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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Poletti%20%28mathematician%29
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Luigi Poletti (31 December 1864 – 10 March 1967) was an Italian mathematician and poet. He was born in Pontremoli, where he also died, age 102.
He attended the episcopal seminary in Potremoli, then the high school of Parma, graduated in Turin and started to study mathematics there. He did not finish and took a job in a bank. 1911 he accidentally found the book of prime number tables written by Lehmer, a mathematician from the United States in the house of professor Gino Loria, a friend of his family, when he visited Genoa. Since then he spent many years to extend the first table in order to simplify "Eratosthenes Crivello" (sieve of Eratosthenes), a method from ancient Greece to find prime numbers. He gave his method a new name: "Neocribrum" (Novum Eratosthenes Cribrum) and he got recognition from the scientific community. Apart from that, he was, together with André Gerardin, member of a study commission of the Association française pour l'avancement des sciences (1946). With the assistance of N. G. W. H. Beeger he had the possibility to extend the table of Lehmer beyond the number 10 006 721. 1955 he was awarded a gold medal and the order of the Republic of Italy by Italian president Giovanni Gronchi.
In his long life (102 years) he was a member of the city council in the rank of Commissario Prefettizio. He was a poet in his native dialect Pontremolese (poems and texts for popular music). He wrote for example Al Campanon d‘ Pontrémal, La Zumniana (for which he also compo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Tryon
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Edward P. Tryon (September 4, 1940 – December 11, 2019) was an American scientist and a professor emeritus of physics at Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY). He was the first physicist to propose that our universe originated as a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.
Early life
Tryon was born and raised in Terre Haute, Indiana. He took his first physics course in his junior year at Wiley High School.
Academia and intellectual influences
Tryon entered Cornell University in 1958. He was influenced by Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe, who was one of his professors. He was especially affected by advice that Bethe gave him: "Our intuition is based on our experiences in the macroscopic world. There is no reason to expect our intuition to be valid for microscopic phenomena." He graduated from Cornell University in 1962, earning a bachelor's degree in physics. He would then go on to do his graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley. There he was very much influenced by Steven Weinberg. He took courses taught by Weinberg, who would later become a mentor to him. His doctoral thesis focused on the relationship between general relativity and quantum field theory and was titled: "Classical and Quantum Field-Theoretic Derivations of Gravitational Theory." He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a PhD in physics in 1967.
Dennis Sciama and the idea that the universe is a vacuum fluctuation
In 1969, (some versions of this story say 1970), Tryo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Space%20and%20Astronautical%20Science
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, or ISAS, is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets, astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan's space development. Since 2003, it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
History
The ISAS originated as part of the Institute of Industrial Science of the University of Tokyo (:ja: 東京大学生産技術研究所), where Hideo Itokawa experimented with miniature solid-fuel rockets (Pencil Rocket and ) in the 1950s. This experimentation eventually led to the development of the Κ (Kappa) sounding rocket, which was used for observations during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). By 1960, the Κ-8 rocket had reached an altitude of 200 km.
In 1964, the rocket group and the Institute of Aeronautics, along with scientific ballooning team, were merged to form within the University of Tokyo. The rocket evolved into the L (Lambda) series, and, in 1970, L-4S-5 was launched as Japan's first artificial satellite Ohsumi.
Although Lambda rockets were only sounding rockets, the next generation of M (Mu) rockets was intended to be satellite launch vehicles from the start. Beginning in 1971, ISAS launched a series of scientific satellites to observe the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Since the launch of Hakucho in 1979, ISAS has had X-ray astronomy satellites consecutively in orbit, until it was briefly terminated by the launch failure of ASTRO-E.
In 1981, as a part of university system reform, and for the miss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20S.%20Shapiro
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Harold Seymour Shapiro (2 April 1928 – 5 March 2021) was a professor of mathematics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, best known for inventing the so-called Shapiro polynomials (also known as Golay–Shapiro polynomials or Rudin–Shapiro polynomials) and for work on quadrature domains.
His main research areas were approximation theory, complex analysis, functional analysis, and partial differential equations.
He was also interested in the pedagogy of problem-solving.
Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family, Shapiro earned a B.Sc. from the City College of New York in 1949 and earned his M.S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951. He received his Ph.D. in 1952 from MIT; his thesis was written under the supervision of Norman Levinson. He was the father of cosmologist Max Tegmark, a graduate of the Royal Institute of Technology and now a professor at MIT. Shapiro died on 5 March 2021, aged 92.
See also
Rudin–Shapiro sequence
List of Jewish mathematicians#S
References
External links
Shapiro's homepage
Rudin–Shapiro Curve by Eric Rowland, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
1928 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American Jews
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Mathematical analysts
Functional analysts
Approximation theorists
American emigrants to Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel
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The term antiparallel may refer to:
Antiparallel (biochemistry), the orientation of adjacent molecules
Antiparallel (mathematics), a congruent but opposite relative orientation of two lines in relation to another line or angle
Antiparallel vectors, a pair of vectors pointed in opposite directions
Antiparallel (electronics), the polarity of devices run in parallel
See also
Antiparallelogram
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%27s%20theorem
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Jacobi's theorem can refer to:
Maximum power theorem, in electrical engineering
The result that the determinant of skew-symmetric matrices with odd size vanishes, see skew-symmetric matrix
Jacobi's four-square theorem, in number theory
Jacobi's theorem (geometry), on concurrent lines associated with any triangle
Jacobi's theorem on the normal indicatrix, in differential geometry
Jacobi's theorem on conjugate points, in differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20transform
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In combinatorial mathematics, the Stirling transform of a sequence { an : n = 1, 2, 3, ... } of numbers is the sequence { bn : n = 1, 2, 3, ... } given by
where is the Stirling number of the second kind, also denoted S(n,k) (with a capital S), which is the number of partitions of a set of size n into k parts.
The inverse transform is
where s(n,k) (with a lower-case s) is a Stirling number of the first kind.
Berstein and Sloane (cited below) state "If an is the number of objects in some class with points labeled 1, 2, ..., n (with all labels distinct, i.e. ordinary labeled structures), then bn is the number of objects with points labeled 1, 2, ..., n (with repetitions allowed)."
If
is a formal power series, and
with an and bn as above, then
Likewise, the inverse transform leads to the generating function identity
See also
Binomial transform
Generating function transformation
List of factorial and binomial topics
References
.
Khristo N. Boyadzhiev, Notes on the Binomial Transform, Theory and Table, with Appendix on the Stirling Transform (2018), World Scientific.
Factorial and binomial topics
Transforms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrant%20object
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In mathematics, specifically in homotopy theory in the context of a model category M, a fibrant object A of M is an object that has a fibration to the terminal object of the category.
Properties
The fibrant objects of a closed model category are characterized by having a right lifting property with respect to any trivial cofibration in the category. This property makes fibrant objects the "correct" objects on which to define homotopy groups. In the context of the theory of simplicial sets, the fibrant objects are known as Kan complexes after Daniel Kan. They are the Kan fibrations over a point.
Dually is the notion of cofibrant object, defined to be an object such that the unique morphism from the initial object to is a cofibration.
References
P.G. Goerss and J.F. Jardine, Simplicial Homotopy Theory, Progress in Math., Vol. 174, Birkhauser, Boston-Basel-Berlin, 1999. .
Homotopy theory
Objects (category theory)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20About%20Chemistry
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All About Chemistry is the third and most recent studio album by American rock band Semisonic, released on March 13, 2001, through MCA Records. With this release, the band failed, at least in America, to capitalize on the momentum it had generated with the song "Closing Time" from their previous album, Feeling Strangely Fine. This had a softer edge than Feeling Strangely Fine and was not as popular with the fans. By 2002, the album had sold 58,000 copies, and its poor sales partially led to the band going on an unofficial hiatus. However, it has a five star rating by Q Magazine. The track "Chemistry" was featured on the soundtrack for 40 Days and 40 Nights.
The song "One True Love" was co-written by the band's singer/guitarist, Dan Wilson and music legend Carole King. The song "Get a Grip" is an ode to masturbation. The title track was included on the album "Nolee Mix" which was released to promote the My Scene dolls.
The special edition of the album features cover art with orange (or pink in the UK) fluid in the vials instead of the blue fluid of the original. It includes two bonus tracks, "Girlfriend" and "Ordinary Life"; instead of being tacked onto the end, they appear between "Get a Grip" and "Surprise."
Critical reception
Q listed All About Chemistry as one of the best 50 albums of 2001.
Track listing
All songs written by Dan Wilson, except where noted.
Charts
Personnel
Dan Wilson – vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards
John Munson – bass, piano, keyboards, trombone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson%20invariant
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In mathematics, the Dickson invariant, named after Leonard Eugene Dickson, may mean:
The Dickson invariant of an element of the orthogonal group in characteristic 2
A modular invariant of a group studied by Dickson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20method
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The matrix method is a structural analysis method used as a fundamental principle in many applications in civil engineering.
The method is carried out, using either a stiffness matrix or a flexibility matrix.
See also
Direct stiffness method
Flexibility method
Structural analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Arnold%20Epstein
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Richard Arnold Epstein (March 5, 1927 in Los Angeles, California – July 5, 2016), also known under the pseudonym E. P. Stein, was an American game theorist.
Education
He obtained his A.B. degree from UCLA in 1948. He then studied at the University of California Berkeley. He received his doctorate in physics, on the Born formalization of isochromatic lines, in 1961, from the University of Barcelona.
Career
He then shifted from spectroscopy to space communications, and worked for eighteen years as an electronics and communications engineer for various U.S. space and missile programs. He was variously employed by Parsons-Aerojet Company at Cape Canaveral, Glenn L. Martin Company, TRW Space Technology Laboratories, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Hughes Aircraft Space Systems Division. Epstein has numerous technical publications in the areas of probability theory, statistics, game theory, and space communications. In 1956, he was made a member of the IEEE.
Achievements
The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic ranks as the most popular of Epstein's technical books. He served as a consultant to public and private gambling casinos in Greece and Macao, and has testified on technical aspects of gambling in several court cases.
Under the pseudonym "E. P. Stein", he authored various popular works of fiction as well as historic and non-fictional books, and writes for TV and motion pictures.
Death
Epstein died on July 5, 2016 and was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-growth%20polymerization
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In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization refers to a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers and eventually long chain polymers. Many naturally-occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced by step-growth polymerization, e.g. polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, etc. Due to the nature of the polymerization mechanism, a high extent of reaction is required to achieve high molecular weight. The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain—each person has two hands (= reactive sites). There also is the possibility to have more than two reactive sites on a monomer: In this case branched polymers production take place.
IUPAC has deprecated the term step-growth polymerization, and recommends use of the terms polyaddition (when the propagation steps are addition reactions and molecules are not evolved during these steps) and polycondensation (when the propagation steps are condensation reactions and molecules are evolved during these steps).
Historical aspects
Most natural polymers being employed at early stage of human society are of condensation type. The synthesis of first truly synthetic polymeric material, bakelite, was announced by Leo Baekeland in 1907, through a typical step-growth polymerization fashion of phenol and formaldehyde.
The pioneer of synthetic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine%20value
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In chemistry, the iodine value (IV; also iodine absorption value, iodine number or iodine index) is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance. Iodine numbers are often used to determine the degree of unsaturation in fats, oils and waxes. In fatty acids, unsaturation occurs mainly as double bonds which are very reactive towards halogens, the iodine in this case. Thus, the higher the iodine value, the more unsaturations are present in the fat. It can be seen from the table that coconut oil is very saturated, which means it is good for making soap. On the other hand, linseed oil is highly unsaturated, which makes it a drying oil, well suited for making oil paints.
Principle
The determination of iodine value is a particular example of iodometry. A solution of iodine is yellow/brown in color. When this is added to a solution to be tested, however, any chemical group (usually in this test double bonds) that react with iodine effectively reduce the strength, or magnitude of the color (by taking out of solution). Thus the amount of iodine required to make a solution retain the characteristic yellow/brown color can effectively be used to determine the amount of iodine sensitive groups present in the solution.
The chemical reaction associated with this method of analysis involves formation of the diiodo alkane (R and R' symbolize alkyl or other organic groups):
R-CH=CH-R' + I2 -> R-CH(I)-CH(I)-R'
The precursor alkene () is colorless and so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20value
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In chemistry, acid value (AV, acid number, neutralization number or acidity) is a number used to quantify the acidity of a given chemical substance. It is the quantity of base (usually potassium hydroxide (KOH)), expressed as milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 gram of a sample.
The acid number is a measure of the number of carboxylic acid groups () in a chemical compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds. In other words, it is a measure of free fatty acids (FFAs) present in a substance. In a typical procedure, a known amount of sample dissolved in an organic solvent (often isopropanol) and titrated with a solution of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) of known concentration using phenolphthalein as a colour indicator. The acid number for an oil sample is indicative of the age of the oil and can be used to determine when the oil must be changed.
A liquid fat sample combined with neutralized 95% ethanol is titrated with standardized sodium hydroxide of 0.1 eq/L normality to a phenolphthalein endpoint. The volume and normality of the sodium hydroxide are used, along with the weight of the sample, to calculate the free fatty acid value.
Acid value is usually measured as milligrams of KOH per gram of sample (mg KOH/g fat/oil), or grams of KOH per gram of sample (g KOH/g fat/oil).
Calculations
For example, for analysis of crude oil:
Where KOH is the titrant, wherease crude oil is the titrand.
is the volume of titrant (ml)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada/USA%20Mathcamp
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Canada/USA Mathcamp is a five-week academic summer program for middle and high school students in mathematics.
Mathcamp was founded in 1993 by Dr. George Thomas, who believed that students interested in mathematics frequently lacked the resources and camaraderie to pursue their interest. Mira Bernstein became the director when Thomas left in 2002 to found MathPath, a program for younger students.
Mathcamp is held each year at a college campus in the United States or Canada. Past locations have included the University of Toronto, the University of Washington, Colorado College, Reed College, University of Puget Sound, Colby College, the University of British Columbia, Mount Holyoke College, and the Colorado School of Mines. Mathcamp enrolls about 120 students yearly, 45–55 returning and 65–75 new.
The application process for new students includes an entrance exam (the "Qualifying Quiz"), personal essay, and two letters of recommendation, but no grade reports. The process is intended to ensure that the students who are most passionate about math come to camp. Admission is selective: in 2016, the acceptance rate was 15%.
Mathcamp courses cover various branches of recreational and college-level mathematics. Classes at Mathcamp come in four difficulty levels. The easier classes often include basic proof techniques, number theory, graph theory, and combinatorial game theory, while the more difficult classes cover advanced topics in abstract algebra, topology, theoretical comput
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Christoffer%20Georg%20Andr%C3%A6
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Carl Christopher Georg Andræ (14 October 1812 – 2 February 1893) was a Danish politician and mathematician. From 1842 until 1854, he was professor of mathematics and mechanics at the national military college. He was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1853. Andræ was by royal appointment a member of the 1848 Danish Constituent Assembly. In 1854, he became Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Bang before also becoming Council President of Denmark 1856-1857 as leader of the Cabinet of Andræ. After being replaced as Council President by Carl Christian Hall in 1857 Andræ continued as Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Hall I until 1858. Being an individualist he, after the defeat of the National Liberals, never formally joined any political group but remained for the rest of his life a sceptical de facto conservative spectator of the 'Constitutional Struggle'.
Early life and education
Andræ was born in Hjertebjerg Rectory on the island of Møn. His parents were captain at the Third Jutland Infantry Regiment Johann Georg Andræ (1775–1814) Nicoline Christine Holm (1789–1862).
He enrolled at Landkadetakademiet in 1825. In 1829, he was appointed to Second Lieutenant in the Road Corps. He followed a course in mathematics under Hans Christian Ørsted at the College of Applied Sciences before enrolling at the new Militære Højskole in 1830. He graduated with honours in December 1834 and was then made a First Lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. He completed two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%20Club%203%3A%20Dub%20Edition
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Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition is a 2005 racing video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games. It is the third installment in the Midnight Club series. Like previous installments in the series, the game is an arcade-style racer and focuses on wild, high-speed racing, rather than realistic physics and driving. The name is derived from a partnership between Rockstar and DUB Magazine, which features heavily in the game in the form of DUB-sponsored races and DUB-customized vehicles as prizes.
Players race through open world recreations of San Diego, Atlanta, and Detroit listening to 98 (124 in the Remix version) licensed music tracks that include hip hop, rock, and other genres. The game features a number of graphical views after the player crashes into certain objects, or travels across particular stretches of road. There is also the ability to customize a player's vehicle. Other than modifying the external looks, the vehicle's performance can also be improved (with the exception of all "A" Class vehicles except motorcycles). Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition is the first game in the series to feature licensed vehicles.
Gameplay
Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition is an open world racing video game and the first game in the series to include car modification, both visual and performance. By winning races, the player unlocks new cars and options to customize them with. These options include enhancing the performance, adding vinyls and new paint jobs, and physical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20of%20general%20relativity
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When studying and formulating Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, various mathematical structures and techniques are utilized. The main tools used in this geometrical theory of gravitation are tensor fields defined on a Lorentzian manifold representing spacetime. This article is a general description of the mathematics of general relativity.
Note: General relativity articles using tensors will use the abstract index notation.
Tensors
The principle of general covariance was one of the central principles in the development of general relativity. It states that the laws of physics should take the same mathematical form in all reference frames. The term 'general covariance' was used in the early formulation of general relativity, but the principle is now often referred to as 'diffeomorphism covariance'.
Diffeomorphism covariance is not the defining feature of general relativity,[1] and controversies remain regarding its present status in general relativity. However, the invariance property of physical laws implied in the principle, coupled with the fact that the theory is essentially geometrical in character (making use of non-Euclidean geometries), suggested that general relativity be formulated using the language of tensors. This will be discussed further below.
Spacetime as a manifold
Most modern approaches to mathematical general relativity begin with the concept of a manifold. More precisely, the basic physical construct representing a curved is modelled
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded%20set%20%28topological%20vector%20space%29
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set in a topological vector space is called bounded or von Neumann bounded, if every neighborhood of the zero vector can be inflated to include the set.
A set that is not bounded is called unbounded.
Bounded sets are a natural way to define locally convex polar topologies on the vector spaces in a dual pair, as the polar set of a bounded set is an absolutely convex and absorbing set.
The concept was first introduced by John von Neumann and Andrey Kolmogorov in 1935.
Definition
Suppose is a topological vector space (TVS) over a field
A subset of is called or just in if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied:
: For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all scalars satisfying
This was the definition introduced by John von Neumann in 1935.
is absorbed by every neighborhood of the origin.
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a scalar such that
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all scalars satisfying
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all real
Any one of statements (1) through (5) above but with the word "neighborhood" replaced by any of the following: "balanced neighborhood," "open balanced neighborhood," "closed balanced neighborhood," "open neighborhood," "closed neighborhood".
e.g. Statement (2) may become: is bounded if and only if is absorbed by every
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20topology
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a polar topology, topology of -convergence or topology of uniform convergence on the sets of is a method to define locally convex topologies on the vector spaces of a pairing.
Preliminaries
A pairing is a triple consisting of two vector spaces over a field (either the real numbers or complex numbers) and a bilinear map
A dual pair or dual system is a pairing satisfying the following two separation axioms:
separates/distinguishes points of : for all non-zero there exists such that and
separates/distinguishes points of : for all non-zero there exists such that
Polars
The polar or absolute polar of a subset is the set
Dually, the polar or absolute polar of a subset is denoted by and defined by
In this case, the absolute polar of a subset is also called the prepolar of and may be denoted by
The polar is a convex balanced set containing the origin.
If then the bipolar of denoted by is defined by Similarly, if then the bipolar of is defined to be
Weak topologies
Suppose that is a pairing of vector spaces over
Notation: For all let denote the linear functional on defined by and let
Similarly, for all let be defined by and let
The weak topology on induced by (and ) is the weakest TVS topology on denoted by or simply making all maps continuous, as ranges over Similarly, there are the dual definition of the weak topology on induced by (and ), which is denoted by or s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Maniatis
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Tom Maniatis (born May 8, 1943), is an American professor of molecular and cellular biology. He is a professor at Columbia University, and serves as the Scientific Director and CEO of the New York Genome Center.
Education
Maniatis received B.A. and M.S. degrees from the University of Colorado in Boulder, and a PhD in Molecular Biology from Vanderbilt University. He carried out postdoctoral studies at Harvard University and at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.
Research and career
Maniatis developed and disseminated gene cloning technologies and their applications in the study of gene regulatory mechanisms.
cDNA Cloning
While an assistant professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard, and a member of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) faculty, Maniatis collaborated with Drs. Fotis Kafatos and Argiris Efstratiadis to develop a method for synthesizing and cloning full length double stranded DNA copies of messenger RNA (termed “copy” or cDNA). This method provided a key step in the isolation of human genes, and in the production of “recombinant” proteins in mammalian cells in culture, a central process in the biotechnology industry.
Genomic DNA libraries
Maniatis joined the Department of Biology at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena California, where his laboratory developed methods to isolate and study individual human genes. This lab generated the first human genomic DNA library co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20topology
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a locally convex topology on a vector space that is induced by the continuous dual of the vector space, by means of the bilinear form (also called pairing) associated with the dual pair.
The different dual topologies for a given dual pair are characterized by the Mackey–Arens theorem. All locally convex topologies with their continuous dual are trivially a dual pair and the locally convex topology is a dual topology.
Several topological properties depend only on the dual pair and not on the chosen dual topology and thus it is often possible to substitute a complicated dual topology by a simpler one.
Definition
Given a dual pair , a dual topology on is a locally convex topology so that
Here denotes the continuous dual of and means that there is a linear isomorphism
(If a locally convex topology on is not a dual topology, then either is not surjective or it is ill-defined since the linear functional is not continuous on for some .)
Properties
Theorem (by Mackey): Given a dual pair, the bounded sets under any dual topology are identical.
Under any dual topology the same sets are barrelled.
Characterization of dual topologies
The Mackey–Arens theorem, named after George Mackey and Richard Arens, characterizes all possible dual topologies on a locally convex space.
The theorem shows that the coarsest dual topology is the weak topology, the topology of uniform convergence on all finite su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Hopf%20theory%20of%20turbulence
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In physics, the Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence, named for Lev Landau and Eberhard Hopf, was until the mid-1970s, the accepted theory of how a fluid flow becomes turbulent. It states that as a fluid flows faster, it develops more Fourier modes. At first, a few modes dominate, but under stronger conditions, it forces the modes to become power-law distributed as explained in Kolmogorov's theory of turbulence.
References
Turbulence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarus%20%28journal%29
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ICARUS is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science. It is officially endorsed by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS). The journal contains articles discussing the results of new research on astronomy, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific aspects of the Solar System or extrasolar systems.
The journal was founded in 1962, and became affiliated with the DPS in 1974. Its original owner and publisher was Academic Press, which was purchased by Elsevier in 2000.
The journal is named for the mythical Icarus, and the frontispiece of every issue contains an extended quotation from Sir Arthur Eddington equating Icarus' adventurousness with the scientific investigator who "strains his theories to the breaking-point till the weak joints gape."
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is indexed by the following services:
Science Citation Index
Current Contents /Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Computer & control abstracts
Electrical & electronics abstracts
Physics abstracts. Science abstracts. Series A
GeoRef
Chemical Abstracts Service
International aerospace abstracts
Energy research abstracts
References
External links
Planetary science journals
Astronomy journals
Academic journals established in 1962
Elsevier academic journals
American Astronomical Society academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackey%20topology
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the Mackey topology, named after George Mackey, is the finest topology for a topological vector space which still preserves the continuous dual. In other words the Mackey topology does not make linear functions continuous which were discontinuous in the default topology. A topological vector space (TVS) is called a Mackey space if its topology is the same as the Mackey topology.
The Mackey topology is the opposite of the weak topology, which is the coarsest topology on a topological vector space which preserves the continuity of all linear functions in the continuous dual.
The Mackey–Arens theorem states that all possible dual topologies are finer than the weak topology and coarser than the Mackey topology.
Definition
Definition for a pairing
Given a pairing the Mackey topology on induced by denoted by is the polar topology defined on by using the set of all -compact disks in
When is endowed with the Mackey topology then it will be denoted by or simply or if no ambiguity can arise.
A linear map is said to be Mackey continuous (with respect to pairings and ) if is continuous.
Definition for a topological vector space
The definition of the Mackey topology for a topological vector space (TVS) is a specialization of the above definition of the Mackey topology of a pairing.
If is a TVS with continuous dual space then the evaluation map on is called the canonical pairing.
The Mackey topology on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMI
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PMI may stand for:
Computer science
Pointwise mutual information, in statistics
Privilege Management Infrastructure in cryptography
Product and manufacturing information in CAD systems
Companies
Philip Morris International, tobacco company
Picture Music International, former division of EMI
Precious Moments, Inc., American giftware catalog company
Precision Monolithics, a semiconductor manufacturer
Economics
Passenger-mile
Post-merger integration
Private mortgage insurance or lenders mortgage insurance
Purchasing Managers' Index, of business sentiment
Locations
Palma de Mallorca Airport (IATA airport code PMI)
Mathematics
Pointwise mutual information, measure in statistical probability theory
Principle of Mathematical Induction, a method of proof involving the natural numbers
Organizations
Plumbing Manufacturers International
Project Management Institute
Palang Merah Indonesia, the Indonesian Red Cross Society
Schools
Philippine Maritime Institute
PMI College - Bohol, Tagbilaran City
Pima Medical Institute, US
Medicine
The pulse at the point of maximum impulse (PMI) is the apex beat of the heart
Post-mortem interval, the time since a death
Technique
Positive material identification of a metallic alloy
Preventive maintenance inspection, USAF
Other uses
US Presidential Management Internship, now Presidential Management Fellows Program
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20antenna
|
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antenna arrays, multiple antennas and, recently, MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signatures such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use them to calculate beamforming vectors which are used to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. Smart antennas should not be confused with reconfigurable antennas, which have similar capabilities but are single element antennas and not antenna arrays.
Smart antenna techniques are used notably in acoustic signal processing, track and scan radar, radio astronomy and radio telescopes, and mostly in cellular systems like W-CDMA, UMTS, and LTE and 5G-NR.
Smart antennas have many functions: DOA estimation, beamforming, interference nulling, and constant modulus preservation.
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, using techniques such as MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix Pencil method or one of their derivatives. They involve finding a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum. These calculations are computationally intensive.
Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and under the correlated sources.
Beamforming
Beamforming is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Tour
|
James Mitchell Tour is an American chemist and nanotechnologist. He is a Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and Nanoengineering at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
Education
Tour received degrees from Syracuse University (BS, 1981), Purdue University (PhD, 1986) and completed postdoctoral work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1986–1987) and Stanford University (1987–1988).
Career
Tour's work is primarily focused on carbon materials chemistry and nanotechnology. Tour's work on carbon materials encompasses fullerene purification, composites, conductive inks for radio frequencies identification tags, carbon nanoreporters for identifying oil downhole, graphene synthesis from cookies and insects, graphitic electronic devices, carbon particle drug delivery for treatment of traumatic brain injury, the merging of 2D graphene with 1D nanotubes to make a conjoined hybrid material, a new graphene-nanotube 2D material called rebar graphene, graphene quantum dots from coal, gas barrier composites, graphene nanoribbon deicing films, supercapacitors and battery device structures, and water splitting to H2 and O2 using metal chalcogenides.
In addition, Tour has conducted research on the synthesis of graphene oxide, its mechanism of formation, and its use in capturing radionuclides from water. Tour has developed oxide-based electronic memories that can also be transparent and built onto flexible substrates. His group has also developed the use of porous metal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correction
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Correction may refer to:
A euphemism for punishment
Correction (newspaper), the posting of a notice of a mistake in a past issue of a newspaper
Correction (stock market), in financial markets, a short-term price decline
Correction (novel), a 1975 novel by Thomas Bernhard
a perturbation to an equation in perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
radiative correction
oblique correction
nonoblique correction
loop correction
See also
Corrections (disambiguation)
Corrector, a political/administrative office in classical Antiquity and some religions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Penney%2C%20Baron%20Penney
|
William George Penney, Baron Penney, (24 June 19093 March 1991) was an English mathematician and professor of mathematical physics at the Imperial College London and later the rector of Imperial College London. He had a leading role in the development of High Explosive Research, Britain's clandestine nuclear programme that started in 1942 during the Second World War which produced the first British atomic bomb in 1952.
As the head of the British delegation working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Laboratory, Penney initially carried out calculations to predict the damage effects generated by the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Upon returning home, Penney directed the British nuclear weapons directorate, codenamed Tube Alloys and directed scientific research at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment which resulted in the first detonation of a British nuclear bomb in Operation Hurricane in 1952. After the test, Penney became chief advisor to the new United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). He was later chairman of the authority, which he used in international negotiations to control nuclear testing with the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Penney's notable scientific contributions included the mathematics for complex wave dynamics, both in shock and gravity waves, proposing optimisation problems and solutions in hydrodynamics (which plays a major role in materials science and metallurgy.) During his later years, Penney lectured in mathematics and physics; he wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organopalladium%20chemistry
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Organopalladium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic palladium compounds and their reactions. Palladium is often used as a catalyst in the reduction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen. This process involves the formation of a palladium-carbon covalent bond. Palladium is also prominent in carbon-carbon coupling reactions, as demonstrated in tandem reactions.
Organopalladium chemistry timeline
1873 - A. N. Zaitsev reports reduction of benzophenone over palladium with hydrogen.
1894 - Phillips reports that palladium(II) chloride reduces to palladium metal by contact with ethylene.
1907 - Autoclave technology introduced by Vladimir Ipatieff makes it possible to carry out high pressure hydrogenation.
1956 - In the Wacker process ethylene and oxygen react to acetaldehyde with catalyst PdCl2/CuCl2
1957 - Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) is reported by Malatesta and Angoletta.
1972 - The Heck reaction is a coupling reaction of a halogenide with an olefin. Pd(0) intermediates are implicated.
1973 - The Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation is a nucleophilic substitution.
1975 - The Sonogashira coupling is a coupling reaction of terminal alkynes with aryl or vinyl halides.
1994 - The Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination for C-N bond-forming reactions.
Palladium(II)
Alkene complexes
Unlike Ni(II), but similar to Pt(II), Pd(II) halides form a variety of alkene complexes. The premier example is dichloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)pal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Carath%C3%A9odory%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Borel–Carathéodory theorem in complex analysis shows that an analytic function may be bounded by its real part. It is an application of the maximum modulus principle. It is named for Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory.
Statement of the theorem
Let a function be analytic on a closed disc of radius R centered at the origin. Suppose that r < R. Then, we have the following inequality:
Here, the norm on the left-hand side denotes the maximum value of f in the closed disc:
(where the last equality is due to the maximum modulus principle).
Proof
Define A by
If f is constant c, the inequality follows from , so we may assume f is nonconstant. First let f(0) = 0. Since Re f is harmonic, Re f(0) is equal to the average of its values around any circle centered at 0. That is,
Since f is regular and nonconstant, we have that Re f is also nonconstant. Since Re f(0) = 0, we must have Re for some z on the circle , so we may take . Now f maps into the half-plane P to the left of the x=A line. Roughly, our goal is to map this half-plane to a disk, apply Schwarz's lemma there, and make out the stated inequality.
sends P to the standard left half-plane. sends the left half-plane to the circle of radius R centered at the origin. The composite, which maps 0 to 0, is the desired map:
From Schwarz's lemma applied to the composite of this map and f, we have
Take |z| ≤ r. The above becomes
so
,
as claimed. In the general case, we may apply the above to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Churchill%20King
|
Henry Churchill King (1858–1934) was an American Congregationalist theologian, educator, and author.
Biography
Henry Churchill King was born in Hillsdale, Michigan on September 18, 1858.
At Oberlin College from 1884, he taught in mathematics, philosophy, and theology. From 1902 to 1927, he was president of the college. With a tenure of 25 years, he is Oberlin's longest-serving president.
In 1919, he served on the King-Crane Commission, which provided recommendations on the fair and just disposition of non-Turkish areas of the Ottoman Empire. The findings of that commission, suppressed until 1922, were made public in the King-Crane Commission Report and conveyed the sentiment of the indigenous peoples of the region as to who would be entrusted with the various mandates, the future of Palestine, and other vital issues.
He was prominent in the councils of the Congregational Church and a moderator (1919–21) of its National Council as well as chairman (1921–27) of the Congregational Foundation for Education.
He died at his home in Oberlin, Ohio on February 27, 1934.
Bibliography
Reconstruction in Theology (1901)
Rational Living (1905)
The Ethics of Jesus (1910)
Fundamental Questions (1917)
For A New America In A New World (1919)
The King-Crane Commission Report (August 28, 1919)
Seeing Life Whole (1923)
References
External links
1858 births
1934 deaths
Presidents of Oberlin College
People from Hillsdale, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardus
|
Pardus may refer to:
Saint Pardus, patron saint of Larino, Italy
Dan Pardus, an American NASCAR driver
Pardus (operating system), a Linux distribution developed in Turkey
Pardus (video game), graphical browser-based MMORPG
Pardus, Pennsylvania, a community in the United States
Biology
Panthera pardus, the scientific name for the leopard
Panthera pardus pardus, African leopard
Pseudophilautus pardus is an extinct species of Sri Lankan shrub frogs, in the family Rhacophoridae
Ecsenius pardus, a species of blenny, a fish of the family Blenniidae
Cystiscus pardus is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Jorunna pardus, a species of sea slug in the family Discodorididae.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%20group
|
In mathematics, the pin group is a certain subgroup of the Clifford algebra associated to a quadratic space. It maps 2-to-1 to the orthogonal group, just as the spin group maps 2-to-1 to the special orthogonal group.
In general the map from the Pin group to the orthogonal group is not surjective or a universal covering space, but if the quadratic form is definite (and dimension is greater than 2), it is both.
The non-trivial element of the kernel is denoted which should not be confused with the orthogonal transform of reflection through the origin, generally denoted
General definition
Let be a vector space with a non-degenerate quadratic form . The pin group is the subset of the Clifford algebra consisting of elements of the form , where the are vectors such that . The spin group is defined similarly, but with restricted to be even; it is a subgroup of the pin group.
In this article, is always a real vector space. When has basis vectors satisfying and the pin group is denoted Pin(p, q).
Geometrically, for vectors with , is the reflection of a vector across the hyperplane orthogonal to . More generally, an element of the pin group acts on vectors by transforming to , which is the composition of k reflections. Since every orthogonal transformation can be expressed as a composition of reflections (the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem), it follows that this representation of the pin group is a homomorphism from the pin group onto the orthogonal group. This is ofte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20%28genetics%29
|
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome inserted into another. The mechanism of the smallest single base insertion mutations is believed to be through base-pair separation between the template and primer strands followed by non-neighbor base stacking, which can occur locally within the DNA polymerase active site. On a chromosome level, an insertion refers to the insertion of a larger sequence into a chromosome. This can happen due to unequal crossover during meiosis.
N region addition is the addition of non-coded nucleotides during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
P nucleotide insertion is the insertion of palindromic sequences encoded by the ends of the recombining gene segments.
Trinucleotide repeats are classified as insertion mutations and sometimes as a separate class of mutations.
Methods
Zinc finger nuclease(ZFN), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and CRISPR gene editing are the three main methods used in the former research to achieve gene insertion. And CRISPR/Cas tools have already become one of the most used methods to present research.
Based on CRISPR/Cas tools, different systems have already been developed to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling%20convention
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In computer science, a calling convention is an implementation-level (low-level) scheme for how subroutines or functions receive parameters from their caller and how they return a result. When some code calls a function, design choices have been taken for where and how parameters are passed to that function, and where and how results are returned from that function, with these transfers typically done via certain registers or within a stack frame on the call stack. There are design choices for how the tasks of preparing for a function call and restoring the environment after the function has completed are divided between the caller and the callee. Some calling convention specifies the way every function should get called. The correct calling convention should be used for every function call, to allow the correct and reliable execution of the whole program using these functions.
Introduction
Calling conventions are usually considered part of the application binary interface (ABI).
Related concepts
The names or meanings of the parameters and return values are defined in the application programming interface (API, as opposed to ABI), which is a separate though related concept to ABI and calling convention. The names of members within passed structures and objects would also be considered part of the API, and not ABI. Sometimes APIs do include keywords to specify the calling convention for functions.
Calling conventions do not typically include information on handling l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiguro
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Ishiguro (written: lit. "black stone") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aya Ishiguro (石黒彩) (born 1978), a.k.a. Ayappe, singer
Hidé Ishiguro, Philosopher
Hideo Ishiguro (石黒英雄), Japanese actor
Hiroshi Ishiguro (石黒浩), professor at Osaka University who works in robotics
Kazuo Ishiguro (石黒一雄), Japanese-born British author and Nobel Prize winner
Keishichi Ishiguro (石黒敬七), Japanese judoka
Keisho Ishiguro (石黒敬章), Japanese photo collector
Ken Ishiguro (石黒賢), Japanese actor
Kenji Ishiguro (石黒健治), Japanese photographer
Kyōhei Ishiguro (イシグロキョウヘイ) (born 1980), Japanese director
Masakazu Ishiguro (石黒正数), Japanese manga artist
Masayuki Ishiguro (石黒将之), Japanese handball player who plays in German
Noboru Ishiguro (石黒昇), Japanese animator and anime series director
Osamu Ishiguro (石黒修), Japanese tennis player
, Japanese sport wrestler
Tatsuya Ishiguro (石黒竜也), Japanese kickboxer
Yumiko Ishiguro (石黒由美子), Japanese synchronized swimmer
Ishiguro Tadanori (石黒忠悳) (1845-1941), Japanese Army physician
See also
7354 Ishiguro, a main-belt asteroid
Japanese-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Ta-You
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Wu Ta-You () (27 September 1907 – 4 March 2000) was a Chinese physicist and writer who worked in the United States, Canada, mainland China and Taiwan. He has been called the Father of Chinese Physics.
Early life and education
Wu was born in Panyu, Guangzhou (Canton) in the last years of the Qing dynasty. In 1929 he took his undergraduate degree at Nankai University in Tianjin (Tientsin). He moved to the United States for graduate schooling and obtained a Doctor of Philosophy Degree from the University of Michigan in 1933.
Career
Wu returned to China (then Republic of China) after receiving his doctorate degree, and between 1934 and 1949 he taught at various institutions there, including Peking University in Beijing, and National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming. In 1949, the year of the defeat of the Nationalists by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, Wu moved to Canada.
There he headed the Theoretical Physics Division of the National Research Council until 1963. In the 1960s, he was Chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University at Buffalo. After 1962, he held various positions in Taiwan (Republic of China), including the President of the Academia Sinica (1983–1994). He continued lecturing into his 90s and died on March 4, 2000.
Wu's PhD dissertation dealt with theoretical predictions of the chemical properties of the yet undiscovered transuranic elements of the actinide series, which includes such well known elements as plutonium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%20Sharkey
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Noel Sharkey (born 14 December 1948) is a computer scientist born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is best known to the British public for his appearances on television as an expert on robotics; including the BBC Two television series Robot Wars and Techno Games, and co-hosting Bright Sparks for BBC Northern Ireland. He is emeritus professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.
Sharkey chairs the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, an NGO that is seeking an International treaty to prohibit the development and use of autonomous robot weapons – weapons that once launched can select human targets and kill them without human intervention. He is co-founder and co-director of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics.
Sharkey is the founding editor of the academic journal Connection Science, and an editor for Artificial Intelligence Review and Robotics and Autonomous Systems.
Career
Sharkey held a chair in the Department of Computer Science (from 1994) at the University of Sheffield, and then he was a professor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and a professor of Public Engagement. He was supported by an EPSRC Senior Media Fellowship and a Leverhulme Fellowship of the ethics of battlefield robots.
Previously Sharkey held a number of interdisciplinary research and teaching positions in the US (Yale Computer Science and Stanford Psychology) and the UK (Essex Language and Linguistics, Exeter Computer Science). He was director of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montel%20space
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a Montel space, named after Paul Montel, is any topological vector space (TVS) in which an analog of Montel's theorem holds. Specifically, a Montel space is a barrelled topological vector space in which every closed and bounded subset is compact.
Definition
A topological vector space (TVS) has the if every closed and bounded subset is compact.
A is a barrelled topological vector space with the Heine–Borel property. Equivalently, it is an infrabarrelled semi-Montel space where a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space is called a or if every bounded subset is relatively compact.
A subset of a TVS is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded.
A is a Fréchet space that is also a Montel space.
Characterizations
A separable Fréchet space is a Montel space if and only if each weak-* convergent sequence in its continuous dual is strongly convergent.
A Fréchet space is a Montel space if and only if every bounded continuous function sends closed bounded absolutely convex subsets of to relatively compact subsets of
Moreover, if denotes the vector space of all bounded continuous functions on a Fréchet space then is Montel if and only if every sequence in that converges to zero in the compact-open topology also converges uniformly to zero on all closed bounded absolutely convex subsets of
Sufficient conditions
Semi-Montel spaces
A closed vector subspace of a semi-Montel space is ag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Wetterhahn
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Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997), also known as Karen Wetterhahn Jennette, was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the extremely toxic organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a few drops of the chemical absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year.
Career
Wetterhahn was born in Plattsburgh, New York. She earned her bachelor's degree from St. Lawrence University in 1970 and her doctorate from Columbia University in 1975. Her doctoral work was supervised by Stephen J. Lippard. She joined Dartmouth's faculty in 1976 and published more than 85 research papers. In 1990, Wetterhahn helped establish Dartmouth College's Women in Science Project (WISP), which helped to raise the share of women science majors from 13 to 25 percent at Dartmouth College and has become a national model.
Accident and death
On August 14, 1996, Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metal exposure, was studying the way mercury ions interact with DNA repair proteins, and she was investigating the toxic properties of another highly toxic heavy metal, cadmium. She was using dimethylmercury, at the time the standard internal reference for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.
Wetterhahn w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulation%20square
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pulation square (also called a Doolittle diagram) is a diagram that is simultaneously a pullback square and a pushout square. It is a self-dual concept.
References
Adámek, Jiří, Herrlich, Horst, & Strecker, George E. (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories (4.2MB PDF). Originally publ. John Wiley & Sons. . (now free on-line edition)
Herrlich, Horst, & Strecker, George E., Category Theory, Heldermann Verlag (2007).
Category theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar%20Becker
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Oscar Becker (5 September 1889 – 13 November 1964) was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, and historian of mathematics.
Early life
Becker was born in Leipzig, where he studied mathematics. His dissertation under Otto Hölder and Karl Rohn (1914) was On the Decomposition of Polygons in non-intersecting triangles on the Basis of the Axioms of Connection and Order.
He served in World War I and returned to study philosophy with Edmund Husserl, writing his Habilitationsschrift on Investigations of the Phenomenological Foundations of Geometry and their Physical Applications, (1923). Becker was Husserl's assistant, informally, and then official editor of the Yearbook for Phenomenological Research.
Work in phenomenology and mathematical philosophy
Becker published his major work, Mathematical Existence in the Yearbook in 1927, the same year Martin Heidegger's Being and Time appeared there. Becker attended Heidegger's seminars at this period.
Becker utilized not only Husserlian phenomenology but, much more controversially, Heideggerian hermeneutics, discussing arithmetical counting as "being toward death". His work was criticized both by neo-Kantians and by more mainstream, rationalist logicians, to whom Becker feistily replied. This work has not had great influence on later debates in the foundations of mathematics, despite its many interesting analyses of the topic of its title.
Becker debated with David Hilbert and Paul Bernays over the role of the potential infinit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20grammar
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In computer science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right-hand side of each of its productions.
A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar.
Example
An example of a linear grammar is G with N = {S}, Σ = {a, b}, P with start symbol S and rules
S → aSb
S → ε
It generates the language .
Relationship with regular grammars
Two special types of linear grammars are the following:
the left-linear or left-regular grammars, in which all rules are of the form A → αw where α is either empty or a single nonterminal and w is a string of terminals;
the right-linear or right-regular grammars, in which all rules are of the form A → wα where w is a string of terminals and α is either empty or a single nonterminal.
Each of these can describe exactly the regular languages.
A regular grammar is a grammar that is left-linear or right-linear.
Observe that by inserting new nonterminals, any linear grammar can be replaced by an equivalent one where some of the rules are left-linear and some are right-linear. For instance, the rules of G above can be replaced with
S → aA
A → Sb
S → ε
However, the requirement that all rules be left-linear (or all rules be right-linear) leads to a strict decrease in the expressive power of linear grammars.
Expressive power
All regular languages are linear; conversely, an example of a linear, non-regular language is { }. as explained above.
All linear languages are context-free; conv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Changeux
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Jean-Pierre Changeux (; born 6 April 1936) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of proteins (with a focus on the allosteric proteins), to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions. Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model, the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements. Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain. As put forth in his book, Conversations on Mind, Matter and Mathematics, Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment, rather than being instructive, results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations.
Biography
Changeux was born in Domont, France to Marcel Changeux and Jeanne Benoît. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1955, where he obtained a bachelor's degree (Licence) in 1957 and a master's degree (Diplome d'Études Supérieure) in 1958. He also received his agrégation in natural science the same year. He began his scientific career during his ENS years during summer internships in Banyuls-sur-Mer where he identified a new genus of parasitic
Copepod. He pursued PhD studies at the Pasteur Institute und
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20polynomial
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In mathematics, an invariant polynomial is a polynomial that is invariant under a group acting on a vector space . Therefore, is a -invariant polynomial if
for all and .
Cases of particular importance are for Γ a finite group (in the theory of Molien series, in particular), a compact group, a Lie group or algebraic group. For a basis-independent definition of 'polynomial' nothing is lost by referring to the symmetric powers of the given linear representation of Γ.
References
Commutative algebra
Invariant theory
Polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-structure
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In the branch of mathematics called homological algebra, a t-structure is a way to axiomatize the properties of an abelian subcategory of a derived category. A t-structure on consists of two subcategories of a triangulated category or stable infinity category which abstract the idea of complexes whose cohomology vanishes in positive, respectively negative, degrees. There can be many distinct t-structures on the same category, and the interplay between these structures has implications for algebra and geometry. The notion of a t-structure arose in the work of Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne, and Gabber on perverse sheaves.
Definition
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor . A t-structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms.
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of . Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[-1] is also an object of .
If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of .
It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in . In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums.
Suppose that is a t-structure on . In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of . Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs%20testing
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In computer science, all-pairs testing or pairwise testing is a combinatorial method of software testing that, for each pair of input parameters to a system (typically, a software algorithm), tests all possible discrete combinations of those parameters. Using carefully chosen test vectors, this can be done much faster than an exhaustive search of all combinations of all parameters, by "parallelizing" the tests of parameter pairs.
Computer scientists and mathematicians both work on algorithms to generate pairwise test suites. Numerous exist to generate such test suites as there is no efficient exact solution for every possible input and constraints scenarios. An early researcher in this area created a short one-hour Combinatorial Testing course that covers the theory of combinatorial testing (of which pairwise testing is a special case) and shows learners how to use a free tool from NIST to generate their own combinatorial test suites quickly.
Rationale
The most common bugs in a program are generally triggered by either a single input parameter or an interaction between pairs of parameters. Bugs involving interactions between three or more parameters are both progressively less common and also progressively more expensive to find---such testing has as its limit the testing of all possible inputs. Thus, a combinatorial technique for picking test cases like all-pairs testing is a useful cost-benefit compromise that enables a significant reduction in the number of test cas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Pinto%20%28novelist%29
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Ricardo Pinto (born 1961 in Lisbon, Portugal) is a computer game programmer and fantasy novelist.
Early life and gaming career
Pinto's family moved to London when he was six, and then to Dundee in Scotland. In 1979, he commenced a degree in Mathematics at the University of Dundee. In 1983, Pinto moved to London to work as a programmer writing computer games. He moved back to Edinburgh and then to Bristol working on game design. He became interested in creating the plot for games and wrote Kryomek and Hivestone as support material for tabletop wargames.
Writing
While still at university around 1982, Pinto had written a 600-page manuscript which he later said "contained a first, vague impression" of what would become his The Stone Dance of the Chameleon series. After 10 years working the computer gaming industry he spent two years unemployed and teaching himself to write, during which time he developed his Stone Dance concept further.
His first novel, The Chosen, was published in 1999. The sequel The Standing Dead was published in 2002 and a third novel, The Third God, appeared in 2009, its completion delayed by the effects of a fire at the author's home. The Stone Dance of the Chameleon trilogy concerns the harrowing experiences of the young and inexperienced heir to a ruling dynasty who is suddenly taken from his protected childhood and thrust into a cruel society where he must fight for his family honour, his position and his life.
After giving up designing computer game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird%20%28Oasis%20song%29
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"Songbird" is a song by English rock band Oasis from their fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry (2002), and is the first single by Oasis written by vocalist Liam Gallagher. Released on 3 February 2003, the song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, and the top 10 in Ireland and Italy. During an interview with The Matt Morgan Podcast, Liam's brother and bandmate Noel Gallagher called the track a "perfect" song.
Composition
Liam has said of the song: "I like beautiful things . . . It's not all dark in Liam World. I take me shades off every now and again and have a look at the world and see some nice things." Noel Gallagher stated jokingly in an interview with Patrick Kielty that Liam decided to "write a song about his bird", and states the title "Song . . . bird" in a cave man like manner. The song was written as a tribute to then-fiancée Nicole Appleton. "Songbird" was composed in the key of G major using common time at 132 beats per minute.
Release and other versions
The song was released as the fourth single from the band's Heathen Chemistry album, on 3 February 2003 and peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. It is the only track from Heathen Chemistry included on the band's first greatest hits album Stop the Clocks, as well as the only track written by Liam included on it. Being written by lead singer Liam Gallagher, it was the first time the band had released a single not written by his brother Noel. "(You've Go
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8%20lattice
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In mathematics, the E lattice is a special lattice in R. It can be characterized as the unique positive-definite, even, unimodular lattice of rank 8. The name derives from the fact that it is the root lattice of the E root system.
The norm of the E lattice (divided by 2) is a positive definite even unimodular quadratic form in 8 variables, and conversely such a quadratic form can be used to construct a positive-definite, even, unimodular lattice of rank 8.
The existence of such a form was first shown by H. J. S. Smith in 1867, and the first explicit construction of this quadratic form was given by Korkin and Zolotarev in 1873.
The E lattice is also called the Gosset lattice after Thorold Gosset who was one of the first to study the geometry of the lattice itself around 1900.
Lattice points
The E lattice is a discrete subgroup of R of full rank (i.e. it spans all of R). It can be given explicitly by the set of points Γ ⊂ R such that
all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed), and
the sum of the eight coordinates is an even integer.
In symbols,
It is not hard to check that the sum of two lattice points is another lattice point, so that Γ is indeed a subgroup.
An alternative description of the E lattice which is sometimes convenient is the set of all points in Γ′ ⊂ R such that
all the coordinates are integers and the sum of the coordinates is even, or
all the coordinates are half-integer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Bischof
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Karl Gustav Bischof (18 January 1792 – 30 November 1870) was a German chemist, born in Nuremberg. He studied at Erlangen where he became a university lecturer ("Privatdozent") in 1815. In 1819 he was appointed to the position of an extra-Ordinary Professor of Chemistry at Bonn, and in 1822 to that of a full professor. The University of Bonn was a leading center for geologists including Ferdinand von Roemer, Georg August Goldfuss, and Gerhard vom Rath as well as Bischof.
Scientific Achievements
Bischof himself has been considered the founder of chemical geology. More a chemist than a geologist, he introduced chemical analysis into widespread use in geology. His Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen Geologie (Bonn: Marcus, 1847−1866) was the standard text of geochemistry and a classic reference work. The first volume (in two parts) considers the actions of water both on the earth and internal to it, including the temperature, chemical composition and effects of springs on rocks around them. His was the first account to scientifically address springs. Volume II (in 7 parts) discusses mineralogy, petrology, and the origin of rocks. He describes the chemical composition, structure, texture, and the chemical and mechanical forces involved in the decomposition of minerals and rocks, including the effects of decomposing organic remains. In doing so, he created a new branch of geology. Bischof's work was highly valuable for its extensive and careful chemical analyses. Bisc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20linear%20operator
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a continuous linear operator or continuous linear mapping is a continuous linear transformation between topological vector spaces.
An operator between two normed spaces is a bounded linear operator if and only if it is a continuous linear operator.
Continuous linear operators
Characterizations of continuity
Suppose that is a linear operator between two topological vector spaces (TVSs).
The following are equivalent:
is continuous.
is continuous at some point
is continuous at the origin in
If is locally convex then this list may be extended to include:
for every continuous seminorm on there exists a continuous seminorm on such that
If and are both Hausdorff locally convex spaces then this list may be extended to include:
is weakly continuous and its transpose maps equicontinuous subsets of to equicontinuous subsets of
If is a sequential space (such as a pseudometrizable space) then this list may be extended to include:
is sequentially continuous at some (or equivalently, at every) point of its domain.
If is pseudometrizable or metrizable (such as a normed or Banach space) then we may add to this list:
is a bounded linear operator (that is, it maps bounded subsets of to bounded subsets of ).
If is seminormable space (such as a normed space) then this list may be extended to include:
maps some neighborhood of 0 to a bounded subset of
If and are both normed or seminormed spaces (with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Magee%20%28archbishop%20of%20Dublin%29
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William Magee (18 March 176618 August 1831) was an Irish academic and Church of Ireland clergyman. He taught at Trinity College Dublin, serving as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics (1800–1811), was Bishop of Raphoe (1819–1822) and then Archbishop of Dublin until his death.
Biography
He was born at Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland, the third son of farmer John Magee and Jane Glasgow. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin (BA 1786, MA 1789, BD 1797, DD 1801), where he had been a Scholar (1784), and was elected fellow in 1788. He was appointed Erasmus Smith Professor of Mathematics (and Senior Fellow) in 1800, and in 1813 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society as a "gentleman of high distinction for mathematical & philosophical knowledge & Author of several works of importance". Thought not a research mathematician, he was a popular teacher at TCD and was well-liked by students.
He had been ordained into the Church of Ireland in 1790, and two of his sermons (preached in the college chapel in 1798 and 1799) formed the basis of his "Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and Sacrifice" (1801), a polemic against Unitarian theology, which was answered by Lant Carpenter. In 1812 he had resigned from TCD to undertake the charge of the livings of Cappagh, County Tyrone, and Killyleagh, County Down.
In 1813 he became Dean of Cork. He was well known as a preacher and promoter of the Irish Second Reformation, and in 1819 he was consecrated Bishop of R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia%20Ga%C5%A1parovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1
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Silvia Gašparovičová née Beníková (born 13 January 1941) was the First Lady of Slovakia from 2004 to 2014 as wife of former President Ivan Gašparovič.
Early life
Gašparovičová attended the Slovak Technical University from 1960 until 1965 where she studied civil engineering and also from 1971 to 1973 she studied economical law at Comenius University. She worked at the Ministry of Construction from 1971 until 1991.
In 1992 she was appointed to a position of expert real estate appraiser at the Bratislava Municipal Court, which she did not hold for long. She was a private construction company's executive before her husband was elected national president.
First Lady of Slovakia
As first lady, Mrs Gašparovičová has a role representing her country at official events at home and abroad.
In October 2010, she received a state visit from King Harald and Queen Sonja of Norway. She accompanied the Queen on visits to the art center Danubiana Meulensteen; the Gaudeamus Centre for disabled children; and the ÚĽUV arts center for the preservation of Slovak crafts.
After she became first lady, she founded the Silvia Gašparovičová Foundation which focuses on education and health. She also supports projects supporting women entrepreneurs, and parents.
Honours
Foreign honours
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (October 2012).
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (22 October 2007).
References
1941 births
Living people
First ladies of Slovakia
Grand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Siwiec
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Marek Maciej Siwiec (born 13 March 1955 in Piekary Slaskie) is a Polish politician and journalist.
Biography
Marek Maciej Siwiec studied physics at the AGH University of Science and Technology (1980) and completed Post-Diploma Study of Journalism in 1989at the Academy of Social Sciences – Centre for Education of the Foreign Service.
He is married to Ewa, with whom he has two children.
Journalism career
Between 1985 and 1987 he was Editor-in-chief of the bi-weekly 'Student', then weekly magazine 'ITD' (1987–1990) and the daily newspaper 'Trybuna'.
Political career
From 1991 until 1997 he was a member of Parliament of the Polish Republic (Sejm) for the Kalisz Constituency. In years 1993-1995 he was also Member of National Broadcasting Council.
In 1996 he was appointed as a secretary of state in a Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski.
One year later (1997) he took over as a Chief of the National Security Bureau (Poland). He held that position until 2004, when he was elected Member of the European Parliament from Greater Poland Voivodship.
From January 2007 to June 2009 he served as Vice-President of the European Parliament. He also chaired the Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee. He was an observer of several elections in Ukraine between 2004 and 2014.
In December 2011-April 2012 he was vice-chairman of Democratic Left Alliance, polish social-democratic political party.
During his tenure in European
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20bilinear%20form
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In mathematics, a symmetric bilinear form on a vector space is a bilinear map from two copies of the vector space to the field of scalars such that the order of the two vectors does not affect the value of the map. In other words, it is a bilinear function that maps every pair of elements of the vector space to the underlying field such that for every and in . They are also referred to more briefly as just symmetric forms when "bilinear" is understood.
Symmetric bilinear forms on finite-dimensional vector spaces precisely correspond to symmetric matrices given a basis for V. Among bilinear forms, the symmetric ones are important because they are the ones for which the vector space admits a particularly simple kind of basis known as an orthogonal basis (at least when the characteristic of the field is not 2).
Given a symmetric bilinear form B, the function is the associated quadratic form on the vector space. Moreover, if the characteristic of the field is not 2, B is the unique symmetric bilinear form associated with q.
Formal definition
Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field K. A map is a symmetric bilinear form on the space if:
The last two axioms only establish linearity in the first argument, but the first axiom (symmetry) then immediately implies linearity in the second argument as well.
Examples
Let , the n dimensional real vector space. Then the standard dot product is a symmetric bilinear form, . The matrix corresponding to this bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Whitney%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Arthur Whitney (born October 20, 1957) is a Canadian computer scientist most notable for developing three programming languages inspired by APL: A+, k, and q, and for co-founding the U.S. companies Kx Systems and Shakti Software.
Career
Whitney studied pure mathematics at the graduate level at the University of Toronto in the early 1980s. He then worked at Stanford University. He was first exposed to APL when he was 11 by its inventor, Ken Iverson, a family friend. He later worked extensively with APL, first at I. P. Sharp Associates alongside Ken Iverson and Roger Hui among others. Whitney is recognized as having had an "enduring and significant influence on APL" and he co-authored papers with both Ken Iverson and Roger Hui. He also wrote the initial prototype of J, a terse and macro-heavy single page of code, in one afternoon, which then served as the model for J implementor, Roger Hui, and was responsible for suggesting the rank operators in J. In 1988, Whitney began working at Morgan Stanley developing financial applications. At Morgan Stanley, Whitney developed A+ to facilitate migrating APL applications from IBM mainframe computers to a network of Sun Microsystems workstations. A+ had a smaller set of primitive functions and was designed for speed, and to handle large sets of time series data.
In 1993, Whitney left Morgan Stanley and co-founded Kx Systems with Janet Lustgarten, to commercialize his k programming language. According to Paul Ford's 2015 cover-story for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornological%20space
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In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a bornological space is a type of space which, in some sense, possesses the minimum amount of structure needed to address questions of boundedness of sets and linear maps, in the same way that a topological space possesses the minimum amount of structure needed to address questions of continuity.
Bornological spaces are distinguished by the property that a linear map from a bornological space into any locally convex spaces is continuous if and only if it is a bounded linear operator.
Bornological spaces were first studied by George Mackey. The name was coined by Bourbaki after , the French word for "bounded".
Bornologies and bounded maps
A on a set is a collection of subsets of that satisfy all the following conditions:
covers that is, ;
is stable under inclusions; that is, if and then ;
is stable under finite unions; that is, if then ;
Elements of the collection are called or simply if is understood.
The pair is called a or a .
A or of a bornology is a subset of such that each element of is a subset of some element of Given a collection of subsets of the smallest bornology containing is called the
If and are bornological sets then their on is the bornology having as a base the collection of all sets of the form where and
A subset of is bounded in the product bornology if and only if its image under the canonical projections onto and are both bounded.
Bounded maps
If and ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-MiPT
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5-MeO-MiPT is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug, used by some as an entheogen. It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs 5-MeO-DiPT, DiPT, and MiPT. It is commonly used as a "substitute" for 5-MeO-DiPT because of the very similar structure and effects.
Chemistry
5-MeO-MiPT is in a class of compounds commonly known as tryptamines, and is the N-methyl-N-isopropyl homologue of the psychedelic, 5-MeO-DMT. The full name of the chemical is 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine.
5-MeO-MiPT causes the ehrlich reagent to turn purple then fade to faint blue. It causes the marquis reagent to go yellow through to black.
Effects
This is an analogue of the more popular drug 5-MeO-DiPT (nicknamed "foxy methoxy") and has the nickname "moxy". Some users report the tactile effects of 5-MeO-DiPT without some of the unwanted side effects. At higher doses it becomes much more psychedelic sometimes being compared to 5-MeO-DMT. But at doses of 4-10 milligrams users find 5-MeO-MiPT to be a very euphoric and tactile chemical. Its energetic effects can be very strong at high doses, increasing normal heart rate considerably. Sounds can be amplified in perception to a point where synesthetic effects ("touching or/and tasting sounds") occur.
Pharmacodynamics
Dosage
Based on many anecdotal reports, dosages can be classified as follows:
Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces the hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects of 5-MeO-MiPT is thought to result primarily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DALT
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5-MeO-DALT or N,N-di allyl-5-methoxy tryptamine is a psychedelic tryptamine first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.
Chemistry
The full name of the chemical is N-allyl-N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] prop-2-en-1- amine. It is related to the compounds 5-MeO-DPT and DALT.
In April 2020, Chadeayne et al. solved the crystal structure of the freebase form of 5-MeO-DALT.
Pharmacology
5-MeO-DALT binds to 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, α2A, α2B, α2C, H1, κ-opioid, σ1 and σ2 receptors with Ki values lower than 10μM and also acts as a DAT and SERT monoamine reuptake inhibitor.
The metabolism and cytochrome P450 inhibition of 5-MeO-DALT has been described in scientific literature.
History
The first material regarding the synthesis and effects of 5-MeO-DALT was sent from Alexander Shulgin to a research associate named Murple in May 2004, after which it was circulated online. In June 2004 5-MeO-DALT became available from internet research chemical vendors after being synthesized by commercial laboratories in China. In August 2004 the synthesis and effects of 5-MeO-DALT were published by Erowid.
Dosage
Doses ranging from 12–20 mg were tested by Alexander Shulgin's research group.
Therapeutic use
Numerous anecdotal reports and a small-scale trial indicate the potential of 5-MeO-DALT for the treatment of cluster headache, one of the most excruciating conditions known to medicine. These observations are consistent with evidence of efficacy of other chemica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackey%20space
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In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a Mackey space is a locally convex topological vector space X such that the topology of X coincides with the Mackey topology τ(X,X′), the finest topology which still preserves the continuous dual. They are named after George Mackey.
Examples
Examples of locally convex spaces that are Mackey spaces include:
All barrelled spaces and more generally all infrabarreled spaces
Hence in particular all bornological spaces and reflexive spaces
All metrizable spaces.
In particular, all Fréchet spaces, including all Banach spaces and specifically Hilbert spaces, are Mackey spaces.
The product, locally convex direct sum, and the inductive limit of a family of Mackey spaces is a Mackey space.
Properties
A locally convex space with continuous dual is a Mackey space if and only if each convex and -relatively compact subset of is equicontinuous.
The completion of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
A separated quotient of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
A Mackey space need not be separable, complete, quasi-barrelled, nor -quasi-barrelled.
See also
References
Topological vector spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studia%20Mathematica
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Studia Mathematica is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the Polish Academy of Sciences. Papers are written in English, French, German, or Russian, primarily covering functional analysis, abstract methods of mathematical analysis, and probability theory. The editor-in-chief is Adam Skalski.
History
The journal was established in 1929 by Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus and its first editors were Banach, Steinhaus and Herman Auerbach.
Due to the Second World War publication stopped after volume 9 (1940) and was not resumed until volume 10 in 1948.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
MathSciNet
Science Citation Index
Scopus
Zentralblatt MATH
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.617.
References
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1929
Polish mathematics
Multilingual journals
Polish Academy of Sciences academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gr%C3%BCnberg
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Peter Andreas Grünberg (; 18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.
Life and career
Grünberg was born in Pilsen, Bohemia—which at the time was in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic)—to the Sudeten German family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg which first lived in Dysina (Dýšina) to the east of Pilsen. Grünberg was a Catholic.
After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Pilsen which is also inscribed with Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945. His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100) had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann house in Untersekerschan (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (Peter's sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.
Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He then attended the Technische Universität Darmstadt, where he received his BSc diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Gundlach
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Juan Cristóbal Gundlach (July 17, 1810 - March 14, 1896) was a German-Cuban naturalist and taxonomist.
Biography
Gundlach graduated from Marburg University, where his father was professor of physics, as Doctor of Philosophy in 1837. In 1839, he left Europe to make collections on the Caribbean island of Cuba.
During a short trip to Puerto Rico, at the request of Jesuit fathers to offer assistance in the creation of a zoological collection in 1868, when revolutionary activities were beginning in Cuba as well as Puerto Rico, he met with don Tomás Blanco, according to naturalist Dr. Agustín Stahl. A friend of Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug, who served as German Vice Consul in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and who paid for some of Gundlach's travels, he visited Puerto Rico in 1873, leaving Havana on 4 June 1873 on the ship Manuela, arriving in Mayagüez on 13 June and staying in Puerto Rico for approximately six months.
During that trip, Gundlach contributed to the founding of the Civil Institute for Secondary Learning or "Instituto Civil de Segunda Enseñanza". This institute was closed several months later, in keeping with the Spanish government's policy expressed to the bishops of Santiago de Cuba and of San Juan of limiting the opportunities for higher learning on both islands.
He subsequently travelled from Havana to Puerto Rico's west coast aboard the "Marsella" in September 1875. He remained in Puerto Rico for approximately one year; while he was there, he changed his name from Johann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halohydrin
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In organic chemistry a halohydrin (also a haloalcohol or β-halo alcohol) is a functional group in which a halogen and a hydroxyl are bonded to adjacent carbon atoms, which otherwise bear only hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol). The term only applies to saturated motifs, as such compounds like 2-chlorophenol would not normally be considered halohydrins. Megatons of some chlorohydrins, e.g. propylene chlorohydrin, are produced annually as precursors to polymers.
Halohydrins may be categorized as chlorohydrins, bromohydrins, fluorohydrins or iodohydrins depending on the halogen present.
Synthesis
From alkenes
Halohydrins are usually prepared by treatment of an alkene with a halogen, in the presence of water. The reaction is a form of electrophilic addition, with the halogen acting as electrophile. In that regard, it resembles the halogen addition reaction and proceeds with anti addition, leaving the newly added X and OH groups in a trans configuration. The chemical equation for the conversion of ethylene to ethylene chlorohydrin is:
H2C=CH2 + Cl2 + H2O → H2(OH)C-CH2Cl + HCl
When bromination is desired, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) can be preferable to bromine because fewer side-products are produced.
From epoxides
Halohydrins may also be prepared from the reaction of an epoxide with a hydrohalic acid, or a metal halide.
This reaction is produced on an industrial scale for the production of chlorohydrin precursors to two important
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicinal%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry the descriptor vicinal (from Latin vicinus = neighbor), abbreviated vic, is a descriptor that identifies two functional groups as bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms (i.e., in a 1,2-relationship).
Relation of atoms in a molecule
For example, the molecule 2,3-dibromobutane carries two vicinal bromine atoms and 1,3-dibromobutane does not. Mostly, the use of the term vicinal is restricted to two identical functional groups.
Likewise in a gem-dibromide the prefix gem, an abbreviation of geminal, signals that both bromine atoms are bonded to the same atom (i.e., in a 1,1-relationship). For example, 1,1-dibromobutane is geminal. While comparatively less common, the term hominal has been suggested as a descriptor for groups in a 1,3-relationship.
Like other descriptors, such as syn, anti, exo or endo, the description vicinal helps explain how different parts of a molecule are related to each other either structurally or spatially. The vicinal adjective is sometimes restricted to those molecules with two identical functional groups. The use of the term can also be extended to substituents on aromatic rings.
1H-NMR spectroscopy
In 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the coupling of two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms is called vicinal coupling. The coupling constant 3J represents coupling of vicinal hydrogen atoms because they couple through three bonds. Depending on the other substituents, the vicinal coupling constant is typically a value between 0 and +20 Hz. The depende
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Society%20for%20History%20and%20Philosophy%20of%20Mathematics
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The Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics (CSHPM) is dedicated to the study of the history and philosophy of mathematics in Canada. It was proposed by Kenneth O. May, in conjunction with the journal Historia Mathematica, and was founded in 1974.
See also
Canadian Mathematical Society
List of Mathematical Societies
References
Mathematical societies
History of mathematics
History organizations based in Canada
Philosophical societies in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Weiss%20%28nanoscientist%29
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Paul S. Weiss (born October 10, 1959) is a leading American nanoscientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. He holds numerous positions, including UC Presidential Chair, Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and of Materials Science and Engineering, and founder and editor-in-chief of ACS Nano. From 2019–2014, he held the Fred Kavli Chair in NanoSystems Sciences and was the director of the California NanoSystems Institute. Weiss has co-authored over 400 research publications and holds over 40 US and international patents.
Weiss received his bachelor of science and master of science degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 and his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986. He was a post-doctoral researcher at Bell Labs from 1986 to 1988 and a visiting scientist at IBM Research at Almaden from 1988 to 1989. From 1989 until 2009, Weiss was a professor at Pennsylvania State University, rising from Assistant Professor to Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Physics. He moved to UCLA in 2009.
The Weiss Group has traditionally focused on understanding and controlling chemistry and materials at the smallest scales. They demonstrated how atoms and molecules communicate through substrates on which they sit at greater than chemical distances. They have exploited self-assembled monolayers as well-defined environments to isolate single molecules for measurements of electron transport, as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefetching
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Prefetching in computer science is a technique for speeding up fetch operations by beginning a fetch operation whose result is expected to be needed soon. Usually this is before it is known to be needed, so there is a risk of wasting time by prefetching data that will not be used. The technique can be applied in several circumstances:
Cache prefetching, a speedup technique used by computer processors where instructions or data are fetched before they are needed
Prefetch input queue (PIQ), in computer architecture, pre-loading machine code from memory
Link prefetching, a web mechanism for prefetching links
Prefetcher technology in modern releases of Microsoft Windows
Prefetch instructions, for example provided by
PREFETCH, an X86 instruction in computing
Prefetch buffer, a feature of DDR SDRAM memory
Swap prefetch, in computer operating systems, anticipatory paging
See also
Computer science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Wien
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Max Karl Werner Wien (; 25 December 1866 – 22 February 1938) was a German physicist and the director of the Institute of Physics at the University of Jena. He was born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), the son of the co-owner of the well-known Castell grain company, Otto Wien. He was a cousin of Nobel laureate Wilhelm Wien.
Wien studied in Konigsberg, Freiburg, and Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and August Kundt, receiving his PhD under Helmholtz in 1888. In 1892 he worked with Wilhelm Röntgen in Würzburg, where in 1893 he received the habilitation, qualifying him to be a professor. He moved to the Technical High School of Aachen in 1898 where he became Extraordinary Professor in 1899. In 1904 he became full Professor at the Technical High School of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). From 1911 to 1935 he was Professor at University of Jena, in Jena, Germany, where he died in 1938.
Wien's scientific research were in the areas of high frequency electronics, acoustics, and electrolyte conductance. He is known for the invention of the Wien bridge in 1891, a type of AC measurement circuit similar to the Wheatstone bridge which was used to measure the impedance of capacitors and inductors. From 1906 to 1909 he did research into the efficiency of early radio transmitters, called spark gap transmitters, which used an electric spark to generate radio waves. In existing transmitters the spark damped the oscillation in the tuned circuit, creating highly damped wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership%20function%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the membership function of a fuzzy set is a generalization of the indicator function for classical sets. In fuzzy logic, it represents the degree of truth as an extension of valuation. Degrees of truth are often confused with probabilities, although they are conceptually distinct, because fuzzy truth represents membership in vaguely defined sets, not likelihood of some event or condition. Membership functions were introduced by Aliasker Zadeh in the first paper on fuzzy sets (1965). Aliasker Zadeh, in his theory of fuzzy sets, proposed using a membership function (with a range covering the interval (0,1)) operating on the domain of all possible values.
Definition
For any set , a membership function on is any function from to the real unit interval .
Membership functions represent fuzzy subsets of . The membership function which represents a fuzzy set is usually denoted by For an element of , the value is called the membership degree of in the fuzzy set The membership degree quantifies the grade of membership of the element to the fuzzy set The value 0 means that is not a member of the fuzzy set; the value 1 means that is fully a member of the fuzzy set. The values between 0 and 1 characterize fuzzy members, which belong to the fuzzy set only partially.
Sometimes, a more general definition is used, where membership functions take values in an arbitrary fixed algebra or structure ; usually it is required that be at least a poset or lattice.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20biology
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Comparative biology uses natural variation and disparity to understand the patterns of life at all levels—from genes to communities—and the critical role of organisms in ecosystems. Comparative biology is a cross-lineage approach to understanding the phylogenetic history of individuals or higher taxa and the mechanisms and patterns that drives it. Comparative biology encompasses Evolutionary Biology, Systematics, Neontology, Paleontology, Ethology, Anthropology, and Biogeography as well as historical approaches to Developmental biology, Genomics, Physiology, Ecology and many other areas of the biological sciences. The comparative approach also has numerous applications in human health, genetics, biomedicine, and conservation biology. The biological relationships (phylogenies, pedigree) are important for comparative analyses and usually represented by a phylogenetic tree or cladogram to differentiate those features with single origins (Homology) from those with multiple origins (Homoplasy).
See also
Cladistics
Comparative Anatomy
Evolution
Evolutionary Biology
Systematics
Bioinformatics
Neontology
Paleontology
Phylogenetics
Genomics
Evolutionary biology
Comparisons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20Steel%2C%20Woman%20of%20Kleenex
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"Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex" is a 1969 essay in which science fiction author Larry Niven details the problems that Superman would face in sexual intercourse and reproduction with a human woman, using arguments based on humorous reconciliation between physics, biology, and the abilities of Kryptonians as presented in Superman comic books. The issues discussed include Superman's loss of physical control during intercourse, the presumed "super powers" of Superman's sperm cells, genetic incompatibility between humans and Kryptonians, and the dangers the woman would face during gestation. The title is a reference to the power and invulnerability indicated by Superman's epithet "Man of Steel", contrasting it with the relative fragility – like Kleenex brand facial tissue – of a human. The hypothetical woman is referred to in the essay as "LL", the initials of three women Superman has been romantically involved with: Lois Lane, Lana Lang, and Lori Lemaris.
Publication history
The essay was first published in the men's magazine Knight in 1969, then collected in Niven's 1971 collection, All the Myriad Ways. It was republished in the 1978 anthology SuperHeroes edited by Michel Parry and noted with a starburst on the cover: "SPECIAL BONUS FEATURE! Intimate details of Superman's sex life revealed!" It was reprinted in the 1990 Niven compilation N-Space. It was published with softcore illustrations by classic Superman artist Curt Swan, with the character's identifying features and lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20structure
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In mathematics, a structure is a set endowed with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Often, the additional features are attached or related to the set, so as to provide it with some additional meaning or significance.
A partial list of possible structures are measures, algebraic structures (groups, fields, etc.), topologies, metric structures (geometries), orders, events, equivalence relations, differential structures, and categories.
Sometimes, a set is endowed with more than one feature simultaneously, which allows mathematicians to study the interaction between the different structures more richly. For example, an ordering imposes a rigid form, shape, or topology on the set, and if a set has both a topology feature and a group feature, such that these two features are related in a certain way, then the structure becomes a topological group.
Mappings between sets which preserve structures (i.e., structures in the domain are mapped to equivalent structures in the codomain) are of special interest in many fields of mathematics. Examples are homomorphisms, which preserve algebraic structures; homeomorphisms, which preserve topological structures; and diffeomorphisms, which preserve differential structures.
History
In 1939, the French group with the pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki saw structures as the root of mathematics. They first mentioned them in their "Fascicule" of Theory of Sets and expanded it into Chapter IV of the 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmobiology
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Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences".
The term cosmobiology was popularized in English after the translation of the writings of Reinhold Ebertin, who based a large part of his techniques on the midpoint-astrology work of Alfred Witte The term most frequently refers to the school of astrology founded by Ebertin. The main difference between Witte's Hamburg School and Ebertin's Cosmobiology is that Cosmobiology rejects the imaginary trans-Neptunian planets invented by the Hamburg School. Another difference is the significant expansion of Cosmobiology into medical astrology, Dr. Ebertin being a physician.
Cosmobiology continued Witte's ultimate primary emphasis on the use of astrological midpoints along with the following 8th-harmonic aspects in the natal chart, which both Witte and Ebertin found to be the most potent in terms of personal influence: conjunction (0°), semi-square (45°), square (90°), sesquiquadrate (135°), and opposition (180°).
In cosmobiological analysis, planets are inserted into a special type of horoscope often referred to as a 'Cosmogram' (derived from the Uranian 90° dial chart) and delineated.
The primary reference/research text for Cosmobiology was first published in 1940 by the German astrologer Reinhold Ebertin. The name
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221%20%28number%29
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221 (two hundred [and] twenty-one) is the natural number following 220 and preceding 222.
In mathematics
Its factorization as 13 × 17 makes 221 the product of two consecutive prime numbers, the sixth smallest such product.
221 is a centered square number.
In other fields
In Texas hold 'em, the probability of being dealt pocket aces (the strongest possible outcome in the initial deal of two cards per player) is 1/221.
Sherlock Holmes's home address: 221B Baker Street.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Hasselmann
|
Klaus Ferdinand Hasselmann (, born 25 October 1931) is a German oceanographer and climate modeller. He is Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg and former Director of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Syukuro Manabe and Giorgio Parisi.
Hasselmann grew up in Welwyn Garden City, England and returned to Hamburg in 1949 to attend university. Throughout his career he has mainly been affiliated with the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which he founded. He also spent five years in the United States as a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and a year as a visiting professor at the University of Cambridge.
He is best known for developing the Hasselmann model of climate variability, where a system with a long memory (the ocean) integrates stochastic forcing, thereby transforming a white-noise signal into a red-noise one, thus explaining (without special assumptions) the ubiquitous red-noise signals seen in the climate (see, for example, the development of swell waves).
Background
Hasselmann was born in Hamburg, Germany (Weimar Republic). His father was an economist, journalist, and publisher, who was politically active for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDPG) from the 1920s. Due to his father's activity in the SDPG, the family emigrated to the United Kingdom in mid-1934 at the beginning of the Nazi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Acetoxy-DiPT
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4-Acetoxy-DiPT (4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, ipracetin) is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine. It is relatively uncommon and has only a short history of human use.
Chemistry
4-AcO-DiPT is a tryptamine structurally similar to 4-HO-DiPT and psilocin.
Drug prohibition laws
Denmark
4-AcO-DiPT is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.
Japan
4-Acetoxy-DiPT is a controlled substance in Japan.
Sweden
Sveriges riksdags health ministry Statens folkhälsoinstitut classified 4-AcO-DiPT as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health) as of Mar 1, 2005, in their regulation SFS 2005:26 listed as 4-acetoxi-N,N-diisopropyltryptamin (4-AcO-DIPT), making it illegal to sell or possess.
United States
4-Acetoxy-DiPT is an unscheduled substance in the United States. Due to similarities to other scheduled tryptamines such as psilocin and DiPT, possession may be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act in the United States.
See also
TiHKAL
References
External links
Erowid 4-Acetoxy-DiPT vault
Acetate esters
Designer drugs
Psychedelic tryptamines
Diisopropylamino compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus%20problem
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In computer science and mathematics, the Josephus problem (or Josephus permutation) is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting-out game. Such games are used to pick out a person from a group, e.g. eeny, meeny, miny, moe.
In the particular counting-out game that gives rise to the Josephus problem, a number of people are standing in a circle waiting to be executed. Counting begins at a specified point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a specified direction. After a specified number of people are skipped, the next person is executed. The procedure is repeated with the remaining people, starting with the next person, going in the same direction and skipping the same number of people, until only one person remains, and is freed.
The problem—given the number of people, starting point, direction, and number to be skipped—is to choose the position in the initial circle to avoid execution.
History
The problem is named after Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian living in the 1st century. According to Josephus' firsthand account of the siege of Yodfat, he and his 40 soldiers were trapped in a cave by Roman soldiers. They chose suicide over capture, and settled on a serial method of committing suicide by drawing lots. Josephus states that by luck or possibly by the hand of God, he and another man remained until the end and surrendered to the Romans rather than killing themselves. This is the story given in Book 3, Chapter 8, part 7 of Josephus' The Jewish Wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng%20Jun
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Zheng Jun (; born 6 November 1967) is a Chinese rock singer-songwriter. Originally from Xi'an, he attended Hangzhou Institute of Electrical Engineering (renamed Hangzhou Dianzi University). His first album, Naked (), was released by Red Star Productions in 1994, achieving immediate success. He went on to release Third Eye three years later and Bloom two years after that.
Zheng Jun won the MTV International Viewer's Choice Award for his song "1/3 Dream" in 2002, and is only one of two music artists from China to have received the international MTV award; the other being Cui Jian for "Wild in the Snow" in 1991.
Asides from his own compositions, Zheng Jun has recorded a Chinese language version of Coldplay's song "Yellow", entitled "流星" ("shooting star," pinyin: Liú Xīng), which was included in the soundtrack of the 2001 Taiwanese television series Meteor Garden I and the 2018 film Crazy Rich Asians. He has since released three albums entitled Zhengjun=zj, Our Life Is Full Of Sunshine and Chang An Chang An.
In 2007, Zheng joined the judges' panel of Happy Boys Voice, a sequel to Hunan Satellite Television's Super Girl; a controversy developed over his quarrel with fellow judge Yang Erche Namu over her ranking of a contestant from his hometown of Xi'an.
In 2016, Chinese-American 3D animated feature film Rock Dog was released in China on 8 July by distributor Huayi Brothers. The film is based on Zheng's manga Tibetan Rock Dog. Zheng also serves as one of the producers on the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Rosenzweig
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Michael L. Rosenzweig (born 1941) is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona who has developed and popularized the concept of Reconciliation ecology. He received his Ph.D in zoology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966 and has gone on to hold a number of positions around the United States.
Rosenzweig has a large body of editorial work spanning from 1977 to present, founding the journals Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Ecology Research as well as the publishing house, Evolutionary Ecology Ltd. with the help of his wife Carole. He has always been committed to the responsibility of disseminating scientific knowledge. An example of his commitment is when the Journal of Evolutionary Ecology was bought out at and the prices were to be raised he stepped down from his editor in chief position and founded Evolutionary Ecology Ltd, which published the journal Evolutionary Ecology Research. He and his wife continue to operate with the responsibility of disseminating knowledge at the forefront of their business.
Rosenzweig also has an impressive number of publications that reach up into the hundreds [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. His articles cover topics ranging from species diversity to predation dynamics and includes work on environmental issues and public policy. He has published three books on the origins and conservation of species diversity, both for technical and general audiences. He received the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecologi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Bollacker
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Kurt Bollacker is an American computer scientist with a research background in the areas of machine learning, digital libraries, semantic networks, and electro-cardiographic modeling.
He received a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin. Bollacker spent time as a biomedical research engineer at the Duke University Medical Center where worked on electro-cardiography. He is co-creator of the CiteSeer research tool which was produced while he was a visiting researcher at the NEC Research Institute.
During his tenure as Technical Director of the Internet Archive, Bollacker lead the work to create The Wayback Machine. While Chief Scientist at Metaweb Technologies he was key contributor to the development of Freebase. After Metaweb, Bollacker worked at Applied Minds and as a consulting Data Scientist.
Bollacker is a dedicated activist who is involved with multiple non-profit organizations. He serves on the Advisory Board of The Common Crawl Foundation For several years he has pursued research on long term digital archiving as the Digital Research Director at the non-profit Long Now Foundation.
References
External links
U.T. Austin student page for Kurt Bollacker
CiteSeer
Bollacker's article in American Scientist "Avoiding a Digital Dark Age"
American computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot%20Valenstein
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Elliot Spiro Valenstein (December 9, 1923 – January 12, 2023) was an American psychologist who was professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Michigan. He is a noted authority on brain stimulation and psychosurgery.
Biography
Valenstein was born in New York City on December 9, 1923, to Louis and Helen Valenstein (formally Spiro). He fought in World War II. After returning from the war he attended City College of New York for his B.S. and University of Kansas for his M.A and PhD.
Valenstein was the chief of the neuropsychology section at Walter Reed Institute Research from 1957 to 1961. He started teaching at University of Michigan in 1970.
Valenstein was married to Thelma Lewis from 1947 until her death on December 13, 2020. They have two children together; Paul and Carl. Valenstein died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on January 12, 2023, at the age of 99.
Published books
Brain Control: A Critical Examination of Brain Stimulation and Psychosurgery (1973)
Brain Stimulation and Motivation: Research and Commentary (Ed.) (1973)
Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of psychosurgery and other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (1986)
Blaming the Brain: The Truth About Drugs and Mental Health (1998)
The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute over how Nerves Communicate (2005)
See also
Biopsychiatry controversy
Chemical imbalance theory
Psychiatric drugs
References
External links
Faculty Page at U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker%20process
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The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name) refers to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde in the presence of palladium(II) chloride and copper(II) chloride as the catalyst. This chemical reaction was one of the first homogeneous catalysis with organopalladium chemistry applied on an industrial scale.
History
The Wacker reaction was first reported by Smidt et al.
The development of the chemical process now known as the Wacker process began in 1956 at Wacker Chemie. At the time, many industrial compounds were produced from acetylene, derived from calcium carbide, an expensive and environmentally unfriendly technology. The construction of a new oil refinery in Cologne by Esso close to a Wacker site, combined with the realization that ethylene would be a cheaper raw-material prompted Wacker to investigate its potential uses. As part of the ensuing research effort, a reaction of ethylene and oxygen over palladium on carbon in a quest for ethylene oxide unexpectedly gave evidence for the formation of acetaldehyde (simply based on smell). More research into this ethylene to acetaldehyde conversion resulted in a 1957 patent describing a gas-phase reaction using a heterogeneous catalyst. In the meanwhile Hoechst AG joined the race and after a patent filing forced Wacker into a partnership called Aldehyd GmbH. The heterogeneous process ultimately failed due to catalyst inactivation and was replaced by the water-based ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20bounded%20automaton
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In computer science, a linear bounded automaton (plural linear bounded automata, abbreviated LBA) is a restricted form of Turing machine.
Operation
A linear bounded automaton is a Turing machine that satisfies the following three conditions:
Its input alphabet includes two special symbols, serving as left and right endmarkers.
Its transitions may not print other symbols over the endmarkers.
Its transitions may neither move to the left of the left endmarker nor to the right of the right endmarker.
In other words:
instead of having potentially infinite tape on which to compute, computation is restricted to the portion of the tape containing the input plus the two tape squares holding the endmarkers.
An alternative, less restrictive definition is as follows:
Like a Turing machine, an LBA possesses a tape made up of cells that can contain symbols from a finite alphabet, a head that can read from or write to one cell on the tape at a time and can be moved, and a finite number of states.
An LBA differs from a Turing machine in that while the tape is initially considered to have unbounded length, only a finite contiguous portion of the tape, whose length is a linear function of the length of the initial input, can be accessed by the read/write head; hence the name linear bounded automaton.
This limitation makes an LBA a somewhat more accurate model of a real-world computer than a Turing machine, whose definition assumes unlimited tape.
The strong and the weaker definit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton%20%28category%20theory%29
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In mathematics, a skeleton of a category is a subcategory that, roughly speaking, does not contain any extraneous isomorphisms. In a certain sense, the skeleton of a category is the "smallest" equivalent category, which captures all "categorical properties" of the original. In fact, two categories are equivalent if and only if they have isomorphic skeletons. A category is called skeletal if isomorphic objects are necessarily identical.
Definition
A skeleton of a category C is an equivalent category D in which no two distinct objects are isomorphic. It is generally considered to be a subcategory. In detail, a skeleton of C is a category D such that:
D is a subcategory of C: every object of D is an object of C
for every pair of objects d1 and d2 of D, the morphisms in D are morphisms in C, i.e.
and the identities and compositions in D are the restrictions of those in C.
The inclusion of D in C is full, meaning that for every pair of objects d1 and d2 of D we strengthen the above subset relation to an equality:
The inclusion of D in C is essentially surjective: Every C-object is isomorphic to some D-object.
D is skeletal: No two distinct D-objects are isomorphic.
Existence and uniqueness
It is a basic fact that every small category has a skeleton; more generally, every accessible category has a skeleton. (This is equivalent to the axiom of choice.) Also, although a category may have many distinct skeletons, any two skeletons are isomorphic as categories, so up to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Wittig%20rearrangement
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A 1,2-Wittig rearrangement is a categorization of chemical reactions in organic chemistry, and consists of a 1,2-rearrangement of an ether with an alkyllithium compound. The reaction is named for Nobel Prize winning chemist Georg Wittig.
The intermediate is an alkoxy lithium salt, and the final product an alcohol. When R" is a good leaving group and electron withdrawing group such as a cyanide (CN) group, this group is eliminated and the corresponding ketone is formed.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism centers on the formation of a free radical pair with lithium migrating from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom. The R radical then recombines with the ketyl.
The alkyl group migrates in the order of thermodynamical stability methyl < primary alkyl < secondary alkyl < tertiary alkyl, this is in line with the radical mechanism. The radical-ketyl pair is short lived and due to a solvent cage effect some isomerizations take place with retention of configuration.
With certain allyl aryl ethers a competing reaction takes place. The reaction of allyl phenyl ether 1 with sec-butyllithium at −78 °C gives the lithiated intermediate 2 which on heating to −25 °C only shows the rearranged product 5 but not 4 after trapping the lithium alkoxide with trimethylsilyl chloride. This result rules out a radical-ketyl intermediate 3a in favor of the Meisenheimer complex 3b. Additional evidence for this mechanism is provided by the finding that with a para tert-butyl substituent the reac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkivoc
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Arkivoc (Archive for Organic Chemistry) is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all aspects of organic chemistry. It is published by the non-profit organization Arkat USA, which was established in 2000 through a personal donation from Alan R. Katritzky and Linde Katritzky. Arkivoc is the primary publication of Arkat USA. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.165, ranking it 37th out of 57 journals in the category "Chemistry, Organic".
Abstracting and Indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.253. The journal is indexed in Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 2000
English-language journals
Open access journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20generator
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In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a pseudorandom generator (PRG) for a class of statistical tests is a deterministic procedure that maps a random seed to a longer pseudorandom string such that no statistical test in the class can distinguish between the output of the generator and the uniform distribution. The random seed itself is typically a short binary string drawn from the uniform distribution.
Many different classes of statistical tests have been considered in the literature, among them the class of all Boolean circuits of a given size.
It is not known whether good pseudorandom generators for this class exist, but it is known that their existence is in a certain sense equivalent to (unproven) circuit lower bounds in computational complexity theory.
Hence the construction of pseudorandom generators for the class of Boolean circuits of a given size rests on currently unproven hardness assumptions.
Definition
Let be a class of functions.
These functions are the statistical tests that the pseudorandom generator will try to fool, and they are usually algorithms.
Sometimes the statistical tests are also called adversaries or distinguishers. The notation in the codomain of the functions is the Kleene star.
A function with is a pseudorandom generator against with bias if, for every in , the statistical distance between the distributions and is at most , where is the uniform distribution on .
The quantity is called the seed length and the quantity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAP
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Jap is a slur directed towards Japanese people.
Jap or JAP may refer to:
Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport, Paramaribo, Suriname, local name
Journal of Applied Physics
Java Anon Proxy for anonymous Web browsing
Juntas de Abastecimientos y Precios, rationing boards in Chile under president Allende
Juventudes de Acción Popular, the youth movement of the CEDA in Spain
Jewish-American princess (may also refer to "prince" or other variations)
J. A. Prestwich Industries, former UK engine manufacturer
Jap, West Virginia, a community in West Virginia, USA
"JAP", a single by J-Pop band Abingdon Boys School
Boondocks Road, formerly known as Jap Road in Texas
Yosami Transmitting Station, a defunct VLF transmitting station using the callsign JAP
See also
Japp (disambiguation)
Jaap (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Hoppe-Seyler
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Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (né Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. He had discovered Yeast nucleic acid which is now called RNA in his attempts to follow up and confirm Miescher's results by repeating parts of Miescher's experiments
Biography
Hoppe-Seyler was born in Freyburg an der Unstrut in the Province of Saxony. He originally trained to be a physician in Halle and Leipzig, and received his medical doctorate from Berlin in 1851. Afterwards, he was an assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological Institute in Berlin. Hoppe-Seyler preferred scientific research to medicine, and later held positions in anatomy, applied chemistry, and physiological chemistry in Greifswald, Tübingen and Strasbourg. At Strasbourg, he was head of the department of biochemistry, the only such institution in Germany at the time.
His work also led to advances in organic chemistry by his students and by immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Among his students and collaborators were Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) and Nobel laureate Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927).
Background
He was the son of the Freiburg superintendent (bishop) Ernst August Dankegott Hoppe. His mother died when he was six years old, and his father three years later. After he became an orphan, he lived for some time in the home of his older sister Klara and her husband, the Annaburg pastor Georg Seyler,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariah
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Pariah may refer to:
A member of the Paraiyar caste in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Pariah state, a country whose behavior does not conform to norms
Pariah State, a restaurant in the City of Victoria Falls
Outcast (person)
Science and mathematics
Pariah dog, a type of semi-feral dog
Pariah (fish), a genus of fish
Pariah group, the six ( J1, J3, J4, O'N, Ru, Ly) of the 26 sporadic mathematical groups that are not contained in the monster group
Music
Pariah (album), 2005 album by the black metal band Naglfar
Pariah, post-1987 name of the heavy metal band Satan
"Pariah" by Black Sabbath, bonus track on the 2013 album 13
"Pariah" by Danielle Dax, from the 1984 album Jesus Egg That Wept
"Pariah" by dredg, title track of the 2009 album The Pariah, the Parrot, the Delusion
"Pariah" by Lamb of God, from the 2000 album New American Gospel
"Pariah" by Scar Symmetry, bonus track on the 2009 album Dark Matter Dimensions
"Pariah" by Bullet For my Valentine from the 2015 album Venom
"Pariah" by Ball Park Music from the 2016 album Every Night the Same Dream
"Pariah" by Steven Wilson from the 2017 album To The Bone
Pariah (band), a Texan heavy metal band in the late 1980s and early 1990s
Other media
Pariah (1998 film), a film by Randolph Kret
Pariah (2011 film), a film by Dee Rees
Pariah (2015 film), a film by Rob McElhenney
Pariah (character), DC Comics character
Pariah (novel), a 1991 crime novel by Brian Vallée
Pariah (play), an 1889 one-act play by August St
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet%20%28disambiguation%29
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An epithet is a name. In taxonomic nomenclature, it is a word or phrase (epithet) in the name of an organism. It can be:
Epithet may also refer to:
a specific epithet:
the second part of a species name in binomial nomenclature in any branch of biology
in botany, the second part of a botanical name
Specific epithet (zoology), also called the specific name, meaning the second part of the species name or binomen
a genus, epithet
a subgenus, epithet
in botanical nomenclature:
a Section (botany), epithet
a Series (botany), epithet
a variety (botany), epithet
a forma (botany), epithet
in horticulture:
a cultivar, epithet
a cultivar group epithet, for plants within a species that share characteristics
a grex (horticulture) epithet for cultivated orchids, according to their parentage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohn%C3%A1nyi%20family
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Dohnányi () is a Hungarian family name belonging to a notable family of politicians and musicians related to composer Ernő Dohnányi.
Frederick Dohnányi (; 1843–1909), Hungarian professor of mathematics and amateur cellist; father of Ernst
Ernst von Dohnányi (; 1877–1960), Hungarian pianist, conductor and composer
Hans von Dohnanyi (1902–1945), son of Ernst; German jurist and resistance fighter against the Third Reich
Klaus von Dohnanyi (born 1928), son of Hans; German politician, mayor of Hamburg
Christoph von Dohnányi (born 1929), son of Hans; German conductor
Justus von Dohnányi (born 1960), son of Christoph; German actor
Oliver von Dohnányi (born 1955), Slovak conductor, descended from a brother of an eighteenth-century ancestor of Ernő
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna%20Budwig
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Johanna Budwig (1908 – 2003) was a German biochemist, alternative cancer treatment advocate and writer. Budwig was a pharmacist and held doctorate degrees in physics and chemistry. Based on her research on fatty acids she developed a lacto-vegetarian diet that she believed was useful in the treatment of cancer. There is no clinical evidence that the Budwig diet is effective, and it may cause adverse effects.
Biography
Budwig was born in Essen and at the age of 16 joined the Kaiserswerth Deaconess Institute. She studied pharmacy in Königsberg and Münster where she met her mentor Prof. Hans Kaufmann the founder of the German Institute for Fat Research. She worked under Kaufmann as a research assistant and completed her doctorate in 1939.
While working as a researcher at the German Federal Health Office she noted many cancer drugs being evaluated in the 1950s contained sulphydryl groups. Budwig believed sulphydryl compounds were important to cellular metabolism and cellular respiration. Budwig researched the theory that a low oxygen environment would develop in the absence of sulphydryl groups and/or fatty acid partners that would encourage the proliferation of cancerous cells. With Kaufmann she developed paper chromatography techniques to identify and quantify fatty acids. Budwig used these techniques to compare the fatty acid profiles of sick and healthy individuals. In 1950, Budwig and Kaufmann presented their findings at the International Fat Congress on "New approaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20School%20for%20Mathematics%2C%20Sciences%2C%20and%20the%20Arts
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The Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts (ASMSA) is a public residential high school located in Hot Springs, Arkansas that serves sophomores, juniors, and seniors. It is a part of the University of Arkansas administrative system and a member of the NCSSSMST. The school was originally known as The Arkansas School for Mathematics and Sciences (abbreviated ASMS). The school is accredited by AdvancED.
School description
Academically, the school is modeled after the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. Studies focus on mathematics, computer science, science, and humanities. All courses are taught at the Honors level or above. ASMSA offers approximately 50 courses for university credit through a partnership with the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith and other advanced high school courses for elective credit. ASMSA graduates finish their experience having earned an average of 50 college credit hours. ASMSA has an arts program, which was added in 2004 by the state legislature. Though not yet at the depth of the school's STEM-based programs, investment has been made in recent years to enhance the studio and digital arts experiences. Since 2015, the school has added three full-time faculty members in studio art and music to achieve this goal.
The school was created in 1991 with backing from then-Governor Bill Clinton. The charter class enrolled as juniors in 1993 and graduated in 1995.
Prospective students apply during the spring of their sophomo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20algebra
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In mathematics, especially in the fields of representation theory and module theory, a Frobenius algebra is a finite-dimensional unital associative algebra with a special kind of bilinear form which gives the algebras particularly nice duality theories. Frobenius algebras began to be studied in the 1930s by Richard Brauer and Cecil Nesbitt and were named after Georg Frobenius. Tadashi Nakayama discovered the beginnings of a rich duality theory , . Jean Dieudonné used this to characterize Frobenius algebras . Frobenius algebras were generalized to quasi-Frobenius rings, those Noetherian rings whose right regular representation is injective. In recent times, interest has been renewed in Frobenius algebras due to connections to topological quantum field theory.
Definition
A finite-dimensional, unital, associative algebra A defined over a field k is said to be a Frobenius algebra if A is equipped with a nondegenerate bilinear form that satisfies the following equation: . This bilinear form is called the Frobenius form of the algebra.
Equivalently, one may equip A with a linear functional such that the kernel of λ contains no nonzero left ideal of A.
A Frobenius algebra is called symmetric if σ is symmetric, or equivalently λ satisfies .
There is also a different, mostly unrelated notion of the symmetric algebra of a vector space.
Nakayama automorphism
For a Frobenius algebra A with σ as above, the automorphism ν of A such that is Nakayama automorphism associated to A a
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