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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS%20black%20hole
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In theoretical physics, an anti-de Sitter (AdS) black hole is a black hole solution of general relativity or its extensions which represents an isolated massive object, but with a negative cosmological constant. Such a solution asymptotically approaches anti-de Sitter space at spatial infinity, and is a generalization of the Kerr vacuum solution, which asymptotically approaches Minkowski spacetime at spatial infinity.
In 3+1 dimensions, the metric is given by
where t is the time coordinate, r is the radial coordinate, Ω are the polar coordinates, C is a constant and k is the AdS curvature.
In general, in d+1 dimensions, the metric is given by
According to the AdS/CFT correspondence, if gravity were quantized, an AdS black hole would be dual to a thermal state on the conformal boundary. In the context of say, AdS/QCD, this would correspond to the deconfinement phase of the quark–gluon plasma.
See also
BTZ black hole
Black brane
Black holes
Exact solutions in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped%20Passages
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Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions is the debut non-fiction book by Lisa Randall, published in 2005, about particle physics in general and additional dimensions of space (cf. Kaluza–Klein theory) in particular. The book has made it to top 50 at amazon.com, making it the world's first successful book on theoretical physics by a female author. She herself characterizes the book as being about physics and the multi-dimensional universe. The book describes, at a non-technical level, theoretical models Professor Randall developed with the physicist Raman Sundrum, in which various aspects of particle physics (e.g. supersymmetry) are explained in a higher-dimensional braneworld scenario. These models have since generated thousands of citations.
Overview
She comments that her motivation for writing this book was her "thinking that there were people who wanted a more complete and balanced vision of the current state of physics." She has noticed there is a large audience that thinks physics is about the bizarre or exotic. She observes that when people develop an understanding of the science of particle physics and the experiments that produce the science, people get excited. "The upcoming experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva will test many ideas, including some of the warped extra-dimensional theories I talk about." Another motivation was that she "gambled that there are people who really want to understand the p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpher%E2%80%93Bethe%E2%80%93Gamow%20paper
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In physical cosmology, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, or αβγ paper, was created by Ralph Alpher, then a physics PhD student, his advisor George Gamow, and Hans Bethe. The work, which would become the subject of Alpher's PhD dissertation, argued that the Big Bang would create hydrogen, helium and heavier elements in the correct proportions to explain their abundance in the early universe. While the original theory neglected a number of processes important to the formation of heavy elements, subsequent developments showed that Big Bang nucleosynthesis is consistent with the observed constraints on all primordial elements.
Formally titled "The Origin of Chemical Elements", it was published in the April 1948 issue of Physical Review.
Bethe's name
Gamow humorously decided to add the name of his friend—the eminent physicist Hans Bethe—to this paper in order to create the whimsical author list of Alpher, Bethe, Gamow, a play on the Greek letters α, β, and γ (alpha, beta, gamma). Bethe was listed in the article as "H. Bethe, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York". In his 1952 book The Creation of the Universe, Gamow explained Hans Bethe's association with the theory thus:
After this, Bethe did work on Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
Alpher, at the time only a graduate student, was generally dismayed by the inclusion of Bethe's name on this paper. He felt that the inclusion of another eminent physicist would overshadow his personal contribution to this work and prevent him from receiving
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionic%20projective%20space
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In mathematics, quaternionic projective space is an extension of the ideas of real projective space and complex projective space, to the case where coordinates lie in the ring of quaternions Quaternionic projective space of dimension n is usually denoted by
and is a closed manifold of (real) dimension 4n. It is a homogeneous space for a Lie group action, in more than one way. The quaternionic projective line is homeomorphic to the 4-sphere.
In coordinates
Its direct construction is as a special case of the projective space over a division algebra. The homogeneous coordinates of a point can be written
where the are quaternions, not all zero. Two sets of coordinates represent the same point if they are 'proportional' by a left multiplication by a non-zero quaternion c; that is, we identify all the
.
In the language of group actions, is the orbit space of by the action of , the multiplicative group of non-zero quaternions. By first projecting onto the unit sphere inside one may also regard as the orbit space of by the action of , the group of unit quaternions. The sphere then becomes a principal Sp(1)-bundle over :
This bundle is sometimes called a (generalized) Hopf fibration.
There is also a construction of by means of two-dimensional complex subspaces of , meaning that lies inside a complex Grassmannian.
Topology
Homotopy theory
The space , defined as the union of all finite 's under inclusion, is the classifying space BS3. The homotopy groups of are give
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B0
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B0 may refer to:
, a net magnetisation vector in medical imaging
B0 star, a subclass of B-class stars
Pininfarina B0, an electric car
A paper size
The neutral B meson in particle physics
B-0 : a code name for the FLOW-MATIC compiler
La Compagnie, a French airline (IATA code B0)
See also
Bo (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiff%20test
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The Schiff test is an early organic chemistry named reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues. The Schiff reagent is the reaction product of a dye formulation such as fuchsin and sodium bisulfite; pararosaniline (which lacks an aromatic methyl group) and new fuchsin (which is uniformly mono-methylated ortho to the dye's amine functionalities) are not dye alternatives with comparable detection chemistry.
In its use as a qualitative test for aldehydes, the unknown sample is added to the decolorized Schiff reagent; when aldehyde is present a characteristic magenta color develops. Schiff-type reagents are used for various biological tissue staining methods, e.g. Feulgen stain and periodic acid-Schiff stain. Human skin also contains aldehyde functional groups in the termini of saccharides and so is stained as well.
Mechanism
Fuchsin solutions appear colored due to the visible wavelength absorbance of its central quinoid structure—see also for example viologen —but are "decolorized" upon sulfonation of the dye at its central carbon atom by sulfurous acid or its conjugate base, bisulfite. This reaction disrupts the otherwise favored delocalized extended pi-electron system and resonance in the parent molecule.
The further reaction of the Schiff reagent with aldehydes is complex with several research groups reporting multiple reaction products wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Shewchuk
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Jonathan Richard Shewchuk is a Professor in Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley.
He obtained his B.S. in Physics and Computing Science from Simon Fraser University in 1990, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University, the latter in 1997.
He conducts research in scientific computing, computational geometry (especially mesh generation, numerical robustness, and surface reconstruction), numerical methods, and physically based animation.
He is also the author of Three Sins of Authors In Computer Science And Math.
In 2003 he was awarded J. H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software for writing the Triangle software package which computes high-quality unstructured triangular meshes.
He appears in online course videos of CS 61B: Data Structures class in University of California, Berkeley.
References
External links
Homepage at Berkeley
Homepage at CMU
Tetrahedral Meshes with Good Dihedral Angles video of presentation at North Carolina State University in 2007
Researchers in geometric algorithms
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Simon Fraser University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Living people
People from Cranbrook, British Columbia
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplex
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Triplex may refer to:
Triplex (building), a dwelling composed of three units
Triplex (espionage), code name of a British World War II espionage operation
Triplex (film), a 1991 French film
Triplex (genetics), triple-stranded DNA
Triplex (juggling), a three-ball throw
Triplex (locomotive), a type of locomotive
Triplex (typeface)
Triplex Safety Glass, a brand of laminated glass
D-type Triplex (New York City Subway car), a 3-section articulated New York City Subway Car
White Triplex, a 1920s speed record car
Triplex, a Concurrency (road), where one road bears three numbers
Triplex (mathematics), a type of Hypercomplex number
Triplex (software), a visual editor for React (software) Three Fiber
Species
Triplex, a synonym of the sea snail genus Chicoreus
Geastrum triplex, a fungus
Givira triplex, a caterpillar and moth
Metasia triplex, a caterpillar and moth
Micrathetis triplex, a caterpillar and moth
Mycobacterium triplex, a bacteria
Phyllonorycter triplex, a caterpillar and moth
Rinzia triplex, a shrub
Terinebrica triplex, a caterpillar and moth
See also
Triple X (disambiguation)
Triplex Cone, a hill in British Columbia, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation
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Variation or Variations may refer to:
Science and mathematics
Variation (astronomy), any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite, particularly of the moon
Genetic variation, the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations
Human genetic variation, genetic differences in and among populations of humans
Magnetic variation, difference between magnetic north and true north, measured as an angle
p-variation in mathematical analysis, a family of seminorms of functions
Coefficient of variation in probability theory and statistics, a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution
Total variation in mathematical analysis, a way of quantifying the change in a function over a subset of or a measure space
Calculus of variations in mathematical analysis, a method of finding maxima and minima of functionals
Arts
Variation (ballet) or pas seul, solo dance or dance figure
Variations (ballet), a 1966 ballet by choreographer George Balanchine
Variations (film), a 1998 short film by Nathaniel Dorsky
Variations (journal), a journal of literature published by Peter Lang
Music
Variation (music), a formal technique where material is altered during repetition
Variations (Cage), a series of works by American avant-garde composer John Cage
Variations (musical), 1982 Australian musical by Nick Enright and Terence Clarke
Variations (Stravinsky), Igor Stravinsky's last orchestral com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Journal%20of%20Organic%20Chemistry
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The Journal of Organic Chemistry, colloquially known as JOC, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental research in all branches of theory and practice in organic and bioorganic chemistry. It is published by the publishing arm of the American Chemical Society, with 24 issues per year. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2017 impact factor of 4.805 and it is the journal that received the most cites (100,091 in 2017) in the field of organic chemistry. According to Web of Knowledge (and as December 2012), eleven papers from the journal have received more than 1,000 citations, with the most cited paper having received 7,967 citations. The current editor-in-chief is Scott J. Miller from Yale University.
Indexing
J. Org. Chem. is currently indexed in:
See also
Organic Letters
Organometallics
References
External links
American Chemical Society academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1936
Biweekly journals
1936 establishments in the United States
Organic chemistry journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARV
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ARV may refer to:
Antiretroviral drug, any drug used to treat retroviral infections, primarily in the management of HIV/AIDS
arv, ISO 639-3 language code for the Arbore language, an East Cushitic language
Average rectified value, in mathematics and electrical engineering, the average of an absolute value
After-repair value, estimated of the value of a real estate property after repair for flipping
ARV, IATA code for Lakeland Airport in Minocqua and Woodruff, Wisconsin
Al Rojo Vivo (Telemundo), a Spanish-language afternoon news magazine program on Telemundo
Australian Refugee Volunteers, formerly the Australian League of Immigration Volunteers
Arv, Nordic Yearbook of Folklore, published by the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy
Arv (album), a 2008 album by the Norwegian Viking/folk metal band Ásmegin
ARV Sculling, an Antwerp rowing club
Vehicles
ARV, the United States Navy hull classification symbol for "aircraft repair ship"
Advanced Re-entry Vehicle, a proposed crewed ESA spacecraft
Armed response vehicle, a type of police car operated by the British police
Armoured recovery vehicle, a military vehicle used to repair or recover other military vehicles
Ammunition Resupply Vehicle, a military support vehicle for self-propelled howitzers fielded by South Korea
XM1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle, an unmanned military vehicle of the United States Army
ARV, former British aircraft manufacturer (1985–1989), originator of the ARV Super2, a light aircraft
Axiom Return Vehi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair%20of%20pants%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a pair of pants is a surface which is homeomorphic to the three-holed sphere. The name comes from considering one of the removed disks as the waist and the two others as the cuffs of a pair of pants.
Pairs of pants are used as building blocks for compact surfaces in various theories. Two important applications are to hyperbolic geometry, where decompositions of closed surfaces into pairs of pants are used to construct the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates on Teichmüller space, and in topological quantum field theory where they are the simplest non-trivial cobordisms between 1-dimensional manifolds.
Pants and pants decomposition
Pants as topological surfaces
A pair of pants is any surface that is homeomorphic to a sphere with three holes, which formally is the result of removing from the sphere three open disks with pairwise disjoint closures. Thus a pair of pants is a compact surface of genus zero with three boundary components.
The Euler characteristic of a pair of pants is equal to −1, and the only other surface with this property is the punctured torus (a torus minus an open disk).
Pants decompositions
The importance of the pairs of pants in the study of surfaces stems from the following property: define the complexity of a connected compact surface of genus with boundary components to be , and for a non-connected surface take the sum over all components. Then the only surfaces with negative Euler characteristic and complexity zero are disjoint union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert%20Frank%20Cox
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Elbert Frank Cox (5 December 1895 – 28 November 1969) was an American mathematician. He was the first Black person in history to receive a PhD in mathematics, which he earned at Cornell University in 1925.
Early life
Cox was born in Evansville, Indiana to Johnson D. Cox, a Kentucky-born teacher active in the church, and Eugenia Talbot Cox. He grew up with his parents, maternal grandmother and two brothers in a racially mixed neighborhood; in 1900, in his block, there were three Black and five white families.
Cox went to a segregated college with inadequate resources. Cox was offered a scholarship to study violin at the Prague Conservatory of Music, but chose to pursue his interest in mathematics instead.
Education
Indiana University
Cox studied at Indiana University Bloomington. Besides mathematics, Cox also took courses in German, English, Latin, history, hygiene, chemistry, education, philosophy and physics. Cox's brother Avalon went to Indiana University as well. There were three other Black students in his class. He received his bachelor's degree in 1917, at a time when the transcript of every Black student had the word "" printed across it. He received A's on all his exams while at Indiana.
Between colleges
After he graduated in 1917, Cox joined the U.S. Army to fight in France during World War I from 1918 to 1919. After he was discharged from the Army, he began his career as a high school math tutor.
Cox returned to pursue a career in teaching, as an instruct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20model
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A computational model uses computer programs to simulate and study complex systems using an algorithmic or mechanistic approach and is widely used in a diverse range of fields spanning from physics, engineering, chemistry and biology to economics, psychology, cognitive science and computer science.
The system under study is often a complex nonlinear system for which simple, intuitive analytical solutions are not readily available. Rather than deriving a mathematical analytical solution to the problem, experimentation with the model is done by adjusting the parameters of the system in the computer, and studying the differences in the outcome of the experiments. Operation theories of the model can be derived/deduced from these computational experiments.
Examples of common computational models are weather forecasting models, earth simulator models, flight simulator models, molecular protein folding models, Computational Engineering Models (CEM), and neural network models.
See also
Computational Engineering
Computational cognition
Reversible computing
Agent-based model
Artificial neural network
Computational linguistics
Computational human modeling
Decision field theory
Dynamical systems model of cognition
Membrane computing
Ontology (information science)
Programming language theory
Microscale and macroscale models
References
Models of computation
Mathematical modeling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Elizabeth%20Hospital
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Mount Elizabeth Hospital, known colloquially as Mount E, is a 345-bed private hospital in Singapore operated by Parkway Health. Construction began in 1976 and the hospital officially opened on 8 December 1979. The hospital specialises in cardiology, oncology, and neuroscience, among other tertiary services. It is also recognised as a multi-organ transplant speciality hospital. Since 1995, it has been owned by Parkway Holdings Ltd.
The hospital is accredited by Joint Commission International and is located in Singapore's Orchard Road, on Mount Elizabeth. It is the first private hospital in Singapore to perform open-heart surgery and to establish a nuclear medicine centre.
The royal family of Brunei built a Royal Suite in the hospital for their own use. It was later made available for use by other patients.
In 2016 the cost of a bed in a four-bed ward was $276 a night. A single room was $640 a night.
The adjacent Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre (MEMC) houses clinics with private medical specialists only. Doctors have to be specialists accredited by the Singapore Medical Council in order to practice in Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre. They practice in 31 specialities in total, including anaesthesiology, cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, dental specialties, endocrinology, gastroenterology, general surgery, medical oncology, neurology, obstetrics and gynaecology, orthopaedic surgery, otorhinolaryngology, paediatric medicine, plastic surgery, renal medicine, respiratory medicin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20theorem
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See also Gap theorem (disambiguation) for other gap theorems in mathematics.
In computational complexity theory, the Gap Theorem, also known as the Borodin–Trakhtenbrot Gap Theorem, is a major theorem about the complexity of computable functions.
It essentially states that there are arbitrarily large computable gaps in the hierarchy of complexity classes. For any computable function that represents an increase in computational resources, one can find a resource bound such that the set of functions computable within the expanded resource bound is the same as the set computable within the original bound.
The theorem was proved independently by Boris Trakhtenbrot and Allan Borodin.
Although Trakhtenbrot's derivation preceded Borodin's by several years, it was not known nor recognized in the West until after Borodin's work was published.
Gap theorem
The general form of the theorem is as follows.
Suppose is an abstract (Blum) complexity measure. For any total computable function for which for every , there is a total computable function such that with respect to , the complexity classes with boundary functions and are identical.
The theorem can be proved by using the Blum axioms without any reference to a concrete computational model, so it applies to time, space, or any other reasonable complexity measure.
For the special case of time complexity, this can be stated more simply as:
for any total computable function such that for all , there exists a time bound su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Borodin
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Allan Bertram Borodin (born 1941) is a Canadian-American computer scientist who is a professor at the University of Toronto.
Biography
Borodin did his undergraduate studies at Rutgers University, earning a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1963. After earning a master's degree at the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1966 (while at the same time working part time as a programmer at Bell Laboratories), he continued his graduate studies at Cornell University, completing a doctorate in 1969 under the supervision of Juris Hartmanis.
He joined the Toronto faculty in 1969 and was promoted to full professor in 1977. He served as department chair from 1980 to 1985, and became University Professor in 2011.
Awards and honors
Borodin was elected as a member of the Royal Society of Canada in 1991. In 2008 he won the CRM-Fields-PIMS prize. He became a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2011, and a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014 "For contributions to theoretical computer science in complexity, on-line algorithms, resource tradeoffs, and models of algorithmic paradigms." In 2020 he received the Order of Canada.
Selected publications
Research articles
Books
See also
Gap theorem
Online algorithms
Computational Complexity
References
External links
Home Page at University of Toronto
1941 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
American computer scientists
Rutgers University alumni
Stevens Insti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20Sociedades%20de%20Biologia%20Experimental
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The Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental (Federation of Experimental Biology Societies, abbreviated FeSBE) is a Brazilian scientific association which runs a number of the mainstream specialized societies in experimental biology and medicine. It was founded in 1985 and currently has the following member societies:
Brazilian Society of Physiology (SBFis)
Brazilian Society of Biophysics (SBBf)
Brazilian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SBBq)
Brazilian Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (SBFTE)
Brazilian Society of Immunology (SBI)
Brazilian Society of Neurosciences and Behavior (SBNeC)
Brazilian Society of Clinical Investigation (SBIC)
There are also 4 associate member societies:
Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabology (SBEM)
Brazilian Society of Cell Biology (SBBC)
Brazilian Society of Nuclear Biosciences (SBBN)
Brazilian Research Association in Vision (BRAVO)
FeSBE holds an annual meeting with the societies of physiology, pharmacology, neurosciences, biophysics and clinical investigation every August, the three first societies responding for 83% of all attendees. The remaining societies biochemistry and molecular biology, immunology, endocrinology, cell biology and nuclear biosciences) have their own separate meetings.
The Annual FeSBE Meeting has the same importance of its American counterpart, the Federation of Experimental Biology Societies (FEBS), although smaller in size. In 2005 the Meeting has had 3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor%20Dominich
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Sándor Dominich (July 12, 1954 – August 13, 2008) was the George Pólya Professor of Computer Science, and the founding leader of the Centre for Information Retrieval, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.
Born in Aiud, Romania, Dominich proposed the Interaction Information Retrieval (I2R) model based on the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics using Artificial Neural Networks. The I2R model was implemented in the I2RMeta Web meta-search engine, in the NeuRadIR medical image intranet search engine, and in the (i2r)Application intranet search engines.
He died at the age of 54 in Sopron in 2008.
Dominich is the author of the books
"Mathematical Foundations of Information Retrieval", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (now Springer Verlag), 2001,
and
"The Modern Algebra of Information Retrieval", Springer Verlag, 2008.
External links
Book Cover
Book Cover
Research group homepage
"Mathematical, logical, and formal methods in information retrieval: an introduction to the special issue". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. Volume 54, Issue 4 (February 2003). pgs. 281–284.
Hungarian computer scientists
People from Aiud
2008 deaths
1954 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrophysics
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Agrophysics is a branch of science bordering on agronomy and physics,
whose objects of study are the agroecosystem - the biological objects, biotope and biocoenosis affected by human activity, studied and described using the methods of physical sciences. Using the achievements of the exact sciences to solve major problems in agriculture, agrophysics involves the study of materials and processes occurring in the production and processing of agricultural crops, with particular emphasis on the condition of the environment and the quality of farming materials and food production.
Agrophysics is closely related to biophysics, but is restricted to the physics of the plants, animals, soil and an atmosphere involved in agricultural activities and biodiversity. It is different from biophysics in having the necessity of taking into account the specific features of biotope and biocoenosis, which involves the knowledge of nutritional science and agroecology, agricultural technology, biotechnology, genetics etc.
The needs of agriculture, concerning the past experience study of the local complex soil and next plant-atmosphere systems, lay at the root of the emergence of a new branch – agrophysics – dealing this with experimental physics.
The scope of the branch starting from soil science (physics) and originally limited to the study of relations within the soil environment, expanded over time onto influencing the properties of agricultural crops and produce as foods and raw postharvest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20Mike%20Reed
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George Michael ("Mike") Reed is an American computer scientist. He has contributed to theoretical computer science in general and CSP in particular.
Mike Reed has a doctorate in pure mathematics from Auburn University, United States, and a doctorate in computation from Oxford University, England. He has an interest in mathematical topology.
Reed was a Senior Research Associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. From 1986 to 2005, he was at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) in England where he was also a Fellow in Computation of St Edmund Hall, Oxford (1986–2005). In 2005, he became Director of UNU/IIST, Macau, part of the United Nations University.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Auburn University alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Academic staff of United Nations University
American computer scientists
Formal methods people
Topologists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel-Paul%20Sch%C3%BCtzenberger
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Marcel-Paul "Marco" Schützenberger (24 October 1920 – 29 July 1996) was a French mathematician and Doctor of Medicine. He worked in the fields of formal language, combinatorics, and information theory. In addition to his formal results in mathematics, he was "deeply involved in [a] struggle against the votaries of [neo-]Darwinism", a stance which has resulted in some mixed reactions from his peers and from critics of his stance on evolution. Several notable theorems and objects in mathematics as well as computer science bear his name (for example Schutzenberger group or the Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy). Paul Schützenberger was his great-grandfather.
In the late 1940s, he was briefly married to the psychologist Anne Ancelin Schützenberger.
Contributions to medicine and biology
Schützenberger's first doctorate, in medicine, was awarded in 1948 from the Faculté de Médecine de Paris. His doctoral thesis, on the statistical study of biological sex at birth, was distinguished by the Baron Larrey Prize from the French Academy of Medicine.
Biologist Jaques Besson, a co-author with Schützenberger on a biological topic, while noting that Schützenberger is perhaps most remembered for work in pure mathematical fields, credits him for likely being responsible for the introduction of statistical sequential analysis in French hospital practice.
Contributions to mathematics, computer science, and linguistics
Schützenberger's second doctorate was awarded in 1953 from Université Pari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Notes%20in%20Theoretical%20Computer%20Science
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Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science is an electronic computer science journal published by Elsevier, started in 1995. Its issues include many post-proceedings for workshops, etc. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and Science Citation Index.
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science has been discontinued as of 2021.
References
Computer science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20Computer%20Science%20%28journal%29
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Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) is a computer science journal published by Elsevier, started in 1975 and covering theoretical computer science. The journal publishes 52 issues a year. It is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 0.827.
References
Computer science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Sannella
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Donald T. Sannella FRSE is professor of computer science in the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Sannella graduated from Yale University, University of California, Berkeley and University of Edinburgh with degrees in computer science. His research interests include: algebraic specification and formal software development, correctness of modular systems, types and functional programming, resource certification for mobile code.
Sannella is founder of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, a confederation of computer science conferences, held annually in Europe since 1998.
He is editor-in-chief of the journal Theoretical Computer Science,
and is co-founder and CEO of Contemplate Ltd. His father is Ted Sannella.
Honours and awards
In 2014 Sannella was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Personal Life
Don Sanella loves to ski and is often found out on the slopes.
References
External links
Official home page
Personal home page
Publications
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scottish computer scientists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Formal methods people
Academic journal editors
Place of birth missing (living people)
Yale University alumni
University of California alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20for%20Foundations%20of%20Computer%20Science
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The Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS) is a research institute within the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland. It was founded in 1987 and is a community of theoretical computer scientists with interests in concurrency, semantics, categories, algebra, types, logic, algorithms, complexity, databases and modelling.
References
External links
LFCS website
People
University of Edinburgh School of Informatics
Science and technology in Edinburgh
1987 establishments in Scotland
Research institutes established in 1987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOR
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BOR may stand for:
Bill of resources
Biuro Ochrony Rządu, Polish Government Protection Bureau
Biology of Reproduction, a reproductive biology scientific journal
БОР (Russian: Беспилотный Орбитальный Ракетоплан), a series of unmanned Soviet spaceplanes; see
British other ranks
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, a former agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior
Oranienburg station, Germany; DS100 station code BOR
Romanian Orthodox Church, Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian
Scottish Borders, council area of Scotland, Chapman code
See also
Bor (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Wrestling
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George Burrell Woodin (July 28, 1934 – November 30, 2002) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring names, Mr. Wrestling and Tim Woods.
Collegiate wrestling career
Woodin received a degree in agricultural engineering from Cornell University and a degree in mechanical engineering from Michigan State University.
Before becoming a professional wrestler, Woodin was a successful collegiate wrestler. While wrestling for the Michigan State Spartans, Woodin won two Big Ten titles in 1958 and 1959. He also finished second in the NCAA tournament in 1958 and 1959.
As a junior at Michigan State, Woodin won the 1958 Big Ten 177-pound title by pinning Gary Kurdelmeier of the University of Iowa at 8:21. A couple of weeks later, the two met again in the 177-pound finals of the 1958 NCAAs at the University of Wyoming, where Woodin lost to Kurdelmeier 6-2.
As a senior, Woodin defeated Iowa's Gordon Trapp 6–4 in the heavyweight finals to win his second Big Ten title. At the 1959 NCAAs, the Michigan State Spartan competed in the 191-pound class, making it to the finals for the second year in a row, but lost 9-5 to Syracuse's Art Baker. With his two runner-up finishes at the national championships, Woodin was a two-time NCAA All-American.
Professional wrestling career
Woodin began his wrestling career at the age of 28 using the name "Tim Woods". He was then given the name "Mr. Wrestling" by Nebraska promotor Joe Dusek, and subsequently adopted both a white wrestling m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Miescher%20Laboratory%20of%20the%20Max%20Planck%20Society
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The Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML) of the Max Planck Society is a biological research institute located on the Society's campus in Tübingen, Germany, named after Friedrich Miescher, founded in 1969 to offer highly qualified junior scientists in biology an opportunity to establish independent research groups and pursue their own line of research within a five-year period.
There are currently four research groups studying evolutionary genetics, systems biology of development, and the biochemistry of meiotic recombination.
Profile
The Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML) of the Max Planck Society is a biological research institute located on the Society's campus in Tübingen, Germany, named after Friedrich Miescher. It was founded in 1969 to offer highly qualified junior scientists in the area of biology an opportunity to establish independent research groups and pursue their own line of research within a five-year period.
The FML was a bold experiment by the Max Planck Society, in response to the brain drain, to place more resources in the hands of junior scientists and make Germany a more attractive research destination.
Group Leaders
The group leaders are elected by a committee of scientists from diverse areas and institutions on the basis of a public tendering procedure.
Since 2005 the FML has been represented by a managing director in order to relieve the group leaders of administrative burdens and to allow them even more time to focus on their research.
There is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifying%20space%20for%20U%28n%29
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In mathematics, the classifying space for the unitary group U(n) is a space BU(n) together with a universal bundle EU(n) such that any hermitian bundle on a paracompact space X is the pull-back of EU(n) by a map X → BU(n) unique up to homotopy.
This space with its universal fibration may be constructed as either
the Grassmannian of n-planes in an infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space; or,
the direct limit, with the induced topology, of Grassmannians of n planes.
Both constructions are detailed here.
Construction as an infinite Grassmannian
The total space EU(n) of the universal bundle is given by
Here, H denotes an infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space, the ei are vectors in H, and is the Kronecker delta. The symbol is the inner product on H. Thus, we have that EU(n) is the space of orthonormal n-frames in H.
The group action of U(n) on this space is the natural one. The base space is then
and is the set of Grassmannian n-dimensional subspaces (or n-planes) in H. That is,
so that V is an n-dimensional vector space.
Case of line bundles
For n = 1, one has EU(1) = S∞, which is known to be a contractible space. The base space is then BU(1) = CP∞, the infinite-dimensional complex projective space. Thus, the set of isomorphism classes of circle bundles over a manifold M are in one-to-one correspondence with the homotopy classes of maps from M to CP∞.
One also has the relation that
that is, BU(1) is the infinite-dimensional projective unitary group. See th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%20Son
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Nobel Son is a 2007 American black comedy about a dysfunctional family dealing with the kidnapping of their son for ransom following the father's winning of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The film features Alan Rickman as the prize-winning professor and Mary Steenburgen as his wife, with Bryan Greenberg as their kidnapped son.
Principal photography for Nobel Son started on October 6, 2005, in Venice Beach, California, and ended on November 17, 2005. The official trailer and website were released on January 12, 2007.
Plot
Eli Michaelson, a self-involved chemistry professor, learns he has been awarded the Nobel Prize. After verbally abusing his wife, son, colleagues, and nominal girlfriend, he heads off to Sweden with his wife Sarah to collect his award. His son Barkley misses the flight.
Barkley has chosen to study not chemistry but anthropology, and this perceived failure triggers constant torrents of abuse from his father. His missing the flight, though, is the apparently innocent result of having been kidnapped by the deranged Thaddeus James, who claims to be Eli's son by the wife of a former colleague. Thaddeus successfully obtains a ransom of $2 million, which he then splits with Barkley who, it appears, has orchestrated the kidnapping to obtain money from his father.
Shortly after Barkley's release, Thaddeus rents a garage apartment from the Michaelsons and begins to charm Eli with his knowledge of chemistry. Barkley undertakes a campaign of psychological terror aimed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSR
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MSR may refer to:
Science and technology
Macrophage scavenger receptor, a receptor found in macrophages
Magnetic stripe reader, a device used to read magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards
M–sigma relation, in astrophysics
Mars sample return mission, a spaceflight mission to return rock and dust samples collected on Mars
Mirror self-recognition, in animals through the mirror test
Molten salt reactor, an advanced nuclear reactor design
Computing
Machine state register, a register used in PowerPC architectures
Model-specific register, a feature in x86 processors
Microsoft Reserved Partition, a space-management partition on a computer storage device
Mining software repositories, a field that analyzes the rich data available in software repositories
Entertainment
MSR Studios, a New York recording studio
The Most Serene Republic, a Canadian indie rock band
Metropolis Street Racer, a Dreamcast racing game
Mid-season replacement, a television series that premieres in the second half of a traditional season
Metroid: Samus Returns, a video game
Mulder Scully Romance, the relationship of the main characters of the television series The X-Files
Organizations and companies
Market Street Railway (nonprofit), a historic preservation organization in San Francisco, California, U.S.
Microsoft Research, the research division of Microsoft
Mountain Safety Research, a US company specializing in outdoor equipment
Mouvement social révolutionnaire, the French fascist pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redline%20%282006%20video%20game%29
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Redline is a video game for Mac OS X developed by Jonas Echterhoff and published by Ambrosia Software. The game's primary features are its ability to simulate actual racing physics, online play, and support for the addition of third party content via plug-ins. The combination of these features have attracted numerous players and led to the creation of a seasonal racing league. Redline also has several modes of gameplay for those who prefer arcade style physics commonly found in other racing games. The game is now currently obsolete and an error message will be displayed upon opening the application as of OS X Snow Leopard and above. However, a fan-made patch allows the game to run on OS X Mavericks and above, but in single-player modes only.
Gameplay
Players may race in one of four modes: Time Trial, Quick Race, Challenge, or Multiplayer. In all of these modes, except for Challenge, the player may choose the track, their car, the weather, forward or reverse orientation, and the physics mode to race under. The modes available are: Simulation, Strict, Arcade, and Turbo Arcade. In Simulation, every car handles differently based on weight, drivetrain, horsepower, suspension setup, and other variables. Strict is a derivative of the Simulation mode, that was added in a later update that adjusts how car-scenery collisions are handled to help reduce the effectiveness of the "wall riding" technique. Arcade sacrifices realism for playability. Cars in Arcade differ less in performance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell%20Observatory
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The Howell Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Mississippi State University's Astronomy and Physics department. It is located in Starkville, Mississippi.
Equipment
14" Schmidt-Cassegrain
8" Schmidt-Cassegrain
10" Newtonian reflector
See also
List of observatories
References
External links
Howell Observatory Clear Sky Clock Forecasts of observing conditions.
Astronomical observatories in Mississippi
Buildings and structures in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Education in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Mississippi State University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20layer
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Double layer may refer to:
Double layer (biospecific), the surface where two different phases of matter are in contact
Double layer (plasma physics), a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge
Double layer (surface science), a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is placed into a liquid
Double layer forces, which occur between charged objects across liquids
Double layer potential, a solution of Laplace's equation
Double layer suturing, two layers of sutures, first in a deep level of a tissue and then at a more superficial level
DVD+R DL or Double layer, a DVD format
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20E.%20Puthoff
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Harold E. Puthoff (born June 20, 1936) is an American parapsychologist and electrical engineer. In the 2010s, he co-founded the company To the Stars with Tom DeLonge.
Biography
Puthoff was born in Chicago, Illinois. He received his BA and MSc in electrical engineering from the University of Florida. In 1967, Puthoff earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University with a thesis on the topic of the stimulated Raman effect in lasers. He then worked on tunable lasers and electron beam devices, and co-authored (with R. Pantell) Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, 1969), published in English, French, Russian and Chinese. Puthoff published papers on polarizable vacuum (PV) and stochastic electrodynamics.
He took an interest in the Church of Scientology in the late 1960s and reached what was then the top OT VII level by 1971. Puthoff wrote up his "wins" for a Scientology publication, claiming to have achieved "remote viewing" abilities. In 1974, Puthoff also wrote a piece for Scientology's Celebrity magazine, stating that Scientology had given him "a feeling of absolute fearlessness". Puthoff severed all connection with Scientology in the late 1970s.
In the 1970s and '80s Puthoff directed a program at SRI International to investigate paranormal abilities, collaborating with Russell Targ in a study of the purported psychic abilities of Uri Geller, Ingo Swann, Pat Price, Joseph McMoneagle and others, as part of what they called the Stargate Project. Both Pu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Southern
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Sir Edwin Mellor Southern (born 7 June 1938) is an English Lasker Award-winning molecular biologist, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. He is most widely known for the invention of the Southern blot, published in 1975 and now a common laboratory procedure.
Early life and education
Southern was born in Burnley, Lancashire and educated at Burnley Grammar School. He has a brother named John Southern and a sister Kay Monie. He went on to read Chemistry at the University of Manchester (BSc Hons., 1958). He continued as a graduate student (then Demonstrator, 1963) in the Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, where he was awarded his PhD in 1962.
Career and Research
Southern is also the founder and chairman of Oxford Gene Technology. He is also the founder (in 2000) and chairman of a Scottish charity, The Kirkhouse Trust, which aims to promote education and research in the Natural Sciences, particularly the biological and medical sciences, and the Edina Trust, which was founded to promote science in schools. These charities are financed using royalty income from licensing microarray technology.
Southern blot
The Southern blot is used for DNA analysis and was routinely used for genetic fingerprinting and paternity testing prior to the development of microsatellite markers for this purpose. The procedure is also frequently used to determine the number of copies of a gene in the genome. The concepts of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Warburton
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Matthew Warburton (born February 7, 1978) is an American television writer.
Early life
Warburton grew up in northern Ohio and attended Strongsville High School. He has a degree in cognitive neuroscience from Harvard University.
Career
Warburton worked for 11 years as a writer and co-executive producer on the Fox animated series The Simpsons, leaving the show in December 2012. He worked as a writer (consulting editor) on the NBC comedy series Community, joining during the show's third season and then became executive producer and writer for the Fox comedy The Mindy Project.
Work
The Simpsons episodes
"Tales from the Public Domain" (Do the Bard, Man) (2002)
"Three Gays of the Condo" (2003)
"Co-Dependents' Day" (2004)
"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star" (2005)
"Please Homer, Don't Hammer 'Em..." (2006)
"Moe'N'a Lisa" (2006)
"Springfield Up" (2007)
"Treehouse of Horror XIX" (2008)
"The Squirt and the Whale" (2010)
"The Great Simpsina" (2011)
"A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again" (2012)
Community episodes
Digital Estate Planning (2012)
The Mindy Project episodes
"In The Club" (2012)
"Danny's Friend" (2012)
"Music Festival" (2013)
"Crimes & Misdeamors & Ex-BFs" (2014)
"Danny Castellano Is My Nutrionist" (2015)
"C Is For Coward" (2015)
"The Parent Trap" (2015)
"When Mindy Met Danny" (2015)
"Will They or Won't They" (2016)
"Bernardo & Anita" (2016)
"Nurses Strike" (2016)
"Hot Mess Time Machine" (2017)
"May Divorce Be With You" (2017)
"Danny in Re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNN%20extension
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In mathematics, the HNN extension is an important construction of combinatorial group theory.
Introduced in a 1949 paper Embedding Theorems for Groups by Graham Higman, Bernhard Neumann, and Hanna Neumann, it embeds a given group G into another group G' , in such a way that two given isomorphic subgroups of G are conjugate (through a given isomorphism) in G' .
Construction
Let G be a group with presentation , and let be an isomorphism between two subgroups of G. Let t be a new symbol not in S, and define
The group is called the HNN extension of G relative to α. The original group G is called the base group for the construction, while the subgroups H and K are the associated subgroups. The new generator t is called the stable letter.
Key properties
Since the presentation for contains all the generators and relations from the presentation for G, there is a natural homomorphism, induced by the identification of generators, which takes G to . Higman, Neumann, and Neumann proved that this morphism is injective, that is, an embedding of G into . A consequence is that two isomorphic subgroups of a given group are always conjugate in some overgroup; the desire to show this was the original motivation for the construction.
Britton's Lemma
A key property of HNN-extensions is a normal form theorem known as Britton's Lemma. Let be as above and let w be the following product in :
Then Britton's Lemma can be stated as follows:
Britton's Lemma. If w = 1 in G∗α then
either and g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity
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In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane. Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determine the direction and extent of osmotic flux. It is commonly used when describing the swelling-versus-shrinking response of cells immersed in an external solution.
Unlike osmotic pressure, tonicity is influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane, as only these exert an effective osmotic pressure. Solutes able to freely cross the membrane do not affect tonicity because they will always equilibrate with equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane without net solvent movement. It is also a factor affecting imbibition.
There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypotonic solution example is distilled water.
Hypertonic solution
A hypertonic solution has a greater concentration of non-permeating solutes than another solution. In biology, the tonicity of a solution usually refers to its solute concentration relative to that of another solution on the opposite side of a cell membrane; a solution outside of a cell is called hypertonic if it has a greater concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell. When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, osmotic pressure tend
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Code%20of%20Nomenclature%20of%20Prokaryotes
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The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC) governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea. It denotes the rules for naming taxa of bacteria, according to their relative rank. As such it is one of the nomenclature codes of biology.
Originally the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature dealt with bacteria, and this kept references to bacteria until these were eliminated at the 1975 International Botanical Congress. An early Code for the nomenclature of bacteria was approved at the 4th International Congress for Microbiology in 1947, but was later discarded.
The latest version to be printed in book form is the 1990 Revision, but the book does not represent the current rules. The 2008 Revision has been published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). Rules are maintained by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP; formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, ICSB).
The baseline for bacterial names is the Approved Lists with a starting point of 1980. New bacterial names are reviewed by the ICSP as being in conformity with the Rules of Nomenclature and published in the IJSEM.
Cyanobacteria
Since 1975, most bacteria were covered under the bacteriological code. However, cyanobacteria were still covered by the botanical code. Starting in 1999, cyanobacteria were covered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination%20factor
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In molecular biology, a termination factor is a protein that mediates the termination of RNA transcription by recognizing a transcription terminator and causing the release of the newly made mRNA. This is part of the process that regulates the transcription of RNA to preserve gene expression integrity and are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, although the process in bacteria is more widely understood. The most extensively studied and detailed transcriptional termination factor is the Rho (ρ) protein of E. coli.
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotes use one type of RNA polymerase, transcribing mRNAs that code for more than one type of protein. Transcription, translation and mRNA degradation all happen simultaneously. Transcription termination is essential to define boundaries in transcriptional units, a function necessary to maintain the integrity of the strands and provide quality control. Termination in E. coli may be Rho dependent, utilizing Rho factor, or Rho independent, also known as intrinsic termination. Although most operons in DNA are Rho independent, Rho dependent termination is also essential to maintain correct transcription.
ρ factor
The Rho protein is an RNA translocase that recognizes a cytosine-rich region of the elongating mRNA, but the exact features of the recognized sequences and how the cleaving takes place remain unknown. Rho forms a ring-shaped hexamer and advances along the mRNA, hydrolyzing ATP toward RNA polymerase (5' to 3' with respect to the mRNA).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%20banging
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In computer engineering and electrical engineering, bit banging is a "term of art" for any method of data transmission that employs software as a substitute for dedicated hardware to generate transmitted signals or process received signals. Software directly sets and samples the states of GPIOs (e.g., pins on a microcontroller), and is responsible for meeting all timing requirements and protocol sequencing of the signals. In contrast to bit banging, dedicated hardware (e.g., UART, SPI, I²C) satisfies these requirements and, if necessary, provides a data buffer to relax software timing requirements. Bit banging can be implemented at very low cost, and is commonly used in some embedded systems.
Bit banging allows a device to implement different protocols with minimal or no hardware changes. In some cases, bit banging is made feasible by newer, faster processors because more recent hardware operates much more quickly than hardware did when standard communications protocols were created.
C code example
The following C language code example transmits a byte of data on an SPI bus.
// transmit byte serially, MSB first
void send_8bit_serial_data(unsigned char data)
{
int i;
// select device (active low)
output_low(SD_CS);
// send bits 7..0
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
{
// consider leftmost bit
// set line high if bit is 1, low if bit is 0
if (data & 0x80)
output_high(SD_DI);
else
output_low(SD_DI);
// pulse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%20L.%20Dodge
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Homer Levi Dodge was the Chair of the Department of Physics, Dean of the Graduate school, and founder of the Oklahoma Research Institute, at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma and President of Norwich University.
In 1919 Dodge became chairman of the Physics Department at the University of Oklahoma, and in 1926 he became dean of the graduate school.
He was president of the Board of Trustees for the School of Religion from 1927 to 1944.
At the December 1930 meeting of the American Physical Society, Dodge helped to organize the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT).
He was elected the first President of the AAPT.
In 1941, he organized the Oklahoma Research Institute and became its first director.
From 1942 to 1944, he took a leave of absence from the University of Oklahoma to serve as director of the Office of Scientific Personnel of the National Research Council.
Homer Dodge stopped by Omaha when he was heading to the west for vacation in 1956 to invest with young Warren Buffett. Warren Buffett was young, but he looked even younger. So, many investors didn't want to give serious money to Warren. However, Homer trusted the analytical mind of Warren Buffett and wanted to put in $120,000 in Buffett Associates. The only problem was Buffett Associates was for "family members or close friends only," Homer and Warren Buffett set up a separate partnership. Homer Dodge was worth tens of millions when he died in 1983, thanks to his early trust in Warren Buffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20physicist
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A medical physicist is a health professional with specialist education and training in the concepts and techniques of applying physics in medicine and competent to practice independently in one or more of the subfields (specialties) of medical physics. A medical physicist plays a fundamental role in applying physics to medicine, but particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The scientific and technological progress in medical physics has led to a variety of skills that must be integrated into the role of a medical physicist in order for them to perform their job. The "medical services" provided to patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic treatments must, therefore, be the result of different but complementary skills. In general, the medical physicist is responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, radiation treatment, and radiation safety. It is their occupational role to ensure that medical modalities offered to patients are met with the utmost quality assurance. It is the medical physicist that manage and supervise the efforts of dosimetrists, therapists and technologists in that capacity.
Education and training
Australia and New Zealand
The Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) is the professional body that oversees the education and certification of medical physicists in Australia and New Zealand and has a mission to advance services and professional standards in medical physics and biomedi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpy%20impact%20test
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In materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that some results are only comparative. The test was pivotal in understanding the fracture problems of ships during World War II.
The test was developed around 1900 by S. B. Russell (1898, American) and Georges Charpy (1901, French). The test became known as the Charpy test in the early 1900s due to the technical contributions and standardization efforts by Charpy.
History
In 1896, S. B. Russell introduced the idea of residual fracture energy and devised a pendulum fracture test. Russell's initial tests measured un-notched samples. In 1897, Frémont introduced a test to measure the same phenomenon using a spring-loaded machine. In 1901, Georges Charpy proposed a standardized method improving Russell's by introducing a redesigned pendulum and notched sample, giving precise specifications.
Definition
The apparatus consists of a pendulum of known mass and length that is dropped from a known height to impact a notched specimen of material. The energy transferred to the material can be inferred by comparing the difference in the height of the hammer before and after the fracture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20H.%20Kenyon
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Dean H. Kenyon (born c. 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Biology at San Francisco State University, a young Earth creationist, and one of the instigators of the intelligent design movement. He is the author of Biochemical Predestination.
He became a creationist around 1976, and gave testimony defending creation science at the McLean v. Arkansas and Edwards v. Aguillard court cases. During the latter case, he co-authored the creation science supplementary textbook Of Pandas and People. The case decision went against teaching creation science in public schools, and the authors then altered all references to creationism to refer to intelligent design before the book was published in 1989. He subsequently became a Fellow of the Discovery Institute, and continued to endorse young Earth creationism.
Biography
Career
Kenyon received a BSc in physics from the University of Chicago in 1961 and a Ph.D. in biophysics from Stanford University in 1965. In 1965–1966 he was a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow in Chemical Biodynamics at the University of California, Berkeley, a research associate at Ames Research Center. In 1966, he started as an assistant professor of biology at San Francisco State University and became emeritus in 2001.
In 1969, Kenyon co-authored Biochemical Predestination with Gary Steinman. Chemist Stephen Berry explained Kenyon's and Steinman's theory as "describing the following causal chain: the properties of the chemical elements dictate the types o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius%20of%20Bithynia
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Theodosius of Bithynia (; 2nd–1st century BC) was a Hellenistic astronomer and mathematician from Bithynia who wrote the Spherics, a treatise about spherical geometry, as well as several other books on mathematics and astronomy, of which two survive, On Habitations and On Days and Nights.
Life
Little is known about Theodosius' life. The Suda (10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia) mentions him writing a commentary on Archimedes' Method (late 3rd century BC), and Strabo's Geographica mentioned mathematicians Hipparchus ( – ) and "Theodosius and his sons" as among the residents of Bithynia distinguished for their learning. Later Vitruvius (1st century BC) mentioned a sundial invented by Theodosius. Thus Theodosius lived sometime after Archimedes and before Vitruvius, likely contemporaneously with or after Hipparchus, probably sometime between 200–50 BC.
Historically he was called Theodosius of Tripolis due to a confusing paragraph in the Suda which probably fused the entries about separate people named Theodosius, and was interpreted to mean that he came either from the Tripolis in Phoenicia or the one in Africa. Some sources claim he moved from Bithynia to Tripolis, or came from a hypothetical city called Tripolis in Bithynia.
Works
Theodosius' chief work, the Spherics ( ), provided the mathematics for spherical astronomy. Euclid's Phenomena and Autolycus's On the Moving Sphere, both dating from two centuries prior, make use of theorems proven in Spherics, so it has been sp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20theory%20landscape
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In string theory, the string theory landscape (or landscape of vacua) is the collection of possible false vacua, together comprising a collective "landscape" of choices of parameters governing compactifications.
The term "landscape" comes from the notion of a fitness landscape in evolutionary biology. It was first applied to cosmology by Lee Smolin in his book The Life of the Cosmos (1997), and was first used in the context of string theory by Leonard Susskind.
Compactified Calabi–Yau manifolds
In string theory the number of flux vacua is commonly thought to be roughly , but could be or higher. The large number of possibilities arises from choices of Calabi–Yau manifolds and choices of generalized magnetic fluxes over various homology cycles, found in F-theory.
If there is no structure in the space of vacua, the problem of finding one with a sufficiently small cosmological constant is NP complete. This is a version of the subset sum problem.
A possible mechanism of string theory vacuum stabilization, now known as the KKLT mechanism, was proposed in 2003 by Shamit Kachru, Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde, and Sandip Trivedi.
Fine-tuning by the anthropic principle
Fine-tuning of constants like the cosmological constant or the Higgs boson mass are usually assumed to occur for precise physical reasons as opposed to taking their particular values at random. That is, these values should be uniquely consistent with underlying physical laws.
The number of theoretically allowed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh
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Keldysh (Russian: ) may refer to:
Science
Keldysh formalism, for studying non-equilibrium quantum systems
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, a 1980 Russian scientific research vessel renowned for its visits to the wreck of the RMS Titanic
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, a Russian research institute
Keldysh (crater), a crater on the Moon
2186 Keldysh, an asteroid
People
Leonid Keldysh (1931–2016), Russian physicist, former director of the Lebedev Physical Institute (1988–1994), later a member of the physics faculty at Texas A&M University
Mstislav Keldysh (1911–1978), Russian mathematician, president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1961–1978)
Lyudmila Keldysh (1904–1976), mathematician, sister of Mstislav, wife of Pyotr Novikov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZED-2
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ZED-2 (Zero Energy Deuterium) is a zero-power nuclear research reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada. It is the successor to the ZEEP reactor. Designed by AECL for CANDU reactor support, the unit saw first criticality on 7 September 1960. The reactor is still operating at Chalk River where it is used for reactor physics and nuclear fuel research.
Description
The ZED-2 is a low-power (200 W), tank-type (3.36 meter diameter, 3.35 meter high), heavy-water moderated reactor capable of a peak flux of 109 n/cm².s. Seven special Zirconium-alloy fuel assemblies are used and reactor control is via moderator level adjustment. Liquid (light or heavy water) and gas (CO2) coolants can be used and be heated to 300 °C at 8.6 MPa while the heavy water moderator can be heated or cooled independently of the coolant in the Zr assemblies.
ZED-2 has also been used for definitive studies of the effects of heavy water and alternative ordinary (light) water and organic coolants. Sufficient CANFLEX (43-element) bundles are being built containing SEU fuel to provide "full-core" simulation for the Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) project.
In November 2010, the American Nuclear Society officially honoured the ZED-2 reactor with the title of 'nuclear historic landmark', recognising its 50 years of service and many contributions in the field of nuclear research and technology.
References
External links
The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
AECL - Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Atomic Ene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20information%20theory
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Algorithmic information theory (AIT) is a branch of theoretical computer science that concerns itself with the relationship between computation and information of computably generated objects (as opposed to stochastically generated), such as strings or any other data structure. In other words, it is shown within algorithmic information theory that computational incompressibility "mimics" (except for a constant that only depends on the chosen universal programming language) the relations or inequalities found in information theory. According to Gregory Chaitin, it is "the result of putting Shannon's information theory and Turing's computability theory into a cocktail shaker and shaking vigorously."
Besides the formalization of a universal measure for irreducible information content of computably generated objects, some main achievements of AIT were to show that: in fact algorithmic complexity follows (in the self-delimited case) the same inequalities (except for a constant) that entropy does, as in classical information theory; randomness is incompressibility; and, within the realm of randomly generated software, the probability of occurrence of any data structure is of the order of the shortest program that generates it when running on a universal machine.
AIT principally studies measures of irreducible information content of strings (or other data structures). Because most mathematical objects can be described in terms of strings, or as the limit of a sequence of strings,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Dudley
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James Randolph Dudley (September 27, 1909 – February 12, 1999) was an American sportscaster, best known as the play-by-play voice of Major League Baseball's Cleveland Indians for nearly two decades.
Biography
A native of Alexandria, Virginia, Dudley majored in chemistry at the University of Virginia. He turned to broadcasting in the late 1930s, starting out at a Charlottesville radio station. He moved up to calling Chicago Cubs and Chicago White Sox games from 1938–1941 before serving as a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II.
Dudley was the Indians' lead announcer from 1948 until his firing by the club in January 1968. In 1969, Dudley broadcast for the expansion Seattle Pilots; when the club moved to Milwaukee and became the Brewers the following year, he did not join them. Dudley broadcast for a number of minor league teams in the 1970s before retiring. As an announcer, Dudley was known for his friendly, homespun style and his signature catchphrases: "Hello, baseball fans everywhere" (to start a broadcast), "The string is out" (describing a full count on a hitter), "A swing and a miss!-he struck him out", "That ball is going...going...gone!" (to describe a home run) and "So long and lots of good luck, you hear?" (signing off at the game's end – "you hear" sounded more like "ya he-ah?" in Dudley's vocal inflection).
Dudley was also a popular advertising pitchman in Cleveland, remembered primarily for his radio and television commercials for the Aluminum S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Wadler
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Philip Lee Wadler (born April 8, 1956) is a UK-based American computer scientist known for his contributions to programming language design and type theory. He is the chair of theoretical computer science at the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh. He has contributed to the theory behind functional programming and the use of monads; and the designs of the purely functional language Haskell and the XQuery declarative query language. In 1984, he created the Orwell language. Wadler was involved in adding generic types to Java 5.0. He is also author of "Theorems for free!", a paper that gave rise to much research on functional language optimization (see also Parametricity).
Education
Wadler received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from Stanford University in 1977, and a Master of Science degree in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1979. He completed his Doctor of Philosophy in computer science at Carnegie Mellon University in 1984. His thesis was entitled "Listlessness is better than laziness" and was supervised by Nico Habermann.
Research and career
Wadler's research interests are in programming languages.
Wadler was a research fellow at the Programming Research Group (part of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory) and St Cross College, Oxford during 1983–87. He was progressively lecturer, reader, and professor at the University of Glasgow from 1987 to 1996. Wadler was a membe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20J.%20Glauber
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Roy Jay Glauber (September 1, 1925 – December 26, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist. He was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light, such as laser light (see coherent state) and light from light bulbs (see blackbody). His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics. In statistical physics he pioneered the study of the dynamics of first-order phase transitions, since he first defined and investigated the stochastic dynamics of an Ising model in a paper published in 1963.
He served on the National Advisory Board of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, the research arms of Council for a Livable World.
Education
Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City, the son of Felicia (Fox) and Emanuel B. Glauber. He was a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, the first graduating class from that school. He then went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at the age of 18) he w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20W.%20H%C3%A4nsch
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Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (; born 30 October 1941) is a German physicist. He received one-third of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique", sharing the prize with John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber.
Hänsch is Director of the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (quantum optics) and Professor of experimental physics and laser spectroscopy at the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Biography
Hänsch received his secondary education at Helmholtz-Gymnasium Heidelberg and gained his Diplom and doctoral degree from Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg in the 1960s. Subsequently, he was a NATO postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University with Arthur L. Schawlow from 1970 to 1972. Hänsch became an assistant professor at Stanford University, California from 1975 to 1986. He was awarded the Comstock Prize in Physics from the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 1986, he received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute. In the same year Hänsch returned to Germany to head the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik. In 1989, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research. In 2005, he also received the Otto Hahn Award of the City of Frankfurt am Main, the Society of German Chemists and the German Physical Society. In that same year, the Opti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20flow
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In mathematics and transportation engineering, traffic flow is the study of interactions between travellers (including pedestrians, cyclists, drivers, and their vehicles) and infrastructure (including highways, signage, and traffic control devices), with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal transport network with efficient movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems.
History
Attempts to produce a mathematical theory of traffic flow date back to the 1920s, when American Economist Frank Knight first produced an analysis of traffic equilibrium, which was refined into Wardrop's first and second principles of equilibrium in 1952.
Nonetheless, even with the advent of significant computer processing power, to date there has been no satisfactory general theory that can be consistently applied to real flow conditions. Current traffic models use a mixture of empirical and theoretical techniques. These models are then developed into traffic forecasts, and take account of proposed local or major changes, such as increased vehicle use, changes in land use or changes in mode of transport (with people moving from bus to train or car, for example), and to identify areas of congestion where the network needs to be adjusted.
Overview
Traffic behaves in a complex and nonlinear way, depending on the interactions of a large number of vehicles. Due to the individual reactions of human drivers, vehicles do not interact simply following the laws of mechanics, but ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20L.%20Hall
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John Lewis "Jan" Hall (born August 21, 1934) is an American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics. He shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics with Theodor W. Hänsch and Roy Glauber for his work in precision spectroscopy.
Biography
Born in Denver, Colorado, Hall holds three degrees from Carnegie Institute of Technology, a B.S. in 1956, an M.S. in 1958, and a Ph.D. in 1961. He completed his postdoctoral studies at the Department of Commerce's National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where he remained from 1962 until his retirement in 2004. He has lectured at the University of Colorado Boulder since 1967.
Hall is currently a NIST Senior Fellow, emeritus, and remains a Fellow at JILA, formerly the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, and lecturer at the CU-Boulder Physics Department. JILA is a research institute managed jointly by CU-Boulder and NIST.
Hall shared half of the Nobel Prize with Theodor W. Hänsch for their pioneering work on laser-based precision spectroscopy and the optical frequency comb technique. The other half of the prize was awarded to Roy J. Glauber.
Hall has received many other honors for his pioneering work, including the Optical Society of America's Max Born Award "for pioneering the field of stable lasers, including their applications in fundamental physics and, most recently, in the stabilization of femtosecond lasers to provide dramatic advances in optical frequency metrology".
Hall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDE
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BDE may refer to:
Chemistry
Bond-dissociation energy, the dissociation energy of a chemical bond
Brominated diaryl (or diphenyl) ethers, see Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Technology
BitLocker Drive Encryption, a full disk encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows
Borland Database Engine, a database engine by Borland
Other
Bde, an abbreviation for the military unit brigade
BDE, the station code for Bairnsdale railway station, Victoria, Australia
See also
BDEs (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Land-Robot%20Trial
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The European Land-Robot Trial (ELROB) is a European event which demonstrates the abilities of modern robots.
The ELROB is not a competition, like the US DARPA Grand Challenge, but a pure demonstration of what European robotics is able to achieve today. The scenarios are designed to simulate real world missions, be it military or civilian ones. There are no artificial constraints set to this scenarios to ease the task for the robots like e.g. very visible road markings. This forces the participating teams and systems to fulfil high requirements set by the real world scenarios.
The first ELROB in 2006 was organized by the German Federal Armed Forces and took place on the infantry training area near Hammelburg, 15–18 May 2006. The goal of the first trial was to boost the development of unmanned ground vehicles that could be used in military missions on short notice. The ELROB is an annual event and alternates between a military and a civilian focus each year.
European Robotics and the NATO Research Task Group "Military Applications for Multi-Robot Systems" came up with the idea for ELROB in the year 2004. European Robotics aims to bridge the gap between defence and security (D&S) users, industry and research in the field of ground robotics. The ELROB is a good opportunity to follow these goals.
Because ELROB is meant to be a European trial, only teams from Europe are allowed. But both teams of commercial and academic backgrounds are allowed.
Civilian ELROB
The civilian ELR
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PackBot
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PackBot is a series of military robots by Endeavor Robotics (previously by iRobot), an international robotics company founded in 2016, created from iRobot, that previously produced military robots since 1990. More than 2000 were used in Iraq and Afghanistan. They were also used to aid searching through the debris of the World Trade Center after 9/11 in 2001. Another instance of the PackBot technology being implemented was to the damaged Fukushima nuclear plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami where they were the first to assess the site. As of November 2014, the U.S. Army is refurbishing 224 iRobot 510 robots. The PackBot technology is also used in collaboration with NASA for their rovers and probes.
Brief history
1998 – iRobot establishes a DARPA contract leading to the PackBot.
2001 – iRobot PackBot used to search World Trade Center ruins after the 9/11 attacks.
2002 – PackBot first deployed to aid United States Troops.
iRobot International PackBot orders
February 2011 iRobot released confirmation of a deal totaling $4.4 million for the first quarter of 2011 for the manufacturing of 27 PackBot 510's and spare parts to accompany them. In 2010, the industrial division of iRobot accumulated $13.2 million in revenue for international orders for PackBot alone in more than 25 countries. In September 2014, iRobot secured a deal with the Canadian Department of National Defense (DND). The contract was for the delivery of PackBot reconnaissance, chemical, biologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20experiment
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The Belle experiment was a particle physics experiment conducted by the Belle Collaboration, an international collaboration of more than 400 physicists and engineers, at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The experiment ran from 1999 to 2010.
The Belle detector was located at the collision point of the asymmetric-energy electron–positron collider, KEKB. Belle at KEKB together with the BaBar experiment at the PEP-II accelerator at SLAC were known as the B-factories as they collided electrons with positrons at the center-of-momentum energy equal to the mass of the (4S) resonance which decays to pairs of B mesons.
The Belle detector was a hermetic multilayer particle detector with large solid angle coverage, vertex location with precision on the order of tens of micrometres (provided by a silicon vertex detector), good distinction between pions and kaons in the momenta range from 100 MeV/c to few GeV/c (provided by a Cherenkov detector), and a few-percent precision electromagnetic calorimeter (made of CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals).
The Belle II experiment is an upgrade of Belle that was approved in June 2010. It is currently being commissioned, and is anticipated to start operation in 2018. Belle II is located at SuperKEKB (an upgraded KEKB accelerator) which is intended to provide a factor 40 larger integrated luminosity.
Results
The experiment was motivated by the search for CP-violation. However the experimen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Smith%20%28ontologist%29
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Barry Smith (born 4 June 1952) is an academic working in the fields of ontology and biomedical informatics. Smith is the author of more than 700 scientific publications, including 15 authored or edited books, and he is one of the most widely cited living philosophers.
Education and career
From 1970 to 1973 Smith studied Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1976 for a dissertation on ontology and reference in Husserl and Frege. The dissertation was supervised by Wolfe Mays.
Among the cohort of graduate students supervised by Mays in Manchester were Kevin Mulligan (Geneva/Lugano), and Peter Simons (Trinity College, Dublin). Both shared with Smith an interest in analytic metaphysics and in the contributions of turn-of-the-century Continental philosophers and logicians to central issues of analytic philosophy. In 1979 they together founded the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy, which organized workshops and conferences centered around the work of early Central European philosophers from Bolzano to Tarski and their impact on subsequent generations. A central role in this respect was played by Husserl's contributions to formal ontology. One prominent supporter was Roderick Chisholm, who in his Intellectual Autobiography published in 1997 describes the 'significant role' played by these meetings in contemporary philosophy.
From 1976 to 1994 Smith held appointments at the University of Sheffield (1976–1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-connectivity
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In computer science, st-connectivity or STCON is a decision problem asking, for vertices s and t in a directed graph, if t is reachable from s.
Formally, the decision problem is given by
.
Complexity
On a sequential computer, st-connectivity can easily be solved in linear time by either depth-first search or breadth-first search. The interest in this problem in computational complexity concerns its complexity with respect to more limited forms of computation. For instance, the complexity class of problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using only a logarithmic amount of memory is called NL. The st-connectivity problem can be shown to be in NL, as a non-deterministic Turing machine can guess the next node of the path, while the only information which has to be stored is the total length of the path and which node is currently under consideration. The algorithm terminates if either the target node t is reached, or the length of the path so far exceeds n, the number of nodes in the graph.
The complement of st-connectivity, known as st-non-connectivity, is also in the class NL, since NL = coNL by the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem.
In particular, the problem of st-connectivity is actually NL-complete, that is, every problem in the class NL is reducible to connectivity under a log-space reduction. This remains true for the stronger case of first-order reductions . The log-space reduction from any language in NL to STCON proceeds as follows: Consider
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Grubbs
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Robert Howard Grubbs ForMemRS (February 27, 1942 – December 19, 2021) was an American chemist and the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. He was a co-recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on olefin metathesis.
Grubbs was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2015 for developments in catalysts that have enabled commercial products.
He was a co-founder of Materia, a university spin-off startup to produce catalysts.
Early life and education
Grubbs was born on February 27, 1942, on a farm in Marshall County, Kentucky, midway between Possum Trot and Calvert City. His parents were Howard and Faye (Atwood) Grubbs. Faye was a schoolteacher. After serving in World War II, the family moved to Paducah, Kentucky, where Howard trained as a diesel mechanic, and Robert attended Paducah Tilghman High School.
At the University of Florida, Grubbs initially intended to study agriculture chemistry. However, he was convinced by professor Merle A. Battiste to switch to organic chemistry. Working with Battiste, he became interested in how chemical reactions occur. He received his B.S. in 1963 and M.S. in 1965 from the University of Florida.
Next, Grubbs attended Columbia University, where he worked with Ronald Breslow on organometallic compounds which contain carbon-metal bonds. Grubbs received his PhD in 1968.
Career
Grubbs worked with James Collman at Stanford Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20C.%20Nicolaou
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Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou (; born July 5, 1946) is a Cypriot-American chemist known for his research in the area of natural products total synthesis. He is currently Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess Professor of Chemistry at Rice University, having previously held academic positions at The Scripps Research Institute/UC San Diego and the University of Pennsylvania.
Biography
K. C. Nicolaou was born on July 5, 1946, in Karavas, Cyprus where he grew up and went to school until the age of 18. In 1964, he went to England where he spent two years learning English and preparing to enter University. He studied chemistry at the University of London (B.Sc., 1969, Bedford College; Ph.D. 1972, University College London, with Professors F. Sondheimer and P. J. Garratt). In 1972, he moved to the United States and, after postdoctoral appointments at Columbia University (1972–1973, Professor T. J. Katz) and Harvard University (1973–1976, Professor E. J. Corey), he joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania where he became the Rhodes-Thompson Professor of Chemistry. While at Penn, he won the prestigious Sloan Fellowship.
In 1989, he relocated to San Diego, where he took up a joint appointment at the University of California, San Diego, where he served as Professor of Chemistry, and The Scripps Research Institute, where he was Darlene Shiley Professor of Chemistry and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry. In 1996, he was appointed Aline W. and L.S. Skaggs Professor of Chemical Biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20state
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In quantum mechanics, separable states are multipartite quantum states that can be written as a convex combination of product states. Product states are multipartite quantum states that can be written as a tensor product of states in each space. The physical intuition behind these definitions is that product states have no correlation between the different degrees of freedom, while separable states might have correlations, but all such correlations can be explained as due to a classical random variable, as opposed as being due to entanglement.
In the special case of pure states the definition simplifies: a pure state is separable if and only if it is a product state.
A state is said to be entangled if it is not separable. In general, determining if a state is separable is not straightforward and the problem is classed as NP-hard.
Separability of bipartite systems
Consider first composite states with two degrees of freedom, referred to as bipartite states. By a postulate of quantum mechanics these can be described as vectors in the tensor product space . In this discussion we will focus on the case of the Hilbert spaces and being finite-dimensional.
Pure states
Let and be orthonormal bases for and , respectively. A basis for is then , or in more compact notation . From the very definition of the tensor product, any vector of norm 1, i.e. a pure state of the composite system, can be written as
where is a constant.
If can be written as a simple tensor, that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAE%20buffer
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TAE buffer is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA.
In molecular biology, it is used in agarose electrophoresis typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Tris-acetate buffer, usually at pH 8.3, and EDTA, which sequesters divalent cations. TAE has a lower buffer capacity than TBE and can easily become exhausted, but linear, double stranded DNA runs faster in TAE.
Previously, Brody & Kern simplified electrophoretic buffers by substituting TBE and TAE buffers for a more efficient and inexpensive conductive media in gel systems.
Uses
TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) buffer is used as both a running buffer and in agarose gels. Its use in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods for broad-range mutation analysis has also been described. TAE has been used at various concentrations to study the mobility of DNA in solution with and without sodium chloride. However, high concentrations of sodium chloride (and many other salts) in a DNA sample retard its mobility. This may lead to incorrect interpretations of the resulting DNA banding pattern.
Preparation
TAE buffer is commonly prepared as a 50× stock solution for laboratory use. A 50× stock solution can be prepared by dissolving 242 g Tris base in water, adding 57.1 ml glacial acetic acid, and 100 ml of 500 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) solution, and bringing the final volume up to 1 litre. This stock solution can be diluted 49:1 with water to make a 1× working solu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%20Stoddart
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Sir James Fraser Stoddart (born 24 May 1942) is a British-American chemist who is Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States. He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings, catenanes and rotaxanes utilising molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes. He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches. His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
Education and early life
Fraser Stoddart was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 24 May 1942, the only child of Tom and Jean Stoddart. He was brought up as a tenant farmer on Edgelaw Farm, a small community consisting of three families. Sir Fraser professes to a passion for jigsaw puzzles and construction toys in his formative years, which he believes was the basis for his interest in molecular construction. Fraser Stoddart was a shy and serene boy and young man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insilicos
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Insilicos is a life science software company founded in 2002 by Erik Nilsson, Brian Pratt and Bryan Prazen. Insilicos develops scientific computing software to provide software for disease diagnoses.
Technology
Insilicos' key technologies includes pattern recognition techniques to interpret proteomics mass spectrometry data. Insilicos products include InsilicosViewer and Insilicos Proteomics Pipeline (IPP). These products support the mzXML, mzDATA and mzML file formats. In 2007, Insilicos received a grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute to further develop software allowing for studies to be conducted more quickly. The open-source software, developed in connection with the Institute for Systems Biology, has been referred to as the Trans Proteomic Pipeline. IPP is commercial version of the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline
References
Science software
Software companies established in 2002
Software companies based in Seattle
2002 establishments in Washington (state)
Software companies of the United States
Companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastic%20movements
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In biology, nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are usually associated with plants. The movement can be due to changes in turgor (internal pressure within plant cells). Decrease in turgor pressure causes shrinkage, while increase in turgor pressure brings about swelling. Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is independent of the stimulus's position. The tropic movement is growth movement but nastic movement may or may not be growth movement. The rate or frequency of these responses increases as intensity of the stimulus increases. An example of such a response is the opening and closing of flowers (photonastic response), movement of euglena, chlamydomonas towards the source of light . They are named with the suffix "-nasty" and have prefixes that depend on the stimuli:
Epinasty: downward-bending from growth at the top, for example, the bending down of a heavy flower.
Hyponasty: upward bending of leaves from growth in the petiole (leaf stalk)
Photonasty: response to light
Nyctinasty: movements at night or in the dark
Chemonasty: response to chemicals or nutrients
Hydronasty: response to water
Thermonasty: response to temperature
Seismonasty: response to shock
Geonasty/gravinasty: response to gravity
Thigmonasty/seismonasty/haptonasty: response to contact
The su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20R.%20Schrock
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Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the olefin metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.
Education
Born in Berne, Indiana, Schrock went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California. He holds a B.A. (1967) from the University of California, Riverside and a Ph.D. (1971) from Harvard University under the direction of John A. Osborn (fr).
Career
Following his PhD, Schrock carried out postdoctoral research at the University of Cambridge with Jack Lewis. In 1972, he was hired by DuPont, where he worked at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware in the group of George Parshall. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 and became full professor in 1980.
He has been the Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, at MIT since 1989, and is now Professor Emeritus. Schrock is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 2007.
He is co-founder and member of the board of a Swiss-based company, XiMo, inc., now owned by Verbio, AG, which is focused on the development and application of proprietary metathesis catalysts.
In 2018, Schrock joined the faculty of his alma mater, the University of California, Riverside, where he is now the Distinguished Professor and George K. Helmkamp Founder's Chair of Chemistry. He cited his interest in mentoring
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves%20Chauvin
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Yves Chauvin (; 10 October 1930 – 27 January 2015) was a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He was honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a member of the French Academy of Science. He was known for his work for deciphering the process of olefin metathesis for which he was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock.
Life
Yves Chauvin was born on 10 October 1930 in Menen, Belgium, to French parents; his father worked as an electrical engineer. He graduated in 1954 from the École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon. He began working in the chemical industry but was frustrated there. He is quoted as saying, "If you want to find something new, look for something new...there is a certain amount of risk in this attitude, as even the slightest failure tends to be resounding, but you are so happy when you succeed that it is worth taking the risk." In 1960, Chauvin began working for the French Petroleum Institute in Rueil-Malmaison. He became honorary director of research there following his retirement from the institute in 1995. Chauvin also served as an emeritus (retired) director of research at the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics.
Awards and recognitions
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for his work from the early 1970s in the area of olefin metathesis. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his aw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20theorem%20%28group%20theory%29
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In mathematics, specifically group theory, Cauchy's theorem states that if is a finite group and is a prime number dividing the order of (the number of elements in ), then contains an element of order . That is, there is in such that is the smallest positive integer with = , where is the identity element of . It is named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who discovered it in 1845.
The theorem is related to Lagrange's theorem, which states that the order of any subgroup of a finite group divides the order of . Cauchy's theorem implies that for any prime divisor of the order of , there is a subgroup of whose order is —the cyclic group generated by the element in Cauchy's theorem.
Cauchy's theorem is generalized by Sylow's first theorem, which implies that if is the maximal power of dividing the order of , then has a subgroup of order (and using the fact that a -group is solvable, one can show that has subgroups of order for any less than or equal to ).
Statement and proof
Many texts prove the theorem with the use of strong induction and the class equation, though considerably less machinery is required to prove the theorem in the abelian case. One can also invoke group actions for the proof.
Proof 1
We first prove the special case that where is abelian, and then the general case; both proofs are by induction on = ||, and have as starting case = which is trivial because any non-identity element now has order . Suppose first that is abelian. Take any non-i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusa%20McDuff
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Dusa McDuff FRS CorrFRSE (born 18 October 1945) is an English mathematician who works on symplectic geometry. She was the first recipient of the Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics, was a Noether Lecturer, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society. She is currently the Helen Lyttle Kimmel '42 Professor of Mathematics at Barnard College.
Personal life and education
Margaret Dusa Waddington was born in London, England, on 18 October 1945 to Edinburgh architect Margaret Justin Blanco White, second wife of biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, her father. Her sister is the anthropologist Caroline Humphrey, and she has an elder half-brother C. Jake Waddington by her father's first marriage. Her mother was the daughter of Amber Reeves, the noted feminist, author and lover of H. G. Wells. McDuff grew up in Scotland where her father was Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. McDuff was educated at St George's School for Girls in Edinburgh and, although the standard was lower than at the corresponding boys' school, The Edinburgh Academy, McDuff had an exceptionally good mathematics teacher. She writes:
I always wanted to be a mathematician (apart from a time when I was eleven when I wanted to be a farmer's wife), and assumed that I would have a career, but I had no idea how to go about it: I didn't realize that the choices which one made about education were important and I had no idea that I might experience real difficulties and conflicts in reconciling the demands of a c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochoic%20wave
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Isochoic wave is a term used in ultrasound. Substances of a different medium are called isochoic if waves travel through them at the same speed.
Isochoic in ultrasound means that two structures have the same echogenicity in 2D mode (B-mode).
References
Basic Principles of Ultrasound Physics and Artifacts Made Easy
Ultrasound
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20%28microbiology%29
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In microbiology, collective bacteria and other microorganisms in a host are historically known as flora. Although microflora is commonly used, the term microbiota is becoming more common as microflora is a misnomer. Flora pertains to the Kingdom Plantae. Microbiota includes Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi and Protists. Microbiota with animal-like characteristics can be classified as microfauna.
History
The terms "Flora" and "Fauna" were first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745 work Flora Suecica and Fauna Suecica. At that time, biology was focused on macroorganisms. Later, with the advent of microscopy, the new discovered ubiquitous microorganisms were fit in this system. Then, Fauna included moving organisms (animals and protist as "micro-fauna") and Flora the organisms with apparent no movement (plants/fungi; and bacteria as "microflora"). The terms "microfauna" and "microflora" are common in old books, but recently they have been replaced by the more adequate term "microbiota". Microbiota includes Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi and Protists.
Microflora classification
Microflora are grouped into two categories based on the origin of the microorganism.
Autochthonous flora. - Bacteria and microorganisms native to the host environment
Allochthonous flora. - Temporary microorganisms non-native to the host environment
Roles
Microflora is a term that refers to a community of bacteria that exist on or inside the body, and possess a unique ecological relationship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Bridge%20%28Podgorica%29
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The Millennium Bridge () is a cable-stayed bridge that spans the Morača river in Podgorica, Montenegro.
History
The bridge was designed by Marjan Pipenbaher from the Slovenian company Ponting Bridges and Mladen Ulićević, a professor at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica. It was built by the Slovenian company Primorje, and opened on 13 July 2005, Montenegro's National Day. It quickly became one of the city's most prominent landmarks.
The bridge is 173 metres long, and the pylon soars 57 m above the roadbed. Twelve cables support the roadway deck, while twenty-four more are attached to the counterweights, creating an imposing image.
The construction of the bridge began in 2005, and the building cost was approximately 7 million euros. The roadway carries two lanes of traffic and a pedestrian walkway in each direction. The bridge connects the Boulevard of Ivan Crnojević in the city centre and July 13 street in the new part of city, thus relieving the other congested bridges connecting the city center with the densely populated districts over the Morača river.
References
Bridges in Podgorica
Tourist attractions in Podgorica
Cable-stayed bridges
Bridges completed in 2005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20%28genetics%29
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In genetics, a locus (: loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located. Each chromosome carries many genes, with each gene occupying a different position or locus; in humans, the total number of protein-coding genes in a complete haploid set of 23 chromosomes is estimated at 19,000–20,000.
Genes may possess multiple variants known as alleles, and an allele may also be said to reside at a particular locus. Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele at a given locus are called homozygous with respect to that locus, while those that have different alleles at a given locus are called heterozygous. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a gene map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the specific locus or loci responsible for producing a particular phenotype or biological trait. Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations.
Nomenclature
The shorter arm of a chromosome is termed the p arm or p-arm, while the longer arm is the q arm or q-arm. The chromosomal locus of a typical gene, for example, might be written 3p22.1, where:
3 = chromosome 3
p = p-arm
22 = region 2, band 2 (read as "two, two", not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanopin%20film
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Nanopin film is an experimental material in nanotechnology developed in 2005 with unusual superhydrophobic properties . A droplet of water makes contact with the surface of this film and forms an almost perfect sphere with a contact angle of 178°. This happens because it is covered with nanoscale, topped-off pins or cones perpendicular to the surface. The surface is regarded as a composite material with mostly air and a small fraction constituted by the tops of the cones. When the contact angle of the cone material is sufficiently large, Cassie's law predicts large contact angle values for the composite.
This particular nanopin film is produced with borosilicate glass. A solution of CoCl2•6H2O or cobalt chloride hexahydrate is heated at 60 °C for 24 hours in a chemical bath deposition to form a brucite type cobalt(II) hydroxide layer with composition
CoOH1.13Cl0.09(CO3)0.39.0.05H20
The top coating is provided by lauric acid in a separate step. A 3 square micrometer surface now contains on average 166 such cones with cone height of around 100 nm, and the cone diameter at the tip is 6.5 nm. The Cassie's law prediction for this material with the lauric acid surface area contact fraction of 0.000612 and flat film contact angle of 75° is 177.8°.
See also
References
Superhydrophobic Perpendicular Nanopin Film by the Bottom-Up Process Eiji Hosono, Shinobu Fujihara, Itaru Honma, and Haoshen Zhou J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2005; 127(39) pp 13458 – 13459 Abstract Supporting info with p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Medal
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The Davy Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London "for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry". Named after Humphry Davy, the medal is awarded with a monetary gift, initially of £1000 (currently £2000). Receiving the Davy Medal has been identified as a potential precursor to being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with 22 scientists as of 2022 having been awarded the medal prior to becoming Nobel laureates, according to an analysis by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
History
The medal was first awarded in 1877 to Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff "for their researches & discoveries in spectrum analysis", and has since been awarded 140 times. The medal is awarded annually and, unlike other Royal Society medals (such as the Hughes), has been awarded without interruption since its inception.
The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals in the same year: in 1882, for example, it was awarded to Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer "for their discovery of the periodic relations of the atomic weights"; in 1883 to Marcellin Berthelot and Julius Thomsen "for their researches in thermo-chemistry"; in 1893 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel "In recognition of their introduction of the theory of asymmetric carbon, and its use in explaining the constitution of optically active carbon compounds"; in 1903 to Pierre Curie and Marie Curie "for their researches on radium" and in 1968 to John Cornforth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Lunge
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Georg Lunge (15 September 1839 – 3 January 1923) was a German chemist born in Breslau. He studied at Heidelberg (under Robert Bunsen) and Breslau, graduating at the latter university in 1859, to work with Ferdinand Cohn. Turning his attention to technical chemistry, he became chemist at several works both in Germany and England, and in 1876 he was appointed professor of technical chemistry at ETH Zurich.
Lunge's original contributions cover a very wide field, dealing both with technical processes and analysis. In addition, he was a voluminous writer, enriching scientific literature with many standard works. His treatises Coal Tar and Ammonia, Destillation des Steinkohlentheers and Sulphuric Acid and Alkali, established his position as the highest authority on these subjects, while the Chemische-technische Untersuchungs-Methoden, to which he contributed, testified to his researches in technical analysis.
His jubilee was celebrated in Zurich on 15 September 1909 and he died in Zurich on 3 January 1923.
References
External links
1839 births
1923 deaths
19th-century German chemists
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Scientists from Wrocław
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC-MAC
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In cryptography, a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code (MAC) from a block cipher. The message is encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode to create a chain of blocks such that each block depends on the proper encryption of the previous block. This interdependence ensures that a change to any of the plaintext bits will cause the final encrypted block to change in a way that cannot be predicted or counteracted without knowing the key to the block cipher.
To calculate the CBC-MAC of message , one encrypts in CBC mode with zero initialization vector and keeps the last block. The following figure sketches the computation of the CBC-MAC of a message comprising blocks using a secret key and a block cipher :
CBC-MAC on its own is not secure for variable-length messages (see the discussion below) and is currently used to construct a pseudorandom function family and as a component of the CCM mode.
Use in standards
The CBC-MAC construct is used as part of the CCM mode utilized in IEEE 802.11i and NIST SP 800-97 (as CCMP, the CCM encryption protocol for WPA2), IPsec, and TLS 1.2, as well as Bluetooth Low Energy (as of Bluetooth 4.0, see NIST SP 800-121 Rev2). It is available for TLS 1.3, but not enabled by default in OpenSSL.
CBC-MAC is also used as a "conditioning component" (a.k.a. randomness extractor, a method to generate bitstrings with full entropy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrock
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Schrock or Schröck is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Richard R. Schrock (born 1945), American professor at MIT and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005
Schrock carbene, a chemical group named after the above
Ed Schrock (born 1941), American politician from Virginia
Ed Schrock (Nebraska politician) (born 1943), American politician from Nebraska
Max Schrock (born 1994), American baseball player
Raymond L. Schrock (1892–1950), American screenwriter
Stephan Schröck (born 1986), German-Filipino footballer
See also
Schrock Airport, an airport in Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorph%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the holomorph of a group is a group that simultaneously contains (copies of) the group and its automorphism group. The holomorph provides interesting examples of groups, and allows one to treat group elements and group automorphisms in a uniform context. In group theory, for a group , the holomorph of denoted can be described as a semidirect product or as a permutation group.
Hol(G) as a semidirect product
If is the automorphism group of then
where the multiplication is given by
[Eq. 1]
Typically, a semidirect product is given in the form where and are groups and is a homomorphism and where the multiplication of elements in the semidirect product is given as
which is well defined, since and therefore .
For the holomorph, and is the identity map, as such we suppress writing explicitly in the multiplication given in [Eq. 1] above.
For example,
the cyclic group of order 3
where
with the multiplication given by:
where the exponents of are taken mod 3 and those of mod 2.
Observe, for example
and this group is not abelian, as , so that is a non-abelian group of order 6, which, by basic group theory, must be isomorphic to the symmetric group .
Hol(G) as a permutation group
A group G acts naturally on itself by left and right multiplication, each giving rise to a homomorphism from G into the symmetric group on the underlying set of G. One homomorphism is defined as λ: G → Sym(
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmoo%20%28disambiguation%29
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Shmoo is a cartoon character created by Al Capp in the strip Li'l Abner.
Shmoo or Schmoo may refer to:
Shmoos, nickname of the Cosmic Ray Detection Units of CHICOS (California High School Cosmic Ray Observatory)
Shmoo plot, an electrical engineering graphical display of the response of a component or system
Shmoo (yeast), projection from yeast in response to mating pheromones
Shmoo, a bird skin, typically as specimens for bird collections
See also
Smoo Cave, a sea cave near Durness in north-west Scotland
Schmuck, a pejorative sometimes euphemized as shmo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorph
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Holomorph may refer to:
Mathematics
Holomorph (mathematics), a group which simultaneously contains (copies of) a group and its automorphism group
Holomorphic functions, the central object of study of complex analysis
Biology
Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph, applying to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exist
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Exist may refer to:
Existence
eXist, an open source database management system built on XML
Existential quantification, in logic and mathematics (symbolized by ∃, read "exists")
Energetic X-ray Survey Telescope, a proposed hard X-ray imaging all-sky deep survey mission
Exist (album), a studio album by Exo
Exists (band), formerly Exist, a Malaysian band
Exists (film), a 2014 horror film
XIST (gene) X inactive specific transcript, a gene which inactivates extra copies of X-chromosomes.
See also
Existentialism
Existence (disambiguation), for other meanings of "existence" and "existential"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu%20Ricard
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Matthieu Ricard (; , born 15 February 1946) is a Nepalese French writer, photographer, translator and Buddhist monk who resides at Shechen Tennyi Dargyeling Monastery in Nepal.
Matthieu Ricard grew up among the personalities and ideas of French intellectual circles. He received a PhD degree in molecular genetics from the Pasteur Institute in 1972. He then decided to forsake his scientific career and instead practice Tibetan Buddhism, living mainly in the Himalayas.
Ricard is a board member of the Mind and Life Institute. He received the French National Order of Merit for his humanitarian work in the East with Karuna-Shechen, the non-profit organization he co-founded in 2000 with Rabjam Rinpoche. Since 1989, he has acted as the French interpreter for the 14th Dalai Lama. Since 2010, he has been travelling and giving a series of talks with and assisting in teachings by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, the incarnation of Kyabje Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche.
Life
Born in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, France, he is the son of the late Jean-François Revel (born Jean-François Ricard), a renowned French philosopher. His mother is the lyrical abstractionist painter and Tibetan Buddhist nun Yahne le Toumelin. Matthieu Ricard grew up among the personalities and ideas of French intellectual circles.
Ricard worked for a PhD degree in molecular genetics at the Pasteur Institute under French Nobel Laureate François Jacob. After completing his doctoral thesis in 1972, Ricard decided to forsake his scientif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis%20%28microbiology%29
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Hemolysis (from Greek αιμόλυση, meaning 'blood breakdown') is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin.
Types
Alpha-hemolysis
When alpha-hemolysis (α-hemolysis) is present, the agar under the colony is light and greenish. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis. Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium, oxidizing hemoglobin producing the green oxidized derivative methemoglobin.
Beta-hemolysis
Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis), sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies: the area appears lightened (yellow) and transparent. Streptolysin, an exotoxin, is the enzyme produced by the bacteria which causes the complete lysis of red blood cells. There are two types of streptolysin: Streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS). Streptolysin O is an oxygen-sensitive cytotoxin, secreted by most Group A streptococcus (GAS) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and interacts with cholesterol in the membrane of eukaryotic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain
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Strain may refer to:
Science and technology
Strain (biology), variants of plants, viruses or bacteria; or an inbred animal used for experimental purposes
Strain (chemistry), a chemical stress of a molecule
Strain (injury), an injury to a muscle (tear in tendon) in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of over-stretching
Strain (mechanics), a geometrical measure of deformation representing the relative displacement between particles in a material body
Filtration, separating solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a strainer, a medium through which only the fluid can pass
Percolation, the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials
Psychological stress
Other uses
straining, in cooking, the separation of liquid from solids using a strainer or sieve.
, the process of making a mash or purée by forcing through a sieve, rather than using a power blender. Cf. ricing (cooking)
strain (bridge), the indication of either the trump suit or notrump in a bid made in the game of contract bridge; also called a denomination
Proper names
Strain (surname)
Arts and media
Strain (manga), a 1996 manga written by Yoshiyuki Okamura, and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami
Strain (music), a series of musical phrases that create a distinct melody of a piece
Strain (album), a 2004 album by Flesh Field
Strain: Strategic Armored Infantry, a 2006 anime
Strain (film), a 2020 Nigerian drama
Places
Strain, Arkansas, an unincorporated community in Richland Townsh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace%20Electronic%20Security%20Act
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The Cyberspace Electronic Security Act of 1999 (CESA) is a bill proposed by the Clinton administration during the 106th United States Congress that enables the government to harvest keys used in encryption. The Cyberspace Electronic Security Act gives law enforcement the ability to gain access to encryption keys and cryptography methods. The initial version of this act enabled federal law enforcement agencies to secretly use monitoring, electronic capturing equipments and other technologies to access and obtain information. These provisions were later stricken from the act, although federal law enforcement agencies still have a significant degree of latitude to conduct investigations relating to electronic information. The act generated discussion about what capabilities should be allowed to law enforcement in the detection of criminal activity. After vocal objections from civil liberties groups, the administration backed away from the controversial bill.
See also
Computer security
External links
The bill at CDT.com
United States federal commerce legislation
Encryption debate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms%20in%20molecules
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In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An electron density distribution of a molecule is a probability distribution that describes the average manner in which the electronic charge is distributed throughout real space in the attractive field exerted by the nuclei. According to QTAIM, molecular structure is revealed by the stationary points of the electron density together with the gradient paths of the electron density that originate and terminate at these points.
QTAIM was primarily developed by Professor Richard Bader and his research group at McMaster University over the course of decades, beginning with analyses of theoretically calculated electron densities of simple molecules in the early 1960s and culminating with analyses of both theoretically and experimentally measured electron densities of crystals in the 90s. The development of QTAIM was driven by the assumption that, since the concepts of atoms and bonds have been and continue to be so ubiquitously useful in interpreting, classifying, predicting and communicating chemistry, they should have a well-defined physical basis.
QTAIM recovers the central operational concepts of the molecul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20cryptography
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Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography.
B.C.
36th century The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing and the Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.
16th century The Phoenicians develop an alphabet
600-500 Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as the Atbash cipher)
c. 400 Spartan use of scytale (alleged)
c. 400 Herodotus reports use of steganography in reports to Greece from Persia (tattoo on shaved head)
100-1 A.D.- Notable Roman ciphers such as the Caesar cipher.
1–1799 A.D.
801–873 A.D. Cryptanalysis and frequency analysis leading to techniques for breaking monoalphabetic substitution ciphers are developed in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages by the Muslim mathematician, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), who may have been inspired by textual analysis of the Qur'an. He also covers methods of encipherments, cryptanalysis of certain encipherments, and statistical analysis of letters and letter combinations in Arabic.
1355-1418 Ahmad al-Qalqashandi writes Subh al-a 'sha, a 14-volume encyclopedia including a section on cryptology, attributed to Ibn al-Durayhim (1312–1361). The list of ciphers in this work include both substitution and transposition, and for the first time, a cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter. It also included an exposition on and worked example of cryptanalysis, including the use of tables of letter frequencies and sets of letters which cannot occur together in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan%20Mills
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Harlan D. Mills (May 14, 1919 – January 8, 1996) was Professor of Computer Science at the Florida Institute of Technology and founder of Software Engineering Technology, Inc. of Vero Beach, Florida (since acquired by Q-Labs). Mills' contributions to software engineering have had a profound and enduring effect on education and industrial practice. Since earning his Ph.D. in Mathematics at Iowa State University in 1952, Mills led a distinguished career.
As an IBM research fellow, Mills adapted existing ideas from engineering and computer science to software development. These included automata theory, the structured programming theory of Edsger Dijkstra, Robert W. Floyd, and others, and Markov chain-driven software testing. His Cleanroom software development process emphasized top-down design and formal specification. Mills contributed his ideas to the profession in six books and over fifty refereed articles in technical journals.
Mills was termed a "super-programmer", a term which would evolve to the concept in IBM of a "Chief Programmer."
Achievements
Ph.D.: Iowa State University, 1952
Visiting Professor (Part Time) 1975-1987
Adjunct Professor, 1987-1995
Chairman, NSF Computer Science Research Panel on Software Methodology, 1974–77
the Chairman of the First National Conference on Software Engineering, 1975
Editor for IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1975–81
U.S. Representative for Software at the IFIP Congress, 1977
Governor of the IEEE Computer Society,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20structure
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In differential geometry, a spin structure on an orientable Riemannian manifold allows one to define associated spinor bundles, giving rise to the notion of a spinor in differential geometry.
Spin structures have wide applications to mathematical physics, in particular to quantum field theory where they are an essential ingredient in the definition of any theory with uncharged fermions. They are also of purely mathematical interest in differential geometry, algebraic topology, and K theory. They form the foundation for spin geometry.
Overview
In geometry and in field theory, mathematicians ask whether or not a given oriented Riemannian manifold (M,g) admits spinors. One method for dealing with this problem is to require that M has a spin structure. This is not always possible since there is potentially a topological obstruction to the existence of spin structures. Spin structures will exist if and only if the second Stiefel–Whitney class w2(M) ∈ H2(M, Z2) of M vanishes. Furthermore, if w2(M) = 0, then the set of the isomorphism classes of spin structures on M is acted upon freely and transitively by H1(M, Z2) . As the manifold M is assumed to be oriented, the first Stiefel–Whitney class w1(M) ∈ H1(M, Z2) of M vanishes too. (The Stiefel–Whitney classes wi(M) ∈ Hi(M, Z2) of a manifold M are defined to be the Stiefel–Whitney classes of its tangent bundle TM.)
The bundle of spinors πS: S → M over M is then the complex vector bundle associated with the corresponding principal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20Quisumbing
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Eduardo Quisumbíng y Argüelles (Filipino: Eduardo Argüelles Quisumbing; November 11, 1895, Santa Cruz, Laguna – August 23, 1986, Quezon City) was a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of plants in the Philippines.
Education
He earned his BSA in Biology at the University of the Philippines Los Baños in 1918, his MS in botany at the same university in 1921, and Ph.D. in plant taxonomy, systematics and morphology at the University of Chicago in 1923.
Career
From 1920 to 1926 he was attached to the College of Agriculture in U.P., and from 1926 to 1928 to the University of California; in 1928 appointed systematic botanist and since February 1934 acting chief of the Natural Museum Division of the Bureau of Science, Manila, now director of the National Museum. When assigned to the U.S. Navy in Guiuan, at the southern tip of Samar, made collections in that region. He retired as director in November 1961, and was for some following years attached to the Araneta University. Quisumbing undertook restoration of the Herbarium, which was completely destroyed during the war.
Quisumbing was author of taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids, including ‘Medicinal plants in the Philippines’ (Manila 1951). Saccolabium quisumbingii has been named in his honour. He was recipient of the Distinguished Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to the field of systematic botany; Diploma of Merit on Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal, Malaysian Orchid Society (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20planar%20molecular%20geometry
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The square planar molecular geometry in chemistry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners.
Examples
Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition metal complexes. The noble gas compound xenon tetrafluoride adopts this structure as predicted by VSEPR theory. The geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d8 configuration, which includes Rh(I), Ir(I), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Notable examples include the anticancer drugs cisplatin, [PtCl2(NH3)2], and carboplatin. Many homogeneous catalysts are square planar in their resting state, such as Wilkinson's catalyst and Crabtree's catalyst. Other examples include Vaska's complex and Zeise's salt. Certain ligands (such as porphyrins) stabilize this geometry.
Splitting of d-orbitals
A general d-orbital splitting diagram for square planar (D4h) transition metal complexes can be derived from the general octahedral (Oh) splitting diagram, in which the dz2 and the dx2−y2 orbitals are degenerate and higher in energy than the degenerate set of dxy, dxz and dyz orbitals. When the two axial ligands are removed to generate a square planar geometry, the dz2 orbital is driven lower in energy as electron-electron repulsion with ligands on the z-axis is no longer present. However, for purely σ-donating ligands the dz2 orbital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollcage%20%28video%20game%29
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Rollcage is a racing video game developed by Attention to Detail and published by Psygnosis for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation. A sequel, Rollcage Stage II, was released in 2000 for PlayStation and Windows.
Development
Rollcage was developed by Attention to Detail, and published by Psygnosis. The game's selling point was its unique physics engine, in which cars could drive on walls or ceilings due to the airflow passing over them at extreme speeds. The game featured an original soundtrack by various artists, including the Fatboy Slim song "Love Island" from the album You've Come A Long Way, Baby.
In 2014 one of the former developers, Robert Baker released an unofficial update to address remaining bugs and support newer hardware under the name "Rollcage Redux".
Baker and former tradesman, Chris Mallinson, later in 2018, under the company name Caged Element, along with the publisher Wired Productions, released Rollcage's spiritual successor: Grip: Combat Racing.
Reception
The PlayStation version of Rollcage received "favorable" reviews, while the PC version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Next Generation said of the former console version, "Anyone with a hankering for fast cars and pretty explosions should be sure to give Rollcage a chance."
Joshua Romero of AllGame gave the PC version four-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "If you have a 3D accelerator and have any taking to a great game, you shouldn't pass up
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Petzold
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Charles Petzold (born February 2, 1953) is an American programmer and technical author on Microsoft Windows applications. He is also a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional and was named one of Microsoft's seven Windows Pioneers.
Biography
He graduated with a Master of Science in Mathematics from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1975. Aside from writing books about Windows programming he has contributed to various magazines about computers.
He had an interest in electronic music and in 1977 started building electronic music instruments out of CMOS chips. In 1979, Petzold started building a computer-controlled digital electronic music synthesizer based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. This experience of digital circuitry and assembly language programming formed the basis of his book Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software.
Petzold purchased a two-diskette IBM PC in 1984 for $5,000. This debt encouraged him to use the PC to earn some revenue so he wrote an article about ANSI.SYS and the PROMPT command. This was submitted to PC Magazine for which they paid $800. This was the beginning of Petzold's career as a paid writer.
In 1984, PC Magazine decided to do a review of printers. They asked all current New York contributors to help with the review. Petzold showed the staff some small assembly-language programs he had written. Soon he was busy writing little 300-500 byte .COM file utilities for PC Magazine.
Petzold was soon getting so much freelance work
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