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24a6174a-58e1-4a7f-bdcd-21b62d110798
| 0 |
Frog lysozyme. I. Its identification, occurrence as isozymes, and quantitative distribution in tissues of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. In the course of examining the etiology of the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma of the frog, Rana pipiens, it was found that organs of the normal adult contain bacteriolytic enzymes.
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24a6174a-58e1-4a7f-bdcd-21b62d110798
| 1 |
These enzymes all satisfied the six criteria for the identification of lysozymes and at least eight forms were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their qualitative and quantitative distribution was organ-specific. All eight isozymes were found in normal kidney, while liver and spleen contained seven forms; skin, six;
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24a6174a-58e1-4a7f-bdcd-21b62d110798
| 2 |
ovarian egg, five; and serum, two. In quantitative assays using a radial diffusion test, spleen had the greatest lysozyme concentration, followed in descending order by kidney, liver, skin, and ovary. Serum contained very low amounts. In terms of enzyme activity per animal, ovary was the highest ranking organ.
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24a6174a-58e1-4a7f-bdcd-21b62d110798
| 3 |
As such a large number of lysozyme isozymes has not been reported in any other organism, their origins and functions are considered in the context of their presence in an ectotherm.
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cc7f5ea3-36c8-4a72-8a3a-5dc69de27250
| 0 |
Kinetic and pharmacological properties of the sodium channel of frog skeletal muscle. Na channels of frog skeletal muscle are studied under voltage clamp and their properties compared with those of frog myelinated nerve. A standard mathematical model is fitted to the sodium currents measured in nerve and in muscle to obtain a quantitative description of the gating kinetics.
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cc7f5ea3-36c8-4a72-8a3a-5dc69de27250
| 1 |
At 5 degrees C the kinetics in frog nerve and skeletal muscle are similar except that activation proceeds five times faster in nerve. Block of Na channels by saxitoxin is measured in nerve and in muscle. The apparent dissociation constants for the inhibitory complex are about 1 nM and not significantly different in nerve and muscle.
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cc7f5ea3-36c8-4a72-8a3a-5dc69de27250
| 2 |
Block of Na channels by external protons in muscle is found to have an apparent pKalpha of 5.33 and a voltage dependence corresponding to action of 27% of the membrane potential drop. Both values are like those for nerve. Shift of the peak sodium permeability-membrane potential curve with changes of external pH and Ca++ are found to be the same in nerve and muscle.
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cc7f5ea3-36c8-4a72-8a3a-5dc69de27250
| 3 |
It is concluded that Na channels of nerve and muscle are nearly the same.
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8c29e0ad-30e0-4463-b539-d56f78c140fb
| 0 |
Cation transport in Escherichia coli. VIII. Potassium transport mutants. Analysis of K transport mutants indicates the existence of four separate K uptake systems in Escherichia coli K-12. A high affinity system called Kdp has a Km of 2 muM, and Vmax at 37 degrees C of 150 mumol/g min.
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8c29e0ad-30e0-4463-b539-d56f78c140fb
| 1 |
This system is repressed by growth in high concentrations of K. Two constitutive systems, TrkA and TrkD, have Km's of 1.5 and 0.5 mM and Vmax's of 550 and 40 at 37 and 30 degrees C, respectively. Mutants lacking all three of these saturable systems take up K slowly by a process, called TrkF, whose rate of transport is linearly dependent on K concentration up to 105 mM.
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8c29e0ad-30e0-4463-b539-d56f78c140fb
| 2 |
On the whole, each of these systems appears to function as an independent path for K uptake since the kinetics of uptake when two are present is the sum of each operating alone. This is not true for strains having both the TrkD and Kdp systems, where presence of the latter results in K uptake which saturates at a K concentration well below 0.1
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8c29e0ad-30e0-4463-b539-d56f78c140fb
| 3 |
mM. This result indicates some interaction between these systems so that uptake now has the affinity characteristic of the Kdp system. All transport systems are able to extrude Na during K uptake. The measurements of cell Na suggest that growing cells of E. coli have very low concentrations of Na, considerably lower than indicated by earlier studies.
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ec5cbdbd-2477-421f-ad6b-ee9b02e5a46b
| 0 |
Some properties of the pyruvate carboxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The pyruvate carboxylase of Pseudonomas fluorescens was purified 160-fold from cells grown on glucose at 20 degrees C. The activity of this purified enzyme was not affected by acetyl-coenzyme A or L-aspartate, but was strongly inhibited by ADP, which was competitive towards ATP.
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ec5cbdbd-2477-421f-ad6b-ee9b02e5a46b
| 1 |
Pyruvate gave a broken double reciprocal plot, from which two apparent Km values could be determined, namely 0-08 and 0-21 mM, from the lower and the higher concentration ranges, respectively. The apparent Km for HCO3 at pH 6-9, in the presence of the manganese ATP ion (MnATP2-), was 3-1 mM.
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ec5cbdbd-2477-421f-ad6b-ee9b02e5a46b
| 2 |
The enzyme reaction had an optimum pH value of 7-1 or 9-0 depending on the use of MnATP2- or MgATP2-, respectively, as substrate. Free Mg2+ was an activator at pH values below 9-0. The enzyme was strongly activated by monovalent cations; NH4+ and K+ were the better activators, with apparent Ka values of 0-7 and 1-6 mM, respectively.
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ec5cbdbd-2477-421f-ad6b-ee9b02e5a46b
| 3 |
Partially purified enzymes from cells grown on glucose at 1 or 20 degrees C had the same properties, including the thermal stability. In both cases 50% of the enzyme activity was lost after pre-incubation for 10 min at 46 degrees C. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 300000 daltons by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200.
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ec5cbdbd-2477-421f-ad6b-ee9b02e5a46b
| 4 |
The regulatory properties and molecular weight are thus similar to those determined for the pyruvate carboxylases from Pseudomonas citronellolis and Azotobacter vinelandii.
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fb2b7f7a-8634-4eea-ba2e-a6f16ae22e2b
| 0 |
Cyanide intoxication in the rat: physiological and neuropathological aspects. Sodium cyanide was given to rats by intravenous infusion at a rate that would avert apnoea (the first sign of overdosage) in the majority. There was full physiological monitoring in a group under anaesthesia and more limited monitoring in an unanaesthetized group. White matter was damaged in six animals and grey matter additionally in only one. It was concluded that cyanide can damage neurones only through the medium of secondary effects on circulation and respiration.
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18a5acd3-87dc-42f4-901b-4079ae8ce484
| 0 |
Summer sequential graduate programs in nursing. In 1970 Texas Woman's University, College of Nursing instituted summer sequential programs in nursing whereby a student could study for a master's degree by attending the University for three summers. A different clinical focus was added each year from 1970 to 1973.
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18a5acd3-87dc-42f4-901b-4079ae8ce484
| 1 |
Three sequences have been completed, i.e., clinical focuses of psychiatric-mental health nursing, medical-surgical nursing, and maternal-child nursing. Community health nursing is still in progress. Table II is a tabulation of the number and percentage of students who have entered, have withdrawn, are incomplete, or have graduated.
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18a5acd3-87dc-42f4-901b-4079ae8ce484
| 2 |
Faculty and students think that the program is successful. Enrollment for the first summer of a three-summer sequence beginning the summer of 1974 was twenty-five students in medical-surgical nursing and fifteen students in psychiatric-mental health nursing.
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f4b8bc59-9946-4fc2-9ef1-72324e05c225
| 0 |
The multiple assignment: an effective alternative for laboratory experiences. The purpose of the study was to test out the efficacy of both the Traditional and the Multiple Assignment approaches to the laboratory experiences of students of nursing. The subjects were 22 students enrolled in the first quarter of an Associate Degree Nursing Program and placed in either the multiple or the traditional laboratory assignment.
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f4b8bc59-9946-4fc2-9ef1-72324e05c225
| 1 |
Results showed the students in the peer experience to be superior in overall performance on tests of Nursing Knowledge, Concept Usage and Self-Esteem. It was concluded that the Multiple Assignment approach to laboratory experiences is a viable and useful method for the education of student nurses.
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91e627b2-23e7-49fe-a418-bc319bbfb863
| 0 |
Stability of some pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes in vitamin B-6 deficient rats. The effects of lowering the liver pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration by vitamin B-6 deficiency on the stability of several rat liver enzymes were examined. Three PLP-dependent enzymes (serine dehydratase, ornithine-delta-aminotransferase, and tyrosine aminotransferase) and two non-PLP-dependent enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) were induced in vitamin B-6 deficient and control rats by feeding them high-protein diets or by injecting them with glucagon or dexamethasone.
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91e627b2-23e7-49fe-a418-bc319bbfb863
| 1 |
The decline of each activity was followed after withdrawal of the inducer. Serine dehydratase activity declined more rapidly in vitamin B-6 deficient than in control liver; however, ornithine aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities were equally stable in deficient and control liver. Ornithine aminotransferase was predominantly in holoenzyme form in both control and deficient rats, whereas tyrosine aminotransferase was predominantly in apoenzyme form in both groups.
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91e627b2-23e7-49fe-a418-bc319bbfb863
| 2 |
The proportion of serine dehydratase in apoenzyme was less stable than the holoenzyme. Activity changes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in control and vitamin B-6 deficient rats were similar. The results suggest that differences in the stability of PLP-dependent enzymes in vitamin B-6 deficient rats depend upon differences in the proportions of these enzymes existing as holo- and apoenzyme.
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7bed593a-cd1b-4f27-b842-50343dc283da
| 0 |
Adsorption sites of kaolin. The electrophoretic mobility and adsorptive properties of kaolin and kaolin pretreated with anionic and cationic materials were examined over a range of pH values. Pretreatment with anionic compounds had little effect on mobility, while adsorption of cationic species markedly reduced mobility. These results are explained by reference to the structure of kaolin, and the interdependence of adsorption properties and electrophoretic mobility are discussed.
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6ce8115d-b469-4be8-9e62-5c4eb2db99c3
| 0 |
Electrode sensitive to sulfa drugs. An electrode sensitive to sulfa drugs was constructed by using the iron(II)-bathophenanthroline chelate embedded in a liquid membrane. Rapid and Nernstian responses were exhibited against solutions of sulfamerazine and sulfisomidine ranging between 10(-3) and 10(-1) M in concentration. High selectivity was observed in the presence of urea, glycine, aminopyrine, or p-amino-benzoic acid. These chemicals are known to interfere in the usual colorimetric analysis of sulfa drugs.
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c86fee14-0f29-4dae-ad89-c7e320aadea3
| 0 |
Liquid-solid chromatographic determination of 6-demethylgriseofulvin in urine. A specific and quantitative liquid-solid chromatographic method for the determination of 6-demethylgriseofulvin in human urine is reported. The method consists of extraction into an organic solvent, addition of internal standard, and analysis by liquid-solid chromatography using a UV detector.
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c86fee14-0f29-4dae-ad89-c7e320aadea3
| 1 |
Griseofulvin, if present, can be determined simultaneously. The sensitivity of the method is 6 mug/ml of urine. Total 6-demethylgrisefulvin is determined after hydrolysis of the glucuronide conjugate with glucuronidase-sulfatase enzyme solution. The method is well suited for the analysis of a large number of samples.
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fdbc6702-8466-48f0-85d3-342142a00aa6
| 0 |
Mass fragmentography of morphine: relationship between brain levels and analgesic activity. Morphine levels in rat brain were measured by the multiple ion detection method (mass fragmentography), using a computer-controlled gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, and were correlated with the analgesic activity of the narcotic at intervals up to 6 hours after the injection.
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fdbc6702-8466-48f0-85d3-342142a00aa6
| 1 |
Morphine levels in brain reached a peak of 346 ng/g of tissue wet weight 30 minutes after the subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate and then declined rapidly over the next 3 hours. Between 3 and 6 hours after the injection of morphine, the brain concentration decreased slightly but was still readily detectable at 6 hours after injection.
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fdbc6702-8466-48f0-85d3-342142a00aa6
| 2 |
An excellent correlation (r = 0.923) was found between the concentration of morphine in brain and analgesic activity, as measured by the hot plate method. The multiple ion detection method for the measurement of morphine appears to meet all of the criteria necessary for any drug assay: sensitivity, specificity and ease of analysis.
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7ca5139a-5158-4518-b6cf-479616d5298e
| 0 |
Vasoconstrictor actions of delta8- and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Cardiovascular effects of delta8- and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were studied after systemic intravenous administration and intra-arterial administration into a perfused vascular bed in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Intravenous administration of delta8- and delta9-THC produced dose-related transient increases in blood pressure followed by more prolonged hypotensive responses and bradycardia.
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7ca5139a-5158-4518-b6cf-479616d5298e
| 1 |
Intra-arterial administration of delta8- and delta9-THC into the perfused hindquarters of the rat produced an increase in perfusion pressure indicative of vasoconstriction. The vasoconstrictor response to the cannabinoids corresponded temporally to a similar response produced by i.a. norepinephrine and was in contrast to the more prolonged vasoconstrictor responses produced by vasopressin.
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7ca5139a-5158-4518-b6cf-479616d5298e
| 2 |
Phentolamine, in a dose which reduced the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine by 90%, significantly reduced the response to i.a. delta9-THC while having no effect on the actions of i.a. vasopressin. It was demonstrated that reserpine pretreatment significantly reduced vasoconstrictor actions of i.a. tyramine and delta9-THC but did not alter the responses to norepinephrine.
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7ca5139a-5158-4518-b6cf-479616d5298e
| 3 |
These data suggest that delta8- and delta9-THC have peripheral vasoconstrictor activity in the rat which may be mediated, in part, through a tyramine-like action on adrenergic nerve terminals.
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1e7a21d0-6603-4e55-a6db-f6fec2bb412b
| 0 |
Possible involvement of a transmitter different from norepinephrine in the residual responses to nerve stimulation of the cat nictitating membrane after pretreatment with reserpine. Pretreatment with reserpine (0.3 or 3 mg/kg, 24 hours before the experiment) reduced the norepinephrine (NE) levels in the medial muscle of the cat nictitating membrane to approximately 2% of the control values.
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1e7a21d0-6603-4e55-a6db-f6fec2bb412b
| 1 |
Under these experimental conditions, the responses to postganglionic nerve stimulation were not abolished, reaching up to 50% of the maximum development of tension to exogenous sympathomimetic amines both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast to the responses to nerve stimulation obtained in normal nictitating membranes, the residual responses to nerve stimulation obtained after pretreatment with reserpine were not blocked by phentolamine (3.1
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1e7a21d0-6603-4e55-a6db-f6fec2bb412b
| 2 |
and 31 muM) or by 0.29 muM phenoxybenzamine. The effectiveness of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine in blocking responses to exogenous NE was the same when the normal nictitating membrane was compared to the smooth muscle obtained from cats pretreated with reserpine. The residual responses to nerve stimulation were reduced when the calcium concentration in the medium was decreased to 0.65
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1e7a21d0-6603-4e55-a6db-f6fec2bb412b
| 3 |
mM. These residual responses were abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Scopolamine, 0.078 muM, did not reduce the residual responses to nerve stimulation while it antagonized the responses to exogenous acetylcholine, indicating that a cholinergic mechanism is not involved in this phenomenon. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphosphate (ADP) behaved as agonists on the smooth muscle of the normal and of the reserpine-pretreated nictitating membrane and the responses to ATP were not blocked by phentolamine.
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1e7a21d0-6603-4e55-a6db-f6fec2bb412b
| 4 |
It is concluded that the residual responses to nerve stimulation obtained after pretreatment with reserpine could be due to the release of a transmitter different from NE. The possibility that ATP or ADP might be involved in these residual responses to nerve stimulation is discussed.
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85d4b267-19ba-46a2-8c9b-fd689888fdb6
| 0 |
Pineal beta adrenergic receptor: correlation of binding of 3H-l-alprenolol with stimulation of adenylate cyclase. 3H-l-Alprenolol, a potent competitive beta adrenergic antagonist, binds to sites in rat pineal gland membranes. The properties of these binding sites were compared to those of the receptors which mediate the beta adrenergic activation of pineal adenylate cyclase.
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85d4b267-19ba-46a2-8c9b-fd689888fdb6
| 1 |
Both sites are highly stereospecific. The l-stereoisomers of alprenolol and propranolol were at least two orders of magnitude more potent than the d-stereoisomers in inhibiting isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase or 3H-l-alprenolol binding. The dissociation constants (Kd) of the l-stereoisomers of both alprenolol and propranolol were 10 to 22 nM as determined by competition for binding sites or by inhibition of isoproternol-stimulated adenylate cyclase.
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85d4b267-19ba-46a2-8c9b-fd689888fdb6
| 2 |
Beta adrenergic agonists which stimulated adenylate cyclase also competitively inhibited the binding of 3H-l-alprenolol. They showed the same order of potency (isoproterenol greater than norepinephrine greater than or equal to epinephrine) and the same individual affinities in the two systems. Alpha adrenergic blockers were ineffective in inhibiting either adenylate cyclase stimulation or 3H-l-alprenolol binding.
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85d4b267-19ba-46a2-8c9b-fd689888fdb6
| 3 |
Isoproternol stimulation of adenylate cyclase acrivity, and 3H-l-alprenolol binding, were rapid and rapidly reversible. The 3H-l-alprenolol binding sites were saturable and bound 0.6 pmol of ligand per mg of added protein. The data suggest that the binding of 3H-l-alprenolol occurs at sites indistinguishable from the pineal beta adrenergic receptor.
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46e50a7a-8973-48bb-a8fa-65272eb77326
| 0 |
A pharmacological analysis of neurally induced inhibition of carotid body chemoreceptor activity in cats. Experiments were performed to determine the mechanism by which centrifugal impulses in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) reduce the frequency of impulse traffic in afferent chemoreceptor fibers from the carotid body in cats. Recordings of chemoreceptor activity were made from single- or few-fiber preparations dissected off the CSN, while the remainder of the CSN was stimulated electrically to produce neurally induced inhibition of chemoreceptor activity.
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46e50a7a-8973-48bb-a8fa-65272eb77326
| 1 |
Various drugs were injected either intravenously or directly into the arterial blood supply to the carotid body. We found that catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) inhibited spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, and that alpha adrenergic antagonists abolished both this inhibition and that produced by electrical stimulation of the CSN in the same preparation.
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46e50a7a-8973-48bb-a8fa-65272eb77326
| 2 |
Atropine, but not nicotinic antagonists of acetylcholine, consistently blocked neurally induced inhibition but not that produced by catecholamines. Muscarinic agonists had no effect on spontaneous chemoreceptor activity. We conclude that centrifugal activity in the CSN causes release of endogenous catecholamines in the carotid body, and that these catecholamines mediate neurally induced inhibition of chemoreceptor activity is due to the vasomotor effects of acetylcholine.
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dd15594a-80f2-4076-8f45-ab076c70db23
| 0 |
On the ability of narcotic antagonists to produce the narcotic cue. The ability of narcotic antagonists to produce the narcotic cue was investigated in rats trained to discriminate fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg) from solvent. The partial antagonists pentazocine, cyclazocine and nalorphine were found to possess narcotic cuing activity whereas naloxone lacked any such action at doses up to 160 mg/kg.
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dd15594a-80f2-4076-8f45-ab076c70db23
| 1 |
The relationship between the present findings and the ability of these drugs to produce opiate-like subjective effects in humans is discussed. The conclusion was reached that the experimental procedure used may contribute significantly to the preclinical evaluation of drug abuse liability.
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e9e05b2c-b6c2-4b5b-86af-4d4c496a5bf5
| 0 |
Effect of para-aminohippurate on renal glutamine metabolism in the rat. After para-aminohippurate (PAH) infusion into rats, urine pH decreased and urine ammonium excretion increased. Because augmented urine flow and decreased urine pH could not explain entirely the enhanced ammonium excretion, an increased ammonia production was postulated as a contributing influence.
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e9e05b2c-b6c2-4b5b-86af-4d4c496a5bf5
| 1 |
This was supported by the in vitro findings that PAH could increase slice ammoniagenesis from glutamine. The ability of PAH to stimulate ammoniagenesis in vitro was attributed to enhanced phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity. We conclude that PAH infusions at certain concentrations in vivo can alter ammonium excretion through increased renal ammonia production.
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e9e05b2c-b6c2-4b5b-86af-4d4c496a5bf5
| 2 |
The latter may be secondary to enhanced phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity.
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7c663d7d-e78a-4f71-86aa-65885ec73f74
| 0 |
Inhibition by sulfobromophthalein of mitochondrial translocation of anions and adenine nucleotides: effects upon liver adenosine triphosphate and possible correlation with inhibition of bile flow in the rat. Unconjugated sulfobromophthalein (BSP) inhibits state III respiration of rat liver mitochondria. It competitively inhibits the translocation into mitochondria of citrate, malate, phosphate and adenosine diphosphate, as studied by the inhibitor stop method.
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7c663d7d-e78a-4f71-86aa-65885ec73f74
| 1 |
A double-beam spectrophotometric study strongly suggests that glutamate translocation is similarly inhibited. After perfusion of 65 mumol/hr/100 g for 90 minutes, bile flow is inhibited by 82% and liver adenosine triphosphate (ATP) falls by 60%. The amount of mitochondrial BSP can be computed form the amount of [35S] BSP still bound to mitochondria that are prepared at the end of such experiments;
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7c663d7d-e78a-4f71-86aa-65885ec73f74
| 2 |
the amount of BSP lost during the isolation procedure is estimated from parallel experiments following binding of BSP in vitro. Comparison of the kinetic constants of mitochondrial transport and of their inhibition by BSP on the one hand and of liver concentration of substrates and BSP on the other gives rise to the conclusion that a strong inhibition of transports, mainly of phosphate, occurs in vivo and is responsible for the concomitant decrease in bile flow.
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 0 |
Dissociation constants and relative efficacies of agonists acting on alpha adrenergic receptors in rabbit aorta. The dissociation constants (KA values) of l-norepinephrine (l-NE) and seven other agonists acting on alpha adrenergic receptors in rabbit aorta strips were determined by analysis of concentration-response data before and after fractional inactivation of receptors with Dibenamine.
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 1 |
In experiments to determine KA values, propranolol was added to block activation of beta receptors and cocaine to block the neuronal uptake mechanism. The KA of l-NE and the KA of a second agonist, when determined on paired strips from the same aorta, were used to calculate the relative affinity and the relative efficacy (er) of the second agonist as compared to l-NE.
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 2 |
The validity of the method used for determining KA and er values was supported by the following findings. 1) The dissociation constant (KB) of the competitive antagonist, phentolamine, determined with each of the agonists, was the same as that determined with l-NE. 2) The KA determined for l-NE was independent of the fraction of active receptors remaining (q) after pretreatment with different concentrations of Dibenamine.
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 3 |
3) The KB of phentolamine determined with l-NE as the agonist was the same before and after fractional inactivation of receptors. 4) After inactivation in paired strips by equal exposures to Dibenamine, the q value determined with each agonist was the same as that determined with l-NE.
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 4 |
The mean KA value for l-NE was 3.39 +/- 0.15 X 10(-7) M. The mean relative affinities of the agonists for the alpha receptor were: l-NE, 1;L-EPINEPHRINE, 1.25; L-PHENYLEPHRINE, 0.200; L-norphenylephrine, 0.217; epinine, 0.136; dopamine, 0.0055
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00fd7ab8-8dc9-4d8d-bb22-bc0f75f65dce
| 5 |
; l-alpha-methylnorepinephrine, 0.095; dl-alpha-ethylnorepinephrine, 0.0048. The mean er of each agonist was not significantly different from that of l-NE, except for l-norphenylephrine with an e of 0.71, and dl-alpha-ethylnorepinephrine with an er of 0.41. The results are discussed from the standpoint of structure-activity relationships.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 0 |
The effect of carbon dioxide on the intracellular pH and buffering power of snail neurones. 1. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using pH-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The effects on pHi of CO2 applied externally and HCO3-, H+ and NH4+ injected iontophoretically, were investigated. 2.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 1 |
The transport numbers for iontophoretic injection into aqueous micro-droples were found by potentiometric titration to be 0-3 for HCO3- and 0-94 for H+. 3. Exposure to Ringer, pH 7-5, equilibrated with 2-2% CO2 caused a rapid, but only transient, fall in pHi.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 2 |
Within 1 or 2 min pHi began to return exponentially to normal, with a time constant of about 5 min. 4. When external CO2 was removed, pHi rapidly increased, and then slowly returned to normal. The pHi changes with CO2 application or removal gave a calculated intracellular buffer value of about 30 m-equiv H+/pH unit per litre.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 3 |
5. Injection of HCO3- caused a rise in pHi very similar to that seen on removal of external CO2. 6. The pHi responses to CO2 application, CO2 removal and HCO3- injection were slowed by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide. 7. H+ injection caused a transient fall in pHi.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 4 |
In CO2 Ringer pHi fell less and recovered faster than in CO2-free Ringer. Calculation of the internal buffer value from the pHi responses to H+ and HCO3- injection gave very similar values. 8. The internal buffer value (measured by H+ injection) was greatly increased by exposure to CO2 Ringer.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 5 |
Acetazolamide reduced this effect of CO2, suggesting that the function of intracellular carbonic anhydrase may be to maximize the internal buffering power in CO2. 9. It was concluded that the internal HCO3- was determined primarily by the CO2 level and pHi, that internal HCO3- made a large contribution to the buffering power, and that after internal acidfication pHi was restored to normal by active transport of H+, OH- or HCO3- across the cell membrane.
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b2417d8d-47e8-4e52-bd97-804be23f7a96
| 6 |
The active transport was much faster in CO2 than in CO2-free Ringer.
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b37f9c3e-8655-4e4d-ba6f-a1e25c8cf37f
| 0 |
[Blood acid-base changes produced by variations of water oxygenation in the crab Carcinus maenas (author's transl)]. 10 Blood acid-base changes were studied at 17 degrees C in immersed crabs (Carcinus maenas) exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, by measuring the pH and the CO2 partial pressure, PbCO2, and by calculating the bicarbonate concentration.
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b37f9c3e-8655-4e4d-ba6f-a1e25c8cf37f
| 1 |
20 Hyperoxia first induces a marked respiratory acidosis with a rise of PbCO2. This acidosis is compensated thereafter by a non-ventilatory increase of the blood buffer base concentration. These results are discussed in relation to the general problems concerning the control of the blood acid-base balance in aquatic animals.
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9377eaa3-2455-4536-bf27-6587a8d9b89d
| 0 |
The diagnosis and treatment of acid-base deranged dogs infected with Babesia canis. A study was made of the acid-base status of Babesia canis infected dogs judged unlikely to recover after specific babesicidal drug therapy despite the use of blood transfusion and other conventional supportive measures. Such cases were invariably acidotic and responded well and often dramatically to supportive intravenous sodium bicarbonate administration. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, also responded gratifyingly to this procedure. The rationale is discussed in some detail.
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f0795109-5c1f-4d11-90f7-33e08c0c5d28
| 0 |
Regulation of cell volume and ion concentrations in a Halobacterium. Changes in cell volume and ion content of a Halobacterium species are described in terms of the NaCl concentration (0.5--3.5M) and pH(4-8) of the suspending medium. Cell volume, per unit content of protein of bacteria in stationary phase cultures, rose as the [NaCl] of the growth medium was increased.
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f0795109-5c1f-4d11-90f7-33e08c0c5d28
| 1 |
Logarithmic-phase bacteria shrank as the pH fell from 7 to 5.5. These changes are characteristic of bacteria with a moderate or rapid rate of O2 consumption. Starving (i.e. nonmetabolizing) bacteria, on the other hand, did not change in size within the above ranges of [NaCl] and pH.
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f0795109-5c1f-4d11-90f7-33e08c0c5d28
| 2 |
At lower values, however, such bacteria swelled and eventually lysed. Effects of low pH on cell ions are compared in metabolizing and starving bacteria, and it is shown that changes in the state of the cell K are correlated with movements of cell Na. It appears that the cell K is used to maintain cell [Na] below the NaCl concentration of the medium.
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f0795109-5c1f-4d11-90f7-33e08c0c5d28
| 3 |
The results are explained in terms of a model involving interactions between polyelectrolytes, salts and water in the concentrated cytoplasm of these halophilic organisms.
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a3eef410-f7cc-4596-b0d4-aa3fcd82e9d4
| 0 |
Behavioral and psychodynamic dimensions of the new sex therapy. The new sexual therapy, a brief outpatient treatment of sexual dysfunction consisting of structured sexual exercises and conjoint therapeutic sessions, is a systematic intergration of behavioral and psychodynamic elements. Formally consisting of many defining characteristics of a behavior therapy including the direct treatment of a specified problem and the application of behavioral principles, the new sex therapy also relies on psychodynamic understanding.
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a3eef410-f7cc-4596-b0d4-aa3fcd82e9d4
| 1 |
The result is synergistic. Psychodynamic understanding underlies appropriate behavioral intervention, and psychodynamic exploration of resistance enhances the effectiveness of behavioral methods. Behavioral techniques facilitate the most rapid implementation of therapeutic insight. The integration of approaches in the new sex therapy has general significance for psychotherapeutic theory and practice.
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98e439f0-2cdd-4347-80ea-f02b51a283da
| 0 |
The use of microchemical techniques for the identification of new transmitter molecules in neurons. The author reviews available microtechniques and results on cellular analysis of single neurons emphasizing the identification of putative neurotransmitter molecules. Highly sensitive microquantitative methods for identification and assay of known and putative neurotransmitters have been developed within the last 15 years.
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98e439f0-2cdd-4347-80ea-f02b51a283da
| 1 |
Several of the methods reported in the article fulfill the requirements of both specificity and sensitivity for exploring and measuring the level of transmitter molecules in single neurons. Some of the available techniques, mostly those which associate GC or TLC with MS, have been able to unambiguously demonstrate the presence of putative neurotransmitter molecules, or at least of substances which are strongly suspected of fulfilling a functional role in the nervous system.
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9517c640-ae99-460f-b52a-821f967b3c99
| 0 |
Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. V. The inhibitory activity of normal vaginal fluid on Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Normal vaginal fluid from premenopausal volunteers was inoculated with 10 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at pH's of 4.3
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9517c640-ae99-460f-b52a-821f967b3c99
| 1 |
, 4.6 and 4.9. All bacteria were killed at pH 4.3. Nine of 10 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 12 of 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were killed at pH 4.6. Only 4 of 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were killed at pH 4.9, while 8 of 10 strains of Proteus mirabilis were killed at the same pH.
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9517c640-ae99-460f-b52a-821f967b3c99
| 2 |
We conclude that in comparison to the common 0 group strains of Escherichia coli, vaginal fluid is more bactericidal to Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that these observations may help explain the relative infrequency of bacteriuria owing to the organisms.
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50e17228-926e-4cc2-a134-e396924f0a2f
| 0 |
Successful autotransplantation of an intra-abdominal testis to the scrotum by microvascular technique. An intra-abdominal testis in a child with prune belly syndrome was successfully transplanted to the scrotum by a microvascular technique. Immediate results were good with no palpable atrophy of the testis. Long-term results (fertility) will not be known for many years. The technique of microvascular anastomosis and its application to orchiopexy are described.
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69d43078-a674-47d9-93c6-c1ff6ccd2b2f
| 0 |
Two rare cases of ectopic testis. A case of pubopenile testis and a case of perineal ectopic testis are presented. The mechanism of descensus is largely positive, possibly facilitated by raised intra-abdominal pressure. The testis is usually guided by the gubernaculum and ectopia results from gubernacular failure. The ectopic testis is relatively rare but is easily recognized and treated by orchiopexy.
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94eda62c-cf14-4c81-8912-253117224aca
| 0 |
Familial persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Two phenotypically normal pre-adolescent brothers with bilateral undescended testes were found to have bilateral fallopian tubes, a uterus and a vagina that drained into the prostatic utricle. We have documented this condition radiographically for the first time, gained some insight into the pattern of inheritance and made recommendations for surgical management.
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1a144a77-2972-41ca-a430-a3ac479bda7e
| 0 |
Studies on the mode of antagonism between adrenergic beta-mimetics and beta-blocking agents (II). Analysis by the uptake saturation model. Curves of experimentally plotted log (dose ratio-1) vs.-log [B] for the antagonism between adrenergic beta-mimetics, isoproterenol (ISO) and trimetoquinol (TMQ), and various beta-antagonists in relaxation of guinea-pig trachea could not be reasonably fitted to Schild's equation which has been commonly used in the analysis of drug-antagonism.
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1a144a77-2972-41ca-a430-a3ac479bda7e
| 1 |
Taking into consideration the saturable uptake process of the drug used herein, the equation presented in this paper fitted fairly well to the experimental curves and explains the following results: 1, TMQ was more strongly antagonized than ISO by all the blocking agents tested, that is, the apparent modes of antagonism were different between ISO and TMQ although they are considered to interact with the same receptor site.
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1a144a77-2972-41ca-a430-a3ac479bda7e
| 2 |
2, The slope of the curve for a given antagonist markedly differed between ISO and TMQ. It is hypothesized that ISO is more easily taken up than TMQ. This was experimentally confirmed: i.e., ISO was potentiated about 8 fold by inhibiting the uptake process with dibenamine while TMQ was not.
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1a144a77-2972-41ca-a430-a3ac479bda7e
| 3 |
By pretreatment with dibenamine, the log (dose ratio-1) vs.-log [B] curve for the ISO-propranolol antagonism was shifted upward and superimposed with the theoretical curve of antagonism in which uptake of the agonist was neglected.
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6ce85f25-6824-4229-9cc6-f9973e14cfa2
| 0 |
pH of sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis. pH of the sweat from patients with cystic fibrosis and in controls was measured as a function of the sweat-rate using a fluorescence-pH-indicator (umbelliferone). In both populations sweat is acid at low sweat-rates and alkaline at high ones. The results do not favour an abnormality of the ductal H+-secretion as the pathomechanism of cystic fibrosis.
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ef4051fc-2466-48f4-ab7e-be96471560f1
| 0 |
Morphologic and biochemical changes in autolysing dog heart muscle. The progressive changes in pH, lactate content, and light and electron microscopic appearances were studied in dog myocardium undergoing a 6-hour period of autolysis in vitro at 37 degrees C. and at room temperature. At 37 degrees C.
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ef4051fc-2466-48f4-ab7e-be96471560f1
| 1 |
there was a rapid cumulative fall in pH during the 1st hour after excision of the heart and a corresponding increase in lactate content, but little additional change in either subsequently. The nature and sequence of the morphologic alterations at this temperature were generally similar to those which occur in ischemic myocardium in vivo.
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ef4051fc-2466-48f4-ab7e-be96471560f1
| 2 |
At room temperature, a much slower cumulative decrease in pH and increase in lactate content took place throughout the whole period of investigation and was paralleled by a slower rate of development of morphologic change.
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5f7fec1d-233e-48a6-8b15-6d87af8c12ae
| 0 |
[Conditioning of water regenerated from moisture-containing wastes]. Conditioning of reclaimed water with minerals and trace elements by means of filters made of silver-plated natural minerals containing calcium, magnesium, fluoride and iodine ions has been investigated. On the basis of the investigations a complex filter made of silver plated minerals--dolomite and fluorite--has been developed. This filter allows simultaneous mineralization and decontamination of reclaimed water and preparation of biologically complete potable water.
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e6f77de0-f7bb-4b20-baa4-fe0465e5fdc9
| 0 |
[Problem of "biological compatibility" of crew members during prolonged space flight and possible directions for its solution]. The concept of biological compatibility of men can be defined as a phenomenon which includes an effect (that might be favorable or unfavorable) of one individuum on the other via trace amounts of chemicals released into their environment and micro-organisms. The paper presents the main results of studies of biological compatibility of crewmembers of space vehicles and outlines possible directions of research to be carried out in this area.
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411189ce-680e-43e2-bd70-4922172bb0ef
| 0 |
Proteins of the hepatoma tissue culture cell plasma membrane. The specificity of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination for the proteins of the hepatoma tissue culture cell plasma membrane was examined by histochemical, biochemical, and cell fractionation techniques. Light microscope autoradiography of sectioned cells shows the incorporated label to be localized primarily at the periphery of the cell.
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411189ce-680e-43e2-bd70-4922172bb0ef
| 1 |
Most of this label can be released from the cell by trypsin but not by collagenase or hyaluronidase. The label is recovered from the cells as either monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine after hydrolysis of cell extracts with a mixture of proteolytic enzymes. The label co-purifies during cell fractionation with an authentic liver cell plasma membrane marker enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase.
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411189ce-680e-43e2-bd70-4922172bb0ef
| 2 |
Thus, the incorporated iodide is itself a valid marker for those membrane polypeptides having tyrosine residues accessible to the lactoperoxidase. The polypeptide complexity of the purified plasma membrane was examined by high resolution dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least 50 polypeptides in the membrane are accessible to iodination.
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