant (KM) and maximum reaction velocity (V) were determined polarographically under pH optimum conditions for representative substrates of different substitution patterns. Laccase II showed two peaks in its pH optimum curve, each with a different substrate specificity, indicating structural differences to laccase III which exhibits only one broad peak. Under optimum conditions the affinities of various substrates are determined by their substitution patterns: high affinity for simple o- and p-diphenols, low affinity for m-henols. The maximal velocity remains largely uninfluenced. This study of the effect of substitution on substrate utilization leads to the assumption that there is no specific reactive site for m-phenols in either laccase. Oxidation of m-phenols, however, takes only place at high pH values.
|
The phenol oxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. XII. Affinity of laccases II and III to substrates with different substitution patterns. For the low molecular weight laccases II and III of Podospora anserina the kinetic parameters Michaelis constant (KM) and maximum reaction velocity (V) were determined polarographically under pH optimum conditions for representative substrates of different substitution patterns. Laccase II showed two peaks in its pH optimum curve, each with a different substrate specificity, indicating structural differences to laccase III which exhibits only one broad peak. Under optimum conditions the affinities of various substrates are determined by their substitution patterns: high affinity for simple o- and p-diphenols, low affinity for m-henols. The maximal velocity remains largely uninfluenced. This study of the effect of substitution on substrate utilization leads to the assumption that there is no specific reactive site for m-phenols in either laccase. Oxidation of m-phenols, however, takes only place at high pH values.
|
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] |
PMID:14601
|
Comparative studies of lactic acid dehydrogenases in lactic acid bacteria. I. Purification and kinetics of the allosteric L-lactic acid dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei and Lactobacillus curvatus.
|
The stability, pH-dependence and kinetic properties of the Mn2+ and FDP-activated NAD-dependent lactic acid dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei (ATCC 393) and L. curvatus (DSM 20010) were studied after the enzymes were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Both enzymes are virtually unidirectional, catalysing efficiency only the reduction of pyruvate. They are similar with respect to the effector requirement and pH-optimum. They differ, however, in their electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, pH-dependence of the Mn2+ requirement and several kinetic properties. It is suggested that most of these differences are caused by differences of the negative charges in the vicinity of the FDP-binding site or the site responsible for the interaction of the subunits of the enzymatically active oligomeres.
|
Comparative studies of lactic acid dehydrogenases in lactic acid bacteria. I. Purification and kinetics of the allosteric L-lactic acid dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei and Lactobacillus curvatus. The stability, pH-dependence and kinetic properties of the Mn2+ and FDP-activated NAD-dependent lactic acid dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei (ATCC 393) and L. curvatus (DSM 20010) were studied after the enzymes were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Both enzymes are virtually unidirectional, catalysing efficiency only the reduction of pyruvate. They are similar with respect to the effector requirement and pH-optimum. They differ, however, in their electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, pH-dependence of the Mn2+ requirement and several kinetic properties. It is suggested that most of these differences are caused by differences of the negative charges in the vicinity of the FDP-binding site or the site responsible for the interaction of the subunits of the enzymatically active oligomeres.
|
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] |
PMID:14602
|
Therapeutic usefulness of propoxyphene napsylate in narcotic addiction.
|
The maximum doses of propoxyphene napsylate used to treat heroin addicts produce a degree of morphine-like activity equal to that produced by 20 to 25 mg/day of subcutaneously given morphine or 10 mg/day orally given methadone. This degree of activity wound be sufficient to ameliorate abstinence even in patients dependent on large doses of narcotics--an observation that supports the utility of propoxyphene napsylate in detoxification. On the other hand, only patients taking 10 mg/day or less of parenterally administered heroin could be maintained on maximum subtoxic levels of propoxyphene napsylate without abstinence signs or symptoms suggesting that propoxyphene napsylate would be less useful in maintenance therapy.
|
Therapeutic usefulness of propoxyphene napsylate in narcotic addiction. The maximum doses of propoxyphene napsylate used to treat heroin addicts produce a degree of morphine-like activity equal to that produced by 20 to 25 mg/day of subcutaneously given morphine or 10 mg/day orally given methadone. This degree of activity wound be sufficient to ameliorate abstinence even in patients dependent on large doses of narcotics--an observation that supports the utility of propoxyphene napsylate in detoxification. On the other hand, only patients taking 10 mg/day or less of parenterally administered heroin could be maintained on maximum subtoxic levels of propoxyphene napsylate without abstinence signs or symptoms suggesting that propoxyphene napsylate would be less useful in maintenance therapy.
|
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] |
PMID:14603
|
Antidepressants and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
|
Several tricyclic antidepressants have been assessed for their potency in binding to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of brain and intestine. Amitriptyline hydrochloride is about ten times as potent as imipramine hydrochloride. Dimethylated drugs are more potent than monomethylated ones. The relative anticholinergic activities of tricyclic antidepressants have implications for their use in patients who might be affected adversely by anticholinergic effects.
|
Antidepressants and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Several tricyclic antidepressants have been assessed for their potency in binding to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of brain and intestine. Amitriptyline hydrochloride is about ten times as potent as imipramine hydrochloride. Dimethylated drugs are more potent than monomethylated ones. The relative anticholinergic activities of tricyclic antidepressants have implications for their use in patients who might be affected adversely by anticholinergic effects.
|
[
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] |
PMID:14599
|
[Acute sepsis caused by "Gaffkya tetragena" in adult with hypogammaglobulinemia (author's transl)].
|
A case of acute sepsis caused by Gaffkya tetragena in an adult with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia has been described. The Authors pointout the importance that particular conditions of disreactivity and/or of immunodeficiency can play in the acquistion of pathogenicity by Gaffkya tetragena. In the case under discussion a high deficit of IgG and IgA was demonstrable, which had previously caused a long series of infective bacterial diseases.
|
[Acute sepsis caused by "Gaffkya tetragena" in adult with hypogammaglobulinemia (author's transl)]. A case of acute sepsis caused by Gaffkya tetragena in an adult with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia has been described. The Authors pointout the importance that particular conditions of disreactivity and/or of immunodeficiency can play in the acquistion of pathogenicity by Gaffkya tetragena. In the case under discussion a high deficit of IgG and IgA was demonstrable, which had previously caused a long series of infective bacterial diseases.
|
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] |
PMID:14606
|
[Clinical trial with barbexaclone in epilepsies].
|
A open clinic assay with barbexaclone which is an association of phenobarvital with light stimulant of the central nervous system (tau-l-ciclohexil-2-methil-aminopropane) for the treatment of epileptic disorders is reported. The authors have studied 40 patients aged between 0-12 years of age, of both sexes, all of them having convulsive seizures of the Grand Mal type associated or not to other epileptic manifestations. After analysing the different aspects of the group they consider satisfactory the results obtained: very good or good in 82,5% of the cases.
|
[Clinical trial with barbexaclone in epilepsies]. A open clinic assay with barbexaclone which is an association of phenobarvital with light stimulant of the central nervous system (tau-l-ciclohexil-2-methil-aminopropane) for the treatment of epileptic disorders is reported. The authors have studied 40 patients aged between 0-12 years of age, of both sexes, all of them having convulsive seizures of the Grand Mal type associated or not to other epileptic manifestations. After analysing the different aspects of the group they consider satisfactory the results obtained: very good or good in 82,5% of the cases.
|
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] |
PMID:14607
|
Simultaneous determination of skeletal muscle fiber, types I, IIA, and IIB by histochemistry.
|
We describe a simplified technique for the histochemical determination of three fiber types from a single section of skeletal muscle. Preincubation in a solution of formaldehyde, glycine, and calcium followed by routine myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) incubation clearly differentiates type I, type IIA, and IIB fibers in human, rat, rabbit, and porcine muscle. In addition, glycine-formaldehyde-calcium preincubation offers better preservation of cytoarchitecture and standardization of incubation time.
|
Simultaneous determination of skeletal muscle fiber, types I, IIA, and IIB by histochemistry. We describe a simplified technique for the histochemical determination of three fiber types from a single section of skeletal muscle. Preincubation in a solution of formaldehyde, glycine, and calcium followed by routine myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) incubation clearly differentiates type I, type IIA, and IIB fibers in human, rat, rabbit, and porcine muscle. In addition, glycine-formaldehyde-calcium preincubation offers better preservation of cytoarchitecture and standardization of incubation time.
|
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] |
PMID:14608
|
Variations in the spectrum of desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio gigas.
|
Desulfoviridin preparations from D. gigas showed variations in the position of the absorption maximum the beta-peak) in the 580-nm region of the specturm. On treatment with Na2S2O4 a preparation with a beta-peak at 585 nm was affected rapidly, the 585-nm peak shifting to the 596-nm region; this was partially reversed by K3Fe(CN)6. Treatment of the original preparation with K3Fe(CN)6 resulted in a shift of the beta-peak to 582-583 nm. Desulfoviridins with beta-peaks from 580 to 583 nm were not rapidly affected by Na2S2O4. The spectrum of the chromophore of desulfoviridin way also affected by Na2S2O4 with the peak at 587 nm shifting to 597 nm; this effect was completely reversed by oxygen. There was no evidence to show that spectral variations in desulfoviridin preparations were due to the loss or acquisition of metal ions during growth or to the selection of mutants containing spectrally different desulfoviridins. It is suggested that during biosynethesis oal detachment of the chromophore, thus causing a change towards the spectral properites of the detached chromophore.
|
Variations in the spectrum of desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio gigas. Desulfoviridin preparations from D. gigas showed variations in the position of the absorption maximum the beta-peak) in the 580-nm region of the specturm. On treatment with Na2S2O4 a preparation with a beta-peak at 585 nm was affected rapidly, the 585-nm peak shifting to the 596-nm region; this was partially reversed by K3Fe(CN)6. Treatment of the original preparation with K3Fe(CN)6 resulted in a shift of the beta-peak to 582-583 nm. Desulfoviridins with beta-peaks from 580 to 583 nm were not rapidly affected by Na2S2O4. The spectrum of the chromophore of desulfoviridin way also affected by Na2S2O4 with the peak at 587 nm shifting to 597 nm; this effect was completely reversed by oxygen. There was no evidence to show that spectral variations in desulfoviridin preparations were due to the loss or acquisition of metal ions during growth or to the selection of mutants containing spectrally different desulfoviridins. It is suggested that during biosynethesis oal detachment of the chromophore, thus causing a change towards the spectral properites of the detached chromophore.
|
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] |
PMID:14609
|
An alternative coupling procedure for preparing activated sepharose for affinity chromatography of penicillinase.
|
Most applications of affinity chromatography employ the cyanogen bromide activation scheme first devised by Axèn et al. (1967). Porath and Sunberg (1972) reported an alternative procedure in which phloroglucinol and divinylsulphone are used in activating reactions. The advantages of this scheme and parameters relevant to the activating reactions are reported here. Conditions for the attachment of various ligand molecules to sepharose using a divinylsulphone activation method are defined, and a comparison with cyanogen bromide activating and coupling techniques is drawn. alpha-Chymotrypsin is immobilized by covalent attachment to activated sepharose. The optimum coupling pH is 8-0-8-6 and the reaction is virtually complete after 20 h at room temperature. Conjugates containing as much as 2 g of enzyme per gram dry weight of polymer were obtained. The immobilized enzyme retained 41% of the free enzymic activity. An affinity column of divinylsulphone-activated methicillin-sepharose was used to demonstrate the reversible adsorption of penicillinase.
|
An alternative coupling procedure for preparing activated sepharose for affinity chromatography of penicillinase. Most applications of affinity chromatography employ the cyanogen bromide activation scheme first devised by Axèn et al. (1967). Porath and Sunberg (1972) reported an alternative procedure in which phloroglucinol and divinylsulphone are used in activating reactions. The advantages of this scheme and parameters relevant to the activating reactions are reported here. Conditions for the attachment of various ligand molecules to sepharose using a divinylsulphone activation method are defined, and a comparison with cyanogen bromide activating and coupling techniques is drawn. alpha-Chymotrypsin is immobilized by covalent attachment to activated sepharose. The optimum coupling pH is 8-0-8-6 and the reaction is virtually complete after 20 h at room temperature. Conjugates containing as much as 2 g of enzyme per gram dry weight of polymer were obtained. The immobilized enzyme retained 41% of the free enzymic activity. An affinity column of divinylsulphone-activated methicillin-sepharose was used to demonstrate the reversible adsorption of penicillinase.
|
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] |
PMID:14610
|
Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs II. The dimer-tetramer transition of apovitellenin I.
|
Further studies have been made of the physical properties of hen's apovitellenin I, the principal low-molecular-weight protein from the high-lipid low density lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs. The methods used included chromatography, sedimentation, viscosity, optical rotation, and spin labelling; the solvents used were aqueous urea, and, for some experiments, aqueous formamide. It is concluded that a neutral pH the protein is present in these solvents as an aggregate of molecular weight 36000 corresponding to a tetramer. Below about pH 4-5 solutions of the tetramer increased greatly in viscosity; furthermore, a covalently bound spin label increased in mobility. These changes were reversible and were apparently the result of dissociation of the tetramer to a dimer. This disociation did not involve a change in the proportion of alpha-helix. In contrast to the results of previous experiments, it now seems probably that the apovitellenin I dimer is stabilized by an interchain disulphide bond.
|
Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs II. The dimer-tetramer transition of apovitellenin I. Further studies have been made of the physical properties of hen's apovitellenin I, the principal low-molecular-weight protein from the high-lipid low density lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs. The methods used included chromatography, sedimentation, viscosity, optical rotation, and spin labelling; the solvents used were aqueous urea, and, for some experiments, aqueous formamide. It is concluded that a neutral pH the protein is present in these solvents as an aggregate of molecular weight 36000 corresponding to a tetramer. Below about pH 4-5 solutions of the tetramer increased greatly in viscosity; furthermore, a covalently bound spin label increased in mobility. These changes were reversible and were apparently the result of dissociation of the tetramer to a dimer. This disociation did not involve a change in the proportion of alpha-helix. In contrast to the results of previous experiments, it now seems probably that the apovitellenin I dimer is stabilized by an interchain disulphide bond.
|
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] |
PMID:14611
|
Biochemical differences between alcohol dehydrogenases of Drosophila melanogaster.
|
This paper describes substrate specificities, developmental changes in activity, pH profiles, and heat stabilities of isozymes produced by four Adh genotypes in D. melanogaster. No differences are found in the substrate specificities of isozymes from the different genotypes but studies of the other three properties reveal significant differences between the isozymes. Thus relatively low activities are found among extracts of AdhF Adhn2 larvae and among extracts of AdhF AdhF adults aged 44 days. Also AdhF AdhS and AdhS AdhS extracts have relatively high activities at pH 6-5, and AdhF Adhn2 extracts have relatively low activities at pH values above 10-0. Finally, extracts of AdhF AdhF and AdhF AdhS are more stable at 40 degrees C than are those of AdhS AdhS and AdhF Adhn2.
|
Biochemical differences between alcohol dehydrogenases of Drosophila melanogaster. This paper describes substrate specificities, developmental changes in activity, pH profiles, and heat stabilities of isozymes produced by four Adh genotypes in D. melanogaster. No differences are found in the substrate specificities of isozymes from the different genotypes but studies of the other three properties reveal significant differences between the isozymes. Thus relatively low activities are found among extracts of AdhF Adhn2 larvae and among extracts of AdhF AdhF adults aged 44 days. Also AdhF AdhS and AdhS AdhS extracts have relatively high activities at pH 6-5, and AdhF Adhn2 extracts have relatively low activities at pH values above 10-0. Finally, extracts of AdhF AdhF and AdhF AdhS are more stable at 40 degrees C than are those of AdhS AdhS and AdhF Adhn2.
|
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] |
PMID:14612
|
Ord River arboviruses--the study site and mosquitoes.
|
The Ord Valey of tropical Western Australia has been studied for arbovirus activity following the development of a man-made lake of considerable size, a diversion dam and an irrigation scheme. Kununurra, the largest town in the valley, is the focus for very large populations of birds and mosquitoes. The irrigation areas have not been important as mosquito breeding areas because of the excessive use of insecticides. Lake Argyle does not support high mosquito a bird population at present. However, this may change as the ecosystem stabilizes. The mosquito fauna of the Ord Valley is dominated by Culex annulirostris.
|
Ord River arboviruses--the study site and mosquitoes. The Ord Valey of tropical Western Australia has been studied for arbovirus activity following the development of a man-made lake of considerable size, a diversion dam and an irrigation scheme. Kununurra, the largest town in the valley, is the focus for very large populations of birds and mosquitoes. The irrigation areas have not been important as mosquito breeding areas because of the excessive use of insecticides. Lake Argyle does not support high mosquito a bird population at present. However, this may change as the ecosystem stabilizes. The mosquito fauna of the Ord Valley is dominated by Culex annulirostris.
|
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] |
PMID:14613
|
Ord River arboviruses--isolations from mosquitoes.
|
One hundred and thirty presumptive viruses have been isolated from 485 pools made from 23,872 mosquitoes collected in the Ord River area of North-West Australia. One hundred and eleven of the virus isolates isolates came from pools of Culex annulirostis, the dominant mosquito species caught in the vicinity of Kununurra. Forty-five of the viruses pathogenic for newborn mice have been further characterized-19 as Flaviviruses, 1 Alphavirus, 9 Koongol, 1 Mapputta and 15 non-haemagglutinating viruses of which 6 are Corripata. Thirty-seven isolates were from Culex annulirostis, 7 from Aedomyia catasticta and 1 from aedes tremulus. All Corriparta isolates were from Aedomyia catasticta. The Flaviviruses comprised 13 Kunjin and 6 MVE isolates.
|
Ord River arboviruses--isolations from mosquitoes. One hundred and thirty presumptive viruses have been isolated from 485 pools made from 23,872 mosquitoes collected in the Ord River area of North-West Australia. One hundred and eleven of the virus isolates isolates came from pools of Culex annulirostis, the dominant mosquito species caught in the vicinity of Kununurra. Forty-five of the viruses pathogenic for newborn mice have been further characterized-19 as Flaviviruses, 1 Alphavirus, 9 Koongol, 1 Mapputta and 15 non-haemagglutinating viruses of which 6 are Corripata. Thirty-seven isolates were from Culex annulirostis, 7 from Aedomyia catasticta and 1 from aedes tremulus. All Corriparta isolates were from Aedomyia catasticta. The Flaviviruses comprised 13 Kunjin and 6 MVE isolates.
|
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] |
PMID:14614
|
Essential hypertension--the starting point for improved drug treatment.
|
Hypertension is a common disease and plays an important role as a potentially remediable contributor to cardiovascular causes of death in the community. In moderate to severe hypertension recent treatment has improved morbidity and mortality substantially, but it is disappointing that despite this myocardial infarction still stands as an important cause of death. In this regard it is encouraging that beta adrenergic blockade may be useful not only in lowering blood pressure, but also possibly in reducing independently the risk of myocardial infarction and/or sudden death in some patients. In mild hypertension the number of patients is large and the possible beneficial effect of treatment less well-established, so that there is a clear need for further research in order to define patients at relatively high risk in this group.
|
Essential hypertension--the starting point for improved drug treatment. Hypertension is a common disease and plays an important role as a potentially remediable contributor to cardiovascular causes of death in the community. In moderate to severe hypertension recent treatment has improved morbidity and mortality substantially, but it is disappointing that despite this myocardial infarction still stands as an important cause of death. In this regard it is encouraging that beta adrenergic blockade may be useful not only in lowering blood pressure, but also possibly in reducing independently the risk of myocardial infarction and/or sudden death in some patients. In mild hypertension the number of patients is large and the possible beneficial effect of treatment less well-established, so that there is a clear need for further research in order to define patients at relatively high risk in this group.
|
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] |
PMID:14616
|
Pharmacodynamic studies on the antihypertensive effectiveness of beta-blocking drugs.
|
Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are effective antihypertensive agents in the majority of patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Their antipressor activity is greater on systolic than diastolic pressure and greatest during dynamic exertion. Their circulatory effects are maximum within 1-2 hours of ingestion and the antipressor effects of a single dose are detectable for over eight hours. Both the immediate and long-term blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs are dose-related. The reduction in exercise systolic pressure is related to the logarithm of the dose of each drug; the reductions in pressure at rest follow no simple mathematical function. There is wide individual variation in the plasma concentrations achieved after a given oral dose, although the averaged values follow a linear regression. There are wide discrepancies between plasma-concentration profile and magnitude and duration of antihypertensive activity; blood pressure lowering activity persists for significantly longer than the drug is detectable in plasma. The antihypertensive effects of the beta-blocking drugs are enhanced during chronic administration without habituation. Their effects are specific but independent of the immediate presence of the drug, i.e. blood pressure lowering activity persists after clearance of the drug from the body. The ancillary pharmacological properties of these drugs neither augment nor detract from their antihypertensive potency, although the possession of intrinsic vasodilator activity enhances reduction in the blood pressure standing at rest. Beta-blocking drugs add a new dimension to antihypertensive treatment in their specific potential to reduce the coronary consequences of the disease.
|
Pharmacodynamic studies on the antihypertensive effectiveness of beta-blocking drugs. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are effective antihypertensive agents in the majority of patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Their antipressor activity is greater on systolic than diastolic pressure and greatest during dynamic exertion. Their circulatory effects are maximum within 1-2 hours of ingestion and the antipressor effects of a single dose are detectable for over eight hours. Both the immediate and long-term blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs are dose-related. The reduction in exercise systolic pressure is related to the logarithm of the dose of each drug; the reductions in pressure at rest follow no simple mathematical function. There is wide individual variation in the plasma concentrations achieved after a given oral dose, although the averaged values follow a linear regression. There are wide discrepancies between plasma-concentration profile and magnitude and duration of antihypertensive activity; blood pressure lowering activity persists for significantly longer than the drug is detectable in plasma. The antihypertensive effects of the beta-blocking drugs are enhanced during chronic administration without habituation. Their effects are specific but independent of the immediate presence of the drug, i.e. blood pressure lowering activity persists after clearance of the drug from the body. The ancillary pharmacological properties of these drugs neither augment nor detract from their antihypertensive potency, although the possession of intrinsic vasodilator activity enhances reduction in the blood pressure standing at rest. Beta-blocking drugs add a new dimension to antihypertensive treatment in their specific potential to reduce the coronary consequences of the disease.
|
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] |
PMID:14617
|
Blood pressure variability in patients on beta-blockers.
|
The direct arterial blood pressure was monitored over 24 hours in unrestricted untreated patients in order to obtain the average pressure and standard deviation over 24 hours. The standard deviation was taken as the index of variability of pressure. In eight subjects the study was repeated three months after commencement of treatment with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (tolamolol, 300 mg/day). In these subjects tolamolol resulted in a fall in mean blood pressure from 107 to 92 mmHg (P less than 0-05) and a fall in heart rate from 82 to 70 beats per minute (P less than 0-01). The variability in blood pressure, however, was unaffected by treatment.
|
Blood pressure variability in patients on beta-blockers. The direct arterial blood pressure was monitored over 24 hours in unrestricted untreated patients in order to obtain the average pressure and standard deviation over 24 hours. The standard deviation was taken as the index of variability of pressure. In eight subjects the study was repeated three months after commencement of treatment with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (tolamolol, 300 mg/day). In these subjects tolamolol resulted in a fall in mean blood pressure from 107 to 92 mmHg (P less than 0-05) and a fall in heart rate from 82 to 70 beats per minute (P less than 0-01). The variability in blood pressure, however, was unaffected by treatment.
|
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] |
PMID:14622
|
A beta-blocker-based antihypertensive drug program guided by age and renin.
|
From analyses of the effectiveness of beta-blocker monotherapy in relation to the patient's age and to pre-treatment renin determinations an antihypertensive drug program is proposed in which beta-blockers form the cornerstone. Patients with essential hypertension can be subdivided into groups with low (19%), normal (59%), or high (23%) renin sodium index. The proportion with low renin hypertension increases with age. Patients with high renin fall into two categories: younger patients with fairly mild hypertension and older pateients with more severe hypertension and signs of renal disease. The antihypertensive efficacy of beta-blocker monotherapy is best in high renin forms, good but less consistent in normal renin patients and uniformly bad in low renin hypertensives. In relation to age, beta-blockers normalized blood pressure (larger than or equal to 95 mmHg diastolic) in three-quarters of the younger than 40-year-olds, in about half of those aged 40--60 years, but in only 20% of those aged over 60 years. On this basis, it is postulated that the older patients with a low renin exhibit a relatively hypoadrenergic state while those with a normal or high renin--for a given age and elevated pressure--have a relatively increased adrenergic nervous activity. Because the beta-blockers have a potent suppressive action on the renin-angiotensin system--and, as a consequence, on angiotensin vasoconstriction, aldosterone volume expansion and central stimulatory feedback mechanisms--their antihypertensive mode of action may be linked to an important extent, though not exclusively, to renin suppression.
|
A beta-blocker-based antihypertensive drug program guided by age and renin. From analyses of the effectiveness of beta-blocker monotherapy in relation to the patient's age and to pre-treatment renin determinations an antihypertensive drug program is proposed in which beta-blockers form the cornerstone. Patients with essential hypertension can be subdivided into groups with low (19%), normal (59%), or high (23%) renin sodium index. The proportion with low renin hypertension increases with age. Patients with high renin fall into two categories: younger patients with fairly mild hypertension and older pateients with more severe hypertension and signs of renal disease. The antihypertensive efficacy of beta-blocker monotherapy is best in high renin forms, good but less consistent in normal renin patients and uniformly bad in low renin hypertensives. In relation to age, beta-blockers normalized blood pressure (larger than or equal to 95 mmHg diastolic) in three-quarters of the younger than 40-year-olds, in about half of those aged 40--60 years, but in only 20% of those aged over 60 years. On this basis, it is postulated that the older patients with a low renin exhibit a relatively hypoadrenergic state while those with a normal or high renin--for a given age and elevated pressure--have a relatively increased adrenergic nervous activity. Because the beta-blockers have a potent suppressive action on the renin-angiotensin system--and, as a consequence, on angiotensin vasoconstriction, aldosterone volume expansion and central stimulatory feedback mechanisms--their antihypertensive mode of action may be linked to an important extent, though not exclusively, to renin suppression.
|
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] |
PMID:14623
|
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of beta-receptor antagonists in man--similarities and differences of clinical relevance.
|
The aliphatic partial structure common to the beta-receptor antagonists leads to similar products of their biotransformation. The main qualitative and quantitative differences of the metabolism of the compounds of this class, however, rest in the nature of their aromatic or heterocyclic substituents. The physico-chemical properties of the beta-blockers appear to be predominantly responsible for the extent of metabolic degradation and for the distribution in the body, especially for the binding to proteins. As a consequence of their different biological disposition the clinically relevant systemic bioavailabilities of the various beta-blockers from oral doses differ drastically. Practolol maintains an extreme position among all other compounds: It is most hydrophilic, it is not bound to proteins, it is metabolized least, but cleared renally in unchanged form to 85% of the dose. Despite its extremely high systemic bioavailability, relatively high daily doses were required for therapy. The receptor sensitivity for practolol has been rated 2 to 3 powers of 1- lower than of propranolol. Comparative pharmacokinetic assessment of beta-receptor antagonists requires quantitative analytical data in clinically representative groups of patients. This has been demonstrated by respective studies with oxprenolol. The intra- and inter-individual systemic bioavailability, the differential analysis of plasma and erythrocytes, the multiexponential elimination kinetics, and their possible dependence on the dose have been studied as clinically relevant pharmacokinetic characteristics. The continuing attempt of the pharmaceutical industry to optimize the properties of beta-blockers also has taken advantage of the slow release principle in oral dosage forms as shown by the example of oxprenolol. The beta-receptor antagonists belong to one of the youngest classes of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic data for the different representatives of this class have been generated in different laboratories with different approaches and different techniques. Therefore, full comparative documentation is still incomplete.
|
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of beta-receptor antagonists in man--similarities and differences of clinical relevance. The aliphatic partial structure common to the beta-receptor antagonists leads to similar products of their biotransformation. The main qualitative and quantitative differences of the metabolism of the compounds of this class, however, rest in the nature of their aromatic or heterocyclic substituents. The physico-chemical properties of the beta-blockers appear to be predominantly responsible for the extent of metabolic degradation and for the distribution in the body, especially for the binding to proteins. As a consequence of their different biological disposition the clinically relevant systemic bioavailabilities of the various beta-blockers from oral doses differ drastically. Practolol maintains an extreme position among all other compounds: It is most hydrophilic, it is not bound to proteins, it is metabolized least, but cleared renally in unchanged form to 85% of the dose. Despite its extremely high systemic bioavailability, relatively high daily doses were required for therapy. The receptor sensitivity for practolol has been rated 2 to 3 powers of 1- lower than of propranolol. Comparative pharmacokinetic assessment of beta-receptor antagonists requires quantitative analytical data in clinically representative groups of patients. This has been demonstrated by respective studies with oxprenolol. The intra- and inter-individual systemic bioavailability, the differential analysis of plasma and erythrocytes, the multiexponential elimination kinetics, and their possible dependence on the dose have been studied as clinically relevant pharmacokinetic characteristics. The continuing attempt of the pharmaceutical industry to optimize the properties of beta-blockers also has taken advantage of the slow release principle in oral dosage forms as shown by the example of oxprenolol. The beta-receptor antagonists belong to one of the youngest classes of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic data for the different representatives of this class have been generated in different laboratories with different approaches and different techniques. Therefore, full comparative documentation is still incomplete.
|
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0.038582321256399155,
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] |
PMID:14625
|
The vasodilator--beta-blocker interaction--some determinants of its clinical success.
|
A number of structurally dissimilar compounds, sharing the ability to induce vasodilatation have come into clinical usefulness as antihypertensive drugs. Their successful utilisation often depends critically on an appropriate combination with diuretics and beta-blockers. Beta-blockers can specifically inhibit the reflex cardiac stimulation which otherwise may limit the tolerability and haemodynamic value of these drugs. A synergistic antihypertensive effect has been demonstrated with hydrallazine and propranolol and possibly exists with other combinations. Generally, vasodilators are not first-line drugs in chronic therapy but are best added to beta-blockers. Variations of the dose-response and the time-course of effect are stressed as being important determinants of a successful interaction.
|
The vasodilator--beta-blocker interaction--some determinants of its clinical success. A number of structurally dissimilar compounds, sharing the ability to induce vasodilatation have come into clinical usefulness as antihypertensive drugs. Their successful utilisation often depends critically on an appropriate combination with diuretics and beta-blockers. Beta-blockers can specifically inhibit the reflex cardiac stimulation which otherwise may limit the tolerability and haemodynamic value of these drugs. A synergistic antihypertensive effect has been demonstrated with hydrallazine and propranolol and possibly exists with other combinations. Generally, vasodilators are not first-line drugs in chronic therapy but are best added to beta-blockers. Variations of the dose-response and the time-course of effect are stressed as being important determinants of a successful interaction.
|
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] |
PMID:14626
|
Additive effect of beta-adrenergic blockers in combination with vasodilators in lowering blood pressure.
|
Complications of hypertension are by far the greatese preventable public health problem in many of the developed countries of the world. Pharmacologic interventions which primarily involve drug interactions are the generally available and effective means of preventing or delaying these hypertensive complications. Mechanisms of beneficial antihypertensive drug interactions involve simultaneous reduction or control of blood volume (diuretic agents) and decrease of peripheral resistance. Reduction of peripheral resistance without producing intolerable side effects has recetnly been achieved by a complex drug interaction. This interaction involves simultaneous vasodilation and inhibition by beta-adrenergic blocking agents of reflex activation of the renin-angiotensin axis. Clonidine, by effects similar to propranolol, can substitute for propranolol in some patients, or add to the beneficial effects of this important drug interaction.
|
Additive effect of beta-adrenergic blockers in combination with vasodilators in lowering blood pressure. Complications of hypertension are by far the greatese preventable public health problem in many of the developed countries of the world. Pharmacologic interventions which primarily involve drug interactions are the generally available and effective means of preventing or delaying these hypertensive complications. Mechanisms of beneficial antihypertensive drug interactions involve simultaneous reduction or control of blood volume (diuretic agents) and decrease of peripheral resistance. Reduction of peripheral resistance without producing intolerable side effects has recetnly been achieved by a complex drug interaction. This interaction involves simultaneous vasodilation and inhibition by beta-adrenergic blocking agents of reflex activation of the renin-angiotensin axis. Clonidine, by effects similar to propranolol, can substitute for propranolol in some patients, or add to the beneficial effects of this important drug interaction.
|
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