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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira%20Ku%C5%9B
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Mira Kuś (born 1948 in Gorlice, Poland) is a contemporary Polish poet. She lives in Kraków and is a journalist and member of the Polish Writers Association.
Works
She graduated in physics at Jagiellonian University and she often writes science articles for the press.
Translations of some of her poems have appeared in foreign newspapers and magazines in Germany, U.S., Sweden, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Ukraine, Hungary, Spain etc. including The Southern Review and Mid-American Review.
Poetry books
Wiersze (samizdat, 1978)
Gdzieś jest ta oaza (Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1981)
Natura daje mi tajemne znaki (Warszawa 1988)
Rajski pejzaż (Baran i Suszczyński, Kraków 1995)
Przekłady z zieleni (Plus, Kraków 2001)
O, niebotyczna góro garów (Kraków 2004)
Miedzy tym a tamtym brzegiem (Wyd. Collegium Columbinum, Kraków 2010)
Zioła i amaranty. Wybór wierszy (Wyd. Księgarnia Akademicka, 2012)
Beneath an Avalanche of Waking (chapbook of Mid-American Review, volume XXXI, Number 2, ISSN 0747-8895, 2011)
Żywi z Vistula River czyli Epitafia dla Przyjaciół, Znajomych, Znanych (Wyd. Efemeryczna Misja Kosmiczna Art eMKa, Kraków 2016)
Zagubione słowa (Wyd. Efemeryczna Misja Kosmiczna Art eMKa, Kraków 2017)
ZZa wiśniowych zasieków (Wyd. Efemeryczna Misja Kosmiczna Art eMKa, Kraków 2019)
Anthologies
Sercem pisane. Wybór wierszy. Biblioteczka repertuarowa miesięcznika "Kultura i Ty", Warszawa 1978
Drugi Krakowski Almanach Młodych, WL, Kraków, 1980
Poeta jest jak dziecko, MAW, Warszawa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzil
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Benzil (i.e. Bz2, systematically known as 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione) is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5CO)2, generally abbreviated (PhCO)2. This yellow solid is one of the most common diketones. Its main use is as a photoinitiator in polymer chemistry.
Structure
The compound's most noteworthy structural feature is the long carbon-carbon bond of 1.54 Å, which indicates the absence of pi-bonding between the two carbonyl centers. The PhCO centers are planar, but the pair of benzoyl groups are twisted with respect to the other with a dihedral angle of 117°. In less hindered analogues (glyoxal, biacetyl, oxalic acid derivatives), the (RCO)2 group adopts a planar, anti-conformation.
Applications
Most benzil can be used as a photoinitiator in the free-radical curing of polymer networks. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 260 nm, leading to decomposition with formation of free-radical species and formation of cross-links within the material. However, it is a relatively poor photoinitiator, and is seldom used. It undergoes photobleaching, which allows the curing light to reach deeper layers of the material on longer exposure. Acetal derivatives, such as 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, have better properties for this application.
Benzil is a potent inhibitor of human carboxylesterases, enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of carboxylesters and many clinically used drugs.
Reactions
Benzil is a standard building block in organic synthesis. It c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Observatory%2C%20Edinburgh
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The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (ROE) is an astronomical institution located on Blackford Hill in Edinburgh. The site is owned by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). The ROE comprises the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) of STFC, the Institute for Astronomy of the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh, and the ROE Visitor Centre.
The observatory carries out astronomical research and university teaching; design, project management, and construction of instruments and telescopes for astronomical observatories; and teacher training in astronomy and outreach to the public. The ROE Library includes the Crawford Collection of books and manuscripts gifted in 1888 by James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford. Before it moved to the present site in 1896, the Royal Observatory was located on Calton Hill, close to the centre of Edinburgh, at what is now known as the City Observatory.
History
Calton Hill
The University of Edinburgh in 1785 and by Royal Warrant of George III created the Regius Chair of Astronomy and appointed Robert Blair first Regius Professor of Astronomy. After his death in 1828 the position remained vacant until 1834. In 1811 private citizens had founded the Astronomical Institution of Edinburgh with John Playfair – professor of natural philosophy – as its president. The Institution acquired grounds on Calton Hill to build an observatory, which was designed by John's nephew William Henry Playfair; it remains to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duophonic
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Duophonic sound was a trade name for a type of audio signal processing used by Capitol Records on certain releases and re-releases of mono recordings issued during the 1960s and 1970s. In this process monaural recordings were reprocessed into a type of artificial stereo. Generically, the sound is commonly known as fake stereo or mock stereo.
This was done by splitting the mono signal into two channels, then delaying one channel's signal by means of delay lines and other circuits, i.e. desynchronizing the two channels by fractions of a second, and cutting the bass frequencies in one channel with a high-pass filter, then cutting the treble frequencies in the other channel with a low-pass filter. The result was an artificial stereo effect, without giving the listener the true directional sound characteristics of real stereo. In some cases, the effect was enhanced with reverberation and other technical tricks, sometimes adding stereo echo to mono tracks in an attempt to fool the listener.
Capitol employed this technique in order to increase its inventory of stereo LPs, thus satisfying retailer demand for more stereo content (and helping promote the sale of stereo receivers and turntables). For nearly ten years Capitol used the banner "DUOPHONIC – For Stereo Phonographs Only" to differentiate the Duophonic LPs from its true stereo LPs.
Capitol began using the process in June 1961 and continued its practice into the 1970s. It was used for some of the biggest Capitol releases, in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania%20Astrophysical%20Observatory
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The Catania Observatory () is an astronomical observatory in the city of Catania, on the island of Sicily in southern Italy. It is operated by INAF, the National Institute for Astrophysics.
See also
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
Observatory home page
Catania
Astrophysical Observatory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatrix%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a separatrix is the boundary separating two modes of behaviour in a differential equation.
Example: simple pendulum
Consider the differential equation describing the motion of a simple pendulum:
where denotes the length of the pendulum, the gravitational acceleration and the angle between the pendulum and vertically downwards. In this system there is a conserved quantity H (the Hamiltonian), which is given by
With this defined, one can plot a curve of constant H in the phase space of system. The phase space is a graph with along the horizontal axis and on the vertical axis – see the thumbnail to the right. The type of resulting curve depends upon the value of H.
If then no curve exists (because must be imaginary).
If then the curve will be a simple closed curve which is nearly circular for small H and becomes "eye" shaped when H approaches the upper bound. These curves correspond to the pendulum swinging periodically from side to side.
If then the curve is open, and this corresponds to the pendulum forever swinging through complete circles.
In this system the separatrix is the curve that corresponds to . It separates — hence the name — the phase space into two distinct areas, each with a distinct type of motion. The region inside the separatrix has all those phase space curves which correspond to the pendulum oscillating back and forth, whereas the region outside the separatrix has all the phase space curves which correspond to the pendul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Bongard
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Josh Bongard is a professor at the University of Vermont and a 2010 PECASE awardee.
He attended Northern Secondary School in Toronto, and received his bachelor's degree in Computer Science from McMaster University ('97), Canada, his master's degree from the University of Sussex, UK, and his PhD from the University of Zurich (1999–2003), Switzerland. He served as a postdoctoral associate under Hod Lipson in the Computational Synthesis Laboratory at Cornell University in the United States from 2003 to 2006.
He is the co-author of the popular science book entitled "How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence", MIT Press, November 2006. (With Rolf Pfeifer) . He is also the co-author of "Designing Intelligence: Why Brains Aren't Enough" (with Rolf Pfeifer and Don Berry) .
In 2007, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
Selected publications
Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2020) A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, .
Bongard J. (2011) Morphological change in machines accelerates the evolution of robust behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, .
Bongard J. and Lipson H. (2007) Automated reverse engineering of nonlinear dynamical systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(24): 9943-9948.
Bongard, J., Zykov, V., Lipson, H. (2006) Resilient machines t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Braine%20%28philosopher%29
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David Braine (2 September 1940 – 17 February 2017) was a British analytic philosopher with interests in analytic philosophy of religion and metaphysics, who sought to marry the techniques and insights of analytical philosophy and phenomenology to the metaphysics of classical Thomism. His The Reality of Time and the Existence of God set out to prove the existence of God from the fact that the world enjoys continuity in time. He argued that nothing in the world could be the cause of this continuity, whence God came into the picture.
His book The Human Person: Animal and Spirit attempts to provide a philosophical analysis of human beings which makes life after death possible.
Due to a car accident in 1977, he became paralyzed from the chest down. Braine was opposed to the legalization of euthanasia, and based some of that opposition on his own personal experience of living with a disability.
Braine was an important, if insufficiently well-known, contributor to the renaissance of analytical philosophy of religion. His work addressed issues including the nature of God's presence in the world, secondary causation, and the compatibility between an eternal God and the idea that God created time.
Biography
Braine attended Magdalen College, Oxford University, where he was influenced by the analytic philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe. At Oxford, he completed Honour Moderations in Physics (1959) and degrees in history (B.A.1962; M.A. 1965) and Philosophy (B.Phil. 1965). From 1965 to 198
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%20antenna%20ion%20source
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An RF antenna ion source (or radio frequency antenna ion source) is an internal multi-cusp design that can produce a particle beam of about ~30 to 40 mA current. It is used in high energy particle physics and in accelerator laboratories.
Previous RF antennas would penetrate the porcelain enamel coating on the antenna section at high RF power. This problem has been corrected in the development stage with a ten layer coating of titanium dioxide, with approximately 1 mm thick coating.
With the development of the RF antenna ion source, or "non-thermionic ion source," the ion source has an advantage over conventional cold cathodes and hot filament ion sources. The filament continuously burns out over time with a shorter lifespan, requiring venting of the ion source to atmosphere and rebuilding of the ion source.
See also
Ion source
Particle accelerator
External links
Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory Improvement of the lifetime of radio frequency antenna
Particle physics
Accelerator physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprime
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In mathematics, an interprime is the average of two consecutive odd primes. For example, 9 is an interprime because it is the average of 7 and 11. The first interprimes are:
4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 26, 30, 34, 39, 42, 45, 50, 56, 60, 64, 69, 72, 76, 81, 86, 93, 99, ...
Interprimes cannot be prime themselves (otherwise the primes would not have been consecutive).
There are infinitely many primes and therefore also infinitely many interprimes. The largest known interprime may be the 388342-digit n = 2996863034895 · 21290000, where n + 1 is the largest known twin prime.
See also
Prime gap
Twin primes
Cousin prime
Sexy prime
Balanced prime – a prime number with equal-sized prime gaps above and below it
References
Integer sequences
Prime numbers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive%20effect
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In chemistry, the inductive effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond.
It is present in a σ (sigma) bond, unlike the electromeric effect which is present in a π (pi) bond.
The halogen atoms in an alkyl halide are electron withdrawing while the alkyl groups have electron donating tendencies. If the electronegative atom (missing an electron, thus having a positive charge) is then joined to a chain of atoms, usually carbon, the positive charge is relayed to the other atoms in the chain. This is the electron-withdrawing inductive effect, also known as the -I effect. In short, alkyl groups tend to donate electrons, leading to the +I effect. Its experimental basis is the ionization constant. It is distinct from and often opposite to the mesomeric effect.
Bond polarization
Covalent bonds can be polarized depending on the relative electronegativity of the two atoms forming the bond. The electron cloud in a σ-bond between two unlike atoms is not uniform and is slightly displaced towards the more electronegative of the two atoms. This causes a permanent state of bond polarization, where the more electronegative atoms has a fractional negative charge (δ–) and the less electronegative atom has a fractional positive charge (δ+).
For example, the water molecule has an electronegative oxygen atom that attracts a negative charge. This is indic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Fox%20Keller
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Evelyn Fox Keller (March 20, 1936 – September 22, 2023) was an American physicist, author, and feminist. She was Professor Emerita of History and Philosophy of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Keller's early work concentrated at the intersection of physics and biology. Her subsequent research focused on the history and philosophy of modern biology and on gender and science.
Biography
Born in Jackson Heights, Queens to Jewish immigrants from Russia, Keller grew up in Woodside, Queens. She received her B.A. in physics from Brandeis University in 1957 and continued her studies in theoretical physics at Harvard University graduating with a Ph.D. in 1963. She became interested in molecular biology during a visit to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory while completing her Ph.D. dissertation. Keller has also taught at Northeastern University, Cornell University, University of Maryland, Northwestern University, Princeton University, State University of New York at Purchase, New York University and in the department of rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley. Her early work in science was encouraged by her brother Maurice Sanford Fox.
In 2007 Keller sat on the USA advisory board of FFIPP (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA), a network of Palestinian, Israeli, and International faculty, and students, working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace. When she won the Israeli Dan David Prize in 2018, she publicly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odious%20number
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In number theory, an odious number is a positive integer that has an odd number of 1s in its binary expansion. Non-negative integers that are not odious are called evil numbers.
In computer science, an odious number is said to have odd parity.
Examples
The first odious numbers are:
Properties
If denotes the th odious number (with ), then for all , .
Every positive integer has an odious multiple that is at most . The numbers for which this bound is tight are exactly the Mersenne numbers with even exponents, the numbers of the form , such as 3, 15, 63, etc. For these numbers, the smallest odious multiple is exactly .
Related sequences
The odious numbers give the positions of the nonzero values in the Thue–Morse sequence. Every power of two is odious, because its binary expansion has only one nonzero bit. Except for 3, every Mersenne prime is odious, because its binary expansion consists of an odd prime number of consecutive nonzero bits.
Non-negative integers that are not odious are called evil numbers. The partition of the non-negative integers into the odious and evil numbers is the unique partition of these numbers into two sets that have equal multisets of pairwise sums.
References
External links
Integer sequences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20C.%20Comfort
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Nathaniel Charles Comfort is an American historian specializing in the history of biology. He is an associate professor in the Institute of the History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. In 2015, he was appointed the third Baruch S. Blumberg NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology at the Library of Congress John W. Kluge Center. He also serves on the advisory council of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence).
Comfort is best known for his 2001 biography of Barbara McClintock, The Tangled Field: Barbara McClintock's Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control. He has been praised for his reinterpretation of the response to McClintock's work on controlling elements. His 2012 book The Science of Human Perfection examines the history of human and medical genetics in America. He has written about the development of gene editing and its relationship to the United States' eugenics movement. He is working on a history of the genomic revolution in origin-of-life research.
Education
Comfort received a B.A. in marine biology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1985. He received an M.S. in neurobiology and behavior from Cornell University in 1990. After working as a science writer at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, he completed his Ph.D. in history at Stony Brook University in 1997.
Career
Comfort was an associate professor of history and the deputy director at the Center for History of Recent Science at George Washington University from 1997 to 2003. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinyl%20palmitate
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Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol (vitamin A) and palmitic acid, with formula C36H60O2. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals.
An alternate spelling, retinol palmitate, which violates the -yl organic chemical naming convention for esters, is also frequently seen.
Biology
Animals use long-chain esters of vitamin A, most abundantly the palmitate form, as a form of vitamin A storage. The storage reaction is catalyzed by LRAT, and the inverse is catalyzed by REH. The esters are also intermediates in the visual cycle: RPE65 isomerizes the retinyl part to 11-cis-retinal.
Uses
Vitamin A palmitate is a common vitamin supplement, available in both oral and injectable forms for treatment of vitamin A deficiency, under the brand names Aquasol A, Palmitate A and many others. It is a constituent of intra ocular treatment for dry eyes at a concentration of 138 μg/g (VitA-Pos) by Ursapharm. It is a pre-formed version of vitamin A; therefore, the intake should not exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Overdosing preformed Vitamin A forms such as retinyl palmitate leads to adverse physiological reactions (hypervitaminosis A).
Retinyl palmitate is used as an antioxidant and a source of vitamin A added to low fat milk and other dairy products to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat. Palmitate is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, retinol, in order to make vitamin A stable in milk.
Retin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%E2%80%93Webb%E2%80%93Rubin%20equation
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The Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation (BWR), named after Manson Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, is an equation of state used in fluid dynamics. Working at the research laboratory of the M. W. Kellogg Company, the three researchers rearranged the Beattie–Bridgeman equation of state and increased the number of experimentally determined constants to eight.
The original BWR equation
,
where is the molar density.
The BWRS equation of state
A modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Professor Kenneth E. Starling of the University of Oklahoma:
,
where is the molar density. The 11 mixture parameters (, , etc.) are calculated using the following relations
where and are indices for the components, and the summations go over all components. , , etc. are the parameters for the pure components for the th component, is the mole fraction of the th component, and is an interaction parameter.
Values of the various parameters for 15 substances can be found in Starling's Fluid Properties for Light Petroleum Systems..
The modified BWR equation (mBWR)
A further modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Jacobsen and Stewart:
where:
The mBWR equation subsequently evolved into a 32 term version (Younglove and Ely, 1987) with numerical parameters determined by fitting the equation to empirical data for a reference fluid. Other fluids then are described by using reduced variables for temperature and density.
See also
Real gas
References
Fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20Luz%20Alegr%C3%ADa
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Rosa Luz Alegría Escamilla (born 1949) is a Mexican physicist who was the first woman to serve in the Mexican Executive Cabinet.
Alegría studied physics in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). During her time at the university she got involved with UNAM's Consejo General de Huelga ("General Strike Council", CGH).
During Luis Echeverría's presidency she started to work in the public service. President José López Portillo appointed her under-secretary of planning and budget (Subsecretaria de Programación y Presupuesto), and later, on August 13, 1980, she was appointed Secretary of Tourism, becoming the first female Secretary of State in Mexico.
Alegria's appointment as Secretary of State occurred in an administration famous for nepotism.
References
1949 births
Living people
20th-century Mexican physicists
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Mexican Secretaries of Tourism
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Politicians from Mexico City
Women Secretaries of State of Mexico
20th-century Mexican politicians
20th-century Mexican women politicians
20th-century Mexican women scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%27s%20butterfly
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In condensed matter physics, Hofstadter's butterfly is a graph of the spectral properties of non-interacting two-dimensional electrons in a perpendicular magnetic field in a lattice. The fractal, self-similar nature of the spectrum was discovered in the 1976 Ph.D. work of Douglas Hofstadter and is one of the early examples of modern scientific data visualization. The name reflects the fact that, as Hofstadter wrote, "the large gaps [in the graph] form a very striking pattern somewhat resembling a butterfly."
The Hofstadter butterfly plays an important role in the theory of the integer quantum Hall effect and the theory of topological quantum numbers.
History
The first mathematical description of electrons on a 2D lattice, acted on by a perpendicular homogeneous magnetic field, was studied by Rudolf Peierls and his student R. G. Harper in the 1950s.
Hofstadter first described the structure in 1976 in an article on the energy levels of Bloch electrons in perpendicular magnetic fields. It gives a graphical representation of the spectrum of Harper's equation at different frequencies. One key aspect of the mathematical structure of this spectrum – the splitting of energy bands for a specific value of the magnetic field, along a single dimension (energy) – had been previously mentioned in passing by Soviet physicist Mark Azbel in 1964 (in a paper cited by Hofstadter), but Hofstadter greatly expanded upon that work by plotting all values of the magnetic field against all energy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Halpern
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Joseph Yehuda Halpern (born 1953) is an Israeli-American professor of computer science at Cornell University. Most of his research is on reasoning about knowledge and uncertainty.
Biography
Halpern graduated in 1975 from University of Toronto with a B.S. in mathematics. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard University in 1981 under the supervision of Albert R. Meyer and Gerald Sacks. He has written three books, Actual Causality, Reasoning about Uncertainty, and Reasoning About Knowledge and is a winner of the 1997 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science and the 2009 Dijkstra Prize in distributed computing.
From 1997 to 2003, he was editor-in-chief of the Journal of the ACM.
In 2002, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and in 2012 he was selected as an IEEE Fellow.
In 2011, he was awarded a Senior Fellowship of the Zukunftskolleg at the University of Konstanz.
In 2019, Halpern was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for methods of reasoning about knowledge, belief, and uncertainty and their applications to distributed computing and multiagent systems.
Halpern is also the administrator for the Computing Research Repository, the computer science branch of arXiv.org, and the moderator for the "general literature" and "other" subsections of the repository.
His students include Nir Friedman, Daphne Koller, and Yoram Moses.
References
External links
Joe Halpern's homepage
Google scholar profile
Cor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20root%20of%20a%20matrix
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In mathematics, the square root of a matrix extends the notion of square root from numbers to matrices. A matrix is said to be a square root of if the matrix product is equal to .
Some authors use the name square root or the notation only for the specific case when is positive semidefinite, to denote the unique matrix that is positive semidefinite and such that (for real-valued matrices, where is the transpose of ).
Less frequently, the name square root may be used for any factorization of a positive semidefinite matrix as , as in the Cholesky factorization, even if . This distinct meaning is discussed in .
Examples
In general, a matrix can have several square roots. In particular, if then as well.
The 2×2 identity matrix has infinitely many square roots. They are given by
and
where are any numbers (real or complex) such that .
In particular if is any Pythagorean triple—that is, any set of positive integers such that , then
is a square root matrix of which is symmetric and has rational entries.
Thus
Minus identity has a square root, for example:
which can be used to represent the imaginary unit and hence all complex numbers using 2×2 real matrices, see Matrix representation of complex numbers.
Just as with the real numbers, a real matrix may fail to have a real square root, but have a square root with complex-valued entries.
Some matrices have no square root. An example is the matrix
While the square root of a nonnegative integer is either aga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler%20%28BEAM%29
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In BEAM robotics, a crawler is a robot that has a mode of locomotion by tracks or by transferring the robot's body on limbs or appendages. These do not drag parts of their body on the ground.
In the original paper "living machines" from 1995, two types of robots were introduced which was the Walkman (a simple crawler) and Spyder, which is a more elaborated legged robot. The difference between a walker and a crawler is, that the crawler is more primitive. It has robot legs and can move forward on the carpet but the legs don't have dedicated joints for articulated movements. Instead they are mounted directly on the robot's base.
The design of a crawler robot isn't specified in detail and each robot engineer is allowed to build their own version. Sometimes, crawling robots are equipped with dedicated microcontrollers plus a radio controlled chipset while in other implementations a minimalist approach is used. What all these robots have in common is, that they are following the philosophy of Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics which is about imitating biological bugs.
A possible alternative control over teleoperation is a nv network which is a specialized form of a central pattern generator. This is a pseudorandom number generator which is producing an oscillating signal. It moves the legs similar to a clockwork.
Genera
Turbots: Rolls over and over as a mode of locomotion via arms or flagella.
Inchworms: Driven mode of locomotion via the robot's body undulating;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20tensor
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Stress tensor may refer to:
Cauchy stress tensor, in classical physics
Stress deviator tensor, in classical physics
Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, in continuum mechanics
Viscous stress tensor, in continuum mechanics
Stress–energy tensor, in relativistic theories
Maxwell stress tensor, in electromagnetism
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor, in relativistic physics
See also
Stress (disambiguation)
Tensor (disambiguation)
Stress measures
Science disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%20indexing
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In computer science, a term index is a data structure to facilitate fast lookup of terms and clauses in a logic program, deductive database, or automated theorem prover.
Overview
Many operations in automatic theorem provers require search in huge collections of terms and clauses. Such operations typically fall into the following scheme. Given a collection of terms (clauses) and a query term (clause) , find in some/all terms related to according to a certain retrieval condition. Most interesting retrieval conditions are formulated as existence of a substitution that relates in a special way the query and the retrieved objects . Here is a list of retrieval conditions frequently used in provers:
term is unifiable with term , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
term is an instance of , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
term is a generalisation of , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
clause subsumes clause , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that is a subset/submultiset of
clause is subsumed by , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that is a subset/submultiset of
More often than not, we are actually interested in finding the appropriate
substitutions explicitly, together with the retrieved terms ,
rather than just in establishing existence of such substitutions.
Very often the sizes of term sets to be searched are large,
the retrieval calls are frequent and the retrieval condition test
is rather co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emyr%20Jones%20Parry
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Sir Emyr Jones Parry FLSW (born 21 September 1947) is a British retired diplomat. He is a former Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and former UK Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council.
Education
Jones Parry was educated at Gwendraeth Grammar School, and went on to take theoretical physics at University College Cardiff (where he was President of the Students' Union). Later, he gained a PhD degree in polymer physics at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.
Diplomatic career
Jones Parry joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1973 and his first posting was to the British High Commission in Ottawa as First Secretary (1974–79). He returned to the FCO to work in the European Community Department (Internal) for the period 1979–82. Following this he entered the Office of UK Representation to the European Community in Brussels as First Secretary (Energy) and then (Institutions) 1982–86. He followed this with a period as Deputy Head at the Office of the President of the European Parliament (1987–89), before again returning to the FCO as Head of European Community Department (External) (1989–93). His next overseas position was as Minister at the British Embassy in Madrid (1993–97), followed by the post of Deputy Political Director in the Foreign Office, where he was also responsible for Balkans and Aegean policy (1996–97).
His next position in 1997 was Director European Union during the 1998 United Kingdom Presidency of the Counc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93Nuttall%20law
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In nuclear physics, the Geiger–Nuttall law or Geiger–Nuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
The relationship also shows that half-lives are exponentially dependent on decay energy, so that very large changes in half-life make comparatively small differences in decay energy, and thus alpha particle energy. In practice, this means that alpha particles from all alpha-emitting isotopes across many orders of magnitude of difference in half-life, all nevertheless have about the same decay energy.
Formulated in 1911 by Hans Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall as a relation between the decay constant and the range of alpha particles in air, in its modern form the Geiger–Nuttall law is
where is the half-life, E the total kinetic energy (of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus), and A and B are coefficients that depend on the isotope's atomic number Z.
The law works best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass. The trend is still there for even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd nuclei but is not as pronounced.
Cluster decays
The Geiger–Nuttall law has even been extended to describe cluster decays,
decays where atomic nuclei larger than helium are released, e.g. silicon and carbon.
Derivation
A simple way to derive this law is to consider an alpha particle in the atomic nucleus as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITP
|
CITP may stand for:
Computers and networking - Entertainment control systems (Lighting / Media)
Controller Interface Transport Protocol, an open communications protocol for the integration of visualizers, lighting consoles and media servers
Law enforcement training
Criminal Investigator Training Program
Organizations
Center for Information Technology Policy at Princeton University
Professional certifications
Chartered IT Professional, a designation awarded by the British Computer Society for experienced ICT professionals
Certified Information Technology Professional, a credential granted by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants to members with technology expertise
Certified International Trade Professional, a designation awarded by the Forum for International Trade Training for experienced international trade professionals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMA
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MIMA may refer to:
Member of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
MiMA (building), an apartment building whose name means Middle of Manhattan, New York City, United States
Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, art gallery in Middlesbrough, England
Modern Improvisational Music Association, a public charity in New Jersey, United States
Multicultural and Indigenous Media Awards, former name of NSW Premier's Multicultural Communication Awards, Australia
Millennium Iconoclast Museum of Art, museum in Brussels
See also
Mima (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioner
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A conditioner is something that improves the quality of another item.
Conditioner may refer to:
Conditioner (chemistry)
Conditioner (farming)
Air conditioner
Fabric conditioner
Hair conditioner
Leather conditioner
Power conditioner
The apparatus that contains most of the resurfacing components on an ice resurfacer
See also
Condition (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm%20of%20a%20matrix
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In mathematics, a logarithm of a matrix is another matrix such that the matrix exponential of the latter matrix equals the original matrix. It is thus a generalization of the scalar logarithm and in some sense an inverse function of the matrix exponential. Not all matrices have a logarithm and those matrices that do have a logarithm may have more than one logarithm. The study of logarithms of matrices leads to Lie theory since when a matrix has a logarithm then it is in an element of a Lie group and the logarithm is the corresponding element of the vector space of the Lie algebra.
Definition
The exponential of a matrix A is defined by
.
Given a matrix B, another matrix A is said to be a matrix logarithm of .
Because the exponential function is not bijective for complex numbers (e.g. ), numbers can have multiple complex logarithms, and as a consequence of this, some matrices may have more than one logarithm, as explained below. If the matrix logarithm of exists and is unique, then it is written as in which case
Power series expression
If B is sufficiently close to the identity matrix, then a logarithm of B may be computed by means of the following power series:
.
Specifically, if , then the preceding series converges and .
Example: Logarithm of rotations in the plane
The rotations in the plane give a simple example. A rotation of angle α around the origin is represented by the 2×2-matrix
For any integer n, the matrix
is a logarithm of A.
⇔
where
…
qed.
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioner%20%28chemistry%29
|
In chemistry and materials science, a conditioner is a substance or process that improves the quality of a given material. Conditioning agents used in skincare products are also known as moisturizers, and usually are composed of various oils and lubricants. One method of their use is as a coating of the substrate to alter the feel and appearance. For cosmetic products, this effect is a temporary one but can help to protect skin and hair from further damage.
In cosmetic products the types of conditioning agents used are as follows:
Emollients, usually oils, fats, waxes or silicones, which are hydrophobic molecules of natural or synthetic origin that coat the skin or hair and provide an occlusive surface that helps prevent further loss of moisture as well as providing slip and lubricity
Humectants, typically polyols or glycols, that can hydrogen bond with water in the skin and hair and reduce water loss
Cationic surfactants or polymers that are substantive to the slightly negatively-charged skin and hair and provide a film on the hair that limits further damage
Fatty alcohols which are amphiphilic and provide a hydrophobic coating to skin and hair as well as building a lamellar structure in the cosmetic product that builds viscosity as well as improving product stability
See also
Chemical conditioning
References
Materials science
Cosmetics chemicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordtvedt%20effect
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In theoretical astrophysics, the Nordtvedt effect refers to the relative motion between the Earth and the Moon that would be observed if the gravitational self-energy of a body contributed differently to its gravitational mass than to its inertial mass. If observed, the Nordtvedt effect would violate the strong equivalence principle, which indicates that an object's movement in a gravitational field does not depend on its mass or composition. No evidence of the effect has been found.
The effect is named after Kenneth L. Nordtvedt, who first demonstrated that some theories of gravity suggest that massive bodies should fall at different rates, depending upon their gravitational self-energy.
Nordtvedt then observed that if gravity did in fact violate the strong equivalence principle, then the more-massive Earth should fall towards the Sun at a slightly different rate than the Moon, resulting in a polarization of the lunar orbit. To test for the existence (or absence) of the Nordtvedt effect, scientists have used the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment, which is capable of measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with near-millimetre accuracy. Thus far, the results have failed to find any evidence of the Nordtvedt effect, demonstrating that if it exists, the effect is exceedingly weak. Subsequent measurements and analysis to even higher precision have improved constraints on the effect. Measurements of Mercury's orbit by the MESSENGER Spacecraft have further refined t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity%20%28disambiguation%29
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Infinity (symbol: ) is a mathematical concept that is involved in almost all branches of mathematics, and used in many scientific and non-scientific areas.
Infinity or infinities may also refer to:
Infinity (philosophy), a related philosophical and metaphysical concept
Mathematics
Infinity symbol
Aleph number, symbols for representing different kinds of mathematical infinity
Axiom of infinity
Actual infinity
Buildings
The Infinity, a highrise condo in San Francisco, California, US
Infinity Tower (Dubai), former name of the Cayan Tower skyscraper in Dubai, UAE
Infinity Tower (Brisbane), a skyscraper in Australia
Tower Infinity, a skyscraper in Korea
Technology
BT Infinity, a broadband service in the United Kingdom provided by BT Retail
GTS Infinity, a celebrity Millennium-Class cruise ship
Infinity Firearms, a brand name of Strayer Voight Inc, manufacturer of M1911-styled pistols
Infinity Engine, a game engine used in several popular computer role-playing games
U-Turn Infinity, a German paraglider design
Organizations
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, now known as CBS Radio, one of the largest radio corporations in the United States
Infinity Systems, a manufacturer of loudspeakers
Infinity Power Chutes, an American aircraft manufacturer
Arts and entertainment
Infinity (1996 film), a biographical film starring Matthew Broderick as physicist Richard Feynman
Infinity (2023 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
Games
Infinity (role-playing game), a tab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCD%20domain
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In mathematics, a GCD domain is an integral domain R with the property that any two elements have a greatest common divisor (GCD); i.e., there is a unique minimal principal ideal containing the ideal generated by two given elements. Equivalently, any two elements of R have a least common multiple (LCM).
A GCD domain generalizes a unique factorization domain (UFD) to a non-Noetherian setting in the following sense: an integral domain is a UFD if and only if it is a GCD domain satisfying the ascending chain condition on principal ideals (and in particular if it is Noetherian).
GCD domains appear in the following chain of class inclusions:
Properties
Every irreducible element of a GCD domain is prime. A GCD domain is integrally closed, and every nonzero element is primal. In other words, every GCD domain is a Schreier domain.
For every pair of elements x, y of a GCD domain R, a GCD d of x and y and an LCM m of x and y can be chosen such that , or stated differently, if x and y are nonzero elements and d is any GCD d of x and y, then xy/d is an LCM of x and y, and vice versa. It follows that the operations of GCD and LCM make the quotient R/~ into a distributive lattice, where "~" denotes the equivalence relation of being associate elements. The equivalence between the existence of GCDs and the existence of LCMs is not a corollary of the similar result on complete lattices, as the quotient R/~ need not be a complete lattice for a GCD domain R.
If R is a GCD domain, then th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20class
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In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Euler class is a characteristic class of oriented, real vector bundles. Like other characteristic classes, it measures how "twisted" the vector bundle is. In the case of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold, it generalizes the classical notion of Euler characteristic. It is named after Leonhard Euler because of this.
Throughout this article is an oriented, real vector bundle of rank over a base space .
Formal definition
The Euler class is an element of the integral cohomology group
constructed as follows. An orientation of amounts to a continuous choice of generator of the cohomology
of each fiber relative to the complement of zero. From the Thom isomorphism, this induces an orientation class
in the cohomology of relative to the complement of the zero section . The inclusions
where includes into as the zero section, induce maps
The Euler class e(E) is the image of u under the composition of these maps.
Properties
The Euler class satisfies these properties, which are axioms of a characteristic class:
Functoriality: If is another oriented, real vector bundle and is continuous and covered by an orientation-preserving map , then . In particular, .
Whitney sum formula: If is another oriented, real vector bundle, then the Euler class of their direct sum is given by
Normalization: If possesses a nowhere-zero section, then .
Orientation: If is with the opposite orientation, then .
Note that "Norm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robion%20Kirby
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Robion Cromwell Kirby (born February 25, 1938) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who specializes in low-dimensional topology. Together with Laurent C. Siebenmann he developed the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant for classifying the piecewise linear structures on a topological manifold. He also proved the fundamental result on the Kirby calculus, a method for describing 3-manifolds and smooth 4-manifolds by surgery on framed links. Along with his significant mathematical contributions, he has over 50 doctoral students and is the editor of an influential problem list.
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1965, with thesis "Smoothing Locally Flat Imbeddings" written under the direction of . He soon became an assistant professor at UCLA. While there he developed his "torus trick" which enabled him to solve, in dimensions greater than four (with additional joint work with Siebenmann), four of John Milnor's seven most important problems in geometric topology.
In 1971, he was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry by the American Mathematical Society.
In 1995 he became the first mathematician to receive the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences for his problem list in low-dimensional topology. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2001. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Kirby is also the President of Mathematical Sciences Publishers, a small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20quadric
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In mathematics, the lines of a 3-dimensional projective space, S, can be viewed as points of a 5-dimensional projective space, T. In that 5-space, the points that represent each line in S lie on a quadric, Q known as the Klein quadric.
If the underlying vector space of S is the 4-dimensional vector space V, then T has as the underlying vector space the 6-dimensional exterior square Λ2V of V. The line coordinates obtained this way are known as Plücker coordinates.
These Plücker coordinates satisfy the quadratic relation
defining Q, where
are the coordinates of the line spanned by the two vectors u and v.
The 3-space, S, can be reconstructed again from the quadric, Q: the planes contained in Q fall into two equivalence classes, where planes in the same class meet in a point, and planes in different classes meet in a line or in the empty set. Let these classes be and . The geometry of S is retrieved as follows:
The points of S are the planes in C.
The lines of S are the points of Q.
The planes of S are the planes in C’.
The fact that the geometries of S and Q are isomorphic can be explained by the isomorphism of the Dynkin diagrams A3 and D3.
References
Albrecht Beutelspacher & Ute Rosenbaum (1998) Projective Geometry : from foundations to applications, page 169, Cambridge University Press
Arthur Cayley (1873) "On the superlines of a quadric surface in five-dimensional space", Collected Mathematical Papers 9: 79–83.
Felix Klein (1870) "Zur Theorie der Linie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane%20partition
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In mathematics and especially in combinatorics, a plane partition is a two-dimensional array of nonnegative integers (with positive integer indices i and j) that is nonincreasing in both indices. This means that
and for all i and j.
Moreover, only finitely many of the may be nonzero. Plane partitions are a generalization of partitions of an integer.
A plane partition may be represented visually by the placement of a stack of unit cubes above the point (i, j) in the plane, giving a three-dimensional solid as shown in the picture. The image has matrix form
Plane partitions are also often described by the positions of the unit cubes. From this point of view, a plane partition can be defined as a finite subset of positive integer lattice points (i, j, k) in , such that if (r, s, t) lies in and if satisfies , , and , then (i, j, k) also lies in .
The sum of a plane partition is
The sum describes the number of cubes of which the plane partition consists. Much interest in plane partitions concerns the enumeration of plane partitions in various classes. The number of plane partitions with sum n is denoted by PL(n). For example, there are six plane partitions with sum 3
so PL(3) = 6.
Plane partitions may be classified by how symmetric they are. Many symmetric classes of plane partitions are enumerated by simple product formulas.
Generating function of plane partitions
The generating function for PL(n) is
.
It is sometimes referred to as the MacMahon function, as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHE
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DHE can refer to:
Dhe (Cyrillic)
Dihydroergotamine
Design Human Engineering, a methodology of psychological influence developed by Richard Bandler
Diffie–Hellman key exchange, a method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Dynamic hydrogen electrode, a reference electrode in electrochemistry
DHE, a Spanish-dubbed movie channel which is broadcast in Latin America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiap%20Research%20Institute
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The Idiap Research Institute is a semi-private non-profit research institute at Martigny in the canton of Valais, in south-western Switzerland. It conducts research in the areas of speech processing, computer vision, information retrieval, biometric authentication, multimodal interaction and machine learning. The institute is affiliated with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and with the Université de Genève.
History
The institute was founded as the Istituto Dalle Molle di Intelligenza Artificiale Percettiva () in 1991 by the Italian entrepreneur Angelo Dalle Molle through the Fondation Dalle Molle, in collaboration with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne and with local, cantonal and federal government bodies. Its purpose was to investigate the application of artificial intelligence to human perception in general, and to recognition and analysis of patterns in particular. In 1996, with the participation of the town of Martigny, the canton of Valais, the EPFL, the University of Geneva and Swisscom, it became a research foundation independent of the Dalle Molle foundation, and shortly after changed its name to Idiap Research Institute.
Idiap is one of the four Swiss research organisations founded by the Dalle Molle foundation, of which three are in the field of artificial intelligence.
Research
Idiap was home to the National Centre of Competence in Research IM2 project on "Interactive Multimodal Information Management".
In addition, notable pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20de%20la%20Francophonie%20pour%20l%27Informatique
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The Institut de la Francophonie pour l'Informatique (IFI), French for the "Computer Science Institute for the Francophonie", is a graduate school in computer science in Vietnam.
It was created and funded by the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) in 1995 following a request from the Vietnamese government for the training of high-level Vietnamese engineers and college professors in computer science. The countries and regions funding the project are Wallonia, Belgium; Québec, Canada; France; French-speaking Switzerland; and Luxembourg.
IFI recruits its students in Vietnam and other French-speaking countries. Professors at the member universities of the AUF (such as ENST Paris, Université catholique de Louvain, UQAM, etc.) come to IFI to give lectures. All courses are conducted in French.
Usually, the final internship then takes place abroad (Europe or Canada) in industries, universities or research laboratories. Research internships are often used as a bridge toward a PhD. Industrial internships are taken by those who seek the profile of a project leader in software development.
IFI is considered one of the best graduate schools in computer science in Vietnam. About one third of its students continue their PhD in foreign universities; many become professors or founders of software companies in Vietnam.
External links
Official Website
Student's Magazine
Universities in Hanoi
Francophonie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Ludwig%20Raabe
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Joseph Ludwig Raabe (15 May 1801 in Brody, Galicia – 22 January 1859 in Zürich, Switzerland) was a Swiss mathematician.
Life
As his parents were quite poor, Raabe was forced to earn his living from a very early age by giving private lessons. He began to study mathematics in 1820 at the Polytechnicum in Vienna, Austria. In the autumn of 1831, he moved to Zürich, where he became professor of mathematics in 1833. In 1855, he became professor at the newly founded Swiss Polytechnicum.
He is best known for Raabe's ratio test, an extension of d'Alembert's ratio test. Raabe's test serves to determine the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, in some cases. He is also known for the Raabe integral of the gamma function:
Publications
Differential- und Integralrechnung (3 volumes) (Zürich, 1839–1847)
Mathematische Mitteilungen (2 volumes) (1857-1858)
References
1801 births
1859 deaths
People from Brody
Swiss mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination%20%28biology%29
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Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare (glueing to).
Agglutination is a reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps usually as a response to a specific antibody.
This occurs in biology in two main examples:
The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. This increases the efficacy of microbial elimination by phagocytosis as large clumps of bacteria can be eliminated in one pass, versus the elimination of single microbial antigens.
When people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group, the antibodies react with the incorrectly transfused blood group and as a result, the erythrocytes clump up and stick together causing them to agglutinate. The coalescing of small particles that are suspended in a solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated.
In immunohematology
Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination is the process by which red blood cells agglutinate, meaning clump or clog. The agglutin involved in hemagglutination is called hemagglutinin. In cross-matching, donor red blood cells and the recipient's serum or plasma are incubated together. If agglutination occurs, this indicates that the donor and recipient blood types are incompatible.
When a person produces antibodies aga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-algebraically%20closed%20field
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In mathematics, a field F is called quasi-algebraically closed (or C1) if every non-constant homogeneous polynomial P over F has a non-trivial zero provided the number of its variables is more than its degree. The idea of quasi-algebraically closed fields was investigated by C. C. Tsen, a student of Emmy Noether, in a 1936 paper ; and later by Serge Lang in his 1951 Princeton University dissertation and in his 1952 paper . The idea itself is attributed to Lang's advisor Emil Artin.
Formally, if P is a non-constant homogeneous polynomial in variables
X1, ..., XN,
and of degree d satisfying
d < N
then it has a non-trivial zero over F; that is, for some xi in F, not all 0, we have
P(x1, ..., xN) = 0.
In geometric language, the hypersurface defined by P, in projective space of degree , then has a point over F.
Examples
Any algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed. In fact, any homogeneous polynomial in at least two variables over an algebraically closed field has a non-trivial zero.
Any finite field is quasi-algebraically closed by the Chevalley–Warning theorem.
Algebraic function fields of dimension 1 over algebraically closed fields are quasi-algebraically closed by Tsen's theorem.
The maximal unramified extension of a complete field with a discrete valuation and a perfect residue field is quasi-algebraically closed.
A complete field with a discrete valuation and an algebraically closed residue field is quasi-algebraically closed by a result of Lan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20robotics
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Cognitive Robotics or Cognitive Technology is a subfield of robotics concerned with endowing a robot with intelligent behavior by providing it with a processing architecture that will allow it to learn and reason about how to behave in response to complex goals in a complex world. Cognitive robotics may be considered the engineering branch of embodied cognitive science and embodied embedded cognition, consisting of Robotic Process Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Optical Character Recognition, Image Processing, Process Mining, Analytics, Software Development and System Integration.
Core issues
While traditional cognitive modeling approaches have assumed symbolic coding schemes as a means for depicting the world, translating the world into these kinds of symbolic representations has proven to be problematic if not untenable. Perception and action and the notion of symbolic representation are therefore core issues to be addressed in cognitive robotics.
Starting point
Cognitive robotics views human or animal cognition as a starting point for the development of robotic information processing, as opposed to more traditional Artificial Intelligence techniques. Target robotic cognitive capabilities include perception processing, attention allocation, anticipation, planning, complex motor coordination, reasoning about other agents and perhaps even about their own mental states. Robotic cognition embodies the behavior of intelligent agents in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20efficiency
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Coding efficiency may refer to:
In computing
Data compression efficiency
Algorithmic efficiency
In biology
Efficient coding hypothesis
See also
Efficiency (disambiguation)
Coding (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time%20algorithm%20specialization
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In computer science, run-time algorithm specialization is a methodology for creating efficient algorithms for costly computation tasks of certain kinds. The methodology originates in the field of automated theorem proving and, more specifically, in the Vampire theorem prover project.
The idea is inspired by the use of partial evaluation in optimising program translation.
Many core operations in theorem provers exhibit the following pattern.
Suppose that we need to execute some algorithm in a situation where a value of is fixed for potentially many different values of . In order to do this efficiently, we can try to find a specialization of for every fixed , i.e., such an algorithm , that executing is equivalent to executing .
The specialized algorithm may be more efficient than the generic one, since it can exploit some particular properties of the fixed value . Typically, can avoid some operations that would have to perform, if they are known to be redundant for this particular parameter .
In particular, we can often identify some tests that are true or false for , unroll loops and recursion, etc.
Difference from partial evaluation
The key difference between run-time specialization and partial evaluation is that the values of on which is specialised are not known statically, so the specialization takes place at run-time.
There is also an important technical difference. Partial evaluation is applied to algorithms explicitly represented as codes in some programm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian%20topological%20space
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In mathematics, a Noetherian topological space, named for Emmy Noether, is a topological space in which closed subsets satisfy the descending chain condition. Equivalently, we could say that the open subsets satisfy the ascending chain condition, since they are the complements of the closed subsets. The Noetherian property of a topological space can also be seen as a strong compactness condition, namely that every open subset of such a space is compact, and in fact it is equivalent to the seemingly stronger statement that every subset is compact.
Definition
A topological space is called Noetherian if it satisfies the descending chain condition for closed subsets: for any sequence
of closed subsets of , there is an integer such that
Properties
A topological space is Noetherian if and only if every subspace of is compact (i.e., is hereditarily compact), and if and only if every open subset of is compact.
Every subspace of a Noetherian space is Noetherian.
The continuous image of a Noetherian space is Noetherian.
A finite union of Noetherian subspaces of a topological space is Noetherian.
Every Hausdorff Noetherian space is finite with the discrete topology.
Proof: Every subset of X is compact in a Hausdorff space, hence closed. So X has the discrete topology, and being compact, it must be finite.
Every Noetherian space X has a finite number of irreducible components. If the irreducible components are , then , and none of the components is contained in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance%20%28genetics%29
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In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates, reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does. Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it. Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does? In research, concordance is often discussed in the context of both members of a pair of twins. Twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in discovering causation via deconfounding, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus nurture).
In contrast, discordance occurs when a similar trait is not shared by the persons. Studies of twins have shown that genetic traits of monozygotic twins are fully concordant, whereas in dizygotic twins, half of genetic traits are concordant, while the other half are discordant. Discordant rates that are higher than concordant rates express the influence of the environment on twin traits.
Studies
A twin study compares the concordance rate of identical twins to that of frater
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20group%20%28disambiguation%29
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The term functional group may have several meanings:
Functional group, in organic chemistry, a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a molecule
Functional group (ecology), a collection of organisms
The Party of the Functional Groups, also known as Golkar, a political party in Indonesia
See also
Function (disambiguation)
Functional (disambiguation)
Group (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy%20and%20symplesiomorphy
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In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.
Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, and synapomorphy, all mean a trait shared between species because they share an ancestral species.
Apomorphic and synapomorphic characteristics convey much information about evolutionary clades and can be used to define taxa. However, plesiomorphic and symplesiomorphic characteristics cannot.
The term symplesiomorphy was introduced in 1950 by German entomologist Willi Hennig.
Examples
A backbone is a plesiomorphic trait shared by birds and mammals, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Birds and mammals share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. snakes, lizards, turtles, fish, frogs, all have backbones and none are either birds nor mammals.
Being a hexapod is plesiomorphic trait shared by ants and beetles, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Ants and beetles share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. bugs, flies, bees, aphids, and many more clades, all are hexapods and none are either ants nor beetles.
Elytra are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the beetle clade, Elytra are plesiomorphic between clades of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity
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Polarity may refer to:
Science
Electrical polarity, direction of electrical current
Polarity (mutual inductance), the relationship between components such as transformer windings
Polarity (projective geometry), in mathematics, a duality of order two
Polarity in embryogenesis, the animal and vegetal poles within a blastula
Cell polarity, differences in the shape, structure, and function of cells
Chemical polarity, in chemistry, a separation of electric charge
Magnetic polarity, north or south poles of a magnet
Polar reciprocation, a concept in geometry also known as polarity
Trilinear polarity, a concept in geometry of the triangle
Polarity of a literal, in mathematical logic
Humanities
Polarity (international relations), a description of the distribution of power within the international system
Polarity of gender, when a word takes the opposite grammatical gender than expected
Polarity item, in linguistics, the sensitiveness of some expression to negative or affirmative contexts
Affirmation and negation, also known as grammatical polarity
Sexual polarity, a concept of dualism between masculine and feminine
Other uses
Polarity (game), a board game
Polarity (Decrepit Birth album), 2010
Polarity (Norman album), 2003
Polarity (The Wedding album), 2007
See also
Polar (disambiguation)
Polarization (disambiguation)
Pole (disambiguation)
Dualism (disambiguation)
Symmetric bilinear form § Orthogonal polarities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxyl
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The hydroperoxyl radical, also known as the hydrogen superoxide, is the protonated form of superoxide with the chemical formula HO2, also written HOO•. This species plays an important role in the atmosphere and as a reactive oxygen species in cell biology.
Structure and reactions
The molecule has a bent structure.
The superoxide anion, , and the hydroperoxyl radical exist in equilibrium in aqueous solution:
+ H2O HO2 + OH−
The pKa of HO2 is 4.88. Therefore, about 0.3% of any superoxide present in the cytosol of a typical cell is in the protonated form.
It oxidizes nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide:
NO + HO2 → NO2 + HO
Reactive oxygen species in biology
Together with its conjugate base superoxide, hydroperoxyl is an important reactive oxygen species. Unlike , which has reducing properties, HO2 can act as an oxidant in a number of biologically important reactions, such as the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from tocopherol and polyunstaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer. As such, it may be an important initiator of lipid peroxidation.
Importance for atmospheric chemistry
Gaseous hydroperoxyl is involved in reaction cycles that destroy stratospheric ozone. It is also present in the troposphere, where it is essentially a byproduct of the oxidation of carbon monoxide and of hydrocarbons by the hydroxyl radical.
Because dielectric constant has a strong effect on pKa, and the dielectric constant of air is quite low, superoxide produced (photochemically) in the a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adragon%20De%20Mello
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Adragon De Mello (born October 8, 1976) graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz with a degree in computational mathematics in 1988, at age 11. At the time, he was the youngest college graduate in U.S. history, a record broken in 1994 by Michael Kearney. His early achievements may have been more due to endless hard work than to inherent intellectual capabilities.
Father's beliefs
Adragon was the only child of Cathy Gunn and Agustin Eastwood De Mello (1929–2003). His father planned an ideal life for a "boy genius" before Adragon was born; it included not only graduating from college early, but also getting a doctorate in physics by age 12, winning the Nobel Prize in Physics by age 16, being elected a senator by age 20 (US senators must be at least 30 years old), becoming president of the United States by age 26 (the minimum age set by the US Constitution is 35), then head of a world government by age 30, and chairman of an intergalactic government after that. Since his father had set the goal that his son would become a Nobel Prize winner by age 16, he obsessively pushed his son in mathematics and other academic subjects from an early age. For example, when doing math homework, his father insisted that he solve an equation five times, even when he got the correct answer on the first attempt.
His father also sought publicity for his son. In 1987, while at university, Adragon and his father were interviewed by Morley Safer on 60 Minutes II. They also appeare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatchard%20equation
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The Scatchard equation is an equation used in molecular biology to calculate the affinity and number of binding sites of a receptor for a ligand. It is named after the American chemist George Scatchard.
Equation
Throughout this article, [RL] denotes the concentration of a receptor-ligand complex, [R] the concentration of free receptor, and [L] the concentration of free ligand (so that the total concentration of the receptor and ligand are [R]+[RL] and [L]+[RL], respectively). Let n be the number of binding sites for ligand on each receptor molecule, and let represent the average number of ligands bound to a receptor. Let Kd denote the dissociation constant between the ligand and receptor. The Scatchard equation is given by
By plotting /[L] versus , the Scatchard plot shows that the slope equals to -1/Kd while the x-intercept equals the number of ligand binding sites n.
Derivation
n=1 Ligand
When each receptor has a single ligand binding site, the system is described by
with an on-rate (kon) and off-rate (koff) related to the dissociation constant through Kd=koff/kon. When the system equilibrates,
so that the average number of ligands bound to each receptor is given by
which is the Scatchard equation for n=1.
n=2 Ligands
When each receptor has two ligand binding sites, the system is governed by
At equilibrium, the average number of ligands bound to each receptor is given by
which is equivalent to the Scatchard equation.
General Case of n Ligands
For a receptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Davidoff
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Monte Davidoff (; born 1956) is an American computer programmer.
Davidoff is from Glendale, Wisconsin. He graduated from Nicolet High School in 1974, and went on to Harvard College, where he majored in applied mathematics, the department at Harvard that, at the time, included computer science. Davidoff also worked at WHRB, the college radio station, and graduated from Harvard in 1978.
A college dormmate of Bill Gates who had a summer job at Gates's new company Microsoft during college, Davidoff is best known for writing the Microsoft Binary Format floating-point arithmetic routines for Altair BASIC while he was at Harvard. The routines were subsequently reused in Microsoft BASIC products for other systems. He later worked at Honeywell Information Systems on the Multics project, Tandem Computers, Ready Systems, and Stratus Computer. Since 2000 he has consulted through his own company, Alluvial Software.
See also
Microsoft Binary Format
References
External links
Alluvial Software
2001 Interview with Davidoff in The Register
2022 Interview with Davidoff in the Floppy Days Vintage Computing Podcast
1956 births
Living people
People from Glendale, Wisconsin
American computer programmers
Harvard College alumni
Multics people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus%20Mathematical%20Monographs
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The Carus Mathematical Monographs is a monograph series published by the Mathematical Association of America. Books in this series are intended to appeal to a wide range of readers in mathematics and science.
Scope and audience
While the books are intended to cover nontrivial material, the emphasis is on exposition and clear communication rather than novel results and a systematic Bourbaki-style presentation. The webpage for the series states:
The exposition of mathematical subjects that the monographs contain are set forth in a manner comprehensible not only to teachers and students specializing in mathematics, but also to scientific workers in other fields. More generally, the monographs are intended for the wide circle of thoughtful people familiar with basic graduate or advanced undergraduate mathematics encountered in the study of mathematics itself or in the context of related disciplines who wish to extend their knowledge without prolonged and critical study of the mathematical journals and treatises.
Many of the books in the series have become classics in the genre of general mathematical exposition.
Series listing
Calculus of Variations, by G. A. Bliss (out of print)
Analytic Functions of a Complex Variable, by D. R. Curtiss (out of print)
Mathematical Statistics, by H. L. Rietz (out of print)
Projective Geometry, by J. W. Young (out of print)
A History of Mathematics in America before 1900, by D. E. Smith and Jekuthiel Ginsburg (out of print)
Fourier Series and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo
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Mondo (Italian, Ido, and Esperanto for world), may refer to:
People
Michael Mondo, Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer
Mondo Guerra, American fashion designer
Armand ”Mondo” Duplantis, Swedish pole vaulter
Computer science
Mondo Rescue, a GPL data backup and recovery software project
Mondo, a beta build of Microsoft Office 2010
Culture and entertainment
Fictional characters
Mondo (comics), a comic book character
Montgomery “Mondo” Brando, a character from the American animated sitcom Good Vibes
Mondo (Toshinden character), a character in the Battle Arena Toshinden fighting game series
King Mondo, the leader of the fictional Machine Empire and the main villain in Power Rangers: Zeo
Mondo Agake, a character from Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ
Mondo Gecko, a supporting character in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Mondo, a "professional bug-hunter" from the Aliens comic book series
Mondo Owada, a character from the video game Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc
Mondo Tatsumi, a character from the Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGo-V
Misao Mondo, a character from the Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger
Mondo Zappa, main character from the video game Killer Is Dead
The Mondo-Bot, a character in the fourth season of the animated TV series Samurai Jack
Film
Mondo Cane, a 1962 documentary film
Mondo film, a documentary film style named after the 1962 movie
Mondovino, a 2004 documentary film
Mondo (film), a 1995 drama directed by Tony Gatlif
Music
Mondo Generator, a US band
Mondo Gecko, is a Bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica%20Inc.
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Mathematica Inc., formerly Mathematica Policy Research, is an American research organization and consulting company headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey. The company provides data science, social science, and technological services for social policy initiatives. Mathematica employs approximately 1,600 researchers, analysts, technologists, and practitioners in nine offices across the United States: Princeton, New Jersey; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Washington, DC; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Woodlawn, Maryland; Tucson, Arizona and Oakland, California. In 2018, the company acquired EDI Global, a data research company based in the United Kingdom and Africa. Mathematica's clients include federal agencies, state and local governments, foundations, universities, private-sector companies, and international organizations.
History
Samuel G. Barton founded the Industrial Surveys Company in the late 1930s. His company later became Market Research Corporation of America. The latter formed a unit named Mathematica, which in 1969 "was spun off ... to allow for faster growth." Oskar Morgenstern was the first chairman of Mathematica, Inc.
Mathematica had three divisions:
Mathematica Products Group – best known for developing RAMIS (software).
MathTech, the company's technical and economic consulting group – "research projects and computer systems other than Ramis.".
Mathematica Policy Research (MPR). This unit's strength was in "social experiments and su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis
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In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. Lipogenesis encompasses both fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, with the latter being the process by which fatty acids are esterified to glycerol before being packaged into very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Fatty acids are produced in the cytoplasm of cells by repeatedly adding two-carbon units to acetyl-CoA. Triacylglycerol synthesis, on the other hand, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of cells by bonding three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule. Both processes take place mainly in liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, it also occurs to some extent in other tissues such as the gut and kidney. A review on lipogenesis in the brain was published in 2008 by Lopez and Vidal-Puig. After being packaged into VLDL in the liver, the resulting lipoprotein is then secreted directly into the blood for delivery to peripheral tissues.
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA and builds up by the addition of two-carbon units. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells while oxidative degradation occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase. The major sites of fatty acid synthesis are adipose tissue and the liver.
Triglyceride synthesis
Triglycer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz%20zeta%20function
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In mathematics, the Lefschetz zeta-function is a tool used in topological periodic and fixed point theory, and dynamical systems. Given a continuous map , the zeta-function is defined as the formal series
where is the Lefschetz number of the -th iterate of . This zeta-function is of note in topological periodic point theory because it is a single invariant containing information about all iterates of .
Examples
The identity map on has Lefschetz zeta function
where is the Euler characteristic of , i.e., the Lefschetz number of the identity map.
For a less trivial example, let be the unit circle, and let be reflection in the x-axis, that is, . Then has Lefschetz number 2, while is the identity map, which has Lefschetz number 0. Likewise, all odd iterates have Lefschetz number 2, while all even iterates have Lefschetz number 0. Therefore, the zeta function of is
Formula
If f is a continuous map on a compact manifold X of dimension n (or more generally any compact polyhedron), the zeta function is given by the formula
Thus it is a rational function. The polynomials occurring in the numerator and denominator are essentially the characteristic polynomials of the map induced by f on the various homology spaces.
Connections
This generating function is essentially an algebraic form of the Artin–Mazur zeta function, which gives geometric information about the fixed and periodic points of f.
See also
Lefschetz fixed-point theorem
Artin–Mazur zeta function
Ruelle zeta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicontinuity
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In mathematics, the notion of the continuity of functions is not immediately extensible to set-valued functions between two sets A and B.
The dual concepts of upper hemicontinuity and lower hemicontinuity facilitate such an extension.
A set-valued function that has both properties is said to be continuous in an analogy to the property of the same name for single-valued functions.
Roughly speaking, a function is upper hemicontinuous if when (1) a convergent sequence of points in the domain maps to a sequence of sets in the range which (2) contain another convergent sequence, then the image of the limiting point in the domain must contain the limit of the sequence in the range.
Lower hemicontinuity essentially reverses this, saying if a sequence in the domain converges, given a point in the range of the limit, then you can find a sub-sequence whose image contains a convergent sequence to the given point.
Upper hemicontinuity
A set-valued function is said to be upper hemicontinuous at the point if, for any open with , there exists a neighbourhood of such that for all is a subset of
Sequential characterization
For a set-valued function with closed values, if is upper hemicontinuous at then for all sequences in and all sequences such that
if and then
If B is compact, the converse is also true.
Closed graph theorem
The graph of a set-valued function is the set defined by
If is an upper hemicontinuous set-valued function with closed domain (that is, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated%20measure
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In mathematics, a measure is said to be saturated if every locally measurable set is also measurable. A set , not necessarily measurable, is said to be a if for every measurable set of finite measure, is measurable. -finite measures and measures arising as the restriction of outer measures are saturated.
References
Measures (measure theory)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20homotopy%20theory
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In mathematics, stable homotopy theory is the part of homotopy theory (and thus algebraic topology) concerned with all structure and phenomena that remain after sufficiently many applications of the suspension functor. A founding result was the Freudenthal suspension theorem, which states that given any pointed space , the homotopy groups stabilize for sufficiently large. In particular, the homotopy groups of spheres stabilize for . For example,
In the two examples above all the maps between homotopy groups are applications of the suspension functor. The first example is a standard corollary of the Hurewicz theorem, that . In the second example the Hopf map, , is mapped to its suspension , which generates .
One of the most important problems in stable homotopy theory is the computation of stable homotopy groups of spheres. According to Freudenthal's theorem, in the stable range the homotopy groups of spheres depend not on the specific dimensions of the spheres in the domain and target, but on the difference in those dimensions. With this in mind the k-th stable stem is
.
This is an abelian group for all k. It is a theorem of Jean-Pierre Serre that these groups are finite for . In fact, composition makes into a graded ring. A theorem of Goro Nishida states that all elements of positive grading in this ring are nilpotent. Thus the only prime ideals are the primes in . So the structure of is quite complicated.
In the modern treatment of stable homotopy theory,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pran%20Nath%20%28physicist%29
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Pran Nath is a theoretical physicist working at Northeastern University, with research focus in elementary particle physics. He holds a Matthews Distinguished University Professor chair.
Research
His main area of research is in the fields of supergravity and particle physics beyond the standard model. He is one of the originators of the first supergravity theory in 1975. In 1982 in collaboration with Richard Arnowitt and Ali Hani Chamseddine, he developed the field of Applied Supergravity and the supergravity grand unification popularly known as SUGRA or mSUGRA model for gravity mediated breaking of supersymmetry. SUGRA models, and specifically mSUGRA, are currently the leading candidates for discovery at the Fermilab Tevatron and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). He has contributed to further development of the field through studies of CP violation, predictions on muon anomalous moment gμ − 2 ahead of experiment,
supersymmetric dark matter, discovery of the hyperbolic branch of radiative breaking of the electroweak symmetry, and detection of supersymmetric signal at colliders via the so-called tri-leptonic signal. He has also made contribution to studies on stability of the proton in unified models. His early work concerns the invention of effective Lagrangian method, the first current algebra analysis of pion-pion scattering and solution to the notorious U(1) problem. His recent work has focused SO(10) grand unification, and on the Stueckelberg extensions of the S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Maine%20at%20Machias
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The University of Maine at Machias (UMaine Machias or UMM) is a public college in Machias, Maine. It is part of the University of Maine System. The institution was founded in 1909 as a normal school for educating teachers, and offers studies in recreation, English, education, social sciences, and physical sciences, including a marine biology program. Enrollment is 760 students.
History
The original name of school was the Washington State Normal School. It was later renamed to the University of Maine at Machias. The prior name is still evident in several locations on campus most prominently on Powers Hall.
In April 2016, the institution announced that it would enter into a partnership with the much larger University of Maine in Orono. The agreement included the sharing of administrators between the institutions.
Academics
The University of Maine at Machias offers 12 undergraduate majors.
Campus
The University of Maine at Machias is part of the University of Maine System. The university was founded in 1909. The campus occupies in rural downeast coastal Maine on the Machias River.
Student life
Activities
All student organizations are run independently through an elected process with oversight by a Student Senate. Students are responsible for meetings, financial organization, and group meetings and outings.
Additionally, there are a great deal of unofficial activities on campus, ranging from hallway sports to movie nights in the lounge. UMM offers a wide variety of activi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptor
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Descriptor may refer to:
An identifier
In computer science:
Billing descriptor, the merchant's name that appears on a credit card statement
Short Payment Descriptor, a compact data format for an easy exchange of a payment information using modern electronic channels
Data descriptor, a software or hardware structure describing data
Visual descriptors, a representation of visual features in image or video
Security descriptor, a Windows data structure containing security information
Segment descriptor, used for memory addressing in x86 computer architectures
Index term, also known as a "descriptor" in information retrieval
File descriptor, an abstract key for accessing a file
In chemistry:
Molecular descriptor, which helps characterize a chemical compound
Descriptor (chemistry), a prefix used to specify a chemical name
In languages:
Epithet, a descriptive term (word or phrase), accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio%20Cesar
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Julio César and Júlio César are the terms for Julius Caesar in Spanish and Portuguese languages respectively. They may also refer to:
Julio César Salas Municipality, Venezuela
Academics
Julio Cesar Firrufino (1578–1651), Spanish engineer and mathematician.
Júlio César de Mello e Souza (1895–1974), Brazilian writer and mathematics professor
Julio César Gutiérrez Vega, Mexican physicist
Julio César Jobet (1912–1980), Chilean historian
Entertainment
Julio Cesar Cedillo, Mexican-American actor
Music
Julio César Meza (born 1983), Colombian singer
Julio César Brero (1908–1973), Argentine composer
Politics
Julio César Arana (1864–1952), Peruvian politician
Julio César Franco (born 1951), Paraguayan politician
Julio César Godoy Toscano (born 1965), Mexican politician
Julio César Grauert (1902–1933), Uruguayan political figure
Julio César Méndez Montenegro (1915–1996), Guatemalan politician
Julio César Pereyra (born 1951), Mayor of Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Julio César Strassera (1933–2015), Argentine prosecutor during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas
Julio César Turbay Ayala (1916–2005), President of Colombia from 1978 to 1982
Julio César Gámez Interiano (born 1955), Honduran politician
Sport
Association football
Players
Júlio César (footballer, born 1956) (Júlio César da Silva Gurjol), Brazilian international striker
Júlio César (footballer, born 1963) (Júlio César da Silva), Brazilian international defender
Júlio César (footballer, born Novem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioCreative
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BioCreAtIvE (A critical assessment of text mining methods in molecular biology) consists in a community-wide effort for evaluating information extraction and text mining developments in the biological domain.
It was preceded by the Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) Challenge Cup for detection of gene mentions.
Community Challenges
First edition (2004-2005)
Three main tasks were posed at the first BioCreAtIvE challenge: the entity extraction task, the gene name normalization task, and the functional annotation of gene products task. The data sets produced by this contest serve as a Gold Standard training and test set to evaluate and train Bio-NER tools and annotation extraction tools.
Second edition (2006-2007)
The second BioCreAtIvE challenge (2006-2007) had also 3 tasks: detection of gene mentions, extraction of unique idenfiers for genes and extraction information related to physical protein-protein interactions. It counted with participation of 44 teams from 13 countries.
Third edition (2011-2012)
The third edition of BioCreative included for the first time the InterActive Task (IAT), designed to evaluate the practical usability of text mining tools in real-world biocuration tasks.
Fifth edition (2016)
BioCreative V had 5 different tracks, including an interactive task (IAT) for usability of text mining systems and a track using the BioC format for curating information for BioGRID.
See also
Biocuration
References
External links
BioCreAtIve, 2007-20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20computing
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Physical computing involves interactive systems that can sense and respond to the world around them. While this definition is broad enough to encompass systems such as smart automotive traffic control systems or factory automation processes, it is not commonly used to describe them. In a broader sense, physical computing is a creative framework for understanding human beings' relationship to the digital world. In practical use, the term most often describes handmade art, design or DIY hobby projects that use sensors and microcontrollers to translate analog input to a software system, and/or control electro-mechanical devices such as motors, servos, lighting or other hardware.
Physical computing intersects the range of activities often referred to in academia and industry as electrical engineering, mechatronics, robotics, computer science, and especially embedded development.
Examples
Physical computing is used in a wide variety of domains and applications.
Education
The advantage of physicality in education and playfulness has been reflected in diverse informal learning environments. The Exploratorium, a pioneer in inquiry based learning, developed some of the earliest interactive exhibitry involving computers, and continues to include more and more examples of physical computing and tangible interfaces as associated technologies progress.
Art
In the art world, projects that implement physical computing include the work of Scott Snibbe, Daniel Rozin, Rafael Lozano-Hemme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20covariant%20derivative
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In physics, the gauge covariant derivative is a means of expressing how fields vary from place to place, in a way that respects how the coordinate systems used to describe a physical phenomenon can themselves change from place to place. The gauge covariant derivative is used in many areas of physics, including quantum field theory and fluid dynamics and in a very special way general relativity.
If a physical theory is independent of the choice of local frames, the group of local frame changes, the gauge transformations, act on the fields in the theory while leaving unchanged the physical content of the theory. Ordinary differentiation of field components is not invariant under such gauge transformations, because they depend on the local frame. However, when gauge transformations act on fields and the gauge covariant derivative simultaneously, they preserve properties of theories that do not depend on frame choice and hence are valid descriptions of physics. Like the covariant derivative used in general relativity (which is special case), the gauge covariant derivative is an expression for a connection in local coordinates after choosing a frame for the fields involved, often in the form of index notation.
Overview
There are many ways to understand the gauge covariant derivative. The approach taken in this article is based on the historically traditional notation used in many physics textbooks. Another approach is to understand the gauge covariant derivative as a kind of c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium%28III%29%20trifluoromethanesulfonate
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Scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate, commonly called scandium triflate, is a chemical compound with formula Sc(SO3CF3)3, a salt consisting of scandium cations Sc3+ and triflate anions.
Scandium triflate is used as a reagent in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid. Compared to other Lewis acids, this reagent is stable towards water and can often be used in organic reactions as a true catalyst rather than one used in stoichiometric amounts. The compound is prepared by reaction of scandium oxide with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
An example of the scientific use of scandium triflate is the Mukaiyama aldol addition reaction between benzaldehyde and the silyl enol ether of cyclohexanone with an 81% yield.
See also
Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates
References
Scandium compounds
Triflates
Acid catalysts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20F.%20Jacobson
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Michael F. Jacobson (born July 29, 1943), who holds a Ph.D. in microbiology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is an American scientist and nutrition advocate.
Jacobson co-founded the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 1971, along with two fellow scientists (James B. Sullivan, Albert J. Fritsch) he met while working at the Center for the Study of Responsive Law in Washington, DC. When his colleagues left CSPI in 1977, Jacobson became its executive director. In 2017 he was replaced as the executive director by Peter Lurie and held the position of Senior Scientist; he remained on the board of directors of the organization until 2022. He has been a national leader in the movement for healthier diets, focusing both on education and obtaining laws and regulations. It was Jacobson who coined the now widely used phrases "junk food" and "food porn". In 2022 Jacobson founded the National Food Museum.
His activities and views
Jacobson and his organization have both publicized healthy diets and criticized a wide variety of foods and beverages as unhealthful. He and CSPI frequently use colorful terms to emphasize their opposition to certain foods, for instance referring to fettuccine alfredo as a "heart attack on a plate". In addition to publicizing concerns about or praise for foods, Jacobson lobbied for improvements in government (U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture) regulations and guidelines and for new legislation.
He found
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense%20%28disambiguation%29
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Nonsense is an utterance or written text that does not in fact carry any identifiable meaning.
Nonsense may also mean:
Abstract nonsense, a term used by mathematicians to describe certain kinds of arguments and concepts in category theory
Nonsense mutation, a term in genetics for a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon
Nonsense verse
"Nonsense", a song by Madeon featuring Mark Foster, from the album Adventure
"Nonsense (song), a song by Sabrina Carpenter from the album Emails I Can't Send
Nonsense (film), a 2016 film
See also
Fashionable Nonsense, a 1997 book by physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont
Non-science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Stephens%20%28statistician%29
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Matthew Stephens (born 1970) is a Bayesian statistician and professor in the departments of human genetics and statistics at the University of Chicago. He is known for the Li and Stephens model as an efficient coalescent.
Education
Stephens has a PhD from Magdalen College, Oxford University where his advisor was Brian D. Ripley. He then went on to work with Peter Donnelly as a postdoctoral researcher.
Career
Stephens conducted postdoctoral research with Peter Donnelly at the University of Oxford. It was there that he developed the Structure computer program, along with Jonathan Pritchard, whic is used for determining population structure and estimating individual admixture. He then went on to develop the influential Li and Stephens model as an efficient model for linkage disequilibrium.
Awards
Stephens was awarded the Guy Medal (bronze) in 2006. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2023.
Notes
1970 births
British statisticians
Population geneticists
Statistical geneticists
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Genetic epidemiologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert%20reaction
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In organic chemistry, the Arndt–Eistert reaction is the conversion of a carboxylic acid to its homologue. Named for the German chemists Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) and Bernd Eistert (1902–1978), the method entails treating an acid chlorides with diazomethane. It is a popular method of producing β-amino acids from α-amino acids.
Conditions
Aside from the acid chloride substrate, three reagents are required: diazomethane, water, and a metal catalyst. Each has been well investigated.
The diazomethane is required in excess so as to react with the HCl formed previously. Not taking diazomethane in excess results in HCl reacting with the diazoketone to form chloromethyl ketone and N2. Mild conditions allow this reaction to take place while not affecting complex or reducible groups in the reactant-acid.
The reaction requires the presence of a nucleophile (water). A metal catalyst is required. Usually Ag2O is chosen but other metals and even light effect the reaction.
Variants
The preparation of the beta-amino acid from phenylalanine illustrates the Arndt–Eistert synthesis carried out with the Newman–Beal modification, which involves the inclusion of triethylamine in the diazomethane solution. Either triethylamine or a second equivalent of diazomethane will scavenge HCl, avoiding the formation of α-chloromethylketone side-products.
Diazomethane is the traditional reagent, but analogues can also be applied. Diazomethane is toxic and potentially violently explosive, which has led
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20West%20%28chemist%29
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Robert Culbertson West Jr. (March 18, 1928 – October 12, 2022) was an American chemist.
West was an E. G. Rochow Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison; Director of the Organosilicon Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1999–20??; President, Silatronix, Inc. (2007–20??); Distinguished Professor, Yonsei University, 2007–2011. He died in Madison, Wisconsin on October 12, 2022, at the age of 94.
Education
West received his Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry from Cornell University in 1950, proceeding on to Harvard University where he received his Master of Arts in 1952 and Ph.D. in 1954. At Cornell, he was a member of the Quill and Dagger society.
Notable work
West was a chemist best known for his groundbreaking research in silicon chemistry as well as for his work with oxocarbons and organolithium compounds. In 2004, West was listed as one of the most cited scientists during the period 1981-1999, according to a citation survey by Thomson ISI. West's most well-known discovery was the synthesis of the first ever silicon-silicon double bond in 1981, a feat which broke the so-called "double-bond rule" (which stated that main group elements below row two of the periodic table could not form double bonds). West later discovered the first example of a stable silylene, a form of divalent silicon, acting as the silicon analog to the now catalytically important carbene. West also developed a new model for understanding rotations in polymers. W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Wold%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Cramér–Wold theorem in measure theory states that a Borel probability measure on is uniquely determined by the totality of its one-dimensional projections. It is used as a method for proving joint convergence results. The theorem is named after Harald Cramér and Herman Ole Andreas Wold.
Let
and
be random vectors of dimension k. Then converges in distribution to if and only if:
for each , that is, if every fixed linear combination of the coordinates of converges in distribution to the correspondent linear combination of coordinates of .
If takes values in , then the statement is also true with .
Footnotes
References
External links
Project Euclid: "When is a probability measure determined by infinitely many projections?"
Theorems in measure theory
Probability theorems
Convergence (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6%20Vartia
|
Yrjö O. Vartia (born June 3, 1946 in Helsinki, Finland) is the professor of econometrics in the Department of Political and Economic Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland.
Career
He received his B.S. (mathematics) in 1968 and his M.A. (statistics) in 1971 from the University of Helsinki and Licentiate of Philosophy and Ph.D. (statistics) from the University of Tampere, Finland in 1976. Associate professor of Statistics at the University of Helsinki in 1980. Professor of Statistics at the Helsinki School of Economics HSE in 1984 and professor of Economics (especially econometrics) at the University of Helsinki since 1987. He is student of Leo Törnqvist, the creator of the Törnqvist index.
Research on Index Numbers
Vartia is best known for his 1983 paper in Econometrica, Efficient Methods of Measuring Welfare Change and Compensated Income in Terms of Ordinary Demand Functions. It explains a numerical technique for solving a system of demand equations to derive the underlying utility function, i.e. for "calculating exact consumer welfare assuming the consumer faces a linear budget constraint". This is important because it greatly facilitates the measurement of changes in welfare, a major part of the work of economists.
More generally, Vartia's expertise is axiomatic index numbers, where he is known for his "consistency in aggregation" test and his discovery, along with Kazuo Sato of the "ideal log-change index", which utilised logarithms and logarithmic mean to defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Southon%20%28writer%29
|
Mike Southon is a British entrepreneur and author.
Education
Mike Southon was educated at Papplewick School, Ascot (where he was a contemporary of Richard Curtis) and Wellington College, Crowthorne (where in 1967 he met Chris West, who was to become his co-author).
He subsequently attended Imperial College London to read mechanical engineering, but left after a year. He worked at Tate & Lyle Research in Reading for a while and then went on to the University of Bradford to read chemical engineering and management economics.
Work
Southon was co-founder of The Instruction Set, a Unix training company, in 1984. Other co-founders were Peter Griffiths and Mike Banahan. The company grew to 150 people, then was bought out in 1989 by Hoskyns Group (now part of Capgemini).
During the 1990s, he was involved with 17 startup companies, including Riversoft and Micromuse, both of which had public floatations.
In 2002, he published The Beermat Entrepreneur with Chris West. This book criticises the approach to entrepreneurship taught in many business schools as excessively corporate, and instead presents a model whereby customers are found as quickly as possible and where formal business planning is only carried out once the entrepreneur is sure of the product and where it fits in the market.
The entrepreneur is presented as a specific kind of individual, with strengths and weaknesses (as opposed to models whereby entrepreneurship is seen as a set of behaviours that anyone can carry o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton%20effect
|
The Cotton effect in physics, is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance.
In a wavelength region where the light is absorbed, the absolute magnitude of the optical rotation at first varies rapidly with wavelength, crosses zero at absorption maxima and then again varies rapidly with wavelength but in the opposite direction. This phenomenon was discovered in 1895 by the French physicist Aimé Cotton (1869–1951).
The Cotton effect is called positive if the optical rotation first increases as the wavelength decreases (as first observed by Cotton), and negative if the rotation first decreases.
A protein structure such as a beta sheet shows a negative Cotton effect.
See also
Cotton–Mouton effect
References
Polarization (waves)
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20K%C3%BChne
|
Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (28 March 183710 June 1900) was a German physiologist. Born in Hamburg, he is best known today for coining the word enzyme in 1878.
Biography
Kühne was born at Hamburg on 28 March 1837. After attending the gymnasium in Lüneburg, he went to Göttingen, where his master in chemistry was Friedrich Wöhler and in physiology Rudolph Wagner. Having graduated in 1856, he studied under various famous physiologists, including Emil du Bois-Reymond at Berlin, Claude Bernard in Paris, and KFW Ludwig and EW von Brücke in Vienna.
At the end of 1863 he was put in charge of the chemical department of the pathological laboratory at Berlin, under Rudolf Virchow; in 1868 he was appointed professor of physiology at Amsterdam; and in 1871 he was chosen to succeed Hermann von Helmholtz in the same capacity at Heidelberg, where he died on 10 June 1900.
Works
Kühne's original work falls into two main groups, the physiology of muscle, and nerve, which occupied the earlier years of his life. In 1864 Kühne extracted a viscous protein from skeletal muscle that he held responsible for keeping the tension state in muscle. He called this protein myosin. He began to investigate the chemistry of digestion while at Berlin with Virchow. In 1876, he discovered the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin.
He was also known for his research on vision and the chemical changes occurring in the retina under the influence of light. Using the "visual purple" (or rhodopsin), described by Franz Christ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial
|
Medial may refer to:
Mathematics
Medial magma, a mathematical identity in algebra
Geometry
Medial axis, in geometry the set of all points having more than one closest point on an object's boundary
Medial graph, another graph that represents the adjacencies between edges in the faces of a plane graph
Medial triangle, the triangle whose vertices lie at the midpoints of an enclosing triangle's sides
Polyhedra:
Medial deltoidal hexecontahedron
Medial disdyakis triacontahedron
Medial hexagonal hexecontahedron
Medial icosacronic hexecontahedron
Medial inverted pentagonal hexecontahedron
Medial pentagonal hexecontahedron
Medial rhombic triacontahedron
Linguistics
A medial sound or letter is one that is found in the middle of a larger unit (like a word)
Syllable medial, a segment located between the onset and the rime of a syllable
In the older literature, a term for the voiced stops (like b, d, g)
Medial or second person demonstrative, a demonstrative indicating things near the addressee
Anatomy
Medial (anatomy), term of location meaning 'towards the centre'
Medial ligament (disambiguation), term used for various ligaments toward the midline of the human body
Medial rotation, rotation toward the centre of the body
See also
Medial border (disambiguation)
Medial plantar (disambiguation)
Medial wall (disambiguation)
Median (disambiguation)
Medial capitals or CamelCase, use of capital letters in the middle of a compound word or abbreviation
Mid vowel, a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20encapsulation
|
In supramolecular chemistry, molecular encapsulation is the confinement of a guest molecule inside the cavity of a supramolecular host molecule (molecular capsule, molecular container or cage compounds). Examples of supramolecular host molecule include carcerands and endohedral fullerenes.
Reactivity of guests
An important implication of encapsulation is that the guest behaves differently from the way it would when in solution. The guest molecule tends to be unreactive and often has distinctive spectroscopic signatures. Compounds normally highly unstable in solution, such as arynes or cycloheptatetraene, have been isolated at room temperature when molecularly encapsulated.
Examples
One of the first examples of encapsulating a structure at the molecular level was demonstrated by Donald Cram and coworkers; they were able to isolate highly unstable, antiaromatic cyclobutadiene at room temperature by encapsulating it within a hemicarcerand. Isolation of cyclobutadiene allowed chemists to experimentally confirm one of the most fundamental predictions of the rules of aromaticity.
In another example the cage consists of a gallium tetrahedral cluster compound stabilized by 6 bidentate catechol amide ligands residing at the tetrahedron edges. The guest is a 16 electron and thus very reactive ruthenium metallocene (an organometallic catalyst) with a cyclopentadienyl ligand (red) and a 1,3,7-octatriene ligand (blue). The total charge for this anion is 11 and the counterions are 5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20pressure
|
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.
Stagnation pressure is sometimes referred to as pitot pressure because the two pressures are numerically equal.
Magnitude
The magnitude of stagnation pressure can be derived from Bernoulli equation for incompressible flow and no height changes. For any two points 1 and 2:
The two points of interest are 1) in the freestream flow at relative speed where the pressure is called the "static" pressure, (for example well away from an airplane moving at speed ); and 2) at a "stagnation" point where the fluid is at rest with respect to the measuring apparatus (for example at the end of a pitot tube in an airplane).
Then
or
where:
is the stagnation pressure
is the fluid density
is the speed of fluid
is the static pressure
So the stagnation pressure is increased over the static pressure, by the amount which is called the "dynamic" or "ram" pressure because it results from fluid motion. In our airplane example, the stagnation pressure would be atmospheric pressure plus the dynamic pressure.
In compressible flow however, the fluid density is higher at the stagnation point than at the static point. Therefore, can't be used for the dynamic pressure. For many purposes in compressible flow
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy%20%28biology%29
|
In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns. In forest ecology, canopy refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.). The communities that inhabit the canopy layer are thought to be involved in maintaining forest diversity, resilience, and functioning. Shade trees normally have a dense canopy that blocks light from lower growing plants.
Observation
Early observations of canopies were made from the ground using binoculars or by examining fallen material. Researchers would sometimes erroneously rely on extrapolation by using more reachable samples taken from the understory. In some cases, they would use unconventional methods such as chairs suspended on vines or hot-air dirigibles, among others. Modern technology, including adapted mountaineering gear, has made canopy observation significantly easier and more accurate, allowed for longer and more collaborative work, and broadened the scope of canopy study.
Structure
Canopy structure is the organization or spatial arrangement (three-dimensional geometry) of a plant canopy. Leaf area index, leaf area per unit ground area, is a key measure used to understand and compare plant canopies. The canopy is taller than the understory layer. The canopy holds 90% of the animals in the rainforest. Canopies can cover vast distances and appear
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Class%20Railway%20Apprentice
|
Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) was a programme by which candidates are selected by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) India, to train in the undergraduate program in mechanical engineering at the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur. This programme started in 1927 and is one of the oldest in India.
In 2015, Railways decided to close down this examination after UPSC communicated that it was not inclined to continue conducting the examination. However, the Ministry of Finance in 2021, in its report on the rationalisation of Indian Railways has recommended to start conducting the exam again stating that Indian Railways requires specialised training and skills beyond what is part of a regular graduation program.
Under Graduate Course
The Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) program is one of the country's first engineering examination, and admissions have been hotly contested, with as many as 2,500,000 candidates taking the entrance examination, now conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), for about 20 to 30 seats. The examination comprises written tests in mathematics, physics, chemistry, English language, general knowledge, and a psychological test (mental ability). The selected candidates are called for an interview, which is followed by a medical examination.
The selected candidates undergo a four-year training programme in mechanical engineering, for which the Institute has a Memorandum of Understand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtered%20algebra
|
In mathematics, a filtered algebra is a generalization of the notion of a graded algebra. Examples appear in many branches of mathematics, especially in homological algebra and representation theory.
A filtered algebra over the field is an algebra over that has an increasing sequence of subspaces of such that
and that is compatible with the multiplication in the following sense:
Associated graded algebra
In general there is the following construction that produces a graded algebra out of a filtered algebra.
If is a filtered algebra then the associated graded algebra is defined as follows:
The multiplication is well-defined and endows with the structure of a graded algebra, with gradation Furthermore if is associative then so is . Also if is unital, such that the unit lies in , then will be unital as well.
As algebras and are distinct (with the exception of the trivial case that is graded) but as vector spaces they are isomorphic. (One can prove by induction that is isomorphic to as vector spaces).
Examples
Any graded algebra graded by , for example , has a filtration given by .
An example of a filtered algebra is the Clifford algebra of a vector space endowed with a quadratic form The associated graded algebra is , the exterior algebra of
The symmetric algebra on the dual of an affine space is a filtered algebra of polynomials; on a vector space, one instead obtains a graded algebra.
The universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra is
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEPP-2000
|
VEPP-2000 () is an upgrade of the former VEPP-2M electron-positron collider (particle accelerator) at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) in Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia.
References
See also
VEPP-5
Particle physics facilities
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enol%20ether
|
In organic chemistry an enol ether is an alkene with an alkoxy substituent. The general structure is R2C=CR-OR where R = H, alkyl or aryl. A common subfamily of enol ethers are vinyl ethers, with the formula ROCH=CH2. Important enol ethers include the reagent 3,4-dihydropyran and the monomers methyl vinyl ether and ethyl vinyl ether.
Reactions and uses
Akin to enamines, enol ethers are electron-rich alkenes by virtue of the electron-donation from the heteroatom via pi-bonding. Enol ethers have oxonium ion character. By virtue of their bonding situation, enol ethers display distinctive reactivity. In comparison with simple alkenes, enol ethers exhibit enhanced susceptibility to attack by electrophiles such as Bronsted acids. Similarly, they undergo inverse demand Diels-Alder reactions.
The reactivity of enol ethers is highly dependent on the presence of substituents alpha to oxygen. The vinyl ethers are susceptible to polymerization to give polyvinyl ethers. Some vinyl ethers also find some use as inhalation anesthetics. Enol ethers bearing α substituents do not polymerize readily. They are mainly of academic interest, e.g. as intermediates in the synthesis of more complex molecules.
The acid-catalyzed addition of hydrogen peroxide to vinyl ethers gives the hydroperoxide:
C2H5OCH=CH2 + H2O2 → C2H5OCH(OOH)CH3
Preparation
Although enol ethers can be considered the ether of the corresponding enolates, they are not prepared by alkylation of enolates. Some enol ethers are p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves%20Bouguet
|
Jean-Yves Bouguet Ph.D. was a member of the Computer Vision Research Group in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology, having graduated from the École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électronique et Électrotechnique. Bouguet developed and holds a patent for a new method for 3D scanning based on dual-space geometry.
From 1997 until 2007, Bouguet worked at Intel Research where he contributed camera calibration ideas to the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV), based on his Matlab toolkit that he developed at Caltech. In 2007 he joined Google as senior software engineer working in their Street View group.
Awards
1999: J. Walker von Brimer award for "extraordinary accomplishments in the field of 3D photography"
Accomplishments
Developed "Camera Calibration Toolkit" for MATLAB
Developed method for 3D scanning
Research interests
Computer vision
Computer graphics
Three-dimensional scene modeling
Visual navigation
Computational geometry
Visual calibration
Image processing
Early vision processes
Machine learning and pattern recognition
Analog VLSI for visual sensors
References
External links
Caltech: Bouguet's Homepage
MATLAB documentation: Camera Calibration Toolkit manual
OpenCV Open Source Computer Vision Library
California Institute of Technology faculty
Google employees
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20branches%20of%20psychology
|
This non-exhaustive list contains many of the sub-fields within the field of psychology:
Abnormal psychology
Analytical psychology
Animal psychology
Anomalistic psychology
Applied behavior analysis
Applied psychology
Asian psychology
Behavioral psychology
Behavioral genetics
Behavioral medicine
Biopsychology
Black psychology
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive psychology
Community psychology
Comparative psychology
Clinical behavior analysis
Clinical psychology
Consumer psychology
Counseling psychology
Criminal psychology
Critical psychology
Cross-cultural psychology
Cultural neuroscience
Cultural psychology
Cyberpsychology
Developmental psychology
Differential psychology
Discursive psychology
Ecological psychology
Economic psychology
Educational psychology
Engineering psychology
Environmental psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Experimental analysis of behavior
Experimental psychology
Filipino psychology
Forensic psychology
Health psychology
Humanistic psychology
Imaginal psychology
Indian psychology
Indigenous psychology
Individual differences psychology
Industrial and organizational psychology
International psychology
Investigative psychology
Legal psychology
Mathematical psychology
Media psychology
Medical psychology
Military psychology
Moral psychology
Music psychology
Neuropsychology
Occupational health psychology
Parapsychology
Peace psychology
Performance psychology
Personality psychology
Philosophy of psych
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenching%20%28fluorescence%29
|
In chemistry, quenching refers to any process which decreases the fluorescent intensity of a given substance. A variety of processes can result in quenching, such as excited state reactions, energy transfer, complex-formation and collisions. As a consequence, quenching is often heavily dependent on pressure and temperature. Molecular oxygen, iodine ions and acrylamide are common chemical quenchers. The chloride ion is a well known quencher for quinine fluorescence. Quenching poses a problem for non-instant spectroscopic methods, such as laser-induced fluorescence.
Quenching is made use of in optode sensors; for instance the quenching effect of oxygen on certain ruthenium complexes allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in solution. Quenching is the basis for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. Quenching and dequenching upon interaction with a specific molecular biological target is the basis for activatable optical contrast agents for molecular imaging. Many dyes undergo self-quenching, which can decrease the brightness of protein-dye conjugates for fluorescence microscopy, or can be harnessed in sensors of proteolysis.
Mechanisms
Förster resonance energy transfer
There are a few distinct mechanisms by which energy can be transferred non-radiatively (without absorption or emission of photons) between two dyes, a donor and an acceptor. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET or FET) is a dynamic quenching mechanism because energy transfer occurs while th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence
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The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of computer science that explores artificial intelligence and its implications for knowledge and understanding of intelligence, ethics, consciousness, epistemology, and free will. Furthermore, the technology is concerned with the creation of artificial animals or artificial people (or, at least, artificial creatures; see artificial life) so the discipline is of considerable interest to philosophers. These factors contributed to the emergence of the philosophy of artificial intelligence.
The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as follows:
Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking?
Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer?
Can a machine have a mind, mental states, and consciousness in the same sense that a human being can? Can it feel how things are?
Questions like these reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of "intelligence" and "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion.
Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include some of the following:
Turing's "polite convention": If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human bei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Trinkle
|
Jeffrey C. Trinkle is Professor and Chair of the Computer Science and Engineering department at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He is known for his work in robotic manipulation, multibody dynamics, and automated manufacturing. He has bachelor's degrees in physics (1979) and engineering (1979) from Ursinus College and Georgia Institute of Technology, respectively, and a PhD (1987) from the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at the University of Arizona, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Texas A&M University. From 1998 to 2003 he was a research scientist at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Trinkle's primary research interests lie in the areas of robotic manipulation, multibody dynamics, and automated manufacturing. With continuous support from the National Science Foundation since 1988, he has written over 100 technical articles. One of these articles (with David Stewart) was the first to develop a popular method for simulating multibody systems. Variants of this method are key components of several physics engines for computer game development, for example, NVIDIA PhysX and Bullet. For his work in the area of robotic grasping and dexterous manipulation, Trinkle was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 2010. He spent most of 2010 as a Humboldt Fellow at the Institute for Mechatronics and Robotics at the German Aerospace Center and the Institute for Applied Mechanics at Technical University of Munich.
References
External links
Select
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Academic%20%28Australian%20game%20show%29
|
It's Academic is an Australian children's game show which is based on the long-running American version of It's Academic, and pits students from different schools against each other in a test of knowledge covering a number of diverse subjects including English, mathematics, science, geography, sport, music and popular culture.
History
The show originally aired on Network Ten from 1968 and 1969 being hosted by John Bailey and then on the Seven Network from 1970 to 1978. In the years 2001 to 2004, Seven Perth revived the show, where it was broadcast locally, leading to a national relaunch on 17 October 2005. The last version on 7two featured schoolchildren in Grade 6, aged around 11 to 12 years old.
The early incarnation of It's Academic was the basis for a series of sketches from The Late Show in which Santo Cilauro, Rob Sitch and Tom Gleisner, who all claimed to have gone to the same school, competed on the program with incredible but humorous incompetence. Coincidentally, their sometime collaborator actor/comedian Magda Szubanski had actually captained a team as a Year 10 student at Siena College in Melbourne, in 1976.
Hosts in the 1970s included Danny Webb (HSV-7),Trevor Sutton (Television Host) BTQ-7 Andrew Harwood (ATN-7 and HSV-7), Sandy Roberts (ADS-7), Alec McAskill (ADS-7), Jeff Newman (TVW-7) and John Bailey. In recent years, Jeff Newman once again hosted Perth's version of It's Academic while Simon Reeve fronts the national version.
Format
Original format
Th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillon%20law%2C%202005
|
The Fillon law of 2005 was a law that was adopted in France in April 2005 which would reform France's education system. It is named after François Fillon, the Minister of Education at the time.
Aims of the law
Introduction of a core knowledge for certain subjects. This includes French, mathematics, a foreign language, humanistic and scientific culture, communication and information. This excludes arts subjects from its core knowledge.
Three hours of support for the teachers
Abolition of travaux personnels encadrés, guided personal projects combining various subjects, research and free study
Public reaction
The new law was met with significant backlash from students. On 5 February 2005, hundreds of thousands of students demonstrated against the law by refusing to go to school or by marching. Notable players in the protests were Samuel Morville and Pauline Salingue, who were to be arrested.
External links
senat.fr (archived copy)
François Fillon
Law of France
Education policy in France
2005 in law
2005 in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20chaos
|
In the kinetic theory of gases in physics, the molecular chaos hypothesis (also called Stosszahlansatz in the writings of Paul Ehrenfest) is the assumption that the velocities of colliding particles are uncorrelated, and independent of position. This means the probability that a pair of particles with given velocities will collide can be calculated by considering each particle separately and ignoring any correlation between the probability for finding one particle with velocity and probability for finding another velocity in a small region . James Clerk Maxwell introduced this approximation in 1867 although its origins can be traced back to his first work on the kinetic theory in 1860.
The assumption of molecular chaos is the key ingredient that allows proceeding from the BBGKY hierarchy to Boltzmann's equation, by reducing the 2-particle distribution function showing up in the collision term to a product of 1-particle distributions. This in turn leads to Boltzmann's H-theorem of 1872, which attempted to use kinetic theory to show that the entropy of a gas prepared in a state of less than complete disorder must inevitably increase, as the gas molecules are allowed to collide. This drew the objection from Loschmidt that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism: something must be wrong (Loschmidt's paradox). The resolution (1895) of this paradox is that the velocities of two particles after a c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Physical%20Society
|
The German Physical Society (German: , DPG) is the oldest organisation of physicists. The DPG's worldwide membership is cited as 52,220, as of 2022, making it one of the largest national physics societies in the world. The number of the DPG's members peaked in 2014, when it reached 63000, but it has been decreasing since then. It holds an annual conference () and multiple spring conferences (), which are held at various locations and along topical subjects of given sections of the DPG.
The DPG serves the fields of pure and applied physics. Main aims are to bring its members and all physicists living in Germany closer together, represent their entirety outwards as well as foster the exchange of ideas between its members and foreign colleagues. The DPG binds itself and its members to advocate for freedom, tolerance, veracity and dignity in science and to be aware about the fact that the people working in science are responsible to a particularly high extent for the configuration of the overall human activity.
Conferences and fostering young talent
The DPG itself does not carry out any research, but its conferences promote the sharing of information about the latest findings in the field of physics. The traditional spring meetings held by the DPG each year at venues across the country are among largest physics conferences in Europe, attended by around 10,000 experts from Germany and abroad. Fostering young talent is another central concern of the DPG : its conferences provide a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20reference%20system
|
A spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on the surface of Earth as coordinates. It is thus the application of the abstract mathematics of coordinate systems and analytic geometry to geographic space. A particular SRS specification (for example, "Universal Transverse Mercator WGS 84 Zone 16N") comprises a choice of Earth ellipsoid, horizontal datum, map projection (except in the geographic coordinate system), origin point, and unit of measure. Thousands of coordinate systems have been specified for use around the world or in specific regions and for various purposes, necessitating transformations between different SRS.
Although they date to the Hellenic Period, spatial reference systems are now a crucial basis for the sciences and technologies of Geoinformatics, including cartography, geographic information systems, surveying, remote sensing, and civil engineering. This has led to their standardization in international specifications such as the EPSG codes and ISO 19111:2019 Geographic information—Spatial referencing by coordinates, prepared by ISO/TC 211, also published by the Open Geospatial Consortium as Abstract Specification, Topic 2: Spatial referencing by coordinate.
Types of systems
The thousands of spatial reference systems used today are based on a few general strategies, which have been defined in the EPSG, ISO, and OGC standards:
Geographic coordinate system (or geodetic)
A spheric
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESTAR%20project
|
The eSTAR project was a multi-agent system that aimed to implement a heterogeneous network of robotic telescopes for automated observing, and ground-based follow-up to transient events. The project is a joint collaboration between the Astrophysics Group of the University of Exeter and the Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool John Moores University. The project was led by Alasdair Allan and Tim Naylor at the University of Exeter, and Iain Steele at Liverpool John Moores University. The eSTAR Project was affiliated with the RoboNet Consortium, and the global Heterogeneous Telescope Networks Consortium.
Begun in 2001, the project was part of the virtual observatory. By 2006 the project was running autonomous software agent for observations of variable stars implementing the optimal sampling techniques of Saunders et al. (2006), and the prototype was successfully tested on the RoboNet network of telescopes which includes: the Liverpool Telescope, the Faulkes Telescope North and the Faulkes Telescope South.
By 2007 the eSTAR Project was "live" supporting two real-time observing projects.
The first was automated follow-up observations of gamma-ray bursts performed using the 3.8m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) operated by Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii (JACH). The first ground based observations of GRB 090423 were triggered via the eSTAR Project, with initial observations by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission automatically followed by UKIRT just a few minute
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