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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMP-16
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The IMP-16, by National Semiconductor, was the first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor, released in 1973. It consisted of five PMOS integrated circuits: four identical RALU chips, short for register and ALU, providing the data path, and one CROM, Control and ROM, providing control sequencing and microcode storage. The IMP-16 is a bit-slice processor; each RALU chip provides a 4-bit slice of the register and arithmetic that work in parallel to produce a 16-bit word length.
Each RALU chip stores its own 4 bits of the program counter, several registers, the ALU, a 16-word LIFO stack, and status flags. There were four 16-bit accumulators, two of which could be used as index registers. The instruction set architecture was similar to that of the Data General Nova. The chip set could be extended with the CROM chip (IMP-16A / 522D) that implemented 16-bit multiply and divide routines. The chipset was driven by a two-phase 715 kHz non-overlapping clock that had a +5 to -12 voltage swing. An integral part of the architecture was a 16-bit input mux that provided various condition bits from the ALUs such as zero, carry, overflow along with general purpose inputs.
The microprocessor was used in the IMP-16P microcomputer and Jacquard Systems' J100 but saw little other use. The IMP-16 was later superseded by the PACE and INS8900 single-chip 16-bit microprocessors, which had a similar architecture but were not binary compatible. It was also used in the Aston Martin Lagonda, thanks to National Semiconductor's chairman Peter Sprague being a major shareholder in Aston Martin at the time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongxianosaurus
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Gongxianosaurus is a genus of basal sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic Period (Toarcian stage). The only species is Gongxianosaurus shibeiensis. Based on four fragmentary to complete specimens found in China (Sichuan Province), it is one of the most completely known early sauropods. The skeleton is known in large part, missing both the hand and the majority of the skull. Gongxianosaurus was firstly named and described in a short note published in 1998; however, a comprehensive description has yet to be published. Gongxianosaurus shibeiensis was named for the place it was found, near the village Shibei in Gong County (珙县; Pinyin: Gǒng Xiàn).
Description
Gongxianosaurus may have reached in length. Like other sauropods, it moved quadrupedally (on four legs), as indicated by the elongated fore limbs that reached 70 to 75% of hind limb length. The pedal phalanges were short and robust, as typical for sauropods. The pedal phalangeal formula, counting the number of phalanges for each digit starting from the innermost, was 2-3-4-5-1. All but the outermost digit ended in claws. Unlike in other sauropods, pleurocoels (deep lateral excavations of the vertebrae) were absent; thus, the vertebrae would have been quite massive. The sacrum was made of three fused sacral vertebrae, fewer than in later sauropods. The chevrons were unbifurcated.
An important characteristic of sauropod limbs is their reduced ossification – the tendency to replace bone by cartilage. Gongxianosaurus is the only known sauropod with ossified distal tarsals. Thus, either Gongxianosaurus was one of the basalmost sauropods, or ossified distal tarsals were present in other early sauropods but are simply not preserved due to the fragmentation of the specimens.
Classification
Because the fossils are not fully described yet, available character information that can be used in cladistic analyses is limited. Thus, only few cladistical analyses have incorporated Gongxianosaurus. A recent analysis by Apal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20leased%20line
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Virtual leased lines (VLL), also referred to as virtual private wire service (VPWS) or EoMPLS (Ethernet over MPLS), is a way to provide Ethernet-based point to point communication over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or Internet Protocol networks. VLL uses the pseudo-wire encapsulation for transporting Ethernet traffic over an MPLS tunnel across an MPLS backbone. VLL also describes a point to point bonded connection using the broadband bonding technology.
Types
There are 5 types of VLLs:
Epipes: Emulates a point-to-point Ethernet service. VLAN-tagged Ethernet frames are supported. Interworking with other Layer 2 technologies is also supported.
Apipes: Emulates a point-to-point ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) service. Several subtypes are provided to support different ATM service types.
Fpipes: Emulates point-to-point Frame Relay circuit. Some features for interworking with ATM are also supported.
Ipipes: Provides IP interworking capabilities between different Layer 2 technologies.
Cpipes: Emulates a point-to-point time-division multiplexing (TDM) circuit.
See also
Virtual Extensible LAN
Virtual Private LAN Service
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioacetazone
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Thioacetazone (INN, BAN), also known as amithiozone (USAN), is an oral antibiotic which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It has fallen into almost complete disuse due to toxicity and the introduction of improved anti-tuberculosis drugs like isoniazid. The drug has only weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is only useful in preventing resistance to more powerful drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin. It is never used on its own to treat tuberculosis; it is used in a similar way to ethambutol.
There is no advantage to using thioacetazone if the regimen used already contains ethambutol, but many countries in sub-Saharan Africa still use thioacetazone because it is extremely cheap. Use of thioacetazone is declining because it can cause severe (sometimes fatal) skin reactions in HIV positive patients.
The biological target of thioacetazone has proven elusive and its mechanism of action remains unknown, although it is thought to interfere with mycolic acid synthesis.
Adverse effects
One of the documented adverse effects of thioacetazone is the excessive accumulation of serum (or blood plasma) in the brain. Another is weakening of the thyroid glands. These were found in a treatment combining conteben with PAS acid p-amino-salicylic acid.
See also
Thiosemicarbazide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAWL
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YAWL (Yet Another Workflow Language) is a workflow language based on workflow patterns. It is supported by a software system that includes an execution engine, a graphical editor and a worklist handler. It is available as open-source software under the LGPL license.
Production-level implementations of YAWL include deployment by first:utility and first:telecom in the UK to automate frontend service processes, and by the Australian film television and radio school to coordinate film shooting processes. It has also been used for teaching in more than 20 universities.
Features
Comprehensive support for the workflow patterns.
Support for advanced resource allocation policies, including four-eyes principle and chained execution.
Support for dynamic adaptation of workflow models through the notion of worklets.
Sophisticated workflow model validation features (e.g. deadlock detection at design-time).
XML-based model for data definition and manipulation based on XML Schema, XPath and XQuery.
XML-based interfaces for monitoring and controlling workflow instances and for accessing execution logs.
XML-based plug-in interfaces for connecting third-party web services with the system, including third-party worklist/task handlers.
Automated form generation from XML schema.
History
The language and its supporting system were originally developed by researchers at Eindhoven University of Technology and Queensland University of Technology. Subsequently, several organizations such as InterContinental Hotels Group, first:telecom and ATOS Worldline have contributed to the initiative.
The original drivers behind YAWL were to define a workflow language that would support all (or most) of the workflow patterns and that would have a formal semantics. Observing that Petri nets came close to supporting most of the workflow patterns, the designers of YAWL decided to take Petri nets as a starting point and to extend this formalism with three main constructs, namely or-join, cancellat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%20subgroup
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In the theory of algebraic groups, a Cartan subgroup of a connected linear algebraic group over a (not necessarily algebraically closed) field is the centralizer of a maximal torus. Cartan subgroups are smooth (equivalently reduced), connected and nilpotent. If is algebraically closed, they are all conjugate to each other.
Notice that in the context of algebraic groups a torus is an algebraic group
such that the base extension (where is the algebraic closure of ) is isomorphic to the product of a finite number of copies of the . Maximal such subgroups have in the theory of algebraic groups a role that is similar to that of maximal tori in the theory of Lie groups.
If is reductive (in particular, if it is semi-simple), then a torus is maximal if and only if it is its own centraliser and thus Cartan subgroups of are precisely the maximal tori.
Example
The general linear groups are reductive. The diagonal subgroup is clearly a torus (indeed a split torus, since it is product of n copies of already before any base extension), and it can be shown to be maximal. Since is reductive, the diagonal subgroup is a Cartan subgroup.
See also
Borel subgroup
Algebraic group
Algebraic torus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position%20operator
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In quantum mechanics, the position operator is the operator that corresponds to the position observable of a particle.
When the position operator is considered with a wide enough domain (e.g. the space of tempered distributions), its eigenvalues are the possible position vectors of the particle.
In one dimension, if by the symbol we denote the unitary eigenvector of the position operator corresponding to the eigenvalue , then, represents the state of the particle in which we know with certainty to find the particle itself at position .
Therefore, denoting the position operator by the symbol in the literature we find also other symbols for the position operator, for instance (from Lagrangian mechanics), and so on we can write for every real position .
One possible realization of the unitary state with position is the Dirac delta (function) distribution centered at the position , often denoted by .
In quantum mechanics, the ordered (continuous) family of all Dirac distributions, i.e. the family
is called the (unitary) position basis (in one dimension), just because it is a (unitary) eigenbasis of the position operator in the space of distributions dual to the space of wave-functions.
It is fundamental to observe that there exists only one linear continuous endomorphism on the space of tempered distributions such that
for every real point . It's possible to prove that the unique above endomorphism is necessarily defined by
for every tempered distribution , where denotes the coordinate function of the position line defined from the real line into the complex plane by
Introduction
In one dimension for a particle confined into a straight line the square modulus
of a normalized square integrable wave-function
represents the probability density of finding the particle at some position of the real-line, at a certain time.
In other terms, if at a certain instant of time the particle is in the state represented by a square integrable wave function an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event is the number of times the observation has occurred/recorded in an experiment or study. These frequencies are often depicted graphically or in tabular form.
Types
The cumulative frequency is the total of the absolute frequencies of all events at or below a certain point in an ordered list of events.
The relative frequency (or empirical probability) of an event is the absolute frequency normalized by the total number of events:
The values of for all events can be plotted to produce a frequency distribution.
In the case when for certain , pseudocounts can be added.
Depicting frequency distributions
A frequency distribution shows a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data notably to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sales of a product within a certain period, student loan amounts of graduates, etc. Some of the graphs that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, line charts, bar charts and pie charts. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.
Construction
Decide the number of classes. Too many classes or too few classes might not reveal the basic shape of the data set, also it will be difficult to interpret such frequency distribution. The ideal number of classes may be determined or estimated by formula: (log base 10), or by the square-root choice formula where n is the total number of observations in the data. (The latter will be much too large for large data sets such as population statistics.) However, these formulas are not a hard rule and the resulting number of classes determined by formula may not always be exactly suitable with the data being dealt with.
Calculate the range of the data (Range = Max – Min) by finding the minimum and maximum data values. Range will be used to determine the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation%20%28evolution%29
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In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and are likely to benefit all contributors.
This process contrasts with intragroup competition where individuals work against each other for selfish reasons. Cooperation exists not only in humans but in other animals as well. The diversity of taxa that exhibits cooperation is quite large, ranging from zebra herds to pied babblers to African elephants. Many animal and plant species cooperate with both members of their own species and with members of other species.
In animals
Cooperation in animals appears to occur mostly for direct benefit or between relatives. Spending time and resources assisting a related individual may at first seem destructive to an organism's chances of survival but is actually beneficial over the long-term. Since relatives share part of the helper's genetic make-up, enhancing each individual's chance of survival may actually increase the likelihood that the helper's genetic traits will be passed on to future generations.
However, some researchers, such as ecology professor Tim Clutton-Brock, assert that cooperation is a more complex process. They state that helpers may receive more direct, and less indirect, gains from assisting others than is commonly reported. These gains include protection from predation and increased reproductive fitness. Furthermore, they insist that cooperation may not solely be an interaction between two individuals but may be part of the broader goal of unifying populations.
Prominent biologists, such as Charles Darwin, E. O. Wilson, and W. D. Hamilton, have found the evolution of cooperation fascinating because natural selection favors those who achieve the greatest reproductive succes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-gap%20decision%20theory
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Info-gap decision theory seeks to optimize robustness to failure under severe uncertainty, in particular applying sensitivity analysis of the stability radius type to perturbations in the value of a given estimate of the parameter of interest. It has some connections with Wald's maximin model; some authors distinguish them, others consider them instances of the same principle.
It has been developed by Yakov Ben-Haim, and has found many applications and described as a theory for decision-making under "severe uncertainty". It has been criticized as unsuited for this purpose, and alternatives proposed, including such classical approaches as robust optimization.
Summary
Info-gap is a theory: it assists in decisions under uncertainty. It does this by using models, each built on the last. One begins with a model for the situation, where some parameter or parameters are unknown.
Then takes an estimate for the parameter, and one analyzes how sensitive the outcomes under the model are to the error in this estimate.
Uncertainty model Starting from the estimate, an uncertainty model measures how far away other values of the parameter are: as uncertainty increases, the set of values increase.
Robustness/opportuneness model Given an uncertainty model, then for each decision, how uncertain can you be and be confident succeeding? (robustness) Also, given a windfall, how uncertain must you be for this result to be plausible? (opportuneness)
Decision-making model One optimizes the robustness on the basis of the model. Given an outcome, which decision can stand the most uncertainty and give the outcome? Also, given a windfall, which decision requires the least uncertainty for the outcome?
Models
Info-gap theory models uncertainty as subsets around a point estimate : the estimate is accurate, and uncertainty increases, in general without bound. The uncertainty measures the "distance" between an estimate and a plausibility – providing an intermediate measure between a point (the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerenchyma
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Aerenchyma or aeriferous parenchyma or lacunae, is a modification of the parenchyma to form a spongy tissue that creates spaces or air channels in the leaves, stems and roots of some plants, which allows exchange of gases between the shoot and the root. The channels of air-filled cavities (see image to right) provide a low-resistance internal pathway for the exchange of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethylene between the plant above the water and the submerged tissues. Aerenchyma is also widespread in aquatic and wetland plants which must grow in hypoxic soils.
The word "aerenchyma" is Modern Latin derived from Latin for "air" and Greek for "infusion."
Aerenchyma formation and hypoxia
When soil is flooded, hypoxia develops, as soil microorganisms consume oxygen faster than diffusion occurs. The presence of hypoxic soils is one of the defining characteristics of wetlands. Many wetland plants possess aerenchyma, and in some, such as water-lilies, there is mass flow of atmospheric air through leaves and rhizomes. There are many other chemical consequences of hypoxia. For example, nitrification is inhibited as low oxygen occurs and toxic compounds are formed, as anaerobic bacteria use nitrate, manganese, and sulfate as alternative electron acceptors. The reduction-oxidation potential of the soil decreases and metal oxides such as iron and manganese dissolve, however, radial oxygen loss allows re-oxidation of these ions in the rhizosphere.
In general, low oxygen stimulates trees and plants to produce ethylene.
Advantages
The large air-filled cavities provide a low-resistance internal pathway for the exchange of gases between the plant organs above the water and the submerged tissues. This allows plants to grow without incurring the metabolic costs of anaerobic respiration. Moreover, the degradation of cortical cells during aerenchyma formation reduce the metabolic costs of plants during stresses such as drought. Some of the oxygen transported throu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaMF
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MaMF, or Mammalian Motif Finder, is an algorithm for identifying motifs to which transcription factors bind.
The algorithm takes as input a set of promoter sequences, and a motif width(w), and as output, produces a ranked list of 30 predicted motifs(each motif is defined by a set of N sequences, where N is a parameter).
The algorithm firstly indexes each sub-sequence of length n, where n is a parameter around 4-6 base pairs, in each promoter, so they can be looked up efficiently. This index is then used to build a list of all pairs of sequences of length w, such that each sequence shares an n-mer, and each sequence forms an ungapped alignment with a substring of length w from the string of length 2w around the match, with a score exceeding a cut-off.
The pairs of sequences are then scored. The scoring function favours pairs which are very similar, but disfavours sequences which are very common in the target genome. The 1000 highest scoring pairs are kept, and the others are discarded. Each of these 1000 'seed' motifs are then used to search iteratively search for further sequences of length which maximise the score(a greedy algorithm), until N sequences for that motif are reached.
Very similar motifs are discarded, and the 30 highest scoring motifs are returned as output.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular%20medicine
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Neuromuscular medicine is a subspecialty of neurology and physiatry that focuses the diagnosis and management of neuromuscular diseases. The field encompasses issues related to both diagnosis and management of these conditions, including rehabilitation interventions to optimize the quality of life of individuals with these conditions. This field encompasses disorders that impact both adults and children and which can be inherited or acquired, typically from an autoimmune disease. A neurologist or physiatrist can diagnose these diseases through a clinical history, examination, and electromyography including nerve conduction studies. Many recent drug therapies have been developed to address the acquired neuromuscular diseases including but not limited to immune suppression and drugs that increase the neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction. Gene modifying therapies are also a recent treatment branch of neuromuscular medicine with advancements made in disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
See also
List of neuromuscular disorders
Muscle
Motor neuron diseases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement%20witness
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In quantum information theory, an entanglement witness is a functional which distinguishes a specific entangled state from separable ones. Entanglement witnesses can be linear or nonlinear functionals of the density matrix. If linear, then they can also be viewed as observables for which the expectation value of the entangled state is strictly outside the range of possible expectation values of any separable state.
Details
Let a composite quantum system have state space . A mixed state ρ is then a trace-class positive operator on the state space which has trace 1. We can view the family of states as a subset of the real Banach space generated by the Hermitian trace-class operators, with the trace norm. A mixed state ρ is separable if it can be approximated, in the trace norm, by states of the form
where and are pure states on the subsystems A and B respectively. So the family of separable states is the closed convex hull of pure product states. We will make use of the following variant of Hahn–Banach theorem:
Theorem Let and be disjoint convex closed sets in a real Banach space and one of them is compact, then there exists a bounded functional f separating the two sets.
This is a generalization of the fact that, in real Euclidean space, given a convex set and a point outside, there always exists an affine subspace separating the two. The affine subspace manifests itself as the functional f. In the present context, the family of separable states is a convex set in the space of trace class operators. If ρ is an entangled state (thus lying outside the convex set), then by theorem above, there is a functional f separating ρ from the separable states. It is this functional f, or its identification as an operator, that we call an entanglement witness. There is more than one hyperplane separating a closed convex set from a point lying outside of it, so for an entangled state there is more than one entanglement witness. Recall the fact that the dual space of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase%20search
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In computer science, phrase searching allows users to retrieve content from information systems (such as documents from file storage systems, records from databases, and web pages on the internet) that contains a specific order and combination of words defined by the user.
Phrase search is one of many search operators that are standard in search engine technology, along with Boolean operators (AND, OR, and NOT), truncation and wildcard operators (commonly represented by the asterisk symbol), field code operators (which look for specific words in defined fields, such as the Author field in a periodical database), and proximity operators (which look for defined words that appear close to one another, if not directly next to each other as in a phrase search). Search operators are used to refine a search when a simple keyword search provides too many unwanted results.
Although the exact functionality of each search engine is determined by its developers, phrase searching is normally accomplished by wrapping the desired phrase in quotation marks. For example, a search for red apple may return records that contain the word "apple," ones that contain "red," and ones that contain both words no matter where in the record they appear (that is, assuming the search engine applies Boolean OR logic to its keyword search function), whereas a search for "red apple" will only return records that contain the phrase "red apple."
Phrase search is one of the more important techniques associated with optimizing the textual content of web pages in such a way that it is likely to be found by someone searching for a certain string of text.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presheaf%20%28category%20theory%29
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a presheaf on a category is a functor . If is the poset of open sets in a topological space, interpreted as a category, then one recovers the usual notion of presheaf on a topological space.
A morphism of presheaves is defined to be a natural transformation of functors. This makes the collection of all presheaves on into a category, and is an example of a functor category. It is often written as . A functor into is sometimes called a profunctor.
A presheaf that is naturally isomorphic to the contravariant hom-functor Hom(–, A) for some object A of C is called a representable presheaf.
Some authors refer to a functor as a -valued presheaf.
Examples
A simplicial set is a Set-valued presheaf on the simplex category .
Properties
When is a small category, the functor category is cartesian closed.
The poset of subobjects of form a Heyting algebra, whenever is an object of for small .
For any morphism of , the pullback functor of subobjects has a right adjoint, denoted , and a left adjoint, . These are the universal and existential quantifiers.
A locally small category embeds fully and faithfully into the category of set-valued presheaves via the Yoneda embedding which to every object of associates the hom functor .
The category admits small limits and small colimits. See limit and colimit of presheaves for further discussion.
The density theorem states that every presheaf is a colimit of representable presheaves; in fact, is the colimit completion of (see #Universal property below.)
Universal property
The construction is called the colimit completion of C because of the following universal property:
Proof: Given a presheaf F, by the density theorem, we can write where are objects in C. Then let which exists by assumption. Since is functorial, this determines the functor . Succinctly, is the left Kan extension of along y; hence, the name "Yoneda extension". To see commutes with small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20carrier
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A drug carrier or drug vehicle is a substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug administration. Drug carriers are primarily used to control the release of drugs into systemic circulation. This can be accomplished either by slow release of a particular drug over a long period of time (typically diffusion) or by triggered release at the drug's target by some stimulus, such as changes in pH, application of heat, and activation by light. Drug carriers are also used to improve the pharmacokinetic properties, specifically the bioavailability, of many drugs with poor water solubility and/or membrane permeability.
A wide variety of drug carrier systems have been developed and studied, each of which has unique advantages and disadvantages. Some of the more popular types of drug carriers include liposomes, polymeric micelles, microspheres, and nanoparticles. Different methods of attaching the drug to the carrier have been implemented, including adsorption, integration into the bulk structure, encapsulation, and covalent bonding. Different types of drug carrier utilize different methods of attachment, and some carriers can even implement a variety of attachment methods.
Carrier types
Liposomes
Liposomes are structures which consist of at least one lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core. This hydrophobic/hydrophilic composition is particularly useful for drug delivery as these carriers can accommodate a number of drugs of varying lipophilicity. Disadvantages associated with using liposomes as drug carriers involve poor control over drug release. Drugs which have high membrane-permeability can readily 'leak' from the carrier, while optimization of in vivo stability can cause drug release by diffusion to be a slow and inefficient process. Much of the current research involving liposomes is focused on improving the delivery of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel.
Polymeric mice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3%20Chrome
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S3 Graphics' Chrome series of graphics accelerators arrived in 2004 with the DeltaChrome line of chips. They were supplied as discrete, mobile, or integrated graphics.
Overview
In 2004 after the S3 Graphics company spun off their joint-venture with VIA, VIA attempted to re-launch the S3 Graphics brand with a new line of video cards under the name 'Chrome'. The Chrome range featured low power requirements and high-definition output making it attractive for small form factor scenarios and OEM systems. Unfortunately by the time Chrome released, the rapid progression of 3D gaming performance between rivals NVIDIA and ATI Technologies made S3's offerings uncompetitive in the lucrative high end consumer market.
The Chrome series supports Direct3D 9 with full pixel shader 2.0 support, excluding the unreleased Savage XP/AlphaChrome and early UniChrome. Later GPUs in the series offer Direct3D 10, 10.1, and 11 support, depending on the GPU.
S3's AcceleRAM technology allowed system RAM to be used to supplement the video card's RAM, and is similar to ATI's HyperMemory and NVIDIA's TurboCache. Chrome also introduced MultiChrome technology, allowing multiple matched Chrome cards to be used simultaneously in a system to increase graphics performance, similar to ATI CrossFire and NVIDIA's SLI.
Product Families
AlphaChrome
Unreleased - the first of the 'Chrome' product line, previously titled Savage XP and codenamed Zoetrope.
DeltaChrome
DeltaChrome added support for Shader Model 2.0, making it S3's first released DirectX 9 product. Other features included the introduction of the Chromotion Video Engine, and dual 400 MHz DACs for multi monitor support.
GammaChrome
GammaChrome is the first native PCI Express product line by S3 Graphics. It was originally announced on 2004-3-18 , but the product was not released until 2005-3-9. Marketed as 3rd generation DirectX 9 products competing against GeForce 6600 and Radeon X600, there is little change between it and the previous ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolepiota%20procera
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Macrolepiota procera, the parasol mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus with a large, prominent fruiting body resembling a parasol. It is a fairly common species on well-drained soils. It is found solitary or in groups and fairy rings in pastures and occasionally in woodland. Globally, it is widespread in temperate regions.
Taxonomy
The fungus was first described in 1772 by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, who named it Agaricus procerus. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus Macrolepiota in 1948.
Description
The height and cap diameter of a mature specimen may both reach 30 to 40 (50) cm. The stipe is relatively thin and reaches full height before the cap has expanded. The stipe is very fibrous in texture which renders it inedible (unless dried and ground). The surface is characteristically wrapped in a snakeskin-like pattern of scaly growths (therefore, known in some parts of Europe as the "snake's hat" or "snake's sponge"). The immature cap is compact and egg-shaped, with the cap margin around the stipe, sealing a chamber inside the cap. As it matures, the margin breaks off, leaving a fleshy, movable ring around the stipe. At full maturity, the cap is more or less flat, with a chocolate-brown umbo in the centre that is leathery to touch. Dark and cap-coloured flakes remain on the upper surface of the cap and can be removed easily. The gills are crowded, free, and white with a pale pink tinge sometimes present. The spore print is white. It has a pleasant nutty smell. When sliced, the white flesh may turn a pale pink.
Uses
Macrolepiota procera is a choice edible mushroom. It is very sought-after and popular in Europe, due in part to its large size, seasonal frequency, and versatility in the kitchen. In the UK, it may be found from July through to November.
The parasol mushroom is difficult to mistake for any other, especially in regions like Europe where the poisonous look-alike Chlorophyllum molybdites is rare. The spores and lamellae of C. molybdit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape-automated%20bonding
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Tape-automated bonding (TAB) is a process that places bare semiconductor chips (dies) like integrated circuits onto a flexible circuit board (FPC) by attaching them to fine conductors in a polyamide or polyimide (like trade names Kapton or UPILEX) film carrier. This FPC with the die(s) (TAB inner lead bonding, ILB) can be mounted on the system or module board or assembled inside a package (TAB outer lead bonding, OLB). Typically the FPC includes from one to three conductive layers and all inputs and outputs of the semiconductor die are connected simultaneously during the TAB bonding. Tape automated bonding is one of the methods needed for achieving chip-on-flex (COF) assembly and it is one of the first roll-to-roll processing (also called R2R, reel-to-reel) type methods in the electronics manufacturing.
Process
The TAB mounting is done such that the bonding sites of the die, usually in the form of bumps or balls made of gold, solder or anisotropic conductive material, are connected to fine conductors on the tape, which provide the means of connecting the die to the package or directly to external circuits. The bumps or balls can locate either on the die or on the TAB tape. TAB compliant metallizations systems are:
Al pads on the die < - > gold plated Cu on tape areas (thermosonic bonding)
Al covered with Au on pads on the die < - > Au or Sn bumped tape areas (gang bonding)
Al pads with Au bumps on the die < - > Au or Sn plated tape areas (gang bonding)
Al pads with solder bumps on the die < - > Au, Sn or solder plated tape areas (gang bonding)
Sometimes the tape on which the die is bonded already contains the actual application circuit of the die. The film is moved to the target location, and the leads are cut and joining the chip takes place as necessary. There are several joining methods used with TAB: thermocompression bonding (with help of a pressure, sometimes called as a gang bonding), thermosonic bonding etc. The bare chip may then be encapsulate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20operations%20management
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Behavioral operations management (often called behavioral operations) examines and takes into consideration human behaviors and emotions when facing complex decision problems. It relates to the behavioral aspects of the use of operations research and operations management. In particular, it focuses on understanding behavior in, with and beyond models. The general purpose is to make better use and improve the use of operations theories and practice, so that the benefits received from the potential improvements to operations approaches in practice, that arise from recent findings in behavioral sciences, are realized. Behavioral operations approaches have heavily influenced supply chain management research among others.
Overview
Operations management involves a wide range of problem–solving skills aiming to help individuals or organizations to make more rational decisions as well as improving their efficiency. However, operations management often assumes that agents involved in the process or operating system, such as employees, consumers and suppliers, make fully rational decisions. Their decisions are not affected by their emotions as well as their surroundings and that they are able to react and distinguish between different types of information. In reality, this is not always true; human behavior has an important role in decision making and worker motivation, and therefore should be considered in the study of operations. This has led to the rise of behavioral operations management, which is defined as the study of impacts that human behavior has on operations, design and business interactions in different organizations. Behavioral operations management aims to understand the decision making of managers and tries to make improvements to the supply chain using the insight obtained. Behavioral operations management includes knowledge from a number of fields, such as economics, behavioral science, psychology and other social sciences. Traditional operations managemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Professional%20Association
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Established in 1991, the non-profit Network Professional Association (NPA) is a professional association for computer network professionals.
The NPA offers a Certified Network Professional CNP credential and provides advocacy for workers in the field. Members receive a certificate of membership, quarterly journal publications, chapters and programs, and opportunities to volunteer and publish.
Description
The NPA sponsors local chapters, a certification designation, an opportunity to publish, promotion of industry events and conferences and affinity programs to provide personal goods, opportunities and discounts to NPA professionals.
Each NPA chapter draws its members from a defined geographic area.
Certified Network Professional Program
The Network Professional Association introduced the Certified Network Professional (CNP) designation in 1994. Previously, IT networking practitioners had no professional designation. The NPA, through the volunteer efforts of its members, is involved in initiatives related to setting standards within the IT networking profession: the professional credentialing/certification of individual IT practitioners (the CNP) and maintaining the code of ethics and accountability for the profession. The CNP was updated and re-released to the community in October 2005.
Awards
The Network Professional Association announced Awards for Professionalism in 2002. The Distinguished Fellows membership class recognizes sustained lifelong excellence in the field. The NPA received support for the awards from many partners, Network Computing magazine, Network World Magazine, Interop, National Seminars, Pearson Technology Group, Microsoft, and Novell. Award recipients are recognized for valuable contributions, their continued focus on computer networking and professionalism, and the respect of their peers. An international industry pane of judges reviews submissions and make recommendations for recognition. The awards are presented at the Interop Las Ve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism
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Infinitism is the view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons. It belongs to epistemology, the branch of philosophy that considers the possibility, nature, and means of knowledge.
Epistemological infinitism
Since Gettier, "knowledge" is no longer widely accepted as meaning "justified true belief" only. However, some epistemologists still consider knowledge to have a justification condition. Traditional theories of justification (foundationalism and coherentism) and indeed some philosophers consider an infinite regress not to be a valid justification. In their view, if A is justified by B, B by C, and so forth, then either
The chain must end with a link that requires no independent justification (a foundation),
The chain must come around in a circle in some finite number of steps (the belief may be justified by its coherence), or
Our beliefs must not be justified after all (as is posited by philosophical skeptics).
Infinitism, the view, for example, of Peter D. Klein, challenges this consensus, referring back to work of Paul Moser (1984) and John Post (1987). In this view, the evidential ancestry of a justified belief must be infinite and non-repeating, which follows from the conjunction of two principles that Klein sees as having straightforward intuitive appeal: "The Principle of Avoiding Circularity" and "The Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness."
The Principle of Avoiding Circularity (PAC) is stated as follows: "For all x, if a person, S, has a justification for x, then for all y, if y is in the evidential ancestry of x for S, then x is not in the evidential ancestry of y for S." PAC says that the proposition to be justified cannot be a member of its own evidential ancestry, which is violated by coherence theories of justification.
The Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness (PAA) is stated as follows: "For all x, if a person, S, has a justification for x, then there is some reason, r1, available to S for x; and there is some reaso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20orthogonal%20group
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In projective geometry and linear algebra, the projective orthogonal group PO is the induced action of the orthogonal group of a quadratic space V = (V,Q) on the associated projective space P(V). Explicitly, the projective orthogonal group is the quotient group
PO(V) = O(V)/ZO(V) = O(V)/{±I}
where O(V) is the orthogonal group of (V) and ZO(V)={±I} is the subgroup of all orthogonal scalar transformations of V – these consist of the identity and reflection through the origin. These scalars are quotiented out because they act trivially on the projective space and they form the kernel of the action, and the notation "Z" is because the scalar transformations are the center of the orthogonal group.
The projective special orthogonal group, PSO, is defined analogously, as the induced action of the special orthogonal group on the associated projective space. Explicitly:
PSO(V) = SO(V)/ZSO(V)
where SO(V) is the special orthogonal group over V and ZSO(V) is the subgroup of orthogonal scalar transformations with unit determinant. Here ZSO is the center of SO, and is trivial in odd dimension, while it equals {±1} in even dimension – this odd/even distinction occurs throughout the structure of the orthogonal groups. By analogy with GL/SL and GO/SO, the projective orthogonal group is also sometimes called the projective general orthogonal group and denoted PGO.
Like the orthogonal group, the projective orthogonal group can be defined over any field and with varied quadratic forms, though, as with the ordinary orthogonal group, the main emphasis is on the real positive definite projective orthogonal group; other fields are elaborated in generalizations, below. Except when mentioned otherwise, in the sequel PO and PSO will refer to the real positive definite groups.
Like the spin groups and pin groups, which are covers rather than quotients of the (special) orthogonal groups, the projective (special) orthogonal groups are of interest for (projective) geometric analogs of Euclidea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Protein%20Reference%20Database
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The Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is a protein database accessible through the Internet. It is closely associated with the premier Indian Non-Profit research organisation Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore, India. This database is a collaborative output of IOB and the Pandey Lab of Johns Hopkins University.
Overview
The HPRD is a result of an international collaborative effort between the Institute of Bioinformatics in Bangalore, India and the Pandey lab at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA. HPRD contains manually curated scientific information pertaining to the biology of most human proteins. Information regarding proteins involved in human diseases is annotated and linked to Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. The National Center for Biotechnology Information provides link to HPRD through its human protein databases (e.g. Entrez Gene, RefSeq protein pertaining to genes and proteins.
This resource depicts information on human protein functions including protein–protein interactions, post-translational modifications, enzyme-substrate relationships and disease associations. Protein annotation information that is catalogued was derived through manual curation using published literature by expert biologists and through bioinformatics analyses of the protein sequence. The protein–protein interaction and subcellular localization data from HPRD have been used to develop a human protein interaction network.
Highlights of HPRD as follows:
From 10,000 protein–protein interactions (PPIs) annotated for 3,000 proteins in 2003, HPRD has grown to over 36,500 unique PPIs annotated for 25,000 proteins including 6,360 isoforms by the end of 2007.
More than 50% of molecules annotated in HPRD have at least one PPI and 10% have more than 10 PPIs.
Experiments for PPIs are broadly grouped into three categories namely in vitro, in vivo and yeast two hybrid (Y2H). Sixty percent of PPIs annotated in HPRD are supported by a single expe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20electric%20dipole%20moment
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The electron electric dipole moment is an intrinsic property of an electron such that the potential energy is linearly related to the strength of the electric field:
The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). Within the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most , where e stands for the elementary charge. The discovery of a substantially larger electron electric dipole moment would imply a violation of both parity invariance and time reversal invariance.
Implications for Standard Model and extensions
In the Standard Model, the electron EDM arises from the CP-violating components of the CKM matrix. The moment is very small because the CP violation involves quarks, not electrons directly, so it can only arise by quantum processes where virtual quarks are created, interact with the electron, and then are annihilated.
If neutrinos are Majorana particles, a larger EDM (around ) is possible in the Standard Model.
Many extensions to the Standard Model have been proposed in the past two decades. These extensions generally predict larger values for the electron EDM. For instance, the various technicolor models predict that ranges from 10−27 to 10−29 e⋅cm. Some supersymmetric models predict that but some other parameter choices or other supersymmetric models lead to smaller predicted values. The present experimental limit therefore eliminates some of these technicolor/supersymmetric theories, but not all. Further improvements, or a positive result, would place further limits on which theory takes precedence.
Formal definition
As the electron has a net charge, the definition of its electric dipole moment is ambiguous in that
depends on the point about which the moment of the charge distribution is taken. If we were to choose to be the center of charge, then would be identically zero.
A more interesting choice wou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20symbols%20of%20Pakistan
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Pakistan has several official national symbols including a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a memorial tower as well as several national heroes. The symbols were adopted at various stages in the existence of Pakistan and there are various rules and regulations governing their definition or use. The oldest symbol is the Lahore Resolution, adopted by the All India Muslim League on 23 March 1940, and which presented the official demand for the creation of a separate country for the Muslims of India. The Minar-e-Pakistan memorial tower which was built in 1968 on the site where the Lahore Resolution was passed. The national flag was adopted just before independence was achieved on 14 August 1947. The national anthem and the state emblem were each adopted in 1954. There are also several other symbols including the national animal, bird, flower and tree.
Minar-e-Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Lahore) (), also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was a formal political statement adopted by the All India Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22–24 March 1940 at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park), Lahore. The resolution called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India and has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state. The idea of separate state for Indian Muslims was first suggested by Muhammad Iqbal in 1930 and the name of Pakistan was proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration pamphlet in 1933. Initially, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and other leaders were in favour of Hindu-Muslim unity, but the volatile political climate and religious hostilities of the 1930s made the idea more appealing.
In his speech, Jinnah criticised the Indian National Congress and the nationalist Muslims, and espoused the Two-Nation Theory and the reasons for the demand for separate Muslim homelands. Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, the Chief Minister of the Punjab, drafted the original resolution, but that was not fully acceptable to all the Wo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Pask
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Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask (28 June 1928 – 29 March 1996) was a British cybernetician, inventor and polymath who made during his lifetime multiple contributions to cybernetics, educational psychology, educational technology, epistemology, chemical computing, architecture, and the performing arts. During his life he gained three doctorate degrees. He was an avid writer, with more than two hundred and fifty publications which included a variety of journal articles, books, periodicals, patents, and technical reports (many of which can be found at the main Pask archive at the University of Vienna). He also worked as an academic and researcher for a variety of educational settings, research institutes, and private stakeholders including but not limited to the University of Illinois, Concordia University, the Open University, Brunel University and the Architectural Association School of Architecture. He is known for the development of conversation theory.
Biography
Early life and education: 1928-1958
Pask was born in Derby, England, on June 28, 1928, to his parents Percy and Mary Pask. His father was "a partner in Pask, Cornish and Smart, a wholesale fruit business in Covent Garden". He had two older siblings: Alfred, who trained as an engineer before becoming a Methodist minister, and Edgar, a professor of anesthetics. His family moved to the Isle of Wight shortly after his birth. He was educated at Rydal Penrhos. According to Andrew Pickering and G. M. Furtado Cardoso Lopes, school taught Pask to "be a gangster" and he was noted for having designed bombs during his time at Rydal Penrhos which was delivered to a government ministry in relation to the war effort during the second world war. He later went on to complete two diplomas in Geology and Mining Engineering from Liverpool Polytechnic and Bangor University respectively.
Pask later attended Cambridge University around 1949 to study for a bachelor's degree, where he met his future associate and business partner R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameleon%20%28protein%29
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Cameleon is an engineered protein based on variant of green fluorescent protein used to visualize calcium levels in living cells. It is a genetically encoded calcium sensor created by Roger Y. Tsien and coworkers. The name is a conflation of CaM (the common abbreviation of calmodulin) and chameleon to indicate the fact that the sensor protein undergoes a conformation change and radiates at an altered wavelength upon calcium binding to the calmodulin element of the Cameleon. Cameleon was the first genetically encoded calcium sensor that could be used for ratiometric measurements and the first to be used in a transgenic animal to record activity in neurons and muscle cells. Cameleon and other genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have found many applications in neuroscience and other fields of biology. It was created by fusing BFP, calmodulin, calmodulin-binding peptide M13 and EGFP.
Mechanism
The DNA encoding cameleon fusion protein must be either stably or transiently introduced into the cell of interest. Protein made by the cell according to this DNA information then serves as a fluorescent indicator of calcium concentration. In the presence of calcium, Ca2+ binds to M13, which enables calmodulin to wrap around the M13 domain. This brings the two GFP-variant proteins closer to each other, which increases FRET efficiency between them.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20of%20the%20mind
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An object of the mind is an object that exists in the imagination, but which, in the real world, can only be represented or modeled. Some such objects are abstractions, literary concepts, or fictional scenarios.
Closely related are intentional objects, which are what thoughts and feelings are about, even if they are not about anything real (such as thoughts about unicorns, or feelings of apprehension about a dental appointment which is subsequently cancelled). However, intentional objects may coincide with real objects (as in thoughts about horses, or a feeling of regret about a missed appointment).
Mathematical objects
Mathematics and geometry describe abstract objects that sometimes correspond to familiar shapes, and sometimes do not. Circles, triangles, rectangles, and so forth describe two-dimensional shapes that are often found in the real world. However, mathematical formulas do not describe individual physical circles, triangles, or rectangles. They describe ideal shapes that are objects of the mind. The incredible precision of mathematical expression permits a vast applicability of mental abstractions to real life situations.
Many more mathematical formulas describe shapes that are unfamiliar, or do not necessarily correspond to objects in the real world. For example, the Klein bottle is a one-sided, sealed surface with no inside or outside (in other words, it is the three-dimensional equivalent of the Möbius strip). Such objects can be represented by twisting and cutting or taping pieces of paper together, as well as by computer simulations. To hold them in the imagination, abstractions such as extra or fewer dimensions are necessary.
Logical sequences
If-then arguments posit logical sequences that sometimes include objects of the mind. For example, a counterfactual argument proposes a hypothetical or subjunctive possibility which could or would be true, but might not be false. Conditional sequences involving subjunctives use intensional language, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable%20UML
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Executable UML (xtUML or xUML) is both a software development method and a highly abstract software language. It was described for the first time in 2002 in the book "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture". The language "combines a subset of the UML (Unified Modeling Language) graphical notation with executable semantics and timing rules." The Executable UML method is the successor to the Shlaer–Mellor method.
Executable UML models "can be run, tested, debugged, and measured for performance.", and can be compiled into a less abstract programming language to target a specific implementation. Executable UML supports model-driven architecture (MDA) through specification of platform-independent models, and the compilation of the platform-independent models into platform-specific models.
Overview
Executable UML is a higher level of abstraction than third-generation programming languages. This allows developers to develop at the level of abstraction of the application. The Executable UML aims for separation of concerns. This is supposed to increase ease of reuse and to lower the cost of software development. This also enables Executable UML domains to be cross-platform. That means it is not tied to any specific programming language, platform or technology.
Executable UML also allows for translation of platform-independent models (PIM) into platform-specific models (PSM). The Executable UML method enables valuing the model as intellectual property, since the model is a fully executable solution for the problem space.
Actions are specified in action language. This means that the automatic generation of implementation code from Executable UML models can be output in an optimized form.
Executable UML is intended to serve as executable code as well as documentation. The models are a graphical, executable specification of the problem space that is compiled into a target implementation. They are also intended to be human-readable.
Executable UML buil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Fermi%20Prize
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The Enrico Fermi Prize, first awarded in 2001, is given by the Italian Physical Society (Società Italiana di Fisica). It is a yearly award of €30,000 honoring one or more Members of the Society who have "particularly honoured physics with their discoveries."
Recipients
See also
List of physics awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal%20tiling
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In geometry, a pentagonal tiling is a tiling of the plane where each individual piece is in the shape of a pentagon.
A regular pentagonal tiling on the Euclidean plane is impossible because the internal angle of a regular pentagon, 108°, is not a divisor of 360°, the angle measure of a whole turn. However, regular pentagons can tile the hyperbolic plane with four pentagons around each vertex (or more) and sphere with three pentagons; the latter produces a tiling that is topologically equivalent to the dodecahedron.
Monohedral convex pentagonal tilings
Fifteen types of convex pentagons are known to tile the plane monohedrally (i.e. with one type of tile). The most recent one was discovered in 2015. This list has been shown to be complete by (result subject to peer-review). showed that there are only eight edge-to-edge convex types, a result obtained independently by .
Michaël Rao of the École normale supérieure de Lyon claimed in May 2017 to have found the proof that there are in fact no convex pentagons that tile beyond these 15 types. As of 11 July 2017, the first half of Rao's proof had been independently verified (computer code available) by Thomas Hales, a professor of mathematics at the University of Pittsburgh. As of December 2017, the proof was not yet fully peer-reviewed.
Each enumerated tiling family contains pentagons that belong to no other type; however, some individual pentagons may belong to multiple types. In addition, some of the pentagons in the known tiling types also permit alternative tiling patterns beyond the standard tiling exhibited by all members of its type.
The sides of length a, b, c, d, e are directly clockwise from the angles at vertices A, B, C, D, E respectively. (Thus,
A, B, C, D, E are opposite to d, e, a, b, c respectively.)
Many of these monohedral tile types have degrees of freedom. These freedoms include variations of internal angles and edge lengths. In the limit, edges may have lengths that approach zero or angles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netsh
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In computing, netsh, or network shell, is a command-line utility included in Microsoft's Windows NT line of operating systems beginning with Windows 2000. It allows local or remote configuration of network devices such as the interface.
Overview
A common use of netsh is to reset the TCP/IP stack to default, known-good parameters, a task that in Windows 98 required reinstallation of the TCP/IP adapter.
netsh, among many other things, also allows the user to change the IP address on their machine.
Starting from Windows Vista, one can also edit wireless settings (for example, SSID) using netsh.
netsh can also be used to read information from the IPv6 stack.
The command netsh winsock reset can be used to reset TCP/IP problems when communicating with a networked device.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork%20bifurcation
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In bifurcation theory, a field within mathematics, a pitchfork bifurcation is a particular type of local bifurcation where the system transitions from one fixed point to three fixed points. Pitchfork bifurcations, like Hopf bifurcations, have two types – supercritical and subcritical.
In continuous dynamical systems described by ODEs—i.e. flows—pitchfork bifurcations occur generically in systems with symmetry.
Supercritical case
The normal form of the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation is
For , there is one stable equilibrium at . For there is an unstable equilibrium at , and two stable equilibria at .
Subcritical case
The normal form for the subcritical case is
In this case, for the equilibrium at is stable, and there are two unstable equilibria at . For the equilibrium at is unstable.
Formal definition
An ODE
described by a one parameter function with satisfying:
(f is an odd function),
has a pitchfork bifurcation at . The form of the pitchfork is given
by the sign of the third derivative:
Note that subcritical and supercritical describe the stability of the outer lines of the pitchfork (dashed or solid, respectively) and are not dependent on which direction the pitchfork faces. For example, the negative of the first ODE above, , faces the same direction as the first picture but reverses the stability.
See also
Bifurcation theory
Bifurcation diagram
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaminar%20embryonic%20disc
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A trilaminar embryonic disc (or trilaminary blastoderm, or trilaminar germ disk) is an early stage in the development of triploblastic organisms, which include humans and many other animals. It is the next stage from the earlier bilaminar embryonic disc.
It is an embryo which exists as three different germ layers – the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm. These layers are arranged on top of each other, giving rise to the name trilaminar, or "three-layered". The mesoderm is segmented further into the paraxial, intermediate and the lateral plate mesoderm.
These three layers arise early in the third week (during gastrulation) from the epiblast (a portion of the mammalian inner cell mass).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20%28geometry%29
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In geometry, a centre (British English) or center (American English) () of an object is a point in some sense in the middle of the object. According to the specific definition of centre taken into consideration, an object might have no centre. If geometry is regarded as the study of isometry groups, then a centre is a fixed point of all the isometries that move the object onto itself.
Circles, spheres, and segments
The centre of a circle is the point equidistant from the points on the edge. Similarly the centre of a sphere is the point equidistant from the points on the surface, and the centre of a line segment is the midpoint of the two ends.
Symmetric objects
For objects with several symmetries, the centre of symmetry is the point left unchanged by the symmetric actions. So the centre of a square, rectangle, rhombus or parallelogram is where the diagonals intersect, this is (among other properties) the fixed point of rotational symmetries. Similarly the centre of an ellipse or a hyperbola is where the axes intersect.
Triangles
Several special points of a triangle are often described as triangle centres:
the circumcentre, which is the centre of the circle that passes through all three vertices;
the centroid or centre of mass, the point on which the triangle would balance if it had uniform density;
the incentre, the centre of the circle that is internally tangent to all three sides of the triangle;
the orthocentre, the intersection of the triangle's three altitudes; and
the nine-point centre, the centre of the circle that passes through nine key points of the triangle.
For an equilateral triangle, these are the same point, which lies at the intersection of the three axes of symmetry of the triangle, one third of the distance from its base to its apex.
A strict definition of a triangle centre is a point whose trilinear coordinates are f(a,b,c) : f(b,c,a) : f(c,a,b) where f is a function of the lengths of the three sides of the triangle, a, b, c such that:
f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labioscrotal%20swelling
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The labioscrotal swellings (genital swellings or labioscrotal folds) are paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation. In both males and females, the two swellings merge:
In the female, they become the posterior labial commissure. The sides of the genital tubercle grow backward as the genital swellings, which ultimately form the labia majora; the tubercle itself becomes the mons pubis. In contrast, the labia minora are formed by the urogenital folds.
In the male, they become the scrotum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Generation%20Multiplex%20Plus
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Second Generation Multiplex Plus (SGM Plus), is a DNA profiling system developed by Applied Biosystems. It is an updated version of Second Generation Multiplex. SGM Plus has been used by the UK National DNA Database since 1998.
An SGM Plus profile consists of a list of 10 number pairs, one number pair for each of 10 genetic markers, along with two letters (XX or XY) which show the result of the Amelogenin sex indicating test. Each number pair denotes the two allele values for the marker - one value is inherited from each of the subject's parents. If both alleles are the same, then only a single number, rather than a pair, is recorded.
Genetic markers
The genetic markers (or loci) used by SGM Plus are all short tandem repeats (STRs). The markers used are: VWA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, TH01, FGA, D3S1358, D16S539, D2S1338 and D19S433. Where a marker's designation begins with D, the digits immediately following the D indicate the chromosome that contains the marker. For example, D21S11 is on chromosome 21. SGM Plus also uses the amelogenin (amelo) sex-indicating test.
SGM Plus differs from SGM in that SGM does not use the markers D3S1358, D16S539, D2S1338 and D19S433.
SGM Plus has eight markers in common with CODIS FGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. It differs from CODIS in that it uses the additional markers D2S1338 and D19S433 and does not use the five markers CSF1PO, TPOX, D5S818, D7S820, D13S317.
Dye tags
The primers are tagged with the following fluorescent dyes for detection under electrophoresis:
5-FAM
JOE
NED
The primers for each locus are arranged on the dyes in the following order, from low molecular weight to large molecular weight:
5-FAM: D3, VWA, D16, D2
JOE: Amelo, D8, D21, D18
NED: D19, THO, FGA
The dyes to which each primer is attached differ from those of the original SGM DNA profiling system.
Example SGM Plus profile
The SGM Plus profile of subject GT36865 from a National Institute of Standards and Technology pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried%20fish
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Fresh fish rapidly deteriorates unless some way can be found to preserve it. Drying is a method of food preservation that works by removing water from the food, which inhibits the growth of microorganisms. Open air drying using sun and wind has been practiced since ancient times to preserve food. Water is usually removed by evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying) but, in the case of freeze-drying, food is first frozen and then the water is removed by sublimation. Bacteria, yeasts and molds need the water in the food to grow, and drying effectively prevents them from surviving in the food.
Fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying, smoking and salting. The oldest traditional way of preserving fish was to let the wind and sun dry it. Drying food is the world's oldest known preservation method, and dried fish has a storage life of several years. The method is cheap and effective in suitable climates; the work can be done by the fisherman and family, and the resulting product is easily transported to market.
Types
Stockfish
Stockfish is unsalted fish, especially cod, dried by cold air and wind on wooden racks on the foreshore. The drying racks are known as fish flakes. Cod is the most common fish used in stockfish production, though other whitefish, such as pollock, haddock, ling and tusk, are also used.
Clipfish
Over the centuries, several variants of dried fish have evolved. Stockfish, dried as fresh fish and not salted, is often confused with clipfish, where the fish is salted before drying. After 2–3 weeks in salt the fish has saltmatured, and is transformed from wet salted fish to Clipfish through a drying process. The salted fish was earlier dried on rocks (clips) on the foreshore. The production method of Clipfish (or Bacalhau in Portuguese) was developed by the Portuguese who first mined salt near the brackish water of Aveiro, and brought it to Newfoundland where cod was available in massive quantities. (q.v.). Salti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroponte%20switch
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The Negroponte Switch is an idea developed by Nicholas Negroponte in the 1980s, while at the Media Lab at MIT. He suggested that due to the accidents of engineering history we had ended up with static devices – such as televisions – receiving their content via signals travelling over the airways, while devices that could have been mobile and personal – such as telephones – were receiving their content over static cables. It was his idea that a better use of available communication resource would result if the information, (such as phone calls). going through the cables was to go through the air, and that going through the air (such as TV programmes) would be delivered via cables. Negroponte called this process “trading places”.
At an event organized by Northern Telecom, his co-presenter George Gilder called it the “Negroponte Switch”, and that name stuck from then on. As mobile devices came about, connections were needed for the data network, and bandwidths were required and deliverable in wired or fibre-optic systems growth. It became less sensible to use wireless broadcast to communicate with static installations. At some point the switch took place, as limited radio bandwidth was reallocated to data services for mobile equipment, and television and other media moved to cable.
Influence on internet advocacy
Cory Doctorow, author and Electronic Frontier Foundation activist, described the process of the switch as unwiring. He framed this as a move away from a global internetwork, which passes through many chokepoints where data may be controlled and inspected, toward one which uses available bandwidth frugally by passing communications in a mesh and avoiding chokepoints. He and Charles Stross wrote a short story on the process, called Unwirer.
The description of the switch in terms of a blend of civil liberty and technology was part of an effort to reimplement the Internet in the interests of the users, freedom and democracy.
Influences for change to dig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavipectoral%20fascia
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The clavipectoral fascia (costocoracoid membrane; coracoclavicular fascia) is a strong fascia situated under cover of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major.
It occupies the interval between the pectoralis minor and subclavius, and protects the axillary vein and artery, and axillary nerve.
Traced upward, it splits to enclose the subclavius, and its two layers are attached to the clavicle, one in front of and the other behind the muscle; the deep layer fuses with the deep cervical fascia and with the sheath of the axillary vessels.
Medially, it blends with the fascia covering the first two intercostal spaces, and is attached also to the first rib medial to the origin of the subclavius.
Laterally, it is very thick and dense, and is attached to the coracoid process.
The portion extending from the first rib to the coracoid process is often whiter and denser than the rest, and is sometimes called the costocoracoid membrane.
Below this it is thin, and at the upper border of the pectoralis minor it splits into two layers to invest the muscle; from the lower border of the pectoralis minor it is continued downward to join the axillary fascia, and lateralward to join the fascia over the short head of the biceps brachii.
The clavipectoral fascia is pierced by the cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery and vein, lymphatics and lateral pectoral nerve.
See also
Suspensory ligament of axilla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20meningeal%20nerve
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The middle meningeal nerve (meningeal or dural branch) is given off from the maxillary nerve (CN V2) directly after its origin from the trigeminal ganglion, before CN V2 enters the foramen rotundum.
It accompanies the middle meningeal artery and vein as the artery and vein enter the cranium through the foramen spinosum and supplies the dura mater.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygopalatine%20nerves
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The two pterygopalatine nerves (or sphenopalatine branches) descend to the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Although it is closely related to the pterygopalatine ganglion, it is still considered a branch of the maxillary nerve and does not synapse in the ganglion.
It is found in the pterygopalatine fossa.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%27s%20principle
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In physics, Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's formulation of the principle of stationary action. It states that the dynamics of a physical system are determined by a variational problem for a functional based on a single function, the Lagrangian, which may contain all physical information concerning the system and the forces acting on it. The variational problem is equivalent to and allows for the derivation of the differential equations of motion of the physical system. Although formulated originally for classical mechanics, Hamilton's principle also applies to classical fields such as the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and plays an important role in quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and criticality theories.
Mathematical formulation
Hamilton's principle states that the true evolution of a system described by generalized coordinates between two specified states and at two specified times and is a stationary point (a point where the variation is zero) of the action functional
where is the Lagrangian function for the system. In other words, any first-order perturbation of the true evolution results in (at most) second-order changes in . The action is a functional, i.e., something that takes as its input a function and returns a single number, a scalar. In terms of functional analysis, Hamilton's principle states that the true evolution of a physical system is a solution of the functional equation
That is, the system takes a path in configuration space for which the action is stationary, with fixed boundary conditions at the beginning and the end of the path.
Euler–Lagrange equations derived from the action integral
See also more rigorous derivation Euler–Lagrange equation
Requiring that the true trajectory be a stationary point of the action functional is equivalent to a set of differential equations for (the Euler–Lagrange equations), which may be derived as follows.
Let represent the true evolution of the syst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentavalent%20antimonial
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Pentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent Sb or SbV) are a group of compounds used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They are also called pentavalent antimony compounds.
Types
The first pentavalent antimonial, urea stibamine, was synthesised by the Indian scientist Upendranath Brahmachari in 1922. Though it caused a dramatic decline in deaths due to leishmaniasis, it fell out of favour in the 1950s due to higher toxicity compared to sodium stibogluconate.
The compounds currently available for clinical use are:
sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline; available in United States [through the Centers for Disease Control only] and UK), which is administered by slow intravenous injection.
meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim; manufactured by Aventis; available in Brazil, France and Italy), which is administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection.
The pentavalent antimonials can only be given by injection: there are no oral preparations available.
Alternatives
In many countries, widespread resistance to antimony has meant that amphotericin or miltefosine are now used in preference.
Side effects
Cardiotoxicity, reversible kidney failure, pancreatitis, anemia, leukopenia, rash, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminase elevation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KM3
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KM3 or Kernel Meta Meta Model is a neutral computer language to write metamodels and to define Domain Specific Languages. KM3 has been defined at INRIA and is available under the Eclipse platform.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20stibogluconate
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Sodium stibogluconate, sold under the brand name Pentostam among others, is a medication used to treat leishmaniasis. This includes leishmaniasis of the cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal types. Some combination of miltefosine, paramycin and liposomal amphotericin B, however, may be recommended due to issues with resistance. It is given by injection.
Side effects are common and include loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains, headache, and feeling tired. Serious side effect may include an irregular heartbeat or pancreatitis. Sodium stibogluconate is less safe than some other options during pregnancy. It is not believed to result in any problems if used during breastfeeding. Sodium stibogluconate is in the pentavalent antimonials class of medication.
Sodium stibogluconate has been studied as early as 1937 and has been in medical use since the 1940s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In the United States, it is available from the Centers for Disease Control.
Side effects
Sodium stibogluconate is exceedingly toxic to veins. One of the practical problems is that after a few doses it can become exceedingly difficult to find a vein in which to inject the drug. The insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) does not prevent the problem and can instead exacerbate it: the entire vein along the course of the PICC line can become inflamed and thrombose. Large doses of sodium stibogluconate are often administered as dilute solutions.
Pancreatitis is a common deleterious effect of the drug, and the serum amylase or lipase should be monitored twice weekly; there is no need to stop treatment if the amylase remains less than four times the upper limit of normal; if the amylase rises above the cut-off, then treatment should be interrupted until the amylase falls to less than twice the upper limit of normal, whereupon treatment can be resumed. Cardiac conduction disturbances are less common, but electrocardiograph (ECG) monito
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram%20code
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Wolfram code is a widely used numbering system for one-dimensional cellular automaton rules, introduced by Stephen Wolfram in a 1983 paper and popularized in his book A New Kind of Science.
The code is based on the observation that a table specifying the new state of each cell in the automaton, as a function of the states in its neighborhood, may be interpreted as a k-digit number in the S-ary positional number system, where S is the number of states that each cell in the automaton may have, k = S2n + 1 is the number of neighborhood configurations, and n is the radius of the neighborhood. Thus, the Wolfram code for a particular rule is a number in the range from 0 to SS − 1, converted from S-ary to decimal notation. It may be calculated as follows:
List all the S2n + 1 possible state configurations of the neighbourhood of a given cell.
Interpreting each configuration as a number as described above, sort them in descending numerical order.
For each configuration, list the state which the given cell will have, according to this rule, on the next iteration.
Interpret the resulting list of states again as an S-ary number, and convert this number to decimal. The resulting decimal number is the Wolfram code.
The Wolfram code does not specify the size (nor shape) of the neighbourhood, nor the number of states — these are assumed to be known from context. When used on their own without such context, the codes are often assumed to refer to the class of elementary cellular automata, two-state one-dimensional cellular automata with a (contiguous) three-cell neighbourhood, which Wolfram extensively investigates in his book. Notable rules in this class include rule 30, rule 110, and rule 184. Rule 90 is also interesting because it creates Pascal's triangle modulo 2. A code of this type suffixed by an R, such as "Rule 37R", indicates a second-order cellular automaton with the same neighborhood structure.
While in a strict sense every Wolfram code in the valid range def
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay%20Professional
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Replay Professional was a sound sampling product for the Atari ST. This was released in 1988.
It consisted of a cartridge which interfaced an analog to digital converter (with 10, 12 and 14 bit variants) and software.
It included a suite of offline DSP functions Fast Fourier transform, a range of filters, so called fast (IRR) and slow (FIR) filters], MIDI sequencing and a drum machine.
Compact discs were a relatively new consumer product at that time, and the front cover used CD-like artwork, although no CD media was included and the programs themselves came on three 3.5 inch floppy disks.
External links
- the file format used for the samples
Atari ST Replay 16: Atari Mania
Gallery
Atari ST software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie%20Heineman%20Prize%20for%20Mathematical%20Physics
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Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics is an award given each year since 1959 jointly by the American Physical Society and American Institute of Physics. It is established by the Heineman Foundation in honour of Dannie Heineman. As of 2010, the prize consists of US$10,000 and a certificate citing the contributions made by the recipient plus travel expenses to attend the meeting at which the prize is bestowed.
Past Recipients
Source: American Physical Society
2023 Nikita Nekrasov
2022 Antti Kupiainen and Krzysztof Gawędzki
2021 Joel Lebowitz
2020 Svetlana Jitomirskaya
2019 T. Bill Sutherland, Francesco Calogero and Michel Gaudin
2018 Barry Simon
2017 Carl M. Bender
2016 Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa
2015 Pierre Ramond
2014 Gregory W. Moore
2013 Michio Jimbo and Tetsuji Miwa
2012 Giovanni Jona-Lasinio
2011 Herbert Spohn
2010 Michael Aizenman
2009 Carlo Becchi, Alain Rouet, Raymond Stora and Igor Tyutin
2008 Mitchell Feigenbaum
2007 Juan Maldacena and Joseph Polchinski
2006 Sergio Ferrara, Daniel Z. Freedman and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
2005 Giorgio Parisi
2004 Gabriele Veneziano
2003 Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat and James W. York
2002 Michael B. Green and John Henry Schwarz
2001 Vladimir Igorevich Arnold
2000 Sidney R. Coleman
1999 Barry M. McCoy, Tai Tsun Wu and Alexander B. Zamolodchikov
1998 Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten
1997 Harry W. Lehmann
1996 Roy J. Glauber
1995 Roman W. Jackiw
1994 Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser and Charles W. Misner
1993 Martin C. Gutzwiller
1992 Stanley Mandelstam
1991 Thomas C.Spencer and Jürg Fröhlich
1990 Yakov Sinai
1989 John S. Bell
1988 Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino
1987 Rodney Baxter
1986 Alexander M. Polyakov
1985 David P. Ruelle
1984 Robert B. Griffiths
1983 Martin D. Kruskal
1982 John Clive Ward
1981 Jeffrey Goldstone
1980 James Glimm and Arthur Jaffe
1979 Gerard 't Hooft
1978 Elliott Lieb
1977 Steven Weinberg
1976 Stephen Hawking
1975 Ludwig D. Faddeev
1974 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1973 Kenneth G. Wilson
1972 James D.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20geographic%20information%20systems%20software
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This is a comparison of notable GIS software. To be included on this list, the software must have a linked existing article.
License, source, & operating system support
Pure server
Map servers
Map caches
Pure web client
Libraries
See also
Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)
Geographic information system software
GIS Live DVD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meglumine%20antimoniate
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Meglumine antimoniate is a medicine used to treat leishmaniasis. This includes visceral, mucocutaneous, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is given by injection into a muscle or into the area infected.
Side effects include loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, cough, feeling tired, muscle pain, irregular heartbeat, and kidney problems. It should not be used in people with significant heart, liver, or kidney problems. It is not recommended during breastfeeding. It belongs to a group of medications known as the pentavalent antimonials.
Meglumine antimoniate came into medical use in 1946. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available in Southern Europe and Latin America but not the United States.
Society and culture
It is manufactured by Aventis and sold as Glucantime in France, and Glucantim in Italy.
See also
Meglumine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAR
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SPEAR (originally Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Rings, now simply a name) was a collider at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. It began running in 1972, colliding electrons and positrons with an energy of . During the 1970s, experiments at the accelerator played a key role in particle physics research, including the discovery of the meson (awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics), many charmonium states, and the discovery of the tau (awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in physics).
Today, SPEAR is used as a synchrotron radiation source for the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). The latest major upgrade of the ring in that finished in 2004 rendered it the current name SPEAR3.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20I%20%28detector%29
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The Mark I, also known as the SLAC-LBL Magnetic Detector, was a particle detector that operated at the interaction point of the SPEAR collider from 1973 to 1977. It was the first 4π detector, i.e. the first detector to uniformly cover as much of the 4π steradians (units of solid angle) around the interaction point as possible with different types of component particle detectors arranged in layers. This design proved quite successful, and the detector was used in discoveries of the particle and tau lepton, which both resulted in Nobel prizes (for Burton Richter in 1976 and Martin Lewis Perl in 1995). This basic design philosophy continues to be used in all modern collider detectors.
Details of the detector
The detector was enormous for the early 1970's, weighing in at ~150 tons, with a length of 12 feet and a height of 20 feet. The colliding electron and positron beams were contained within a vacuum chamber of about 6 inches in diameter. The beam pipe was constructed from a very thin (0.008 inch) corrugated stainless steel tube. The two counter-rotating beams were collided at the center of the detector.
A solenoid coil generated a magnetic field roughly parallel to the beam direction, which enabled measurement of the transverse momentum of particles emerging from the collision point.
The steel flux return was constructed from 8 pieces of steel arranged in an octagon around the detector; and two removable steel end caps, one at each end of the detector. Construction of the original detector, designed by Bill-Davies White, took about a year, and was completed in 1973.
The original detector consisted of a series of components in cylindrical layers.
Inner Trigger Scintillation Counters
Four inner trigger scintillation counters were positioned around the beam pipe. Charged particles traversing these counters generated light pulses, detected by photo-multiplier tubes and associated electronics.
Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers
SLAC collaborators developed the M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%20tree%20algorithm
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The junction tree algorithm (also known as 'Clique Tree') is a method used in machine learning to extract marginalization in general graphs. In essence, it entails performing belief propagation on a modified graph called a junction tree. The graph is called a tree because it branches into different sections of data; nodes of variables are the branches. The basic premise is to eliminate cycles by clustering them into single nodes. Multiple extensive classes of queries can be compiled at the same time into larger structures of data. There are different algorithms to meet specific needs and for what needs to be calculated. Inference algorithms gather new developments in the data and calculate it based on the new information provided.
Junction tree algorithm
Hugin algorithm
If the graph is directed then moralize it to make it un-directed.
Introduce the evidence.
Triangulate the graph to make it chordal.
Construct a junction tree from the triangulated graph (we will call the vertices of the junction tree "supernodes").
Propagate the probabilities along the junction tree (via belief propagation)
Note that this last step is inefficient for graphs of large treewidth. Computing the messages to pass between supernodes involves doing exact marginalization over the variables in both supernodes. Performing this algorithm for a graph with treewidth k will thus have at least one computation which takes time exponential in k. It is a message passing algorithm. The Hugin algorithm takes fewer computations to find a solution compared to Shafer-Shenoy.
Shafer-Shenoy algorithm
Computed recursively
Multiple recursions of the Shafer-Shenoy algorithm results in Hugin algorithm
Found by the message passing equation
Separator potentials are not stored
The Shafer-Shenoy algorithm is the sum product of a junction tree. It is used because it runs programs and queries more efficiently than the Hugin algorithm. The algorithm makes calculations for conditionals for belief functions p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Irwin%20Hutchinson
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John Irwin Hutchinson (12 April 1867 – 1 December 1935) was an American mathematician born in Bangor, Maine. He was educated at Bates College, (A.B., 1889), Clark University (1890–92), and the University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1896). With Virgil Snyder he was coauthor of Differential and Integral Calculus (1902) and Elementary Treatise on the Calculus (1912).
Books
Differential and integral calculus (New York, American Book Company, 1902)
Elementary textbook on the calculus. (New York, American Book Company, 1912)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest%20frame
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In special relativity, the rest frame of a particle is the frame of reference (a coordinate system attached to physical markers) in which the particle is at rest.
The rest frame of compound objects (such as a fluid, or a solid made of many vibrating atoms) is taken to be the frame of reference in which the average momentum of the particles which make up the substance is zero (the particles may individually have momentum, but collectively have no net momentum). The rest frame of a container of gas, for example, would be the rest frame of the container itself, in which the gas molecules are not at rest, but are no more likely to be traveling in one direction than another. The rest frame of a river would be the frame of an unpowered boat, in which the mean velocity of the water is zero. This frame is also called the center-of-mass frame, or center-of-momentum frame.
The center-of-momentum frame is notable for being the reference frame in which the total energy (total relativistic energy) of a particle or compound object, is also the invariant mass (times the scale-factor speed of light squared). It is also the reference frame in which the object or system has minimum total energy.
In both special relativity and general relativity it is essential to specify the rest frame of any time measurements, as the time that an event occurred is dependent on the rest frame of the observer. For this reason the timings of astronomical events such as supernovae are usually recorded in terms of when the light from the event reached Earth, as the "real time" that the event occurred depends on the rest frame chosen. For example, in the rest frame of a neutrino particle travelling from the Crab Nebula supernova to Earth, the supernova occurred in the 11th Century AD only a short while before the light reached Earth, but in Earth's rest frame the event occurred about 6300 years earlier.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrophilus
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In taxonomy, Picrophilus is an archaean genus of the family Picrophilaceae.
Picrophilus is an extremely acidophilic genus within Euryarchaeota. These microbes are the most acidophilic organisms currently known, with the ability to grow at a pH of less than 0.5. They were first isolated from samples taken from acidic hot springs and dry hot soil in Hokkaido (Japan). They are obligate acidophiles and are unable to maintain their membrane integrity at pH values above 4. While phylogenetically related to other organisms within Thermoplasmata, unlike Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma, Picrophilus contains an S-layer cell wall.
See also
List of Archaea genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rp-process
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The rp-process (rapid proton capture process) consists of consecutive proton captures onto seed nuclei to produce heavier elements. It is a nucleosynthesis process and, along with the s-process and the r-process, may be responsible for the generation of many of the heavy elements present in the universe. However, it is notably different from the other processes mentioned in that it occurs on the proton-rich side of stability as opposed to on the neutron-rich side of stability. The end point of the rp-process (the highest-mass element it can create) is not yet well established, but recent research has indicated that in neutron stars it cannot progress beyond tellurium. The rp-process is inhibited by alpha decay, which puts an upper limit on the end point at 104Te, the lightest observed alpha-decaying nuclide, and the proton drip line in light antimony isotopes. At this point, further proton captures result in prompt proton emission or alpha emission, and thus the proton flux is consumed without yielding heavier elements; this end process is known as the tin–antimony–tellurium cycle.
Conditions
The process has to occur in very high-temperature environments (above 109 kelvins) so that the protons can overcome the large Coulomb barrier for charged-particle reactions. A hydrogen-rich environment is also a prerequisite due to the large proton flux needed. The seed nuclei needed for this process to occur are thought to be formed during breakout reactions from the hot CNO cycle. Typically proton capture in the rp-process will compete with (α,p) reactions, as most environments with a high flux of hydrogen are also rich in helium. The time scale for the rp-process is set by β+ decays at or near the proton drip line, because the weak interaction is notoriously slower than the strong interaction and electromagnetic force at these high temperatures.
Possible sites
Sites suggested for the rp-process are accreting binary systems where one star is a neutron star. In th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnor%27s%20sphere
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In mathematics, specifically differential and algebraic topology, during the mid 1950's John Milnorpg 14 was trying to understand the structure of -connected manifolds of dimension (since -connected -manifolds are homeomorphic to spheres, this is the first non-trivial case after) and found an example of a space which is homotopy equivalent to a sphere, but was not explicitly diffeomorphic. He did this through looking at real vector bundles over a sphere and studied the properties of the associated disk bundle. It turns out, the boundary of this bundle is homotopically equivalent to a sphere , but in certain cases it is not diffeomorphic. This lack of diffeomorphism comes from studying a hypothetical cobordism between this boundary and a sphere, and showing this hypothetical cobordism invalidates certain properties of the Hirzebruch signature theorem.
See also
Exotic sphere
Oriented cobordism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular%20ligament%20of%20radius
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The annular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers that encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna.
Per Terminologia Anatomica 1998, the spelling is "anular", but the spelling "annular" is frequently encountered. Indeed, the most recent version of Terminologia Anatomica (2019) uses "annular" as the preferred English spelling.
Anatomy
The annular ligament is attached by both its ends to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna, together with which it forms the articular surface that surrounds the head and neck of the radius. The ligament is strong and well defined, yet its flexibility permits the slightly oval head of the radius to rotate freely during pronation and supination.
The head of the radius is wider than the bone's neck, and, because the annular ligament embraces both, the radial head is "trapped" inside the ligament which thus acts to prevent distal displacement of the radius. It helps to stabilise the proximal radial head, and the radioulnar joint.
Superiorly, the ligament is supported by attachments to the radial collateral ligament and the fibrous capsule of the elbow joint. Inferiorly, a few fibres attached to the neck of the radius support a fold of the synovial membrane without interfering with the movements at the joint.
The fibrocartilage on the upper part of the ligament is continuous with the hyaline cartilage of the radial notch. At the posterior attachment the ligament widens to reach above and below the radial notch.
A thickened band which extends from the inferior border of the annular ligament below the radial notch to the neck of the radius is known as the quadrate ligament.
Clinical significance
Children who have not finished fusing their proximal radial epiphyseal plate may suffer dislocations of this joint, called pulled elbow or Nursemaid's elbow. This frequently happens when parents sharply jerk their children by their arms, e.g. the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack%20%28password%20software%29
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Crack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary attack. Crack was the first standalone password cracker for Unix systems and the first to introduce programmable dictionary generation as well.
Crack began in 1990 when Alec Muffett, a Unix system administrator at the University of Wales Aberystwyth, was trying to improve Dan Farmer's 'pwc' cracker in COPS. Muffett found that by re-engineering the memory management, he got a noticeable performance increase. This led to a total rewrite which became "Crack v2.0" and further development to improve usability.
Public Releases
The first public release of Crack was version 2.7a, which was posted to the Usenet newsgroups alt.sources and alt.security on 15 July 1991. Crack v3.2a+fcrypt, posted to comp.sources.misc on 23 August 1991, introduced an optimised version of the Unix crypt() function but was still only really a faster version of what was already available in other packages.
The release of Crack v4.0a on 3 November 1991, however, introduced several new features that made it a formidable tool in the system administrator's arsenal.
Programmable dictionary generator
Network distributed password cracking
Crack v5.0a released in 2000 did not introduce any new features, but instead concentrated on improving the code and introducing more flexibility, such as the ability to integrate other crypt() variants such as those needed to attack the MD5 password hashes used on more modern Unix, Linux and Windows NT systems. It also bundled Crack v6 - a minimalist password cracker and Crack v7 - a brute force password cracker.
Legal issues arising from using Crack
Randal L. Schwartz, a notable Perl programming expert, in 1995 was prosecuted for using Crack on the password file of a system at Intel, a case the verdict of which was eventually expunged.
Crack was also used by Kevin Mitnick when hacking into Sun Microsystems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20of%20Mathematics%20%28Glasgow%29
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The Chair of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow in Scotland was established in 1691. Previously, under James VI's Nova Erectio, the teaching of Mathematics had been the responsibility of the Regents.
List of Mathematics Professors
George Sinclair MA (1691-1696)
Robert Sinclair MA MD (1699)
Robert Simson MA MD (1711)
Rev Prof James Williamson FRSE MA DD (1761)
James Millar MA (1796)
James Thomson MA LLD (1832)
Hugh Blackburn MA (1849)
William Jack MA LLD (1879)
George Alexander Gibson MA LLD (1909)
Thomas Murray MacRobert MA DSc LLD (1927)
Robert Alexander Rankin MA PhD DSc FRSE (1954-1982)
Robert Winston Keith Odoni BSc PhD FRSE (1989-2001)
Peter Kropholler (2003-2013)
Michael Wemyss (2016-)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20asymmetry
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In mathematics and physics, the spectral asymmetry is the asymmetry in the distribution of the spectrum of eigenvalues of an operator. In mathematics, the spectral asymmetry arises in the study of elliptic operators on compact manifolds, and is given a deep meaning by the Atiyah-Singer index theorem. In physics, it has numerous applications, typically resulting in a fractional charge due to the asymmetry of the spectrum of a Dirac operator. For example, the vacuum expectation value of the baryon number is given by the spectral asymmetry of the Hamiltonian operator. The spectral asymmetry of the confined quark fields is an important property of the chiral bag model. For fermions, it is known as the Witten index, and can be understood as describing the Casimir effect for fermions.
Definition
Given an operator with eigenvalues , an equal number of which are positive and negative, the spectral asymmetry may be defined as the sum
where is the sign function. Other regulators, such as the zeta function regulator, may be used.
The need for both a positive and negative spectrum in the definition is why the spectral asymmetry usually occurs in the study of Dirac operators.
Example
As an example, consider an operator with a spectrum
where n is an integer, ranging over all positive and negative values. One may show in a straightforward manner that in this case obeys for any integer , and that for we have . The graph of is therefore a periodic sawtooth curve.
Discussion
Related to the spectral asymmetry is the vacuum expectation value of the energy associated with the operator, the Casimir energy, which is given by
This sum is formally divergent, and the divergences must be accounted for and removed using standard regularization techniques.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20YM2151
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The Yamaha YM2151, also known as OPM (FM Operator Type-M) is an eight-channel, four-operator sound chip. It was Yamaha's first single-chip FM synthesis implementation, being created originally for some of the Yamaha DX series of keyboards (DX21, DX27, and DX100). Yamaha also used it in some of their budget-priced electric pianos, such as the YPR-7, -8, and -9.
Uses
The YM2151 was used in many arcade game system boards, starting with Atari's Marble Madness in 1984, then Sega arcade system boards from 1985, and then arcade games from Konami, Capcom, Data East, Irem, and Namco, as well as Williams pinball machines, with its heaviest use in the mid-to-late 1980s. It was also used in Sharp's X1 and X68000 home computers, as well as the modern hobbyist Commander X16 8-bit computer.
The chip was used in the Yamaha SFG-01 and SFG-05 FM Sound Synthesizer units. These are expansion units for Yamaha MSX computers and were already built into some machines such as the Yamaha CX5M. Later SFG-05 modules contain the YM2164 (OPP), an almost identical chip with only minor changes to control registers. The SFGs were followed by the Yamaha FB-01, a standalone version powered exclusively by the YM2164.
Technical details
The YM2151 was paired with either a YM3012 stereo DAC or a YM3014 monophonic DAC so that the output of its FM tone generator could be supplied to speakers as analog audio.
See also
Yamaha YM2164
Yamaha YM2612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20number
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In mathematics, specifically in number theory, a binomial number is an integer which can be obtained by evaluating a homogeneous polynomial containing two terms. It is a generalization of a Cunningham number.
Definition
A binomial number is an integer obtained by evaluating a homogeneous polynomial containing two terms, also called a binomial. The form of this binomial is , with and . However, since is always divisible by , when studying the numbers generated from the version with the negative sign, they are usually divided by first. Binomial numbers formed this way form Lucas sequences. Specifically:
and
Binomial numbers are a generalization of a Cunningham numbers, and it will be seen that the Cunningham numbers are binomial numbers where . Other subsets of the binomial numbers are the Mersenne numbers and the repunits.
Factorization
The main reason for studying these numbers is to obtain their factorizations. Aside from algebraic factors, which are obtained by factoring the underlying polynomial (binomial) that was used to define the number, such as difference of two squares and sum of two cubes, there are other prime factors (called primitive prime factors, because for a given they do not factorize with ) which occur seemingly at random, and it is these which the number theorist is looking for.
Some binomial numbers' underlying binomials have Aurifeuillian factorizations, which can assist in finding prime factors. Cyclotomic polynomials are also helpful in finding factorizations.
The amount of work required in searching for a factor is considerably reduced by applying Legendre's theorem. This theorem states that all factors of a binomial number are of the form if is even or if it is odd.
Observation
Some people write "binomial number" when they mean binomial coefficient, but this usage is not standard and is deprecated.
See also
Cunningham project
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright%20symbol
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The copyright symbol, or copyright sign, (a circled capital letter C for copyright), is the symbol used in copyright notices for works other than sound recordings. The use of the symbol is described by the Universal Copyright Convention. The symbol is widely recognized but, under the Berne Convention, is no longer required in most nations to assert a new copyright.
US law
In the United States, the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, effective March 1, 1989, removed the requirement for the copyright symbol from U.S. copyright law, but its presence or absence is legally significant on works published before that date, and it continues to affect remedies available to a copyright holder whose work is infringed.
History
Prior symbols indicating a work's copyright status are seen in Scottish almanacs of the 1670s; books included a printed copy of the local coat-of-arms to indicate their authenticity.
A copyright notice was first required in the U.S. by the Copyright Act of 1802. It was lengthy: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington." In general, this notice had to appear on the copyrighted work itself, but in the case of a "work of the fine arts", such as a painting, it could instead be inscribed "on the face of the substance on which [the work of art] shall be mounted". The Copyright Act was amended in 1874 to allow a much shortened notice: "Copyright, 18, by A. B."
The copyright symbol was introduced in the United States in section 18 of the Copyright Act of 1909, and initially applied only to pictorial, graphic and sculptural works. The Copyright Act of 1909 was meant to be a complete rewrite and overhaul of existing copyright law. As originally proposed in the draft of the bill, copyright protection required putting the word "copyright" or a sanctioned abbreviation on the work of art itself. This included paintings, the argument being that the frame was detachable. In co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrammatism
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Agrammatism is a characteristic of non-fluent aphasia. Individuals with agrammatism present with speech that is characterized by containing mainly content words, with a lack of function words. For example, when asked to describe a picture of children playing in the park, the affected individual responds with, "trees..children..run." People with agrammatism may have telegraphic speech, a unique speech pattern with simplified formation of sentences (in which many or all function words are omitted), akin to that found in telegraph messages. Deficits in agrammaticism are often language-specific, however—in other words, "agrammaticism" in speakers of one language may present differently from in speakers of another.
Errors made in agrammatism depend on the severity of aphasia. In severe forms language production is severely telegraphic and in more mild to moderate cases necessary elements for sentence construction are missing. Common errors include errors in tense, number, and gender. Patients also find it very hard to produce sentences involving "movement" of elements, such as passive sentences, wh-questions or complex sentences.
Agrammatism is seen in many brain disease syndromes, including expressive aphasia and traumatic brain injury.
History
Agrammatism was first coined by Adolf Kussmaul in 1887 to explain the inability to form words grammatically and to syntactically order them into a sentence. Later on, Harold Goodglass defined the term as the omission of connective words, auxiliaries and inflectional morphemes, all of these generating a speech production with extremely rudimentary grammar. Agrammatism, today seen as a symptom of the Broca's syndrome (Tesak & Code, 2008), has been also referred as 'motor aphasia' (Goldstein, 1948), 'syntactic aphasia' (Wepman & Jones, 1964), 'efferent motor aphasia' (Luria, 1970), and 'non-fluent aphasia' (Goodglass et al., 1964).
The early accounts of agrammatism involved cases of German and French participants. The gre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALCOR
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ALCOR (ALGOL Converter, acronym) is an early computer language definition created by the ALCOR Group, a consortium of universities, research institutions and manufacturers in Europe and the United States which was founded in 1959 and which had 60 members in 1966. The group had the aim of a common compiler specification for a subset of ALGOL 60 after the ALGOL meeting in Copenhagen in 1958.
In addition to its programming application, as the name Algol is also an astronomical reference, to the star Algol, so too, Alcor is a reference to the star Alcor. This star is the fainter companion of the 2nd magnitude star Zeta Ursae Majoris. This was sometimes ironized as being a bad omen for the future of the language.
In Europe, a high level machine architecture for ALGOL 60 was devised which was emulated on various real computers, among them the Siemens 2002 and the IBM 7090. An ALGOL manual was published which provided a detailed introduction of all features of the language with many program snippets, and four appendixes:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60
Report on Subset ALGOL 60 (IFIP)
Report on Input-Output Procedures for ALGOL 60
An early "standard" character set for representing ALGOL 60 code on paper and paper tape. This character set introduced the characters "×", ";", "[", "]", and "⏨" into the CCITT-2 code, the first two replacing "?" and the BEL control character, the others taking unused code points.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop%20attack
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A drop attack is a sudden fall without loss of consciousness. Drop attacks stem from diverse mechanisms, including orthopedic causes (for example, leg weakness and knee instability), hemodynamic causes (for example, transient vertebrobasilar insufficiency, a type of interruption of blood flow to the brain), and neurologic causes (such as epileptic seizures or unstable vestibular function), among other reasons. Those affected typically experience abrupt leg weakness, sometimes after sudden movement of the head. The weakness may persist for hours.
The term "drop attack" is used to categorize otherwise unexplained falls from a wide variety of causes and is considered ambiguous medical terminology; drop attacks are currently reported much less often than in the past, possibly as a result of better diagnostic precision. By definition, drop attacks exclude syncopal falls (fainting), which involve short loss of consciousness. In neurology, the term "drop attack" is used to describe certain types of seizure which occur in epilepsy. Drop attacks that have a vestibular origin within the inner ear may be experienced by some people in the later stages of Ménière's disease (these may be referred to as Tumarkin [drop] attacks, or as Tumarkin's otolithic crisis).
Drop attacks often occur in elderly people. Falls in older adults happen for many reasons, and the goals of health care include preventing any preventable falls and correctly diagnosing any falls that do happen.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20labial%20nerve
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The superior labial branches (labial branches), the largest and most numerous, descend behind the quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands.
They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital plexus.
See also
Superior labial artery
External links
Maxillary nerve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20palpebral%20nerve
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The Inferior palpebral nerve (inferior palpebral branches) ascend behind the orbicularis oculi.
They supply the skin and conjunctiva of the lower eyelid, joining at the lateral angle of the orbit with the facial and zygomaticofacial nerves.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20superior%20alveolar%20nerve
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The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also posterior superior dental nerves, or posterior superior alveolar branches) are sensory branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2). They arise within the pterygopalatine fossa as a single trunk. They run on or in the maxilla. They provide sensory innervation to the upper molar teeth and adjacent gum, and the maxillary sinus.
Anatomy
Origin
The nerves arise from the trunk of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa just before it enters the infraorbital groove.
The nerve arises as a single trunk which split into 2-3 nerves within the pterygopalatine fossa.
Course
The nerves exit the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure. They pass within or upon the posterior wall of the maxilla.
They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek.
They then enter the alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and gingival and dental branches to each molar tooth from a superior dental plexus; these branches enter the apical foramina at the roots of the teeth.
Distribution
The nerves provide sensory innervation to the upper/maxillary molar teeth and the associated gingiva of the vestibule, and the maxillary sinus.
Teeth
The nerve innervates the second and third maxillary/upper molar teeth, and two of the three roots of the maxillary/upper first molar tooth (all but the mesiobuccal root).
Clinical significance
When giving a posterior superior alveolar nerve block, it will anesthetize the mesialbuccal root of the maxillary/upper first molar tooth approximately 72% of the time.
See also
Alveolar nerve (Dental nerve)
Superior alveolar nerve (Superior dental nerve)
Anterior superior alveolar nerve (Ante
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal%20nerve
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The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2), arising at (the posterior part of the) pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes posterior-ward through the palatovaginal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery.
It is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx (its posterior wall, posterior to the pharyngotympanic tube). It also issues some minute orbital branches which pass through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit and innervate the periosteum of the floor of the orbit, and the mucosa of the sphenoid sinus and ethmoid sinus.
See also
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20petrosal%20nerve
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The deep petrosal nerve is a post-ganglionic branch of the (sympathetic) internal carotid (nervous) plexus (which is in turn derived from the superior cervical ganglion, a part of the cervical sympathetic trunk) that enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal, then passes perpendicular to the carotid canal in the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum to unite with the (parasympathetic) greater petrosal nerve to form the nerve of pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve).
Anatomy
intermediate grey column (of spinal cord at around the level of T1) → white rami communicantes (of cervical part of sympathetic chain) → superior cervical ganglion (synapse) → gray rami communicantes → internal carotid plexus → deep petrosal nerve → nerve of pterygoid canal → pterygopalatine ganglion (fibres pass through without synapsing) → zygomatic nerve → zygomaticotemporal nerve → lacrimal nerve
Origin
The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons that subsequently give synapse with neurons of the deep petrosal nerve reside in the intermediate grey column of the spinal cord at around the spinal level of T1. The pre-ganglionic axons ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse at the superior cervical ganglion where the cell bodies of the fibres of the deep petrosal nerve are situated. The post-ganglionic fibres do not synapse again and ultimately innervate their target tissues directly.
Function
The deep petrosal nerve carries post-ganglionic sympathetic axons which are ultimately distributed to the blood vessels (to mediate vasoconstriction), and exocrine glands of the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and oral cavity (to mediate secretomotor function).
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20of%20pterygoid%20canal
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The nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve) is formed by the union of the (parasympathetic) greater petrosal nerve and (sympathetic) deep petrosal nerve within the cartilaginous substance filling the foramen lacerum. From the foramen lacerum, the nerve of the pterygoid canal passes through the pterygoid canal to reach the pterygopalatine fossa, ending at the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Structure
The nerve of the pterygoid canal forms from the junction of the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve within the foreamen lacerum. This combined nerve exits the foramen lacerum and travels to the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygoid canal in the sphenoid.
The nerve of the pterygoid canal contains axons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, specifically;
preganglonic parasympathetic axons from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (cell bodies are located in the superior salivatory nucleus)
postganglionic sympathetic axons from the deep petrosal nerve, a branch of the internal carotid plexus (cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion)
Function
The preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, which contains the postganglionic neurons which provide secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, as well as the nasal and palatine glands.
The postganglionic sympathetic axons do not synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, they travel on the branches of the maxillary nerve to provide sympathetic innervation to blood vessels.
Additional images
See also
Vidus Vidius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20area
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When two objects touch, only a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other. This area of true contact, most often constitutes only a very small fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area. In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities, the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale. Contact area may depend on the normal force between the two objects due to deformation.
The contact area depends on the geometry of the contacting bodies, the load, and the material properties. The contact area between the two parallel cylinders is a narrow rectangle. Two, non-parallel cylinders have an elliptical contact area, unless the cylinders are crossed at 90 degrees, in which case they have a circular contact area. Two spheres also have a circular contact area.
Friction and contact area
It is an empirical fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the frictional force for sliding friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and N is the normal force. There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.
Methods for determining contact area
One way of determining the actual contact area is to determine it indirectly through a physical process that depends on contact area. For example, the resistance of a wire is dependent on the cross-sectional area, so one may find the contact area of a metal by measuring the current that flows through that area (through the surface of an electrode to another electrode, for example.)
See also
Contact mechanics
Contact resistance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal%20cave
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The trigeminal cave (also known as Meckel's cave or cavum trigeminale) is a pouch of dura mater containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Structure
The trigeminal cave is formed by the two layers of dura mater (endosteal and meningeal) which are part of an evagination of the cerebellar tentorium near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It envelops the trigeminal ganglion. It is bounded by the dura overlying four structures:
cerebellar tentorium superolaterally
lateral wall of the cavernous sinus superomedially
clivus medially
posterior petrous face inferolaterally
Within the dural confines of the trigeminal cave, there is a continuation of subarachnoid space along the posterior aspect of the cave, representing a continuation of the cerebral basal cisterns.
History
Etymology
It is named for Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseteric%20nerve
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The masseteric nerve is a nerve of the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). It passes through the mandibular notch to reach masseter muscle. It provides motor innervation the masseter muscle, and sensory innervation to the temporomandibular joint.
Structure
Origin
The masseteric nerve is a branch of (the anterior division of) the mandibular nerve (CN V3) (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)).
Course
It passes laterally superior to the lateral pterygoid muscle, anterior to the temporomandibular joint, and posterior to the tendon of the temporalis muscle. It crosses (the posterior portion of) the mandibular notch alongside the masseteric artery before branching out upon the surface of the masseter muscle, then entering the muscle.
Distribution
The masseteric nerve provides motor innervation the masseter muscle. It additionally sends articular (sensory) branches to the temporomandibular joint.
Clinical significance
The masseteric nerve may be harvested and used to repair paralysis of the facial nerve (CN VII).
See also
Masseteric artery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorbital%20plexus
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The superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital plexus.
External links
Nerve plexus
Maxillary nerve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorbital%20canal
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The infraorbital canal is a canal found at the base of the orbit that opens on to the maxilla. It is continuous with the infraorbital groove and opens onto the maxilla at the infraorbital foramen. The infraorbital nerve and infraorbital artery travel through the canal.
Structure
One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit, the area of the skull containing the eye and related structures. It should not be confused with the infraorbital foramen, with which it is continuous.
Function
It transmits the infraorbital nerve as well as infraorbital artery, both of which enter this canal at the infraorbital groove and after coursing through the maxillary sinus exit via the infraorbital foramen. Before exiting, the anterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve and corresponding arteries will branch off.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatovaginal%20canal
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The palatovaginal canal (also pharyngeal canal) is a small canal formed between the sphenoidal process of palatine bone, and vaginal process of sphenoid bone. It connects the pterygopalatine fossa and and nasal cavity. It transmits the pharyngeal nerve (pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve), and the pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery.
Anatomy
Its proximal opening is situated inferoposteriorly in the pterygopalatine fossa.
Its distal opening is situated in the nasal cavity at the root of the pterygoid process near the lateral margin of the ala of vomer.
Variation
An inconstant vomerovaginal canal may lie between the ala of the vomer and the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone, medial to the palatovaginal canal, and lead into the anterior end of the palatovaginal canal.
Contents
The pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery supplies the nasopharynx, posterior part of the roof of the nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterion
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The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple.
Structure
The pterion is located in the temporal fossa, approximately 2.6 cm behind and 1.3 cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture.
It is the junction between four bones:
the parietal bone.
the squamous part of temporal bone.
the greater wing of sphenoid bone.
the frontal bone.
These bones are typically joined by five cranial sutures:
the sphenoparietal suture joins the sphenoid and parietal bones.
the coronal suture joins the frontal bone to the sphenoid and parietal bones.
the squamous suture joins the temporal bone to the sphenoid and parietal bones.
the sphenofrontal suture joins the sphenoid and frontal bones.
the sphenosquamosal suture joins the sphenoid and temporal bones.
Clinical significance
Haematoma
The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull. The anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion. Consequently, a traumatic blow to the pterion may rupture the middle meningeal artery causing an epidural haematoma. The pterion may also be fractured indirectly by blows to the top or back of the head that place sufficient force on the skull to fracture the pterion.
Surgery
The pterion is a structural landmark for neurosurgical approach to middle cerebral artery aneurysms.
Etymology
The pterion receives its name from the Greek root pteron, meaning wing. In Greek mythology, Hermes, messenger of the gods, was enabled to fly by winged sandals, and wings on his head, which were attached at the pterion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelion
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The term obelion is applied to that point of the sagittal suture which is on a level with the parietal foramina.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotes
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In Greek mythology, Philotes (; Ancient Greek: ) was a minor goddess or spirit (daimones) personifying affection, friendship, and sexual intercourse.
Family
Philotes was a daughter of the primordial deities Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night).
Hesiod's account
And Nyx (Night) bore hateful Moros (Doom) and black Ker (Violent Death) and Thanatos (Death), and she bore Hypnos (Sleep) and the tribe of Oneiroi (Dreams). And again the goddess murky Night, though she lay with none, bare Momos (Blame) and painful Oizys (Misery) and the Hesperides who guard the rich, golden apples and the trees bearing fruit beyond glorious Ocean. Also she bore the Moirai (Destinies) and ruthless avenging Keres (Death Fates), Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men at their birth both evil and good to have, and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods: and these goddesses never cease from their dread anger until they punish the sinner with a sore penalty. Also deadly Night bore Nemesis (Indignation) to afflict mortal men, and after her, Apate (Deceit) and Philotes (Friendship) and hateful Geras (Age) and hard-hearted Eris (Strife).
Hyginus's account
From Nox/ Nyx (Night) and Erebus [were born]: Fatum/ Moros (Fate), Senectus/ Geras (Old Age), Mors/ Thanatos (Death), Letum (Dissolution), Continentia/ Sophrosyne (Moderation), Somnus/ Hypnos (Sleep), Somnia/ Oneiroi (Dreams), Amor (Love)--that is Lysimeles, Epiphron (Prudence), Porphyrion, Epaphus, Discordia/ Eris (Discord), Miseria/ Oizys (Misery), Petulantia/ Hybris (Wantonness), Nemesis (Envy), Euphrosyne (Good Cheer), Amicitia/Philotes (Friendship), Misericordia/ Eleos (Compassion), Styx (Hatred); the three Parcae/ Moirai (Fates), namely Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos; the Hesperides.
Cicero's account
Their [Aether and Hemera's] brothers and sisters, whom the ancient genealogists name Amor/ Eros (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus/ Deimos (Fear), Labor/ Ponus (Toil), Invidentia/ Nemesis (Envy), Fatum/ Moros (Fate), Senectus/ Gera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanion
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The point where the upper temporal line cuts the coronal suture is named the stephanion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20chemistry
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Spin chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry positioned at the intersection of chemical kinetics, photochemistry, magnetic resonance and free radical chemistry, that deals with magnetic and spin effects in chemical reactions. Spin chemistry concerns phenomena such as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), chemically induced electron polarization (CIDEP), magnetic isotope effects in chemical reactions, and it is hypothesized to be key in the underlying mechanism for avian magnetoreception and consciousness.
Radical-pair mechanism
The radical-pair mechanism explains how a magnetic field can affect reaction kinetics by affecting electron spin dynamics. Most commonly demonstrated in reactions of organic compounds involving radical intermediates, a magnetic field can speed up a reaction by decreasing the frequency of reverse reactions.
History
The radical-pair mechanism emerged as an explanation to CIDNP and CIDEP and was proposed in 1969 by Closs; Kaptein and Oosterhoff.
Radicals and radical-pairs
A radical is a molecule with an odd number of electrons, and is induced in a variety of ways, including ultra-violet radiation. A sun burn is largely due to radical formation from this radiation. The radical-pair, however, is not simply two radicals. This is because radical-pairs (specifically singlets) are quantum entangled, even as separate molecules. More fundamental to the radical-pair mechanism, however, is the fact that radical-pair electrons both have spin, short for spin angular momentum, which gives each separate radical a magnetic moment. Therefore, spin states can be altered by magnetic fields.
Singlet and triplet spin states
The radical-pair is characterized as triplet or singlet by the spin state of the two lone electrons, paired together. The spin relationship is such that the two unpaired electrons, one in each radical molecule, may have opposite spin (singlet; anticorrelated), or the same spin (triplet; correlated). The singlet state
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings%20yield
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Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share (E), divided by the share price (P), giving E/P. It is the reciprocal of the P/E ratio.
The earning yield is quoted as a percentage, and therefore allows immediate comparison to prevailing long-term interest rates (e.g. the Fed model).
Applications
The earning yield can be used to compare the earnings of a stock, sector, or the whole market against bond yields. Generally, the earnings yields of equities are higher than the yield of risk-free treasury bonds. Some of this may result in dividends, while some may be kept as retained earnings. The market price of stocks may increase or decrease, reflecting the additional risk involved in equity investments. The average P/E ratio for U.S. stocks from 1900 to 2005 is 14, which equates to an earnings yield of over 7%.
The Fed model is an example of a system that uses the earnings yield as a method to assess aggregate stock market valuation levels, although it is disputed.
Adjusted versions
Earning yield is one of the factors discussed in Joel Greenblatt's The Little Book That Beats the Market. However, Greenblatt uses an adjusted earning yield formula to account for the fact that different companies have different debt levels and tax rates.
Earnings Yield = (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes + Depreciation – CapEx) / Enterprise Value (Market Value + Debt – Cash)
This tells you how expensive a company is in relation to the earnings the company generates. When looking at the Earning Yield, we make certain adjustments to a company’s market capitalization to estimate what it would take to buy the entire company. This involves penalizing companies carrying much debt and rewarding those having much cash.
See also
Dividend yield
Fed model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Rao%20Kosaraju
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Sambasiva Rao Kosaraju is an Indian-American professor of computer science at Johns Hopkins University, and division director for Computing & Communication Foundations at the National Science Foundation. He has done extensive work in the design and analysis of parallel and sequential algorithms.
Education
He was born in India, and he did his bachelor's degree in engineering from Andhra University, Masters from IIT Kharagpur, and holds a PhD from University of Pennsylvania.
Career
In 1978, he wrote a paper describing a method to efficiently compute strongly connected members of a directed graph, a method later called Kosaraju's algorithm. Along with Paul Callahan, he published many articles on efficient algorithms for computing the well-separated pair decomposition of a point set. His research efforts include efficient algorithms for pattern matching, data structure simulations, universal graphs, DNA sequence assembly, derandomization and investigations of immune system responses.
In 1995, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is also a fellow of the IEEE. A common saying at Johns Hopkins University, "At some point, the learning stops and the pain begins." has been attributed to him. There used to be a shrine in the CS Undergraduate Lab in his honour.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite%27s%20identity
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In mathematics, Hermite's identity, named after Charles Hermite, gives the value of a summation involving the floor function. It states that for every real number x and for every positive integer n the following identity holds:
Proofs
Proof by algebraic manipulation
Split into its integer part and fractional part, . There is exactly one with
By subtracting the same integer from inside the floor operations on the left and right sides of this inequality, it may be rewritten as
Therefore,
and multiplying both sides by gives
Now if the summation from Hermite's identity is split into two parts at index , it becomes
Proof using functions
Consider the function
Then the identity is clearly equivalent to the statement for all real . But then we find,
Where in the last equality we use the fact that for all integers . But then has period . It then suffices to prove that for all . But in this case, the integral part of each summand in is equal to 0. We deduce that the function is indeed 0 for all real inputs .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability%20of%20IQ
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Research on the heritability of IQ inquires into the degree of variation in IQ within a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. There has been significant controversy in the academic community about the heritability of IQ since research on the issue began in the late nineteenth century. Intelligence in the normal range is a polygenic trait, meaning that it is influenced by more than one gene, and in the case of intelligence at least 500 genes. Further, explaining the similarity in IQ of closely related persons requires careful study because environmental factors may be correlated with genetic factors.
Early twin studies of adult individuals have found a heritability of IQ between 57% and 73%, with some recent studies showing heritability for IQ as high as 80%. IQ goes from being weakly correlated with genetics for children, to being strongly correlated with genetics for late teens and adults. The heritability of IQ increases with the child's age and reaches a plateau at 14-16 years old, continuing at that level well into adulthood. However, poor prenatal environment, malnutrition and disease are known to have lifelong deleterious effects.
Although IQ differences between individuals have been shown to have a large hereditary component, it does not follow that disparities in IQ between groups have a genetic basis. The scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain average differences in IQ test performance between racial groups.
Heritability and caveats
Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: "What is the proportion of the variation in a given trait within a population that is not explained by the environment or random chance?"
Estimates of heritabi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20reduction
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Dimensional reduction is the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero. In physics, a theory in D spacetime dimensions can be redefined in a lower number of dimensions d, by taking all the fields to be independent of the location in the extra D − d dimensions.
For example, consider a periodic compact dimension with period L. Let x be the coordinate along this dimension. Any field can be described as a sum of the following terms:
with An a constant. According to quantum mechanics, such a term has momentum nh/L along x, where h is Planck's constant. Therefore, as L goes to zero, the momentum goes to infinity, and so does the energy, unless n = 0. However n = 0 gives a field which is constant with respect to x. So at this limit, and at finite energy, will not depend on x.
This argument generalizes. The compact dimension imposes specific boundary conditions on all fields, for example periodic boundary conditions in the case of a periodic dimension, and typically Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions in other cases. Now suppose the size of the compact dimension is L; then the possible eigenvalues under gradient along this dimension are integer or half-integer multiples of 1/L (depending on the precise boundary conditions). In quantum mechanics this eigenvalue is the momentum of the field, and is therefore related to its energy. As L → 0 all eigenvalues except zero go to infinity, and so does the energy. Therefore, at this limit, with finite energy, zero is the only possible eigenvalue under gradient along the compact dimension, meaning that nothing depends on this dimension.
Dimensional reduction also refers to a specific cancellation of divergences in Feynman diagrams. It was put forward by Amnon Aharony, Yoseph Imry, and Shang-keng Ma who proved in 1976 that "to all orders in perturbation expansion, the critical exponents in a d-dimensional (4 < d < 6) system with short-range exchange and a random quenched field are t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20logarithm
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In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to one of the following, which are strongly related:
A complex logarithm of a nonzero complex number , defined to be any complex number for which . Such a number is denoted by . If is given in polar form as , where and are real numbers with , then is one logarithm of , and all the complex logarithms of are exactly the numbers of the form for integers . These logarithms are equally spaced along a vertical line in the complex plane.
A complex-valued function , defined on some subset of the set of nonzero complex numbers, satisfying for all in . Such complex logarithm functions are analogous to the real logarithm function , which is the inverse of the real exponential function and hence satisfies for all positive real numbers . Complex logarithm functions can be constructed by explicit formulas involving real-valued functions, by integration of , or by the process of analytic continuation.
There is no continuous complex logarithm function defined on all of . Ways of dealing with this include branches, the associated Riemann surface, and partial inverses of the complex exponential function. The principal value defines a particular complex logarithm function that is continuous except along the negative real axis; on the complex plane with the negative real numbers and 0 removed, it is the analytic continuation of the (real) natural logarithm.
Problems with inverting the complex exponential function
For a function to have an inverse, it must map distinct values to distinct values; that is, it must be injective. But the complex exponential function is not injective, because for any complex number and integer , since adding to has the effect of rotating counterclockwise radians. So the points
equally spaced along a vertical line, are all mapped to the same number by the exponential function. This means that the ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius%20Professor%20of%20Anatomy%20%28Glasgow%29
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The Regius Chair of Anatomy is a Regius professorship at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.
Founded in 1718 as the Regius Chair of Anatomy and Botany the province of the chair was restricted to anatomy in 1818 when the Regius Chair of Botany was founded.
Regius Professors of Anatomy and Botany/Regius Professors of Anatomy
Thomas Brisbane, MD (1720)
Robert Hamilton, MD (1742)
Joseph Black, MD (1756), Later Professor of the Practice of Medicine
Thomas Hamilton, MD (1757)
William Hamilton, MD (1781)
James Jeffray, MD (1790)
Allen Thomson, MA MD LLD DCL FRS (1848)
John Cleland, MA MD FRS (1877)
Thomas Hastie Bryce, MA MD FRS (1909)
Duncan MacCallum Blair, MB DSc (1935-1944)
William James Hamilton, MD DSc (1946)
George McCreath Wyburn, MB ChB DSc (1948)
Raymond John Scothorne, BSc MD FRSE (1973-1990)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne%20flow%20model
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A champagne flow is an astrophysical event whereby an HII region inside a molecular cloud expands outward until it reaches the interstellar medium. At that point, the ionized hydrogen gas bursts outward like an uncorked champagne bottle. This event is also sometimes called a Blister. An HII region is created by ionization from a recently formed star (usually an O-star) inside a molecular cloud.
The champagne model is perhaps one of the first numerical calculations of the propagation of ionisation fronts and of the expansion of HII regions that
did not assume a constant density medium around the massive exciting star. The model assumes that
star formation takes place in a dense cloud, surrounded and in pressure equilibrium with a low density inter-cloud gas.
The ample supply of UV photons generated by the star rapidly establishes an HII region and the expansion of this, sooner or later
allows also for the ionisation of the inter cloud gas. Ionisation disrupts then the former pressure balance between the
cloud and the inter-cloud gas as under the stellar radiation field all photo-ionised gas acquires a temperature of the order of 10000 K.
In this way, the ionised cloud material acquires an excess pressure, a pressure larger than the ionised low density inter cloud gas and this
provoques the supersonic expansion of the ionised cloud matter into the surrounding gas (the champagne flow). The streaming of matter out of the cloud allows
for the ionisation of a larger portion of the original cloud sustaining in this way the pressure imbalance which eventually leads to the complete disruption
of the parent cloud. The terms champagne model and champagne flow were coined by Mexican astrophysicist Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle in a paper in 1979 (Astronomy and Astrophysics 1979A&A....71...59T).
The model focus on the size, velocity field and the large density variations observed in HII regions. This article was followed by further hydrodynamical
calculations in one and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnits%20standards
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The Gnits standards are a collection of standards and recommendations for programming, maintaining, and distributing software. They are published by a group of GNU project maintainers who call themselves "Gnits", which is short for "GNU nit-pickers". As such, they represent advice, not Free Software Foundation or GNU policy, but parts of the Gnits' standards have seen widespread adoption among free software programmers in general.
The Gnits standards are extensions to, refinements of, and annotations for the GNU Standards. However, they are in no way normative in GNU; GNU maintainers are not required to follow them. Nevertheless, maintainers and programmers often find in Gnits standards good ideas on the way to follow GNU Standards themselves, as well as tentative, non-official explanations about why some GNU standards were decided the way they are. There are very few discrepancies between Gnits and GNU standards, and they are always well noted as such.
The standards address aspects of software architecture, program behaviour, human–computer interaction, C programming, documentation, and software releases.
As of 2008, the Gnits standards carry a notice that they are moribund and no longer actively maintained, and points readers to the manuals of Gnulib, Autoconf, and Automake, which are said to cover many of the same topics.
See also
GNU Autotools
GNU coding standards
External links
Gnits Standards
Gnits Standards (mirror)
Effect of Gnits on automake options
Computer standards
GNU Project
Computer programming
Free software culture and documents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equid%20alphaherpesvirus%203
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Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that affects horses.
Pathology
It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact, contaminated handlers and equipment, and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge. EHV-3 has an incubation period of as little as two days. Signs of the disease include often painful pustules and ulcerations of the vagina, penis, prepuce, and perineum. Lesions may also be seen on the lips and teats. Usually the only symptom seen is a decreased libido in stallions. The lesions heal within two weeks. As with other herpes viruses, the virus remains latent in the host for life. Carrier animals can sometimes be identified by spots of pigment loss on dark skin in the genital region.
EHV-3 is best prevented by taking note of present clinical signs and keeping infected horses isolated and breeding stock from sexual contact with other horses. Keep the wounds clean by rinsing with clean water or saline. Antibiotic ointments should not be used on the lesions, because they are caused by a virus, and viruses are not sensitive to antibiotics. Rinsing is enough to keep the numbers of bacteria down. It is important to always maintain good hand hygiene before and after touching the genital area in all horses, and clean instruments, as the virus can be spread by contaminated hands or equipment. Disinfect equipment and stalls that has been used for horses with clinical signs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingjing%20and%20Chacha
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Jingjing and Chacha (警警 and 察察, a pun on the Chinese word for police, ) are the cartoon mascots of the Internet Surveillance Division of the Public Security Bureau in Shenzhen, People's Republic of China. Debuting on January 22, 2006, they are used to, amongst other things, inform Chinese Internet users what is and is not legal to consult or write on the Chinese Internet. According to the director of the Shenzhen Internet police, "[we published] the image of Internet Police in the form of a cartoon [...] to let all internet users know that the Internet is not a place beyond of law [and that] the Internet Police will maintain order in all online behavior."
The Shenzhen police plan to place images of the two characters on the main page of all Shenzhen websites and bulletin board systems, creating an online 'police presence' that works to remind citizens to monitor their own behavior in accordance with the Chinese law, much as a visible police presence does in the real world. Clicking on the images will take a user to either of the characters' own personal webspace, where Chinese Internet users can learn about the laws and regulations related to Internet, keep up-to-date on the newest Internet policies, and submit questions to Jingjing and Chacha live through the instant messaging service Tencent QQ or through their blogs. In addition to engaging the public on Internet censorship-related issues, they also handle cases relating to computer viruses, computer crimes, and other such matters. As of January 2006, there were six police officers assigned to carry out these duties.
In August 2007, Beijing police announced a similar campaign using animated officers. The Beijing version of the characters will appear every half-hour on 13 of China's top web portals and display messages about Internet laws and conduct.
Criticism
Despite these extra functions, the China Digital Times reported that it was told by an official at the Bureau that the main purpose of Jingjing and Chac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equid%20gammaherpesvirus%202
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Equid gammaherpesvirus 2, formerly Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae, originally known as equine cytomegalovirus due to its slow replication in tissue culture. However, complete sequencing of the EHV-2 genome has demonstrated that it is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, in the genus Percavirus. It has an uncertain role in respiratory disease in horses, but EHV-2 has been isolated from cases exhibiting symptoms such as coughing, conjunctivitis, and swollen submaxillary and parotid lymph nodes.
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