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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert%20surface
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In mathematics, a Seifert surface (named after German mathematician Herbert Seifert) is an orientable surface whose boundary is a given knot or link.
Such surfaces can be used to study the properties of the associated knot or link. For example, many knot invariants are most easily calculated using a Seifert surface. Seifert surfaces are also interesting in their own right, and the subject of considerable research.
Specifically, let L be a tame oriented knot or link in Euclidean 3-space (or in the 3-sphere). A Seifert surface is a compact, connected, oriented surface S embedded in 3-space whose boundary is L such that the orientation on L is just the induced orientation from S.
Note that any compact, connected, oriented surface with nonempty boundary in Euclidean 3-space is the Seifert surface associated to its boundary link. A single knot or link can have many different inequivalent Seifert surfaces. A Seifert surface must be oriented. It is possible to associate surfaces to knots which are not oriented nor orientable, as well.
Examples
The standard Möbius strip has the unknot for a boundary but is not a Seifert surface for the unknot because it is not orientable.
The "checkerboard" coloring of the usual minimal crossing projection of the trefoil knot gives a Mobius strip with three half twists. As with the previous example, this is not a Seifert surface as it is not orientable. Applying Seifert's algorithm to this diagram, as expected, does produce a Seifert surface; i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunn%20baronets
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There have been three creations of baronetcies for people with the surname Dunn; all three were in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
The first was settled on William Dunn, of The Retreat in the Parish of Lakenheath in the County of Suffolk on 29 July 1895, after whom the Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry and the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University are named. This creation became extinct upon his death in 1912.
A second creation was made on 25 June 1917 for Sir William Henry Dunn, of Clitheroe in the County Palatine of Lancaster, Lord Mayor of London. This creation became extinct upon the death of the second baronet in 1971.
The third and final creation was on 13 January 1921 for James Hamet Dunn, of Bathurst in the Province of New Brunswick in Canada, the Canadian financier and industrialist. This creation became extinct in 1976.
Dunn baronets, of Lakenheath (1895)
Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet (1833–1912)
Dunn baronets, of Clitheroe (1917)
Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet (1856–1926)
Sir John Henry Dunn, 2nd Baronet (1890–1971)
Dunn baronets, of Bathurst (1921)
Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet (1874–1956)
Sir Philip Gordon Dunn, 2nd Baronet (26 October 1905 – 20 June 1976). Dunn was an Anglo-Canadian businessman, landowner and farmer. He was the second child and only son of the wealthy Canadian financier and steel magnate Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet, and his first wife, Gertrude Paterson Price. He had four sisters, as well as a h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Griswold
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William G. Griswold is a professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San Diego. His research is in software engineering; he is best known for his works on aspect-oriented programming using AspectJ and on finding invariants of programs to support software evolution.
Griswold received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington (Computer Science 1991 as well as a M.S. Computer Science 1988. His BA was from the University of Arizona in 1985. Major Mathematics, minor Computer Science, with highest honors) and joined the UCSD faculty in 1991. He has been the chair of ACM SIGSOFT, co-program chair of the 2005 International Conference on Software Engineering, and program chair of the 2002 ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering.
He is the son of Ralph Griswold. He has two children Hannah and Atticus.
References
External links
Home page at UCSD
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
University of Washington alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of Arizona alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIIA
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RIIA may mean:
Chatham House, also known as the Royal Institute of International Affairs;
Resource initialization is acquisition, concept from computer science
rIIA the A cistron of the T4 rII system a gene in the T4 virus.
See also
RIA (disambiguation)
RIAA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator
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Mediator may refer to:
A person who engages in mediation
Business mediator, a mediator in business
Vanishing mediator, a philosophical concept
Mediator variable, in statistics
Chemistry and biology
Mediator (coactivator), a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator
Endogenous mediator, proteins that enhance and activate the functions of other proteins
Gaseous mediator, chemicals produced by some cells that have biological signalling functions
Mediator, a brand name of benfluorex, a withdrawn appetite suppressant medication
Internet, software, and computer
Mediator pattern, in computer science
A mail server's role in email forwarding
Other
Mediator, guitar pick or plectrum, an accessory for picking strings of musical instruments
The Mediator, a teen book series by Meg Cabot (some under the pseudonym Jenny Carroll)
The Mediator, a television documentary produced by Open Media
Mediator (Christ as Mediator), an office of Jesus Christ
Linesman/Mediator, a radar system in the United Kingdom
HMS Mediator, three ships of the British navy
USS Mediator, a ship of the United States navy
Mediator, brand name for benfluorex, an anorectic and hypolipidemic agent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization
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Sterilization may refer to:
Sterilization (microbiology), killing or inactivation of micro-organisms
Soil steam sterilization, a farming technique that sterilizes soil with steam in open fields or greenhouses
Sterilization (medicine) renders a human unable to reproduce
Neutering is the surgical sterilization of animals
Irradiation induced sterility is used in the sterile insect technique
A chemosterilant is a chemical compound that causes sterility
Sterilization (economics), central bank operations aimed at neutralizing foreign exchange operations' impact on domestic money supply, or offset adverse consequences of large capital flows
See also
Sterility (physiology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Siminovitch
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Louis Siminovitch (May 1, 1920 – April 6, 2021) was a Canadian molecular biologist. He was a pioneer in human genetics, researcher into the genetic basis of muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis, and helped establish Ontario programs exploring genetic roots of cancer.
Life and career
Siminovitch was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Goldie and Nathan Siminovitch, who were Jewish emigrants from Eastern Europe. He won a scholarship in chemistry to McGill University, earning a doctorate in 1944. He then studied at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1953 he joined Toronto's Connaught Medical Research Laboratories. Later he joined the University of Toronto and worked there from 1956 to 1985. One of his doctoral students was Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou.
He helped establish the Department of Genetics at the Hospital for Sick Children as geneticist in chief, where he worked from 1970 to 1985. From 1983 to 1994 he was the founding director of research at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto). He was the founder and the first Chair of the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto, then called Department of Medical Cell Biology.
He was the author or coauthor, at last count, of over 147 scientific papers, reviews, and articles in journals and books.
He married Elinore, a playwright who died in 1995. They had three daughters. The annual Elinore & Lou Siminovitch Prize in Theatre is named in his and his wife's honour.
Siminov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entangled
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Entangled may refer to:
Entangled state, in physics, a state arising from quantum entanglement
Entangled (film), a 1993 film starring Judd Nelson and Pierce Brosnan
Entangled (Partington), a 2004 abstract sculpture created by Brose Partington
"Entangled" (song), a song by Genesis from the 1976 album A Trick of the Tail
"Entangled" (Red Dwarf), the fourth episode of series 10 of the science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf
See also
Entanglement (disambiguation)
Entangling alliances
Tangled (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20operator
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In mathematics, the transfer operator encodes information about an iterated map and is frequently used to study the behavior of dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, quantum chaos and fractals. In all usual cases, the largest eigenvalue is 1, and the corresponding eigenvector is the invariant measure of the system.
The transfer operator is sometimes called the Ruelle operator, after David Ruelle, or the Perron–Frobenius operator or Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius operator, in reference to the applicability of the Perron–Frobenius theorem to the determination of the eigenvalues of the operator.
Definition
The iterated function to be studied is a map for an arbitrary set .
The transfer operator is defined as an operator acting on the space of functions as
where is an auxiliary valuation function. When has a Jacobian determinant , then is usually taken to be .
The above definition of the transfer operator can be shown to be the point-set limit of the measure-theoretic pushforward of g: in essence, the transfer operator is the direct image functor in the category of measurable spaces. The left-adjoint of the Frobenius–Perron operator is the Koopman operator or composition operator. The general setting is provided by the Borel functional calculus.
As a general rule, the transfer operator can usually be interpreted as a (left-)shift operator acting on a shift space. The most commonly studied shifts are the subshifts of finite type. The adjoint to the transfer operator can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopoZone
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TopoZone is a website operated by Locality LLC that offers free online topographic maps.
It was founded in November 1999 by Ed McNierney whose company Maps a la carte, Inc. operated out of North Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Prior to founding the company, McNierney, an organic chemistry graduate of Dartmouth College, was chief technology officer for Eastman Software, a division of Eastman Kodak.
In 2003 the company partnered with the National Map making its 20-Terabyte library of digital topographic maps and aerial photography available to the USGS. The 2003 press release of the partnership said that 300 million maps had been served from 1999 to 2003.
TopoZone was one of the first topographic mapping site on the web, providing visitors with free viewing and printing of the full set of United States Geological Survey topographic maps covering the entire United States. The maps are produced by the USGS, which encourages the distribution of their maps through business partners. TopoZone offered aerial photographs from the USGS and street maps from the United States Census Bureau. In 2007 complete coverage of Canada was added, using the topographic map series produced by Natural Resources Canada.
In 2007 McNierney sold the company to Demand Media and stayed on as chief mapmaker until the company was taken over by Trails.com.
On April 9, 2008, Topozone was incorporated into Demand Media's Hillclimb Media subsidiary Trails.com. Links to individual TopoZone maps now forward to Tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose%20Lee
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Ambrose Lee Siu-kwong (; 17 August 1948 – 14 August 2022) was a Hong Kong politician, Secretary for Security of Hong Kong and a member of the Executive Council. He was appointed to his post on 5 August 2003, replacing Regina Ip.
Background
Lee graduated from The University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor Degree of Science in Electrical Engineering and also pursued administrative development and senior executive studies at Tsinghua University, University of Oxford, Harvard University.
He joined the civil service in 1974 as an immigration officer, rising to become Assistant Director of Immigration in 1995 and Deputy Director of Immigration two years later. He served as Director of Immigration between 1998 and 2002. He was appointed the Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption in July 2002.
Death
Lee died at his home in the Sha Tin neighbourhood on 14 August 2022, three days before his 74th birthday, after sustaining a fall.
References
1948 births
2022 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Hong Kong
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Alumni of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Government officials of Hong Kong
Harvard University alumni
Hong Kong civil servants
Delegates to the 12th National People's Congress from Hong Kong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robonaut
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A robonaut is a humanoid robot, part of a development project conducted by the Dexterous Robotics Laboratory at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas. Robonaut differs from other current space-faring robots in that, while most current space robotic systems (such as robotic arms, cranes and exploration rovers) are designed to move large objects, Robonaut's tasks require more dexterity.
The core idea behind the Robonaut series is to have a humanoid machine work alongside astronauts. Its form factor and dexterity are designed such that Robonaut "is capable of performing all of the tasks required of an EVA-suited crewmember."
NASA states "Robonauts are essential to NASA's future as we go beyond low Earth orbit", and R2 will provide performance data about how a robot may work side-by-side with astronauts.
The latest Robonaut version, R2, was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) by STS-133 in February 2011. The first US-built robot on the ISS, R2 is a robotic torso designed to assist with crew EVAs and can hold tools used by the crew. However, Robonaut 2 does not have adequate protection needed to exist outside the space station and enhancements and modifications would be required to allow it to move around the station's interior.
NASA planned to return R2 for repairs and then relaunch.
Robonaut 1
Robonaut 1 (R1) was the first model. The two Robonaut versions (R1A and R1B) had many partners including DARPA. None were flown to space. Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20crystallization
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Fractional crystallization may refer to:
Fractional crystallization (chemistry), a process to separate different solutes from a solution
Fractional crystallization (geology), a natural process occurring in igneous rocks during which precipitation of minerals takes place
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Heaney
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Harry Heaney is an Emeritus Professor of Organic Chemistry at Loughborough University. His research centres on heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen.
See also
Harry Kroto
External links
Prof Heaney's Staff Page
British chemists
Academics of Loughborough University
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Manchester
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20S.%20Lewis
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John S. Lewis (born June 27, 1941) is a Professor Emeritus of planetary science at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. His interests in the chemistry and formation of the Solar System and the economic development of space have made him a leading proponent of turning potentially hazardous near-Earth objects into attractive space resources.
Career
The son of John Simpson Lewis, a YMCA professional, and Elsie Dinsmore Vandenbergh, a school teacher. Lewis received his B.S. in chemistry from Princeton University in 1962 as a National Merit Scholar. He then continued his education at Dartmouth College receiving his M.A. in inorganic chemistry in 1964. He received his Ph.D in geochemistry and cosmochemistry from University of California, San Diego in 1968, where he studied under Harold Urey. Prior to joining the University of Arizona, Lewis taught space sciences and cosmochemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
An expert on the composition and chemistry of asteroids and comets, Lewis has written such popular science books as Rain of Iron and Ice and Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets. Lewis is a frequent commentator on the Chinese network CCTV when China broadcasts its major missions live.
He was a member of the Board of Directors of American Rocket Company and is currently Chief Scientist at Deep Space Industries.
Raised a Presbyterian, Lewis became a Mormon, in 1980.
In February 2013, Lewis assumed the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Storrs%20Hall
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John Storrs "Josh" Hall is involved in the field of molecular nanotechnology. He founded the sci.nanotech Usenet newsgroup and moderated it for ten years, and served as the founding chief scientist of Nanorex Inc. for two years. He has written several papers on nanotechnology and developed several ideas such as the utility fog, the space pier, a weather control system called The Weather Machine and a novel flying car.
He is the author of Nanofuture: What's Next for Nanotechnology (), a fellow of the Molecular Engineering Research Institute and Research Fellow of the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing.
Hall was also a computer systems architect at the Laboratory for Computer Science Research at Rutgers University from 1985 until 1997. In February 2009, Hall was appointed president of the Foresight Institute.
In 2006, the Foresight Nanotech Institute awarded Hall the Feynman Communication Prize.
Published books
Nanofuture: What's Next For Nanotechnology (2005)
Beyond AI: Creating the Conscience of the Machine (2007)
It sports cover art from an issue of Astounding Science Fiction (Oct 1953) by Frank Kelly Freas
Where Is My Flying Car?: A Memoir of Future Past (2018)
References
External links
J. Storrs (Josh) Hall, PhD. personal website
"The Weather Machine"
Who's Who in the Nanospace
Interview with Nanomagazine.com
What I want to be when I grow up, is a cloud | KurzweilAI Classic article on the Utility Fog. Originally published in 1994 in Extropy magazine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20series
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In mathematics, the Bell series is a formal power series used to study properties of arithmetical functions. Bell series were introduced and developed by Eric Temple Bell.
Given an arithmetic function and a prime , define the formal power series , called the Bell series of modulo as:
Two multiplicative functions can be shown to be identical if all of their Bell series are equal; this is sometimes called the uniqueness theorem: given multiplicative functions and , one has if and only if:
for all primes .
Two series may be multiplied (sometimes called the multiplication theorem): For any two arithmetic functions and , let be their Dirichlet convolution. Then for every prime , one has:
In particular, this makes it trivial to find the Bell series of a Dirichlet inverse.
If is completely multiplicative, then formally:
Examples
The following is a table of the Bell series of well-known arithmetic functions.
The Möbius function has
The Mobius function squared has
Euler's totient has
The multiplicative identity of the Dirichlet convolution has
The Liouville function has
The power function Idk has Here, Idk is the completely multiplicative function .
The divisor function has
The constant function, with value 1, satisfies , i.e., is the geometric series.
If is the power of the prime omega function, then
Suppose that f is multiplicative and g is any arithmetic function satisfying for all primes p and . Then
If denotes the Möbius functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized%20number
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In applied mathematics, a number is normalized when it is written in scientific notation with one non-zero decimal digit before the decimal point. Thus, a real number, when written out in normalized scientific notation, is as follows:
where n is an integer, are the digits of the number in base 10, and is not zero. That is, its leading digit (i.e., leftmost) is not zero and is followed by the decimal point. Simply speaking, a number is normalized when it is written in the form of a × 10n where 1 ≤ a < 10 without leading zeros in a. This is the standard form of scientific notation. An alternative style is to have the first non-zero digit after the decimal point.
Examples
As examples, the number 918.082 in normalized form is
while the number in normalized form is
Clearly, any non-zero real number can be normalized.
Other bases
The same definition holds if the number is represented in another radix (that is, base of enumeration), rather than base 10.
In base b a normalized number will have the form
where again and the digits, are integers between and .
In many computer systems, binary floating-point numbers are represented internally using this normalized form for their representations; for details, see normal number (computing). Although the point is described as floating, for a normalized floating-point number, its position is fixed, the movement being reflected in the different values of the power.
See also
Significand
Normal number (computing)
References
Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio%20Colizzi
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Professor Vittorio Colizzi is an Italian virologist and one of the most eminent HIV/AIDS researchers in Europe. He directs the Immunochemical and Molecular Pathology laboratory in the biology department of Tor Vergata University in Rome. With his French colleague Luc Montagnier he has participated in many conferences, particularly in Africa, to combat the propagation of HIV.
External links
Some publications (in Italian)
Italian virologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Alan%20Wolf
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Fred Alan Wolf (born December 3, 1934) is an American theoretical physicist specializing in quantum physics and the relationship between physics and consciousness. He is a former physics professor at San Diego State University, and has helped to popularize science on the Discovery Channel. He is the author of a number of physics-themed books including Taking the Quantum Leap (1981), The Dreaming Universe (1994), Mind into Matter (2000), and Time Loops and Space Twists (2011).
Wolf was a member in the 1970s, with Jack Sarfatti and others, of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Fundamental Fysiks Group founded in May 1975 by Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann. His theories about the interrelation of consciousness and quantum physics were described by Newsweek in 2007 as "on the fringes of mainstream science."
Biography
Born into a Jewish family, Wolf's interest in physics began as a child when he viewed a newsreel depicting the world's first atomic explosion. Wolf received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from UCLA in 1963 and began researching the field of high atmospheric particle behavior following a nuclear explosion.
He has appeared as the resident physicist on the Discovery Channel's The Know Zone, was a participant in the PBS series Closer to Truth, and has appeared on radio talk shows and television shows across the United States and abroad. He also appeared in the films What the Bleep Do We Know!? (2004), The Secret (2006) and Spirit Space (2008). He has lectured
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20spectrum
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In mathematics, the essential spectrum of a bounded operator (or, more generally, of a densely defined closed linear operator) is a certain subset of its spectrum, defined by a condition of the type that says, roughly speaking, "fails badly to be invertible".
The essential spectrum of self-adjoint operators
In formal terms, let X be a Hilbert space and let T be a self-adjoint operator on X.
Definition
The essential spectrum of T, usually denoted σess(T), is the set of all complex numbers λ such that
is not a Fredholm operator, where denotes the identity operator on X, so that for all x in X.
(An operator is Fredholm if its kernel and cokernel are finite-dimensional.)
Properties
The essential spectrum is always closed, and it is a subset of the spectrum. Since T is self-adjoint, the spectrum is contained on the real axis.
The essential spectrum is invariant under compact perturbations. That is, if K is a compact self-adjoint operator on X, then the essential spectra of T and that of coincide. This explains why it is called the essential spectrum: Weyl (1910) originally defined the essential spectrum of a certain differential operator to be the spectrum independent of boundary conditions.
Weyl's criterion for the essential spectrum is as follows. First, a number λ is in the spectrum of T if and only if there exists a sequence {ψk} in the space X such that and
Furthermore, λ is in the essential spectrum if there is a sequence satisfying this condition, but such th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot%20complement
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In mathematics, the knot complement of a tame knot K is the space where the knot is not. If a knot is embedded in the 3-sphere, then the complement is the 3-sphere minus the space near the knot. To make this precise, suppose that K is a knot in a three-manifold M (most often, M is the 3-sphere). Let N be a tubular neighborhood of K; so N is a solid torus. The knot complement is then the complement of N,
The knot complement XK is a compact 3-manifold; the boundary of XK and the boundary of the neighborhood N are homeomorphic to a two-torus. Sometimes the ambient manifold M is understood to be the 3-sphere. Context is needed to determine the usage. There are analogous definitions for the link complement.
Many knot invariants, such as the knot group, are really invariants of the complement of the knot. When the ambient space is the three-sphere no information is lost: the Gordon–Luecke theorem states that a knot is determined by its complement. That is, if K and K′ are two knots with homeomorphic complements then there is a homeomorphism of the three-sphere taking one knot to the other.
Knot complements are Haken manifolds. More generally complements of links are Haken manifolds.
See also
Knot genus
Seifert surface
Further reading
C. Gordon and J. Luecke, "Knots are determined by their Complements", J. Amer. Math. Soc., 2 (1989), 371–415.
References
Knot theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bead%20sort
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Bead sort, also called gravity sort, is a natural sorting algorithm, developed by Joshua J. Arulanandham, Cristian S. Calude and Michael J. Dinneen in 2002, and published in The Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science. Both digital and analog hardware implementations of bead sort can achieve a sorting time of O(n); however, the implementation of this algorithm tends to be significantly slower in software and can only be used to sort lists of positive integers. Also, it would seem that even in the best case, the algorithm requires O(n2) space.
Algorithm overview
The bead sort operation can be compared to the manner in which beads slide on parallel poles, such as on an abacus. However, each pole may have a distinct number of beads. Initially, it may be helpful to imagine the beads suspended on vertical poles. In Step 1, such an arrangement is displayed using n=5 rows of beads on m=4 vertical poles. The numbers to the right of each row indicate the number that the row in question represents; rows 1 and 2 are representing the positive integer 3 (because they each contain three beads) while the top row represents the positive integer 2 (as it only contains two beads).
If we then allow the beads to fall, the rows now represent the same integers in sorted order. Row 1 contains the largest number in the set, while row n contains the smallest. If the above-mentioned convention of rows containing a series of beads on poles 1..k and leaving poles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda%20field%20theory
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In mathematics and physics, specifically the study of field theory and partial differential equations, a Toda field theory, named after Morikazu Toda, is specified by a choice of Lie algebra and a specific Lagrangian.
Formulation
Fixing the Lie algebra to have rank , that is, the Cartan subalgebra of the algebra has dimension , the Lagrangian can be written
The background spacetime is 2-dimensional Minkowski space, with space-like coordinate and timelike coordinate . Greek indices indicate spacetime coordinates.
For some choice of root basis, is the th simple root. This provides a basis for the Cartan subalgebra, allowing it to be identified with .
Then the field content is a collection of scalar fields , which are scalar in the sense that they transform trivially under Lorentz transformations of the underlying spacetime.
The inner product is the restriction of the Killing form to the Cartan subalgebra.
The are integer constants, known as Kac labels or Dynkin labels.
The physical constants are the mass and the coupling constant .
Classification of Toda field theories
Toda field theories are classified according to their associated Lie algebra.
Toda field theories usually refer to theories with a finite Lie algebra. If the Lie algebra is an affine Lie algebra, it is called an affine Toda field theory (after the component of φ which decouples is removed). If it is hyperbolic, it is called a hyperbolic Toda field theory.
Toda field theories are integrable mode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20Lie%20algebra
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In mathematics, an affine Lie algebra is an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra that is constructed in a canonical fashion out of a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra. Given an affine Lie algebra, one can also form the associated affine Kac-Moody algebra, as described below. From a purely mathematical point of view, affine Lie algebras are interesting because their representation theory, like representation theory of finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras, is much better understood than that of general Kac–Moody algebras. As observed by Victor Kac, the character formula for representations of affine Lie algebras implies certain combinatorial identities, the Macdonald identities.
Affine Lie algebras play an important role in string theory and two-dimensional conformal field theory due to the way they are constructed: starting from a simple Lie algebra , one considers the loop algebra, , formed by the -valued functions on a circle (interpreted as the closed string) with pointwise commutator. The affine Lie algebra is obtained by adding one extra dimension to the loop algebra and modifying the commutator in a non-trivial way, which physicists call a quantum anomaly (in this case, the anomaly of the WZW model) and mathematicians a central extension. More generally,
if σ is an automorphism of the simple Lie algebra associated to an automorphism of its Dynkin diagram, the twisted loop algebra consists of -valued functions f on the real line which satisfy
the twisted period
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avast
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Avast Software s.r.o. is a Czech multinational cybersecurity software company headquartered in Prague, Czech Republic, that researches and develops computer security software, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Avast has more than 435 million monthly active users and the second largest market share among anti-malware application vendors worldwide as of April 2020. The company has approximately 1,700 employees across its 25 offices worldwide. In July 2021, NortonLifeLock, an American cybersecurity company, announced that it was in talks to merge with Avast Software. In August 2021, Avast's board of directors agreed to an offer of US$8 billion.
Avast was founded by Pavel Baudiš and Eduard Kučera in 1988 as a cooperative. It had been a private company since 2010 and had its IPO in May 2018. In July 2016, Avast acquired competitor AVG Technologies for $1.3 billion. At the time, AVG was the third-ranked antivirus product. It was dual-listed on the Prague Stock Exchange and on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index until it was acquired by NortonLifeLock in September 2022.
The company's main product is Avast Antivirus, along with tools such as the Avast Secure Browser and the Avast SecureLine VPN.
Avast produces Avast Online Security, which is its main extension, but it also has extensions like Avast SafePrice and Avast Passwords.
History
Avast was founded by Eduard Kučera and Pavel Baudiš in 1988. The founders met each other at the Re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Miklo%C5%A1ko
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František Mikloško (born 2 June 1947) is a Slovak politician. He was the Speaker of the Slovak National Council from 1990 to 1992 and a long serving MP of the National Council of the Slovak Republic (1990-2010). For most of his career, he was a member of Christian Democratic Movement.
Early life
Mikloško studied Mathematics at the Comenius University, graduating in 1966. Already as a student, he was active in the activities of the Catholic Church, which had a complicated relationship with the Communist regime at the time. At first, Mikloško's activities were limited to low profile organization of small student gatherings while working as a researcher at the Slovak Academy of Sciences. However, since 1980s, Mikloško started gradually to contribute to organization of large religious pilgrimages, which has attracted the attention of the Communist regime. In 1983 he was fired from the Academy and could only work in manual occupations. In spite of the regime repression, Mikloško continued to organize increasingly anti-regime rallied, most prominently the Candle demonstration in Bratislava in 1988. After the Velvet Revolution, he became the first Speaker of the Slovak National Council.
Political career
Mikloško was one of the longest-serving members of parliament in Slovakia. He was also a candidate in the 2004 presidential election and the 2009 presidential election. Mikloško did not participate in 2010 parliament election and retired from politics.
On 12 March 2008 Františ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological
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In mathematics, tautological may refer to:
Logic:
Tautological consequence
Geometry, where it is used as an alternative to canonical:
Tautological bundle
Tautological line bundle
Tautological one-form
Tautology (grammar), unnecessary repetition, or more words than necessary, to say the same thing.
See also
Tautology (disambiguation)
List of tautological place names
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the term modulo ("with respect to a modulus of", the Latin ablative of modulus which itself means "a small measure") is often used to assert that two distinct mathematical objects can be regarded as equivalent—if their difference is accounted for by an additional factor. It was initially introduced into mathematics in the context of modular arithmetic by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. Since then, the term has gained many meanings—some exact and some imprecise (such as equating "modulo" with "except for"). For the most part, the term often occurs in statements of the form:
A is the same as B modulo C
which is often equivalent to "A is the same as B up to C", and means
A and B are the same—except for differences accounted for or explained by C.
History
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n. It is the Latin ablative of modulus, which itself means "a small measure."
The term has gained many meanings over the years—some exact and some imprecise. The most general precise definition is simply in terms of an equivalence relation R, where a is equivalent (or congruent) to b modulo R if aRb. More informally, the term is found in statements of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20C.%20Evans
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David Cannon Evans (February 24, 1924 – October 3, 1998) was the founder of the computer science department at the University of Utah and co-founder (with Ivan Sutherland) of Evans & Sutherland, a pioneering firm in computer graphics hardware.
Biography
Evans was born in Salt Lake City. He attended the University of Utah and studied electrical engineering; he earned his Bachelor of Science in Physics in 1949 and his Doctorate in Physics in 1953. Evans first worked at the Bendix aviation electronics company, where he acted as project manager in 1955 to develop what some describe as an early personal computer that ran on an interpretive operating system. The Bendix G-15 was a bulky unit about the size of a two-door refrigerator. He stayed with the company just long enough to manage the G-20 project.
Evans became a faculty member of the University of California, Berkeley.
His first important work with graphics dates from that period, when he did several experiments on an IDIOM display hooked up to a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-5.
In 1963, he was co-Principal Investigator (with Harry Huskey) for project Genie to produce an early multi-user timesharing system. Students from this period include Butler Lampson and L. Peter Deutsch.
The system, which included key developments in the field of virtual memory, was sponsored by the US Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency.
In 1965, the University of Utah recruited him back to start their own computer science de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Wagner
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James W. Wagner (born 1953) served as the 19th President of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia from 2003 to 2016. From 2000 to 2003, he served as Provost and interim President of Case Western Reserve University.
Biography
James W. Wagner was born in Silver Spring, Maryland in 1953. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Delaware in 1975 and an M.S. in clinical engineering in 1978 from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 1984, he received a PhD from Johns Hopkins in materials science and engineering.
He started his career as a Professor at Johns Hopkins. He also worked at the United States Food and Drug Administration. From 1998 to 2000, he served as Dean at Case Western Reserve University, and from 2000 to 2003 he was Provost and interim President. According to the New York Times, Wagner received $1,040,420 in total compensation at Emory in 2008.
In 2009, he became a fellow at the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He also serves on the boards of The Carter Center, the Georgia Research Alliance, SunTrust Banks, the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, the Atlanta Regional Council for Higher Education, and the Woodruff Arts Center.
He is a Presbyterian.
Controversy
In February 2013, President Wagner wrote an essay in the Emory Magazine entitled "As American as... Compromise" in which he used the Three-Fifths Compromise as an example of pragmatic compromise that Emory University should emulate. He wrote, "One instance of const
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan%20Simms
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Brendan Peter Simms (born 1967, Dublin) is a Professor of the history of international relations in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge.
Early life
Brendan Simms is the son of Anngret and David Simms, a professor of mathematics. He is also a grand-nephew of Brian Goold-Verschoyle, a member of the Communist Party of Ireland, who became a Soviet spy and died in a Soviet gulag in 1942.
Simms was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith. He studied at Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar in 1986, before completing his doctoral dissertation, Anglo-Prussian relations, 1804–1806: The Napoleonic Threat, at Peterhouse, Cambridge, under the supervision of Tim Blanning in 1993.
Career
Simms became a Fellow of Peterhouse and now also serves as Professor of the History of European International Relations at the University of Cambridge, where he lectures and leads seminars, specializing in international history since 1945.
In addition to his academic work, Simms also serves as the president of the Henry Jackson Society, which advocates the view that supporting and promoting liberal democracy and liberal interventionism should be an integral part of Western foreign policy, and as President of the Project for Democratic Union, a Munich-based student-organised think tank.
He has advocated that the Eurozone should create a United States of Europe, and also that this should continue the traditions of the Holy Roman Empire, app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve%20%28disambiguation%29
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A curve is a geometrical object in mathematics.
Curve(s) may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Curve (band), an English alternative rock music group
Curve (album), a 2012 album by Our Lady Peace
"Curve" (song), a 2017 song by Gucci Mane featuring The Weeknd
Curve, a 2001 album by Doc Walker
"Curve", a song by John Petrucci from Suspended Animation, 2005
"Curve", a song by Cam'ron from the album Crime Pays, 2009
Periodicals
Curve (design magazine), an industrial design magazine
Curve (magazine), a U.S. lesbian magazine
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Curve (film), a 2015 film
BBC Two "Curve" idents, various animations based around a curve motif
Brands and enterprises
Curve (payment card), a payment card that aggregates multiple payment cards
Curve (theatre), a theatre in Leicester, United Kingdom
Curve, fragrance by Liz Claiborne
BlackBerry Curve, a series of phones from Research in Motion
Curves International, an international fitness franchise
Other uses
Bézier curve, a type of parametric curve used in computer graphics and related fields
Curve (tonality), a software technique for image manipulation
Curveball, a baseball pitch often called simply a "curve"
Female body shape or curves
French curve, a template made out of plastic, metal or wood used to draw smooth curves
Grading curve, a system of grading students
Yield curve, a representation of predicted value of a fixed income security for different durations
See a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinfo
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SUPINFO International University, formerly called "École supérieure d'Informatique", is a private institution of higher education in Computer Science that was created in 1965 and has been recognized by the French state since 10 January 1972.
Over a five-year period SUPINFO trains ICT professionals who can work in IT organizations upon completion of their courses. They are then issued a diploma which is registered by the French State as a level I national professional certificate (Bac+5, RNCP level 7).
History
ESI was founded in 1965 by Léo Rozentalis.
The school was bought by an Alumnus, Alick Mouriesse, in 1998.
Since 2002 SUPINFO has signed agreements in Paris with three Chinese Universities to create three SUPINFO schools in China within the Computer Science faculties of universities from several regions in partnership with the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in China. The students follow a course which is predominantly in English but they study French as well (8 hours per week) and at the end of the course, they are issued with the same qualification as the Parisian students.
In 2004, two new regional sites were opened in Strasbourg and Saint-Benoît, Réunion.
In 2005, seven new regional sites were opened in France : (Bordeaux, Mâcon, Nice, Nîmes, Saint-Malo, Troyes and Valenciennes).
In 2006, five new regional sites were opened in France : (Caen, Grenoble, Nantes, Toulouse and Tours) as well as SUPINFO UK in London and SUPINFO Canada in Montreal.
In 2007,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20binomial%20coefficient
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In mathematics, the Gaussian binomial coefficients (also called Gaussian coefficients, Gaussian polynomials, or q-binomial coefficients) are q-analogs of the binomial coefficients. The Gaussian binomial coefficient, written as or , is a polynomial in q with integer coefficients, whose value when q is set to a prime power counts the number of subspaces of dimension k in a vector space of dimension n over , a finite field with q elements; i.e. it is the number of points in the finite Grassmannian .
Definition
The Gaussian binomial coefficients are defined by:
where m and r are non-negative integers. If , this evaluates to 0. For , the value is 1 since both the numerator and denominator are empty products.
Although the formula at first appears to be a rational function, it actually is a polynomial, because the division is exact in Z[q]
All of the factors in numerator and denominator are divisible by , and the quotient is the q-number:
Dividing out these factors gives the equivalent formula
In terms of the q factorial , the formula can be stated as
Substituting into gives the ordinary binomial coefficient .
The Gaussian binomial coefficient has finite values as :
Examples
Combinatorial descriptions
Inversions
One combinatorial description of Gaussian binomial coefficients involves inversions.
The ordinary binomial coefficient counts the -combinations chosen from an -element set. If one takes those elements to be the different character positions in a word of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual%20Jordan
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Ernst Pascual Jordan (; 18 October 1902 – 31 July 1980) was a German theoretical and mathematical physicist who made significant contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He contributed much to the mathematical form of matrix mechanics, and developed canonical anticommutation relations for fermions. He introduced Jordan algebras in an effort to formalize quantum field theory; the algebras have since found numerous applications within mathematics.
Jordan joined the Nazi Party in 1933, but did not follow the Deutsche Physik movement, which at the time rejected quantum physics developed by Albert Einstein and other Jewish physicists. After the Second World War, he entered politics for the conservative party CDU and served as a member of parliament from 1957 to 1961.
Family history and education
Jordan was born to Ernst Pasqual Jordan (1858–1924) and Eva Fischer. Ernst Jordan was a painter renowned for his portraits and landscapes. He was an associate professor of art at Hannover Technical University when his son was born. The family name was originally Jorda and it was of Spanish origin. The first born sons were all given the name Pasqual or the version Pascual. The family settled in Hannover after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and at some stage changed their name from Jorda to Jordan. Ernst Jordan married Eva Fischer in 1892.
An ancestor of Pascual Jordan named Pascual Jordan was a Spanish nobleman and cavalry officer who served with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20B%C3%BCchner
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Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner (29 March 1824 – 30 April 1899) was a German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th-century scientific materialism.
Biography
Büchner was born at Darmstadt on 29 March 1824. From 1842 to 1848 he studied physics, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, philosophy and medicine at the University of Giessen, where he graduated in 1848 with a dissertation entitled Beiträge zur Hall'schen Lehre von einem excitomotorischen Nervensystem (Contributions to the Hallerian Theory of an Excitomotor Nervous System). Afterwards, he continued his studies at the University of Strasbourg, the University of Würzburg (where he studied pathology with the great Rudolf Virchow) and the University of Vienna. In 1852 he became lecturer in medicine at the University of Tübingen, where he published his magnum opus Kraft und Stoff: Empirisch-naturphilosophische Studien (Force and Matter: Empiricophilosophical Studies, 1855). Büchner was one of the founding members of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Foundation).
According to Friedrich Albert Lange (Geschichte des Materialismus, 1866), Kraft und Stoff was imbued with a fanatical enthusiasm for humanity. Büchner sought to demonstrate the indestructibility of matter, and the finality of physical force. The scientific materialism of this work, which contemporaries often lumped together with the publications of other 'materialists' like Karl Vogt and Jacob Moleschott, caused
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDX
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CDX or CDx may stand for:
Cdx, a gene family
CDX Format in chemistry software
Climate Data Exchange, software
Community Development Exchange
Companion diagnostic (Cdx)
Council of Ten () of the Venetian Republic
Cyclodextrins or cycloamyloses, a family of oligosaccharides
Sega CD-X, a video game console
The Datel CDX cartridge
The Numark CDX, a CD turntable
The CDX Credit default swap index
410 in Roman numerals
An average graded sheet of exterior plywood
Centre-right coalition, an alliance of political parties in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%20number
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In mathematics, the Pell numbers are an infinite sequence of integers, known since ancient times, that comprise the denominators of the closest rational approximations to the square root of 2. This sequence of approximations begins , , , , and , so the sequence of Pell numbers begins with 1, 2, 5, 12, and 29. The numerators of the same sequence of approximations are half the companion Pell numbers or Pell–Lucas numbers; these numbers form a second infinite sequence that begins with 2, 6, 14, 34, and 82.
Both the Pell numbers and the companion Pell numbers may be calculated by means of a recurrence relation similar to that for the Fibonacci numbers, and both sequences of numbers grow exponentially, proportionally to powers of the silver ratio 1 + . As well as being used to approximate the square root of two, Pell numbers can be used to find square triangular numbers, to construct integer approximations to the right isosceles triangle, and to solve certain combinatorial enumeration problems.
As with Pell's equation, the name of the Pell numbers stems from Leonhard Euler's mistaken attribution of the equation and the numbers derived from it to John Pell. The Pell–Lucas numbers are also named after Édouard Lucas, who studied sequences defined by recurrences of this type; the Pell and companion Pell numbers are Lucas sequences.
Pell numbers
The Pell numbers are defined by the recurrence relation:
In words, the sequence of Pell numbers starts with 0 and 1, and then each Pell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip%20Globevnik
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Josip Globevnik is a Slovenian mathematician, born December 6, 1945 in Ljubljana, Slovenia (then Yugoslavia).
Globevnik graduated in 1968 and obtained his PhD in 1972 at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology (FNT) of University of Ljubljana. He worked on the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy between 1969 and 1988, also as an associate professor (1978) and professor of mathematics (1983). From 1988 on he taught as a professor of mathematical analysis in the FNT and later the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics.
He taught as a guest on universities in the U.S. (1973/74, 1978/79, 1983–1985). For a shorter time, he visited several universities in Europe, Brazil, and Israel.
Globevnik's main research interest is complex analysis. He published around 50 articles in international journals. Since 1985 he has been a correspondence member and since 1989 a regular member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
In 1976 he was awarded with Kidric Award.
External links
20th-century Slovenian mathematicians
Yugoslav mathematicians
21st-century Slovenian mathematicians
1945 births
Living people
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Scientists from Ljubljana
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Body%20Theory%20and%20the%20Quantum%20Discontinuity%2C%201894%E2%80%931912
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Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 (1978; second edition 1987) is a book by the philosopher Thomas Kuhn, in which the author surveys the development of quantum mechanics. The second edition has a new afterword.
Summary
Kuhn surveys the development of quantum mechanics by Max Planck at the end of the 19th century. He argues that Planck misread his own earlier work.
Reception
Alexander Bird describes Kuhn's book as "masterly", writing that it "differs from traditional history of science less in the kind of explanation offered and more in the vast erudition and scholarly attention to detail displayed."
According to philosopher Tim Maudlin, Planck and the Black Body Discontinuity (sic) "is a mixed bag: some good historiography and some poor analysis."
References
1978 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books by Thomas Kuhn
English-language books
Oxford University Press books
Philosophy of science books
Physics books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Godard
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Joel Clinton Godard Jr. (born March 31, 1938) is an American television announcer and voiceover artist, best known as the announcer for Late Night with Conan O'Brien during its entire 16-year run from 1993 to 2009.
Early life
Godard attended Emory University, and earned his AB in 1960 with a double major in chemistry and pre-med. He was accepted into the school's medical program, but instead chose to try a career in the entertainment industry. Around 1968, Godard worked three jobs at the same time while living in Macon, Georgia: analyzing electroplating solutions at Maxson Electronics; acting as a news anchor and "stand-up weatherman" for WMAZ-TV; and as a licensed pilot for Lowe Aviation. He served as a production assistant at WMAZ radio in 1970.
Career
During the early 1980s, Godard had roles in the made-for-TV movie Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones and the TBS soap opera The Caitlins. In the 1980s and 1990s, Godard made voiceover appearances on Saturday Night Live, NBC Nightly News, and Issues and Answers. Around 1986, he became an NBC staff announcer. Godard was the voice of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 2000 to 2010.
In 2014, he starred in a series of online comedy shorts by Turtle with Lemonade Productions, entitled "Little Known Moments in American History."
Late Night with Conan O'Brien
Godard joined Late Night with Conan O'Brien when it was launched in 1993. He frequently appeared in sketches, often pretending to be a suicidal homosexual filled wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20mirror
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A solar mirror contains a substrate with a reflective layer for reflecting the solar energy, and in most cases an interference layer. This may be a planar mirror or parabolic arrays of solar mirrors used to achieve a substantially concentrated reflection factor for solar energy systems.
See article "Heliostat" for more information on solar mirrors used for terrestrial energy.
Components
Glass or metal substrate
The substrate is the mechanical layer which holds the mirror in shape.
Glass may also be used as a protective layer to protect the other layers from abrasion and corrosion. Although glass is brittle, it is a good material for this purpose, because it is highly transparent (low optical losses), resistant to ultraviolet light (UV), fairly hard (abrasion resistant), chemically inert, and fairly easy to clean. It is composed of a float glass with high optical transmission characteristics in the visible and infrared ranges, and is configured to transmit visible light and infrared radiation. The top surface, known as the "first surface", will reflect some of the incident solar energy, due to the reflection coefficient caused by its index of refraction being higher than air. Most of the solar energy is transmitted through the glass substrate to the lower layers of the mirror, possibly with some refraction, depending on the angle of incidence as light enters the mirror.
Metal substrates ("Metal Mirror Reflectors") may also be used in solar reflectors. NASA Glenn R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibered%20knot
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In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, a knot or link
in the 3-dimensional sphere is called fibered or fibred (sometimes Neuwirth knot in older texts, after Lee Neuwirth) if there is a 1-parameter family of Seifert surfaces for , where the parameter runs through the points of the unit circle , such that if is not equal to
then the intersection of and is exactly .
Examples
Knots that are fibered
For example:
The unknot, trefoil knot, and figure-eight knot are fibered knots.
The Hopf link is a fibered link.
Knots that are not fibered
The Alexander polynomial of a fibered knot is monic, i.e. the coefficients of the highest and lowest powers of t are plus or minus 1. Examples of knots with nonmonic Alexander polynomials abound, for example the twist knots have Alexander polynomials , where q is the number of half-twists. In particular the stevedore knot is not fibered.
Related constructions
Fibered knots and links arise naturally, but not exclusively, in complex algebraic geometry. For instance, each singular point of a complex plane curve can be described
topologically as the cone on a fibered knot or link called the link of the singularity. The trefoil knot is the link of the cusp singularity ; the Hopf link (oriented correctly) is the link of the node singularity . In these cases, the family of Seifert surfaces is an aspect of the Milnor fibration of the singularity.
A knot is fibered if and only if it is the binding of some open book decomposition of .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae%20Popescu
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Nicolae Popescu (; 22 September 1937 – 29 July 2010) was a Romanian mathematician and professor at the University of Bucharest. He also held a research position at the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, and was elected corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy in 1997.
He is best known for his contributions to algebra and the theory of abelian categories. From 1964 to 2007 he collaborated with Pierre Gabriel on the characterization of abelian categories; their best-known result is the Gabriel–Popescu theorem, published in 1964. His areas of expertise were category theory, abelian categories with applications to rings and modules, adjoint functors, limits and colimits, the theory of sheaves, the theory of rings, fields and polynomials, and valuation theory. He also had interests and published in algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, K-theory, class field theory, and algebraic function theory.
Biography
Popescu was born on September 22, 1937, in Strehaia-Comanda, Mehedinți County, Romania. In 1954 he graduated from the Carol I High School in Craiova and went on to study mathematics at the University of Iași. In his third year of studies he was expelled from the university, having been deemed "hostile to the regime" for remarking that "the achievements of American scientists are also worth of consideration." He then went back home to Strehaia, where he worked for a year in a collective farm, after which he was admitted in 1959 at th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Biology
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The Institute of Biology (IoB) was a professional body for biologists, primarily those working in the United Kingdom. The Institute was founded in 1950 by the Biological Council: the then umbrella body for Britain's many learned biological societies. Its individual membership (as opposed to the individual membership of its affiliates) quickly grew; in the late 1990s it was as high as 16,000 but declined in the early 21st century to 11,000. It received a Royal Charter in 1979 and it held charitable status.
The IoB was not a trade union, nor did it have the regulatory power over its membership (like the General Medical Council) although it did have the right to remove a member's Chartered status and was empowered by its Royal Charter to represent Britain's profession of biology. In October 2009, the IoB was merged with the Biosciences Federation (BSF) to form the Society of Biology, which has around 14,000 individual members and over 90 member organisations. In May 2015, the Society was granted permission to become the Royal Society of Biology.
Role of the Institute
As the professional body representing biologists, the IoB was frequently consulted on biological issues by Government, Parliament, industry and other organisations. Due to its widespread members and affiliated societies, it prided itself on producing a balanced response that reflected the views of the biological profession as a whole. At its peak of policy activity in the late 1990s the Institute was each year resp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6hlich%20Prize
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The Fröhlich Prize of the London Mathematical Society is awarded in even numbered years in memory of Albrecht Fröhlich. The prize is awarded for original and extremely innovative work in any branch of mathematics. According to the regulations the prize is awarded "to a mathematician who has fewer than 25 years (full time equivalent) of involvement in mathematics at post-doctoral level, allowing for breaks in continuity, or who in the opinion of the Prizes Committee is at an equivalent stage in their career."
Prize winners
Source: LMS website
2004 Ian Grojnowski
2006 Michael Weiss
2008 Nicholas Higham
2010 Jonathan Keating
2012 Trevor Wooley
2014 Martin Hairer
2016 Dominic Joyce
2018
2020 Françoise Tisseur
2022 Richard Thomas
See also
Whitehead Prize
Senior Whitehead Prize
Shephard Prize
Berwick Prize
Naylor Prize and Lectureship
Pólya Prize (LMS)
De Morgan Medal
List of mathematics awards
References
External links
LMS prizes
British science and technology awards
Awards of the London Mathematical Society
Early career awards
Biennial events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Grojnowski
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Ian Grojnowski is a mathematician working at the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge.
Awards and honours
Grojnowski was the first recipient of the Fröhlich Prize of the London Mathematical Society in 2004 for his work in representation theory and algebraic geometry. The citation reads
References
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Australian mathematicians
Living people
Cambridge mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Henderson
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Luther Henderson (March 14, 1919 – July 29, 2003) was an American arranger, composer, orchestrator, and pianist best known for his contributions to Broadway musicals.
Early life and career
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Henderson relocated to the Sugar Hill section of Harlem at the age of four. Following a short stint studying mathematics at the City College of New York, he enrolled at the Juilliard School of Music, where he received a bachelor of science degree in 1942.
Drafted into the Navy during World War II, Henderson became an arranger for the Navy band stationed at the Naval Station Great Lakes, prior to becoming the staff orchestrator for The U. S. Navy School of Music in Washington, D.C., from 1944 to 1946.
Following the war, Henderson began a long professional association with a number of musical notables of the era, including Duke Ellington, Lena Horne, Jule Styne, and Richard Rodgers. Notably, Henderson maintained a lengthy pre-professional relationship with Ellington, having been neighbors with the Ellington family as a child and schoolmate with his son, Mercer. Henderson went on to serve as classical orchestrator for Ellington's symphonic works, receiving the nickname of being Ellington's "classical arm."
Broadway
Henderson's first foray into Broadway theatre was Ellington's Beggar's Holiday, serving as co-orchestrator alongside Billy Strayhorn. He went on to serve as orchestrator, arranger, and musical director on more than fifty Broadway musicals, includin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansatz
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In physics and mathematics, an ansatz (; , meaning: "initial placement of a tool at a work piece", plural ansätze ; ) is an educated guess or an additional assumption made to help solve a problem, and which may later be verified to be part of the solution by its results.
Use
An ansatz is the establishment of the starting equation(s), the theorem(s), or the value(s) describing a mathematical or physical problem or solution. It typically provides an initial estimate or framework to the solution of a mathematical problem, and can also take into consideration the boundary conditions (in fact, an ansatz is sometimes thought of as a "trial answer" and an important technique in solving differential equations).
After an ansatz, which constitutes nothing more than an assumption, has been established, the equations are solved more precisely for the general function of interest, which then constitutes a confirmation of the assumption. In essence, an ansatz makes assumptions about the form of the solution to a problem so as to make the solution easier to find.
It has been demonstrated that machine learning techniques can be applied to provide initial estimates similar to those invented by humans and to discover new ones in case no ansatz is available.
Examples
Given a set of experimental data that looks to be clustered about a line, a linear ansatz could be made to find the parameters of the line by a least squares curve fit. Variational approximation methods use ansätze and then fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny%20Lautrup
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Benny Lautrup (born 25 June 1939) is a Danish professor in theoretical physics at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen. During his career he has worked at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Denmark), Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA), CERN (Switzerland), and the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (France). He is known for his part in the Nakanishi-Lautrup formalism, a concept in relativistic quantum field theory. He has published the books Neural Networks – Computers with Intuition with Søren Brunak (original in Danish and also translated into German), and Physics of Continuous Matter: Exotic and Everyday Phenomena in the macroscopic World in 2005. A second edition of this book was published in 2011. He also writes articles about physics and participates in the public debate in Denmark (list of articles).
Lautrup participated in the documentary The Anatomy of Thought (Danish: Tankens Anatomi) from 1997.
References
External links
Personal homepage
1939 births
Living people
Danish physicists
People associated with CERN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%2C%20Michigan
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Alberta is an unincorporated community in L'Anse Township of Baraga County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated on US Highway 41 (US 41) about south of the village of L'Anse at . Alberta is the site of the Ford Center, managed by the Michigan Technological University College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science.
The community was founded in 1936 after Henry Ford declared the banks of the Plumbago Creek to be an ideal spot for a sawmill. Ford named the town "Alberta" after the daughter of the superintendent of Ford's Upper Peninsula Operations at the time, which was either Fred J. Johnson or Edward G. Kingsford (for whom the town of Kingsford, Michigan and Kingsford charcoal is named). It was Ford's intention to have a model lumber and sawmill town, as well as to construct a plant in the southeastern forests of the Keweenaw.At the time Ford established Alberta, wood was used extensively in automobiles. The original village of Alberta consisted of twelve houses, two schools, and a steam-driven mill built to the most modern standards of the day. The Plumbago Creek was dammed to provide a reservoir to serve the town and mill's water supply needs. The mill was a two-story white clapboard wood-frame structure and still stands, now housing a portion of the Alberta Village Museum. The saw mill had a capacity of per day for hardwood and per day for softwood. This was a small capacity even by 1936 standards, with Ford's other three mills in the Upper Peninsula of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kuzmin%E2%80%93Wirsing%20operator
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In mathematics, the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator is the transfer operator of the Gauss map that takes a positive number to the fractional part of its reciprocal. (This is not the same as the Gauss map in differential geometry.) It is named after Carl Gauss, Rodion Kuzmin, and Eduard Wirsing. It occurs in the study of continued fractions; it is also related to the Riemann zeta function.
Relationship to the maps and continued fractions
The Gauss map
The Gauss function (map) h is :
where denotes the floor function.
It has an infinite number of jump discontinuities at x = 1/n, for positive integers n. It is hard to approximate it by a single smooth polynomial.
Operator on the maps
The Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator acts on functions as
Eigenvalues of the operator
The first eigenfunction of this operator is
which corresponds to an eigenvalue of λ1 = 1. This eigenfunction gives the probability of the occurrence of a given integer in a continued fraction expansion, and is known as the Gauss–Kuzmin distribution. This follows in part because the Gauss map acts as a truncating shift operator for the continued fractions: if
is the continued fraction representation of a number 0 < x < 1, then
Because is conjugate to a Bernoulli shift, the eigenvalue is simple, and since the operator leaves invariant the Gauss–Kuzmin measure, the operator is ergodic with respect to the measure. This fact allows a short proof of the existence of Khinchin's constant.
Additional ei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20code
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Universal Code can refer to:
Universal code (data compression), a prefix used to map integers onto binary codewords
Universal Code (biology), another term for genetic code, the set of rules living cells to form proteins
An alternate term for a Universal law, the concept that principles and rules governing human behaviour can gain legitimacy by demonstrating universal acceptability, applicability, translation, and philosophical basis of those rules
Universal code (ethics), the belief that a system of ethics can apply to every sentient being
Universal Product Code, a barcode symbology system widely used in Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and other countries for tracking trade items
Universal code (typography), a standard set of characters in typography
Universal code (cartography), another term for the Natural Area Code, a geocode system for identifying a location on or in the volume of space around Earth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20differential%20equation
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A stochastic differential equation (SDE) is a differential equation in which one or more of the terms is a stochastic process, resulting in a solution which is also a stochastic process. SDEs have many applications throughout pure mathematics and are used to model various behaviours of stochastic models such as stock prices, random growth models or physical systems that are subjected to thermal fluctuations.
SDEs have a random differential that is in the most basic case random white noise calculated as the derivative of a Brownian motion or more generally a semimartingale. However, other types of random behaviour are possible, such as jump processes like Lévy processes or semimartingales with jumps. Random differential equations are conjugate to stochastic differential equations. Stochastic differential equations can also be extended to differential manifolds.
Background
Stochastic differential equations originated in the theory of Brownian motion, in the work of Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski in 1905, although Louis Bachelier was the first person credited with modeling Brownian motion in 1900, giving a very early example of Stochastic Differential Equation now known as Bachelier model. Some of these early examples were linear stochastic differential equations, also called 'Langevin' equations after French physicist Langevin, describing the motion of a harmonic oscillator subject to a random force.
The mathematical theory of stochastic differential equations wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrally%20closed
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In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the concept of integrally closed has three meanings:
A commutative ring contained in a commutative ring is said to be integrally closed in if is equal to the integral closure of in .
An integral domain is said to be integrally closed if it is equal to its integral closure in its field of fractions.
An ordered group G is called integrally closed if for all elements a and b of G, if an ≤ b for all natural numbers n then a ≤ 1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary%20ammonium%20cation
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In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively-charged polyatomic ions of the structure , where R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or organyl group. Unlike the ammonium ion () and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds (called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations. Polyquats are a variety of engineered polymer forms which provide multiple quat molecules within a larger molecule.
Quats are used in consumer applications including as antimicrobials (such as detergents and disinfectants), fabric softeners, and hair conditioners. As an antimicrobial, they are able to inactivate enveloped viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2). Quats tend to be gentler on surfaces than bleach-based disinfectants, and are generally fabric-safe.
Synthesis
Quaternary ammonium compounds are prepared by the alkylation of tertiary amine. Industrial production of commodity quat salts usually involves hydrogenation of fatty nitriles, which can generate primary or secondary amines. These amines are then treated with methyl chloride.
The quaternization of alkyl amines by alkyl halides is widely documented. In older literature this is often called a Menshutkin reaction, however modern chemists usually refer to it simply as quaternization. The reaction can be used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20von%20Hann
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Julius Ferdinand von Hann (23 March 1839 in Wartberg ob der Aist near Linz – 1 October 1921 in Vienna) was an Austrian meteorologist. He is seen as a father of modern meteorology.
Biography
He was educated at the gymnasium of Kremsmünster and then studied mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Vienna, then geology and paleontology under Eduard Suess and physical geography under Friedrich Simony. From 1865 to 1868, he was master at the Oberrealschule at Linz, and in 1865 was invited by Karl Jelinek to become the first editor of the Zeitschrift für Meteorologie. In 1877, he succeeded Jelinek as the director of the Meteorologische Zentralanstalt (Central Institute for Meteorology and Earth Magnetism) and was appointed professor of meteorology at the University of Vienna. In 1897, he retired as director and became professor of meteorology at the University of Graz, but returned to Vienna to fill the chair of professor of cosmic physics in 1900, where he remained until 1910. He became an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1902. In 1912, he was made a foreign knight of the Prussian Ordre Pour le Mérite.
Hann window
Hann invented a weighted moving average technique for combining meteorological data from neighboring regions, using the weights [1/4, 1/2, 1/4], known as Hann smoothing.
In signal processing, the Hann window is a window function, called the Hann function, derived from this technique by R. B. Blackman and John
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further%20Mathematics
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Further Mathematics is the title given to a number of advanced secondary mathematics courses. The term "Higher and Further Mathematics", and the term "Advanced Level Mathematics", may also refer to any of several advanced mathematics courses at many institutions.
In the United Kingdom, Further Mathematics describes a course studied in addition to the standard mathematics AS-Level and A-Level courses. In the state of Victoria in Australia, it describes a course delivered as part of the Victorian Certificate of Education (see § Australia (Victoria) for a more detailed explanation). Globally, it describes a course studied in addition to GCE AS-Level and A-Level Mathematics, or one which is delivered as part of the International Baccalaureate Diploma.
In other words, more mathematics can also be referred to as part of advanced mathematics, or advanced level math.
United Kingdom
Background
A qualification in Further Mathematics involves studying both pure and applied modules. Whilst the pure modules (formerly known as Pure 4–6 or Core 4–6, now known as Further Pure 1–3, where 4 exists for the AQA board) build on knowledge from the core mathematics modules, the applied modules may start from first principles.
The structure of the qualification varies between exam boards.
With regard to Mathematics degrees, most universities do not require Further Mathematics, and may incorporate foundation math modules or offer "catch-up" classes covering any additional content. Exceptions are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinian%20group
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In mathematics, a Kleinian group is a discrete subgroup of the group of orientation-preserving isometries of hyperbolic 3-space . The latter, identifiable with , is the quotient group of the 2 by 2 complex matrices of determinant 1 by their center, which consists of the identity matrix and its product by . has a natural representation as orientation-preserving conformal transformations of the Riemann sphere, and as orientation-preserving conformal transformations of the open unit ball in . The group of Möbius transformations is also related as the non-orientation-preserving isometry group of , . So, a Kleinian group can be regarded as a discrete subgroup acting on one of these spaces.
History
The theory of general Kleinian groups was founded by and , who named them after Felix Klein. The special case of Schottky groups had been studied a few years earlier, in 1877, by Schottky.
Definitions
One modern definition of Kleinian group is as a group which acts on the 3-ball as a discrete group of hyperbolic isometries. Hyperbolic 3-space has a natural boundary; in the ball model, this can be identified with the 2-sphere. We call it the sphere at infinity, and denote it by . A hyperbolic isometry extends to a conformal homeomorphism of the sphere at infinity (and conversely, every conformal homeomorphism on the sphere at infinity extends uniquely to a hyperbolic isometry on the ball by Poincaré extension. It is a standard result from complex analysis that conformal homeomorp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhdan%27s%20property%20%28T%29
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In mathematics, a locally compact topological group G has property (T) if the trivial representation is an isolated point in its unitary dual equipped with the Fell topology. Informally, this means that if G acts unitarily on a Hilbert space and has "almost invariant vectors", then it has a nonzero invariant vector. The formal definition, introduced by David Kazhdan (1967), gives this a precise, quantitative meaning.
Although originally defined in terms of irreducible representations, property (T) can often be checked even when there is little or no explicit knowledge of the unitary dual. Property (T) has important applications to group representation theory, lattices in algebraic groups over local fields, ergodic theory, geometric group theory, expanders, operator algebras and the theory of networks.
Definitions
Let G be a σ-compact, locally compact topological group and π : G → U(H) a unitary representation of G on a (complex) Hilbert space H. If ε > 0 and K is a compact subset of G, then a unit vector ξ in H is called an (ε, K)-invariant vector if
The following conditions on G are all equivalent to G having property (T) of Kazhdan, and any of them can be used as the definition of property (T).
(1) The trivial representation is an isolated point of the unitary dual of G with Fell topology.
(2) Any sequence of continuous positive definite functions on G converging to 1 uniformly on compact subsets, converges to 1 uniformly on G.
(3) Every unitary representation o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-manifold
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In mathematics, a 4-manifold is a 4-dimensional topological manifold. A smooth 4-manifold is a 4-manifold with a smooth structure. In dimension four, in marked contrast with lower dimensions, topological and smooth manifolds are quite different. There exist some topological 4-manifolds which admit no smooth structure, and even if there exists a smooth structure, it need not be unique (i.e. there are smooth 4-manifolds which are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic).
4-manifolds are important in physics because in General Relativity, spacetime is modeled as a pseudo-Riemannian 4-manifold.
Topological 4-manifolds
The homotopy type of a simply connected compact 4-manifold only depends on the intersection form on the middle dimensional homology. A famous theorem of implies that the homeomorphism type of the manifold only depends on this intersection form, and on a invariant called the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant, and moreover that every combination of unimodular form and Kirby–Siebenmann invariant can arise, except that if the form is even, then the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant must be the signature/8 (mod 2).
Examples:
In the special case when the form is 0, this implies the 4-dimensional topological Poincaré conjecture.
If the form is the E8 lattice, this gives a manifold called the E8 manifold, a manifold not homeomorphic to any simplicial complex.
If the form is , there are two manifolds depending on the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant: one is 2-dimensional complex projective spa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Mario%20128
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Super Mario 128 was a codename for two different development projects at Nintendo. The name was first used in 1997 for a sequel to Super Mario 64 for the 64DD, which was canceled. The name was reused for a GameCube tech demo at the Nintendo Space World trade show in 2000. Nintendo gradually incorporated the demonstrated graphics and physics concepts into the rapid object generation of Pikmin (2001), the physics of Metroid Prime (2002), and the sphere walking technology of The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (2006) and Super Mario Galaxy (2007). The Super Mario 128 demo led to widespread analysis, rumors, and anticipation in the media throughout the 2000s.
History
Super Mario 64-2
The name Super Mario 128 was first used as early as January 1997 by Shigeru Miyamoto, as a possible name for a Super Mario 64 sequel. The name Super Mario 64-2 was also used interchangeably with Super Mario 128. This rumored expansion and sequel to Super Mario 64 was said to be developed for the 64DD, but was canceled due to the 64DD's commercial failure. Miyamoto mentioned at E3's August 1997 convention that he was "just getting started" on the project. At Nintendo's Space World 1997 trade show in November 1997, Miyamoto added "We haven't decided [whether it's two-player] yet. We are currently working with a system where Mario and Luigi can co-exist, and they are both controllable by the player. But we will decide more game elements when we finish everything about Zelda."
In November 1999, Miy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelling%20biological%20systems
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Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. Computational systems biology aims to develop and use efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools with the goal of computer modelling of biological systems. It involves the use of computer simulations of biological systems, including cellular subsystems (such as the networks of metabolites and enzymes which comprise metabolism, signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks), to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these cellular processes.
An unexpected emergent property of a complex system may be a result of the interplay of the cause-and-effect among simpler, integrated parts (see biological organisation). Biological systems manifest many important examples of emergent properties in the complex interplay of components. Traditional study of biological systems requires reductive methods in which quantities of data are gathered by category, such as concentration over time in response to a certain stimulus. Computers are critical to analysis and modelling of these data. The goal is to create accurate real-time models of a system's response to environmental and internal stimuli, such as a model of a cancer cell in order to find weaknesses in its signalling pathways, or modelling of ion channel mutations to see effects on cardiomyocytes and in turn, the function of a beating heart.
Standards
By far the most widely accepte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Proteome%20Folding%20Project
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The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab.
HPF Phase 1 applied Rosetta v4.2x software on the human genome and 89 others, starting in November 2004. Phase 1 ended in July 2006. HPF Phase 2 (HPF2) applies the Rosetta v4.8x software in higher resolution, "full atom refinement" mode, concentrating on cancer biomarkers (proteins found at dramatically increased levels in cancer tissues), human secreted proteins and malaria.
Phase 1 ran on two volunteer computing grids: on United Devices' grid.org, and on the World Community Grid, an IBM philanthropic initiative. Phase 2 of the project ran exclusively on the World Community Grid; it terminated in 2013 after more than 9 years of IBM involvement.
The Institute for Systems Biology will use the results of the computations within its larger research efforts.
Publications
*
(Used fold enrichment and function predictions)
(Used predictions as hypothesis for further experimental characterization)
See also
BOINC
Folding@home
Foldit
Human proteome project
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
HPF page at WCG
HPF updates by Dr. Bonneau
The Yeast Resource Center Public Data Repository offers predicted structures for many organisms (humans, yeast, bac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendix%20Corporation
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Bendix Corporation is an American manufacturing and engineering company which, during various times in its existence, made automotive brake shoes and systems, vacuum tubes, aircraft brakes, aeronautical hydraulics and electric power systems, avionics, aircraft and automobile fuel control systems, radios, televisions and computers.
It was also well known for the name Bendix, as used on home clothes washing machines in the mid-20th century, but those were produced by a partner company that licensed their name.
History
Early history
Founder and inventor Vincent Bendix initially began his corporation in a hotel room in Chicago in 1914 with an agreement with the struggling bicycle brake manufacturing firm, Eclipse Machine Company of Elmira, New York. Bendix granted permission to his invention which was described as "a New York device for the starting of explosive motors." This company made a low cost triple thread screw which could be used in the manufacture of other drive parts. By using this screw with the Eclipse Machine Company, Bendix had a good foundation for his future business plans.
Automotive
General Motors purchased a 24% interest in Bendix in 1924, not to operate Bendix but to maintain a direct and continuing contact with developments in aviation, as the engineering techniques of the auto and aircraft were quite similar then. In the 1920s, Bendix owned and controlled many important patents for devices applicable to the auto industry. For example, brakes, carburet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Goodwin
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Brian Carey Goodwin (25 March 1931 – 15 July 2009) (Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada - Dartington, Totnes, Devon, UK) was a Canadian mathematician and biologist, a Professor Emeritus at the Open University and a founder of theoretical biology and biomathematics. He introduced the use of complex systems and generative models in developmental biology. He suggested that a reductionist view of nature fails to explain complex features, controversially proposing the structuralist theory that morphogenetic fields might substitute for natural selection in driving evolution. He was also a visible member of the Third Culture movement.
Biography
Brian Goodwin was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1931. He studied biology at McGill University and then emigrated to the UK, under a Rhodes Scholarship for studying mathematics at Oxford. He got his PhD at the University of Edinburgh presenting the thesis "Studies in the general theory of development and evolution" under the supervision of Conrad Hal Waddington. He then moved to Sussex University until 1983 when he became a full professor at the Open University in Milton Keynes until retirement in 1992. He became a major figure in the early development of mathematical biology, along with other researchers. He was one of the attendants to the famous meetings that took place between 1965 and 1968 in Villa Serbelloni, hosted by the Rockefeller Foundation, under the topic "Towards a theoretical Biology".
Thereafter, he taught at the S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher%20Peres
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Asher Peres (; January 30, 1934 – January 1, 2005) was an Israeli physicist. He is well known for his work relating quantum mechanics and information theory. He helped to develop the Peres–Horodecki criterion for quantum entanglement, as well as the concept of quantum teleportation, and collaborated with others on quantum information and special relativity. He also introduced the Peres metric and researched the Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation in general relativity. With Mario Feingold, he published work in quantum chaos that is known to mathematicians as the Feingold–Peres conjecture and to physicists as the Feingold–Peres theory.
Life
According to his autobiography, he was born Aristide Pressman in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in France, where his father, a Polish electrical engineer, had found work laying down power lines. He was given the name Aristide at birth, because the name his parents wanted, Asher, the name of his maternal grandfather, was not on the list of permissible French given names. When he went to live in Israel, he changed his first name to Asher and, as was common among immigrants, changed his family name to the Hebrew Peres, which he used for the rest of his life.
Peres obtained his Ph.D. in 1959 at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology under Nathan Rosen. Peres spent most of his academic career at Technion, where in 1988 he was appointed distinguished professor of physics.
He died in Haifa, Israel.
Quantum Theory textbook
He authored a textbook, Qua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka%20%28disambiguation%29
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The weka is a species of New Zealand bird.
Weka may also refer to:
Weka (machine learning), a suite of machine learning software written at the University of Waikato
Weka, an unofficial unit prefix
WEKA-LD, a low-power television station (channel 26, virtual 41) licensed to serve Canton, Ohio, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion%20%28disambiguation%29
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In mathematics
The quaternions form a number system that extends the complex numbers.
Quaternion rotation
Quaternion group, a non-abelian group of order 8
Symbols
Imperial quaternions (heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire)
Quaternion Eagle
Military uses
A group of four soldiers in the Roman legion
A fireteam
Other
Quaternion (gathering), four folded sheets as a unit in bookbinding
Quaternion (poetry), a style of poetry with four parts
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20data
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Binary data is data whose unit can take on only two possible states. These are often labelled as 0 and 1 in accordance with the binary numeral system and Boolean algebra.
Binary data occurs in many different technical and scientific fields, where it can be called by different names including bit (binary digit) in computer science, truth value in mathematical logic and related domains and binary variable in statistics.
Mathematical and combinatoric foundations
A discrete variable that can take only one state contains zero information, and is the next natural number after 1. That is why the bit, a variable with only two possible values, is a standard primary unit of information.
A collection of bits may have states: see binary number for details. Number of states of a collection of discrete variables depends exponentially on the number of variables, and only as a power law on number of states of each variable. Ten bits have more () states than three decimal digits (). bits are more than sufficient to represent an information (a number or anything else) that requires decimal digits, so information contained in discrete variables with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10... states can be ever superseded by allocating two, three, or four times more bits. So, the use of any other small number than 2 does not provide an advantage.
Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult%20Chemistry
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Occult Chemistry: Investigations by Clairvoyant Magnification into the Structure of the Atoms of the Periodic Table and Some Compounds (originally subtitled A Series of Clairvoyant Observations on the Chemical Elements) is a book written by Annie Besant and C.W. Leadbeater, who were both members of the Theosophical Society based in Adyar, India. Besant was at the time the President of the Society having succeeded Henry Olcott after his death in 1907.
Overview
The first edition reprinting articles from The Theosophist was published in 1908, followed by a second edition edited by Alfred Percy Sinnett in 1919, and a third edition edited by Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa in 1951.
Since the first edition was published in 1908, the book is in the public domain, and available in whole or in excerpts, on many sites on the internet.
Occult Chemistry states that the structure of chemical elements can be assessed through clairvoyant observation with the microscopic vision of the third eye. Observations were carried out between 1895 and 1933. "The book consists both of coordinated and illustrated descriptions of presumed etheric counterparts of the atoms of the then known chemical elements, and of other expositions of occult physics."
Critical reception
Academic criticism is available in Chapter 2 of Modern Alchemy: Occultism and the Emergence of Atomic Theory, and in an online article from the Chemistry department at Yale University.
Critics regard the book to be an example of pseud
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors%20of%20noise
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In audio engineering, electronics, physics, and many other fields, the color of noise or noise spectrum refers to the power spectrum of a noise signal (a signal produced by a stochastic process). Different colors of noise have significantly different properties. For example, as audio signals they will sound differently to human ears, and as images they will have a visibly different texture. Therefore, each application typically requires noise of a specific color. This sense of 'color' for noise signals is similar to the concept of timbre in music (which is also called "tone color"; however, the latter is almost always used for sound, and may consider very detailed features of the spectrum).
The practice of naming kinds of noise after colors started with white noise, a signal whose spectrum has equal power within any equal interval of frequencies. That name was given by analogy with white light, which was (incorrectly) assumed to have such a flat power spectrum over the visible range. Other color names, such as pink, red, and blue were then given to noise with other spectral profiles, often (but not always) in reference to the color of light with similar spectra. Some of those names have standard definitions in certain disciplines, while others are very informal and poorly defined. Many of these definitions assume a signal with components at all frequencies, with a power spectral density per unit of bandwidth proportional to 1/f β and hence they are examples of power-law noi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20series
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In mathematics, a Lambert series, named for Johann Heinrich Lambert, is a series taking the form
It can be resumed formally by expanding the denominator:
where the coefficients of the new series are given by the Dirichlet convolution of an with the constant function 1(n) = 1:
This series may be inverted by means of the Möbius inversion formula, and is an example of a Möbius transform.
Examples
Since this last sum is a typical number-theoretic sum, almost any natural multiplicative function will be exactly summable when used in a Lambert series. Thus, for example, one has
where is the number of positive divisors of the number n.
For the higher order sum-of-divisor functions, one has
where is any complex number and
is the divisor function. In particular, for , the Lambert series one gets is
which is (up to the factor of ) the logarithmic derivative of the usual generating function for partition numbers
Additional Lambert series related to the previous identity include those for the variants of the
Möbius function given below
Related Lambert series over the Moebius function include the following identities for any
prime :
The proof of the first identity above follows from a multi-section (or bisection) identity of these
Lambert series generating functions in the following form where we denote
to be the Lambert series generating function of the arithmetic function f:
The second identity in the previous equations follows from the fact that the coefficients
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T5
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T5 or T-5 may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Fifth thoracic vertebrae
Fifth spinal nerve
Bacteriophage T5, a bacteriophage
T5: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system
Vehicles and transportation
AIDC T-5 Brave Eagle, a Taiwanese jet trainer aircraft.
Ford T5, a Ford Mustang built for export to Germany
Fuji T-5, a 1988 Japanese turboprop-driven primary trainer aircraft
Volkswagen Transporter, a van
a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro
Île-de-France tramway Line 5, one of the Tramways in Île-de-France
Borg-Warner T-5 transmission
T5 engine (disambiguation), a range of Volvo automobile engines
Cumberland line, a service of Sydney Trains
T5 (Istanbul Tram), a tram line in Istanbul, Turkey
T5 Road (Zambia), a road in Zambia
Turkmenistan Airlines, IATA airline designator
Terminal 5 at JFK Airport in New York City
Heathrow Terminal 5
Pop culture
Tele 5 (Poland), a TV channel
Thunderbird 5, an episode in the Thunderbird TV series
In topology, a completely normal and hausdorff space
Telecinco, a Spanish TV channel
The fifth edition of the role-playing game Traveller
Tekken 5, a 2004 fighting game
Terminator Genisys, Terminator 5, the fifth film in the Terminator film franchise
Other
T5 fluorescent lamp
T-5 torpedo, a Soviet torpedo with a nuclear warhead
The Torx T5 (sometimes written T-5) or compatible screw drives
Tungsten T5, a PDA
Rebel T5, the model name used in the Americas for the Canon EOS 1200D digital camera
Tapestry 5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagstuhl
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Dagstuhl is a computer science research center in Germany, located in and named after a district of the town of Wadern, Merzig-Wadern, Saarland.
Location
Following the model of the mathematical center at Oberwolfach, the center is installed in a very remote and relaxed location in the countryside.
The Leibniz Center is located in a historic country house, Schloss Dagstuhl (Dagstuhl Castle), together with modern purpose-built buildings connected by an enclosed footbridge.
The ruins of the 13th-century Dagstuhl Castle are nearby, a short walk up a hill from the Schloss.
History
The Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (LZI, Leibniz Center for Informatics) was established at Dagstuhl in 1990. In 1993, the over 200-year-old building received a modern extension with other guest rooms, conference rooms and a library. The center is managed as a non-profit organization, and financed by national funds. It receives scientific support by a variety of German and foreign research institutions. Until April 2008 the name of the center was: International Conference and Research Center for Computer Science (German: Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik (IBFI)). The center was founded by Reinhard Wilhelm, who continued as its director until May 2014, when Raimund Seidel became the director. The list of shareholders includes:
German Informatics Society
Saarland University
Technical University of Kaiserslautern
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Technische Universit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20H.%20Janzen
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Daniel Hunt Janzen (born January 18, 1939, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American evolutionary ecologist, and conservationist. He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania, where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology, and his research and field work in Costa Rica.
Janzen and his wife Winifred Hallwachs have catalogued the biodiversity of Costa Rica. Through a DNA barcoding initiative, Janzen and geneticist Paul Hebert have registered over 500,000 specimens representing more than 45,000 species, which has led to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche.
They helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site, one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world.
Early life and education
Daniel Hunt Janzen was born January 18, 1939, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Daniel Hugo Janzen, grew up in a Mennonite farming community and served as Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. His father and mother, Miss Floyd Clark Foster of Greenville, South Carolina, were married on April 29, 1937.
Janzen obtained his B.Sc. degree in biology from the University of Minnesota in 1961, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965.
Career
In 1963, Janzen attended a two-month course in tropical biology taught in several field sites throughout Costa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4
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S4, S 4, Š-4, S.4 or S-4 may refer to:
People
S4 (Dota player), Gustav Magnusson, Swedish Dota 2 player
S4 (military), a logistics officer within military units
Places
County Route S4 (California), a road in San Diego, California
Science and mathematics
Mathematics
S4 algebra, a variety of modal algebras, also called Interior algebra
Symmetric group S4 (S4), an abstract mathematical group
S4, a normal modal logic
Chemistry
S4: Keep away from living quarters, a safety phrase in chemistry
Tetrasulfur (S4), an allotrope of sulfur
Andarine (S-4), a selective androgen receptor modulator and experimental drug
Biology
Fourth heart sound, or S4, an abnormal heart sound often indicative of congestive heart failure or cor pulmonale
Fourth sacrum of the vertebral column in human anatomy
Sacral spinal nerve 4, a spinal nerve of the sacral segment
Technology
S (programming language) version 4
Hibernation a sleeping state in a computer
SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4)
Nikon Coolpix S4, a camera
Samsung Galaxy S4, a smartphone
Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini, a mini version of the Samsung Galaxy S4
Samsung Galaxy Tab S4, an Android tablet
Transportation
Routes
S4 (Berlin), an S-Bahn line
S4 (Munich), an S-Bahn line
S4 (Nuremberg), an S-Bahn line
S4 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line
S4 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line
S4 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line in Switzerland
S4 (RER Vaud), an S-Bahn line in Switzerland
S4 (ZVV) line S4, a line of t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZB
|
ZB or Zb may refer to:
Businesses and organisations
Monarch Airlines (IATA code ZB)
Zbrojovka Brno, a former Czechoslovakian state producer of small weapons and munitions
Zentralbahn, a Swiss railway
Zentralblatt MATH, now zbMATH, international mathematics article reviewing service
Computing
Zettabit (Zb), a unit of information used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
Zettabyte (ZB), a unit of information used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
Other uses
MG Magnette ZB, the second iteration of the MG saloon of the 1950s
Newstalk ZB, a national talkback station in New Zealand, whose callsign is ZB
ZB conference, on the Z notation and B-Method, co-organized by the Z User Group and APCB
ZB Holden Commodore an Australian version of the Opel Insignia
See also
Example (disambiguation), (German: zum Beispiel or z. B.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrobotics
|
Anthrobotics is the science of developing and studying robots that are either entirely or in some way human-like.
The term anthrobotics was originally coined by Mark Rosheim in a paper entitled "Design of An Omnidirectional Arm" presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May 13–18, 1990, pp. 2162–2167. Rosheim says he derived the term from "...Anthropomorphic and Robotics to distinguish the new generation of dexterous robots from its simple industrial robot forebears." The word gained wider recognition as a result of its use in the title of Rosheim's subsequent book Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, which focussed on facsimiles of human physical and psychological skills and attributes.
However, a wider definition of the term anthrobotics has been proposed, in which the meaning is derived from anthropology rather than anthropomorphic. This usage includes robots that respond to input in a human-like fashion, rather than simply mimicking human actions, thus theoretically being able to respond more flexibly or to adapt to unforeseen circumstances. This expanded definition also encompasses robots that are situated in social environments with the ability to respond to those environments appropriately, such as insect robots, robotic pets, and the like.
Anthrobotics is now taught at some universities, encouraging students not only to design and build robots for environments beyond current industrial applications, but also to speculat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi%20Gutmans
|
Andi (Andrei) Gutmans is an Israeli programmer and entrepreneur.
Biography
Andi Gutmans holds a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from the Technion in Haifa. Gutmans holds four citizenships: Swiss, British, Israeli and American.
Business career
Andi Gutmans helped to co-create PHP, and co-founded Zend Technologies and is a VP Engineering, Databases at Google. A graduate of the Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Gutmans and fellow student Zeev Suraski created PHP 3 in 1997. In 1999 they wrote the Zend Engine, the core of PHP 4, and founded Zend Technologies, which has since overseen PHP advances, including the PHP 5 and most recent PHP 7 releases. The name Zend is a portmanteau of their forenames, Zeev and Andi.
Gutmans served as CEO of Zend Technologies until October 2015 when Zend was acquired by Rogue Wave Software. Before being appointed CEO in February 2009, he led Zend's R&D including development of all Zend products and Zend's contributions to the open-source Zend Framework and PHP Development Tools projects. He has participated at Zend in its corporate financing and has also led alliances with vendors like Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, and Oracle.
Gutmans served on the board of the Eclipse Foundation (October 2005 - October 2008), is an emeritus member of the Apache Software Foundation, and was nominated for the FSF Award for the Advancement of Free Software in 1999.
In 2004 he wrote a book called "PHP 5 Power Programming" together with Stig Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hanson%20%28robotics%20designer%29
|
David Hanson Jr. is an American roboticist who is the founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Hanson Robotics, a Hong Kong-based robotics company founded in 2013.
The designer and researcher creates human-looking robots who have realistic facial expressions, including Sophia and other robots designed to mimic human behavior. Sophia has received widespread media attention, and was the first robot to be granted citizenship.
Early life and education
Hanson was born on December 20, 1969 in Dallas, Texas, United States. He studied at Highland Park High School for his senior year to focus on math and science. As a teenager, Hanson’s hobbies included drawing and reading science fiction works by writers like Isaac Asimov and Philip K. Dick—the latter of whom he would later replicate in android form.
Hanson has a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design in Film, Animation, Video (FAV) and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Dallas in interactive arts and engineering. In 1995 as part of an independent-study project on out-of-body experiences, he built a humanoid head in his own likeness, operated by a remote operator.
Career
Hanson’s career has focused on creating humanlike robots. Hanson's most well-known creation is Sophia, the world's first ever robot citizen.
In 2004 at a Denver American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference, Hanson presented K-Bot, a robotic head created with polymer skin, finely sculpted features, and bi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Sch%C3%B6lkopf
|
Bernhard Schölkopf (born 20 February 1968) is a German computer scientist known for his work in machine learning, especially on kernel methods and causality. He is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Tübingen, Germany, where he heads the Department of Empirical Inference. He is also an affiliated professor at ETH Zürich, honorary professor at the University of Tübingen and the Technical University Berlin, and chairman of the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS).
Research
Kernel methods
Schölkopf developed SVM methods achieving world record performance on the MNIST pattern recognition benchmark at the time. With the introduction of kernel PCA, Schölkopf and coauthors argued that SVMs are a special case of a much larger class of methods, and all algorithms that can be expressed in terms of dot products can be generalized to a nonlinear setting by means of what is known as reproducing kernels. Another significant observation was that the data on which the kernel is defined need not be vectorial, as long as the kernel Gram matrix is positive definite. Both insights together led to the foundation of the field of kernel methods, encompassing SVMs and many other algorithms. Kernel methods are now textbook knowledge and one of the major machine learning paradigms in research and applications.
Developing kernel PCA, Schölkopf extended it to extract invariant features and to design invariant kernels and showed how to view oth
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwolfach%20Research%20Institute%20for%20Mathematics
|
The Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics () is a center for mathematical research in Oberwolfach, Germany. It was founded by mathematician Wilhelm Süss in 1944.
It organizes weekly workshops on diverse topics where mathematicians and scientists from all over the world come to do collaborative research.
The Institute is a member of the Leibniz Association, funded mainly by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and by the state of Baden-Württemberg. It also receives substantial funding from the Friends of Oberwolfach foundation, from the Oberwolfach Foundation and from numerous donors.
History
The Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics (MFO) was founded as the Reich Institute of Mathematics (German: Reichsinstitut für Mathematik) on 1 September 1944. It was one of several research institutes founded by the Nazis in order to further the German war effort, which at that time was clearly failing. The location was selected to be remote as not to be a target for ally bombing. Originally it was housed in a building called the Lorenzenhof, a large Black Forest hunting lodge. After the war, Süss, a member of the Nazi party, was suspended for two months in 1945 as part of the county's denazification efforts, but thereafter remained head of the institute. Though the institute lost its government funding, Süss was able to keep it going with other grants, and contributed to rebuilding mathematics in Germany following the fall of the Third Reich by hos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20S%C3%BCss
|
Wilhelm Süss (7 March 1895 – 21 May 1958) was a German mathematician. He was founder and first director of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics.
Biography
He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, and died in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
Süss earned a Ph.D. degree in 1922 from Goethe University Frankfurt, for a thesis written under the direction of Ludwig Bieberbach. In 1928, he took a lecturing position at the University of Greifswald, and in 1934 he became a Professor at the University of Freiburg.
Wilhelm Süss was a member of the Nazi Party and the National Socialist German Lecturers League; he joined Stahlhelm to avoid being automatically enrolled in Sturmabteilung but later he, with all Stahlhelm members, became members of Sturmabteilung. The extent to which he worked with Nazis or only cooperated as little as possible is a matter of debate among historians.
In 1936–1940, he was an editor of the journal Deutsche Mathematik.
References
External links
Suess, Wilhelm
Suess, Wilhelm
Suess, Wilhelm
Nazi Party members
Suess, Wilhelm
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring
|
Recurring means occurring repeatedly and can refer to several different things:
Mathematics and finance
Recurring expense, an ongoing (continual) expenditure
Repeating decimal, or recurring decimal, a real number in the decimal numeral system in which a sequence of digits repeats infinitely
Curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP), a software design pattern
Processes
Recursion, the process of repeating items in a self-similar way
Recurring dream, a dream that someone repeatedly experiences over an extended period
Television
Recurring character, a character, usually on a television series, that appears from time to time and may grow into a larger role
Recurring status, condition whereby a soap opera actor may be used for extended period without being under contract
Other uses
Recurring (album), a 1991 album by the British psychedelic-rock group, Spacemen 3
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetics
|
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to production and utilization of energy in forms such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. That is, the goal of bioenergetics is to describe how living organisms acquire and transform energy in order to perform biological work. The study of metabolic pathways is thus essential to bioenergetics.
Overview
Bioenergetics is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms. It can also be defined as the study of energy relationships and energy transformations and transductions in living organisms. The ability to harness energy from a variety of metabolic pathways is a property of all living organisms. Growth, development, anabolism and catabolism are some of the central processes in the study of biological organisms, because the role of energy is fundamental to such biological processes. Life is dependent on energy transformations; living organisms survive because of exchange of energy between living tissues/ cells and the outside environment. Some organisms, such as autotrophs, can acquire energy from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20decomposition
|
In mathematics, the polar decomposition of a square real or complex matrix is a factorization of the form , where is a unitary matrix and is a positive semi-definite Hermitian matrix ( is an orthogonal matrix and is a positive semi-definite symmetric matrix in the real case), both square and of the same size.
Intuitively, if a real matrix is interpreted as a linear transformation of -dimensional space , the polar decomposition separates it into a rotation or reflection of , and a scaling of the space along a set of orthogonal axes.
The polar decomposition of a square matrix always exists. If is invertible, the decomposition is unique, and the factor will be positive-definite. In that case, can be written uniquely in the form , where is unitary and is the unique self-adjoint logarithm of the matrix . This decomposition is useful in computing the fundamental group of (matrix) Lie groups.
The polar decomposition can also be defined as where is a symmetric positive-definite matrix with the same eigenvalues as but different eigenvectors.
The polar decomposition of a matrix can be seen as the matrix analog of the polar form of a complex number as , where is its absolute value (a non-negative real number), and is a complex number with unit norm (an element of the circle group).
The definition may be extended to rectangular matrices by requiring to be a semi-unitary matrix and to be a positive-semidefinite Hermitian matrix. The decomposition always
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachis
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In biology, a rachis (from the [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft".
In zoology and microbiology
In vertebrates, rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the rachis usually forms the supporting axis of the body and is then called the spine or vertebral column. Rachis can also mean the central shaft of pennaceous feathers.
In the gonad of the invertebrate nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a rachis is the central cell-free core or axis of the gonadal arm of both adult males and hermaphrodites where the germ cells have achieved pachytene and are attached to the walls of the gonadal tube. The rachis is filled with cytoplasm.
In botany
In plants, a rachis is the main axis of a compound structure. It can be the main stem of a compound leaf, such as in Acacia or ferns, or the main, flower-bearing portion of an inflorescence above a supporting peduncle. Where it subdivides into further branches, these are known as rachillae (singular rachilla).
A ripe head of wild-type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched or blown by the wind. A series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into dispersal units consisting of a small group of flowers (a single spikelet) attached to a short segment of the rachis. This is significant in the history of agriculture, and referred to by archaeologists as a "brittle rachis", one type of shattering in crop plants.
See also
Stipe (botany)
Referen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endpoint
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An endpoint, end-point or end point may refer to:
Endpoint (band), a hardcore punk band from Louisville, Kentucky
Endpoint (chemistry), the conclusion of a chemical reaction, particularly for titration
Outcome measure, a measure used as an endpoint in research
Clinical endpoint, in clinical research, a disease, symptom, or sign that constitutes one of the target outcomes of the trial or its participants
In mathematics
Endpoint, the lower or upper bound of an interval (mathematics)
Endpoint, either of the two nodes of an edge in a graph
Endpoint, either of two extreme points on a line segment
Endpoint, either of two extreme points on a curve
In computing
Communication endpoint, the entity on one end of a transport layer connection
Endpoint, a function or procedure call that is part of an API in software engineering
Endpoint security, the security model around end user devices such as PCs, laptops and mobile phones
See also
Enden Point, in Antarctica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Y.%20L.%20Chin
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Francis Yuk Lun Chin ) is an emeritus professor at the University of Hong Kong after having retired as professor of computer science and Taikoo Professor of Engineering at the University of Hong Kong. Chin served as head of the Computer Science Department from its start until 1999. In 2018, he and his wife founded a start-up named DeepTranslate Limited currently based in the Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks. DeepTranslate provides AI-assisted machine translation services, mainly for financial documents.
Academic career
Chin graduated from the University of Toronto in 1972 and received a doctorate from Princeton University in 1976. Before his appointment in Hong Kong, he held a variety of teaching positions in a number of universities in the US and Canada.
Chin was recruited to head the Computer Science Department at the University of Hong Kong. He is also the Managing Editor of the International Journal of the Foundations of Computer Science and is also a member of the editorial boards of a number of other journals.
In 1996, he was named a fellow of the IEEE.
Government service
Chin was the project leader for a study commissioned by a Select Committee of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong into the cause of delays to the start of operation of the new Hong Kong International Airport at Chep La Kok. In 2001, he was seconded to act as the interim CEO of the Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Company.
He has also served on a range of Hong Kong government committees in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmercury
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Methylmercury (sometimes methyl mercury) is an organometallic cation with the formula . It is the simplest organomercury compound. Methylmercury is extremely toxic, and its derivatives are the major source of organic mercury for humans. It is a bioaccumulative environmental toxicant.
Structure and chemistry
"Methylmercury" is a shorthand for the hypothetical "methylmercury cation", sometimes written methylmercury(1+) cation or methylmercury(II) cation. This functional group is composed of a methyl group bonded to an atom of mercury. Its chemical formula is (sometimes written as ).The Methylmercury compound has an overall charge of +1, with Hg in the +2 oxidation state. Methylmercury exists as a substituent in many complexes of the type (L = Lewis base) and MeHgX (X = anion).
As a positively charged ion, it readily combines with anions such as chloride (), hydroxide () and nitrate (). It has particular affinity for sulfur-containing anions, particularly thiols (). Thiols are generated when the amino acid cysteine and the peptide glutathione form strong complexes with methylmercury:
Sources
Environmental sources
Methylmercury is formed from inorganic mercury by the action of microbes that live in aquatic systems including lakes, rivers, wetlands, sediments, soils and the open ocean. This methylmercury production has been primarily attributed to anaerobic bacteria in the sediment. Significant concentrations of methylmercury in ocean water columns are strongly associated w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5X
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5X or 5-X may refer to:
Codes
5X, IATA code for UPS Airlines
5X, the production code for the 1982 Doctor Who serial The Visitation
Electronics
Huawei Honor 5X, a mobile telephone
Nexus 5X, a mobile telephone
Mathematics
5x, or five times in multiplication
Vehicles
Aircraft
Dassault Falcon 5X, a business jet
Light Miniature Aircraft LM-5X, a full-sized replica of the Piper PA-18 Super Cub
Cars
Chery Tiggo 5X, a subcompact SUV built since 2017
See also
X5 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3bert%20Szelepcs%C3%A9nyi
|
Róbert Szelepcsényi (; born 19 August 1966, Žilina) is a Slovak computer scientist of Hungarian descent and a member of the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics of Comenius University in Bratislava.
His results on the closure of non-deterministic space under complement, independently obtained in 1987 also by Neil Immerman (the result known as the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem), brought the Gödel Prize of ACM and EATCS to both of them in 1995.
Scientific articles
Róbert Szelepcsényi: The Method of Forced Enumeration for Nondeterministic Automata. Acta Informatica 26(3): 279-284 (1988)
References
Slovak computer scientists
Hungarian computer scientists
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Theoretical computer scientists
Comenius University alumni
Gödel Prize laureates
Hungarians in Slovakia
Slovak people of Hungarian descent
Living people
1966 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Immerman
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Neil Immerman (born 24 November 1953, Manhasset, New York) is an American theoretical computer scientist, a professor of computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is one of the key developers of descriptive complexity, an approach he is currently applying to research in model checking, database theory, and computational complexity theory.
Professor Immerman is an editor of the SIAM Journal on Computing and of Logical Methods in Computer Science. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Yale University in 1974 and his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1980 under the supervision of Juris Hartmanis, a Turing Award winner at Cornell. His book Descriptive Complexity appeared in 1999.
Immerman is the winner, jointly with Róbert Szelepcsényi, of the 1995 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science for proof of what is known as the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem, the result that nondeterministic space complexity classes are closed under complementation. Immerman is an ACM Fellow and a Guggenheim Fellow.
References
External links
Immerman's home page at U. Mass. Amherst
American computer scientists
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Gödel Prize laureates
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Living people
Theoretical computer scientists
People from Manhasset, New York
Scientists from New York (state)
1953 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF
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QF may stand for:
Qantas, an airline of Australia (IATA code QF)
Qatar Foundation, a private, chartered, non-profit organization in the state of Qatar
Q-Fire, a decoy fire site used in World War II
Quality factor, in physics and engineering, a measure of the "quality" of a resonant system
Quick-firing gun, a sort of artillery piece
Quiverfull, a movement of Christians who eschew all forms of birth control
A gun breech that uses metallic cartridges (see British ordnance terms#QF)
Quds Force an expeditionary warfare unit of IRGC
fr:QF
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Herbert%20Smith
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Carl Herbert Smith (1950–2004) was an American computer scientist. He was a pioneer in computational complexity theory and computational learning theory.
Smith was program manager of the National Science Foundation's theoretical computer science program, and editor of the International Journal of the Foundations of Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, and Fundamenta Informaticae. He held professorships at Purdue University and the University of Maryland, College Park. He organized the first conferences on computational learning in the U.S. in the 1980s. He earned a PhD from the State University at Buffalo in 1979, and received Habilitation degree from the University of Latvia in 1993. He was a member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences.
He was the author of the popular textbooks Theory of Computation: A Gentle Introduction and A Recursive Introduction to the Theory of Computation.
American computer scientists
1950 births
2004 deaths
University of Latvia alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Kloss
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Henry Kloss (February 21, 1929 – January 31, 2002) was a prominent American audio engineer and entrepreneur who helped advance high fidelity loudspeaker and radio receiver technology beginning in the 1950s. Kloss (pronounced with a long o, like "close") was an undergraduate student in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (class of 1953), but never received a degree. He was responsible for a number of innovations, including, in part, the acoustic suspension loudspeaker and the high fidelity cassette deck. In 2000, Kloss was one of the first inductees into the Consumer Electronics Association's Hall of Fame. He earned an Emmy Award for his development of a projection television system, the Advent VideoBeam 1000.
Career
During the course of his half-century career, Kloss founded or co-founded several significant audio and video equipment manufacturing companies, most of which were located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at least during the period he was directly associated with them.
After entering MIT in 1948, Kloss bought woodworking tools which he used to make enclosures for a speaker designed by an MIT professor and his student. Henry dropped out of MIT after being drafted. He was assigned to work in New Jersey, and took a night course in high fidelity taught by Edgar Villchur at New York University.
Kloss was an early adopter of new technology, including the transistor, Dolby noise reduction, and chromium dioxide magnetic recording tape.
Kloss Industries
In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20cototient%20number
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In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a highly cototient number is a positive integer which is above 1 and has more solutions to the equation
than any other integer below and above 1. Here, is Euler's totient function. There are infinitely many solutions to the equation for
= 1
so this value is excluded in the definition. The first few highly cototient numbers are:
2, 4, 8, 23, 35, 47, 59, 63, 83, 89, 113, 119, 167, 209, 269, 299, 329, 389, 419, 509, 629, 659, 779, 839, 1049, 1169, 1259, 1469, 1649, 1679, 1889, ...
Many of the highly cototient numbers are odd. In fact, after 8, all the numbers listed above are odd, and after 167 all the numbers listed above are congruent to 29 modulo 30.
The concept is somewhat analogous to that of highly composite numbers. Just as there are infinitely many highly composite numbers, there are also infinitely many highly cototient numbers. Computations become harder, since integer factorization becomes harder as the numbers get larger.
Example
The cototient of is defined as , i.e. the number of positive integers less than or equal to that have at least one prime factor in common with . For example, the cototient of 6 is 4 since these four positive integers have a prime factor in common with 6: 2, 3, 4, 6. The cototient of 8 is also 4, this time with these integers: 2, 4, 6, 8. There are exactly two numbers, 6 and 8, which have cototient 4. There are fewer numbers which have cototient 2 and cototient 3 (one number in each
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola%20Leone
|
Paola Leone is an Italian researcher of Canavan disease, a leukodystrophy.
Leone was born and raised in Cagliari, Italy. She received her undergraduate and graduate training in Italy, followed by post-doctoral studies in Montreal and Yale University in New Haven, CT. She holds a doctorate degree in Neuroscience from the University of Padua. Her work on Canavan disease started at Yale, where she collaborated with other early pioneers in gene therapy. She left Yale in 1998 to join the (now defunct) Cell & Gene Therapy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. She directs The Cell & Gene Therapy Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Recently, she has been funded by NIH-NINDS and Jacob's Cure to study the potential of subpopulations of stem cells to promote remyelination and phenotypic rescue in animal models of white matter disease, including the Canavan mouse model. She is generating pre-clinical data using human Embryonic-Derived-Oligodendrocyte Stem Cells provided by Geron Corporation (CA). These studies will provide a foundation for a targeted and comprehensive analysis of the potential of a cell-based therapy for Canavan Disease.
References
University of Padua alumni
Yale University alumni
Thomas Jefferson University faculty
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey faculty
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian biologists
Italian women biologists
20th-century Italian scientists
20th-century women scientists
20th
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